{"collection":"Bible & Christianity","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/bib/cmt/kad/psa068.htm","path":"bib/cmt/kad/psa068.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/bib/cmt/kad/psa068.htm","text":"Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament, by Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsh, [1857-78]\nHymn of War and Victory in the Style of Deborah\nIs it not an admirably delicate tact with which the collector makes the \u05de\u05d6\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e9\u05c1\u05d9\u05e8 Psa 68:1 follow upon the \u05de\u05d6\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e9\u05c1\u05d9\u05e8 Psa 67:1? The latter began with the echo of the benediction which Moses puts into the mouth of Aaron and his sons, the former with a repetition of those memorable words in which, at the breaking up of the camp, he called upon Jahve to advance before Israel (Num 10:35). \"It is in reality,\" says Hitzig of Psalms 68, \"no easy task to become master of this Titan.\" And who would not agree with him in this remark? It is a Psalm in the style of Deborah, stalking along upon the highest pinnacle of hymnic feeling and recital; all that is most glorious in the literature of the earlier period is concentrated in it: Moses' memorable words, Moses' blessing, the prophecies of Balaam, the Deuteronomy, the Song of Hannah re-echo here. But over and above all this, the language is so bold and so peculiarly its own, that we meet with no less than thirteen words that do no occur anywhere else. It is so distinctly Elohimic in its impress, that the simple Elohim occurs twenty-three times; but in addition to this, it is as though the whole cornucopia of divine names were poured out upon it: \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d4 in Psa 68:17; \u05d0\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9 six times; \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc twice; \u05e9\u05c1\u05d3\u05bc\u05d9 in Psa 68:15; \u05d9\u05d4\u05bc in Psa 68:5; \u05d0\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d4 in Psa 68:21; \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd yh in Psa 68:19; so that this Psalm among all the Elohimic Psalms is the most resplendent. In connection with the great difficulty that is involved in it, it is no wonder that expositors, more especially the earlier expositors, should differ widely in their apprehension of it as a whole or in separate parts. This circumstance has been turned to wrong account by Ed. Reuss in his essay, \"Der acht-und-sechzigste Psalm, Ein Denkmal exegetischer Noth und Kunst zu Ehren unsrer ganzen Zunft, Jena, 1851,\" for the purpose of holding up to ridicule the uncertainty of Old Testament exegesis, as illustrated in this Psalm.\nThe Psalm is said, as Reuss ultimately decides, to have been written between the times of Alexander the Great and the Maccabees, and to give expression to the wish that the Israelites, many of whom were far removed from Palestine and scattered abroad in the wide earth, might soon be again united in their fatherland. But this apprehension rests entirely upon violence done to the exegesis, more particularly in the supposition that in v. 23 the exiles are the persons intended by those whom God will bring back. Reuss makes out those who are brought back out of Bashan to be the exiles in Syria, and those who are brought back out of the depths of the sea he makes out to be the exiles in Egypt. He knows nothing of the remarkable concurrence of the mention of the Northern tribes (including Benjamin) in Psa 68:28 with the Asaphic Psalms: Judah and Benjamin, to his mind, is Judaea; and Zebulun and Naphtali, Galilee in the sense of the time after the return from exile. The \"wild beast of the reed\" he correctly takes to be an emblem of Egypt; but he makes use of violence in order to bring in a reference to Syria by the side of it. Nevertheless Olshausen praises the services Reuss has rendered with respect to this Psalm; but after incorporating two whole pages of the \"Denkmal\" in his commentary he cannot satisfy himself with the period between Alexander and the Maccabees, and by means of three considerations arrives, in this instance also, at the common refuge of the Maccabaean period, which possesses such an irresistible attraction for him.\nIn opposition to this transplanting of the Psalm into the time of the Maccabees we appeal to Hitzig, who is also quick-sighted enough, when there is any valid ground for it, in finding out Maccabaean Psalms. He refers the Psalm to the victorious campaign of Joram against faithless Moab, undertaking in company with Jehoshaphat. B\u05e6ttcher, on the other hand, sees in it a festal hymn of triumph belonging to the time of Hezekiah, which was sung antiphonically at the great fraternizing Passover after the return home of the young king from one of his expeditions against the Assyrians, who had even at that time fortified themselves in the country east of the Jordan (Bashan). Thenius (following the example of R\u05e6diger) holds a different view. He knows the situation so very definitely, that he thinks it high time that the discussion concerning this Psalm was brought to a close. It is a song composed to inspirit the army in the presence of the battle which Josiah undertook against Necho, and the prominent, hateful character in Psa 68:22 is Pharaoh with his lofty artificial adornment of hair upon his shaven head. It is, however, well known what a memorably tragical issue for Israel that battle had; the Psalm would therefore be a memorial of the most lamentable disappointment.\nAll these and other recent expositors glory in hot advancing any proof whatever in support of the inscribed \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d3. And yet there are two incidents in David's life, with regard to which the Psalm ought first of all to be accurately looked at, before we abandon this \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d3 to the winds of conjecture. The first is the bringing home of the Ark of the covenant to Zion, to which, e.g., Franz Volkmar Reinhard (in vol. ii. of the Velthusen Commentationes Theol. 1795), Stier, and Hofmann refer the Psalm. But the manner in which the Psalm opens with a paraphrase of Moses' memorable words is at once opposed to this; and also the impossibility of giving unity to the explanation of its contents by such a reference is against it. Jahve has long since taken up His abode upon the holy mountain; the poet in this Psalm, which is one of the Psalms of war and victory describes how the exalted One, who now, however, as in the days of old, rides along through the highest heavens at the head of His people, casts down all powers hostile to Him and to His people, and compels all the world to confess that the God of Israel rules from His sanctuary with invincible might. A far more appropriate occasion is, therefore, to be found in the Syro-Ammonitish war of David, in which the Ark was taken with them by the people (Sa2 11:11); and the hymn was not at that time first of all composed when, at the close of the war, the Ark was brought back to the holy mountain (Hengstenberg, Reinke), but when it was set in motion from thence at the head of Israel as they advanced against the confederate kings and their army (Sa2 10:6). The war lasted into the second year, when a second campaign was obliged to be undertaken in order to bring it to an end; and this fact offers at least a second possible period for the origin of the Psalm. It is clear that in Psa 68:12-15, and still more clear that in Psa 68:20-24 (and from a wider point of view, Psa 68:29-35), the victory over the hostile kings is only hoped for, and in Psa 68:25-28, therefore, the pageantry of victory is seen as it were beforehand. It is the spirit of faith, which here celebrates beforehand the victory of Jahve, and sees in the single victory a pledge of His victory over all the nations of the earth. The theme of the Psalm, generalized beyond its immediate occasion, is the victory of the God of Israel over the world. Regarded as to the nature of its contents, the whole divides itself into two halves, vv. 2-19, 20-35, which are on the whole so distinct that the first dwells more upon the mighty deed God has wrought, the second upon the impressions it produces upon the church and upon the peoples of the earth; in both parts it is viewed now as future, now as past, inasmuch as the longing of prayer and the confidence of hope soar aloft to the height of prophecy, before which futurity lies as a fulfilled fact. The musical Sela occurs three times (Psa 68:8, Psa 68:20, Psa 68:33). These three forte passages furnish important points of view for the apprehension of the collective meaning of the Psalm.\nBut is David after all the author of this Psalm? The general character of the Psalm is more Asaphic than Davidic (vid., Habakkuk, S. 122). Its references to Zalmon, to Benjamin and the Northern tribes, to the song of Deborah, and in general to the Book of Judges (although not in its present form), give it an appearance of being Ephraimitish. Among the Davidic Psalms it stands entirely alone, so that criticism is quite unable to justify the \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d3. And if the words in Psa 68:29 are addressed to the king, it points to some other poet than David. But is it to a contemporary poet? The mention of the sanctuary on Zion in Psa 68:30, 36, does not exclude such an one. Only the threatening of the \"wild beast of the sedge\" (Psa 68:31) seems to bring us down beyond the time of David; for the inflammable material of the hostility of Egypt, which broke out into a flame in the reign of Rehoboam, was first gathering towards the end of Solomon's reign. Still Egypt was never entirely lost sight of from the horizon of Israel; and the circumstance that it is mentioned in the first rank, where the submission of the kingdoms of this world to the God of Israel is lyrically set forth in the prophetic prospect of the future, need not astonish one even in a poet of the time of David. And does not Psa 68:28 compel us to keep on this side of the division of the kingdom? It ought then to refer to the common expedition of Jehoram and Jehoshaphat against Moab (Hitzig), the indiscriminate celebration of which, however, was no suitable theme for the psalmist.\nThe Psalm begins with the expression of a wish that the victory of God over all His foes and the triumphant exultation of the righteous were near at hand. Ewald and Hitzig take \u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd hypothetically: If God arise, He enemies will be scattered. This rendering is possible in itself so far as the syntax is concerned, but here everything conspires against it; for the futures in Psa 68:2-4 form an unbroken chain; then a glance at the course of the Psalm from Psa 68:20 onwards shows that the circumstances of Israel, under which the poet writes, urged forth the wish: let God arise and humble His foes; and finally the primary passage, Num 10:35, makes it clear that the futures are the language of prayer transformed into the form of the wish. In Psa 68:3 the wish is addressed directly to God Himself, and therefore becomes petition. \u05d4\u05e0\u05d3\u05bc\u05df is inflected (as vice vers\u05d2 \u05d9\u05e8\u05d3\u05e3, Psa 7:6, from \u05d9\u05e8\u05d3\u05bc\u05e3) from \u05d4\u05e0\u05bc\u05d3\u05e3 (like \u05d4\u05e0\u05bc\u05ea\u05df, Jer 32:4); it is a violation of all rule in favour of the conformity of sound (cf. \u05d4\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea for \u05d4\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea, Lev 14:43, and supra on Psa 51:6) with \u05ea\u05bc\u05e0\u05d3\u05bc\u05e3, the object of which is easily supplied (dispellas, sc. hostes tuos), and is purposely omitted in order to direct attention more stedfastly to the omnipotence which to every creature is so irresistible. Like smoke, wax (\u05d3\u05bc\u05d5\u05e0\u05d2, root \u05d3\u05d2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03ba, Sanscrit tak, to shoot past, to run, Zend ta\u1e31, whence vita\u1e31ina, dissolving, Neo-Persic gud\u00e2chten; causative: to cause to run in different directions = to melt or smelt) is an emblem of human feebleness. As Bakiuds observes, Si creatura creaturam non fert, quomodo creatura creatoris indignantis faciem ferre possit? The wish expressed in Psa 68:4 forms the obverse of the preceding. The expressions for joy are heaped up in order to describe the transcendency of the joy that will follow the release from the yoke of the enemy. \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 is expressively used in alternation with \u05de\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 in Psa 68:2, Psa 68:3 : by the wrathful action, so to speak, that proceeds from His countenance just as the heat radiating from the fire melts the wax the foes are dispersed, whereas the righteous rejoice before His gracious countenance.\nAs the result of the challenge that has been now expressed in Psa 68:2-4, Elohim, going before His people, begins His march; and in Psa 68:5 an appeal is made to praise Him with song, His name with the music of stringed instrument, and to make a way along which He may ride \u05d1\u05bc\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea. In view of Psa 68:34 we cannot take \u05e6\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea, as do the Targum and Talmud (B. Chagiga 12b), as a name of one of the seven heavens, a meaning to which, apart from other considerations, the verb \u05e2\u05e8\u05d1, to be effaced, confused, dark, is not an appropriate stem-word; but it must be explained according to Isa 40:3. There Jahve calls in the aid of His people, here He goes forth at the head of His people; He rides through the steppes in order to right against the enemies of His people. Not merely the historical reference assigned to the Psalm by Hitzig, but also the one adopted by ourselves, admits of allusion being made to the \"steppes of Moab;\" for the way to Mdeb, where the Syrian mercenaries of the Ammonites had encamped (Ch1 19:7), lay through these steppes, and also the way to Rabbath Ammon (Sa2 10:7.). \u05e1\u05dc\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc calls upon them to make a way for Him, the glorious, invincible King (cf. Isa 57:14; Isa 62:10); \u05e1\u05dc\u05dc signifies to cast up, heap up or pave, viz., a raised and suitable street or highway, Symmachus katastroo'sate. He who thus rides along makes the salvation of His people His aim: \" is His name, therefore shout with joy before Him.\" The Beth in \u05d1\u05bc\u05d9\u05d4\u05bc (Symmachus, Quinta: \u1f34\u03b1) is the Beth essentiae, which here, as in Isa 26:4, stands beside the subject: His name is (exists) in \u05d9\u05d4, i.e., His essential name is yh, His self-attestation, by which He makes Himself capable of being known and named, consists in His being the God of salvation, who, in the might of free grace, pervades all history. This Name is a fountain of exultant rejoicing to His people.\nThis Name is exemplificatively unfolded in Psa 68:6. The highly exalted One, who sits enthroned in the heaven of glory, rules in all history here below and takes an interest in the lowliest more especially, in all circumstances of their lives following after His own to succour them. He takes the place of a father to the orphan. He takes up the cause of the widow and contests it to a successful issue. Elohim is one who makes the solitary or isolated to dwell in the house; \u05d1\u05bc\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4 with He locale, which just as well answers the question where? as whither? \u05d1\u05bc\u05d9\u05ea, a house = family bond, is the opposite of \u05d9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d3, solitarius, recluse, Psa 25:16. Dachselt correctly renders it, in domum, h.e. familiam numerosam durabilemque eos ut patres-familias plantabit. He is further One who brings forth (out of the dungeon and out of captivity) those who are chained into abundance of prosperity. \u05db\u05bc\u05d5\u05e9\u05c1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea, occurring only here, is a pluralet. from \u05db\u05bc\u05e9\u05c1\u05e8 morf .tela, synonym \u05d0\u05e9\u05c1\u05e8, to be straight, fortunate. Psa 68:7 briefly and sharply expresses the reverse side of this His humanely condescending rule among mankind. \u05d0\u05da is here (cf. Gen 9:4; Lev 11:4) restrictive or adversative (as is more frequently the case with \u05d0\u05db\u05df); and the preterite is the preterite of that which is an actual matter of experience. The \u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, i.e., (not from \u05e1\u05d5\u05bc\u05e8, the apostate ones, Aquila afista'menoi, but as in Psa 66:7, from \u05e1\u05e8\u05e8) the rebellious, Symmachus \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2, who were not willing to submit to the rule of so gracious a God, had ever been excluded from these proofs of favour. These must inhabit \u05e6\u05d7\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4 (accusative of the object), a sun-scorched land; from \u05e6\u05d7\u05d7, to be dazzlingly bright, sunny, dried or parched up. They remain in the desert without coming into the land, which, fertilized by the waters of grace, is resplendent with a fresh verdure and with rich fruits. If the poet has before his mind in connection with this the bulk of the people delivered out of Egypt, \u1f67\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u1ff6\u03bb\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f10\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03c9 (Heb 3:17), then the transition to what follows is much more easily effected. There is, however, no necessity for any such intermediation. The poet had the march through the desert to Canaan under the guidance of Jahve, the irresistible Conqueror, in his mind even from the beginning, and now he expressly calls to mind that marvellous divine leading in order that the present age may take heart thereat.\nIn Psa 68:7. the poet repeats the words of Deborah (Jdg 5:4.), and her words again go back to Deu 33:2, cf. Exo 19:15.; on the other hand, our Psalm is the original to Hab. 3. The martial verb \u05d9\u05e6\u05d0 represents Elohim as, coming forth from His heavenly dwelling-place (Isa 26:21), He places Himself at the head of Israel. The stately verb \u05e6\u05e2\u05d3 represents Him as He accompanies the hosts of His people with the step of a hero confident of victory; and the terrible name for the wilderness, \u05d9\u05e9\u05c1\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05df, is designedly chosen in order to express the contrast between the scene of action and that which they beheld at that time. The verb to \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 is easily supplied; Dachselt's rendering according to the accents is correct: hic mons Sinai (sc. in specie ita tremuit). The description fixes our attention upon Sinai as the central point of all revelations of God during the period of deliverance by the hand of Moses, as being the scene of the most gloriously of them all (vid., on Hab. p. 136f.). The majestic phenomena which proclaimed the nearness of God are distributed over the whole journeying, but most gloriously concentrated themselves at the giving of the Law of Sinai. The earth trembled throughout the extended circuit of this vast granite range, and the heavens dropped, inasmuch as the darkness of thunder clouds rested upon Sinai, pierced by incessant lightnings (Ex. 19). There, as the original passages describe it, Jahve met His people; He came from the east, His people from the west; there they found themselves together, and shaking the earth, breaking through the heavens, He gave them a pledge of the omnipotence which should henceforth defend and guide them. The poet has a purpose in view in calling Elohim in this passage \"the God of Israel;\" the covenant relationship of God to Israel dates from Sinai, and from this period onwards, by reason of the Tra, He became Israel's King (Deu 33:5). Since the statement of a fact of earlier history has preceded, and since the preterites alternate with them, the futures that follow in Psa 68:10, Psa 68:11 are to be understood as referring to the synchronous past; but hardly so that Psa 68:10 should refer to the miraculous supply of food, and more especially the rain of manna, during the journeyings through the wilderness. The giving of the Law from Sinai has a view to Israel being a settled, stationary people, and the deliverance out of the land of bondage only finds its completion in the taking and maintaining possession of the Land of Promise. Accordingly Psa 68:10, Psa 68:11 refer to the blessing and protection of the people who had taken up their abode there.\nThe \u05e0\u05d7\u05dc\u05d4\u05bc of God (genit. auctoris, as in 2 Macc. 2:4) is the land assigned by Him to Israel as an inheritance; and \u05d2\u05bc\u05e9\u05c1\u05dd \u05e0\u05d3\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea an emblem of the abundance of gifts which God has showered down upon the land since Israel took up its abode in it. \u05e0\u05d3\u05d1\u05d4 is the name given to a deed and gift springing from an inward impulse, and in this instance the intensive idea of richness and superabundance is associated therewith by means of the plural; \u05d2\u05bc\u05e9\u05c1\u05dd \u05e0\u05d3\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea is a shower-like abundance of good gifts descending from above. The Hiphil \u05d4\u05e0\u05d9\u05e3 here governs a double accusative, like the Kal in Pro 7:17, in so far, that is, as \u05e0\u05d7\u05dc\u05ea\u05da is drawn to Psa 68:10; for the accentuation, in opposition to the Targum, takes \u05e0\u05d7\u05dc\u05ea\u05da \u05d5\u05e0\u05dc\u05d0\u05d4 together: Thine inheritance and that the parched one (Waw epexeget. as in Sa1 28:3; Amo 3:11; Amo 4:10). But this \"and that\" is devoid of aim; why should it not at once be read \u05d4\u05e0\u05bc\u05dc\u05d0\u05d4? The rendering of Bttcher, \"Thy sickened and wearied,\" is inadmissible, too, according to the present pointing; for it ought to be \u05e0\u05d7\u05dc\u05ea\u05da or \u05e0\u05d7\u05dc\u05ea\u05da. And with a suffix this Niphal becomes ambiguous, and more especially so in this connection, where the thought of \u05e0\u05d7\u05dc\u05d4, an inherited possession, a heritage, lies so naturally at hand. \u05e0\u05d7\u05dc\u05ea\u05da is therefore to be drawn to Psa 68:10, and Psa 68:10 must begin with \u05d5\u05e0\u05dc\u05d0\u05d4, as in the lxx, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f20\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u1f7a \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd. It is true \u05e0\u05dc\u05d0\u05d4 is not a hypothetical preteriet equivalent to \u05d5\u05e0\u05dc\u05d0\u05ea\u05d4; but, as is frequently the case with the anarthrous participle (Ew. 341, b), it has the value of a hypothetical clause: \"and if it (Israel's inheritance) were in a parched, exhausted condition (cf. the cognate root \u05dc\u05d4\u05d4, Gen 47:13), then hast Thou always made it again firm\" (Psa 8:4; Psa 15:1-5 :17), i.e., strengthened, enlivened it. Even here the idea of the inhabitants is closely associated with the land itself; in Psa 68:11 they are more especially thought of: \"They creatures dwelt therein.\" Nearly all modern expositors take \u05d7\u05d9\u05bc\u05d4 either according to Sa2 23:11, Sa2 23:13 (cf. Ch1 11:15), in the signification tent-circle, ring-camp (root \u05d7\u05d5, Arab. \u1e25w, to move in a circle, to encircle, to compass), or in the signification of Arab. \u1e25ayy (from Arab. \u1e25ayiya = \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9, \u05d7\u05d9\u05d4), a race or tribe, i.e., a collection of living beings (cf. \u05d7\u05d9\u05bc\u05d9, Sa1 18:18). But the Asaphic character of this Psalm, which is also manifest in other points, is opposed to this rendering. This style of Psalm is fond of the comparison of Israel to a flock, so that also in Psa 74:19 \u05d7\u05d9\u05ea \u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df signifies nothing else than \"the creatures [Getheir, collective] of Thy poor, Thy poor creatures.\" This use of \u05d7\u05d9\u05d4 is certainly peculiar; but not so remarkable as if by the \"creatures of God\" we had to understand, with Hupfeld, the quails (Ex. 16). The avoiding of \u05d1\u05bc\u05d4\u05de\u05d4 on account of the idea of brutum (Psa 73:22) which is inseparable from this word, is sufficient to account for it; in \u05d7\u05d9\u05d4, \u03b6\u1ff7\u03bf\u03bd, there is merely the notion of moving life. We therefore are to explain it according to Mic 7:14, where Israel is called a flock dwelling in a wood in the midst of Carmel: God brought it to pass, that the flock of Israel, although sorely persecuted, nevertheless continued to inhabit the land. \u05d1\u05bc\u05d4\u05bc, as in Mic 7:15, refers to Canaan. \u05e2\u05e0\u05d9 in Psa 68:11 is the ecclesia pressa surrounded by foes on every side: Thou didst prepare for Thy poor with Thy goodness, Elohim, i.e., Thou didst regale or entertain Thy poor people with Thy possessions and Thy blessings. \u05d4\u05db\u05d9\u05df \u05dc, as in Gen 43:16; Ch1 12:39, to make ready to eat, and therefore to entertain; \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 as in Psa 65:12, \u05d8\u05d5\u05bc\u05d1 \u05d4, Jer 31:12. It would be quite inadmissible, because tautological, to refer \u05ea\u05bc\u05db\u05d9\u05df to the land according to Psa 65:10 (Ewald), or even to the desert (Olshausen), which the description has now left far behind.\nThe futures that now follow are no longer to be understood as referring to previous history; they no longer alternate with preterites. Moreover the transition to the language of address in Psa 68:14 shows that the poet here looks forth from his present time and circumstances into the future; and the introduction of the divine name \u05d0\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9, after Elohim has been used eleven times, is an indication of a new commencement. The prosperous condition in which God places His church by giving it the hostile powers of the world as a spoil is depicted. The noun \u05d0\u05de\u05e8, never occurring in the genitival relationship, and never with a suffix, because the specific character of the form would be thereby obliterated, always denotes an important utterance, more particularly God's word of promise (Psa 77:9), or His word of power (Hab 3:9), which is represented elsewhere as a mighty voice of thunder (Psa 68:34, Isa 30:30), or a trumpet-blast (Zac 9:14); in the present instance it is the word of power by which the Lord suddenly changes the condition of His oppressed church. The entirely new state of things which this omnipotent behest as it were conjures into existence is presented to the mind in v. 12b: the women who proclaim the tidings of victory - a great host. Victory and triumph follow upon God's \u05d0\u05de\u05e8, as upon His creative \u05d9\u05d4\u05d9. The deliverance of Israel from the army of Pharaoh, the deliverance out of the hand of Jabin by the defeat of Sisera, the victory of Jephthah over the Ammonites, and the victorious single combat of David with Goliath were celebrated by singing women. God's decisive word shall also go forth this time, and of the evangelists, like Miriam (Mirjam) and Deborah, there shall be a great host.\nPsa 68:12 describes the subject of this triumphant exultation. Hupfeld regards Psa 68:13-15 as the song of victory itself, the fragment of an ancient triumphal ode (epinikion) reproduced here; but there is nothing standing in the way that should forbid our here regarding these verses as a direct continuation of Psa 68:12. The \"hosts\" are the numerous well-equipped armies which the kings of the heathen lead forth to the battle against the people of God. The unusual expression \"kings of hosts\" sounds very much like an ironically disparaging antithesis to the customary \"Jahve of Hosts\" (Bttcher). He, the Lord, interposes, and they are obliged to flee, staggering as they go, to retreat, and that, as the anadiplosis (cf. Jdg 5:7; Jdg 19:20) depicts, far away, in every direction. The fut. energicum with its ultima-accentuation gives intensity to the pictorial expression. The victors then turn homewards laden with rich spoils. \u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05bc\u05d9\u05ea, here in a collective sense, is the wife who stays at home (Jdg 5:24) while the husband goes forth to battle. It is not: the ornament (\u05e0\u05d5\u05d4 as in Jer 6:2) of the house, which Luther, with the lxx, Vulgate, and Syriac, adopts in his version,\n(Note: \"Hausehre,\" says he, is the housewife or matron as being the adornment of the house; vid., F. Dietrich, Frau und Dame, a lecture bearing upon the history of language (1864), S. 13.)\nbut: the dweller or homely one (cf. \u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, a dwelling-lace, Job 8:6) of the house, \u1f21 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2. The dividing of the spoil elsewhere belongs to the victors; what is meant here is the distribution of the portions of the spoil that have fallen to the individual victors, the further distribution of which is left for the housewife (Jdg 5:30., Sa2 1:24). Ewald now recognises in Psa 68:14. the words of an ancient song of victory; but v. 13b is unsuitable to introduce them. The language of address in Psa 68:14 is the poet's own, and he here describes the condition of the people who are victorious by the help of their God, and who again dwell peaceably in the land after the war. \u05d0\u05dd passes out of the hypothetical signification into the temporal, as e.g., in Job 14:14 (vid., on Psa 59:16). The lying down among the sheep-folds (\u05e9\u05c1\u05e4\u05ea\u05bc\u05d9\u05dd = \u05de\u05e9\u05c1\u05e4\u05bc\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd, cf. \u05e9\u05c1\u05e4\u05d8, \u05de\u05e9\u05c1\u05e4\u05bc\u05d8, the staked-in folds or pens consisting of hurdles standing two by two over against one another) is an emblem of thriving peace, which (like Psa 68:8, Psa 68:28) points back to Deborah's song, Jdg 5:16, cf. Gen 49:14. Just such a time is now also before Israel, a time of peaceful prosperity enhanced by rich spoils. Everything shall glitter and gleam with silver and gold. Israel is God's turtle-dove, Psa 74:19, cf. Psa 56:1, Hos 7:11; Hos 11:11. Hence the new circumstances of ease and comfort are likened to the varied hues of a dove disporting itself in the sun. Its wings are as though overlaid with silver (\u05e0\u05d7\u05e4\u05bc\u05d4, not 3. praet, but part. fem. Niph. as predicate to \u05db\u05bc\u05e0\u05e4\u05d9, cf. Sa1 4:15; Mic 4:11; Mic 1:9; Ew. 317 a), therefore like silver wings (cf. Ovid, Metam. ii. 537: Niveis argentea pennis Ales); and its pinions with gold-green,\n(Note: Ewald remarks, \"Arabian poets also call the dove Arab. 'l-wrq'\u00e2, the greenish yellow, golden gleaming one, vid., Kosegarten, Chrestom. p. 156, 5.\" But this Arabic poetical word for the dove signifies rather the ash-green, whity blackish one. Nevertheless the signification greenish for the Hebrew \u05d9\u05e8\u05e7\u05e8\u05e7 is established. Bartenoro, on Negaim xi. 4, calls the colour of the wings of the peacock \u05d9\u05e8\u05e7\u05e8\u05e7; and I am here reminded of what Wetzstein once told me, that, according to an Arab proverb, the surface of good coffee ought to be \"like the neck of the dove,\" i.e., so oily that it gleams like the eye of a peacock. A way for the transition from green to grey in aurak as the name of a colour is already, however, opened up in post-biblical Hebrew, when to frighten any one is expressed by \u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7, Genesis Rabba, 47a. The intermediate notions that of fawn colour, i.e., yellowish grey. In the Talmud the plumage of the full-grown dove is called \u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05d1 and \u05e6\u05d4\u05d5\u05d1, Chullin, 22b.)\nand that, as the reduplicated form implies, with the iridescent or glistening hue of the finest gold (\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05bc\u05e5, not dull, but shining gold).\nSide by side with this bold simile there appears in v. 15 an equally bold but contrastive figure, which, turning a step or two backward, likewise vividly illustrates the results of their God-given victory. The suffix of \u05d1\u05bc\u05d4\u05bc refers to the land of Israel, as in Isa 8:21; Isa 65:9. \u05e6\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05dd, according to the usage of the language so far as it is now preserved to us, is not a common noun: deep darkness (Targum = \u05e6\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05ea), it is the name of a mountain in Ephraim, the trees of which Abimelech transported in order to set fire to the tower of Shechem (Jdg 9:48.). The Talmudic literature was acquainted with a river taking its rise there, and also somewhat frequently mentions a locality bearing a similar name to that of the mountain. The mention of this mountain may in a general way be rendered intelligible by the consideration that, like Shiloh (Gen 49:10), it is situated about in the centre of the Holy Land.\n(Note: In Tosifta Para, ch. viii., a river of the name of \u05d9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d3\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05df is mentioned, the waters of which might not be used in preparing the water of expiation (\u05de\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d8\u05d0\u05ea), because they were dried up at the time of the war, and thereby hastened the defeat of Israel (viz., the overthrow of Barcochba). Grtz \"Geschichte der Juden, iv. 157, 459f.) sees in it the Nahar Arsuf, which flows down the mountains of Ephraim past Bethar into the Mediterranean. The village of Zalmon occurs in the Mishna, Jebamoth xvi. 6, and frequently. The Jerusalem Gemara (Maaseroth i. 1) gives pre-eminence to the carob-trees of Zalmona side by side with those of Shitta and Gadara.)\n\u05d4\u05e9\u05c1\u05dc\u05d9\u05d2 signifies to bring forth snow, or even, like Arab. a\u1e6flj, to become snow-white; this Hiph. is not a word descriptive of colour, like \u05d4\u05dc\u05d1\u05bc\u05d9\u05df. Since the protasis is \u05d1\u05bc\u05e4\u05e8\u05e9\u05c2, and not \u05d1\u05bc\u05e4\u05e8\u05e9\u05c2\u05da, \u05ea\u05bc\u05e9\u05c1\u05dc\u05d2 is intended to be impersonal (cf. Psa 50:3; Amo 4:7, Mich. Psa 3:6); and the voluntative form is explained from its use in apodoses of hypothetical protases (Ges. 128, 2). It indicates the issue to which, on the supposition of the other, it must and shall come. The words are therefore to be rendered: then it snows on Zalmon; and the snowing is either an emblem of the glistening spoil that falls into their hands in such abundance, or it is a figure of the becoming white, whether from bleached bones (cf. Virgil, Aen. v. 865: albi ossibus scopuli; xii. 36: campi ossibus albent; Ovid, Fasti i. 558: humanis ossibus albet humus) or even from the naked corpses (Sa2 1:19, \u05e2\u05dc\u05be\u05d1\u05bc\u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05da \u05d7\u05dc\u05dc). Whether we consider the point of comparison to lie in the spoil being abundant as the flakes of snow, and like to the dazzling snow in brilliancy, or in the white pallid corpses, at any rate \u05d1\u05bc\u05e6\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05df is not equivalent to \u05db\u05bc\u05d1\u05e6\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05df, but what follows \"when the Almighty scatters kings therein\" is illustrated by Zalmon itself. In the one case Zalmon is represented as the battle-ground (cf. Psa 110:6), in the other (which better corresponds to the nature of a wooded mountain) as a place of concealment. The protasis \u05d1\u05e4\u05e8\u05e9\u05c2 \u05d5\u05d2\u05d5 favours the latter; for \u05e4\u05bc\u05e8\u05e9\u05c2 signifies to spread wide apart, to cause a compact whole - and the host of \"the kings\" is conceived of as such - to fly far asunder into many parts (Zac 2:10, cf. the Niph. in Eze 17:21). The hostile host disperses in all directions, and Zalmon glitters, as it were with snow, from the spoil that is dropped by those who flee. Homer also (Iliad, xix. 357-361) likens the mass of assembled helmets, shields, armour, and lances to the spectacle of a dense fall of snow. In this passage of the Psalm before us still more than in Homer it is the spectacle of the fallen and far seen glistening snow that also is brought into the comparison, and not merely that which is falling and that which covers everything (vid., Iliad, xii. 277ff.). The figure is the pendant of the figure of the dove.\n(Note: Wetzstein gives a different explanation (Reise in den beiden Trachonen und um das Haura=ngebirge in the Zeitscheift fr allgem. Erdkunde, 1859, S. 198). \"Then fell snow on Zalmon, i.e., the mountain clothed itself in a bright garment of light in celebration of this joyous event. Any one who has been in Palestine knows how very refreshing is the spectacle of the distant mountain-top capped with snow. The beauty of this poetical figure is enhanced by the fact that Zalmon (Arab. \u1e0flm\u00e2n), according to its etymology, signifies a mountain range dark and dusky, either from shade, forest, or black rock. The last would well suit the mountains of Haurn, among which Ptolemaeus (p. 365 and 370, Ed. Wilberg) mentions a mountain (according to one of the various readings) \u1f08\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2.\")\nThis victory of Israel over the kings of the Gentiles gives the poet the joyful assurance that Zion is the inaccessible dwelling-place of Elohim, the God of the heavenly hosts. The mention of Zalmon leads him to mention other mountains. He uses the mountains of Bashan as an emblem of the hostile powers east of Jordan. These stand over against the people of God, as the mighty mountains of Bashan rising in steep, only slightly flattened peaks, to little hill-like Zion. In the land on this side Jordan the limestone and chalk formation with intermingled strata of sandstone predominates; the mountains of Bashan, however, are throughout volcanic, consisting of slag, lava, and more particularly basalt (basanites), which has apparently taken its name from Bashan (Basan).\n(Note: This is all the more probable as Semitism has no proper word for basalt; in Syria it is called hag'ar aswad, \"black stone.\")\nAs a basalt range the mountains of Bashan are conspicuous among other creations of God, and are therefore called \"the mountain of Elohim:\" the basalt rises in the form of a cone with the top lopped off, or even towers aloft like so many columns precipitous and rugged to sharp points; hence the mountains of Bashan are called \u05d4\u05e8 \u05d2\u05bc\u05d1\u05e0\u05e0\u05bc\u05d9\u05dd, i.e., a mountain range (for \u05d4\u05e8, as is well known, signifies both the single eminence and the range of summits) of many peaks = a many-peaked mountain; \u05d2\u05bc\u05d1\u05e0\u05df is an adjective like \u05e8\u05e2\u05e0\u05df, \u05d0\u05de\u05dc\u05dc. With this boldly formed mass of rock so gloomily majestic, giving the impression of antiquity and of invincibleness, when compared with the ranges on the other side of unstable porous limestone and softer formations, more particularly with Zion, it is an emblem of the world and its powers standing over against the people of God as a threatening and seemingly invincible colossus. The poet asks these mountains of Bashan \"why,\" etc.? \u05e8\u05e6\u05d3 is explained from the Arabic r\u1e63d, which, in accordance with its root Arab. r\u1e63, signifies to cleave firmly to a place (firmiter inhaesit loco), properly used of a beast of prey couching down and lying in wait for prey, of a hunter on the catch, and of an enemy in ambush; hence then: to lie in wait for, lurk, \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, craftily, insidiose (whence r\u00e2\u1e63id, a lier-in-wait, tarra\u1e63\u1e63ud, an ambush), here: to regard enviously, invidiose. In Arabic, just as in this instance, it is construed as a direct transitive with an accusative of the object, whereas the original signification would lead one to look for a dative of the object (\u05e8\u05e6\u05d3 \u05dc), which does also really occur in the common Arabic. Olewejored is placed by \u05d2\u05d1\u05e0\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd, but what follows is not, after all, the answer: \"the mountain - Elohim has chosen it as the seat of His throne,\" but \u05d4\u05d4\u05e8 is the object of the interrogative clause: Quare indiviose observatis, montes cacuminosi, hunc montem (\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2: that Zion yonder), quem, etc. (an attributive clause after the determinate substantive, as in Psa 52:9; Psa 89:50, and many other instances, contrary to the Arabic rule of style). Now for the first time, in Psa 68:17, follows that which is boastfully and defiantly contrasted with the proud mountains: \"Jahve will also dwell for ever;\" not only that Elohim has chosen Zion as the seat of His throne, it will also continue to be the seat of His throne, Jahve will continue to dwell [there] for ever. Grace is superior to nature, and the church superior to the world, powerful and majestic as this may seem to be. Zion maintains its honour over against the mountains of Bashan.\nPsa 68:18 now describes the kind of God, so to speak, who sits enthroned on Zion. The war-chariots of the heavenly hosts are here collectively called \u05e8\u05db\u05d1, as in Kg2 6:17. \u05e8\u05d1\u05bc\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd (with Dech, not Olewejored) is a dual from \u05e8\u05d1\u05bc\u05d5\u05ea; and this is either an abstract noun equivalent to \u05e8\u05d1\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc\u05ea (from which comes the apocopated \u05e8\u05d1\u05bc\u05d5 = \u05e8\u05d1\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc), a myriad, consequently \u05e8\u05d1\u05bc\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd, two myriads, or a contracted plural out of \u05e8\u05d1\u05bc\u05d0\u05d7\u05ea, Ezr 2:69, therefore the dual of a plural (like \u05d4\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd, \u05dc\u05d5\u05bc\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd): an indefinite plurality of myriads, and this again doubled (Hofmann). With this sense, in comparison with which the other is poor and meagre, also harmonies the expression \u05d0\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05c2\u05e0\u05d0\u05df, thousands of repetition (\u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03be \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc = \u05e9\u05c2\u05e0\u05d9\u05df), i.e., thousands and again thousands, numberless, incalculable thousands; cf. the other and synonymous expression in Dan 7:10.\n(Note: Tradition (Targum, Saadia, and Abulwald) takes \u05e9\u05c2\u05e0\u05d0\u05df forthwith as a synonym of \u05de\u05dc\u05d0\u05da, an angel. So also the lxx (Jerome): \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u05e9\u05c1\u05e0\u05d0\u05df = \u05e9\u05c1\u05d0\u05e0\u05df), and Symmachus, \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f74\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (from \u05e9\u05c1\u05d0\u05d4?). The stem-word is, however, \u05e9\u05c1\u05e0\u05d4, just as \u05e9\u05c1\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd, Arabic thin\u00e2n, ithn\u00e2n, is also formed from a singular that is to be assumed, viz., \u05e9\u05c1\u05df, Arab. \u1e6finun (i\u1e6fnun), and this from \u05e9\u05c1\u05e0\u05d4, Arab. \u1e6fn\u00e2 (cf. \u05d1\u05bc\u05df from \u05d1\u05bc\u05e0\u05d4, Arab. ban\u00e2).)\nIt is intended to give a conception of the \"hosts\" which Elohim is to set in array against the \"kings of hosts,\" i.e., the martial power of the kingdom of the world, for the protection and for the triumph of His own people. Chariots of fire and horses of fire appear in Kg2 2:11; Kg2 6:17 as God's retinue; in Dan 7:10 it is angelic forces that thus make themselves visible. They surround Him on both sides in many myriads, in countless thousands. \u05d0\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05dd (with Beth raphatum),\n(Note: This is one of the three passages (the others being Isa 34:11; Eze 23:42; cf. Ew. 93, b) in which the dageshing of the opening mute of the following word is given up after a soft final consonant, when the words are connected by a conjunctive accent or Makkeph.))\nthe Lord is among them (cf. Isa 45:14), i.e., they are round about Him, He has them with Him (Jer 41:15), and is present with them. It now becomes clear why Sinai is mentioned, viz., because at the giving of the Law Jahve revealed Himself on Sinai surrounded by \"ten thousands of saints\" (Deu 33:2.). But in what sense is it mentioned? Zion, the poet means, presents to the spiritual eye now a spectacle such as Sinai presented in the earlier times, although even Sinai does not belong to the giants among the mountains:\n(Note: Cf. the epigram in Sadi's Garden of Roses, \"Of all mountains Sinai is the smallest, and yet the greatest in rank and worth in the estimation of God,\" etc. On the words \u05e1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e7\u05d3\u05e9\u05c1 which follow we may to a certain extent compare the name of honour given to it in Arabic, \u1e6d\u00fbr m\u201bana, \"Sinai of Pensiveness\" (Pertsch, Die persischen Handschriften der Gothaer Bibliothek, 1859, S. 24).)\nGod halts there with His angel host as a protection and pledge of victory to His people. The conjectures \u05d1\u05d0 \u05de\u05e1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 and \u05d1\u05dd \u05de\u05e1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 (Hitzig) are of no use to us. We must either render it: Sinai is in the sanctuary, i.e., as it were transferred into the sanctuary of Zion; or: a Sinai is it in holiness, i.e., it presents a spectacle such as Sinai presented when God by His appearing surrounded it with holiness. The use of the expression \u05d1\u05bc\u05e7\u05bc\u05d3\u05e9\u05c2 in Psa 68:25, Psa 77:14; Exo 15:11, decides in favour of the latter rendering.\nWith Psa 68:19 the Psalm changes to prayer. According to Psa 7:8; Psa 47:6, \u05dc\u05de\u05bc\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd appears to be the height of heaven; but since in Psa 68:16-18 Zion is spoken of as Jahve's inaccessible dwelling-place, the connection points to \u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05e6\u05d9\u05bc\u05d5\u05df, Jer 31:12, cf. Eze 17:23; Eze 20:40. Moreover the preterites, which under other circumstances we should be obliged to take as prophetic, thus find their most natural explanation as a retrospective glance at David's storming of \"the stronghold of Zion\" (Sa2 5:6-10) as the deed of Jahve Himself. But we should exceed the bounds of legitimate historical interpretation by referring \u05dc\u05e7\u05d7\u05ea\u05bc \u05de\u05ea\u05bc\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05bc\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd to the Neth\u0131\u0302nim, Ezr 8:20 (cf. Num 17:6), those bondmen of the sanctuary after the manner of the Gibeonites, Jos 9:23. The Beth of \u05d1\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd is not Beth substantiae: gifts consisting of men, so that these themselves are the thing given (J. D. Michaelis, Ewald), but the expression signifies inter homines, as in Psa 78:60; Sa2 23:3; Jer 32:20. \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05bc\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd mentions the ascending of the triumphant One; \u05e9\u05c1\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05bc\u05c1\u05d1\u05d9 (cf. Jdg 5:12), the subjugation of the enemy; \u05dc\u05e7\u05d7\u05ea\u05bc \u05d5\u05d2\u05d5, the receiving of the gifts betokening homage and allegiance (Deu 28:38, and frequently), which have been presented to Him since He has taken possession of Zion - there He sits enthroned henceforth over men, and receives gifts like to the tribute which the vanquished bring to the victor. These He has received among men, and even (\u05d5\u05d0\u05e3, atque etiam, as in Lev 26:29-32) among the rebellious ones. Or does a new independent clause perhaps begin with \u05d5\u05d0\u05e3 \u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd? This point will be decided by the interpretation of the words that follow. Side by side with an infinitive with \u05dc expressing a purpose, the one following noun (here a twofold name) has the assumption against it of being the subject. Is \u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd then consequently the object, or is it an apostrophe? If it be taken as the language of address, then the definition of the purpose, \u05dc\u05e9\u05c1\u05db\u05df, ought, as not being suited to what immediately precedes, to refer back to \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea; but this word is too far off. Thus, therefore, the construction of \u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd with \u05dc\u05e9\u05db\u05df, as its object, is apparently intended (Ewald, Hupfeld): and even the rebellious are to dwell (Ges. 132, rem. 1) with J\u0101h Elohim descend and dwell; the Syriac version: and even the rebellious will (\"not\" is probably to be crossed out) dwell before God (\u05d9\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05df \u05e7\u05d3\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4\u05d0); and Jerome: insuper et non credentes inhabitare Dominum Deum. Thus Theodoret also understands the versions of the lxx and of Aquila: \"Thou hast not regarded their former disobedience, but notwithstanding their rebellion hast Thou continually been gracious to them \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 oikeetee'rion oikei'on ape'feenas.\" The expression, however, sounds too grand to have \"the rebellious ones\" as its subject, and more particularly in view of Psa 68:7. Hence we take \u05d5\u05d0\u05e3 \u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd with \u05d1\u05bc\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd: and even among rebellious ones (hast Thou received gifts), or: and even rebellious ones (give Thee); and \u05dc\u05e9\u05c1\u05db\u05df as a clause denoting the purpose, followed by the subject (as e.g., in Sa2 19:20): in order that J\u0101h Elohim may dwell, i.e., continue to dwell (as in Psa 68:17, cf. Isa 57:15).\nThe first half of the Psalm ends here. With the words J\u0101h Elohim the Psalm has reached a summit upon which it takes its rest. God has broken forth on behalf of His people against their enemies, and He now triumphs over and on behalf of men. The circumstance of Elohim arising is the raise of the final glory, and His becoming manifest as J\u0101h Elohim is its zenith. Paul (Eph 4:8) gathers up the meaning of Psa 68:19, without following the lxx, in the following manner: \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f55\u03c8\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f90\u03c7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2. Might he perhaps have had the Targum, with which the Syriac version agrees, in his mind at the time: \u05d9\u05d7\u05d1\u05ea\u05bc\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05df \u05de\u05ea\u05e0\u05df \u05dc\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e0\u05e9\u05c2\u05d0? He interprets in the light and in the sense of the history that realizes it. For the ascension of Elohim in its historical fulfilment is none other than the ascension of Christ. This latter was, however, as the Psalm describes it, a triumphal procession (Col 2:15); and what the Victor has gained over the powers of darkness and of death, He has gained not for His own aggrandisement, but for the interests of men. It is \u05de\u05ea\u05bc\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05bc\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd, gifts which He now distributes among men, and which benefit even the erring ones. So the apostle takes the words, inasmuch as he changes \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2 into \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5. The gifts are the charismata which come down from the Exalted One upon His church.\n(Note: In this respect Ps 68 is the most appropriate Psalm for the Dominica Pentecostes, just as it is also, in the Jewish ritual, the Psalm of the second Shabuoth day.)\nIt is a distribution of gifts, a dispensing of blessing, which stands related to His victory as its primary cause; for as Victor He is also the possessor of blessing, His gifts are as it were the spoils of the victory He has gained over sin, death, and Satan.\n(Note: Just so Hlemann in the second division of his Bibelstudien (1861); whereas to Hormann (Schriftbeweis, ii. 482ff.) the New Testament application of the citation from the Psalm is differently brought about, because he refers neither \u1f90\u03c7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u1f30\u03c7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd nor \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b2\u03b7 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 to the descent of the Lord into Hades.)\nThe apostle is the more warranted in this interpretation, since Elohim in what follows is celebrated as the Lord who also brings out of death. This praise in the historical fulfilment applies to Him, who, as Theodoret observes on Psa 68:21, has opened up the prison-house of death, which for us had no exit, and burst the brazen doors, and broken asunder the iron bolts,\n(Note: Just so that portion of the Gospel of Nicodemus that treats of Christ's descent into Hades; vis. Tischendorf, Evangelia Apocryph. (1853), p. 307.)\nviz., to Jesus Christ, who now has the keys of Death and of Hades.\nNow begins the second circuit of the hymn. Comforted by the majestic picture of the future that he has beheld, the poet returns to the present, in which Israel is still oppressed, but yet not forsaken by God. The translation follows the accentuation, regular and in accordance with the sense, which has been restored by Baer after Heidenheim, viz., \u05d0\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9 has Zarka, and \u05d9\u05e2\u05de\u05e1 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc Olewejored preceded by the sub-distinctive Rebia parvum; it is therefore: Benedictus Dominator: quotidie bajulat nobis, - with which the Targum, Rashi, and Kimchi agree.\n(Note: According to the customary accentuation the second \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd has Mercha or Olewejored, and \u05d9\u05e2\u05de\u05e1\u05be\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc, Mugrash. But this Mugrash has the position of the accents of the Silluk-member against it; for although it does exceptionally occur that two conjunctives follow Mugrash (Accentsystem, xvii. 5), yet these cannot in any case be Mahpach sarkatum and Illui.)\n\u05e2\u05de\u05e1, like \u05e0\u05e9\u05c2\u05d0 and \u05e1\u05d1\u05dc, unites the significations to lay a burden upon one (Zac 12:3; Isa 46:1, Isa 46:3), and to carry a burden; with \u05e2\u05dc it signifies to lay a burden upon any one, here with \u05dc to take up a burden for any one and to bear it for him. It is the burden or pressure of the hostile world that is meant, which the Lord day by day helps His church to bear, inasmuch as He is mighty by His strength in her who of herself is so feeble. The divine name \u05d0\u05dc, as being the subject of the sentence, is \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc: God is our salvation. The music here again strikes in forte, and the same thought that is emphasized by the music in its turn, is also repeated in Psa 68:21 with heightened expression: God is to us a God \u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05c1\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea, who grants us help in rich abundance. The pluralet. denotes not so much the many single proofs of help, as the riches of rescuing power and grace. In Psa 68:21 \u05dc\u05de\u05bc\u05d5\u05ea corresponds to the \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc; for it is not to be construed \u05ea\u05bc\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05bc\u05d5\u05ea: Jahve's, the Lord, are the outgoings to death (Bttcher), i.e., He can command that one shall not fall a prey to death. \u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea, the parallel word to \u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05c1\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea, signifies, and it is the most natural meaning, the escapings; \u05d9\u05e6\u05d0, evadere, as in Sa1 14:41; Kg2 13:5; Ecc 7:18. In Jahve's power are means of deliverance for death, i.e., even for those who are already abandoned to death. With \u05d0\u05da a joyously assuring inference is drawn from that which God is to Israel. The parallelism of the correctly divided verse shows that \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05c1 here, as in Psa 110:6, signifies caput in the literal sense, and not in the sense of princeps. The hair-covered scalp is mentioned as a token of arrogant strength, and unhumbled and impenitent pride, as in Deu 32:42, and as the Attic koma'n directly signifies to strut along, give one's self airs. The genitival construction is the same as in Isa 28:1, Isa 32:13. The form of expression refers back to Num 24:17, and so to speak inflects this primary passage very similarly to Jer 48:45. If \u05e7\u05d3\u05e7\u05d3 \u05e9\u05c2\u05e2\u05e8 be an object, then \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05c1 ought also to be a second object (that of the member of the body); the order of the words does not in itself forbid this (cf. Psa 3:8 with Deu 33:11), but would require a different arrangement in order to avoid ambiguities.\nIn Psa 68:23 the poet hears a divine utterance, or records one that he has heard: \"From Bashan will I bring back, I will bring back from the eddies of the sea (from \u05e6\u05d5\u05bc\u05dc = \u05e6\u05dc\u05dc, to whiz, rattle; to whirl, eddy), i.e., the depths or abysses of the sea.\" Whom? When after the destruction of Jerusalem a ship set sail for Rome with a freight of distinguished and well-formed captives before whom was the disgrace of prostitution, they all threw themselves into the sea, comforting themselves with this passage of Scripture (Gittin 57b, cf. Echa Rabbathi 66a). They therefore took Psa 68:23 to be a promise which has Israel as its object;\n(Note: So also the Targum, which understands the promise to refer to the restoration of the righteous who have been eaten by wild beasts and drowned in the sea (Midrash: \u05de\u05d1\u05e9\u05c1\u05df = \u05de\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05c1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea); cf. also the things related from the time of the Khaliphs in Jost's Geschichte des Judenthums, ii. 399, and Grtz' Gesch. der Juden, v. 347.)\nbut the clause expressing a purpose, Psa 68:24, and the paraphrase in Amo 9:2., show that the foes of Israel are conceived of as its object. Even if these have hidden themselves in the most out-of-the-way places, God will fetch them back and make His own people the executioners of His justice upon them. The expectation is that the flight of the defeated foes will take a southernly direction, and that they will hide themselves in the primeval forests of Bashan, and still farther southward in the depths of the sea, i.e., of the Dead Sea (\u05d9\u05dd as in Isa 16:8; Ch2 20:2). Opposite to the hiding in the forests of the mountainous Bashan stands the hiding in the abyss of the sea, as the extreme of remoteness, that which is in itself impossible being assumed as possible. The first member of the clause expressing the purpose, Psa 68:24, becomes more easy and pleasing if we read \u05ea\u05bc\u05e8\u05d7\u05e5 (lxx, Syriac, and Vulgate, ut intingatur), according to Psa 58:11. So far as the letters are concerned, the conjecture \u05ea\u05bc\u05d7\u05de\u05e5 (from which \u05ea\u05de\u05d7\u05e5, according to Chajug', is transposed), after Isa 63:1, is still more natural (Hitzig): that thy foot may redden itself in blood. This is certainly somewhat tame, and moreover \u05de\u05d3\u05bc\u05dd would be better suited to this rendering than \u05d1\u05bc\u05d3\u05dd. As the text now stands, \u05ea\u05bc\u05de\u05d7\u05e5\n(Note: The Gaja of the first closed syllable warns one to make a proper pause upon it, in order that the guttural of the second, so apt to be slurred over, may be distinctly pronounced; cf. \u05ea\u05bc\u05d1\u05d7\u05e8, Psa 65:5; \u05d4\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9\u05e7, Psa 103:12. So also with the sibilants at the beginning of the second syllable, e.g., \u05ea\u05bc\u05d3\u05e9\u05c1\u05d0, Gen 1:11, in accordance with which, in Gen 14:1; 53:2, we must write \u05d4\u05e9\u05c1\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05e2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5.)\nis equivalent to \u05ea\u05bc\u05de\u05d7\u05e6\u05dd (them, viz., the enemies), and \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc\u05da \u05d1\u05bc\u05d3\u05dd is an adverbial clause (setting or plunging thy foot in blood). It is, however, also possible that \u05de\u05d7\u05e5 is used like Arab. macha\u1e0da (vehementer commovere): ut concutias s. agites pedem tuam in sanguine. Can it now be that in Psa 68:24 from among the number of the enemies of the one who goes about glorying in his sins, the \u05e8\u05e9\u05c1\u05e2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4 \u0313 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03bd (cf. Isa 11:4; Hab 3:13, and other passages), is brought prominently forward by \u05de\u05e0\u05bc\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc? Hardly so; the absence of \u05ea\u05bc\u05dc\u05e7 (lambat) cannot be tolerated, cf. Kg1 21:19; Kg1 22:38. It is more natural, with Simonis, to refer \u05de\u05e0\u05bc\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc back to \u05dc\u05e9\u05c1\u05d5\u05df (a word which is usually fem., but sometimes perhaps is masc., Psa 22:16; Pro 26:28); and, since side by side with \u05de\u05de\u05bc\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc only \u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc occurs anywhere else (Ew. 263, b), to take it in the signification pars ejus (\u05de\u05df from \u05de\u05e0\u05df = \u05de\u05d2\u05d4, after the form \u05d2\u05bc\u05d6, \u05d7\u05df, \u05e7\u05e5, of the same meaning as \u05de\u05d2\u05d4, \u05de\u05e0\u05ea, Psa 63:11), in favour of which Hupfeld also decides.\nWhat is now described in Psa 68:25-28, is not the rejoicing over a victory gained in the immediate past, nor the rejoicing over the earlier deliverance at the Red Sea, but Israel's joyful celebration when it shall have experienced the avenging and redemptive work of its God and King. According to Psa 77:14; Hab 3:6, \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05ea appears to be God's march against the enemy; but what follows shows that the pompa magnifica of God is intended, after He has overcome the enemy. Israel's festival of victory is looked upon as a triumphal procession of God Himself, the King, who governs in holiness, and has now subjugated and humbled the unholy world; \u05d1\u05bc\u05e7\u05bc\u05d3\u05e9\u05c1 as in Psa 68:18. The rendering \"in the sanctuary' is very natural in this passage, but Exo 15:11; Psa 77:14, are against it. The subject of \u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05bc is all the world, more especially those of the heathen who have escaped the slaughter. The perfect signifies: they have seen, just as \u05e7\u05d3\u05bc\u05de\u05d5\u05bc, they have occupied the front position. Singers head the procession, after them (\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8,\n(Note: This \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8, according to B. Nedarim 37b, is a so-called \u05e2\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd (ablatio scribarum), the sopherim (sofrim) who watched over the faithful preservation of the text having removed the reading \u05d5\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8, so natural according to the sense, here as in Gen 18:5; Gen 24:55; Num 31:2, and marked it as not genuine.)\nan adverb as in Gen 22:13; Exo 5:1) players upon citherns and harps (\u05e0\u05d2\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd, participle to \u05e0\u05d2\u05bc\u05df), and on either side virgins with timbrels (Spanish adufe); \u05ea\u05bc\u05d5\u05e4\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea, apocopated part. Poel with the retension of \u0113 (cf. \u05e9\u05c1\u05d5\u05e7\u05e7\u05d4, Psa 107:9), from \u05ea\u05bc\u05e4\u05e3, to strike the \u05ea\u05bc\u05e3 (Arab. duff). It is a retrospective reference to the song at the Sea, now again come into life, which Miriam and the women of Israel sang amidst the music of timbrels. The deliverance which is now being celebrated is the counterpart of the deliverance out of Egypt. Songs resound as in Psa 68:27, \"in gatherings of the congregation (and, so to speak, in full choirs) praise ye Elohim.\" \u05de\u05e7\u05d4\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea (\u05de\u05e7\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd, Psa 26:12) is the plural to \u05e7\u05d4\u05dc (Psa 22:23), which forms none of its own (cf. post-biblical \u05e7\u05d4\u05dc\u05bc\u05d5\u05ea from \u05e7\u05d4\u05dc\u05bc\u05d4). Psa 68:27 is abridged from \u05d1\u05e8\u05db\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e9\u05c1\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea\u05dd \u05de\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc, praise ye the Lord, ye who have Israel for your fountainhead. \u05d0\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9, in accordance with the sense, has Mugrash. Israel is here the name of the patriarch, from whom as from its fountainhead the nation has spread itself abroad; cf. Isa 48:1; Isa 51:1, and as to the syntax \u05de\u05de\u05bc\u05da, those who descend from thee, Isa 58:12. In the festive assembly all the tribes of Israel are represented by their princes. Two each from the southern and northern tribes are mentioned. Out of Benjamin was Israel's first king, the first royal victor over the Gentiles; and in Benjamin, according to the promise (Deu 33:12) and according to the accounts of the boundaries (Jos 18:16., Jos 15:7.), lay the sanctuary of Israel. Thus, therefore, the tribe which, according both to order of birth (Gen 43:29.) and also extent of jurisdiction and numbers (Sa1 9:21), was \"little,\" was honoured beyond the others.\n(Note: Tertullian calls the Apostle Paul, with reference to his name and his Benjamitish origin, parvus Benjamin, just as Augustine calls the poetess of the Magnificat, nostra tympanistria.)\nJudah, however, came to the throne in the person of David, and became for ever the royal tribe. Zebulun and Naphtali are the tribes highly praised in Deborah's song of victory (Jdg 5:18, cf. Psa 4:6) on account of their patriotic bravery. \u05e8\u05d3\u05dd, giving no sense when taken from the well-known verb \u05e8\u05d3\u05dd, falls back upon \u05e8\u05d3\u05d4, and is consequently equivalent to \u05e8\u05d3\u05dd (cf. Lam 1:13), subduing or ruling them; according to the sense, equivalent to \u05e8\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d1\u05dd (1 Kings 5:30; Kg1 9:23; Ch2 8:10), like \u05d4\u05de\u05bc\u05e6\u05dc\u05dd, not \"their leader up,\" but \u1f41 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u1f7c\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2, Isa 63:11, not = \u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd (like \u05e2\u05e9\u05c2\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd, \u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd), which would signify their subduer or their subduers. The verb \u05e8\u05d3\u05d4, elsewhere to subjugate, oppress, hold down by force, Eze 34:4; Lev 25:53, is here used of the peaceful occupation of the leader who maintains the order of a stately and gorgeous procession. For the reference to the enemies, \"their subduer,\" is without any coherence. But to render the parallel word \u05e8\u05d2\u05de\u05ea\u05dd \"their (the enemies') stoning\" (Hengstenberg, Vaihinger, and others, according to Bttcher's \"Proben\"), is, to say nothing more, devoid of taste; moreover \u05e8\u05d2\u05dd does not mean to throw stones with a sling, but to stone as a judicial procedure. If we assign to the verb \u05e8\u05d2\u05dd the primary signification congerere, accumulare, after Arab. rajama VIII, and rakama, then \u05e8\u05d2\u05de\u05ea\u05dd signifies their closely compacted band, as Jewish expositors have explained it (\u05e7\u05d4\u05dc\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e6\u05dd). Even if we connect \u05e8\u05d2\u05dd with \u05e8\u05e7\u05dd, variegare, or compare the proper name regem = Arab. rajm, socius (Bttcher), we arrive at much the same meaning. Hupfeld's conjecture \u05e8\u05d2\u05e9\u05c1\u05ea\u05dd is consequently unnecessary.\nThe poet now looks forth beyond the domain of Israel, and describes the effects of Jahve's deed of judgment and deliverance in the Gentile world. The language of Psa 68:29 is addressed to Israel, or rather to its king (Psa 86:16; Psa 110:2): God, to whom everything is subject, has given Israel \u05e2\u05d6, victory and power over the world. Out of the consciousness that He alone can preserve Israel upon this height of power upon which it is placed, who has placed it thereon, grows the prayer: establish (\u05e2\u05d5\u05bc\u05d6\u05bc\u05d4 with \u05d5\u05bc for \u016d, as is frequently the case, and with the accent on the ultima on account of the following Aleph, vid., on Psa 6:5), Elohim, that which Thou hast wrought for us; \u05e2\u05d6\u05d6, roborare, as in Pro 8:28; Ecc 7:19, lxx \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03c9\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd, Symmachus \u1f10\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd. It might also be interpreted: show Thyself powerful (cf. \u05e8\u05d5\u05bc\u05de\u05d4, 21:14), Thou who (Isa 42:24) hast wrought for us (\u05e4\u05bc\u05e2\u05dc as in Isa 43:13, with \u05dc, like \u05e2\u05e9\u05c2\u05d4 \u05dc, Isa 64:3); but in the other way of taking it the prayer attaches itself more sequentially to what precedes, and Psa 62:12 shows that \u05d6\u05d5\u05bc can also represent the neuter. Hitzig has a still different rendering: the powerful divine help, which Thou hast given us; but although - instead of -\u05ea in the stat. construct. is Ephraimitish style (vid., on Psa 45:5), yet \u05e2\u05d5\u05bc\u05d6\u05bc\u05d4 for \u05e2\u05d6 is an unknown word, and the expression \"from Thy temple,\" which is manifestly addressed to Elohim, shows that \u05e4\u05bc\u05e2\u05dc\u05ea\u05bc is not the language of address to the king (according to Hitzig, to Jehoshaphat). The language of prayerful address is retained in Psa 68:30. From the words \u05de\u05d4\u05d9\u05db\u05dc\u05da \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05c1\u05dc\u05dd there is nothing to be transported to Psa 68:29 (Hupfeld); for Psa 68:30 would thereby become stunted. The words together are the statement of the starting-point of the oblations belonging to \u05d9\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05bc: starting from Thy temple, which soars aloft over Jerusalem, may kings bring Thee, who sittest enthroned there in the Holy of holies, tributary gifts (\u05e9\u05c1\u05d9 as in Psa 76:12; Psa 18:7). In this connection (of prayer) it is the expression of the desire that the Temple may become the zenith or cynosure, and Jerusalem the metropolis, of the world. In this passage, where it introduces the seat of religious worship, the taking of \u05de\u05df as expressing the primary cause, \"because or on account of Thy Temple\" (Ewald), is not to be entertained.\nIn Psa 68:31 follows a summons, which in this instance is only the form in which the prediction clothes itself. The \"beast of the reed\" is not the lion, of which sojourn among the reeds is not a characteristic (although it makes its home inter arundineta Mesopotamiae, Ammianus, Psa 18:7, and in the thickets of the Jordan, Jer 49:19; Jer 50:44; Zac 11:3). The reed is in itself an emblem of Egypt (Isa 36:6, cf. Psa 19:6), and it is therefore either the crocodile, the usual emblem of Pharaoh and of the power of Egypt (Eze 29:3, cf. Psa 74:13.) that is meant, or even the hippopotamus (Egyptian p-ehe-m\u00f4ut), which also symbolizes Egypt in Isa 30:6 (which see), and according to Job 40:21 is more appropriately than the crocodile (\u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05e9\u05c1\u05e8 \u05d1\u05bc\u05d9\u05bc\u05dd, Isa 27:1) called \u05d4\u05d9\u05bc\u05ea \u05e7\u05e0\u05d4. Egypt appears here as the greatest and most dreaded worldly power. Elohim is to check the haughty ones who exalt themselves over Israel and Israel's God. \u05d0\u05d1\u05bc\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, strong ones, are bulls (Psa 22:13) as an emblem of the kings; and \u05e2\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9 explains itself by the genit. epexeg. \u05e2\u05de\u05bc\u05d9\u05dd .gexep: together with (Beth of the accompaniment as in Psa 68:31, Psa 66:13, and beside the plur. humanus, Jer 41:15) the calves, viz., the peoples, over whom those bulls rule. With the one emblem of Egypt is combined the idea of defiant self-confidence, and with the other the idea of comfortable security (vid., Jer 46:20.). That which is brought prominently forward as the consequence of the menace is moulded in keeping with these emblems. \u05de\u05ea\u05e8\u05e4\u05bc\u05e1, which has been explained by Flaminius substantially correctly: ut supplex veniat, is intended to be taken as a part. fut. (according to the Arabic grammar, \u1e25\u00e2l muqaddar, lit., a predisposed condition). It thus comprehensively in the singular (like \u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 in Psa 8:9) with one stroke depicts thoroughly humbled pride; for \u05e8\u05e4\u05e1 (cf. \u05e8\u05de\u05e1) signifies to stamp, pound, or trample, to knock down, and the Hithpa. either to behave as a trampling one, Pro 6:3, or to trample upon one's self, i.e., to cast one's self violently upon the ground. Others explain it as conculcandum se praebere; but such a meaning cannot be shown to exist in the sphere of the Hebrew Hithpael; moreover this \"suffering one's self to be trampled upon\" does not so well suit the words, which require a more active sense, viz., \u05d1\u05bc\u05e8\u05e6\u05bc\u05d9\u05be\u05db\u05e1\u05e3cep, in which is expressed the idea that the riches which the Gentiles have hitherto employed in the service of God-opposed worldliness, are no offered to the God of Israel by those who both in outward circumstances and in heart are vanquished (cf. Isa 60; 9). \u05e8\u05e5\u05be\u05db\u05bc\u05e1\u05e3 (from \u05e8\u05e6\u05e5, confringere) is a piece of uncoined silver, a bar, wedge, or ingot of silver. In \u05d1\u05bc\u05d6\u05bc\u05e8 there is a wide leap from the call \u05d2\u05bc\u05e2\u05e8 to the language of description. This rapid change is also to be found in other instances, and more especially in this dithyrambic Psalm we may readily give up any idea of a change in the pointing, as \u05d1\u05bc\u05d6\u05bc\u05e8 or \u05d1\u05bc\u05d6\u05bc\u05e8 (lxx \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd); \u05d1\u05bc\u05d6\u05bc\u05e8, as it stands, cannot be imperative (Hitzig), for the final vowel essential to the imperat. Piel is wanting. God hath scattered the peoples delighting in war; war is therefore at an end, and the peace of the world is realized.\nIn Psa 68:32, the contemplation of the future again takes a different turn: futures follow as the most natural expression of that which is future. The form \u05d9\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05bc, more usually found in pause, here stands pathetically at the beginning, as in Job 12:6. \u05d4\u05e9\u05c1\u05de\u05e0\u05bc\u05d9\u05dd, compared with the Arabic ch\u0161m (whence Arab. cha\u0161\u0161m, a nose, a word erroneously denied by Gesenius), would signify the supercilious, contemptuous (cf. Arab. \u00e2\u0161ammun, nasutus, as an appellation of a proud person who will put up with nothing). On the other hand, compared with Arab. \u1e25\u0161m, it would mean the fat ones, inasmuch as this verbal stem (root Arab. \u1e25\u0161\u0161, cf. \u05d4\u05e9\u05c1\u05e8\u05ea, Sa2 22:12), starting from the primary signification \"to be pressed together,\" also signifies \"to be compressed, become compact,\" i.e., to regain one's plumpness, to make flesh and fat, applied, according to the usage of the language, to wasted men and animals. The commonly compared Arab. \u1e25\u0161\u0131\u0302m, vir magni famulitii, is not at all natural, - a usage which is brought about by the intransitive signification proper to the verb starting from its radical signification, \"to become or be angry, to be zealous about any one or anything,\" inasmuch as the nomen verbale Arab. h\u1ea1\u0161amun signifies in the concrete sense a person, or collectively persons, for whose maintenance, safety, and honour one is keenly solicitous, such as the members of the family, household attendants, servants, neighbours, clients or protgs, guest-friends; also a thing which one ardently seeks, and over the preservation of which one keeps zealous watch (Fleischer). Here there does not appear to be any connecting link whatever in the Arabic which might furnish some hold for the Hebrew; hence it will be more advisable, by comparison of \u05d4\u05e9\u05c1\u05de\u05dc and \u05d7\u05e9\u05c1\u05df, to understand by \u05d7\u05e9\u05c1\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd, the resplendent, most distinguished ones, perillustres. The dignitaries of Egypt come to give glory to the God of Israel, and Aethiopia, disheartened by fear before Jahve (cf. Hab 3:7), causes his hands to run to Elohim, i.e., hastens to stretch them out. Thus it is interpreted by most expositors. But if it is \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5, why is it not also \u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05e5? We reply, the Hebrew style, even in connection with words that stand close beside one another, does not seek to avoid either the enallage generis (e.g., Job 39:3, Job 39:16), or the enall. numeri (e.g., Psa 62:5). But \"to cause the hands to run\" is a far-fetched and easily misunderstood figure. We may avoid it, if, with Bttcher and Olshausen, we disregard the accentuation and interpret thus, \"Cush - his hands cause to hasten, i.e., bring on in haste (Sa1 17:17; Ch2 35:13), to Elohim,\" viz., propitiating gifts; \u05ea\u05bc\u05e8\u05d9\u05e5 being the predicate to \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5, according to Ges. 146, 3.\nThe poet stands so completely in the midst of this glory of the end, that soaring onwards in faith over all the kingdoms of the world, he calls upon them to render praise to the God of Israel. \u05dc\u05e8\u05db\u05d1 attaches itself to the dominating notion of \u05e9\u05c1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05bc in Psa 68:33. The heavens of heavens (Deu 10:14) are by \u05e7\u05d3\u05dd described as primeval (perhaps, following the order of their coming into existence, as extending back beyond the heavens that belong to our globe, of the second and fourth day of Creation). God is said to ride along in the primeval heavens of the heavens (Deu 33:26), when by means of the cherub (Psa 18:11) He extends His operations to all parts of these infinite distances and heights. The epithet \"who rideth along in the heavens of heavens of the first beginning\" denotes the exalted majesty of the superterrestrial One, who on account of His immanency in history is called \"He who rideth along through the steppes\" (\u05e8\u05db\u05d1 \u05d1\u05bc\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea, Psa 68:5). In \u05d9\u05ea\u05bc\u05df \u05d1\u05bc\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5 we have a repetition of the thought expressed above in Psa 68:12 by \u05d9\u05ea\u05bc\u05df \u05d0\u05de\u05e8; what is intended is God's voice of power, which thunders down everything that contends against Him. Since in the expression \u05e0\u05ea\u05df \u05d1\u05bc\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc (Psa 46:7; Jer 12:8) the voice, according to Ges. 138, rem. 3, note, is conceived of as the medium of the giving, i.e., of the giving forth from one's self, of the making one's self heard, we must take \u05e7\u05d5\u05dc \u05e2\u05d6 not as the object (as in the Latin phrase sonitum dare), but as an apposition:\n(Note: The accentuation does not decide; it admits of our taking it in both ways. Cf. Psa 14:5; Psa 41:2; Psa 58:7; Psa 68:28; Pro 13:22; Pro 27:1.)\nbehold, He maketh Himself heard with His voice, a powerful voice. Thus let them then give God \u05e2\u05d6, i.e., render back to Him in praise that acknowledges His omnipotence, the omnipotence which He hath, and of which He gives abundant proof. His glory (\u05d2\u05bc\u05d0\u05d5\u05d4) rules over Israel, more particularly as its guard and defence; His power (\u05e2\u05d6), however, embraces all created things, not the earth merely, but also the loftiest regions of the sky. The kingdom of grace reveals the majesty and glory of His redemptive work (cf. Eph 1:6), the kingdom of nature the universal dominion of His omnipotence. To this call to the kingdoms of the earth they respond in v. 36: \"Awful is Elohim out of thy sanctuaries.\" The words are addressed to Israel, consequently \u05de\u05e7\u05d3\u05bc\u05e9\u05c1\u05d9\u05dd is not the heavenly and earthly sanctuary (Hitzig), but the one sanctuary in Jerusalem (Ezek. 21:72) in the manifold character of its holy places (Jer 51:51, cf. Amo 7:9). Commanding reverence - such is the confession of the Gentile world - doth Elohim rule from thy most holy places, O Israel, the God who hath chosen thee as His mediatorial people. The second part of the confession runs: the God of Israel giveth power and abundant strength to the people, viz., whose God He is, equivalent to \u05dc\u05e2\u05de\u05bc\u05d5, Psa 29:11. Israel's might in the omnipotence of God it is which the Gentile world has experienced, and from which it has deduced the universal fact of experience, v. 36b. All peoples with their gods succumb at last to Israel and its God. This confession of the Gentile world closes with \u05d1\u05bc\u05e8\u05d5\u05bc\u05da \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd (which is preceded by Mugrash transformed out of Athnach). That which the psalmist said in the name of Israel in Psa 68:20, \"Blessed be the Lord,\" now re-echoes from all the world, \"Blessed be Elohim.\" The world is overcome by the church of Jahve, and that not merely in outward form, but spiritually. The taking up of all the kingdoms of the world into the kingdom of God, this the great theme of the Apocalypse, is also after all the theme of this Psalm. The first half closed with Jahve's triumphant ascension, the second closes with the results of His victory and triumph, which embrace the world of peoples.","title":"Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament by Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch: Psalms: Psalms Chapter 68","type":"page"}