{"collection":"Bible & Christianity","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/bib/cmt/vws/rev018.htm","path":"bib/cmt/vws/rev018.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/bib/cmt/vws/rev018.htm","text":"Vincent's Word Studies, by Marvin R. Vincent, [1886]\nWas lightened\nCompare Eze 43:2.\nMightily with a strong voice (\u1f10\u03bd \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u0390\u0301 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u1f70\u03bb\u1fc3)\nLit., in strength with a great voice. Omit \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u1fc3 great, and read \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u1fb7 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u1fc7 with a mighty voice. So Rev.\nBabylon - is fallen\nThe Rev. improves on the A.V. by placing fallen in the emphatic position of the Greek: \"Fallen, fallen is Babylon.\" Compare Isa 21:9.\nIs become (\u1f10\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf)\nLit., became.\nDevils (\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd)\nProperly, demons, which Rev., strangely commits to the margin. See on Mar 1:34. See Isa 13:20-22; Isa 34:13-15. Also on Luk 11:24.\nHold (\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74)\nSee on Pe1 3:19, and see on Act 5:21. Rev., in margin, prison.\nCage (\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74)\nThe word rendered above hold. Rev., hold. Some, however, explain it, not as a cage where they are kept, but as a place of safety to which they resort.\nBird (\u1f40\u03c1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5)\nOnly in Revelation, here, Rev 19:17, Rev 19:21. Compare Jer 50:39.\nHave drunk (\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd or \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd)\nSome, however, read \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd have fallen. So Rev.\nOf the wine (\u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5)\nThus if we read have drunk. If we adopt have fallen, \u1f10\u03ba is instrumental, by. So Rev.\nOf the wrath\nThe wine of fornication has turned to wrath against herself.\nMerchants (\u1f14\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9)\nThe word originally means one on a journey by sea or land, especially for traffic. Hence a merchant as distinguished from \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 a retailer or huckster.\nThe abundance of her delicacies (\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2)\nLit., as Rev., the power of her luxury. \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 is akin to \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2 firm, hard, stubborn (see on steadfast, Pe1 5:9). Hence over-strength, luxury, wantonness. Only here in the New Testament. The kindred verb \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac\u03c9 to live deliciously occurs Rev 18:7, Rev 18:9.\nCome out of her\nCompare Jer 51:6, Jer 51:45; Isa 48:20; Isa 52:11; Num 16:26.\nHave fellowship with (\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5)\nThis compound verb is not of frequent occurrence in the New Testament. It is found only in Eph 5:11, Phi 4:14, and here. On the kindred noun \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 companion, see on Rev 1:9.\nHave reached (\u1f20\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd)\nLit., followed. But the best texts read \u1f10\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd clave. Compare Jer 51:9. For different applications of the verb see on Mat 19:5; see on Luk 15:15; see on Act 5:13. Compare the classical phrase for following up closely a fleeing foe, hoerere in terga hostium, to cleave to the backs of the enemy. See also Zac 14:5 (Sept.), \"The valley of the mountains shall reach (\u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9) unto Azal.\" The radical idea of the metaphor is that of following or reaching after so as to be joined to.\nDouble (\u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5)\nOnly here in the New Testament. Compare Isa 40:2; Jer 16:18; Zac 9:12. The Levitical law insisted on the double recompense. See Exo 22:4, Exo 22:7, Exo 22:9.\nLived deliciously (\u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd)\nSee on Rev 18:3.\nTorment (\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd)\nOnly in Revelation. On the kindred word, \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 torment, see on Mat 4:23, Mat 4:24.\nI sit a queen and am no widow\nTherefore shall her plagues come, etc.\nWho judgeth (\u1f41 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd)\nRead \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 judged.\nMerchandise (\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd)\nOnly here, Rev 18:12, and Act 21:3. From \u03b3\u03ad\u03bc\u03c9 to be full. Hence, literally, lading or cargo. So Rev., in margin.\nThe main features of the following description are taken from that of the destruction of Tyre, Ezekiel 26, 27.\nFine Linen (\u03b2\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5)\nSee on Luk 16:19.\nPurple (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2)\nSilk (\u03c3\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6)\nProperly an adjective, meaning pertaining to the Seres. From \u03a3\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 Seres, a people of India, perhaps of modern China.\nBefore the time of Justinian, when silkworms were first brought to Constantinople, it was thought that the Seres gathered or combed the downy substance woven by the worms from the leaves of certain trees. Hence Virgil speaks of the Seres, how they comb (depectant) the fine fleeces from the leaves (\"Georgics,\" ii., 121).\nSilk was a costly article of luxury among the Romans, so that Tacitus relates that in the reign of Tiberius a law was passed against \"men disgracing themselves with silken garments\" (\"Annals,\" ii., 33). \"Two hundred years after the age of Pliny,\" says Gibbon, \"the use of pure or even of mixed silks was confined to the female sex, till the opulent citizens of Rome and the provinces were insensibly familiarized with the example of Elagabalos, the first who, by this effeminate habit, had sullied the dignity of an emperor and a man. Aorelian complained that a pound of silk was sold at Rome for twelve ounces of gold\" (\"Decline and Fall,\" ch. xl.).\nAt the time of Justinian the Persians held a monopoly of this trade. Two missionary monks residing in China imparted to Justinian the project of introducing the eggs of the silkworm into Europe, and returning to China concealed the eggs in a hollow cane and so transported them.\nScarlet\nSee on Mat 27:6.\nThyine wood (\u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03cd\u0390\u0301\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd)\nOnly here in the New Testament. From \u03b8\u03c5\u03af\u03b1 or \u03b8\u03cd\u03b1 the citrus, a North-African tree, a native of Barbary, used as incense and for inlaying. Pliny speaks of a mania among the Romans for tables made of this wood. The most expensive of these were called orbes, circles, because they were massive plates of wood cut from the stem in its whole diameter. Pliny mentions plates four feet in diameter, and nearly six inches thick. The most costly were those taken from near the root, both because the tree was broadest there, and because the wood was dappled and speckled. Hence they were described by different epithets according as the markings resembled those of the tiger, the panther, or the peacock.\nVessel (\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bf\u03c2)\nSee on Pe1 3:7, and see on Act 9:15. Also see on goods, Mat 12:29; see on Mar 3:27; and see on strake sail, Act 27:17.\nOf ivory (\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd)\nOnly here in the New Testament. References to ivory are frequent in the Old Testament. The navy of Tarshish brought ivory to Solomon with apes and peacocks (Kg1 10:22). His great throne was made of it (Kg1 10:18). Ahab's ivory palace (Kg1 22:39) was probably a house with ivory panels. \"Ivory palaces\" are mentioned in Psa 45:8, and \"houses of ivory\" in Amo 3:15. The Assyrians carried on a great trade in this article. On the obelisk in the British Museum the captives or tribute-bearers are represented as carrying tusks. The Egyptians early made use of it in decoration, bringing it mostly from Ethiopia, where, according to Pliny, ivory was so plentiful that the natives made of it door-posts and fences, and stalls for their cattle. In the early ages of Greece ivory was frequently employed for ornamental purposes, for the trappings of horses, the handles of kegs, and the bosses of shields. Homer represents an Asiatic woman staining ivory with purple to form trappings for horses, and describes the reins of chariot-horses as adorned with ivory. The statue of Jupiter by Phidias was of ivory and gold. In the \"Odyssey\" of Homer, Telemachus thus addresses his companion, the son of Nestor as they contemplate the splendor of Menelaus' palace:\n\"See, son of Nestor, my beloved friend,\nIn all these echoing rooms the sheen of brass,\nOf gold, of amber and of ivory;\nSuch is the palace of Olympian Jove.\"\n\"Odyssey,\" iv., 71-74.\nMarble (\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5)\nFrom \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03c9 to sparkle or glisten.\nCinnamon (\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd)\nMentioned as one of the ingredients of the holy oil for anointing (Exo 30:23), and as a perfume for the bed (Pro 7:17).\nAnd spice (\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bc\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd)\nThese words are added by the best texts. A fragrant Indian plant, with seed in grape-like clusters, from which ointment was made. Preparations for the hair were made from it. Virgil, describing the coming golden age, says: \"The Assyrian amomum shall spring up as a common plant\" (\"Eclogue\" iv., 25; Compare \"Eclogue\" iii., 89). Forbiger (Virgil) says that the best was raised in Armenia, a poorer quality in Media and Pontus.\nFine flour (\u03c3\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd)\nOnly here in the New Testament.\nCattle (\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7)\nSee on Luk 10:34.\nMerchandise of horses\nMerchandise is not in the text. It resumes the construction of \u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd merchandise with the genitive in Rev 18:12.\nChariots (\u1fe5\u03b5\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bd)\nA Latin word though of Gallic origin, rheda. It had four wheels.\nThe fruits (\u1f21 \u1f40\u03c0\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1)\nOriginally, the late summer or early autumn; then, generally, used of the ripe fruits of trees. Only here in the New Testament. Compare the compound \u03c6\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u1f70 autumn (trees). See on whose fruit withereth, Jde 1:12, and compare Summer-fruits, Jer 40:10.\nThat thy soul lusted after (\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6)\nLit., of the desire of thy soul.\nDainty (\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70)\nFrom \u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 grease. Hence, literally, fat. Only here in the New Testament. Homer uses it once in the sense of oily or shiny with oil, as the skin anointed after a bath. \"Their heads and their fair faces shining\" (\"Odyssey,\" xv., 332). So Aristophanes (\"Plutus,\" 616), and of oily, unctuous dishes (\"Frogs,\" 163). Of the oily smoothness of a calm sea, as by Theocritus. The phrase \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 shining feet, i.e., smooth, without wrinkle, is frequent in Homer. Thus, of Agamemnon rising from his bed. \"Beneath his shining feet he bound the fair sandals\" (\"Iliad,\" ii., 44). Also of the condition of life; rich, comfortable: so Homer, of a prosperous old age, \"Odyssey,\" xi., 136. Of things, bright, fresh. Of soil, fruitful. The city of Athens was called \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u1f76, a favorite epithet. Aristophanes plays upon the two senses bright and greasy, saying that if any one flatteringly calls Athens bright, he attaches to it the honor of sardines - oiliness (\"Acharnians,\" 638, 9).\nGoodly (\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u1f70)\nA too indefinite rendering. Better, Rev., sumptuous. See on Luk 23:11; see on Jam 2:2. Mostly in the New Testament of clothing. See on Rev 15:6.\nDecked (\u03ba\u03b5\u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7)\nSee on Rev 17:4.\nShipmaster (\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2)\nFrom \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c9 to govern. Strictly, steersman. Only here and Act 27:11.\nAll the company in ships (\u03c0\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f41 \u1f45\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2)\nThe best texts substitute \u1f41 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd, that saileth anywhere, lit., saileth to a place. So Rev.\nTrade by sea (\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9)\nLit., work the sea, like the Latin mare exercent, live by seafaring. Rev., gain their living by sea.\nCast dust on their heads\nCompare Eze 27:30. See on Luk 10:13.\nHath avenged you on her (\u1f14\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2)\nRev., more literally, hath judged your judgment on her or from her. The idea is that of exacting judgment from (\u1f10\u03be). Compare the compound verb \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 avenge, or exact vengeance from (Rev 6:10). The meaning is either, that judgment which is your due, or what she hath judged concerning you.\nA mighty angel (\u03b5\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f04\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2)\nLit., \"one strong angel.\"\nA great millstone\nSee on Mat 18:6.\nWith violence (\u1f41\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9)\nLit. with an impulse or rush. Only here in the New Testament.\nHarpers\nSee on Rev 14:2.\nMusicians (\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd)\nOnly here in the New Testament. There seems to be no special reason for changing the rendering to minstrels, as Rev. The term music had a much wider signification among the Greeks than that which we attach to it. \"The primitive education at Athens consisted of two branches: gymnastics for the body, music for the mind. Music comprehended from the beginning everything appertaining to the province of the nine Muses; not merely learning the use of the lyre or how to bear part in a chorus, but also the hearing, learning, and repeating of poetical compositions, as well as the practice of exact and elegant pronunciation - which latter accomplishment, in a language like the Greek, with long words, measured syllables, and great diversity of accentuation between one word and another, must have been far more difficult to acquire than it is in any modern European language. As the range of ideas enlarged, so the words music and musical teachers acquired an expanded meanings so as to comprehend matter of instruction at once ampler and more diversified. During the middle of the fifth century b.c. at Athens, there came thus to be found among the musical teachers men of the most distinguished abilities and eminence, masters of all the learning and accomplishments of the age, teaching what was known of Astronomy, Geography, and Physics, and capable of holding dialectical discussions with their pupils upon all the various problems then afloat among intellectual men\" (Grote, \"History of Greece,\" vi., ch. lxvii.).\nPipers (\u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd)\nRev., flute-players. Only here and Mat 9:23. The female flute-players, usually dissolute characters, were indispensable attendants at the Greek banquets. Plato makes Eryximachus in \"the Symposium,\" say: \"I move that the flute-girl who has just made her appearance, be told to go away and play to herself, or, if she likes, to the women who are within. Today let us have conversation instead\" (\"Symposium,\" 176). Again, Socrates says: \"The talk about the poets seems to me like a commonplace entertainment to which a vulgar company have recourse; who, because they are not able to converse and amuse one another, while they are drinking, with the sound of their own voices and conversation, by reason of their stupidity, raise the price of flute-girls in the market, hiring for a great sum the voice of a flute instead of their own breath, to be the medium of intercourse among them\" (\"Protagoras,\" 347). Compare Isa 24:8; Eze 26:13.\nMillstone\nBridegroom - bride\nCompare Jer 25:10.\nGreat men (\u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2)\nRev., princes. See on Rev 6:15.\nBy thy sorceries (\u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5)\nSee on Rev 9:21. Rev., more literally, with thy sorcery.\nWere deceived (\u1f10\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd)\nOr led astray. See on Mar 12:24.","title":"Vincent's Word Studies: Revelation: Revelation Chapter 18","type":"page"}