{"collection":"Bible & Christianity","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/bib/cv/pch/pch02.htm","path":"bib/cv/pch/pch02.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/bib/cv/pch/pch02.htm","text":"Pagan Christs, by John M. Robertson, [1911]\n| | | PAGE | \n| | PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION | xi | \n| | INTRODUCTION | xxi | \n| | PART I. | | \n| | THE RATIONALE OF RELIGION | | \n| | CHAP. I.\u2014THE NATURALNESS OF ALL BELIEF. | | \n| \u00a7 1. | Origin of Gods from fear\u2014from love\u2014Beloved Gods the Christs of the world's pantheon\u2014Arbitrary Classifications | 1 | \n| \u00a7 2. | All beliefs results of reasoning\u2014Taboo\u2014Formulas of Mr. Lang and Dr. Jevons\u2014Primary and secondary taboo\u2014Moral correlations\u2014Theory of religion and magic | 4 | \n| \u00a7 3. | Dr. Jevons\u2019s theories of religious evolution\u2014Contradictions\u2014Thesis of \"superstition\" | 7 | \n| \u00a7 4. | Scientific view of the \"religious consciousness\"\u2014idea of \"the supernatural\"\u2014Fear versus gratitude\u2014Rise of magic\u2014Meaning of \"religion\" | 9 | \n| \u00a7 5. | Dr. Frazer's definition\u2014its inadequacy\u2014Conflict of formulas\u2014Antiquity of magic\u2014Analogies of religion, magic, and science\u2014Magic homogeneous with religion\u2014Inconsistencies of magic\u2014Magic in the Old Testament\u2014Inconsistencies of later religion | 11 | \n| \u00a7 6. | The scientific induction\u2014Magic and religion interfluent\u2014The theory of prayer\u2014Dr. Jevons\u2019s reasoning here reduces the religious type to the Atheists and Agnostics | 20 | \n| \u00a7 7. | Dr. Jevons\u2019s series of self-contradictions\u2014His coincidence with Dr. Frazer in excluding belief from the concept of religion | 22 | \n| \u00a7 8. | His contradictory doctrine of the conditions of survival in religion\u2014Value of his work\u2014Causes of its fallacies | 27 | \n| \u00a7 9. | The continuity of religious phenomena\u2014Homogeneity of all magic and religious ritual\u2014Elijah as magician\u2014Comparative harmfulness of priesthoods and sorcerers\u2014The dilemma of Christian ethics\u2014Philosophy in religion\u2014Dr. Jevons\u2019s psychology\u2014\"Impressions\" versus \"projections\"\u2014Results of his classification\u2014Religion \"rational\" even if not \"reasonable\" | 28 | \n| \u00a7 10. | Dr. Frazer's sociological vindication of the sorcerer\u2014Its \u00e0 priori character\u2014Its antinomianism\u2014Its confusion of the problem of the beginnings of culture with that of the spread of civilisation\u2014Checked by induction\u2014Sketch of the actual evolution\u2014The need to guard against deduction from presuppositions | 35 | \n| | p. vi | | \n| | | PAGE | \n| \u00a7 11. | The beginning of the end of religion\u2014Early interweaving of cosmology and ethics\u2014Fear and gratitude alike operative in time\u2014Ancestor-worship\u2014Dr. Jevons\u2019s thesis of its lateness\u2014His argument finally a petitio principii\u2014Evidence against him from his own pages\u2014\"Ghosts\" versus \"spirits\" | 39 | \n| \u00a7 12. | Historic view of ancestor-worship\u2014Conflict of formulas of Mr. Lang and Dr. Frazer\u2014The anthropological solution\u2014Fluctuations in the status of ancestor-Gods\u2014Taboo of names not necessarily oblivion\u2014Gods\u2019 names tabooed\u2014Gods relatively raised and ancestors depressed\u2014Primary deification of ancestors implied in the facts\u2014Verbalist definitions of \"ancestor\"\u2014Ancestors one of the types of friendly God\u2014Gods originating from abstractions\u2014Arguments of Von Ihering and Fustel de Coulanges on ancestor-worship\u2014Propitiation from fear and from love\u2014Horde-ancestor Gods and family Gods\u2014Evolution of law-giving God | 47 | \n| \u00a7 13. | Interactions of norms of conduct\u2014Religion and monarchy\u2014Religious cast given to law and ethics\u2014The authoritarian element a mark of religion | 55 | \n| \u00a7 14. | Definition of religion | 57 | \n| | CHAP. II.\u2014COMPARISON AND APPRAISEMENT OF RELIGIONS. | | \n| \u00a7 1. | Early Forces of Reform. Christian partisanship\u2014Difficulty of being impartial\u2014The authoritarian ideal\u2014Genius and religious reform\u2014Rarity of reform through priesthoods\u2014Reality of priestcraft | 59 | \n| \u00a7 2. | Reform as a Religious Process. Fictitious literature\u2014Reform by strategy\u2014Conditions of moral betterment for the Hebrews\u2014Conditions of religious survival | 63 | \n| \u00a7 3. | Polytheism and Monotheism. Religious evolution conditioned politically and socially\u2014Monotheism and polytheism alike thus conditioned\u2014No unique bias in the case of Israel\u2014Pressures towards monotheism and towards polytheism\u2014The former usually an external bias, without psychological sincerity\u2014Hebrew and Roman theology compared\u2014Monotheism does grow out of polytheism\u2014Hebrew monotheism not a monarchic but a sacerdotal creation\u2014Monotheistic and polytheistic ethic compared\u2014The conventional view\u2014Ethic associated with \"Supreme\" Gods\u2014Rational tests\u2014Ethic of post-exilic Judaism\u2014Economic forces in cult-making\u2014Chastening effects of national disaster | 66 | \n| \u00a7 4. | Hebrews and Babylonians. Babylonian influences on Judaic thought\u2014Higher developments of polytheism\u2014International ethic lower among monotheists than among polytheists | 71 | \n| \u00a7 5. | Forces of Religious Evolution. The socio-political factors\u2014Social decadence in Mesopotamia, with religious activity\u2014Fatality of imperialism | 78 | \n| \u00a7 6. | The Hebrew Evolution. Rise of the cult of Yahweh\u2014Literary beginnings\u2014Practical polytheism\u2014The attempted reforms of Josiah\u2014Probable negative results\u2014Developments of Yahwism | | \n| | p. vii | | \n| | | PAGE | \n| | in the exile\u2014Effects of Persian contact\u2014The Return a process of hierocratic selection\u2014The process of literary fabrication Higher literary fruition | 80 | \n| \u00a7 7. | Post-Exilic Phases. Cramping effects of racial sectarianism\u2014Change nevertheless inevitable\u2014Modifications of belief\u2014Hebrew thought monotheistic only on the surface\u2014Polytheistic superstition never eliminated\u2014Early Christian and Moslem thought on the same plane\u2014Social failure in Jewry as elsewhere\u2014Expansion of Jewry in Gentile lands\u2014Hellenistic reactions\u2014The Maccabean renascence | 85 | \n| \u00a7 8. | Revival and Disintegration. The renascence a second process of hierocratic selection\u2014Parallel case of Parsism\u2014Special fecundity of Jews\u2014Renewed process of doctrinal modification\u2014Development of a Secondary God\u2014The Jesuist movement\u2014Its dependent relation to Judaism up till the destruction of the Temple\u2014Fusion of the secondary God-ideas in Jesus\u2014The economic situation\u2014Separate Christism a result of the fall of the Temple\u2014Later Judaism\u2014Persistence of sacrifice up to the political catastrophe\u2014Conventional comparisons of Hebrew and Greek ethic and character | 89 | \n| \u00a7 9. | Conclusion. All religions processes of evolutionary change\u2014General law of the substitution of Son-Gods for the older\u2014Analogous cases in Greece, Babylon, Egypt, Persia, and Jewry\u2014The psychological process\u2014Modification of Indra\u2014His supersession by Krishna\u2014Adaptations of Osiris\u2014Advent of Serapis\u2014Jesus\u2014Apollo, Dionysos, and Zeus\u2014Recession of the Supreme God\u2014Heresy and dissent phases of the total evolutionary process\u2014Conditions of sect-survival\u2014Conditions of survival for deities\u2014The Holy Spirit\u2014The Virgin Mother\u2014Yahweh and Jesus\u2014Mary and Anna\u2014Joseph and Mary\u2014Christ-making thus a form of Secondary-God-making\u2014All Secondary Gods evolved from prior materials\u2014The moral metamorphosis of Bacchus\u2014\"Culture-religion\" thus an evolution from \"nature-religion\" | 94 | \n| | PART II. | | \n| | SECONDARY GOD-MAKING | | \n| | CHAP. I.\u2014THE SACRIFICED SAVIOUR-GOD. | | \n| \u00a7 1. | Totemism and Sacraments | 99 | \n| \u00a7 2. | Theory and Ritual of Human Sacrifice | 105 | \n| \u00a7 3. | The Christian Crucifixion | 118 | \n| \u00a7 4. | Vogue of Human Sacrifice | 122 | \n| \u00a7 5. | The Divinity of the Victim | 130 | \n| \u00a7 6. | The Cannibal Sacrament | 140 | \n| \u00a7 7. | The Semitic Antecedents | 144 | \n| \u00a7 8. | The Judaic Evolution | 148 | \n| \u00a7 9. | Specific Survivals in Judaism | 158 | \n| | p. viii | | \n| | | PAGE | \n| \u00a7 10. | The pre-Christian Jesus-God | 162 | \n| \u00a7 11. | Private Jewish Eucharists | 168 | \n| \u00a7 12. | The Eucharist in Orthodox Judaism | 175 | \n| \u00a7 13. | Special Features of the Crucifixion Myth | 180 | \n| \u00a7 14. | Possible Historical Elements | 188 | \n| \u00a7 15. | The Gospel Mystery-Play | 194 | \n| \u00a7 16. | The Mystery-Play and the Cultus | 204 | \n| \u00a7 17. | Further Pagan Adaptations | 206 | \n| \u00a7 18. | Synopsis and Conclusion: Genealogy of Human Sacrifice and Sacrament | 209 | \n| | Diagram | 211 | \n| | CHAP. II.\u2014THE TEACHING GOD. | | \n| \u00a7 1. | Primary and Secondary Ideas | 214 | \n| \u00a7 2. | The Logos | 218 | \n| \u00a7 3. | Derivations of the Christian Logos | 223 | \n| \u00a7 4. | The Search for a Historical Jesus | 228 | \n| \u00a7 5. | The Critical Problem | 231 | \n| \u00a7 6. | Collapse of the Constructive Case | 234 | \n| \u00a7 7. | Parallel Problems | 237 | \n| \u00a7 8. | The Problem of Buddhist Origins | 239 | \n| \u00a7 9. | Buddhism and Buddhas | 241 | \n| \u00a7 10. | The Cruces | 246 | \n| \u00a7 11. | Sociological Clues | 249 | \n| \u00a7 12. | Buddhism and Asoka | 253 | \n| \u00a7 13. | The Buddha Myth | 258 | \n| \u00a7 14. | The Problem of Manich\u00e6us | 266 | \n| \u00a7 15. | The Manich\u00e6an Solution | 267 | \n| \u00a7 16. | The Case of Apollonius of Tyana | 274 | \n| | PART III. | | \n| | MITHRAISM | | \n| \u00a7 1. | Introductory | 281 | \n| \u00a7 2. | Beginnings of Cult | 283 | \n| \u00a7 3. | Zoroastrianism | 280 | \n| \u00a7 4. | Evolution of Mithra | 288 | \n| \u00a7 5. | The Process of Syncretism | 291 | \n| \u00a7 6. | Symbols of Mithra | 29 | \n| \u00a7 7. | The Cultus | 303 | \n| \u00a7 8. | The Creed | 310 | \n| \u00a7 9. | Mithraism and Christianity | 315 | \n| \u00a7 10. | Further Christian Parallels | 320 | \n| \u00a7 11. | The Vogue of Mithraism | 321 | \n| \u00a7 12. | Absorption in Christianity | 327 | \n| \u00a7 13. | The Point of Junction | 334 | \n| | p. ix | | \n| | PART IV. | | \n| | THE RELIGIONS OF ANCIENT AMERICA | | \n| | | PAGE | \n| \u00a7 1. | American Racial Origins | 339 | \n| \u00a7 2. | Aztecs and Peruvians | 346 | \n| \u00a7 3. | Primitive Religion and Human Sacrifice | 349 | \n| \u00a7 4. | The Mexican Cultus | 355 | \n| \u00a7 5. | Mexican Sacrifices and Sacraments | 360 | \n| \u00a7 6. | Mexican Ethics | 366 | \n| \u00a7 7. | The Mexican White Christ | 370 | \n| \u00a7 8. | The Fatality of the Priesthood | 373 | \n| \u00a7 9. | The Religion of Peru | 376 | \n| \u00a7 10. | Conclusion | 380 | \n| | APPENDICES. | | \n| A. | The Eating of the Crucified Human Sacrifice | 389 | \n| B. | Dramatic and Ritual Survivals | 391 | \n| C. | Replies to Criticisms:\u2014 | | \n| \u00a7 1. | General Opposition\u2014The Hibbert Journal | 396 | \n| \u00a7 2. | The Rev. Alfred Ernest Crawley | 402 | \n| \u00a7 3. | The Rev. Dr. St. Clair Tisdall | 403 | \n| \u00a7 4. | The Rev. Father Martindale | 413 | \n| \u00a7 5. | Dr. J. Estlin Carpenter | 427 | \n| \u00a7 6. | Professor Carl Clemen | 435 | \n| | INDEX | 439 |","title":"Pagan Christs: Contents","type":"page"}