{"collection":"Buddhism","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/bud/bit/bit03.htm","path":"bud/bit/bit03.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/bud/bit/bit03.htm","text":"PART I\nTHE VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF BUDDHISM.\nSECTION I.\nINDIAN BUDDHISM.\n| | Page | \n| CHAPTER I. SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF S\u00c2KYAMUNI, THx FOUNDER OF BUDDHISM. Origin--The principal events in his life.--His attainment of the perfection of a Buddha.--Period Of his existence | 3 | \n| CHAPTER II. GRADUAL RISE AND PRESENT AREA OF THE BUDDHIST RELIGION. Development and decline in India.--Extension over various parts of Asia.--Comparison of the number of Buddhists with that of Christians | 9 | \n| CHAPTER III. THE RELIGIOUS SYSTEM OF S\u00c2KYAMUNI. The fundamental law.--The dogma of the Four Truths, and the paths leading to salvation | 15 | \n| CHAPTER IV. THE H\u00ceNAY\u00c2NA SYSTEM. Controversies about S\u00e2kyamuni's laws | 19 | \n| The H\u00eenay\u00e2na doctrines. The twelve Nid\u00e2nas; character of the precepts; incitation to abstract meditation; gradations of perfection | 22 | \n| {p. xvi} | | \n| CHAPTER V. THE MAH\u00c2Y\u00c2NA SYSTEMS. N\u00e2g\u00e2rjuna | 30 | \n| The fundamental Mah\u00e2y\u00e2na principles | 32 | \n| The contemplative Mah\u00e2y\u00e2na (Yog\u00e2ch\u00e2rya) system | 39 | \n| The Prasanga-Madhyamika school | 41 | \n| CHAPTER VI. THE SYSTEM OF MYSTICISM. General character.--The K\u00e2la Chakra system; its origin and dogmas | 46 | \n| SECTION II. TIBETAN BUDDHISM. | | \n| CHAPTER VII. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF BUDDHISM INTO T\u00cdBET. Earliest religion of the Tibetans | 61 | \n| Introduction of Buddhist dogmas into Eastern Tibet. Era of King Srongtsan Gampo and King Thisrong de tsan.--The reforms of the Lama Tsonkhapa | 62 | \n| Propagation of Buddhism into China, Lad\u00e1k, and Eastern Him\u00e1laya | 71 | \n| Buddhist sects in Tibet | 72 | \n| CHAPTER VIII. THE SACRED LITERATURE. Works translated from Sanskrit, and works written in Tibetan | 76 | \n| The two compilations of Kanjur and Tanjur | 78 | \n| Tibetan literature in Europe | 81 | \n| Analysis of the Mani Kambum | 84 | \n| Names and representations of Padmap\u00e2ni | 88 | \n| CHAPTER IX. VIEWS ON METEMSYCHOSIS. Re-births | 91 | \n| Means of deliverance from re-birth | 94 | \n| Sukhavat\u00ee, the abode of the blessed | 98 | \n| CHAPTER X. DETAILS CHARACTERISTIC OF THE RELIGION OF THE PEOPLE. Amount of religious knowledge | 103 | \n| Gods, genii, and malignant spirits. The spirits Lhamayin and Dudpos. The legends about Lhamo, Tsangpa, and Chakdor | 107 | \n| Prayers | 117 | \n| CHAPTER XI. TRANSLATION OF AN ADDRESS TO THE BUDDHAS OF CONFESSION. Translation and explanatory remarks (For additions see p. 393) | 122 | \n| {p. xvii} | | \n| PART II. PRESENT LAMAIC INSTITUTIONS. | | \n| CHAPTER XII. THE TIBETAN PRIESTHOOD. Materials contained in reports of European travellers | 145 | \n| Fundamental laws | 148 | \n| Hierarchical system | 152 | \n| Organization of the clergy | | \n| Principles of its constitution | 159 | \n| Revenues | 160 | \n| Grades amongst the Lamas | 161 | \n| Number of Lamas | 164 | \n| Occupations | 165 | \n| Diet | 167 | \n| Dress. (Caps and hats; gown; inner vest; cloak; boots; shoes; rosaries; amulet-boxes) | 170 | \n| CHAPTER XIII. RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS AND MONUMENTS. | | \n| Ceremonies preceding the erection | 177 | \n| Monasteries | 179 | \n| Historical document relating to the foundation of the monks of H\u00edmis, in Lad\u00e1k | 183 | \n| Temples | 188 | \n| Religious monuments | | \n| 1. Chortens | 192 | \n| 2. Manis | 196 | \n| 3. Derchoks and Lapchas | 198 | \n| CHAPTER XIV. REPRESENTATIONS OF, BUDDHIST DEITIES. | | \n| Deities represented | 201 | \n| Methods of executing sacred objects. Drawings and paintings. Statues and bas-reliefs | 202 | \n| Characteristic types. | | \n| General attitude of the, body and position of the fingers | 207 | \n| Buddhas | 208 | \n| B\u00f4dhisattvas | 212 | \n| Priests, ancient and modern | 213 | \n| Dragsheds | 214 | \n| Illustrations derived from Measurements | 216 | \n| {p. xviii} | | \n| CHAPTER XV. WORSHIP OF THE DEITIES, AND RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES. | | \n| Daily service | 227 | \n| Offerings. Musical instruments | 228 | \n| Prayer-cylinders | 229 | \n| Performance of religious Dramas | 232 | \n| Sacred days and festivals. | | \n| Monthly and annual festivals | 237 | \n| The ceremony Tuisol | 239 | \n| The ceremony Nyungne | 240 | \n| Rites for the attainment of supernatural faculties | 242 | \n| Peculiar ceremonies for ensuring the assistance of the gods. | | \n| 1. The rite Dubjed | 247 | \n| 2. The Burnt-offering | 249 | \n| 3. Invocation of Lungta | 253 | \n| 4. The Talisman Changpo | 256 | \n| 5. The magical figure Phurbu | 257 | \n| 6. The ceremony Thugdam Kantsai | 260 | \n| 7. Invocation of Nagpo Chenpo by \"moving the arrow\" | 261 | \n| 8. The ceremony Yangug | 263 | \n| 9. Ceremonies performed in cases of Illness | 265 | \n| 10. Funeral rites | 269 | \n| CHAPTER XVI. THE SYSTEMS OF RECKONING TIME. | | \n| 1. Calendars and Astrological tables | 273 | \n| 2. The various modes of Chronology | | \n| The cycle of twelve years | 275 | \n| Counting back from the current year | 276 | \n| The cycle of sixty years | 276 | \n| The cycle of two hundred and fifty-two years | 284 | \n| 3. The Year and its divisions | 287 | \n| CHAPTER XVII. DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS TABLES USED FOR ASTROLOGICAL PURPOSES. | | \n| Importance attributed to Astrology | 290 | \n| I. Tables for indicating lucky and unlucky periods. | | \n| 1. The elements and cyclic animals | 293 | \n| 2. The spirits of the season | 298 | \n| 3. Figures and oracles for determining the character of a given day | 300 | \n| {p. xix} | | \n| II. Tables for direction in important undertakings. | | \n| 1. The square tortoise | 304 | \n| 2. The circular tortoise | 311 | \n| III. Tables of destiny in cases of sickness. | | \n| 1. The human figures | 313 | \n| 2. Allegorical figures and dice | 314 | \n| IV. Tables of marriage. | | \n| 1. Table with numerals | 315 | \n| 2. Table with cyclic animals | 318 | \n| V. A Soothsaying table with numerous figures and sentences | 320 | \n| APPENDIX. | | \n| A. LITERATURE: an alphabetical list of the works and memoirs connected with Buddhism, its dogmas, history and geographical distribution | 331 | \n| B. GLOSSARY OF TIBETAN TERMS, their spelling and transliteration with a reference to the explanations contained in this volume {omitted} | 371 | \n| C. ADDITIONS TO THE ADDRESS TO THE BUDDHAS OF CONFESSION, translated in Chapter XI {omitted} | 393 | \n| INDEX {omitted} | 397 | \n{p. xxi}\n{Illustrations omitted}\nGroup I.\nRepresentations of Deities.\nPlate I. The thirty-five. Buddhas of Confession, in Tibetan Tungshakchi sangye songs.\nII. Vajrasattva, in Tibetan Dozjesempa, the God above all.\nIII. The Dhy\u00e2ni Buddha Amit\u00e2bha, in Tibetan Odpagmed.\nIV. Padmap\u00e2ni, in Tibetan Chenresi, the particular Protector of Tibet.\nV. Maitreya, in Tibetan Jampa, the Buddha to come,\nVI. Manjusr\u00ee, in Tibetan Jamjang, the God of wisdom.\nVII. The goddess Doljang, the deified consort of king Srongtsan Gampo, (A.D. 617-98).\nVIII. Dzambhala, or Dodnevangpo, the God of wealth, with his assistants.\nIX. Bihar Gyalpo, the Patron of monasteries and temples.\nX. Choichong Gyalpo, the God of astrology, and Protector of man against evil spirits.\nXI. Dzambhala, or Dodnevangpo, the God of wealth.\n{p. xxii}\nPlate XII. Padmap\u00e2ni, in Tibetan Chenresi, the particular Protector of Tibet.\nXIII. Padma Sambhava, a deified Indian sage of the eight century A.D.\nGroup II.\nSentences and Figures for averting the dangers arising from evil spirits.\nPlate XIV. The six-syllabic prayer: \"Om mani padme hum.\"\nXV. The six-syllabic prayer: \"Om mani padme hum.\"\nXVI. The magical figure Dabchad, \"octagon.\"\nXVII. Mystical sentences with the Figure of the Airy Horse.\nXVIII. The magical figure Phurbu, with the face of Tamdin.\nXIX. A Soothsaying Table, with numerous figures and sentences.\nXX. Table to indicate lucky and unlucky periods, as well as the chances of undertakings.\nTABLES OF NATIVE PRINT IN THE TEXT.\nPlate I. The fundamental Dogma of the Buddhist Faith.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01. In Sanskrit, written with Tibetan characters.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02. A Tibetan translation of the same 16\nII. Address to the Goddess Lhamo, in Sanskrit K\u00e2lad\u00eav\u00ee 114\nIII. Vajrap\u00e2ni, or Chakdor, the Subduer of the Evil Spirits.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Reduced from the original, which is cut into a prayer-stone put upon a prayer-wall in S\u00edkkim 114\nIV. The six-syllabic prayer--\"Om mani padme hum.\"\nTaken from a woodcut from Eastern Tibet 120\n{p. xxiii}\nPlate V. to VIII. Digpa thamchad shagpar terchoi, an Address to the Buddhas of Confession 142\nIX. Historical Document relating to the Foundation of the Monastery of H\u00edmis, in Lad\u00e1k 188\nX. Melhai Gyalpo, the Lord of the Genii of Fire.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0From a woodcut from Eastern Tibet 252\nXI. Mystical sentences, with the figure of the Airy Horse. From H\u00edmis.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The letters are here inverted, the same having been cut into the block itself in their positive form 254\nXII. Forms of invocations of Lungta, the Airy Horse.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0No. 1. Print from a Tibetan woodcut from S\u00edkkim.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0No. 2. Copies of formulae, obtained at the Monastery of H\u00edmis, in Lad\u00e1k 254\nXIII. The Talisman Chango. From D\u00e1ba in Gn\u00e1ri Kh\u00f3rsum 256\nXIV. Print from slips of wood used in Tibet as a supposed protection against Evil Spirits.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0No. 1., from S\u00edkkim 268\nXV. Prints from slips of wood used in Tibet as a supposed protection against Evil Spirits.\nNo. 2., from S\u00edkkim 268\nXVI. Prints from slips of wood used in Tibet as a supposed protection against Evil Spirits.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0No. 3., from S\u00edkkim 268\nXVII. Treaty between Adolphe Schlagintweit and the Chinese Authorities of D\u00e1ba.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0This was in reference to the routes he and his brother Robert should be allowed to take in Gn\u00e1ri Kh\u00f3rsum 278\nXVIII. Divination Formulae.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Taken from Figure-tables from Lh\u00e1ssa. 1. To calculate the direction favourable for an undertaking; 2. For learning beforehand the issue of an illness 308\n{p. xxiv}\nPlate XIX. Divination Formulae.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Taken from Figure-tables from Gn\u00e1ri Kh\u00f3rsum. 1. For the interpretation of oracles. (The oracles to which they refer are given on Plate XX.) 2. Rythmical sentences concerning the influence of the elements, for good or bad, upon a proposed marriage 318\nXX. Queries and Answers.\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Taken from a soothsaying-table from Gn\u00e1ri Kh\u00f3rsum 322\nERRATA\nPage 3 in the heading; for exislence read existence.\nPage 9 in the heading; for developement read development.\nPage 16, line 26; for fourtth read fourth.\nPage 35, line 10; for kundzabchi read kundzobchi.\nPage 37, line 23; for well-towards-disposed read well-disposed towards.\nPage 42, line 10; for Togpa nyi read Togpa nyid.\nPage 78, line 12; for Palchen read Phalchen.\nPage 97, line 11; for Stavir\u00e2s read Sthavir\u00e2s.\nPage 129, line 13; for rNams-par read rNam-par.\nPage 133, note 1; for Nyon-thos read Nyan-thos.\nPage 258, line 27; for Lhonab, read Lhonub.\nPage 276, line 6; for Chag read Phag.\nErrors in Tables V. to VIII. of Native Print:\nPage 2, line 12; for gshegs-sa read gshegs-pa.\nPage 3, line 8; for rnams-par read rnam-par.\nPage 4, line 3; for mi-dkor read me-dkor.\nPage 4, line 11; for rnam-la-phyag read rnams-la-phyag.\nPage 5, line 2; for nyon-thos read nyan-thos.\nPage 6, line 5; for bshas-pa-rnam read behas-pa-rnams.\nPage 6, line 7; for thar-par read thar-bar.\nPage 6, line 11 for bskal-ba read bskal-pa.\nPage 7, line 1; for mts'hun read mts'hon.\nPage 7, line 2; for rnam-sa read rnam-pa.\nPage 7, line 3; for glu-ru-len read glu-rum-len.\n{p. 1}","title":"Contents","type":"page"}