{"collection":"Buddhism","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/bud/gbf/gbf09.htm","path":"bud/gbf/gbf09.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/bud/gbf/gbf09.htm","text":"Gleaings in Buddha-Fields, by Lafcadio Hearn, [1897]\nPERHAPS only a Japanese representative of the older culture could fully inform us to what degree the mental soil of the race has been saturated and fertilized by Buddhist idealism. At all events, no European could do so; for to understand the whole relation of Far-Eastern religion to Far-Eastern life would require, not only such scholarship, but also such experience as no European could gain in a lifetime. Yet for even the Western stranger there are everywhere signs of what Buddhism has been to Japan in the past. All the arts and most of the industries repeat Buddhist legends to the eye trained in symbolism; and there is scarcely an object of handiwork possessing any beauty or significance of form\u2014from the plaything of a child to the heirloom of a prince\u2014which does not in some\nway proclaim the ancient debt to Buddhism of the craft that made it. One may discern Buddhist thoughts in the cheap cotton prints from an \u00d4saka mill not less than in the figured silks of Ky\u00f4to. The reliefs upon an iron kettle, or the elephant-heads of bronze making the handles of a shopkeeper's hibachi;\u2014the patterns of screen-paper, or the commonest ornamental woodwork of a gateway;\u2014the etchings upon a metal pipe, or the enameling upon a costly vase,\u2014may all relate, with equal eloquence, the traditions of faith. There are reflections or echoes of Buddhist teaching in the composition of a garden;\u2014in the countless ideographs of the long vistas of shop-signs;\u2014in the wonderfully expressive names given to certain fruits and flowers;\u2014in the appellations of mountains, capes, waterfalls, villages,\u2014even of modern railway stations. And the new civilization would not yet seem to have much affected the influence thus manifested. Trains and steamers now yearly carry to famous shrines more pilgrims than visited them ever before in a twelvemonth;\u2014the temple bells still, in despite of clocks and watches, mark\nthe passing of time for the millions;\u2014the speech of the people is still poetized with Buddhist utterances;\u2014literature and drama still teem with Buddhist expressions;\u2014and the most ordinary voices of the street-songs of children playing, a chorus of laborers at their toil, even cries of itinerant street-venders\u2014often recall to me some story of saints and Bodhisattvas, or the text of some sutra.\nSuch an experience first gave me the idea of making a collection of songs containing Buddhist expressions or allusions. But in view of the extent of the subject I could not at once decide where to begin. A bewildering variety of Japanese songs\u2014a variety of which the mere nomenclature would occupy pages\u2014offers material of this description. Among noteworthy kinds may be mentioned the Utai, dramatic songs, mostly composed by high priests, of which probably no ten lines are without some allusion to Buddhism;\u2014the Naga-uta, songs often of extraordinary length;\u2014and the J\u00f4ruri, whole romances in verse, with which professional singers can delight their audiences for five or six hours at a time. The mere dimension of such compositions\nnecessarily excluded them from my plan; but there remained a legion of briefer forms to choose among. I resolved at last to limit my undertaking mainly to dodoitsu,\u2014little songs of twenty-six syllables only, arranged in four lines (7, 7, 7, 5). They are more regular in construction than the street-songs treated of in a former paper; but they are essentially popular, and therefore more widely representative of Buddhist influences than many superior kinds of composition could be. Out of a very large number collected for me, I have selected between forty and fifty as typical of the class.\nPerhaps those pieces which reflect the ideas of pre\u00ebxistence and of future rebirths will prove especially interesting to the Western reader,\u2014much less because of poetical worth than because of comparative novelty. We have very little English verse of any class containing fancies of this kind; but they swarm in Japanese poetry oven as commonplaces and conventionalisms. Such an exquisite thing as Rossetti's \"Sudden Light,\"\u2014bewitching us chiefly through the penetrative subtlety of a\nthought anathematized by all our orthodoxies for eighteen hundred years,\u2014could interest a Japanese only as the exceptional rendering, by an Occidental, of fancies and feelings familiar to the most ignorant peasant. Certainly no one will be able to find in these Japanese verses\u2014or, rather, in my own wretchedly prosy translations of them\u2014even a hint of anything like the ghostly delicacy of Rossetti's imagining:\u2014\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0I have been here before,\u2014\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0But when or how I cannot tell:\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0I know the grass beyond the door,\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The sweet, keen smell,\n The sighing sound, the lights along the shore.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0You have been mine before,\u2014\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0How long ago I may not know:\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0But just when at that swallow's soar\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Your neck turned so,\n Some veil did fall,\u2014I knew it all of yore.\nYet what a queer living difference between such enigmatically delicate handling of thoughts classed as forbidden fruit in the Western Eden of Dreams and the every-day Japanese utterances that spring directly out of ancient Eastern faith!\u2014\nLove, it is often said, has nothing to do with reason.\n The cause of ours must be some En in a previous birth.[1]\nEven the knot of the rope tying our boats together\n Knotted was long ago by some love in a former birth.\nIf the touching even of sleeves be through En of a former existence,\n Very much deeper must be the En that unites us now![2]\nKwah\u00f4[3] this life must be,\u2014this dwelling with one so tender;\u2014\n I am reaping now the reward of deeds in a former birth!\n[1.\nIro wa shian no\n Hoka to-wa i\u00e9do,\n Kor\u00e9 mo saki-sho no\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0En de ar\u00f4.\n\"En\" is a Buddhist word signifying affinity,\u2014relation of cause and effect from life to life.\n2.\nSod\u00e9 suri-\u00f4 no mo\n Tash\u00f4 no en yo,\n Mashit\u00e9 futari ga\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Fukai naka.\nAllusion is here made to the old Buddhist proverb: Sod\u00e9 no furi-awas\u00e9 mo tash\u00f4 no en,\u2014\"Even the touching of sleeves in passing is caused by some affinity operating from former lives.\"\n3. The Buddhist word \"Kwah\u00f4\" is commonly used instead of other synonyms for Karma (such as ingwa, innen, etc.), to signify the good, rather than the bad results of action in previous lives. But it is sometimes used in both meanings. Here there seems to be an allusion to the proverbial expression, Kwah\u00f4 no yoi hito (lit.: a person of good Kwah\u00f4), meaning it fortunate individual.]\nMany songs of this class refer to the customary vow which lovers make to belong to each other for more lives than one,\u2014a vow perhaps originally inspired by the Buddhist aphorism,\u2014\nOya-ko wa, is-s\u00e9;\n F\u00fbfu wa, ni-s\u00e9;\n Shuj\u00fb wa, san-z\u00e9.\nThe relation of parent and child is for one life; that of wife and husband, for two lives; that of master and servant, for three lives.\" Although the tender relation is thus limited to the time of two lives, the vow\u2014(as Japanese dramas testify, and as the letters of those who kill themselves for love bear witness)\u2014is often passionately made for seven. The following selections show a considerable variety of tone,\u2014ranging from the pathetic to the satirical,\u2014in the treatment of this topic:\nI have cut my hair for his sake; but the deeper relation between us\n Cannot be cut in this, nor yet in another life.\nKami wa kitt\u00e9 mo\n Ni-s\u00e9 mad\u00e9 kaketa\n Fukai enishi wa\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Kiru mono ka?\nLiterally: \"Hair have-cut although, two existences until, p. 192 deep relation, cut-how-can-it-be?\" By the mention of the hair-cutting we know the speaker is a woman. Her husband, or possibly betrothed lover, is dead; and, according to the Buddhist custom, she signifies her desire to remain faithful to his memory by the sacrifice of her hair. For detailed information on this subject see, in my Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, the chapter, \"Of Women's Hair.\"]\nShe looks at the portrait of him to whom for two lives she is promised:\n Happy remembrances come, and each brings a smile to her face.[1]\nIf in this present life we never can hope for union,\n Then we shall first keep house in the Lotos-Palace beyond.[2]\nHave we not spoken the vow that binds for a double existence?\n If we must separate now, I can only wish to die.\nNi-s\u00e9 to chigirishi\n Shashin wo nagam\u00e9\n Omoi-idashit\u00e9\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Warai-gao.\nLit.: \"Two existences that made alliance, photograph look-at, thinking bring-out smiling face.\" The use of the term shashin, photograph, shows that the poem is not old.\nTot\u00e9mo kono yo d\u00e9\n Sowar\u00e9-nu naraba\n Hasu no ut\u00e9na d\u00e9\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ara s\u00e9tai.\nLit.: \"By-any-means, this-world-in, cannot-live-together if, Lotos-of Palace-in, new-housekeeping.\" It is with this thought that lovers voluntarily die together; and the song might be called a song of j\u00f4shi.]\nThere!\u2014oh, what shall we do? . . . Pledged for a double existence,\n And now, as we sit together, the string of the samisen snaps![1]\nHe woos by teaching the Law of Cause and Effect for three lives,\n And makes a contract for two\u2014the crafty-smiling priest![2]\nEvery mortal has lived and is destined to live countless lives; yet the happy moments of any single existence are not therefore less precious in themselves:\u2014\nNot to have met one night is verily cause for sorrow;\n Since twice in a single birth the same night never comes.\nBut even as a summer unusually warm is apt to herald a winter of exceptional severity, so too much happiness in this life may signify great suffering in the next:\u2014\nAlways I suffer thus! . . . Methinks, in my last existence,\n Too happy I must have been,\u2014did not suffer enough.\nNext in point of exotic interest to the songs expressing belief in pre\u00ebxistence and rebirth, I think I should place those treating of the\n[1. Among singing-girls it is believed that the snapping of a samisen-string under such circumstances as those indicated in the above song is an omen of coming separation.\n2 This song is of a priest who breaks the vow of celibacy.]\ndoctrine of ingwa, or Karma. I offer some free translations from these, together with one selection from a class of compositions more elaborate and usually much longer than the dodoitsu, called hauta. In the original, at least, my selection from the hauta\u2014which contains a charming simile about the firefly\u2014is by far the prettiest:\u2014\nWeep not!\u2014turn to me! . . . Nay, all my suspicions vanish!\n Forgive me those words unkind: some ingwa controlled my tongue!\nEvidently this is the remorseful pleading of a jealous lover. The next might be the answer of the girl whose tears he had caused to flow:\nI cannot imagine at all by what strange manner of ingwa\n Came I to fall in love with one so unkind as you!\nOr she might exclaim:\u2014\nIs this the turning of En?\u2014am I caught in the Wheel of Karma?\n That, alas! is a wheel not to be moved from the rut![1]\nMeguru en kaya?\n Kuruma no watashi\n Hiku ni hikar\u00e9nu\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Kono ingwa.\nThere is a play on words in the original which I have not attempted to render. The idea is of an unhappy match\u2014p. 195 either betrothal or marriage\u2014from which the woman wishes to withdraw when too late.]\nA more remarkable reference to the Wheel of Karma is the following:\u2014\nFather and mother forbade, and so I gave up my lover;\u2014\n Yet still, with the whirl of the Wheel, the thought of him comes and goes.[1]\nThis is a hauta:\u2014\nNumberless insects there are that call from dawn to evening,\n Crying, \"I love! I love!\"\u2014but the Firefly's silent passion,\n Making its body burn, is deeper than all their longing.\n Even such is my love . . . yet I cannot think through what ingwa\n I opened my heart\u2014alas!\u2014to a being not sincere![2]\nOya no iken d\u00e9\n Akirameta no wo\n Mata mo rin-y\u00e9 d\u00e9\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Omoi-dasu.\nThe Buddhist word Rin-y\u00e9, or Rinten, has the meaning of \"turning the Wheel,\"\u2014another expression for passing from birth to birth. The Wheel here is the great Circle of Illusion,\u2014the whirl of Karma.\nKa\u00e4i, ka\u00e4i to\n Naku mushi yori mo,\n Nakanu hotaru ga\n Mi wo kogasu.\n Nanno ingwa d\u00e9\n Jitsu naki hito ni\n Shin wo akashit\u00e9,\u2014\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Aa kuyashi!\nLit.. \"'I-love-I-love'-saying-cry-insects than, better p. 196 never-cry-firefly, body scorch! What Karma because-of, sincerity-not-is-man to, inmost-mind opened?\u2014ah! regret!, . . . It was formerly believed that the firefly's light really burned its own body.]\nIf the foregoing seem productions possible only to our psychological antipodes, it is quite otherwise with a group of folk-songs reflecting the doctrine of Impermanency. Concerning the instability of all material things, and the hollowness of all earthly pleasures, Christian and Buddhist thought are very much in accord. The great difference between them appears only when we compare their teaching as to things ghostly,\u2014and especially as to the nature of the Ego. But the Oriental doctrine that the Ego itself is an impermanent compound, and that the Self is not the true Consciousness, rarely finds expression in these popular songs. For the common people the Self exists: it is a real (though multiple) personality that passes from birth to birth. Only the educated Buddhist comprehends the deeper teaching that what we imagine to be Self is wholly illusion,\u2014a darkening veil woven by Karma; and that there is no Self but the Infinite Self, the eternal Absolute.\nIn the following dodoitsu will be found mostly thoughts or emotions according with universal experience:\u2014\nGathering clouds to the moon;\u2014storm and rain to the flowers:\n Somehow this world of woe never is just as we like.[1]\nAlmost as soon as they bloom, the scented flowers of the plum-tree\n By the wind of this world of change are scattered and blown away.\nThinking to-morrow remains, thou heart's frail flower-of-cherry?\n How knowest whether this night the tempest will not come?[2]\nTsuki ni murakumo,\n Hana ni wa arashi:\n Tokaku uki-yo wa\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Mama naranu.\nThis song especially refers to unhappy love, and contains the substance of two Buddhist proverbs: Tsuki ni murakumo, hana ni kaz\u00e9 (cloud-masses to the moon; wind to flowers); and Mama ni naranu wa uki-yo no narai (to be disappointed is the rule in this miserable world). \"Uki-yo\" (this fleeting or unhappy world) is one of the commonest Buddhist terms in use.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Asu ari to\n Om\u00f4 kokoro no\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ada-zakura:\n Yo wa ni arashi no\n Fukanu monokawa?\nLit.: \"To-morrow-is that think heart-of perishable-cherry flower: this-night-in-storm blow-not, is-it-certain?\"]\nShadow and shape alike melt and flow back to nothing:\n He who knows this truth is the Daruma of snow.[1]\nAs the moon of the fifteenth night, the heart till the age fifteen:\n Then the brightness wanes, and the darkness comes with love.[2]\nAll things change, we are told, in this world of change and sorrow;\n But love's way never changes of promising never to change.[3]\nKag\u00e9 mo katachi mo\n Kiyur\u00e9ba moto no\n Midzu to satoru zo\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Yuki-Daruma.\nLit.: \"Shadow and shape also, if-melt-away, original-water is,-that-understands Snow-Daruma.\" Daruma (Dharma), the twenty-eighth patriarch of the Zen sect, is said to have lost his legs through remaining long in the posture of meditation; and many legless toy-figures, which are so balanced that they will always assume an upright position however often placed upside-down, are called by his name. The snow-men made by Japanese children have the same traditional form.\u2014The Japanese friend who helped me to translate these verses, tells me that a ghostly meaning attaches to the word \"Kag\u00e9\" [shadow] in the above;\u2014this would give a much more profound signification to the whole verse.\n2 According to the old calendar, there was always a full moon on the fifteenth of the month. The Buddhist allusion in the verse is to mayoi, the illusion of passion, which is compared to a darkness concealing the Right Way.\n3.\nKawaru uki-yo ni\n Kawaranu mono wa p. 199\n Kawarumai to no\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Koi no michi.\nLit.: \"Change changeable-world-in, does-not-change that-which, 'We-will-never-change'-saying of Love-of Way.\"]\nCruel the beautiful fish,\u2014utterly heartless that lightning!\n Before one can look even twice it vanishes wholly away![1]\nHis very sweetness itself makes my existence a burden!\n Truly this world of change is a world of constant woe![2]\nNeither for youth nor age is fixed the life of the body;\u2014\n Bidding me wait for a time is the word that forever divides.[3]\nHonni tsur\u00e9nai\n Ano inadzuma wa\n Futa m\u00e9 minu uchi\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Kiy\u00e9t\u00e9 yuku.\nThe Buddhist saying, Inadzuma no hikari, ishi no hi (lightning-flash and flint-spark),\u2014symbolizing the temporary nature of all pleasures,\u2014is here playfully referred to. The song complains of a too brief meeting with sweetheart or lover.\n2. Words of a loving but jealous woman, thus interpreted by my Japanese friend: \"The more kind he is, the more his kindness overwhelms me with anxiety lest he be equally tender to other girls who may also fall in love with him.\"\nR\u00f4-sh\u00f4 fuj\u00f4 no\n Mi d\u00e9 ari nagara,\n Jisetsu mat\u00e9 to wa\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Kir\u00e9-kotoba.\nLit. Old-young not-fixed-of body being, time-wait to-say, cutting-word.\" \"Ros-h\u00f4 fuj\u00f4\" is a Buddhist phrase. The meaning of the song is: \"Since all things in this p. 200 world are uncertain, asking me to wait for our marriage-day means that you do not really love me;\u2014for either of us might die before the time you speak of.\"]\nOnly too well I know that to meet will cause more weeping;[1]\n Yet never to meet at all were sorrow too great to bear.\nToo joyful in union to think, we forget that the smiles of the evening\n Sometimes themselves become the sources of morning-tears.\nYet, notwithstanding the doctrine of impermanency, we are told in another dodoitsu that\u2014\nHe who was never bewitched by the charming smile of a woman,\n A wooden Buddha is he\u2014a Buddha of bronze or stone![2]\nAnd why a Buddha of wood, or bronze, or stone? Because the living Buddha was not\n[1. Allusion is made to the Buddhist text, Sh\u00f4ja hitsu metsu, esha j\u00f4 ri (\"Whosoever is born must die, and all who meet must as surely part\"), and to the religious phrase, Ai betsu ri ku (\"Sorrow of parting and pain of separation\").\n2. Much more amusing in the original:\u2014\nAdana \u00e9-gao ni\n Mayowanu mono wa\n Ki-Butsu,\u2014kana-Butsu,\u2014\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ishi-botok\u00e9!\n\"Charming-smile-by bewildered-not, he-as-for, wood-Buddha, metal-Buddha, stone-Buddha!\" The term \"Ishi-botok\u00e9\" especially refers to the stone images of the Buddha p. 201 placed in cemeteries.\u2014This song is sung in every part of Japan; I have heard it many times in different places.]\nso insensible, as we are assured, with jocose irreverence, in the following:\u2014\n\"Forsake this fitful world\"!\u2014\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0that was or teaching teaching!\n And Ragora,[1] son of his loins?\u2014was he forgotten indeed?\nThere is an untranslatable pun in the original, which, if written in Romaji, would run thus\nUki-yo wo sut\u00e9yo t'a\n So yo:\n Ragora to i\u00fb ko wo\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Wasur\u00e9t\u00e9 ka?\nShakamuni is the Japanese rendering of \"Sakyamuni;\" \"Shaka Sama\" is therefore \"Lord Sakya,\" or \"Lord Buddha.\" But saka-sama is a Japanese word meaning \"topsy-turvy,\" \"upside down;\" and the difference between the pronunciation of Shaka Sama and saka-sama is slight enough to have suggested the pun. Love in suspense is not usually inclined to reverence.\n[1. R\u00e2hula.]\nEven while praying together in front of the tablets ancestral,\n Lovers find chance to murmur prayers never meant for the dead![1]\nAnd as for interrupters:\u2014\nHateful the wind or rain that ruins the bloom of flowers:\n Even more hateful for who obstructs the way of love.\nYet the help of the Gods is earnestly besought:\u2014\nI make my hyaku-d\u00f4, traveling Love's dark pathway,\n Ever praying to meet the owner of my heart.[2]\nEk\u00f4 suru tot\u00e9\n Hotok\u00e9 no ma\u00e9 y\u00e9\n Futari mukait\u00e9,\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Konab\u00e9 dat\u00e9.\nLit.: \"Repeat prayers saying, dead-of-presence-in twain facing,\u2014small-pan cooking!\" \"Hotok\u00e9 means a dead person as well as a Buddha. (See my Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan: \"The Household Shrine\"). Konab\u00e9-dat\u00e9 is an idiomatic expression signifying a lovers' t\u00eate-\u00e0-t\u00eate. It is derived from the phrase, Chin-chin kamo nab\u00e9 (\"cooking a wild duck in a pan\"),\u2014the idea suggested being that of the pleasure experienced by an amorous couple in eating out of the same dish. Chin-chin, an onomatope, expresses the sound of the gravy boiling.\n2. To perform the rite called \"o-hyaku-d\u00f4\" means to make one hundred visits to a temple, saying a prayer each time. The expression \"dark way of Love\" (koi no yami or yamiji) is a Buddhist phrase; love, being due to mayoi, or p. 203 illusion, is a state of spiritual darkness. The term \"owner of my heart\" is an attempted rendering of the Japanese word nushi, signifying \"master,\" \"owner,\"\u2014often, also, \"landlord,\"\u2014and, in love-matters, the lord or master of the affection inspired.]\nThe interest attaching to the following typical group of love-songs will be found to depend chiefly upon the Buddhist allusions:\u2014\nIn the bed of the River of Souls, or in waiting alone at evening,\n The pain differs nothing at all: to a mountain the pebble grows.[1]\nWho furthest after illusion wanders on Love's dark pathway\n Is ever the clearest-seeing,[2] not the simple or dull.\nSai-no-kawara to\n Nushi matsu yoi we\n Koishi, koishi ga\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Yama, to naru.\nA more literal translation would be: \"In the Sai-no-Kawara ('Dry bed of the River of Souls') and in the evening when waiting for the loved one, 'Koiski, Koiski' becomes a mountain.\" There is a delicate pun here,\u2014a play on the word Koishi, which, as pronounced, though not as written, may mean either \"a small stone,\" or \"longing to see.\" In the bed of the phantom river, Sai-no-Kawa, the ghosts of children are obliged to pile up little stones, the weight of which increases so as to tax their strength to the utmost. There is a reference here also to a verse in the Buddhist wasan of Jiz\u00f4, describing the crying of the children for their parents: \"Chichi koishi! haha koishi!\" (See Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, vol. i. pp. 59-61.)\n2. Clearest-sighted,\u2014that is, in worldly matters.]\nColdly seen from without our love looks utter folly:\n Who never has felt mayoi never could understand!\nCountless the men must be who dwell in three thousand worlds;\n Yet among them all is none worthy to change for mine.[1]\nHowever fickle I seem, my heart is never unfaithful\n Out of the slime itself, spotless the lotos grows.[2]\nSo that we stay together, even the Hell of the Blood Lake\u2014\n Even the Mountain of Swords\u2014will signify nothing at all.[3]\nSan-zen s\u00e9kai ni\n Otoko wa ar\u00e9do,\n Nushi ni mi-kayeru\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Hito wa nai.\n\"San-zen sekai,\" the three thousand worlds, is a common Buddhist expression. Literally translated, the above song runs: \"Three-thousand-worlds-in men are, but lover-to-exchange person is not.\"\n2. The familiar Buddhist simile is used more significantly here than the Western reader might suppose from the above rendering. These are supposed to be the words either of a professional singing-girl or of a jor\u00f4. Her calling is derisively termed a doro-midzu kagy\u00f4 (\"foul-water occupation\"); and her citation of the famous Buddhist comparison in self-defense is particularly, and pathetically, happy.\nChi-no-Ik\u00e9-Jigoku mo,\n Tsuragi-no-Yama mo,\n Futari-dzur\u00e9 nara,\n Itoi 'a s\u00e9nu.\nThe Hell of the Blood-Lake is a hell for women; and the Mountain of Swords is usually depicted in Buddhist p. 205 prints as a place of infernal punishment for men in especial.]\nNot yet indeed is my body garbed in the ink-black habit;\u2014\n But as for this heart bereaved, already it is a nun.[1]\nMy hair, indeed, is uncut; but my heart has become a religious;\n A nun it shall always be till the hour I meet him again.\nBut even the priest or nun is not always exempt from the power of mayoi:\u2014\nI am wearing the sable garb,\u2014and yet, through illusion of longing,\n Ever I lose my way,\u2014knowing not whither or where!\nSo far, my examples have been principally chosen from the more serious class of dodoitsu. But in dodoitsu of a lighter class the Buddhist allusions are perhaps even more frequent. The following group of five will serve for specimens of hundreds:\u2014\n[1. In the original much more pretty and much more simple:\u2014\nSumi no koromo ni\n Mi wa yatsusanedo,\n Kokoro hitotsu wa\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ama-h\u00f4shi.\nInk-black-koromo [priest's or nun's outer robe] in, body not clad, but heart-one nun.\" Hitotsu, \"one,\" also means \"solitary,\" \"forlorn,\" \"bereaved.\" Ama h\u00f4shi, lit.: \"nun-priest.\"]\nNever can be recalled the word too quickly spoken:\n Therefore with Emma's face the lover receives the prayer.[1]\nThrice did I hear that prayer with Buddha's face; but hereafter\n My face shall be Emma's face because of too many prayers.\nNow they are merry together; but under their boat is Jigoku.[2]\n Blow quickly, thou river-wind,\u2014blow a typhoon for my sake!\nVainly, to make him stay, I said that the crows were night crows;[3]\u2014\n The bell of the dawn peals doom,\u2014the bell that cannot lie.\n[1. The implication is that he has hastily promised more than he wishes to perform. Emma, or Yemma (Sansc. Yama), is the Lord of Hell and Judge of Souls; and, as depicted in Buddhist sculpture and painting, is more than fearful to look upon. There is an evident reference in this song to the Buddhist proverb: Karu-toki no Jiz\u00f4-gao; nasu-toki no Emma-gao (\"Borrowing-time, the face of Jiz\u00f4; repaying-time, the face of Emma\").\n2. \"Jigoku\" is the Buddhist name for various hells (Sansc. narakas). The allusion here is to the proverb, Funa-ita ichi-mai shita wa Jigoku: \"Under [the thickness of] a single boat-plank is hell,\"\u2014referring to the perils of the sea. This song is a satire on jealousy; and the boat spoken of is probably a roofed pleasure-boat, such as excursions are made into the sound of music.\n3. Tsuki-yo-garasu, lit.: \"moon-night crows.\" Crows usually announce the dawn by their cawing; but sometimes on moonlight nights they caw at all hours from sunset to saw p. 207 rise. The bell referred to is the bell of some Buddhist temple: the ak\u00e9-no-kane, or \"dawn-bell,\" being, in all parts of Japan, sounded from every Buddhist tera. There is a pun in the original;\u2014the expression tsukenai, \"cannot tell [a lie],\" might also be interpreted phonetically as \"cannot strike [a bell].\"]\nThis my desire: To kill the crows of three thousand worlds,\n And then to repose in peace with the owner of my heart![1]\nhave cited this last only as a curiosity. For it has a strange history, and is not what it seems,\u2014although the apparent motive was certainly suggested by some song like the one immediately preceding it. It is a song of loyalty, and was composed by Kido of Ch\u00f4sh\u00fb, one of the leaders in that great movement which brought about the downfall of the Sh\u00f4gunate, the restoration of the Imperial power, the reconstruction of Japanese society, and the introduction and adoption of Western civilization. Kido, Saig\u00f4, and \u00d4kubo are rightly termed the three heroes of the restoration. While preparing his plans at Ky\u00f4to, in company with his friend Saig\u00f4, Kido composed\nSan-zen s\u00e9kai no\n Karasu wo koroshi\n Nushi to soi-n\u00e9 ga\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Shit\u00e9 mitai!\n]\nand sang this song as an intimation of his real sentiments. By the phrase, \"ravens of the three thousand worlds,\" he designated the Tokugawa partisans; by the word nushi (lord, or heart's-master) he signified the Emperor; and by the term soin\u00e9 (reposing together) he referred to the hoped-for condition of direct responsibility to the Throne, without further intervention of Sh\u00f4gun and daimy\u00f4. It was not the first example in Japanese history of the use of popular song as a medium for the utterance of opinions which, expressed in plainer language, would have invited assassination.\nWhile I was writing the preceding note upon Kido's song, the Buddhist phrase, Sanzen s\u00e9kai (twice occurring, as the reader will have observed, in the present collection), suggested a few reflections with which this paper may fitly conclude. I remember that when, I first attempted, years ago, to learn the outlines of Buddhist philosophy, one fact which particularly impressed me was the vastness of the Buddhist concept of the universe. Buddhism, as I read it, had not offered itself to\nhumanity as a saving creed for one inhabited world, but as the religion of \"innumerable hundreds of thousands of myriads of k\u00f4tis[1] of worlds.\" And the modern scientific revelation of stellar evolution and dissolution then seemed to me, and still seems, like a prodigious confirmation of certain Buddhist theories of cosmical law.\nThe man of science to-day cannot ignore the enormous suggestions of the new story that the heavens are telling. He finds himself compelled to regard the development of what we call mind as a general phase or incident in the ripening of planetary life throughout the universe. He is obliged to consider the relation of our own petty sphere to the great swarming of suns and systems as no more than the relation of a single noctiluca to the phosphorescence of a sea. By its creed the Oriental intellect has been better prepared than the Occidental to accept this tremendous revelation, not as a wisdom that increaseth sorrow, but as a wisdom to quicken faith. And I cannot but think that out of the certain future union of Western knowledge\n[1. 1 k\u00f4ti = 10,000,000.]\nwith Eastern thought there must eventually proceed a Neo-Buddhism inheriting all the strength of Science, yet spiritually able to recompense the seeker after truth with the recompense foretold in the twelfth chapter of the Sutra of the Diamond-Cutter. Taking the text as it stands,\u2014in despite of commentators,\u2014what more could be unselfishly desired from any spiritual teaching than the reward promised in that verse,\u2014\"They shall be endowed with the Highest Wonder\"?","title":"Gleanings in Buddha-Fields: VIII. Buddhist Allusions in Japanese Folk-Song","type":"page"}