{"collection":"Buddhism","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/bud/sbe49/sbe4927.htm","path":"bud/sbe49/sbe4927.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe49/sbe4927.htm","text":"ADORATION TO THE OMNISCIENT!\n\u00a7 1. Thus it was heard by me: At one time the Blessed (Bhagavat, i.e. Buddha) dwelt at Sr\u00e2vast\u00ee[1], in the Geta-grove, in the garden of An\u00e2thapindaka, together with a large company of Bhikshus (mendicant friars), viz. with twelve hundred and fifty Bhikshus, all of them acquainted with the five kinds of knowledge[2], elders, great disciples[3], and Arhats[4]\n[1. Sr\u00e2vast\u00ee, capital of the Northern Kosalas, residence of king Prasenagit. It was in ruins when visited by Fa-hian (init. V. Saec.); not far from the modern Fizabad. Cf. Burnouf, Introduction, p. 22.\n2. Abhig\u00f1\u00e2n\u00e2bhig\u00f1\u00e2taih. The Japanese text reads abhig\u00f1\u00e2t\u00e2bh\u00e2g\u00f1\u00e2taih, i.e. abhig\u00f1\u00e2t\u00e2bhig\u00f1\u00e2taih. If this were known to be the correct reading, we should translate it by 'known by known people,' notus a viris notis, i.e. well known, famous. Abhig\u00f1\u00e2ta in the sense of known, famous, occurs in Lalitavistara, p. 25, and the Chinese translators adopted the same meaning here. Again, if we preferred the reading abhig\u00f1\u00e2n\u00e2bhig\u00f1\u00e2taih, this, too, would admit of an intelligible rendering, viz. known or distinguished by the marks or characteristics, i.e. the good qualities which belong to a Bhikshu. But the technical meaning is 'possessed of a knowledge of the five abhig\u00f1\u00e2s.' It would be better in that case to write abhig\u00f1\u00e2t\u00e2bhig\u00f1\u00e2naih, but no MSS. seem to support that reading. The five abhig\u00f1\u00e2s or abhig\u00f1\u00e2nas which an Arhat ought to possess are the divine sight, the divine hearing, the knowledge of the thoughts of others, the remembrance of former existences, and magic power. See Burnouf, Lotus, Appendice, No. xiv. The larger text of the Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee has abhig\u00f1\u00e2n\u00e2bhig\u00f1aih, and afterwards abhig\u00f1\u00e2t\u00e2bhig\u00f1aih. The position of the participle as the uttara-pada in sueh compounds as abhig\u00f1\u00e2n\u00e2bhig\u00f1\u00e2taih is common in Buddhist Sanskrit. Mr. Bendall has called my attention to the P\u00e2li abhi\u00f1\u00f1\u00e2ta-abhi\u00f1\u00f1\u00e2ta (Vinaya-pitaka, ed. Oldenberg, vol. i, p. 43), which favours the Chinese acceptation of the term.\n3. Mah\u00e2sr\u00e2vaka, the great disciples; sometimes the eighty principal disciples.\n4. Arhadbhih. I have left the correct Sanskrit form, because the Japanese text gives the termination adbhih. H\u00f4g\u00f6's text has the more usual form arhantaih. The change of the old classical arhat into the P\u00e2li arahan, and then back into Sanskrit arhanta, arahanta, and at last arihanta, with the meaning of 'destroyer of the enemies,' i e. the passions, shows very clearly the different stages through which Sanskrit words passed in the different phases of Buddhist literature. In Tibet, in Mongolia, and in China, Arhat is translated by 'destroyer of the enemy,' i.e. ari-hanta. See Burnouf, Lotus, p. 287, Introduction, p. 295. Arhat is really the title of the Bhikshu on reaching the fourth degree of perfection Cf. S\u00fbtra of the 42 Sections, cap. 2. Clemens of Alexandria (d. 220) speaks of the {Greek Semno\u00ed} who worshipped a pyramid erected over the relics of a god. This may be a translation of Arhat, as Lassen ('De nom. Ind. philosoph.' in Rhein. Museum, vol. i, p. 187) and Burnouf (Introduction, p. 295) supposed, or a transliteration of Samana. Clemens also speaks of {Greek Semna\u00ed} (Stromat. p. 539, Potter).]\nsuch as S\u00e2riputra, the elder, Mah\u00e2maudgaly\u00e2yana, Mah\u00e2k\u00e2syapa, Mah\u00e2kapphina, Mah\u00e2k\u00e2ty\u00e2yana, Mah\u00e2kaushthila, Revata, Suddhipanthaka, Nanda, \u00c2nanda, R\u00e2hula, Gav\u00e2mpati, Bharadv\u00e2ga, K\u00e2lodayin, Vakkula, and Aniruddha. He dwelt together with these and many other great disciples, and together with many noble-minded Bodhisattvas, such as Ma\u00f1gusr\u00ee, the prince, the Bodhisattva Agita, the Bodhisattva Gandhahastin, the Bodhisattva Nityodyukta, the Bodhisattva Anikshiptadhura. He dwelt together with them and many other noble-minded Bodhisattvas, and with Sakra, the Indra or King[5]\n[5. Indra, the old Vedic god, has come to mean simply lord, and in the Kanda Paritta (Journal Asiatique, 1871, p. 220} we actually find Asurinda, the Indra or Lord of the Asuras.]\nof the Devas, and with Brahman Sah\u00e2mpati. With these and many other hundred thousand nayutas[1] of sons of the gods, Bhagavat dwelt at Sr\u00e2vast\u00ee.\n\u00a7 2. Then Bhagavat addressed the honoured S\u00e2riputra and said, 'O S\u00e2riputra, after you have passed from here over a hundred thousand kot\u00ees of Buddha countries there is in the Western part a Buddha country, a world called Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee (the happy country). And there a Tath\u00e2gata, called Amit\u00e2yus, an Arhat, fully enlightened, dwells now, and remains, and supports himself, and teaches the Law[2].\n'Now what do you think, S\u00e2riputra, for what reason is that world called Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee (the happy)? In that world Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee O S\u00e2riputra, there is neither bodily nor mental pain for living beings. The sources of happiness are innumerable there. For that reason is that world called Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee (the happy).\n\u00a7 3. 'And again, O S\u00e2riputra, that world Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee is adorned with seven terraces, with seven rows of\n[1. The numbers in Buddhist literature, if they once exceed a koti or kot\u00ee, i. e. ten millions, become very vague, nor is their value always the same. Ayuta, i.e. a hundred kot\u00ees; niyuta, i.e. a hundred ayutas; and nayuta, i.e. 1 with 22 zeros, are often confounded; nor does it matter much so far as any definite idea is concerned which such numerals convey to our mind. See Prof. H. Schubert, 'On large numbers,' in Open Court, Dec. 14, 1893.\n2. Tishthati dhriyate y\u00e2payati dharmam ka desayati. This is an idiomatic phrase, which occurs again and again in the Nepalese text of the Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee (MS. 26 b, ll. 1, 2; 55 a, l. 2, &c.). It seems to mean, he stands there, holds himself, supports himself, and teaches the law. Burnouf translates the same phrase by, 'ils se trouvent, vivent, existent' (Lotus, p. 354). On y\u00e2peti in P\u00e2li, see Fausb\u00f6ll, Dasaratha-g\u00e2taka, pp. 26, 38; and y\u00e2pana in Sanskrit.]\npalm-trees, and with strings of bells[1]. It is enclosed on every side[2], beautiful, brilliant with the four gems, viz. gold, silver, beryl and crystal[3]. With\n[1. Kinkin\u00eeg\u00e2la. The texts read kankanagalais ka and kankan\u00eegalais ka, and again later kankan\u00eegalun\u00e2m (also l\u00fb) and kankan\u00eegal\u00e2n\u00e2m. Mr. Beal translates from Chinese 'seven rows of exquisite curtains,' and again 'gemmous curtains.' First of all, it seems clear that we must read g\u00e2la, net, web, instead of gala. Secondly, kankana, bracelet, gives no sense, for what could be the meaning of nets or strings of bracelets? I prefer to read kinkinig\u00e2la, nets or strings or rows of bells. Such rows of bells served for ornamenting a garden, and it may be said of them that, if moved by the wind, they give forth certain sounds. In the commentary on Dhammapada 30, p. 191, we meet with kinkinikag\u00e2la, from which likewise the music proceeds; see Childers, s.v. g\u00e2la. In the MSS. of the Nepalese Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee-vy\u00fbha (R.A.S.), p. 39 a, l. 4, I likewise find svarnaratnakinkin\u00eeg\u00e2l\u00e2ni, which settles the matter, and shows how little confidence we can place in the Japanese texts.\n2. Anuparikshipta, enclosed; see parikkhepo in Childers' Dictionary, and compare pairida\u00eaza, paradise.\n3. The four and seven precious things in P\u00e2li are (according to Childers):--\n| 1. | suvannam, | gold. | | \n| 2. | ragatam, | silver. | | \n| 3. | mutt\u00e2, | pearls. | | \n| 4. | mani, | gems (as sapphire, | ruby). | \n| 5. | veluriyam, | cat's eye. | | \n| 6. | vagiram, | diamond. | | \n| 7. | pav\u00e2lam, | coral. | | \nHere Childers translates cat's eye; but s.v. veluriyam, he says, a precious stone, perhaps lapis lazuli.\nIn Sanskrit (Burnouf, Lotus, p. 320):--\n| 1. | suvarna, | gold. | \n| 2. | r\u00fbpya, | silver. | \n| 3. | vaid\u00fbrya, | lapis lazuli. | \n| 4. | sphatika, | crystal. | \n| 5. | lohitamukti, | red pearls. | \n| 6. | asmagarbha, | diamond. | \n| 7. | mus\u00e2ragalva, | coral. | \nJulien (P\u00e8lerins Buddhistes, vol. ii, p. 482) gives the following list:--\n| 1. | sphatika, | rock crystal. | \n| 2. | vaid\u00fbrya, | lapis lazuli. | \n| 3. | asmagarbha, | comaline. | \n| 4. | mus\u00e2ragalva, | amber. | \n| 5. | padmar\u00e2ga, | ruby. | \nVaid\u00fbrya (or Vaid\u00fbrya) is mentioned in the Tath\u00e2gatagunag\u00f1\u00e2nakintyavishay\u00e2vat\u00e2ranirdesa (Wassilief, p. 161) as a precious stone which, if placed on green cloth, looks green, if placed on red cloth, red. The fact that vaid\u00fbrya is often compared with the colour of the eyes of a cat would seem to point to the cat's eye (see Borooah's Engl.-Sanskrit Dictionary, vol. ii, preface, p. ix), certainly not to lapis lazuli. Cat's eye is a kind of chalcedony. I see, however, that vaid\u00fbrya has been recognised as the original of the Greek {Greek bh'rullos}, a very ingenious conjecture, either of Weber's or of Pott's, considering that lingual d has a sound akin to r, and ry may be changed to ly and ll (Weber, Omina, P.326). The Persian billaur or ball\u00far, which Skeat gives as the etymon of {Greek bh'rullos}, is of Arabic origin, means crystal, and could hardly have found its way into Greek at so early a time. See 'India, what can it teach us?' p. 267.]\nsuch arrays of excellences peculiar to a Buddha country is that Buddha country adorned.\n\u00a7 4. 'And again, O S\u00e2riputra, in that world Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee there are lotus lakes, adorned with the seven gems, viz. gold, silver, beryl, crystal, red pearls, diamonds, and corals as the seventh. They are full of water which possesses the eight good qualities[1], their waters rise as high as the fords and bathing-places, so that even crows[2] may drink there; they are\n[1. The eight good qualities of water are limpidity and purity, refreshing coolness, sweetness, softness, fertilising qualities, calmness, power of preventing famine, productiveness. See Beal, Catena, p. 379.\n2. K\u00e2k\u00e2peya. One text reads k\u00e2kapeya, the other k\u00e2k\u00e2peya. It is difficult to choose. The more usual word is k\u00e2kapeya, which is explained by P\u00e2nini, II, 1, 33. It is uncertain, however, whether k\u00e2kapeya is meant as a laudatory or asa depreciatory term. Bohtlingk takes it in the latter sense, and translates nad\u00ee k\u00e2kapey\u00e2, by a shallow river that could be drunk up by a crow. T\u00e2r\u00e2n\u00e2tha takes it in the former sense, and translates nad\u00ee k\u00e2kapey\u00e2, as a river so full of water that a crow can drink it without bending its neck (k\u00e2kair anatakandharaih p\u00eeyate; p\u00fbrnodakatvena prasasye k\u00e2kaih peye nady\u00e2dau). In our passage k\u00e2kapeya must be a term of praise, and we therefore could only render it by 'ponds so full of water that crows could drink from them.' But why should so well known a word as k\u00e2kapeya have been spelt k\u00e2k\u00e2peya, unless it was done intentionally? And if intentionally, what was it intended for? We must remember that P\u00e2nini, II, 1, 42 schol., teaches us how to form the word t\u00eerthalk\u00e2ka, a crow at a t\u00eertha, which means a person in a wrong place. It would seem therefore that crows were considered out of place at a t\u00eertha or bathing-place, either because they were birds of ill omen, or because they defiled the water. From that point of view, k\u00e2k\u00e2peya would mean a pond not visited by crows, free from crows. Professor Pischel has called my attention to Mah\u00e2parinibb\u00e2na Sutta (J. R. A. S. 1875, p. 67, p. 21), where k\u00e2kapey\u00e2 clearly refers to a full river. Samatitthika, if this is the right reading, occurs in the same place as an epithet of a river, by the side of k\u00e2kapeya, and I think it most likely that it means rising to a level with the t\u00eerthas, the fords or bathing-places. Mr. Rhys Davids informs me that the commentary explains the two words by samatittik\u00e2 ti samaharit\u00e2, k\u00e2kapeyy\u00e2 ti yatthatatthaki t\u00eere thitena k\u00e2kena sakk\u00e2 patum ti.]\nstrewn with golden sand. And in these lotus-lakes there are all around on the four sides four stairs, beautiful and brilliant with the four gems, viz. gold, silver, beryl, crystal. And on every side of these lotus-lakes gem-trees are growing, beautiful and brilliant with the seven gems, viz. gold, silver, beryl, crystal, red pearls, diamonds, and corals as the seventh. And in those lotus-lakes lotus-flowers are growing, blue, blue-coloured, of blue splendour, blue to behold; yellow, yellow-coloured, of yellow splendour, yellow to behold; red, red-coloured, of red splendour, red to behold; white, white-coloured, of white splendour, white to behold; beautiful, beautifully-coloured, of beautiful splendour, beautiful to behold, and in circumference as large as the wheel of a chariot.\n\u00a7 5. 'And again, O S\u00e2riputra, in that Buddha country there are heavenly musical instruments always played on, and the earth is lovely and of golden colour. And in that Buddha countrya flower-rain of heavenly M\u00e2nd\u00e2rava blossoms pours down three times every day, and three times every night. And the beings who are born there worship before their morning meal[1] a hundred thousand kot\u00ees of Buddhas by going to other worlds; and having showered a hundred thousand kot\u00ees of flowers upon each Tath\u00e2gata, they return to their own world in time for the afternoon rest[2]. With such arrays of excellences peculiar to a Buddha country is that Buddha country adorned.\n\u00a7 6. 'And again. O S\u00e2riputra, there are in that Buddha country swans, curlews[3], and peacocks. Three times every night, and three times every day, they\n[1. Purobhaktena. The text is difficult to read, but it can hardly be doubtful that purobhaktena corresponds to P\u00e2li purebhattam (i. e. before the morning meal), opposed to pakkh\u00e2bhattam, after the noonday meal (i. e. in the afternoon). See Childers, s.v. P\u00fbrvabhaktik\u00e2 would be the first repast, as Prof. Cowell informs me.\n2. Div\u00e2vih\u00e2r\u00e2ya, for the noonday rest, the siesta. See Childers, s.v. vih\u00e2ra.\n3. Krau\u00f1kah. Snipe, curlew. Is it meant for Kurav\u00eeka, or Karav\u00eeka, a fine-voiced bird (according to Kern, the Sk. kar\u00e2yik\u00e2), or for Kalavinka, P\u00e2li Kalav\u00eeka? See Childers, s.v. opap\u00e2tiko; Burnouf, Lotus, p. 566. I see, however, the same birds mentioned together elsewhere, as hamsakrau\u00f1kamay\u00fbrasukas\u00e2likakokila, &c. On may\u00fbra see Mah\u00e2v., Introd. p. xxxix; Rv. I, 19 I, 14.]\ncome together and perform a concert each uttering his own note. And from them thus uttering proceeds a sound proclaiming the five virtues, the five powers, and the seven steps leading towards the highest knowledge[1]. When the men there hear that sound, remembrance of Buddha, remembrance of the Law, remembrance of the Church, rises in their mind.\n'Now, do you think, O S\u00e2riputra, that there are beings who have entered into the nature of animals (birds, &c.)? This is not to be thought of. The\n[1. Indriyabalabodhyangasabda. These are technical terms, but their meaning is not quite clear. Spence Hardy, in his Manual, p. 498, enumerates the five indrayas, viz. (1) sardh\u00e2wa, purity (probably sraddh\u00e2, faith); (2) wiraya, persevering exertion (v\u00eerya); (3) sati or smirti, the ascertainment of truth (smriti); (4) sam\u00e2dhi, tranquillity; (5) pragn\u00e2wa, wisdom (prag\u00f1\u00e2).\nThe five balayas (bala), he adds, are the same as the five indrayas.\nThe seven bowdy\u00e2nga (bodhyanga) are according to him: (1) sihi or smirti, the ascertainment of the truth by mental application; (2) dharmmawicha, the investigation of causes; (3) wir\u00e2ya, persevering exertion; (4) pr\u00eeti, joy; (5) passadhi, or prasrabdhi, tranquillity; (6) sam\u00e2dhi, tranquillity in a higher degree, including freedom from all that disturbs either body or mind; (7) upeksh\u00e2, equanimity.\nIt will be seen from this that some of these qualities or excellences occur both as indriyas and bodhyangas, while balas are throughout identical with indriyas.\nBurnouf, however, in his Lotus, gives a list of five balas (from the Vocabulaire Pentaglotte) which correspond with the five indriyas of Spence Hardy; viz. sraddh\u00e2-bala, power of faith; v\u00eerya-bala, power of vigour; smriti-bala, power of memory; sam\u00e2dhi-bala, power of meditation; prag\u00f1\u00e2-bala, power of knowledge. They precede the seven bodhyangas both in the Lotus, the Vocabulaire Pentaglotte, and the Lalita-vistara.\nTo these seven bodhyangas Burnouf has assigned a special treatise (Appendice xii, p. 796). They occur both in Sanskrit and P\u00e2li. See also Dharmasangraha s.v. in the Anecdota Oxoniensia.]\nvery name of hells is unknown in that Buddha country, and likewise that of (descent into) animal bodies and of the realm of Yama (the four ap\u00e2yas)[1]. No, these tribes of birds have been made on purpose by the Tath\u00e2gata Amit\u00e2yus, and they utter the sound of the Law. With such arrays of excellences, &c.\n\u00a7 7. 'And again, O S\u00e2riputra, when those rows of palm-trees and strings of bells in that Buddha country are moved by the wind, a sweet and enrapturing sound proceeds from them. Yes, O S\u00e2riputra, as from a heavenly musical instrument consisting of a hundred thousand kot\u00ees of sounds, when played by \u00c2ryas, a sweet and enrapturing sound proceeds, a sweet and enrapturing sound proceeds from those rows of palm-trees and strings of bells moved by the wind. And when the men hear that sound, reflection on Buddha arises in them, reflection on the Law, reflection on the Church. With such arrays of excellences, &c.\n\u00a7 8. 'Now what do you think, O S\u00e2riputra, for what reason is that Tath\u00e2gata called Amit\u00e2yus? The length of life (\u00e2yus), O S\u00e2riputra, of that Tath\u00e2gata and of those men there is immeasurable (amita). Therefore is that Tath\u00e2gata called Amit\u00e2yus. And ten kalpas have passed, O S\u00e2riputra, since that Tath\u00e2gata awoke to perfect knowledge.\n\u00a7 9. 'And what do you think, O S\u00e2riputra, for what reason is that Tath\u00e2gata called Amit\u00e2bha? The\n[1. Niraya, the hells, also called Naraka. Yamaloka, the realm of Yama, the judge of the dead, is explained as the four ap\u00e2yas, i.e. Naraka, hell; Tiryagyoni, birth as animals; Pretaloka, realm of the departed; Asuraloka, realm of evil spirits. The three terms which are here used together occur likewise in a passage translated by Burnouf, Introduction, p. 544.]\nsplendour (\u00e2bh\u00e2), O S\u00e2riputra, of that Tath\u00e2gata is unimpeded over all Buddha countries. Therefore is that Tath\u00e2gata called Amit\u00e2bha.\n'And there is, O S\u00e2riputra, an innumerable assembly of disciples with that Tath\u00e2gata, purified and venerable persons, whose number it is not easy to count. With such arrays of excellences, &c.\n\u00a7 10. 'And again, O S\u00e2riputra, of those beings also who are born in the Buddha country of the Tath\u00e2gata Amit\u00e2yus as purified Bodhisattvas, never to return again and bound by one birth only, of those Bodhisattvas also, O S\u00e2riputra, the number is not easy to count, except they are reckoned as infinite in number[1].\n'Then again all beings, O S\u00e2riputra, ought to make fervent prayer for that Buddha country. And why? Because they come together there with such excellent men. Beings are not born in that Buddha country of the Tath\u00e2gata Amit\u00e2yus as a reward and result of good works performed in this present life[2].\n[1. Iti sankhy\u00e2m gakkhanti, they are called; cf. Childers, s.v. sankhy\u00e2. Asankhyeya, even more than aprameya, is the recognised term for infinity. Burnouf, Lotus, p. 852.\n2. Avaram\u00e2traka. This is the P\u00e2li oramattako, 'belonging merely to the present life,' and the intention of the writer seems to be to inculcate the doctrine, that salvation can be obtained by mere repetitions of the name of Amit\u00e2bha, in direct opposition to the original doctrine of Buddha, that as a man soweth, so he reapeth. Buddha would have taught that the kusalam\u00fbla, the root or the stock of good works performed in this world (avaram\u00e2traka), will bear fruit in the next, while here 'vain repetitions' seem all that is enjoyed. The Chinese translators take a different view of this passage. But from the end of this section, where we read kulaputrena v\u00e2 kuladuhitr\u00e2 v\u00e2 tatra buddhakshetre kittapr\u00e2nidh\u00e2nam kartavyam, it seems clear that the locative (buddhakshetre) forms the object of the pranidh\u00e2na, the fervent prayer or longing. The Satpurushas already in the Buddhakshetra would be the innumerable men (manushy\u00e2s) and Bodhisattvas mentioned before.]\nNo, whatever son or daughter of a family shall hear the name of the blessed Amit\u00e2yus, the Tath\u00e2gata, and having heard it, shall keep it in mind, and with thoughts undisturbed shall keep it in mind for one, two, three, four, five, six or seven nights,--when that son or daughter of a family comes to die, then that Amit\u00e2yus, the Tath\u00e2gata, surrounded by an assembly of disciples and followed by a host of Bodhisattvas, will stand before them at their hour of death, and they will depart this life with tranquil minds. After their death they will be born in the world Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee in the Buddha country of the same Amit\u00e2yus, the Tath\u00e2gata. Therefore, then, O S\u00e2riputra, having perceived this cause and effect[1], I with reverence say thus, Every son and every daughter of a family ought with their whole mind to make fervent prayer for that Buddha country.\n\u00a7 11. 'And now, O S\u00e2riputra, as I here at present glorify that world, thus, in the East, O S\u00e2riputra, other blessed Buddhas, led by the Tath\u00e2gata Akshobhya, the Tath\u00e2gata Merudhvaga, the Tath\u00e2gata Mah\u00e2meru, the Tath\u00e2gata Meruprabh\u00e2sa, and the Tath\u00e2gata Ma\u00f1gudhvaga, equal in number to the sand of the river Gangi, comprehend their own Buddha countries in their speech, and then reveal them[2].\n[1. Arthavasa, lit. the power of the thing; cf; Dhammapada, p. 388, v. 289.\n2. I am not quite certain as to the meaning of this passage, but if we enter into the bold metaphor of the text, viz. that the Buddhas cover the Buddha countries with the organ of their tongue and then unrol it, what is intended can hardly be anything but that they first try to find words for the excellences of those countries, and then reveal or proclaim them. Burnouf, however (Lotus, p. 417), takes the expression in a literal sense, though he is shocked by its grotesqueness. On these Buddhas and their countries, see Burnouf, Lotus, p. 113.]\nAccept this repetition of the Law, called the \"Favour of all Buddhas,\" which magnifies their inconceivable excellences.\n\u00a7 12. 'Thus also in the South do other blessed Buddhas, led by the Tath\u00e2gata Kandras\u00fbryaprad\u00eepa. the Tath\u00e2gata Yasahprabha, the Tath\u00e2gata Mah\u00e2rkiskandha, the Tath\u00e2gata Meruprad\u00eepa, the Tath\u00e2gata Anantav\u00eerya, equal in number to the sand of the river Gang\u00e2, comprehend their own Buddha countries in their speech, and then reveal them. Accept, &c.\n\u00a7 13. 'Thus also in the West do other blessed Buddhas, led by the Tath\u00e2gata Amit\u00e2yus, the Tath\u00e2gata Amitaskandha, the Tath\u00e2gata Amitadhvaga, the Tath\u00e2gata Mah\u00e2prabha, the Tath\u00e2gata Mahc\u00e2ratnaketu, the Tath\u00e2gata Suddharasmiprabha, equal in number to the sand of the river Gang\u00e2, comprehend, &c.\n\u00a7 14. 'Thus also in the North do other blessed Buddhas, led by the Tath\u00e2gata Mah\u00e2rkiskandha, the Tath\u00e2gata Vaisv\u00e2naranirghosha, the Tath\u00e2gata Dundubhisvaranirghosha, the Tath\u00e2gata Dushpradharsha, the Tath\u00e2gata \u00c2dityasambhava, the Tath\u00e2gata Galeniprabha (Gvalanaprabha?), the Tath\u00e2gata Prabh\u00e2kara, equal in number to the sand, &c.\n\u00a7 15. 'Thus also in the Nadir do other blessed Buddhas, led by the Tath\u00e2gata Simha, the Tath\u00e2gata Yasas, the Tathcigata Yasahprabh\u00e2va, the Tath\u00e2gata Dharma, the Tath\u00e2gata Dharmadhara, the Tath\u00e2gata Dharmadhvaga, equal in number to the sand, &c.\n\u00a7 16. 'Thus also in the Zenith do other blessed Buddhas, led by the Tath\u00e2gata Brahmaghosha, the Tath\u00e2gata Nakshatrar\u00e2ga, the Tath\u00e2gata Indraketudhvagar\u00e2ga, the Tath\u00e2gata Gandhottama, the Tath\u00e2gata Gandhaprabh\u00e2sa, the Tath\u00e2gata Mah\u00e2rkiskandha, the Tath\u00e2gata Ratnakusumasampushpitag\u00e2tra,\nthe Tath\u00e2gata S\u00e2lendrar\u00e2ga, the Tath\u00e2gata Ratnotpalasr\u00ee, the Tath\u00e2gata Sarv\u00e2rthadarsa, the Tath\u00e2gata Sumerukalpa, equal in number to the sand, &c.[1]\n\u00a7 17. 'Now what do you think, O S\u00e2riputra, for what reason is that repetition (treatise) of the Law called the Favour of all Buddhas? Every son or daughter of a family who shall hear the name of that repetition of the Law and retain in their memory the names of those blessed Buddhas, will be favoured by the Buddhas, and will never return again, being once in possession of the transcendent true knowledge. Therefore, then, O S\u00e2riputra, believe[2], accept, and do not doubt of me and those blessed Buddhas!\n'Whatever sons or daughters of a family shall make mental prayer for the Buddha country of that blessed Amit\u00e2yus, the Tath\u00e2gata, or are making it now or have made it formerly, all these will never return again, being once in possession of the transcendent true knowledge. They will be born in that Buddha country, have been born, or are being born\n[1. It should be remarked that the Tath\u00e2gatas here assigned to the ten quarters differ entirely from those assigned to them in the Lalita-vistara, Book XX. Not even Amit\u00e2bha is mentioned there.\n2. Prat\u00eeyatha. The texts give again and again patt\u00eeyatha, evidently the P\u00e2li form, instead of prat\u00eeyata. I have left tha, the P\u00e2li termination of the 2 p. pl. in the imperative, instead of ta, because that form was clearly intended, while pa for pra may be an accident. Yet I have little doubt that pat\u00eeyatha was in the original text. That it is meant for the imperative, we see from sraddadh\u00e2dhvam, &c., further on. Other traces of the influence of P\u00e2li or Pr\u00e2krit on the Sanskrit of our S\u00fbtra appear in arhantaih, the various reading for arhadbhih, which I preferred; sambahula for bahula; dhriyate y\u00e2payati; purobhaktena; anyatra; sailkhy\u00e2m gakkhanti; avaram\u00e2traka; vethana instead of veshtana, in nirvethana; dharmapary\u00e2ya (Corp. Inscript. plate xv). &c.]\nnow. Therefore, then, O S\u00e2riputra, mental prayer is to be made for that Buddha country by faithful sons and daughters of a family.\n\u00a7 18. 'And as I at present magnify here the inconceivable excellences of those blessed Buddhas, thus, O S\u00e2riputra, do those blessed Buddhas magnify my own inconceivable excellences.\n'A very difficult work has been done by S\u00e2kyamuni, the sovereign of the S\u00e2kyas. Having obtained the transcendent true knowledge in this world Sah\u00e2, he taught the Law which all the world is reluctant to accept, during this corruption of the present kalpa, during this corruption of mankind, during this corruption of belief, during this corruption of life, during this corruption of passions.\n\u00a7 19. 'This is even for me, O S\u00e2riputra, an extremely difficult work that, having obtained the transcendent true knowledge in this world Sah\u00e2, I taught the Law which all the world is reluctant to accept, during this corruption of mankind, of belief, of passion, of life, and of this present kalpa.'\n\u00a7 20. Thus spoke Bhagavat joyful in his mind. And the honourable S\u00e2riputra, and the Bhikshus and Bodhisattvas, and the whole world with the gods, men, evil spirits and genii, applauded the speech of Bhagavat.\nThis is the Mah\u00e2y\u00e2nas\u00fbtra[1]\n \n called Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee-vy\u00fbha.\n[1. The Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee even in its shortest text, is called a Mah\u00e2y\u00e2na-s\u00fbtra, nor is there any reason why a Mah\u00e2y\u00e2na-s\u00fbtra should not be short. The meaning of Mah\u00e2y\u00e2na-s\u00fbtra is simply a S\u00fbtra belonging to the Mah\u00e2y\u00e2na school, the school of the Great Boat. It was Burnouf who, in his Introduction to the History of Buddhism, tried very hard to establish a distinction between the Vaipulya or developed S\u00fbtras, and what he calls the simple S\u00fbtras. Now, the Vaipulya S\u00fbtras may all belong to the Mah\u00e2y\u00e2na school, but that would not prove that all the S\u00fbtras of the Mah\u00e2y\u00e2na school are Vaipulya or developed S\u00fbtras. The name of simple S\u00fbtra, in opposition to the Vaipulya or developed S\u00fbtras, is not recognised by the Buddhists themselves; at least, I know no name for simple S\u00fbtras. No doubt there is a great difference between a Vaipulya S\u00fbtra, such as the Lotus of the Good Law, translated by Burnouf, and the S\u00fbtras which Burnouf translated, for instance, from the Divy\u00e2vad\u00e2na. But what Burnouf considers as the distinguishing mark of a Vaipulya S\u00fbtra, viz. the occurrence of Bodhisattvas, as followers or the Buddha s\u00e2kyamuni, would no longer seem to be tenable[*], unless we classed our short Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee-vy\u00fbha as a Vaipulya or developed S\u00fbtra. For this there is no authority. Our S\u00fbtra is a Mah\u00e2y\u00e2na S\u00fbtra, but never called a Vaipulya S\u00fbtra, and yet in this S\u00fbtra the Bodhisattvas constitute a very considerable portion among the followers or Buddha. But more than that, Amit\u00e2bha, the Buddha of Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee another personage whom Burnouf looks upon as peculiar to the Vaipulya S\u00fbtras, who is, in fact, one of the Dhy\u00e2ni-buddhas, though not called by that name in our S\u00fbtra, forms the chief object or its teaching, and is represented as known to Buddha S\u00e2kyamuni, nay, as having become a Buddha long before the Buddha S\u00e2kyamuni[+]. The larger text of the Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee-vy\u00fbha would certainly, according to Burnouf's definition, seem to fall into the category of the Vaipulya S\u00fbtras. But it is not so called in the MSS. which I have seen, and Burnouf himself gives an analysis of that S\u00fbtra (Introduction, p. 99) as a specimen of a Mah\u00e2y\u00e2na, but not of a Vaipulya S\u00fbtra.\n*. 'La pr\u00e9sence des Bodhisattvas ou leur absence int\u00e9resse donc le fonds m\u00eame des livres o\u00f9 on la remarque, et il est bien \u00e9vident que ce seul point trace une ligne de d\u00e9marcation profonde entre les S\u00fbtras ordinaires et les S\u00fbtras d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s.'--Burnouf, Introduction, p. 112.\n+. 'L'id\u00e9e d'un ou de plusieurs Buddhas surhumains, celle de Bodhisattvas cr\u00e9\u00e9s par eux, sont des conceptions aussi \u00e9trang\u00e8res \u00e0 ces livres (les S\u00fbtras simples) que celle d'un \u00c2dibuddha ou d'un Dieu.'--Burnouf, Introduction, p. 120.]","title":"The Smaller Sukh\u00e2vat\u00ee-vy\u00fbha","type":"page"}