{"collection":"cfu","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/cfu/mlc/mlc09.htm","path":"cfu/mlc/mlc09.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/cfu/mlc/mlc09.htm","text":"Myths and Legends of China, by Edward T.C. Werner, [1922]\nThe dragons are spirits of the waters. \u201cThe dragon is a kind of being whose miraculous changes are inscrutable.\u201d In a sense the dragon is the type of a man, self-controlled, and with powers that verge upon the supernatural. In China the dragon, except as noted below, is not a power for evil, but a beneficent being producing rain and representing the fecundating principle in nature. He is the essence of the yang, or male, principle. \u201cHe controls the rain, and so holds in his power prosperity and peace.\u201d The evil dragons are those introduced by the Buddhists, who applied the current dragon legends to the nagas inhabiting the mountains. These mountain nagas, or dragons (perhaps originally dreaded mountain tribes), are harmful, those inhabiting lakes and rivers friendly and helpful. The dragon, the \u201cchief of the three hundred and sixty scaly reptiles,\u201d is most generally represented as having the head of a horse and the tail of a snake, with wings on its sides. It has four legs. The imperial dragon has five claws on each foot, other dragons only four. The dragon is also said to have nine \u2018resemblances\u2019: \u201cits horns resemble those of a deer, its head that of a camel, its eyes those of a devil, its neck that of a snake, its abdomen that of a large cockle, its scales those of a carp, its claws those of an eagle, the soles of its feet those of a tiger, its ears those of an ox;\u201d but some have no ears, the organ of hearing being said to be in the horns, or the creature \u201chears through its horns.\u201d These various properties are supposed to indicate the \u201cfossil remnants of primitive p. 209 worship of many animals.\u201d The small dragon is like the silk caterpillar. The large dragon fills the Heaven and the earth. Before the dragon, sometimes suspended from his neck, is a pearl. This represents the sun. There are azure, scaly, horned, hornless, winged, etc., dragons, which apparently evolve one out of the other: \u201ca horned dragon,\u201d for example, \u201cin a thousand years changes to a flying dragon.\u201d\n \n \nClick to enlarge\n Dragon-gods\nThe dragon is also represented as the father of the great emperors of ancient times. His bones, teeth, and saliva are employed as a medicine. He has the power of transformation and of rendering himself visible or invisible at pleasure. In the spring he ascends to the skies, and in the autumn buries himself in the watery depths. Some are wingless, and rise into the air by their own inherent power. There is the celestial dragon, who guards the mansions of the gods and supports them so that they do not fall; the divine dragon, who causes the winds to blow and produces rain for the benefit of mankind; the earth-dragon, who marks out the courses of rivers and streams; and the dragon of the hidden treasures, who watches over the wealth concealed from mortals.\nThe Buddhists count their dragons in number equal to the fish of the great deep, which defies arithmetical computation, and can be expressed only by their sacred numerals. The people have a more certain faith in them than in most of their divinities, because they see them so often; every cloud with a curious configuration or serpentine tail is a dragon. \u201cWe see him,\u201d they say. The scattering of the cloud is his disappearance. He rules the hills, is connected with f\u00eang-shui (geomancy), dwells round the graves, is associated with the Confucian p. 210 worship, is the Neptune of the sea, and appears on dry land.\nThe Sea-dragon Kings live in gorgeous palaces in the depths of the sea, where they feed on pearls and opals. There are five of these divinities, the chief being in the centre, and the other four occupying the north, the west, the south, and the east. Each is a league in length, and so bulky that in shifting its posture it tosses one mountain against another. It has five feet, one of them being in the middle of its belly, and each foot is armed with five sharp claws. It can reach into the heavens, and stretch itself into all quarters of the sea. It has a glowing armour of yellow scales, a beard under its long snout, a hairy tail, and shaggy legs. Its forehead projects over its blazing eyes, its ears are small and thick, its mouth gaping, its tongue long, and its teeth sharp. Fish are boiled by the blast of its breath, and roasted by the fiery exhalations of its body. When it rises to the surface the whole ocean surges, waterspouts foam, and typhoons rage. When it flies, wingless, through the air, the winds howl, torrents of rain descend, houses are unroofed, the firmament is filled with a din, and whatever lies along its route is swept away with a roar in the hurricane created by the speed of its passage.\nThe five Sea-dragon Kings are all immortal. They know each other\u2019s thoughts, plans, and wishes without intercommunication. Like all the other gods they go once a year to the superior Heavens, to make an annual report to the Supreme Ruler; but they go in the third month, at which time none of the other gods dare appear, and their stay above is but brief. They generally remain in p. 211 the depths of the ocean, where their courts are filled with their progeny, their dependents, and their attendants, and where the gods and genii sometimes visit them. Their palaces, of divers coloured transparent stones, with crystal doors, are said to have been seen in the early morning by persons gazing into the deep waters.\nThe part of the great Buddha legend referring to the dragon is as follows:\nIn years gone by, a dragon living in the great sea saw that his wife\u2019s health was not good. He, seeing her colour fade away, said: \u201cMy dear, what shall I get you to eat?\u201d Mrs Dragon was silent. Just tell me and I will get it,\u201d pleaded the affectionate husband. \u201cYou cannot do it; why trouble?\u201d quoth she. \u201cTrust me, and you shall have your heart\u2019s desire,\u201d said the dragon. \u201cWell, I want a monkey\u2019s heart to eat.\u201d \u201cWhy, Mrs Dragon, the monkeys live in the mountain forests! How can I get one of their hearts?\u201d \u201cWell, I am going to die; I know I am.\u201d\nForthwith the dragon went on shore, and, spying a monkey on the top of a tree, said: \u201cHail, shining one, are you not afraid you will fall?\u201d \u201cNo, I have no such fear.\u201d \u201cWhy eat of one tree? Cross the sea, and you will find forests of fruit and flowers.\u201d \u201cHow can I cross?\u201d \u201cGet on my back.\u201d The dragon with his tiny load went seaward, and then suddenly dived down. \u201cWhere are you going?\u201d said the monkey, with the salt water in his eyes and mouth. \u201cOh! my dear sir! my wife is very sad and ill, and has taken a fancy to your heart.\u201d \u201cWhat shall I do?\u201d thought the monkey. He then spoke, \u201cIllustrious friend, why p. 212 did not you tell me? I left my heart on the top of the tree; take me back, and I will get it for Mrs Dragon.\u201d The dragon returned to the shore. As the monkey was tardy in coming down from the tree, the dragon said: \u201cHurry up, little friend, I am waiting.\u201d Then the monkey thought within himself, \u201cWhat a fool this dragon is!\u201d\nThen Buddha said to his followers: \u201cAt this time I was the monkey.\u201d\nIn the spirit-world there is a Ministry which controls all things connected with the waters on earth, salt or fresh. Its main divisions are the Department of Salt Waters, presided over by four Dragon-kings\u2014those of the East, South, West, and North\u2014and the Department of Sweet Waters, presided over by the Four Kings (Ss\u016d Tu) of the four great rivers\u2014the Blue (Chiang), Yellow (Ho), Huai, and Ch\u2019i\u2014and the Dragon-spirits who control the Secondary Waters, the rivers, springs, lakes, pools, rapids. Into the names and functions of the very large number of officials connected with these departments it is unnecessary to enter. It will be sufficient here to refer only to those whose names are connected with myth or legend.\nOne of these legends relates to the visit of Ch\u2019in Shih Huang-ti, the First Emperor, to the Spirit of the Sea, Yang Hou, originally a marquis (bou) of the State Yang, who became a god through being drowned in the sea.\nPo Shih, a Taoist priest, told the Emperor that an enormous oyster vomited from the sea a mysterious p. 213 substance which accumulated in the form of a tower, and was known as \u2018the market of the sea\u2019 (Chinese for \u2018mirage\u2019). Every year, at a certain period, the breath from his mouth was like the rays of the sun. The Emperor expressed a wish to see it, and Po Shih said he would write a letter to the God of the Sea, and the next day the Emperor could behold the wonderful sight.\nThe Emperor then remembered a dream he had had the year before in which he saw two men fighting for the sun. The one killed the other, and carried it off. He therefore wished to visit the country where the sun rose. Po Shih said that all that was necessary was to throw rocks into the sea and build a bridge across them. Thereupon he rang his magic bell, the earth shook, and rocks began to rise up; but as they moved too slowly he struck them with his whip, and blood came from them which left red marks in many places. The row of rocks extended as far as the shore of the sun-country, but to build the bridge across them was found to be beyond the reach of human skill.\nSo Po Shih sent another messenger to the God of the Sea, requesting him to raise a pillar and place a beam across it which could be used as a bridge. The submarine spirits came and placed themselves at the service of the Emperor, who asked for an interview with the god. To this the latter agreed on condition that no one should make a portrait of him, he being very ugly. Instantly a stone gangway 100,000 feet long rose out of the sea, and the Emperor, mounting his horse, went with his courtiers to the palace of the god. Among his followers was one Lu Tung-shih, who tried to draw a portrait of the god by using his foot under the surface of the water. Detecting this manoeuvre, the god was incensed, and p. 214 said to the Emperor: \u201cYou have broken your word; did you bring Lu here to insult me? Retire at once, or evil will befall you.\u201d The Emperor, seeing that the situation was precarious, mounted his horse and galloped off. As soon as he reached the beach, the stone cause-way sank, and all his suite perished in the waves. One of the Court magicians said to the Emperor: \u201cThis god ought to be feared as much as the God of Thunder; then he could be made to help us. To-day a grave mistake has been made.\u201d For several days after this incident the waves beat upon the beach with increasing fury. The Emperor then built a temple and a pagoda to the god on Chih-fu Shan and W\u00ean-t\u00eang Shan respectively; by which act of propitiation he was apparently appeased.\nOnce the Eight Immortals (see Chapter XI) were on their way to Ch\u2019ang-li Shan to celebrate the birthday anniversary of Hsien W\u00eang, the God of Longevity. They had with them a servant who bore the presents they intended to offer to the god. When they reached the seashore the Immortals walked on the waves without any difficulty, but Lan Ts\u2019ai-ho remarked that the servant was unable to follow them, and said that a means of transport must be found for him. So Ts\u2019ao Kuo-chiu took a plank of cypress-wood and made a raft. But when they were in mid-ocean a typhoon arose and upset the raft, and servant and presents sank to the bottom of the sea.\nRegarding this as the hostile act of a water-devil, the Immortals said they must demand an explanation from the Dragon-king, Ao Ch\u2019in. Li T\u2019ieh-kuai took his gourd, and, directing the mouth toward the bottom of p. 215 the sea, created so brilliant a light that it illuminated the whole palace of the Sea-king. Ao Ch\u2019in, surprised, asked where this powerful light originated, and deputed a courier to ascertain its cause.\nTo this messenger the Immortals made their complaint. \u201cAll we want,\u201d they added, \u201cis that the Dragon-king shall restore to us our servant and the presents.\u201d On this being reported to Ao Ch\u2019in he suspected his son of being the cause, and, having established his guilt, severely reprimanded him. The young Prince took his sword, and, followed by an escort, went to find those who had made the complaint to his father. As soon as he caught sight of the Immortals he began to inveigh against them.\nHan Hsiang Tz\u016d, not liking this undeserved abuse, changed his flute into a fishing-line, and as soon as the Dragon-prince was within reach caught him on the hook, with intent to retain him as a hostage. The Prince\u2019s escort returned in great haste and informed Ao Ch\u2019in of what had occurred. The latter declared that his son was in the wrong, and proposed to restore the shipwrecked servant and the presents. The Court officers, however, held a different opinion. \u201cThese Immortals,\u201d they said, \u201cdare to hold captive your Majesty\u2019s son merely on account of a few lost presents and a shipwrecked servant. This is a great insult, which we ask permission to avenge.\u201d Eventually they won over Ao Ch\u2019in, and the armies of the deep gathered for the fray. The Immortals called to their aid the other Taoist Immortals and Heroes, and thus two formidable armies found themselves face to face.\nSeveral attempts were made by other divinities to p. 216 avert the conflict, but without success. The battle was a strenuous one. Ao Ch\u2019in received a ball of fire full on his head, and his army was threatened with disaster when Tz\u2019\u016d-hang Ta-shih appeared with his bottle of lustral water. He sprinkled the combatants with this magic fluid, using a willow-branch for the purpose, thus causing all their magic powers to disappear.\nShui Kuan, the Ruler of the Watery Elements, then arrived, and reproached Ao Ch\u2019in; he assured him that if the matter were to come to the knowledge of Shang Ti, the Supreme Ruler, he would not only be severely punished, but would risk losing his post. Ao Ch\u2019in expressed penitence, restored the servant and the presents, and made full apology to the Eight Immortals.\nOne day Chang Tao-ling, the \u2018father of modern Taoism,\u2019 was on Ho-ming Shan with his disciple Wang Ch\u2019ang. \u201cSee,\u201d he said, \u201cthat shaft of white light on Yang Shan yonder! There are undoubtedly some bad spirits there. Let us go and bring them to reason.\u201d When they reached the foot of the mountain they met twelve women who had the appearance of evil spirits. Chang Tao-ling asked them whence came the shaft of white light. They answered that it was the yin, or female, principle of the earth. \u201cWhere is the source of the salt water?\u201d he asked again. \u201cThat pond in front of you,\u201d they replied, \u201cin which lives a very wicked dragon.\u201d Chang Tao-ling tried to force the dragon to come out, but without success. Then he drew a ph\u0153nix with golden wings on a charm and hurled it into the air over the pond. Thereupon the dragon took fright and fled, the pond immediately drying up. After that Chang p. 217 Tao-ling took his sword and stuck it in the ground, whereupon a well full of salt water appeared on the spot.\n \n \nClick to enlarge\n Spirit of the Well\nThe twelve women each offered Chang Tao-ling a jade ring, and asked that they might become his wives. He took the rings, and pressing them together in his hands made of them one large single ring. \u201cI will throw this ring into the well,\u201d he said, \u201cand the one of you who recovers it shall be my wife.\u201d All the twelve women jumped into the well to get the ring; whereupon Chang Tao-ling put a cover over it and fastened it down, telling them that henceforth they should be the spirits of the well and would never be allowed to come out.\nShortly after this Chang Tao-ling met a hunter. He exhorted him not to kill living beings, but to change his occupation to that of a salt-burner, instructing him how to draw out the salt from salt-water wells. Thus the people of that district were advantaged both by being able to obtain the salt and by being no longer molested by the twelve female spirits. A temple, called Temple of the Prince of Ch\u2019ing Ho, was built by them, and the territory of Ling Chou was given to Chang Tao-ling in recognition of the benefits he had conferred upon the people.\nA graduate named Liu I, in the reign-period I F\u00eang (A.D. 676\u2013679) of the Emperor Kao Tsung of the T\u2019ang dynasty, having failed in his examination for his licentiate\u2019s degree, when passing through Ching-yang Hsien, in Ch\u2019ang-an, Shensi, on his way home, saw a young woman tending goats by the roadside. She said p. 218 to him: \u201cI am the youngest daughter of the Dragonking of the Tung-t\u2019ing Lake. My parents married me to the son of the God of the River Ching, but my husband, misled by the slanders of the servants, repudiated me. I have heard that you are returning to the Kingdom of Wu, which is quite close to my native district, so I want to ask you to take this letter to my father. To the north of the Tung-t\u2019ing Lake you will find a large orange-tree, called by the natives Protector of the Soil. Strike it three times with your girdle and some one will appear.\u201d\nSome months later the graduate went to the spot, found the orange-tree, and struck it three times, whereupon a warrior arose from the lake and, saluting him, asked what he wanted. \u201cI wish to see your great King,\u201d the graduate replied. The warrior struck the waters, opening a passage for Liu I, and led him to a palace. \u201cThis,\u201d he said, \u201cis the palace of Ling Hs\u00fc.\u201d In a few minutes there appeared a person dressed in violet-coloured clothes and holding in his hand a piece of jade. \u201cThis is our King,\u201d said the warrior. \u201cI am your Majesty\u2019s neighbour,\u201d replied Liu I. \u201cI spent my youth in Ch\u2019u and studied in Ch\u2019in. I have just failed in my licentiate examination. On my way home I saw your daughter tending some goats; she was all dishevelled, and in so pitiable a condition that it hurt me to see her, She has sent you this letter.\u201d\nOn reading the letter the King wept, and all the courtiers followed his example. \u201cStop wailing,\u201d said the King, \u201clest Ch\u2019ien-t\u2019ang hear.\u201d \u201cWho is Ch\u2019ien-t\u2019ang?\u201d asked Liu I. \u201cHe is my dear brother,\u201d replied the King; \u201cformerly he was one of the chief administrators p. 219 of the Ch\u2019ien-t\u2019ang River; now he is the chief God of Rivers.\u201d \u201cWhy are you so afraid that he might hear what I have just told you?\u201d \u201cBecause he has a terrible temper. It was he who, in the reign of Yao, caused a nine-years flood.\u201d\nBefore he had finished speaking, a red dragon, a thousand feet long, with red scales, mane of fire, bloody tongue, and eyes blazing like lightning, passed through the air with rapid flight and disappeared. Barely a few moments had elapsed when it returned with a young woman whom Liu I recognized as the one who had entrusted him with the letter. The Dragon-king, overjoyed, said to him: \u201cThis is my daughter; her husband is no more, and she offers you her hand.\u201d Liu did not dare to accept, since it appeared that they had just killed her husband. He took his departure, and married a woman named Chang, who soon died. He then married another named Han, who also died. He then went to live at Nanking, and, his solitude preying upon his spirits, he decided to marry yet again. A middleman spoke to him of a girl of Fang Yang, in Chihli, whose father, Hao, had been Magistrate of Ch\u2019ing Liu, in Anhui. This man was always absent on his travels, no one knew whither. The girl\u2019s mother, Cheng, had married her two years before to a man named Chang of Ch\u2019ing Ho, in Chihli, who had just died. Distressed at her daughter being left a widow so young, the mother wished to find another husband for her.\nLiu I agreed to marry this young woman, and at the end of a year they had a son. She then said to her husband: \u201cI am the daughter of the King of the Tung-t\u2019ing Lake. It was you who saved me from my miserable plight on the bank of the Ching, and I swore I would p. 220 reward you. Formerly you refused to accept my hand, and my parents decided to marry me to the son of a silk-merchant. I cut my hair, and never ceased to hope that I might some time or other be united to you in order that I might show you my gratitude.\u201d\nIn A.D. 712, in the reign-period K\u2019ai-y\u00fcan of the Emperor Hs\u00fcan Tsung of the T\u2019ang dynasty, they both returned to the Tung-t\u2019ing Lake; but the legend says nothing further with regard to them.\nShang Ti, the Supreme Ruler, conferred on Liu I the title of Chin Lung Ta Wang, \u2018Golden Dragon Great Prince.\u2019\nThe Old Mother of the Waters, Shul-mu Niang-niang, is the legendary spirit of Ss\u016d-chou, in Anhui. To her is popularly ascribed the destruction of the ancient city of Ss\u016d-chou, which was completely submerged by the waters of the Hung-ts\u00ea Lake in A.D. 1574.\nOne author states that this Goddess of the Waters is the younger sister of the White Spiritual Elephant, a guardian of the Door of Buddha. This elephant is the \u201csubtle principle of metamorphosed water.\u201d\nIn his Recherches sur Us Superstitions en Chine, P\u00e8re Henri Dor\u00e9, S.J., relates the legends he had heard with regard to this deity. One of these is as follows:\nShui-mu Niang-niang inundated the town of Ss\u016d-chou almost every year. A report was presented to Yu Huang, Lord of the Skies, begging him to put an end to the scourge which devastated the country and cost so many lives. The Lord of the Skies commanded the Great Kings of the Skies and their generals to raise troops and take the field in order to capture this goddess and deprive p. 221 her of the power of doing further mischief. But her tricks triumphed over force, and the city continued to be periodically devastated by inundations.\nOne day Shui-mu Niang-niang was seen near the city gate carrying two buckets of water. Li Lao-ch\u00fcn suspected some plot, but, an open attack being too risky, he preferred to adopt a ruse. He went and bought a donkey, led it to the buckets of water, and let it drink their contents. Unfortunately the animal could not drink all the water, so that a little remained at the bottom of the buckets. Now these magical buckets contained the sources of the five great lakes, which held enough water to inundate the whole of China. Shui-mu Niang-niang with her foot overturned one of the buckets, and the water that had remained in it was enough to cause a formidable flood, which submerged the unfortunate town, and buried it for ever under the immense sheet of water called the Lake of Hung-ts\u00ea.\nSo great a crime deserved an exemplary punishment, and accordingly Y\u00fc Huang sent reinforcements to his armies, and a pursuit of the goddess was methodically organized.\nSun Hou-tz\u016d, the Monkey Sun, 1 the rapid courier, who in a single skip could traverse 108,000 li (36,000 miles), started in pursuit and caught her up, but the astute goddess was clever enough to slip through his fingers. Sun Hou-tz\u016d, furious at this setback, went to ask Kuan-yin P\u2019u-sa to come to his aid. She promised to do so. As one may imagine, the furious p. 222 race she had had to escape from her enemy had given Shui-mu Niang-niang a good appetite. Exhausted with fatigue, and with an empty stomach, she caught sight of a woman selling vermicelli, who had just prepared two bowls of it and was awaiting customers. Shui-mu Niang-niang went up to her and began to eat the strength-giving food with avidity. No sooner had she eaten half of the vermicelli than it changed in her stomach into iron chains, which wound round her intestines. The end of the chain protruded from her mouth, and the contents of the bowl became another long chain which welded itself to the end which stuck out beyond her lips. The vermicelli-seller was no other than Kuan-yin P\u2019u-sa herself, who had conceived this stratagem as a means of ridding herself of this evil-working goddess. She ordered Sun Hou-tz\u016d to take her down a deep well at the foot of a mountain in Hs\u00fc-i Hsien and to fasten her securely there. It is there that Shui-mu Niang-niang remains in her liquid prison. The end of the chain is to be seen when the water is low.\nHs\u00fc Ch\u00ean-ch\u00fcn was a native either of Ju-ning Fu in Honan, or of Nan-ch\u2019ang Fu in Kiangsi. His father was Hs\u00fc Su. His personal name was Ching-chih, and his ordinary name Sun.\nAt forty-one years of age, when he was Magistrate of Ching-yang, near the modern Chih-chiang Hsien, in Hupei, during times of drought he had only to touch a piece of tile to turn it into gold, and thus relieve the people of their distress. He also saved many lives by curing sickness through the use of talismans and magic formul\u00e6.\nDuring the period of the dynastic troubles he resigned p. 223 and joined the famous magician Kuo P\u2019o. Together they proceeded to the minister Wang Tun, who had risen against the Eastern Chin dynasty. Kuo P\u2019o\u2019s remonstrances only irritated the minister, who cut off his head.\nHs\u00fc Sun then threw his chalice on the ridgepole of the room, causing it to be whirled into the air. As Wang Tun was watching the career of the chalice, Hs\u00fc disappeared and escaped. When he reached Lu-chiang K\u2019ou, in Anhui, he boarded a boat, which two dragons towed into the offing and then raised into the air. In an instant they had borne it to the L\u00fc Shan Mountains, to the south of Kiukiang, in Kiangsi. The perplexed boatman opened the window of his boat and took a furtive look out. Thereupon the dragons, finding themselves discovered by an infidel, set the boat down on the top of the mountain and fled.\nIn this country was a dragon, or spiritual alligator, which transformed itself into a young man named Sh\u00ean Lang, and married Chia Y\u00fc, daughter of the Chief Judge of T\u2019an Chou (Ch\u2019ang-sha Fu, capital of Hunan). The young people lived in rooms below the official apartments. During spring and summer Sh\u00ean Lang, as dragons are wont to do, roamed in the rivers and lakes. One day Hs\u00fc Ch\u00ean-ch\u00fcn met him, recognized him as a dragon, and knew that he was the cause of the numerous floods which were devastating Kiangsi Province. He determined to find a means of getting rid of him.\nSh\u00ean Lang, aware of the steps being taken against him, changed himself into a yellow ox and fled. Hs\u00fc Ch\u00ean-ch\u00fcn at once transformed himself into a black ox and p. 224 started in pursuit. The yellow ox jumped down a well to hide, but the black ox followed suit. The yellow ox then jumped out again, and escaped to Ch\u2019ang-sha, where he reassumed a human form and lived with Ms wife in the home of his father-in-law, Hs\u00fc Sun, returning to the town, hastened to the yam\u00ean, and called to Sh\u00ean Lang to come out and show himself, addressing him in a severe tone of voice as follows: \u201cDragon, how dare you hide yourself there under a borrowed form?\u201d Sh\u00ean Lang then reassumed the form of a spiritual alligator, and Hs\u00fc Sun ordered the spiritual soldiers to kill him. He then commanded his two sons to come out of their abode. By merely spurting a mouthful of water on them he transformed them into young dragons. Chia Y\u00fc was told to vacate the rooms with all speed, and in the twinkling of an eye the whole yam\u00ean sank beneath the earth, and there remained nothing but a lake where it had been.\nHs\u00fc Ch\u00ean-ch\u00fcn, after his victory over the dragon, assembled the members of his family, to the number of forty-two, on Hsi Shan, outside the city of Nan-ch\u2019ang Fu, and all ascended to Heaven in full daylight, taking with them even the dogs and chickens. He was then 133 years old. This took place on the first day of the eighth moon of the second year (A.D. 374) of the reign-period Ning-K\u2019ang of the reign of the Emperor Hsiao Wu Ti of the Eastern Chin dynasty.\nSubsequently a temple was erected to him, and in A.D. 1111 he was canonized as Just Prince, Admirable and Beneficent.\nThe repairing of the heavens by N\u00fc Kua, elsewhere alluded to, is also attributed to the following incident. p. 225\nBefore the Chinese Empire was founded a noble and wonderful queen fought with the chief of the tribes who inhabited the country round about \u00d4-mei Shan. In a fierce battle the chief and his followers met defeat; raging with anger at being beaten by a woman, he rushed up the mountain-side; the Queen pursued him with her army, and overtook him at the summit; finding no place to hide himself, he attempted in desperation both to wreak vengeance upon his enemies and to end his own life by beating his head violently against the cane of the Heavenly Bamboo which grew there. By his mad battering he at last succeeded in knocking down the towering trunk of the tree, and as he did so its top tore great rents in the canopy of the sky, through which poured great floods of water, inundating the whole earth and drowning all the inhabitants except the victorious Queen and her soldiers. The floods had no power to harm her or her followers, because she herself was an all-powerful divinity and was known as the \u2018Mother of the Gods,\u2019 and the \u2018Defender of the Gods.\u2019 From the mountain-side she gathered together stones of a kind having five colours, and ground them into powder; of this she made a plaster or mortar, with which she repaired the tears in the heavens, and the floods immediately ceased.\nIn Yeh Hsien there was a witch and some official attendants who collected money from the people yearly for the marriage of the River-god.\nThe witch would select a pretty girl of low birth, and say that she should be the Queen of the River-god. The girl was bathed, and clothed in a beautiful dress of gay and costly silk. She was then taken to the bank of the p. 226 river, to a monastery which was beautifully decorated with scrolls and banners. A feast was held, and the girl was placed on a bed which was floated out upon the tide till it disappeared under the waters.\nMany families having beautiful daughters moved to distant places, and gradually the city became deserted. The common belief in Yeh was that if no queen was offered to the River-god a flood would come and drown the people.\nOne day Hsi-m\u00ean Pao, Magistrate of Yeh Hsien, said to his attendants: \u201cWhen the marriage of the River-god takes place I wish to say farewell to the chosen girl.\u201d\nAccordingly Hsi-m\u00ean Pao was present to witness the ceremony. About three thousand people had come together. Standing beside the old witch were ten of her female disciples, \u201cCall the girl out,\u201d said Hsi-m\u00ean Pao. After seeing her, Hsi-m\u00ean Pao said to the witch: \u201cShe is not fair. Go you to the River-god and tell him that we will find a fairer maid and present her to him later on.\u201d His attendants then seized the witch and threw her into the river.\nAfter a little while Hsi-m\u00ean Pao said: \u201cWhy does she stay so long? Send a disciple to call her back.\u201d One of the disciples was thrown into the river. Another and yet another followed. The magistrate then said:\u201d The witches are females and therefore cannot bring me a reply.\u201d So one of the official attendants of the witch was thrown into the river.\nHsi-m\u00ean Pao stood on the bank for a long time, apparently awaiting a reply. The spectators were alarmed. Hsi-m\u00ean Pao then bade his attendants send the remaining disciples of the witch and the other official attendants to recall their mistress. The wretches threw p. 227 themselves on their knees and knocked their heads on the ground, which was stained with the blood from their foreheads, and with tears confessed their sin.\n\u201cThe River-god detains his guest too long,\u201d said Hsi-m\u00ean Pao at length. \u201cLet us adjourn.\u201d\nThereafter none dared to celebrate the marriage of the River-god.\nWhen the Mongol Y\u00fcan dynasty had been destroyed, and the Emperor Hung Wu had succeeded in firmly establishing that of the Great Ming, Ta Ming, he made Chin-ling, the present Nanking, his capital, and held his Court there with great splendour, envoys from every province within the \u2018Four Seas\u2019 (the Chinese Empire) assembling there to witness his greatness and to prostrate themselves before the Dragon Throne.\nThe Emperor had many sons and daughters by his different consorts and concubines, each mother, in her inmost heart, fondly hoping that her own son would be selected by his father to succeed him.\nAlthough the Empress had a son, who was the heir-apparent, yet she felt envious of those ladies who had likewise been blessed with children, for fear one of the princes should supplant her son in the affection of the Emperor and in the succession. This envy displayed itself on every occasion; she was greatly beloved by the Emperor, and exerted all her influence with him, as the other young princes grew up, to get them removed from Court. Through her means most of them were sent to the different provinces as governors; those provinces under their government being so many principalities or kingdoms. p. 228\nOne of the consorts of Hung Wu, the Lady W\u00eang, had a son named Chu-ti. This young prince was very handsome and graceful in his deportment; he was, moreover, of an amiable disposition. He was the fourth son of the Emperor, and his pleasing manner and address had made him a great favourite, not only with his father, but with every one about the Court. The Empress noticed the evident affection the Emperor evinced for this prince, and determined to get him removed from the Court as soon as possible. By a judicious use of flattery and cajolery, she ultimately persuaded the Emperor to appoint the prince governor of the Yen country, and thenceforth he was styled Yen Wang, Prince of Yen.\nThe young Prince, shortly after, taking an affectionate leave of the Emperor, left Chin-ling to proceed to his post. Ere he departed, however, a Taoist priest, called Liu Po-w\u00ean, who had a great affection for the Prince, put a sealed packet into his hand, and told him to open it when he found himself in difficulty, distress, or danger; the perusal of the first portion that came to his hand would invariably suggest some remedy for the evil, whatever it was. After doing so, he was again to seal the packet, without further looking into its contents, till some other emergency arose necessitating advice or assistance, when he would again find it. The Prince departed on his journey, and in the course of time, without meeting with any adventures worth recording, arrived safely at his destination. p. 229\nThe place where Peking now stands was originally called Yu Chou; in the T\u2019ang dynasty it was called Pei-p\u2019ing Fu; and afterward became known as Shun-t\u2019ien Fu\u2014but that was after the city now called Peking was built. The name of the country in which this place was situated was Yen. It was a mere barren wilderness, with very few inhabitants; these lived in huts and scattered hamlets, and there was no city to afford protection to the people and to check the depredations of robbers.\nWhen the Prince saw what a desolate-looking place he had been appointed to, and thought of the long years he was probably destined to spend there, he grew very melancholy, and nothing his attendants essayed to do in hope of alleviating his sorrow succeeded.\nAll at once the Prince bethought himself of the packet which the old Taoist priest had given him; he forthwith proceeded to make search for it\u2014for in the bustle and excitement of travelling he had forgotten all about it\u2014in hope that it might suggest something to better the prospects before him. Having found the packet, he hastily broke it open to see what instructions it contained; taking out the first paper which came to hand, he read the following:\n\u201cWhen you reach Pei-p\u2019ing Fu you must build a city there and name it No-cha Ch\u2019\u00eang, the City of No-cha. 2 But, as the work will be costly, you must issue a proclamation inviting the wealthy to subscribe the necessary p. 230 funds for building it. At the back of this paper is a plan of the city; you must be careful to act according to the instructions accompanying it.\u201d\nThe Prince inspected the plan, carefully read the instructions, and found even the minutest details fully explained. He was struck with the grandeur of the design of the proposed city, and at once acted on the instructions contained in the packet; proclamations were posted up, and large sums were speedily subscribed, ten of the wealthiest families who had accompanied him from Chin-ling being the largest contributors, supporting the plan not only with their purses, by giving immense sums, but by their influence among their less wealthy neighbours.\nWhen sufficient money had been subscribed, a propitious day was chosen on which to commence the undertaking. Trenches where the foundations of the walls were to be were first dug out, according to the plan found in the packet. The foundations themselves consisted of layers of stone quarried from the western hills; bricks of an immense size were made and burnt in the neighbourhood; the moat was dug out, and the earth from it used to fill in the centre of the walls, which, when complete, were forty-eight li in circumference, fifty cubits in height, and fifty in breadth; the whole circuit of the walls having battlements and embrasures. Above each of the nine gates of the city immense three-storied towers were built, each tower being ninety-nine cubits in height.\nNear the front entrance of the city, facing each other, were built the Temples of Heaven and of Earth. In p. 231 rear of it the beautiful \u2018Coal Hill\u2019 (better known as \u2018Prospect Hill\u2019) was raised; while in the square in front of the Great Gate of the palace was buried an immense quantity of charcoal (that and the coal being stored as a precaution in case of siege).\nThe palace, containing many superb buildings, was built in a style of exceeding splendour; in the various enclosures were beautiful gardens and lakes; in the different courtyards, too, seventy-two wells were dug and thirty-six golden tanks placed. The whole of the buildings and grounds was surrounded by a lofty wall and a stone-paved moat, in which the lotus and other flowers bloomed in great beauty and profusion, and in the clear waters of which myriads of gold and silver fish disported themselves.\nThe geomancy of the city was similar to that of Chin-ling, When everything was completed the Prince compared it with the plan and found that the city tallied with it in every respect. He was much delighted, and called for the ten wealthy persons who had been the chief contributors, and gave each of them a pair of \u2018couchant dragon\u2019 silk- or satin-embroidered cuffs, and allowed them great privileges. Up to the present time there is the common saying: \u201cSince then the \u2018dragon-cuffed\u2019 gentlefolks have flourished.\u201d\nAll the people were loud in praise of the beauty and strength of the newly built city. Merchants from every province hastened to Peking, attracted by the news they heard of its magnificence and the prospect there was of profitably disposing of their wares. In short, the people were prosperous and happy, food was plentiful, p. 232 the troops brave, the monarch just, his ministers virtuous, and all enjoyed the blessings of peace.\nWhile everything was thus tranquil, a sudden and untoward event occurred which spread dismay and consternation on all sides. One day when the Prince went into the hall of audience one of his ministers reported that \u201cthe wells are thirsty and the rivers dried up\u201d\u2014there was no water, and the people were all in the greatest alarm. The Prince at once called his counsellors together to devise some means of remedying this disaster and causing the water to return to the wells and springs, but no one could suggest a suitable plan.\nIt is necessary to explain the cause of this scarcity of water. There was a dragon\u2019s cave outside the east gate of the city at a place called Lei-ch\u00ean K\u2019ou, \u2018Thunder-clap Mouth\u2019 or \u2018Pass\u2019 (the name of a village). The dragon had not been seen for myriads of years, yet it was well known that he lived there.\nIn digging out the earth to build the wall the workmen had broken into this dragon\u2019s cave, little thinking of the consequences which would result. The dragon was exceedingly wroth and determined to shift his abode, but the she-dragon said: \u201cWe have lived here thousands of years, and shall we suffer the Prince of Yen to drive us forth thus? If we do go we will collect all the water, place it in our yin-yang baskets [used for drawing water], and at midnight we will appear in a dream to the Prince, requesting permission to retire. If he gives us permission to do so, and allows us also to take our baskets of water with us, he will fall into our trap, for we shall take the waler with his own consent,\u201d p. 233\nThe two dragons then transformed themselves into an old man and an old woman, went to the chamber of the Prince, who was asleep, and appeared to him in a dream. Kneeling before him, they cried: \u201cO Lord of a Thousand Years, we have come before you to beg leave to retire from this place, and to beseech you out of your great bounty to give us permission to take these two baskets of water with us.\u201d\nThe Prince readily assented, little dreaming of the danger he was incurring. The dragons were highly delighted, and hastened out of his presence; they filled the baskets with all the water there was in Peking, and carried them off with them.\nWhen the Prince awoke he paid no attention to his dream till he heard the report of the scarcity of water, when, reflecting on the singularity of his dream, he thought there might be some hidden meaning in it. He therefore had recourse to the packet again, and discovered that his dream-visitors had been dragons, who had taken the waters of Peking away with them in their magic baskets; the packet, however, contained directions for the recovery of the water, and he at once prepared to follow them.\nIn haste the Prince donned his armour, mounted his black steed, and, spear in hand, dashed out of the west gate of the city. He pressed on his horse, which went swift as the wind, nor did he slacken speed till he came up with the water-stealing dragons, who still retained the forms in which they had appeared to him in his p. 234 dream. On a cart were the two identical baskets he had seen; in front of the cart, dragging it, was the old woman, while behind, pushing it, was the old man.\nWhen the Prince saw them he galloped up to the cart, and, without pausing, thrust his spear into one of the baskets, making a great hole, out of which the water rushed so rapidly that the Prince was much frightened. He dashed off at full speed to save himself from being swallowed up by the waters, which in a very short time had risen more than thirty feet and had flooded the surrounding country. On galloped the Prince, followed by the roaring water, till he reached a hill, up which he urged his startled horse. When he gained the top he found that it stood out of the water like an island, completely surrounded; the water was seething and swirling round the hill in a frightful manner, but no vestige could he see of either of the dragons.\nThe Prince was very much alarmed at his perilous position, when suddenly a Buddhist priest appeared before him, with clasped hands and bent head, who bade him not be alarmed, as with Heaven\u2019s assistance he would soon disperse the water. Hereupon the priest recited a short prayer or spell, and the waters receded as rapidly as they had risen, and finally returned to their proper channels.\nThe broken basket became a large deep hole, some three mu (about half an English acre) in extent, in the p. 235 centre of which was a fountain which threw up a vast body of clear water. From the midst of this there arose a pagoda, which rose and fell with the water, floating on the top like a vessel; the spire thrusting itself far up into the sky, and swaying about like the mast of a ship in a storm.\nThe Prince returned to the city filled with wonder at what he had seen, and with joy at having so successfully carried out the directions contained in the packet. On all sides he was greeted by the acclamations of the people, who hailed him as the saviour of Peking. Since that time Peking has never had the misfortune to be without water.\nThe pagoda is called the Pagoda on the Hill of the Imperial Spring (Y\u00fc Ch\u2019\u00fcan Shan T\u2019a; more commonly Ch\u00ean-shui T\u2019a, \u2018Water-repressing Pagoda\u2019). 3 The spring is still there, and day and night, unceasingly, its clear waters bubble up and flow eastward to Peking, which would now be a barren wilderness but for Yen Wang\u2019s pursuit of the water. p. 236\n236:1 See Chapter XIV.\n236:2 See Chapter XII.\n236:3 This pagoda is distant about twenty li (seven miles) from Peking. It is on the top of the hill, while the spring is at the foot, half a li distant. The imperial family used the water from this spring, whence it was carried to Peking in carts.","title":"Myths and Legends of China: Chapter VII. Myths of the Waters","type":"page"}