{"collection":"chr","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/chr/ecf/112/1120070.htm","path":"chr/ecf/112/1120070.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/chr/ecf/112/1120070.htm","text":"p. 375 Homily XXI.\nNow I Paul myself entreat you by the meekness and gentleness of Christ, I who in your presence am lowly among you, but being absent am of good courage toward you: yea, I beseech you, that I may not when present show courage with the confidence, wherewith I count to be bold against some, which count of us as if we walked according to the flesh.\nHaving completed, in such sort as behoved his discourse of almsgiving, and having shown that he loves them more than he is loved, and having recounted the circumstances of his patience and trials, he now opportunely enters upon points involving more of reproof, making allusion to the false apostles, and concluding his discourse with more disagreeable matter, and with commendations of himself. For he makes this his business also throughout the Epistle. Which also perceiving, he hence oftentimes corrects himself, saying in so many words 883 ; \u201cDo we begin again to commend ourselves?\u201d (2 Cor. 3.1.) and further on; \u201cWe commend not ourselves again, but give you occasion to glory:\u201d (2 Cor. 5.12.) and afterwards; \u201cI am become a fool in glorying; ye have compelled me.\u201d (2 Cor. 12.11.) And many such correctives doth he use. And one would not be wrong in styling this Epistle an eulogium of Paul; he makes such large mention both of his grace and his patience. For since there were some amongst them who thought great things of themselves, and set themselves above the Apostle, and accused him as a boaster, and as being nothing, and teaching no sound doctrine; (now this was in itself the most certain evidence of their own corruptness;) see how he begins his rebuke of them; \u201cNow I Paul myself.\u201d Seest thou what severity, what dignity, is here? For what he would say is this, \u2018I beseech you do not compel me, nor leave me to use my power against those that hold us cheap, and think of us as carnal.\u2019 This is severer than those threats towards them uttered in the former Epistle; \u201cShall I come unto you with a rod, or in love and a spirit of meekness?\u201d (1 Cor. iv. 21.) and then again; \u201cNow some are puffed up as though I were not coming to you; but I will come, and will know, not the word of them that are puffed up, but the power.\u201d (2 Cor. 4:18, 19.) For in this place he shows both things, both his power, and his philosophy and forbearance; since he so beseeches them, and with such earnestness, that he may not be compelled to come to a display of the avenging power pertaining to him, and to smite and chastise them and exact the extreme penalty. For he implied this in saying, \u201cBut I beseech you, that I may not when present show courage with the confidence, wherewith I count to be bold against some which count of us as if we walked according to the flesh.\u201d For the present, however, let us speak of the commencement. \u201cNow I Paul myself.\u201d Great emphasis, great weight 884 is here. So he says elsewhere, \u201cBehold I Paul say unto you;\u201d (Gal. v. 2.) and again, \u201cAs Paul the aged;\u201d (Philem. 9.) and again in another place, \u201cWho hath been a succorer of many, and of me.\u201d (Rom. xvi. 2.) So also here, \u201cNow I Paul myself.\u201d This even is a great thing, that himself beseecheth; but that other is greater which he added, saying, \u201cby the meekness and gentleness of Christ.\u201d For with the wish of greatly shaming them, he puts forward that \u201cmeekness and gentleness,\u201d making his entreaty in this way more forcible; as if he had said, \u2018Reverence the gentleness of Christ by which I beseech you.\u2019 And this he said, at the same time also showing that although they should lay ever so strong 885 a necessity upon him, he himself is more inclined to this: it is from being meek, not from want of power, that he does not proceed against them: for Christ also did in like manner.\n\u201cWho in your presence am lowly among you, but being absent am of good courage toward you.\u201d What, pray, is this? Surely he speaks in irony, using their speeches. For they said this, that \u2018when he is present indeed, he is worthy of no account, but poor and contemptible; but when absent, swells, and brags, and sets himself up against us, and threatens.\u2019 This at least he implies also afterwards, saying, \u201cfor his letters,\u201d say they, \u201care weighty, but his p. 376 bodily presence is weak, and his speech of no account.\u201d (2 Cor. 10.10.) He either then speaks in irony, manifesting great severity and saying, \u2018I, the base, I, the mean, when present, (as they say,) and when absent, lofty:\u2019 or else meaning that even though he should utter great things, it is not out of pride, but out of his confidence in them.\n\u201cBut I beseech you, that I may not when present show courage with the confidence, wherewith I count to be bold against some which count of us as if we walked according to the flesh.\u201d Seest thou how great his indignation, and how complete his refutation of those sayings of theirs? For he saith, \u2018I beseech you, do not compel me to show that even present I am strong and have power.\u2019 For since they said that \u2018when absent, he is quite bold against us and exalteth himself,\u2019 he uses their very words, \u2018I beseech therefore that they compel me not to use my power.\u2019 For this is the meaning of, \u201cthe confidence.\u201d And he said not, \u2018wherewith I am prepared,\u2019 but \u2018wherewith I count.\u2019 \u2018For I have not yet resolved upon this; they however give me reason enough, but not even so do I wish it.\u2019 And yet he was doing this not to vindicate himself, but the Gospel. Now if where it was necessary to vindicate the Message, he is not harsh, but draws back and delays, and beseeches that there may be no such necessity; much more would he never have done any thing of the kind in his own vindication. \u2018Grant me then this favor,\u2019 he saith, \u2018that ye compel me not to show, that even when present I am able to be bold against whomsoever it may be necessary; that is, to chastise and punish them.\u2019 Seest thou how free he was from ambition, how he did nothing for display, since even where it was matter of necessity, he hesitates not to call the act, boldness. \u201cFor I beseech you,\u201d he says, \u201cthat I may not when present show courage with the confidence, wherewith I think to be bold\u201d against some. For this especially is the part of a teacher, not to be hasty in taking vengeance, but to work a reformation, and ever to be reluctant and slow in his punishments. How, pray, does he describe those whom he threatens? \u201cThose that count of us as though we walked according to the flesh:\u201d for they accused him as a hypocrite, as wicked, as a boaster.\n[2.] 2 Cor. 10.3. \u201cFor though we walk in the flesh, we do not war according to the flesh.\nHere he goes on to alarm them also by the figure 886 he uses, \u2018for,\u2019 says he, \u2018we are indeed encompassed with flesh; I own it, but we do not live by the flesh;\u2019 or rather, he said not even this, but for the present reserves it, for it belongs to the encomium on his life: but first discourseth of the Preaching, and shows that it is not of man, nor needeth aid from beneath. Wherefore he said not, \u2018we do not live according to the flesh,\u2019 but, \u201cwe do not war according to the flesh,\u201d that is, \u2018we have undertaken a war and a combat; but we do not war with carnal weapons, nor by help of any human succors.\u2019\n2 Cor. 10.4. \u201cFor our weapons are not of the flesh.\u201d\nFor what sort of weapons are of the flesh? Wealth, glory, power, fluency, cleverness, circumventions 887 , flatteries, hypocrisies, whatsoever else is similar to these. But ours are not of this sort: but of what kind are they?\nAnd he said not, \u2018we are not carnal,\u2019 but, \u201cour weapons.\u201d For as I said, for the present he discourseth of the Preaching, and refers the whole power to God. And he says not, \u2018spiritual,\u2019 although this was the fitting opposite 888 to \u201ccarnal,\u201d but \u201cmighty,\u201d in this implying the other also, and showing that their 889 weapons are weak and powerless. And mark the absence of pride in him; for he said not, \u2018we are mighty,\u2019 but, \u201cour weapons are mighty before God.\u201d \u2018We did not make them such, but God Himself.\u2019 For because they were scourged, were persecuted, and suffered wrongs incurable 890 without number, which things were proofs of weakness: to show the strength of God he says, \u201cbut they are mighty before God.\u201d For this especially shows His strength, that by these things He gains the victory. So that even though we are encompassed with them, yet it is He that warreth and worketh by them. Then he goes through a long eulogium upon them, saying,\n\u201cTo the casting down of strong holds.\u201d And lest when hearing of strong holds thou shouldest think of aught material 891 , he says,\n2 Cor. 10.5. \u201cCasting down imaginations.\u201d\nFirst giving emphasis by the figure, and then by this additional expression declaring the spiritual 892 character of the warfare. For these strongholds besiege souls, not bodies. Whence they are stronger than the others, and therefore also the weapons they require are mightier. But by strongholds he means the Grecian pride, and the strength of their sophisms and their syllogisms. But nevertheless, \u2018these weapons,\u2019 he says, \u2018confounded every thing that stood up against them; for they cast down imaginations,\n\u2018And every high thing that is exalted against the knowledge of God.\u2019 He persisted in the metaphor that he might make the emphasis greater. \u2018For though there should be strongholds,\u2019 he saith, \u2018though fortifications, p. 377 though any other thing soever, they yield and give way before these weapons.\n\u201cAnd bringing every thought into captivity to the obedience of Christ.\u201d And yet the name, \u201ccaptivity,\u201d hath an ill sound with it; for it is the destruction of liberty. Wherefore then has he used it? With a meaning of its own, in regard to another point. For the word \u201ccaptivity\u201d conveys two ideas, the loss of liberty, and the being so violently overpowered as not to rise up again. It is therefore in respect to this second meaning that he took it. As when he shall say \u201cI robbed other churches,\u201d (2 Cor. xi. 8.) he does not intend the taking stealthily, but the stripping and taking their all, so also here in saying, \u201cbringing into captivity.\u201d For the fight was not equally maintained, but he conquered with great ease. Wherefore he did not say, \u2018we conquer and have the better,\u2019 only; but \u2018we even bring \u201cinto captivity;\u201d\u2019 just as above, he did not say, \u2018we advance engines against the \u201cstrongholds:\u201d\u2019 but, \u2018we cast them down, for great is the superiority of our weapons.\u2019 \u2018For we war not with words,\u2019 he saith, but with deeds against words, not with fleshly wisdom, but with the spirit of meekness and of power. How was it likely then I should hunt after honor, and boast in words, and threaten by letters;\u2019 (as they accused him, saying, \u201chis letters are weighty,\u201d) \u2018when our might lay not in these things?\u2019 But having said, \u201cbringing every thought into captivity to the obedience of Christ,\u201d because the name of \u201ccaptivity\u201d was unpleasant, he presently afterwards put an end to the metaphor, saying, \u201cunto the obedience of Christ:\u201d from slavery unto liberty, from death unto life, from destruction to salvation. For we came not merely to strike down, but to bring over to the truth those who are opposed to us.\n[3.] 2 Cor. 10.6. \u201cAnd being in readiness to avenge all disobedience, when your obedience shall be fulfilled.\u201d\nHere he alarmed these 893 also, not those 894 alone: \u2018for,\u2019 says he, \u2018we were waiting for you, that when by our exhortations and threatenings we have reformed you, and purged and separated you from their fellowship; then, when those only are left who are incurably diseased, we may visit with punishment, after we see that you have really 895 separated from them. For even now indeed ye obey, but not perfectly.\u2019 \u2018And yet if thou hadst done it now,\u2019 saith one, \u2018thou wouldest have wrought greater gain.\u2019 \u2018By no means, for if I had done it now, I should have involved you also in the punishment. Howbeit it behoved to punish them, indeed, but to spare you. Yet if I spared, I should have seemed to do it out of favor: now this I do not desire, but first to amend you, and then to proceed against them.\u2019 What can be tenderer than the heart of the Apostle? who because he saw his own mixed up with aliens, desires indeed to inflict the blow, but forbears, and restrains his indignation until these shall have withdrawn, that he may smite these alone; yea rather, not these even. For he therefore threatens this, and says he is desirous to separate unto punishment them alone, that they also being amended by the fear may change, and he let loose his anger against no one. For just like a most excellent physician, and common father, and patron, and guardian 896 , so did he all things, so cared he for all, removing impediments, checking the pestilent, running about every whither. For not by fighting did he so achieve the work, but advancing as if to a ready and an easy victory, he planted his trophies, undermining, casting down, overthrowing the strongholds of the devil, and the engines of the demons; and carried over their whole booty to the camp of Christ. Nor did he even take breath a little, bounding off from these to those, and from those again to others, like some very able general, raising trophies every day, or rather every hour. For having entered into the battle with nothing but a little tunic 897 , the tongue of Paul took the cities of his enemies with their men and bows and spears and darts and all.\nFor he spake only; and, falling upon his enemies more fiercely than any fire, his words drave out the demons and brought over unto him the men that were possessed of them. For when he cast out that demon, the evil one, fifty thousand sorcerers coming together burnt their books of magic and revolted to the truth. (See Acts xix. 19.) And like as in a war, when a tower has fallen or a tyrant been brought low, all his partizans cast away their arms and run unto the [opposing] general; so truly did it happen then also. For when the demon was cast out, they all having been besieged, and having cast away, yea rather having destroyed, their books, ran unto the feet of Paul. But he setting himself 898 against the world as though against a single army, no where stayed his march, but did all things as if he were some man endued with wings 899 : and now restored a lame, now raised a dead man, now blinded a third, (I mean the sorcerer,) nor even when shut up in a prison indulged in rest, but even there brought over to himself the jailor, effecting the goodly captivity we treat of.\np. 378 [4.] Let us also imitate him after our power. And why do I say, after our power? For he that wills may come even near unto him, and behold his valor, and imitate his heroism. For still he is doing this work, \u201ccasting down imaginations, and every high thing that is exalted against the knowledge of God.\u201d And although many heretics have attempted to cut him in pieces; yet still, even though dismembered, he displayeth a mighty strength. For both Marcion and Manich\u00e6us use him indeed, but after cutting him in pieces; but still even so they are refuted by the several members. For even a hand only of this champion being found among them puts them utterly to the rout; and a foot only, left amongst others, pursues and prostrates them, in order that thou mayest learn the superabundance of his power, and that, although shorn of his limbs even, he is able to destroy all his adversaries. \u2018This however,\u2019 saith one, \u2018is an instance of perversion, that those who are battling with each other should all use him.\u2019 An instance of perversion certainly, but not in Paul, (God forbid,) but in them who use him. For he was not parti-colored 900 , but uniform and clear, but they perverted his words to their own notions. \u2018And wherefore,\u2019 saith one, \u2018were they so spoken as to give handles to those that wished for them?\u2019 He did not give handles, but their frenzy used his words not rightly; since this whole world also is both wonderful and great, and a sure proof of the wisdom of God, and \u201cthe heavens declare the glory of God, and day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night declareth knowledge;\u201d (Ps. 19:1, 2.) but nevertheless, many have stumbled at it and in contrary directions to one another. And some have admired it so much above its worth as to think it God; whilst others have been so insensible of its beauty as to assert it to be unworthy of God\u2019s creating hand 901 , and to ascribe the greater share in it to a certain evil matter. And yet God provided for both points by making it beautiful and great that it might not be deemed alien from his wisdom; yet defective and not sufficient unto itself that it might not be suspected to be God. But nevertheless those who were blinded by their own reasonings fell away into contradictory notions, refuting one another, and becoming each the other\u2019s accuser, and vindicating the wisdom of God even by the very reasonings which led them astray. And why do I speak of the sun and the heaven? The Jews saw so many marvels happen before their eyes, yet straightway worshipped a calf. Again they saw Christ casting out demons, yet called him one that had a demon. But this was no imputation against him that cast them out, but an accusation of their understanding who were so blinded. Condemn not then Paul on account of their judgment who have used him amiss; but understand well the treasures in him, and develop his riches, so shalt thou make noble stand against all, fenced by his armor. So shalt thou be able to stop the mouths both of Greeks and Jews. \u2018And how,\u2019 saith one, \u2018seeing they believe him not?\u2019 By the things wrought through him, by the reformation effected in the world. For it was not of human power 902 that so great things could be done, but the Might of the Crucified, breathing on him, made him such as he was, and showed him more powerful than orators and philosophers and tyrants and kings and all men. He was not only able to arm himself and to strike down his adversaries, but to make others also such as himself. Therefore in order that we may become useful both to ourselves and to others, let us continually have him in our hands, using his writings for a meadow and garden of delight 903 . For so shall we be able both to be delivered from vice and to choose virtue, and to obtain the promised good things, whereunto may we all attain, through the grace and love towards men of our Lord Jesus Christ, with Whom to the Father with the Holy Spirit, be glory, might, honor, now and for ever, and world without end. Amen.\n[Some remarks of Hodge in loco are worth quoting here as confirming Chrysostom\u2019s view of the passage and showing its permanent application. \u201cThe conflict to which the Apostle refers is that between truth and error. When the Gospel was first proclaimed it found itself in conflict with all the forms of religion and philosophy then prevailing among men. To the wise of this world the Gospel appeared as foolishness. It was, however, the wisdom and power of God. The conflict then begun has continued ever since, and is now as deadly as at any former period. Men of science and philosophers are as confident in their conclusions, and as much disposed to exalt themselves, or their opinions, against the knowledge of God as ever. There is no doubt as to the issue of this contest. It is a contest between God and man, in which, of course, God must prevail. The instructive lesson which the Apostle designs here to inculcate is that this warfare must not be conducted on the part of the advocates of the Gospel with carnal weapons. They must not rely upon their own resources and attempt to overcome their enemies by argument. They must not become philosophers and turn the Gospel into a philosophy. This would be to make it a human conflict on both sides. It would be human reason against human reason, the intellect of one man against the intellect of another man. Paul told the Corinthians in his former Epistle that he did not appear among them as a philosopher, but as a witness; he came not with the words of man\u2019s wisdom: he did not rely for success on his powers of argument or of persuasion, but on the demonstration of the Spirit. The faith which he labored to secure was not to be founded on the wisdom of men, but on the power of God; not on arguments addressed to the understanding but on the testimony of God. That testimony has the same effect which intuition has. It reveals the truth to the mind and conscience as self-evident: and therefore it cannot be resisted. A rationalistic Christian, a philosophizing theologian, therefore, lays aside the divine for the human, the wisdom of God for the wisdom of man, the infinite and infallible for the finite and the fallible.\u201d The whole history of the Church shows that whenever high imaginations were cast down and strongholds overthrown, it was by the simple testimony of the word of God, presented not as something to be proved but as something to be believed. C.]\n378:903\n\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2.","title":"Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Vol. XII: Homilies on Second Corinthians.: Homily XXI","type":"page"}