{"collection":"chr","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/chr/ecf/201/2010065.htm","path":"chr/ecf/201/2010065.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/chr/ecf/201/2010065.htm","text":"Chapter XXIII.\u2014The Martyrdom of James, who was called the Brother of the Lord.\n1. But after Paul, in consequence of his appeal to C\u00e6sar, had been sent to Rome by Festus, the Jews, being frustrated in their hope of entrapping him by the snares which they had laid for him, turned against James, the brother of the Lord, 484 to whom the episcopal seat at Jerusalem had been entrusted by the apostles. 485 The following daring measures were undertaken by them against him.\n2. Leading him into their midst they demanded of him that he should renounce faith in Christ in the presence of all the people. But, contrary to the opinion of all, with a clear voice, and with greater boldness than they had anticipated, he spoke out before the whole multitude and confessed that our Saviour and Lord Jesus is the Son of God. But they were unable to bear longer the testimony of the man who, on account of the excellence of ascetic virtue 486 and of piety which he exhibited in his life, was esteemed by all as the most just of men, and consequently they slew him. Opportunity for this deed of violence was furnished by the prevailing anarchy, which was caused by the fact that Festus had died just at this time in Judea, and that the province was thus without a governor and head. 487\n3. The manner of James\u2019 death has been already indicated by the above-quoted words of Clement, who records that he was thrown from the pinnacle of the temple, and was beaten to death with a club. 488 But Hegesippus, 489 who lived immediately after the apostles, gives the most accurate account in the fifth book of his Memoirs. 490 He writes as follows:\n4. \u201cJames, the brother of the Lord, succeeded to the government of the Church in conjunction with the apostles. 491 He has been called the Just 492 by all from the time of our Saviour to the present day; for there were many that bore the name of James.\n5. He was holy from his mother\u2019s womb; and he drank no wine nor strong drink, nor did he eat flesh. No razor came upon his head; he did not anoint himself with oil, and he did not use the bath.\n6. He alone was permitted to enter into the holy place; for he wore not woolen but linen garments. And he was in the habit of entering alone into the temple, and was frequently found upon his knees begging forgiveness for the people, so that his knees became hard like those of a camel, in consequence of his constantly bending them in his worship of God, and asking forgiveness for the people. 493\n7. Because of his exceeding great justice he was called the Just, and Oblias, 494 which signifies in Greek, \u2018Bulwark of the people\u2019 and \u2018Justice,\u2019 495 in accordance with what the prophets declare concerning him. 496\n8. Now some of the seven sects, which existed among the people and which have been mentioned by me in the Memoirs, 497 asked him, \u2018What is the gate of Jesus?\u2019 498 p. 126 and he replied that he was the Saviour.\n9. On account of these words some believed that Jesus is the Christ. But the sects mentioned above did not believe either in a resurrection or in one\u2019s coming to give to every man according to his works. 499 But as many as believed did so on account of James.\n10. Therefore when many even of the rulers believed, there was a commotion among the Jews and Scribes and Pharisees, who said that there was danger that the whole people would be looking for Jesus as the Christ. Coming therefore in a body to James they said, \u2018We entreat thee, restrain the people; for they are gone astray in regard to Jesus, as if he were the Christ. 500 We entreat thee to persuade all that have come to the feast of the Passover concerning Jesus; for we all have confidence in thee. For we bear thee witness, as do all the people, that thou art just, and dost not respect persons. 501\n11. Do thou therefore persuade the multitude not to be led astray concerning Jesus. For the whole people, and all of us also, have confidence in thee. Stand therefore upon the pinnacle of the temple, 502 that from that high position thou mayest be clearly seen, and that thy words may be readily heard by all the people. For all the tribes, with the Gentiles also, are come together on account of the Passover.\u2019\n12. The aforesaid Scribes and Pharisees therefore placed James upon the pinnacle of the temple, and cried out to him and said: \u2018Thou just one, in whom we ought all to have confidence, forasmuch as the people are led astray after Jesus, the crucified one, declare to us, what is the gate of Jesus.\u2019 503\n13. And he answered with a loud voice, \u2018Why do ye ask me concerning Jesus, the Son of Man? He himself sitteth in heaven at the right hand of the great Power, and is about to come upon the clouds of heaven.\u2019 504\n14. And when many were fully convinced and gloried in the testimony of James, and said, \u2018Hosanna to the Son of David,\u2019 these same Scribes and Pharisees said again to one another, \u2018We have done badly in supplying such testimony to Jesus. But let us go up and throw him down, in order that they may be afraid to believe him.\u2019\n15. And they cried out, saying, \u2018Oh! oh! the just man is also in error.\u2019 And they fulfilled the Scripture written in Isaiah, 505 \u2018Let us take away 506 the just man, because he is troublesome to us: therefore they shall eat the fruit of their doings.\u2019\n16. So they went up and threw down the just man, and said to each other, \u2018Let us stone James the Just.\u2019 And they began to stone him, for he was not killed by the fall; but he turned and knelt down and said, \u2018I entreat thee, Lord God our Father, 507 forgive them, for they know not what they do.\u2019 508\n17. And while they were thus stoning him one of the priests of the sons of Rechab, the son of the Rechabites, 509 who are mentioned by Jeremiah the prophet, 510 cried out, saying, \u2018Cease, what do ye? The just one prayeth for you.\u2019 511\np. 127 18. And one of them, who was a fuller, took the club with which he beat out clothes and struck the just man on the head. And thus he suffered martyrdom. 512 And they buried him on the spot, by the temple, and his monument still remains by the temple. 513 He became a true witness, both to Jews and Greeks, that Jesus is the Christ. And immediately Vespasian besieged them.\u201d 514\n19. These things are related at length by Hegesippus, who is in agreement with Clement. 515 James was so admirable a man and so celebrated among all for his justice, that the more sensible even of the Jews were of the opinion that this was the cause of the siege of Jerusalem, which happened to them immediately after his martyrdom for no other reason than their daring act against him.\n20. Josephus, at least, has not hesitated to testify this in his writings, where he says, 516 \u201cThese things happened to the Jews to avenge James the Just, who was a brother of Jesus, that is called the Christ. For the Jews slew him, although he was a most just man.\u201d\n21. And the same writer records his death also in the twentieth book of his Antiquities in the following words: 517 \u201cBut the emperor, when he learned of the death of Festus, sent Albinus 518 to be procurator of Judea. But the younger Ananus, 519 who, as we have already said, 520 had obtained the high priesthood, was of an exceedingly bold and reckless disposition. He belonged, moreover, to the sect of the Sadducees, who are the most cruel of all the Jews in the execution of judgment, as we have already shown. 521\n22. Ananus, therefore, being of this character, and supposing that he had a favorable opportunity on account of the fact that Festus was dead, and Albinus was still on the way, called together the Sanhedrim, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, the so-called Christ, James by name, together with some others, 522 and accused them of violating the law, and condemned them to be stoned. 523\n23. But those in the city who seemed most moderate and skilled in the law were very angry at this, and sent secretly to the king, 524 requesting him to order Ananus to cease such proceedings. For he had not done right even this first time. And certain of them also went to meet Albinus, who was journeying from Alexandria, and reminded him that it was not lawful for Ananus to summon the Sanhedrim without his knowledge. 525\n24. And Albinus, being p. 128 persuaded by their representations, wrote in anger to Ananus, threatening him with punishment. And the king, Agrippa, in consequence, deprived him of the high priesthood, 526 which he had held three months, and appointed Jesus, the son of Damn\u00e6us.\u201d 527\n25. These things are recorded in regard to James, who is said to be the author of the first of the so-called catholic 528 epistles. But it is to be observed that it is disputed; 529 at least, not many of the ancients have mentioned it, as is the case likewise with the epistle that bears the name of Jude, 530 which is also one of the seven so-called catholic epistles. Nevertheless we know that these also, 531 with the rest, have been read publicly in very many churches. 532\nSee above, Bk. I. chap. 12, note 14.\n125:485 125:486\n\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. See Bk. VI. chap. 3, note 9.\n125:487\nSee the preceding chapter, note 1, and below, note 40.\n125:488 125:489\nOn Hegesippus, see Bk. IV. chap. 22.\n125:490\nAs the Memoirs of Hegesippus consisted of but five books, this account of James occurred in the last book, and this shows how entirely lacking the work was in all chronological arrangement (cf. Book IV. chap. 22). This fragment is given by Routh, Rel. Sac. I. p. 208 sqq., with a valuable discussion on p. 228 sqq.\n125:491\n\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u201cwith the apostles\u201d; as Rufinus rightly translates, cum apostolis. Jerome, on the contrary, reads post apostolos, \u201cafter the apostles,\u201d as if the Greek were \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. This statement of Hegesippus is correct. James was a leader of the Jerusalem church, in company with Peter and John, as we see from Gal. ii. 9. But that is quite different from saying, as Eusebius does just above, and as Clement (quoted by Eusebius, chap. 1, \u00a73) does, that he was appointed Bishop of Jerusalem by the apostles. See chap. 1, note 11.\n125:492 125:493\n\u201cThe dramatic account of James by Hegesippus is an overdrawn picture from the middle of the second century, colored by Judaizing traits which may have been derived from the Ascents of James, and other Apocryphal sources. He turns James into a Jewish priest and Nazarite saint (cf. his advice to Paul, Acts 21:23, 24), who drank no wine, ate no flesh, never shaved nor took a bath, and wore only linen. But the Biblical James is Pharisaic and legalistic, rather than Essenic and ascetic\u201d (Schaff, Ch. Hist. I. p. 268). For Peter\u2019s asceticism, see the Clementine Recognitions, VII. 6; and for Matthew\u2019s, see Clement of Alexandria\u2019s P\u00e6dagogus, II. 1.\n125:494\n\u1fbd\u03a9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2: probably a corruption of the Heb. \u05d0\u05b9\u05e4\u05b6\u05dc \u05e2\u05b7\u05dd, which signifies \u201cbulwark of the people.\u201d The same name is given to James by Epiphanius, by Dionysius the Areopagite, and others. See Suicer, Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus, s.v.\n125:495\n\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\n125:496\nTo what Hegesippus refers I do not know, as there is no passage in the prophets which can be interpreted in this way. He may have been thinking of the passage from Isaiah quoted in \u00a715, below, but the reference is certainly very much strained.\n125:497 125:498\nFor a discussion of this very difficult question, whose interpretation has puzzled all commentators, see Routh Rel. Sac. I. p. 434 sq., and Heinichen\u2019s Mel. IV., in his edition of Eusebius, Vol. III., p. 654 sqq. The explanation given by Grabe (in his Spic. PP. p. 254), seems to me the best. According to him, the Jews wish to ascertain James\u2019 opinion in regard to Christ, whether he considers him a true guide or an impostor, and therefore they ask, \u201cWhat (of what sort) is the gate (or the way) of Christ? Is it a gate which opens into life (or a way which leads to life); or is it a gate which opens upon death (or a way which leads to death)?\u201d Cf. Matt. 7:13, 14, where the two ways and the two gates are compared. The Jews had undoubtedly often heard Christ called \u201cthe Way,\u201d and thus they might naturally use the expression in asking James\u2019 opinion about Jesus, \u201cIs he the true or the false way?\u201d or, \u201cIs this way true or false?\u201d The answer of James which follows is then perfectly consistent: \u201cHe is the Saviour,\u201d in which words he expresses as decidedly as he can his belief that the way or the gate of Christ led to salvation. And so below, in \u00a712, where he gives a second answer to the question, expressing his belief in Christ still more emphatically. This is somewhat similar to the explanation of Heinichen (ibid. p. 659 sq.), who construes the genitive \u1fbd\u0399\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 as in virtual apposition to \u03b8\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1: \u201cWhat is this way, Jesus?\u201d But Grabe seems to bring out most clearly the true meaning of the question.\n126:499\nRufinus translates non crediderunt neque surrexisse eum, &c., and he is followed by Fabricius (Cod. Apoc. N. T. II. p. 603). This rendering suits the context excellently, and seems to be the only rendering which gives any meaning to the following sentence. And yet, as our Greek stands, it is impossible to translate thus, as both \u1f00\u03bd\u20ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd and \u1f10\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd are left entirely indefinite. The Greek runs, \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u20ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f50\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba.\u03c4.\u03bb. Cf. the notes of Valesius and of Heinichen on this passage. Of these seven sects, so far as we know, only one, the Sadducees, disbelieved in the resurrection from the dead. If Hegesippus\u2019 words, therefore, be understood of a general resurrection, he is certainly in error.\n126:500\nThis sentence sufficiently reveals the legendary character of Hegesippus\u2019 account. James\u2019 position as a Christian must have been well enough known to prevent such a request being made to him in good faith (and there is no sign that it was made in any other spirit); and at any rate, after his reply to them already recorded, such a repetition of the question in public is absurd. Fabricius, who does not think the account is true, says that, if it is, the Jews seem to have asked him a second time, thinking that they could either flatter or frighten him into denying Christ.\n126:501\nCf. Matt. xxii. 16.\n126:502\n\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u03b1\u03bf\u1fe6. Some mss. read \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6, and in the preceding paragraph that phrase occurs, which is identical with the phrase used in Matt. iv. 5, where the devil places Christ on a pinnacle of the temple. \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 is the general name for the temple buildings as a whole, while \u03bd\u03b1\u03cc\u03c2 is a specific name for the temple proper.\n126:503\nSome mss., with Rufinus and the editions of Valesius and Heinichen, add \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u201cwho was crucified,\u201d and Stroth, Closs, and Crus\u00e9 follow this reading in their translations. But many of the best mss. omit the words, as do also Nicephorus, Burton, Routh, Schwegler, Laemmer, and Stigloher, and I prefer to follow their example, as the words seem to be an addition from the previous line.\n126:504\nCf. Matt. 26:64, Mark 14:62Mark xiv. 62\n126:505\nIsa. iii. 10. Jess (p. 50) says, \u201cAuch darin ist Hegesipp nur ein Kind seiner Zeit, dass er in ausgedehntem Masse im Alten Testamente Weissagungen auffindet. Aber mit Bezug darauf darf man nicht vergessen,\u2014dass dergleichen mehr oratorische Benutzung als exegetische Erkl\u00e4rungen sein sollen.\u201d Cf. the writer\u2019s Dialogue between a Christian and a Jew (Papiscus and Philo), chap. 1.\n126:506\n\u1f04\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd. The LXX, as we have it to-day, reads \u03b4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, but Justin Martyr\u2019s Dial., chap. 136, reads \u1f04\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (though in chaps. 17 and 133 it reads \u03b4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd). Tertullian also in his Adv. Marc. Bk. III. chap. 22, shows that he read \u1f04\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, for he translates auferamus.\n126:507 126:508 126:509\n\u1ffe\u03a1\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03bc, which is simply the reproduction in Greek letters of the Hebrew plural, and is equivalent to \u201cthe Rechabites.\u201d But Hegesippus uses it without any article as if it were the name of an individual, just as he uses the name \u1ffe\u03a1\u03b7\u03c7\u20ac\u03b2 which immediately precedes. The Rechabites were a tribe who took their origin from Jehonadab, the son of Rechab, who appears from 1 Chron. ii. 55 to have belonged to a branch of the Kenites, the Arabian tribe which came into Palestine with the Israelites. Jehonadab enjoined upon his descendants a nomadic and ascetic mode of life, which they observed with great strictness for centuries, and received a blessing from God on account of their steadfastness (Jer. xxxv. 19). That a Rechabite, who did not belong to the tribe of Judah, nor even to the genuine people of Israel, should have been a priest seems at first sight inexplicable. Different solutions have been offered. Some think that Hegesippus was mistaken,\u2014the source from which he took his account having confounded this ascetic Rechabite with a priest,\u2014but this is hardly probable. Plumptre, in Smith\u2019s Bib. Dict. art. Rechabites (which see for a full account of the tribe), thinks that the blessing pronounced upon them by God (Jer. xxxv. 19) included their solemn adoption among the people of Israel, and their incorporation into the tribe of Levi, and therefore into the number of the priests. Others (e.g. Tillemont, H. E. I. p. 633) have supposed that many Jews, including also priests, embraced the practices and the institutions of the Rechabites and were therefore identified with them. The language here, however, seems to imply a native Rechabite, and it is probable that Hegesippus at least believed this person to be such, whether his belief was correct or not. See Routh, I. p. 243 sq.\n126:510\nSee Jer. xxxv\n126:511\nIn Epiphanius, H\u00e6r. LXXVIII. 14, these words are put into the mouth of Simeon, the son of Clopas; from which some have concluded that Simeon had joined the order of the Rechabites; but there is no ground for such an assumption. The Simeon of Epiphanius and the Rechabite of Hegesippus are not necessarily identical. They represent simply varieties of the original account, and Epiphanius\u2019, as the more exact, was undoubtedly the later tradition, and an intentional improvement upon the vagueness of the original.\n127:512\nClement (in chap. 5, \u00a74, above), who undoubtedly used the account of Hegesippus as his source, describes the death of James as taking place in the same way, but omits the stoning which preceded. Josephus, on the other hand (quoted below), mentions only the stoning. But Hegesippus\u2019 account, which is the fullest that we have gives us the means of reconciling the briefer accounts of Clement and of Josephus, and we have no reason to think either account incorrect.\n127:513\nValesius remarks that the monument (\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bb\u03b7) could not have stood through the destruction of Jerusalem until the time of Hegesippus, nor could James have been buried near the temple, as the Jews always buried their dead without the city walls. Tillemont attempted to meet the difficulty by supposing that James was thrown from a pinnacle of the temple overlooking the Valley of Jehoshaphat, and therefore fell without the walls, where he was stoned and buried, and where his monument could remain undisturbed. Tillemont however, afterward withdrew his explanation, which was beset with difficulties. Others have supposed that the monument mentioned by Hegesippus was erected after the destruction of Jerusalem (cf. Jerome, de vir. ill. 2), while his body was buried in another place. This is quite possible, as Hegesippus must have seen some monument of James which was reported to have been the original one but which must certainly have been of later date. A monument, which is now commonly known as the tomb of St. James, is shown upon the east side of the Valley of Jehoshaphat, and therefore at a considerable distance from the temple. See Routh, Rel. Sac. I. p. 246 sqq.\n127:514 127:515\nSee above, chap. I. \u00a74. His agreement with Clement is not very surprising, inasmuch as the latter probably drew his knowledge from the account of the former.\n127:516\nThis passage is not found in our existing mss. of Josephus, but is given by Origen (Contra Celsum, I. 47), which shows at any rate that Eusebius did not invent the words. It is probable therefore, that the copies of Josephus used by Origen and Eusebius contained this interpolation, while the copies from which our existing mss. drew were without it. It is of course possible, especially since he does not mention the reference in Josephus, that Eusebius quoted these words from Origen. But this does not help matters any, as it still remains as difficult to account for the occurrence of the words in Origen, and even if Eusebius did take the passage from Origen instead of from Josephus himself, we still have no right with Jachmann (ib. p. 40) to accuse him of wilful deception. For with his great confidence in Origen, and his unbounded admiration for him, and with his naturally uncritical spirit, he would readily accept as true in all good faith a quotation given by Origen and purporting to be taken from Josephus, even though he could not find it in his own copy of the latter\u2019s works.\n127:517 127:518\nAlbinus succeeded Festus in 61 or 62 a.d. He was a very corrupt governor and was in turn succeeded by Gessius Florus in 64 a.d. See Wieseler, Chron. d. Ap. Zeitalters, p. 89.\n127:519\nAnanus was the fifth son of the high priest Annas mentioned in the N.T. His father and his four brothers had been high priests before him, as Josephus tells us in this same paragraph. He was appointed high priest by Agrippa II. in 61 or 62 a.d., and held the office but three months.\n127:520\nAnanus\u2019 accession is recorded by Josephus in a sentence immediately preceding, which Eusebius, who abridges Josephus\u2019 account somewhat, has omitted in this quotation.\n127:521\nI can find no previous mention in Josephus of the hardness of the Sadducees; but see Reland\u2019s note upon this passage in Josephus. It may be that we have lost a part of the account of the Sadducees and Pharisees.\n127:522\n\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u1f7c\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 [\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1f78\u03bd \u1fbd\u0399\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u1fbd\u0399\u20ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f44\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03af] \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 [\u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2], \u03ba.\u03c4.\u03bb. Some critics regard the bracketed words as spurious, but Neander, Gesch. der Pflanzung und Leitung der Christlichen Kirche, 5th ed., p. 445, note, contends for their genuineness, and this is now the common opinion of critics. It is in fact very difficult to suppose that a Christian in interpolating the passage, would have referred to James as the brother of the \u201cso-called Christ.\u201d On the other hand, as the words stand there is no good reason to doubt their genuineness.\n127:523\nThe date of the martyrdom of James, given here by Josephus, is 61 or 62 a.d. (at the time of the Passover, according to Hegesippus, \u00a710, above). There is no reason for doubting this date which is given with such exactness by Josephus, and it is further confirmed by Eusebius in his Chron., who puts James\u2019s martyrdom in the seventh year of Nero, i.e. 61 a.d., while Jerome puts it in the eighth year of Nero. The Clementines and the Chronicon Paschale, which state that James survived Peter, and are therefore cited in support of a later date, are too late to be of any weight over against such an exact statement as that of Josephus, especially since Peter and James died at such a distance from one another. Hegesippus has been cited over and over again by historians as assigning the date of the martyrdom to 69 a.d., and as thus being in direct conflict with Josephus; as a consequence some follow his supposed date, others that of Josephus. But I can find no reason for asserting that Hegesippus assigns the martyrdom to 69. Certainly his words in this chapter, which are referred to, by no means necessitate such an assumption. He concludes his account with the words \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u1f7a\u03c2 \u039f\u1f50\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. The \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 is certainly to be referred to the commencement of the war (not to the siege of the city of Jerusalem, which was undertaken by Titus, not by Vespasian), i.e. to the year 67 a.d., and in such an account as this, in which the overthrow of the Jews is designedly presented in connection with the death of James, it is hyper-criticism to insist that the word \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u03cd\u03c2 must indicate a space of time of only a few months\u2019 duration. It is a very indefinite word, and the most we can draw from Hegesippus\u2019 account is that not long before Vespasian\u2019s invasion of Judea, James was slain. The same may be said in regard to Eusebius\u2019 report in Bk. III. chap. 11, \u00a71, which certainly is not definite enough to be cited as a contradiction of his express statement in his Chronicle. But however it may be with this report and that of Hegesippus, the date given by Josephus is undoubtedly to be accepted as correct.\n127:524 127:525\n\u1f61\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u1f78\u03bd \u1f26\u03bd \u1fbd\u0391\u03bd\u20ac\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd. Jost reads \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (referring to Agrippa) instead of \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 (referring to Albinus), and consequently draws the conclusion that the Sanhedrim could be called only with the consent of Agrippa, and that therefore Ananus had acted contrary to the rights of Agrippa, but not contrary to the rights of Albinus. But the reading \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 is supported by overwhelming ms. authority and must be regarded as undoubtedly correct. Jost\u2019s conclusion, therefore, which his acceptance of the \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 forced upon him, is quite incorrect. The passage appears to imply that the Sanhedrim could be called only with the consent of the procurator, and it has been so interpreted; but as Sch\u00fcrer points out (Gesch. der Juden im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, p. 169 sq.) this conclusion is incorrect and all that the passage implies is that the Sanhedrim could not hold a sovereign process, that is, could not meet for the purpose of passing sentence of death and executing the sentence, during the absence or without the consent of the procurator. For the transaction of ordinary business the consent of the procurator was not necessary. Compare the Commentaries on John xviii. 31, and the remarks of Sch\u00fcrer in the passage referred to above.\n128:526\nAgrippa, as remarked above, chap. 19, note 4 exercised government over the temple, and enjoyed the power of appointing and removing the high priests.\n128:527\nOf Jesus, the son of Damn\u00e6us, nothing further is known. He was succeeded, while Albinus was still procurator, by Jesus, the son of Gamaliel (Ant. XX. 9. 4).\n128:528\nThis term was applied to all or a part of these seven epistles by the Alexandrian Clement, Origen, and Dionysius, and since the time of Eusebius has been the common designation. The word is used in the sense of \u201cgeneral,\u201d to denote that the epistles are encyclical letters addressed to no particular persons or congregations, though this is not true of II. and III. John, which, however, are classed with the others on account of their supposed Johannine authorship, and consequent close connection with his first epistle. The word was not first used, as some have held, in the sense of \u201ccanonical,\u201d to denote the catholic or general acceptance of the epistle,\u2014a meaning which Eusebius contradicts in this very passage, and which the history of the epistles themselves (five of the seven being among the antilegomena) sufficiently refutes. See Holtzmann\u2019s Einleitung, p. 472 sqq., and Weiss, ibid. p. 89 sqq.\n128:529\n\u03bd\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. It is common to translate the word \u03bd\u03cc\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, \u201cspurious\u201d (and the kindred verb, \u201cto be spurious\u201d); but it is plain enough from this passage, as also from others that Eusebius did not employ the word in that sense. He commonly used it in fact, in a loose way, to mean \u201cdisputed,\u201d in the same sense in which he often employed the word \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2. L\u00fccke, indeed, maintained that Eusebius always used the words \u03bd\u03cc\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 and \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 as synonymous; but in Bk. III. chap. 25, as pointed out in note 1 on that chapter, he employed the words as respective designations of two distinct classes of books.\nThe Epistle of James is classed by Eusebius (in Bk. III. chap. 25) among the antilegomena. The ancient testimonies for its authenticity are very few. It was used by no one, except Hermas, down to the end of the second century. Iren\u00e6us seems to have known the epistle (his works exhibit some apparent reminiscences of it), but he nowhere directly cites it. The Muratorian Fragment omits it, but the Syriac Peshito contains it, and Clement of Alexandria shows a few faint reminiscences of it in his extant works, and according to Eusebius VI. 14, wrote commentaries upon \u201cJude and the other catholic epistles.\u201d It is quoted frequently by Origen, who first connects it with the \u201cBrother of the Lord,\u201d but does not express himself with decision as to its authenticity. From his time on it was commonly accepted as the work of \u201cJames, the Lord\u2019s brother.\u201d Eusebius throws it among the antilegomena; not necessarily because he considered it unauthentic, but because the early testimonies for it are too few to raise it to the dignity of one of the homologoumena (see Bk. III. chap. 25, note 1). Luther rejected the epistle upon purely dogmatic grounds. The advanced critical school are unanimous in considering it a post-apostolic work, and many conservative scholars agree with them. See Holtzmann\u2019s Einleitung, p. 475 sqq. and Weiss\u2019 Einleitung, p. 396 sqq. The latter defends its authenticity (i.e. the authorship of James, the brother of the Lord), and, in agreement with many other scholars of conservative tendencies, throws its origin back into the early part of the fifties.\n128:530\nThe authenticity of the Epistle of Jude (also classed among the antilegomena by Eusebius in Bk. III. chap. 25) is about as well supported as that of the Epistle of James. The Peshito does not contain it, and the Syrian Church in general rejected it for a number of centuries. The Muratorian Fragment accepts it, and Tertullian evidently considered it a work of Jude, the apostle (see De Cultu Fem. I. 3). The first to quote from it is Clement of Alexandria who wrote a commentary upon it in connection with the other catholic epistles according to Eusebius, VI. 14. 1. Origen looked upon it much as he looked upon the Epistle of James, but did not make the \u201cJude, the brother of James,\u201d one of the twelve apostles. Eusebius treats it as he does James, and Luther, followed by many modern conservative scholars (among them Neander), rejects it. Its defenders commonly ascribe it to Jude, the brother of the Lord, in distinction from Jude the apostle, and put its composition before the destruction of Jerusalem. The advanced critical school unanimously deny its authenticity, and most of them throw its composition into the second century, although some put it back into the latter part of the first. See Holtzmann, p. 501.\n128:531\nOn the Epistles of Peter, see Bk. III. chap. 3, notes 1 and 2. On the Epistles of John, see ibid. chap. 44, notes 18 and 19.\n128:532","title":"Nicene and Ante-Nicene Fathers, Ser. II, Vol I: The Churc...","type":"page"}