{"collection":"chr","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/chr/ecf/208/2080048.htm","path":"chr/ecf/208/2080048.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/chr/ecf/208/2080048.htm","text":"In what manner in the confession of the three hypostases we preserve the pious dogma of the Monarchia. Wherein also is the refutation of them that allege that the Spirit is subnumerated. 1085\n44. In delivering the formula of the Fap. 28 ther, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, 1086 our Lord did not connect the gift with number. He did not say \u201cinto First, Second, and Third,\u201d 1087 nor yet \u201cinto one, two, and three, but He gave us the boon of the knowledge of the faith which leads to salvation, by means of holy names. So that what saves us is our faith. Number has been devised as a symbol indicative of the quantity of objects. But these men, who bring ruin on themselves from every possible source, have turned even the capacity for counting against the faith. Nothing else undergoes any change in consequence of the addition of number, and yet these men in the case of the divine nature pay reverence to number, lest they should exceed the limits of the honour due to the Paraclete. But, O wisest sirs, let the unapproachable be altogether above and beyond number, as the ancient reverence of the Hebrews wrote the unutterable name of God in peculiar characters, thus endeavouring to set forth its infinite excellence. Count, if you must; but you must not by counting do damage to the faith. Either let the ineffable be honoured by silence; or let holy things be counted consistently with true religion. There is one God and Father, one Only-begotten, and one Holy Ghost. We proclaim each of the hypostases singly; and, when count we must, we do not let an ignorant arithmetic carry us away to the idea of a plurality of Gods.\n45. For we do not count by way of addition, gradually making increase from unity to multitude, and saying one, two, and three,\u2014nor yet first, second, and third. For \u201cI,\u201d God, \u201cam the first, and I am the last.\u201d 1088 And hitherto we have never, even at the present time, heard of a second God. Worshipping as we do God of God, we both confess the distinction of the Persons, and at the same time abide by the Monarchy. We do not fritter away the theology 1089 in a divided plurality, because one Form, so to say, united 1090 in the invariableness of the Godhead, is beheld in God the Father, and in God the Only begotten. For the Son is in the Father and the Father in the Son; since such as is the latter, such is the former, and such as is the former, such is the latter; and herein is the Unity. So that according to the distinction of Persons, both are one and one, and according to the community of Nature, one. How, then, if one and one, are there not two Gods? Because we speak of a king, and of the king\u2019s image, and not of two kings. The majesty is not cloven in two, nor the glory divided. The sovereignty and authority over us is one, and so the doxology ascribed by us is not plural but one; 1091 because the honour paid to the image passes on to the prototype. Now what in the one case the image is by reason of imitation, that in the other case the Son is by nature; and as in works of art the likeness is dependent on the form, so in the case of the divine and uncompounded nature the union consists in the communion of the Godhead. 1092 One, moreover, is the Holy Spirit, and we speak of Him singly, conjoined as He is to the one Father through the one Son, and through Himself completing the adorable and blessed Trinity. Of Him the intimate relationship to the Father and the Son is sufficiently declared by the fact of His not being ranked in the plurality of the creation, but being spoken of singly; for he is not one of many, but One. For as there is one Father and one Son, so is there one Holy Ghost. He is consequently as far removed from created Nature as reason requires the singular to be removed from compound and plural bodies; and He is in such wise united to the Father and to the Son as unit has affinity with unit.\np. 29 46. And it is not from this source alone that our proofs of the natural communion are derived, but from the fact that He is moreover said to be \u201cof God;\u201d 1093 not indeed in the sense in which \u201call things are of God,\u201d 1094 but in the sense of proceeding out of God, not by generation, like the Son, but as Breath of His mouth. But in no way is the \u201cmouth\u201d a member, nor the Spirit breath that is dissolved; but the word \u201cmouth\u201d is used so far as it can be appropriate to God, and the Spirit is a Substance having life, gifted with supreme power of sanctification. Thus the close relation is made plain, while the mode of the ineffable existence is safeguarded. He is moreover styled \u2018Spirit of Christ,\u2019 as being by nature closely related to Him. Wherefore \u201cIf any man have not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of His.\u201d 1095 Hence He alone worthily glorifies the Lord, for, it is said, \u201cHe shall glorify me,\u201d 1096 not as the creature, but as \u201cSpirit of truth,\u201d 1097 clearly shewing forth the truth in Himself, and, as Spirit of wisdom, in His own greatness revealing \u201cChrist the Power of God and the wisdom of God.\u201d 1098 And as Paraclete 1099 He expresses in Himself the goodness of the Paraclete who sent Him, and in His own dignity manifests the majesty of Him from whom He proceeded. There is then on the one hand a natural glory, as light is the glory of the sun; and on the other a glory bestowed judicially and of free will \u2018ab extra\u2019 on them that are worthy. The latter is twofold. \u201cA son,\u201d it is said, \u201chonoureth his father, and a servant his master.\u201d 1100 Of these two the one, the servile, is given by the creature; the other, which may be called the intimate, is fulfilled by the Spirit. For, as our Lord said of Himself, \u201cI have glorified Thee on the earth: I have finished the work which thou gavest me to do;\u201d 1101 so of the Paraclete He says \u201cHe shall glorify me: for He shall receive of mine, and shall show it unto you.\u201d 1102 And as the Son is glorified of the Father when He says \u201cI have both glorified it and will glorify it 1103 again,\u201d 1104 so is the Spirit glorified through His communion with both Father and Son, and through the testimony of the Only-begotten when He says \u201cAll manner of sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven unto men: but the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost shall not be forgiven unto men.\u201d 1105\n47. And when, by means of the power that enlightens us, we fix our eyes on the beauty of the image of the invisible God, and through the image are led up to the supreme beauty of the spectacle of the archetype, then, I ween, is with us inseparably the Spirit of knowledge, in Himself bestowing on them that love the vision of the truth the power of beholding the Image, not making the exhibition from without, but in Himself leading on to the full knowledge. \u201cNo man knoweth the Father save the Son.\u201d 1106 And so \u201cno man can say that Jesus is the Lord but by the Holy Ghost.\u201d 1107 For it is not said through the Spirit, but by the Spirit, and \u201cGod is a spirit, and they that worship Him must worship Him in spirit and in truth,\u201d 1108 as it is written \u201cin thy light shall we see light,\u201d 1109 namely by the illumination of the Spirit, \u201cthe true light which lighteth every man that cometh into the world.\u201d 1110 It results that in Himself He shows the glory of the Only begotten, and on true worshippers He in Himself bestows the knowledge of God. Thus the way of the knowledge of God lies from One Spirit through the One Son to the One Father, and conversely the natural Goodness and the inherent Holiness and the royal Dignity extend from the Father through the Only-begotten to the Spirit. Thus there is both acknowledgment of the hypostases and the true p. 30 dogma of the Monarchy is not lost. 1111 They on the other hand who support their sub-numeration by talking of first and second and third ought to be informed that into the undefiled theology of Christians they are importing the polytheism of heathen error. No other result can be achieved by the fell device of sub-numeration than the confession of a first, a second, and a third God. For us is sufficient the order prescribed by the Lord. He who confuses this order will be no less guilty of transgressing the law than are the impious heathen.\nEnough has been now said to prove, in contravention of their error, that the communion of Nature is in no wise dissolved by the manner of sub-numeration. Let us, however, make a concession to our contentious and feeble minded adversary, and grant that what is second to anything is spoken of in sub-numeration to it. Now let us see what follows. \u201cThe first man\u201d it is said \u201cis of the earth earthy, the second man is the Lord from heaven.\u201d 1112 Again \u201cthat was not first which is spiritual but that which is natural and afterward that which is spiritual.\u201d 1113 If then the second is subnumerated to the first, and the subnumerated is inferior in dignity to that to which it was subnumerated, according to you the spiritual is inferior in honour to the natural, and the heavenly man to the earthy.\nThe term \u039c\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 first acquired importance in patristic literature in Justin\u2019s work De monarchia, against Polytheism. Of the lost letter of Iren\u00e6us to the Roman Presbyter Florinus, who was deposed for heresy, presumably gnostic, the title, according to Eusebius (H.E. v. 20), was \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u039c\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd. Later it came to be used to express not the Divine unity as opposed to Polytheism or Oriental Dualism, but the Divine unity as opposed to Tritheism. Vide the words of Dionysius of Rome, as quoted by Athan. De Decretis, \u00a7 26, \u201cNext let me turn to those who cut in pieces, divide, and destroy that most sacred doctrine of the church of God, the divine Monarchy, making it, as it were, three powers and divided subsistences and three godheads.\u201d So St. Basil Cont. Eunom. ii. \u1fbd\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u1f74 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1, \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1f74 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1. And in Ep. xxxviii. \u1fbd\u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03af\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c6\u03b5\u03bf\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f25\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c2\u03c4\u1f76\u03bd \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f10\u03ba \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03c5\u1f31& 232\u00b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1fbd \u03bf\u1f57 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1. And in Ep. cxxv. \u0395\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03bf\u1f34\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1f74\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1fbd\u0399\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6. On the doctrine and its exponents compare \u00a7 72 of the De Sp. S.\nOn the other hand \u201cMonarchians\u201d was a name connoting heresy when applied to those who pushed the doctrine of the Unity to an extreme, involving denial of a Trinity. Of these, among the more noteworthy were Paul of Samosata, bp. of Antioch, who was deposed in 269, a representative of thinkers who have been called dynamical monarchians, and Praxeas (supposed by some to be a nickname), who taught at Rome in the reign of Marcus Aurelius, and of whom Tertullian, the originator of the term patripassians, as applied to Monarchians, wrote \u201cParacletum fugavit et patrem crucifixit.\u201d This heretical Monarchianism culminated in Sabellius, the \u201cmost original, ingenious, and profound of the Monarchians.\u201d Schaff. Hist. Chr. Church, i. 293. cf. Gisseler, i. p. 127, Harnack\u2019s Monarchianismus in Herzog\u2019s Real Encyclop\u00e6die, Vol. x. Thomasius Dog. Gesch. i. p. 179, and Fialon Et. Hist. p. 241.\n28:1086 28:1087\nMr. C.F.H. Johnston quotes as instances of the application of the word \u201cthird\u201d to the Holy Ghost; Justin Martyr (Apol. i. 13) \u201cWe honour the Spirit of prophecy in the third rank.\u201d Tertullian (In Prax. 8) \u201cAs the fruit from the tree is third from the root, and the rivulet from the river third from the source, and the flame from the ray third from the sun.\u201d Eunomius (Lib. Apol. \u00a7 25) \u201cobserving the teaching of Saints, we have learned from them that the Holy Spirit is third in dignity and order, and so have believed him to be third in nature also.\u201d On the last St. Basil (Adv. Eunom. ii.) rejoins \u201cPerhaps the word of piety allows Him to come in rank second to the Son\u2026although He is inferior to the Son in rank and dignity (that we may make the utmost possible concession) it does not reasonably follow thence that he is of a different nature.\u201d On the word \u201cperhaps\u201d a dispute arose at the Council of Florence, the Latins denying its genuineness.\n28:1088 28:1089\nAccording to patristic usage \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 proper is concerned with all that relates to the Divine and Eternal nature of our Lord. cf. Bp. Lightfoot. Ap Fathers, Part II. vol. ii. p. 75.\n28:1090\n\u1f11\u03bd\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd. Var. lectiones are \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd, \u201cseated in,\u201d and \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd, \u201cimaged in.\u201d\n28:1091\ncf. the embolismus, or intercalated prayer in the Liturgy of St. James, as cited by Mr. C.F.H. Johnston. \u201cFor of thee is the kingdom and the power and the glory, of Father, of Son, and of Holy Ghost, now and ever.\u201d\n28:1092\nOn the right use of the illustration of \u03b5\u1f30\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, cf. Basil Ep. xxxviii., and Bp. Lightfoot\u2019s note on Col. i. 15. cf. also John i. 18 and xiv. 9, 10.\n29:1093 29:1094\n1 Cor. xi. 12. George of Laodicea applied this passage to the Son, and wrote to the Arians: \u201cWhy complain of Pope Alexander (i.e. of Alexandria) for saying that the Son is from the Father.\u2026For if the apostle wrote All things are from God\u2026He may be said to be from God in that sense in which all things are from God.\u201d Athan., De Syn. 17.\n29:1095 29:1096 29:1097 29:1098 29:1099\n\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 occurs five times in the N.T., and is rendered in A.V. in John 14:16, 26, John 15:26, John 16:7, Comforter; in 1 John ii. 1 Advocate, as applied to the Son. In the text the Son, the Paraclete, is described as sending the Spirit, the Paraclete; in the second clause of the sentence it can hardly be positively determined whether the words \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f41\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd refer to the Father or to the Son. The former view is adopted by Mr. C.F.H. Johnson, the latter by the editor of Keble\u2019s Studia Sacra, p. 176. The sequence of the sentence in John xv. 26 might lead one to regard \u1f41\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd as equivalent to \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70\u0300 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. On the other hand. St. Basil\u2019s avoidance of direct citation of the verb \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, his close connexion of \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 with \u1f45\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd, and the close of the verse in St. John\u2019s gospel \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6, suggest that the \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 in St. Basil\u2019s mind may be the \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 of the Son. At the same time, while the Western Church was in the main unanimous as to the double procession, this passage from St. Basil is not quoted as an exception to the general current of the teaching of the Greek Fathers, who, as Bp. Pearson expresses it, \u201cstuck more closely to the phrase and language of the Scriptures, saying that the spirit proceedeth from the Father.\u201d (Pearson On the Creed, Art. viii. where videquotations) Vide also Thomasius, Christ. Dogm., i. 270, Namentlich auf letzere Bestimmung legten die griechischen V\u00e4ter groszes Gewicht. Im Gegensatz gegen den macedonischen Irrtum, der den Geist f\u00fcr ein Gesch\u00fcpf des Sohnes ansah, f\u00fchrte man die Subsistenz desselben ebenso auf den Vater zuruck wie die des Sohnes. Man lehrte, , also, der heilige Geist geht vom Vater aus, der Vater ist die \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae wie des Sohnes so auch des Geistes; aber mit der dem herk\u00f6mmlichen Zuge des Dogma entsprechenden N\u00e4herbestimmung: nicht \u1f00\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, sondern \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, interventu filii geht der Geist vom Vater aus, also \u201cdurch den Sohn vom Vater.\u201d So die bedeutendsten Kirchenlehrer, w\u00e4hrend andere einfach bei der Formel stehen blieben; er gehe vom Vater aus.\n29:1100 29:1101 29:1102 29:1103\nFour mss. of the De S.S. read \u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5, a variation not appearing in mss. of the Gospel.\n29:1104 29:1105 29:1106\nMatt. xi. 27, \u201c\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f41 \u03a5\u1f31& 231\u00b7\u03c2\u201d substituted for \u201c\u03bf\u1f50 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f41 \u03a5\u1f31& 231\u00b7\u03c2.\u201d\n29:1107 29:1108 29:1109 29:1110 30:1111\ncf. note on p. 27 and the distinction between \u03b4\u03cc\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 and \u03ba\u03ae\u03bf\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 in \u00a7 66. \u201cThe great objection which the Eastern Church makes to the Filioque is, that it implies the existence of two \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u1f76 in the godhead; and if we believe in \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u1f04\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9; we, in effect, believe in two Gods. The unity of the Godhead can only be maintained by acknowledging the Father to be the sole \u1fbd\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u1f74 or \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u1f74 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, who from all eternity has communicated His own Godhead to His co-eternal and consubstantial Son and Spirit. This reasoning is generally true. But, as the doctrine of the Procession of the Spirit from the Father and the Son presupposes the eternal generation of the Son from the Father; it does not follow, that that doctrine impugns the Catholic belief in the \u039c\u03af\u03b1 \u1fbd\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae.\u201d Bp. Harold Browne, Exp. xxxix Art., Note on Art v.\n30:1112 30:1113","title":"Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Ser. II, Vol. VIII: De Sp...","type":"page"}