{"collection":"Hinduism","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/hin/sbe01/sbe01217.htm","path":"hin/sbe01/sbe01217.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe01/sbe01217.htm","text":"The Upanishads, Part 1 (SBE01), by Max M\u00fcller, [1879]\n1. He who knows one sacrifice above another, one day above another, one deity above the others, he is clever. Now this great uktha (the nishkevalya-sastra) is the sacrifice above another, the day above another, the deity above others 1.\n2. This uktha is fivefold. With regard to its being performed as a Stoma (chorus), it is Trivrit, Pa\u00f1kadasa, Saptadasa, Ekavimsa, and Pa\u00f1kavimsa. With regard to its being performed as a S\u00e2man (song), it is G\u00e2yatra, Rathantara, Brihat, Bhadra, and R\u00e2gana. With regard to metre, it is G\u00e2yatr\u00ee, Ushnih, Brihat\u00ee, Trishtubh, and Dvipad\u00e2. And the explanation (given before in the \u00c2ranyaka) is that it is the head, the right wing, the left wing, the tail, and the body of the bird 2.\nin each hymn. This, is the first round. He then sings the three middle verses in each hymn. This is the second round. He lastly sings the last three verses in each hymn. This is the third round. This song is called Udyat\u00ee.\nThe Pa\u00f1kadasa stoma is formed out of one S\u00fbkta only, consisting of three verses. In the first round he sings the first verse p. 225 three times, the second and third once. In the second round he sings the middle verse three times, in the third round he sings the last verse three times. This song is called Vishtuti.\nThe Saptadasa stoma is formed in the same manner, only that in the first round he sings the first verse three times, in the second the middle verse three times, in the third round the middle and last verses three times. This song is called Dasasapta.\nThe Ekavimsa stoma is formed in the same manner, only that in the first round he sings the last verse once, in the second the first verse once, in the third the middle verse once, while the other verses are each repeated three times. This song is called Saptasaptin\u00ee.\nThe Pa\u00f1kavimsa stoma is formed in the same manner, only that in the first round he sings the first verse three times, the second four times, the last once; in the second round the first once, the second three times, the third four times; in the third round the first five times, the second once, the last three times; or he sings in the third round the first verse four times, the second twice, the last three times.\nS\u00e2yana in his commentary on the Ait. \u00c2r. takes the Trivrit stoma to be formed out of three hymns, each consisting of three verses, while he says that the other stomas are formed out of one hymn only. B. and R., sv. trivrit, state that this stoma consists of verses 1, 4, 7; 2, 5, 8; and 3, 6, 9 of the Rig-veda hymn IX, 11, but, according to S\u00e2yana, the stoma consists (1) of the first verses of the three S\u00fbktas, up\u00e2smai g\u00e2yata, davidyutaty\u00e2, and pavam\u00e2nasya at the beginning of the S\u00e2ma-veda-Uttar\u00e2rkika, (2) of the second, (3) Of the third verses of the same three hymns. Mah\u00eedh\u00e2ra (Yv. X, 9) takes the same view, though the MSS. seem to have left out the description of the second pary\u00e2ya, while S\u00e2yana in his commentary to the T\u00e2ndya-br\u00e2hmana seems to support the opinion of B. and R. There is an omission, however, in the printed text of the commentary, which makes it difficult to see the exact meaning of S\u00e2yana.\nThe Pa\u00f1kadasa stoma is well described by S\u00e2yana, T\u00e2ndya Br. II, 4. Taking the S\u00fbkta agna \u00e2 y\u00e2hi (Uttar\u00e2rkika I, 1, 4 = Rv. VI, 16, 10-12), he shows the stoma to consist of (1) verse 1 \u00d7 3, 2, 3 (2) verse 1, 2 \u00d7 3, 3; (3) verse 1, 2, 3 \u00d7 3.\nThe five S\u00e2mans are explained by the commentator. The p. 226 G\u00e2yatra is formed out of the Rik (III, 62, 10) tat savitur varenyam. The Rathantara is formed out of the Rik (VII, 32, 22) abhi tv\u00e2 s\u00fbra nonuma. The Brihat is formed out of the Rik (VI, 46, 1) tv\u00e2m id dhi hav\u00e2mahe. The Bhadra is formed out of the Rik (X, 57, 1) im\u00e2 nu kam. The R\u00e2gana is formed out of the Rik (VII, 27, 1) indram naro nemadhit\u00e2.\nThe metres require no explanation.\nIn identifying certain portions of the Nishkevalya hymn with a bird, the head of the bird corresponds to the hymns indram id g\u00e2thinah, &c.; the right wing to the hymns abhi tv\u00e2 s\u00fbra, &c.; the left wing to the hymns tv\u00e2m id dhi, &c.; the tail to the hymns im\u00e2 nu kam, &c.; the body to the hymns tad id \u00e2sa, &c. All this was explained in the first \u00c2ranyaka.\n3. He performs the Prast\u00e2va in five ways, he performs the Udg\u00eetha in five ways, he performs the\n[paragraph continues] Pratih\u00e2ra in five ways, he performs the Upadrava in five ways, he performs the Nidhana in five ways 1. All this together forms one thousand Stobhas, or musical syllables 2.\n4. Thus also are the Rik verses, contained in the Nishkevalya, recited (by the Hotri) in five orders. What precedes the eighty trikas, that is one order, then follow the three sets of eighty trikas each, and what comes after is the fifth order 3.\n5. This (the hymns of this Sastra) as a whole (if properly counted with the Stobha syllables) comes to one thousand (of Brihat\u00ee verses). That (thousand) is the whole, and ten, ten is called the whole. For number is such (measured by ten). Ten tens are a hundred, ten hundreds are a thousand, and that is the whole. These are the three metres (the tens, pervading everything). And this food also (the three sets of hymns being represented as food) is threefold, eating, drinking, and chewing. He obtains that food by those (three numbers, ten, hundred, and thousand, or by the three sets of eighty trikas).\n224:1 The uktha is to be conceived as pr\u00e2na, breath or life, and this pr\u00e2na was shown to be above the other powers (devat\u00e2s), speech, hearing, seeing, mind. The uktha belongs to the Mah\u00e2vrata day, and that is the most important day of the Soma sacrifice. The Soma sacrifice, lastly, is above all other sacrifices.\n224:2 All these are technicalities connected with the singing and reciting of the uktha. The commentator says: The stoma is a collection of single Rik verses occurring in the trikas which have to be sung. The Trivrit stoma, as explained in the S\u00e2ma-br\u00e2hmana, is as follows: There are three S\u00fbktas, each consisting of three verses, the first being up\u00e2smai g\u00e2yata, S. V. Uttar\u00e2rkika I, 1, 1 = Rv. IX, 11. The Udg\u00e2tri first sings the first three verses a\n224:a Hi\u1e45kri with dative is explained as gai with accusative.\n226:1 The S\u00e2magas sing the R\u00e2gana at the Mah\u00e2vrata, and in that S\u00e2man there are, as usual, five parts, the Prast\u00e2va, Udg\u00eetha, pratih\u00e2ra, Upadrava, and Nidhana. The Prastotri, when singing the Prast\u00e2va portions, sings them five times. The Udg\u00e2tri and Pratihartri sing their portions, the Udg\u00eetha and Pratih\u00e2ra, five times. The Udg\u00e2tri again sings the Upadrava five times. And all the Udg\u00e2tris together sing the Nidhana five times.\n226:2 The Stobha syllables are syllables without any meaning, added when verses have to be sung, in order to have a support for the music. See Kh. Up. I, 13. In singing the five S\u00e2mans, each five times, one thousand of such Stobha syllables are required.\n226:3 There are in the Nishkevalya hymn, which the Hotri has to recite, three sets of eighty trikas each. The first, consisting of G\u00e2yatr\u00ees, begins with indro ya ogas\u00e2. The second, consisting of Brihat\u00ees, begins with ya kid anyad. The third, consisting of Ushnihs, begins with ya indra somap\u00e2tama. These three sets form the food of the bird, as the emblem of the sastra. The hymns p. 227 which precede these, form the body, head, and wings of the bird. This is one order. Then follow the three sets of eighty trikas each; and lastly, the fifth order, consisting of the hymns which form the belly and the legs of the bird.","title":"The Upanishads, Part 1 (SBE01): Aitareya-\u00c2ranyaka: ...","type":"page"}