{"collection":"Hinduism","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/hin/sbe02/sbe0268.htm","path":"hin/sbe02/sbe0268.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe02/sbe0268.htm","text":"1. A householder shall take a wife (of) equal (caste), who has not belonged to another man and is younger (than himself). 1\n2. A marriage (may be contracted) between persons who have not the same Pravaras, 2\n3. (And) who are not related within six degrees on the father's side, 3\n4. Or on the side of the begetter, 4\n5. (Nor) within four degrees on the mothers side. 5\n6. (If the father) gives (his daughter) dressed (in two garments) and decked with ornaments to a person possessing (sacred) learning, of virtuous conduct, who has relatives and a (good) disposition, (that is a) Br\u00e2hma (wedding). 6\n7. At the Pr\u00e2g\u00e2patya (wedding) the marriage formula is, 'Fulfil ye the law conjointly.' 7\n8. At the \u00c2rsha (wedding the bridegroom) shall present a cow and a bull to him who has (authority over) the maiden. 8\n9. (If the bride) is given, decked with ornaments. to a priest at the altar, that is a Daiva wedding. 9\n10. The spontaneous union with a willing (maiden is called) a G\u00e2ndharva wedding. 10\n11. If those who have (authority over) a female are propitiated by money, (that is) an \u00c2sura wedding. 11\n12. (If the bride) is taken by force, (that is) a R\u00e2kshasa wedding. 12\n13. If (a man) embraces a female deprived of consciousness, (that is) a Pais\u00e2ka wedding. 13\n14. The first four (rites) are lawful; 14\n15. Some say, (the first) six. 15\n16. (Children) born in the regular order of wives of the next, second or third lower castes (become) Savarnas, Ambashthas, Ugras, Nish\u00e2das, Daushyantas or P\u00e2rasavas. 16\n17. (Children born) in the inverted order (of wives of higher castes become) S\u00fbtas, M\u00e2gadhas, \u00c2yogavas, Kshattris, Vaidehakas or Kand\u00e2las. 17\n18. Some declare, that a woman of the Br\u00e2hmana caste has born successively to (husbands of) the (four) castes, sons (who are) Br\u00e2hmanas, S\u00fbtas, M\u00e2gadhas or Kand\u00e2las; 18\n19. (And that) a woman of the Kshatriya caste (has born) to the same, M\u00fbrdh\u00e2vasiktas, Kshatriyas, Dh\u00eevaras, Pulkasas;\n20. Further, a woman of the Vaisya caste to the same, Bhrigyakanthas, M\u00e2hishyas, Vaisyas, and Vaidehas;\n21. (And) a woman of the S\u00fbdra caste to the same, P\u00e2rasavas, Yavanas, Karanas, and S\u00fbdras.\n22. In the seventh (generation men obtain) a change of caste, either being raised to a higher one or being degraded to a lower one. 22\n23. The venerable teacher declares (that this happens) in the fifth (generation). 23\n24. And (the same rule applies) to those born (from parents of different classes that are) intermediate between (two of the castes originally) created (by Brahman). 24\n25. But those born in the inverse order (from fathers of a lower and mothers of a higher caste stand) outside (the pale of) the sacred law, 25\n26. As well as (those born in the regular order) from a female of the S\u00fbdra caste. 26\n27. But he whom a S\u00fbdra (begets) on a female of unequal caste shall be treated like an outcast. 27\n28. The last (named, the Kand\u00e2la), is the foulest. 28\n29. Virtuous sons (born of wives of equal caste) and wedded according to approved rites sanctify (their father's family).\n30. (A son born of a wife married) according to the \u00c2rsha rite (saves) three ancestors (from hell), 30\n31. (A son born of a wife married) according to the Daiva rite ten, 31\n32. (A son born of a wife married) according to the Pr\u00e2g\u00e2patya rite, also ten. 32\n33. (But) the son of a wife married according to the Br\u00e2hma rite (saves) ten ancestors, ten descendants, and himself. 33\n196:1 IV. \u00c2pastamba II, 6, 13, 1; Manu III. 4, 12; Y\u00e2g\u00f1. I, 52.\n196:2 Regarding the Pravaras, see Max M\u00fcller's History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. p. 386. \u00c2pastamba II, 5, 11, 15.\n196:3 \u00c2pastamba II, 5, 11, 16; Manu III, 5; Y\u00e2g\u00f1. I, 52.\n196:4 This rule refers to the case where a husband has made over his wife to another man and the bridegroom stands in the relation of a son to the husband of his mother and to his natural father (dvipit\u00e2). See Y\u00e2g\u00f1. I, 68.\n197:5 Y\u00e2g\u00f1. I, 53.\n197:6 \u00c2pastamba II, 5, 11, 17. 'Virtuous conduct (k\u00e2ritra), i.e. the performance of the acts prescribed (in the Vedas and Smritis), . . . . good disposition (s\u00eela), i.e. faith in the ordinances of the law.'--Haradatta.\n197:7 Manu III, 30; Y\u00e2g\u00f1. I, 60.\n197:8 \u00c2pastamba II, 5, 11. 18.\n197:9 \u00c2pastamba II, 5, 11, 19.\n197:10 \u00c2pastamba II, 5, 11, 20.\n197:11 \u00c2pastamba II, 5, 12, 1.\n197:12 \u00c2pastamba II, 5, 1 2, 2.\n197:13 Manu III, 34; Y\u00e2g\u00f1. I, 61.\n197:14 Manu III, 24, 39.\n197:15 Manu III, 23.\n198:16 I.e. from a Br\u00e2hmana and a Kshatriy\u00e2 springs a Savarna, from a Br\u00e2hmana and a Vaisy\u00e2 a Nish\u00e2da, from a Br\u00e2hmana and a S\u00fbdr\u00e2 a P\u00e2rasava, from a Kshatriya and a Vaisy\u00e2 an Ambashtha, and from a Kshatriya and a S\u00fbdr\u00e2 a Daushyanta, from a Vaisya and a S\u00fbdr\u00e2 an Ugra. Compare for this and the following five S\u00fbtras Manu X, 6-18; Y\u00e2g\u00f1. I, 91-95.\n198:17 I.e. from a Kshatriya and a Br\u00e2hman\u00ee springs a S\u00fbta, from a Vaisya and a Kshatriya a M\u00e2gadha, from a S\u00fbdra and a Vaisy\u00e2 an \u00c2yogava, from a Vaisya and a Br\u00e2hman\u00ee a Kshattri, from a S\u00fbdra and a Kshatriy\u00e2 a Vaidehaka, from a S\u00fbdra and a Br\u00e2hman\u00ee a Kand\u00e2la.\n198:18 The words 'Some declare' stand only at the end of S\u00fbtra 21. But Haradatta rightly declares that they refer to all the four S\u00fbtras. The proof for the correctness of his interpretation lies in the use of the form ag\u00eeganat, which refers to each of the S\u00fbtras. The four S\u00fbtras are, however, probably spurious, as S\u00fbtra 28 refers back to S\u00fbtra 17 by calling the Kand\u00e2la 'the last (named).'\n199:22 \u00c2pastamba II, 5, 11, 10-11. 'That is as follows: If a Savarn\u00e2 female, born of the Kshatriya wife of a Br\u00e2hmana, is married to a Br\u00e2hmana, and her female descendants down to the seventh likewise, then the offspring which that seventh female descendant bears to her Br\u00e2hmana husband is equal in caste to a Br\u00e2hmana. In like manner, if a Savarna male, the son of a Br\u00e2hmana and of his Kshatriya wife, again marries a Kshatriya wife and his male descendants down to the seventh likewise, then the offspring of that seventh male descendant is equal in caste to a Kshatriya. The same principle must be applied to the offspring of Kshatriyas and wives of the Vaisya caste as well as to Vaisyas and wives of the S\u00fbdra caste.'--Haradatta.\n199:23 '(The venerable) teacher opines that the change of caste takes place in the fifth generation. They declare that the plural may be used to denote one teacher. This S\u00fbtra refers to (cases of extraordinary merit acquired through) virtuous conduct and study of the Veda.'--Haradatta. It is clear that in this case Haradatta, too, has seen that the word \u00e2k\u00e2ry\u00e2h has another force than the more common eke; see above, note to III, 36.\n199:24 'That is as follows: If the daughter of a Savarna, born of a wife of the Ambashtha caste, is married again to a Savarna, and her female descendants down to the seventh likewise, then the offspring of that seventh female descendant, begotten by a Savarna husband, is equal in caste to a Savarna.'--Haradatta. Regarding the birth of the four castes from Brahman, see Rig-veda X, 90, 12.\n199:25 Manu X, 41, 67-68.\n200:26 Manu X, 68.\n200:27 '\"Shall be treated like an outcast,\" i.e. one must avoid to look at him, &c., just as in the case of an outcast.'--Haradatta.\n200:28 Manu X, p. 56.\n200:30 Manu III, 38; Y\u00e2g\u00f1. I, 59.\n200:31 Manu III, 38; Y\u00e2g\u00f1. I, 59.\n200:32 Manu III, 38; Y\u00e2g\u00f1. I, 60.\n200:33 Manu III, 37; Y\u00e2g\u00f1. I, 58.","title":"SBE 2: Gautama: Chapter IV","type":"page"}