{"collection":"Hinduism","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/hin/sbe14/sbe1465.htm","path":"hin/sbe14/sbe1465.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe14/sbe1465.htm","text":"1. Now these five great sacrifices, which are also called the great sacrificial sessions, are the sacrifice to be offered to the gods, the sacrifice to be offered to the manes, the sacrifice to be offered to all beings, the sacrifice to be offered to men, (and) the sacrifice to be offered to Brahman, 1\n2. Let him daily offer (something to the gods with the exclamation) Sv\u00e2h\u00e2, be it only a piece of fuel. Thereby he performs that sacrifice to the gods.\n3. Let him daily offer (something to the manes with the exclamation) Svadh\u00e2, be it only a vessel filled with water. Thereby he performs that sacrifice to the manes.\n4. Let him daily pay reverence to (all beings) endowed with life. Thereby he performs that sacrifice to the beings. 4\n5. Let him daily give food to Br\u00e2hmanas, be it only roots, fruit, or vegetables. Thereby he performs that sacrifice to men.\n6. Let him daily recite the Veda privately, be it only the syllable Om or the Vy\u00e2hritis. Thereby he performs that sacrifice to be offered to Brahman.\n7. 'The private recitation of the Veda is, indeed, the sacrifice to Brahman. At that sacrifice to Brahman speech, forsooth, (takes the place of) the Guh\u00fb, the internal organ (that of) the Upabhrit, the eye (that of) the Dhruv\u00e2, the understanding (that of) the Sruva, truth (that of) the final bath, heaven (is) the conclusion of the sacrifice. He who, knowing this, daily recites the Veda to himself, gains as much heavenly bliss as, and more than, he who gives away this whole earth that is filled with wealth, and imperishable (beatitude), and conquers death. Therefore the Veda should be recited in private. Thus speaks the Br\u00e2hmana.' 7\n8. Now they quote also (the following passage): 'If, well anointed, well fed, and lying on a comfortable couch, one recites (the portion of the Veda referring to) any sacrifice, one has offered it thereby.' 8\n9. Some (teachers) declare (that there is a text) which teaches a fourfold division of these sacred duties. (But) as no (other meaning is) perceptible, (the text) 'Four paths,' &c., refers to sacrificial rites. 9\n10. (Viz.) to Ishtis, animal sacrifices, Soma sacrifices, and Darv\u00eehomas.\n11. The following (Rik) declares that, 'Four paths, leading to the world of. the gods, go severally from the earth to heaven. All ye gods, place us on that among them which will gain us undecaying prosperity.' 11\n12. The student, the householder, the hermit in the woods, the ascetic (constitute the four orders). 12\n13. A student (shall) obey his teacher until death.\n14. A hermit is he who regulates his conduct entirely according to the Institutes proclaimed by Vikhanas.\n15. A Vaikh\u00e2nasa (shall live) in the forest, subsisting on roots and fruit, practising austerities and bathing at morn, noon, and eve; he shall kindle a fire according to the Sr\u00e2manaka (rule); he shall eat wild-growing (vegetables and grain) only; he shall worship gods, manes, Bh\u00fbtas, men, and Rishis; he shall receive hospitably (men of) all (castes) except those (with whom intercourse is) forbidden; he may even use the flesh of animals killed by carnivorous beasts; he shall not step on ploughed (land); and he shall not enter a village; he shall wear his hair in braids, and dress in (garments made of) bark or skins; he shall not eat anything that has been hoarded for more than a year. 15\n16. An ascetic shall leave his relatives and, not attended by any one nor procuring any property, depart (from his house performing the customary ceremony) according to the rule. 16\n17. He shall go into the forest (and live there).\n18. He shall shave his hair excepting the top-lock. 18\n19. He shall wear a cloth to cover his nakedness.\n20. He shall reside in one place during the rainy season. 20\n21. He shall wear a dress dyed yellowish-red.\n22. He shall go to beg when the pestle lies motionless, when the embers have been extinguished, and when the cleaning of the dishes has been finished.\n23. With the three means of punishment, (viz.) words, thoughts, and acts, he shall not injure created beings.\n24. He shall carry a cloth for straining water for the sake of purification. 24\n25. He shall perform the necessary purifications with water which has been taken out (of a well or tank) and has been strained. 25\n26. (Ascetics shall) say, 'Renouncing the works taught in the Veda, cut off from both (worlds), we attach ourselves to the central sphere (Brahman).' 26\n27. But the venerable teacher (declares) that there is one order only, because the others do not beget offspring. 27\n28. With reference to this matter they quote also (the following passage): 'There was, forsooth, an \u00c2sura, Kapila by name, the son of Prahl\u00e2da.\nStriving with the gods, he made these divisions. A wise man should not take heed of them.'\n29. Because no (other meaning is) perceptible, (the text) 'Four paths,' &c., refers to sacrificial rites, (viz.) to Ishtis, animal sacrifices, Soma sacrifices, Darv\u00eehomas.\n30. With respect to this (question the following verse also) is quoted: 'That eternal greatness of the Br\u00e2hmana is neither increased by works, nor diminished. The soul knows the nature of that (greatness); knowing that, he is not stained by evil deeds.' 30\n31. If he says that, (let him reflect on the following verse): 'He who knows not the Veda, does not at death think of that great, all-perceiving soul, through which the sun, resplendent with brilliancy, gives warmth, and the father has a father through the son at his birth from the womb.'\n32. (Moreover), 'Those who, being neither true Br\u00e2hmanas nor performers of Soma sacrifices, work not for that which is near, nor for that which is far, take hold of the word and with sinful (speech) ignorantly perform the rites.' 32\n33. There are innumerable (passages in the Veda) which refer to the debts (to be paid by a Br\u00e2hmana), such as, 'May I obtain, O Agni, immortality 33\nthrough offspring;' 'A Br\u00e2hmana on being born, (owes) a son to his ancestors,' &c.\n34. 'Those dwell with us, who fulfil the following (duties), the study of the three Vedas, the studentship, the procreation of offspring, faith, austerity, sacrificing, and giving gifts; he who praises other (duties) becomes dust and perishes.'\n256:1 11. This and the next four S\u00fbtras agree almost literally with Satapatha-br\u00e2hmana XI, 5, 6, 1. See also Taitt. \u00c2ranyaka II, 10; \u00c2pastamba I, 4, 12, 15-13, 1.\n256:4 Govinda says that the Mantra is to be 'bh\u00fbtebhyo namah, adoration to all beings,' and adds that some consider the first three p. 257 Mah\u00e2yag\u00f1as to be performed by the Vaisvadeva and the Bali-offering, while others enjoin their separate performance.\n257:7 Satapatha-br\u00e2hmana XI, 5, 6, z. See also Taitt. \u00c2ranyaka II, 17. K. reads dhritir dhruv\u00e2, 'the firm resolve (takes the place of) the Dhruv\u00e2,' which is apparently a correction made according to the \u00c2ranyaka. According to the commentary the text of the last portion of the quotation runs thus, 'y\u00e2vantam ha v\u00e2 im\u00e2m vittasya purn\u00e2m dadat svargam lokam gayati t\u00e2vantam lokam gayati bh\u00fby\u00e2msam k\u00e2kshayyam k\u00e2pa mrityum gayati ya evam vidv\u00e2n,' &c. M. and K. do not give the whole passage. The published text of the Satapatha-br\u00e2hmana slightly differs from Govinda's version.\n257:8 Satapatha-br\u00e2hmana XI, 5, 7, 3-4.\n258:9 I read the text as follows, 'tasya ha v\u00e2 etasya dharmasya katurdh\u00e2 bhedam eka \u00e2huh.' M. has bhedakam, the I. O. copy of the commentary bhedasa\u1e45k\u00e2m, and K. tasya ha v\u00e2 etasya yag\u00f1asy\u00e2katurdh\u00e2 bh\u00fbtam eka \u00e2huh. Below in the commentary on S\u00fbtra 27, Govinda repeats the latter part of this S\u00fbtra in the form which I have adopted. The discussion which begins here is the same as that which occurs \u00c2pastamba II, 9, 23, 3-24, 15.\n258:11 Taittir\u00eeya Samhit\u00e2 V, 7, 2, 3.\n258:12 K. omits this S\u00fbtra. After it M. and K. have the following passage: 'brahmak\u00e2rino \u2019tyantam \u00e2tm\u00e2nam upasamgrihya \u2019k\u00e2ry\u00e2n bruvate vane sr\u00e2myantyeke [y\u00e2mtyete, K.] savaneshvapa upasprisanto vanyen\u00e2nnenaik\u00e2gnim [nyen\u00e2nnena naik\u00e2gnim, K.; v\u00e2nyenaik\u00e2na\u00f1, M.] guhv\u00e2n\u00e2h [guhv\u00e2s, M.] satyasyaike karm\u00e2ni [karmani, M.] anagnayo \u2019niketan\u00e2h [tv\u00e2h kam, K.] kaup\u00een\u00e2kkh\u00e2dan\u00e2 varsh\u00e2sv ekasth\u00e2 uddhritaparip\u00fbt\u00e2bhir adbhih k\u00e2ryam [apak\u00e2ryam, M.] kurv\u00e2n\u00e2h [kurv\u00e2n\u00e2s tatrod\u00e2haranti, K.] sannamusale vya\u1e45g\u00e2re nivrittasar\u00e2vasamp\u00e2te bhikshantah sarvatah parimoksham [parimeke, M.] apavidhya vaidik\u00e2ni karm\u00e2ny abhayatah parikkhinn\u00e2 madhyamam padam upaslishy\u00e2maha iti vadanto,' The commentary gives a few portions of this passage further on. Irrespective of minor corruptions, it gives no sense in the place where it stands, and it seems probable that we have to deal with a confused and badly corrupted text, which Govinda arranged either as seemed good to him, or on the authority of better MSS.\n259:15 This passage, which Govinda gives as one S\u00fbtra, agrees word for word with Gautama III, 26-35, except in the beginning, where Gautama omits 'bathing at morn, noon, and eve.' The MSS. all read bhaiksham, 'begged food,' instead of baishkam, 'the flesh of animals slain by carnivorous beasts.' But Govinda's explanation leaves no doubt as to the correctness of the latter reading. The Dekhan and Gugar\u00e2t MSS., including K., read agr\u00e2myabhog\u00ee || agr\u00e2myabhog\u00ee.\n259:16 I adopt the readings of the Dekhan MSS., aparigrahah (for apratigrahah) and pravraget (for parivraget). The rule for the ceremony is given below, II, 10, 17.\n259:18 This is Govinda's explanation of sikh\u00e2mundah, the reading of all MSS.\n260:20 and 22. These two S\u00fbtras are omitted in K. and M., which give them in the passage following S\u00fbtra 12, as well as in the Dekhan and Gugar\u00e2t MSS.\n260:24 See below, II, 10, 17, 11. Govinda explains pavitra, 'a cloth for straining water,' by 'a bunch of Kusa grass for removing insects from the road.'\n260:25 According to Govinda such water is to be used for washing off the stains of urine &c., not for drinking.\n260:26 This S\u00fbtra is again omitted in the MSS, of the text. M. and K. give it in the passage following S\u00fbtra 12.\n260:27 Gautama III, 36.\n261:30-31. Taitt. Br\u00e2hmana III, 12, 9, 7.\n261:32 Rig-veda X, 71, 9. My rendering of the difficult verse is merely tentative, and I have left out the word sir\u00eeh, for which I am as little able as other Sanskritists to offer a safe explanation, The general meaning of the verse, I think, has been rightly understood by S\u00e2yana and Govinda, who both say that it contains a reproach, addressed to those Br\u00e2hmanas who, contented with the letter of the Veda, do not master its meaning.\n261:33-34. The commentary omits these two S\u00fbtras, which, however, seem necessary for the completion of the discussion. The p. 262 second occurs also \u00c2pastamba II, 9, 24, 8. Though Baudh\u00e2yana does not express himself as clearly as \u00c2pastamba, he disapproves, as it would seem, like the latter, of the opinion of those who gave an undue preference to asceticism at the expense of married life, the order of the householders.","title":"SBE 14: Baudh\u00e2yana: Prasna II, Adhy\u00e2ya...","type":"page"}