{"collection":"Hinduism","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/hin/sbe29/sbe29042.htm","path":"hin/sbe29/sbe29042.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe29/sbe29042.htm","text":"The Grihya Sutras, Part 1 (SBE29), by Hermann Oldenberg, [1886]\n1 1. After (the student) has eaten something in the morning, in the afternoon, to the north-east\u2014\n2. Having sacrificed, the teacher then asks him with regard to those deities to whom he has been given in charge (see above, chap. 3, 1), 'Hast thou fulfilled the duties of holiness before Agni, Indra, the Sun, and the Visve dev\u00e2s?'\n3. If he answers, 'I have fulfilled them, sir!'\u2014\n4. The teacher three times envelops, from the left to the right, with a fresh garment the face (of the student) who is standing behind the fire, in front of the teacher, with his face to the east.\n5 5. He turns the skirt (of that garment) upwards so that it cannot slip down,\n6 6. (And says) 'Leaving off for three days the putting on of fuel, the going for alms, the sleeping on the ground, and the obedience to the teacher, fast in the forest, in a god's house or in a place where Agnihotra is performed, keeping silence, with earnest care.'\n7. Here some (teachers) prescribe the same observances only for one night, during which he is to stand.\n8 8. The teacher refrains from eating flesh and from sexual intercourse.\n9. When those three days or that night has elapsed, going out from the village he shall avoid to look at the following (persons or things) that form impediments for the study (of the Veda):\n10 10. Raw flesh, a Kand\u00e2la, a woman that has lately been confined, or that has her courses, blood, persons whose hands have been cut off, cemeteries, and all sorts of corpse-like (animals?) which enter (their dens?) with the mouth first (?), keeping them away from the place where he dwells.\n11. Going out (from the village) in a north-eastern direction the teacher sits down on a clean spot. turning his face to the east.\n12 12. When the sun has risen, he recites, in the way prescribed for the Veda-study, (the \u00c2ranyaka texts to the student) who is to keep silence and who wears a turban.\n13 13. This rule is to be observed only for the Mah\u00e2n\u00e2mn\u00ee verses.\n14. At the sections however that follow (after the Mah\u00e2n\u00e2mn\u00ees) the other one hears while the teacher recites them for himself.\n15. He gives (to the teacher) the turban, a vessel, a good cow.\n16. (The teacher accepts the gifts) with the verses,\n[paragraph continues] 'Thou him' (Rig-veda I, 18, 5), and, 'High in the sky' (Rig-veda X, 107, 2), or (he accepts them) all with the Pranava (i.e. the syllable Om).\n17. Here some prepare a mess of rice for the Visve dev\u00e2s at all sections (of the \u00c2ranyaka);\n18 18. For the gods to whom he has been given in charge, according to M\u00e2nd\u00fbkeya.\n78:1 12, 1 seq. The Indian tradition (with the exception only, as far as is known to me, of the S\u00e2mbavya commentary) refers the ceremonies described in this chapter, like those treated of in chap. 11, as well to the Sukriya as to the S\u00e2kvara and the other Vratas. This is not correct. The eleventh chapter gives the rites common to the four Vratas; the Sukriya vrata is connected with no special ceremonies beside those, so that the exposition of this Vrata is brought to an end in that chapter. The last S\u00fbtra of chap. 11 marks the transition to the special rites which are peculiar to the three other Vratas, and are connected with the character of mystical secrecy attributed to the \u00c2ranyaka, and thus it is with the exclusion of the Sukriya that the twelfth chapter refers only to those Vratas. The difference which we have pointed out between the two chapters finds its characteristic expression in S\u00fbtras 9 and 11 of chap. 11, compared with chap. 12, 13. 14; in the former S\u00fbtras the statements there given are expressly extended to the Sukriya, the S\u00e2kvara, the Vr\u00e2tika, and the Aupanishada, while in the latter passage mention is made first of the Mah\u00e2n\u00e2mn\u00ees, i.e. the text corresponding to the S\u00e2kvara vrata, and then the uttar\u00e2ni prakaran\u00e2ni (the following sections) are referred to, i.e. the Mah\u00e2vrata and the Upanishad, so that the Sukriya vrata or the texts, the study of which is entered upon by that Vrata, are left out here.\nThere is a good deal of confusion in the several commentaries p. 79 with regard to the succession of the different ceremonies taught in this chapter. They all agree in stating that after the lapse of the year through which the Vrata is kept, a ceremony is performed called Udd\u00eekshanik\u00e2, i.e. the giving up of the D\u00eeksh\u00e2, or preparatory observance. This Udd\u00eekshanik\u00e2 consists chiefly in the teacher's ascertaining whether the student has fulfilled the duties involved by the Vrata (see S\u00fbtras 2 and 3). Besides that, there is no doubt that a repetition of the Upanayana (chap. 11, 2) also formed part of the preparatory rites for the study of the \u00c2ranyaka. As to the way in which these different ceremonies and the other rites described in this chapter would have to be arranged according to our text, it is perhaps best to follow the statements given in an epitome from the b\u00e2l\u00e2vabodhan\u00e2rtham Rishidaivatakhandopaddhati (MS. Berol. Chambers, 199 a, fols. 13-16); the slight confusion therein is not difficult to get rid of. There we read, 'The S\u00e2kvara, however, is to be kept one year (chap. 11, 11). When the Udd\u00eekshanik\u00e2 has been performed, and three nights (chap. 12, 6) or one day and one night (ibid. 7) have elapsed, the Upanayana should be performed as above (chap. 11, 2), with this difference that at the end of the formula mama vrate, &c. (chap. 4, 1) one should say, \"May Brihaspati join thee to me for the holy observance of the S\u00e2kvara through one year, O Devadatta!\" (On this formula, resting on a misunderstanding of chap. 4, S\u00fbtra 2, see the Introduction, p. 8.) The rest is the same as at the Sukriya. Then, when the year (chap. 11, 11) has elapsed, and the Udd\u00eekshanik\u00e2 has been performed, and the three days or the night have passed (chap. 12, 6. 7), he should go out of the village . . . and in the north-eastern direction,' &c. (here follows the description of how the secret doctrines should be taught to the student, according to S\u00e2\u1e45kh. VI). The confusion showing itself in the double mention of the Udd\u00eekshanik\u00e2, before and after the Upanayana, should no doubt be put to the account of the excerptor or perhaps even of the MS.; what the meaning of the original Paddhati was is sufficiently shown in the remarks on the following Vratas, for instance, on the Vr\u00e2tika (fol. 16), 'Now follows the Vr\u00e2tika vrata. It lasts one year (chap. p. 80 11, 12). When the S\u00e2kvara has reached its end [here we find added at the margin of the MS.,\" After the Udd\u00eekshanik\u00e2 has been performed.\" These words ought not to be received into the text; in the corresponding passage on the Aupanishada vrata they are not found] he performs the whole ceremony, beginning from the smearing (of the Sthandila with cow-dung), the drawing of the lines, &c., as at the Upanayana . . . and then, when one year has elapsed, he performs the Udd\u00eekshanik\u00e2, and the rules [given in chap. 12, 9 seq.] are observed as above.' I think that here the meaning of the text is correctly represented; first comes the Upanayana, then follows the Vrata lasting one year, then the Udd\u00eekshanik\u00e2. After this ceremony the teacher gives to the student the directions mentioned in chap. 12, 16; then follow the three days, or the one night (chap. 12, 6. 7), and finally they both go out of the village to the north-east, and in the forest they recite the Rahasya.\nOn the whole ceremonies connected with the study of the \u00c2ranyaka the sixth book should be compared.\n80:5 N\u00e2r\u00e2yana: Vastrasya das\u00e2h pr\u00e2ntabh\u00e2ga[m] uparisht\u00e2t kritv\u00e2 tath\u00e2 badhn\u00eey\u00e2d yath\u00e2 na sambhrasyeta adhast\u00e2n na patati tath\u00e2 vidheyam.\n80:6 The things which the student here is ordered to leave off for three days are the same that are mentioned above, chap. 6, 8, as his standing duties. According to N\u00e2r\u00e2yana this would be the \u00c2desa mentioned in chap. II, 13.\n81:8 Comp. chap. II, 6.\n81:10 With S\u00fbtik\u00e2 is meant a woman during the first ten days after her confinement, for which period the asauka lasts.\u2014Apahasta is rendered by N\u00e2r\u00e2yana by khinnahasta; the comment on the S\u00e2mbavya-Grihya mentions \u00e2yudh\u00e2\u1e45kitahast\u00e2ms ka. The translation of the last words of this S\u00fbtra (sarv\u00e2ni ka savar\u00fbp\u00e2ni y\u00e2ny \u00e2sye na [or \u00e2syena?] praviseyuh svasya v\u00e2s\u00e2n nirasan) is absolutely uncertain. N\u00e2r\u00e2yana says that such animals as lions, serpents, &c. are designated in common use as savar\u00fbp\u00e2ni. (This literally means, 'having the form of a corpse.' Immediately afterwards N\u00e2r\u00e2yana gives a nearly identical explanation of savar\u00fbpa as different from the one stated first. So perhaps we may conjecture that his first explanation rests on a reading sarpar\u00fbp\u00e2ni; comp. the reading sarvar\u00fbpa of P\u00e2raskara.) Of these the animals entering their dwelling-places with the mouth first (\u00e2syena) are to be understood here as forming, when looked at, an impediment for the study. N\u00e2r\u00e2yana then says that other authorities understand sava in the sense of a dead human body; then savar\u00fbp\u00e2ni are beings having the form thereof (tadr\u00fbp\u00e2ni), such as dogs, jackals, &c. The words y\u00e2ny \u00e2syena praviseyuh signify that the study is impeded also on the sight of lions, tigers, &c.; for these enter their dwelling-places with their faces first (? anumukhaih kritv\u00e2). The words svasya v\u00e2s\u00e2n nirasan mean, p. 82 according to N\u00e2r., 'when he\u2014i.e. the teacher\u2014goes out of his dwelling-place.' R\u00e2makandra says that savar\u00fbpa either means lions, snakes, and other dangerous animals, or nails, horns, and other such things that fall off or are severed from the body. The text of the S\u00e2mbavya MS. is sarv\u00e2ni ka sy\u00e2mar\u00fbp\u00e2ni y\u00e2v\u00e2ny\u00e2 (?) praviseyuh, which the commentary explains, sarv\u00e2ms ka bhakshyavarg\u00e2ms ka. I think there can be little doubt that the text of S\u00e2\u1e45kh\u00e2yana is correct (except that some doubt will remain as to \u00e2syena or \u00e2sye na), the more so as the passage reoccurs, nearly identically, below at VI, 1, 4. 5. As to the translation we can only go so far as to venture the opinion that the S\u00e2\u1e45kh\u00e2yana text does not admit the interpretation given by Gayar\u00e2ma, and accepted by Professor Stenzler (who compares \u00c2pastamba I, 11, 27; Gautama XVI, 41) in P\u00e2raskara II, 11, 3 for sarvar\u00fbpa, which consequently should, in our opinion, be rejected also in that passage of P\u00e2raskara. For ascertaining the true meaning of savar\u00fbpa we shall have to wait until new parallel passages have been discovered.\n82:12 The rules for the Anuv\u00e2kana have been given above in chap. 7.\n82:13 The Mah\u00e2n\u00e2mn\u00ee verses are given in the fourth \u00c2ranyaka of the Aitareyinas. See Sacred Books of the East, I, p. xliii.\n83:18 Comp. the second S\u00fbtra of this chapter.","title":"Grihya Sutras, Part 1 (SBE29): S\u00e2\u1e45kh\u00e2yana-Grihya-S\u00fbtra: II, 12","type":"page"}