{"collection":"Hinduism","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/hin/vp/vp061.htm","path":"hin/vp/vp061.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp061.htm","text":"The Vishnu Purana, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson, [1840]\nFrom the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata, Bh\u00edshma Parva, II. 342.\nSANJAYA speaks to Dhritar\u00e1sht\u0301ra.--Hear me, monarch, in reply to your inquiries, detail to you the particulars of the country of Bh\u00e1rata.\n[paragraph continues] Mahendra, Malaya, Sahya, \u015auktimat 2, Gandham\u00e1dana, Vindhya, and P\u00e1rip\u00e1tra are the seven mountain ranges: as subordinate portions of them are thousands of mountains; some unheard of, though lofty, extensive, and abrupt; and others better known, though of lesser elevation, and inhabited by people of low stature 3: there pure and degraded tribes, mixed together, drink 4 of the following streams: the stately Gang\u00e1, the Sindhu, and the Saraswat\u00ed 5; the Godavari, Narmad\u00e1, and the great river\n[paragraph continues] B\u00e1hud\u00e1 6; the \u015aatadru, Chandrabh\u00e1g\u00e1, and great river Yamun\u00e1; the Drishadwat\u00ed 7, Vip\u00e1\u015b\u00e1 8, and Vip\u00e1p\u00e1, with coarse sands; the Vetravat\u00ed, the deep Krish\u0144ave\u0144\u00ed, the Ir\u00e1vat\u00ed 9, Vitast\u00e1 10, Pavosh\u0144\u00ed 11, and\n[paragraph continues] Dev\u00edk\u00e1 12; the Vedasmrit\u00e1, Vedavat\u00ed 13, Tridiv\u00e1 14, Ikshum\u00e1lav\u00ed 15, Kar\u00edshi\u0144\u00ed, Chitrabah\u00e1, the deep Chitrasen\u00e1, the Gomat\u00ed, the Dh\u00fatap\u00e1p\u00e1, and the great river Gandak\u00ed 16; the Kau\u015bik\u00ed, Ni\u015bchit\u00e1 17, Krity\u00e1, Nichit\u00e1, Lohatarin\u00ed 18, Rahasy\u00e1, \u015aatakumbh\u00e1, and also the \u015aaray\u00fa 19, the Charmanvat\u00ed, Chandrabh\u00e1g\u00e1 20, Hastisom\u00e1, Dis, \u015aar\u00e1vat\u00ed 21, Payosh\u0144\u00ed, Par\u00e1 22, and Bh\u00edmarath\u00ed 23, K\u00e1ver\u00ed 24, Chulak\u00e1 25, V\u00edn\u00e1 26, Satabal\u00e1, Niv\u00e1r\u00e1, Mahit\u00e1 27,\nSuprayog\u00e1 28 Pavitr\u00e1 29, Ku\u0144d\u0301al\u00e1, Sindhu 30, Raj\u00e1n\u00ed 31, Puram\u00e1lin\u00ed, Purv\u00e1bhir\u00e1m\u00e1, V\u00edra, Bh\u00edm\u00e1 32, Oghavat\u00ed, Pal\u00e1\u015bin\u00ed 33, P\u00e1p\u00e1har\u00e1, Mahendr\u00e1, P\u00e1t\u0301alavat\u00ed 34, Kar\u00edshi\u0144\u00ed, Asikn\u00ed, the great river Ku\u015bach\u00edr\u00e1 35, the Makar\u00ed 36, Pravar\u00e1, Men\u00e1 37, Hem\u00e1, and Dhritavat\u00ed 38, Pur\u00e1vat\u00ed 39, Anush\u0144\u00e1 40, Saivy\u00e1, K\u00e1p\u00ed 41, Sad\u00e1n\u00edr\u00e1 42, Adhrishy\u00e1, the great river Ku\u015badh\u00e1r\u00e1 43, Sad\u00e1k\u00e1nt\u00e1 44, \u015aiv\u00e1, Viravat\u00ed, V\u00e1stu, Suv\u00e1stu 45, Gaur\u00ed, Kampan\u00e1 46, Hira\u0144vat\u00ed, Var\u00e1, V\u00edrankar\u00e1, Pancham\u00ed, Rathachitr\u00e1, Jyotirath\u00e1, Visw\u00e1mitr\u00e1 47, Kapinjal\u00e1, Upendr\u00e1, Bahul\u00e1, Kuch\u00edr\u00e1 48, Madhuv\u00e1hin\u00ed 49, Vinad\u00ed 50, Pinjal\u00e1, Ve\u0144\u00e1, Tungave\u0144\u00e1 51, Vidi\u015b\u00e1 52, Krish\u0144ave\u0144\u00e1, T\u00e1mr\u00e1, Kapil\u00e1, Selu, Suv\u00e1m\u00e1 53, Ved\u00e1\u015bw\u00e1, Hari\u015brav\u00e1, Mahopam\u00e1 54, \u015a\u00edghr\u00e1, Pichchhal\u00e1 55, the deep Bh\u00e1radw\u00e1j\u00ed, the Kau\u015bik\u00ed, the Sona 56, Bahud\u00e1, and Chandram\u00e1, Durg\u00e1,\n[paragraph continues] Amtra\u015bil\u00e1 57, Brahmabodhy\u00e1, Vrihadvat\u00ed, Yavaksh\u00e1 58, Roh\u00ed, J\u00e1mbunad\u00ed, Sunas\u00e1 59, Tamas\u00e1 60, D\u00e1s\u00ed, Vas\u00e1, Vara\u0144\u00e1, As\u00ed 61, N\u00e1l\u00e1, Dhritamat\u00ed, P\u00farn\u00e1\u015b\u00e1 62, T\u00e1mas\u00ed 63, Vrishabh\u00e1, Brahmamedhy\u00e1, Vrihadvat\u00ed. These and many other large streams, as the Krish\u0144\u00e1 64, whose waters are always salubrious, and the slow-flowing Mandav\u00e1hin\u00ed 65, the Brahm\u00e1\u0144\u00ed 66, Mah\u00e1gaur\u00ed, Durg\u00e1 67, Chitropal\u00e1 68, Chitrarath\u00e1, Manjul\u00e1 69, Mand\u00e1kin\u00ed 70, Vaitara\u0144\u00ed 71, the great river Ko\u015b\u00e1 72, the Muktimat\u00ed 73, Maning\u00e1 74, Pushpave\u0144\u00ed, Utpalavat\u00ed, Lohity\u00e1 75, Karatoy\u00e1 76, Vrishak\u00e1hw\u00e1 77, Kum\u00e1r\u00ed, Rishikuly\u00e1 78, M\u00e1rish\u00e1, Saraswat\u00ed, Mand\u00e1kin\u00ed, Puny\u00e1 79, Sarvasang\u00e1; all these, the\nuniversal mothers, productive of abundance, besides hundreds of inferior note, are the rivers of Bh\u00e1rata, according to remembrance 80.\nNext hear from me, descendant of Bharata, the names of the inhabitants of the different countries, They are the Kurus, P\u00e1nchal\u00e1s 1, \u015a\u00e1lwas, M\u00e1dreyas, and dwellers in thickets (J\u00e1ngalas), \u015a\u00farasenas 2, K\u00e1lingas 3, Bodhas 4, M\u00e1l\u00e1s 5, Matsyas 6, Sukut\u0301yas 7, Sauvalyas 8, Kuntalas 9,\n[paragraph continues] K\u00e1\u015b\u00edkos\u00e1las 10, Chedyas 11, Matsyas 12, K\u00e1r\u00fashas 13, Bhojas 14, Sindhupulindas 15, Uttamas 16, Da\u015b\u00e1r\u0144as 17, Mekalas 18, Utkalas 19, P\u00e1nch\u00e1las 20,\n[paragraph continues] Kau\u015bijas 21, Naikaprisht\u0301has 22, Dhurandharas 23, Sodhas 24, Madrabhujingas 25, K\u00e1\u015bis 26, Aparak\u00e1\u015bis, J\u00e1tharas, Kukuras, Das\u00e1r\u0144as, Kuntis, Avantis 27, Aparakuntis 28, Goghnatas 29, Ma\u0144d\u0301akas, Sha\u0144d\u0301as 30, Vidarbhas 31, R\u00fapav\u00e1hikas 32,\n[paragraph continues] A\u015bwakas 33, P\u00e1nsur\u00e1sht\u0301ras, Gopar\u00e1sht\u0301ras 34, Kar\u00edtis 35, the people of Adhiv\u00e1jya 36, Kul\u00e1dya 37, Mallar\u00e1sht\u0301ra 38, and Kerala 39; the Var\u00e1p\u00e1sis 40, Apav\u00e1rhas 41, Chakras 42, Vakr\u00e1tapas and \u015aakas 43, Videhas 44, M\u00e1gadhas 45, Swakshas 46, Malayas 47, and Vijayas 48; the Angas 49, Vangas 50, Kalingas 51 and Yakrillomas, Mallas 52, Sudellas 53, Prahl\u00e1das, M\u00e1hikas 54 and\n[paragraph continues] \u015aa\u015bikas 55, B\u00e1hl\u00edkas 56, V\u00e1t\u0301adh\u00e1nas 57, \u00c1bh\u00edras 58 and K\u00e1lajoshakas 59, Apar\u00e1ntas 60, Par\u00e1ntas, Pahnavas 61, Charmama\u0144d\u0301alas 62, At\u00e1vi\u015bikharas and Merubh\u00fatas 63, Up\u00e1vrittas, Anup\u00e1vrittas, Swar\u00e1sht\u0301ras 64, Kekayas 65,\n[paragraph continues] Kut\u0301t\u0301apar\u00e1ntas 66, M\u00e1heyas 67, Kakshas 68, dwellers on the sea-shore, and the Andhas and many tribes residing within and without the hills; the Malajas 69, M\u00e1gadhas 70, M\u00e1navarjjakas 71; those north of the Mahi (Mahyuttaras), the Pr\u00e1vrisheyas, Bh\u00e1rgavas 72, Pu\u0144d\u0301ras 73, Bh\u00e1rgas 74, Kir\u00e1tas, Sudesht\u0301as; and the people on the Yamun\u00e1 (Y\u00e1munas), \u015aakas, Nish\u00e1das 75, Nish\u00e1dhas 76, \u00c1narttas 77; and those in the south-west (Nairritas), the Durgalas, Pratim\u00e1syas 78, Kuntalas, Ku\u015balas 79, T\u00edragrahas,\n[paragraph continues] S\u00farasenas, \u00cdjikas 80, Kanyak\u00e1gu\u0144as, Tilab\u00e1ras, Sam\u00edras, Madhumattas, Sukandakas, K\u00e1\u015bm\u00edras 81, Sindhusauv\u00edras 82, Gandh\u00e1ras 83, Dar\u015bakas 84, Abhis\u00e1ras 85, Ut\u00falas 86, \u015aaiv\u00e1las 87, and B\u00e1hl\u00edkas 88; the people of Darv\u00ed 89, the\n[paragraph continues] V\u00e1\u0144avas, Darvas, V\u00e1tajamarathorajas, B\u00e1hub\u00e1dhas 90, Kauravyas, Sud\u00e1mas 91, Sumallis, Badhnas, Kar\u00edshakas, Kulind\u00e1patyakas, V\u00e1t\u00e1yanas 92, Da\u015b\u00e1r\u0144as 93, Rom\u00e1\u0144as 94, Ku\u015bavindus, Kakshas 95, Gop\u00e1la-kakshas 96, J\u00e1ngalas 97, Kuruvar\u0144akas 98, Kir\u00e1tas, Barbaras 99, Siddhas, Vaidehas 100 T\u00e1mraliptas 101, Audras 102, Pau\u0144d\u0301ras 103, dwellers in sandy tracts (\u015aai\u015bikatas), and in mountains (P\u00e1rvat\u00edyas). Moreover, chief of the sons of Bharata, there are the nations of the south, the Dr\u00e1v\u00edras 104, Keralas 105, Pr\u00e1chyas 106, M\u00fashikas 107, and V\u00e1nav\u00e1sakas 108; the Karn\u00e1takas 109, M\u00e1hishakas 110, Vikalyas 111 and M\u00fashakas 112, Jillikas 113, Kuntalas 114, Sauhridas,\n[paragraph continues] Nalak\u00e1nanas 115, Kaukut\u0301t\u0301akas 116, Cholas 117, Kaunkanas 118, M\u00e1lav\u00e1nas 119, Samangas, Karakas, Kukkuras, Ang\u00e1ras 120, Dhwajinyutsavasanketas 121, Trigarttas 122, \u015a\u00e1lwasenis, \u015aakas 123, Kokarakas 124, Prosht\u0301as, Samavegavasas 125. There are also the Vindhyachulukas 126, Pulindas and Kalkalas 127, M\u00e1lavas 128, Mallavas 129, Aparavallabhas, Kulindas 130, K\u00e1lavas 131, Kunt\u0301hakas 132, Karat\u0301as 133, M\u00fashakas, Tanab\u00e1las 134, San\u00edyas 135, Ghatasrinjayas 136, Alindayas 137, Pa\u015biv\u00e1t\u0301as 138, Tanayas 139, Sunayas 140, Da\u015b\u00edvidarbhas 141, K\u00e1ntikas 142, Tanga\u0144as 143, Paratanga\u0144as, northern and\nother fierce barbarians (Mlechchhas), Yavanas 144, Ch\u00ednas 145, K\u00e1mbojas 146; ferocious and uncivilized races, \u015aakridgrahas 147, Kulatthas 148, H\u00fa\u0144as, and P\u00e1ras\u00edkas 149; also Rama\u0144as 150, Ch\u00ednas, Da\u015bam\u00e1likas 151, those living near the Kshatriyas, and Vai\u015byas and \u015a\u00fadras 152; also\n[paragraph continues] \u015a\u00fadras 153, \u00c1bh\u00edras 154, Daradas 155, K\u00e1\u015bm\u00edras, with Pat\u0301t\u0301is 156, Kh\u00e1s\u00edras 157, Antach\u00e1ras or borderers, Pahnavas 158, and dwellers in mountain caves\n[paragraph continues] (Girigahvaras 159), \u00c1treyas, Bh\u00e1radw\u00e1jas 160, Stanayoshikas 161, Proshakas 162, K\u00e1linga 163, and tribes of Kir\u00e1tas, Tomaras, Hansam\u00e1rgas, and Karabhanjikas 164. These and many other nations, dwelling in the east and in the north, can be only thus briefly noticed 165.\n179:1 In attempting to verify the places or people specified in the text, various difficulties are to be encountered, which must serve to apologize for but partial success. Some are inherent in the subject, such as the changes which have taken place in the topography of India since the lists were compiled, and the imperfectness of the specification itself: states and tribes and cities have disappeared, even from recollection, and some of the natural features of the country, especially the rivers, have undergone a total alteration. Buchanan (Description of Eastern Hindustan), following Rennell over the same ground at an interval of some thirty or forty years, remarks that many of the streams laid down in the Bengal Atlas (the only series of maps of India yet published, that can be regarded as of authority) are no longer to be traced. Then the lists which are given are such mere catalogues, that they afford no clue to verification beyond names; and names have been either changed or so corrupted, as to be no longer recognizable. On the other hand, much of the difficulty arises from our own want of knowledge. Scattered through the Pur\u00e1\u0144as and other works, the names given in the topographical lists recur with circumstances which fix their locality; but these means of verification have not yet been sufficiently investigated. There are also geographical treatises in Sanscrit, which there is reason to believe afford much accurate and interesting information: they are not common. Col. Wilford speaks of having received a number from Jaypur, but upon his death they disappeared. After a considerable interval some of his MSS. were purchased for the Calcutta Sanscrit College, but by far the larger portion of his collection had been dispersed. A few leaves only on geographical subjects were found, from which I translated and published a chapter on the geography of some of the districts of Bengal: (Calcutta Quarterly Magazine, Dec. 1824:) the details were accurate and valuable, though the compilation was modern. Notwithstanding these impediments, however, we should be able to identify at least mountains and rivers to a much greater extent than is now practicable, if our maps were not so miserably defective in their nomenclature. None of our surveyors or geographers have been Oriental scholars. It may be doubted if any of them have been conversant with the spoken language of the country: they have consequently put down names at p. 180 random, according to their own inaccurate appreciation of sounds carelessly, vulgarly, and corruptly uttered; and their maps of India are crowded with appellations which bear no similitude whatever either to past or present denominations. We need not wonder that we cannot discover Sanscrit names in English maps, when, in the immediate vicinity of Calcutta, Barnagore represents Var\u00e1hanagar, Dakshineswar is metamorphosed into Duckinsore,and Ulubar\u00eda is Anglicised into Willoughbruy. Going a little farther off, we have Dalkisore for Darikeswar\u00ed, Midnapore for Medinipur, and a most unnecessary accumulation of consonants in Caughmahry for K\u00e1kam\u00e1r\u00ed. There is scarcely a name in our Indian maps that does not afford proof of extreme indifference to accuracy in nomenclature, and of an incorrectness in estimating sounds, which is in some degree, perhaps, a national defect.\n180:2 The printed edition reads \u015aaktimat, which is also found in some MSS., but the more usual reading is that of the text. I may here add that a \u015auktimat mountain occurs in Bh\u00edma's invasion of the eastern region. Mah\u00e1bh. Sabh\u00e1 P. Gandham\u00e1dana here takes the place of Riksha.\n180:3 For additional mountains in the V\u00e1yu, see Asiatic Researches, VIII. 334 The Bh\u00e1gavata, Padma, and M\u00e1rka\u0144d\u0301eya add the following: Main\u00e1ka, which it appears from the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a is at the source of the Sone, that river being termed Main\u00e1kaprabhava. 'Kishkindhya K\u00e1\u0144d\u0301a;' Trik\u00fat\u0301a, called also in Hemachanchra's vocabulary Suvela; Rishabha, K\u00fat\u0301aka, Konwa, Devagiri (Deogur or Ellora, the mountain of the gods; the Apocopi are said by Ptolemy to be also called mountains of the gods); Rishyamuka, in the Dekhin, where the Pamp\u00e1 rises; \u015ar\u00ed-\u015baila or \u015ar\u00ed-parvata, near the Krish\u0144a (As. Res. V. 303); Venkata, the hill of Tripat\u00ed, V\u00e1ridh\u00e1ra, Mangala-prastha, Dro\u0144a, Chitrak\u00fat\u0301a (Chitrakote in Bundelkhand), Govarddhana (near Mathur\u00e1), Raivata, the range that branches off from the western portion of the Vindhya towards the north, extending nearly to the Jumna; according to Hemachandra it is the Giri\u0144ara range; it is the Aravali of Tod; Kakubha, N\u00edla (the blue mountains of Orissa), Gohamukha, Indrak\u00edla, Ramagiri (Ram-tek, near Nag-pur), Valakrama, Sudh\u00e1ma, Tungaprastha, N\u00e1ga (the hills east of Ramghur), Bodhana, Pandara, Durjayanta, Arbuda (Abu in Guzerat), Gomanta (in the western Ghats), K\u00fat\u0301a\u015baila, Kritasmara, and Chakora. Many single mountains are named in different works.\n180:4 See note 4, p. 175.\n180:5 The Sarsuti, or Caggar or Gaggar, N. W. of Tahnesar. See below, note 6.\n181:6 The B\u00e1hud\u00e1 is elsewhere said to rise in the Himalaya. Wilford considers it to be the Mah\u00e1nada, which falls into the Ganges below Malda. The Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata has amongst the T\u00edrthas, or places of pilgrimage, two rivers of this name, one apparently near the Saraswat\u00ed, one more to the east. Hemachandra gives as synonymes \u00c1rjun\u00ed and Saitav\u00e1hin\u00ed, both implying the 'white river:' a main feeder of the Mah\u00e1nada is called Dhaval\u00ed or Daub, which has the same meaning.\n181:7 The Drishadwat\u00ed is a river of considerable importance in the history of the Hindus, although no traces of its ancient name exist. According to Manu it is one boundary of the district called Brahm\u00e1vartta, in which the institution of castes, and their several duties, had for ever existed: implying that in other places they were of more recent origin. This holy land, 'made by the gods,' was of very limited extent. Its other boundary was the Saraswat\u00ed. That the Drishadwat\u00ed was not far off we learn from Manu, as Kurukshetra, Matsya, Panch\u00e1la, and \u015a\u00farasena, or the upper part of the Doab, and country to the east, were not included in Brahm\u00e1vartta; they constituted Brahmarshi-de\u015ba, contiguous to it: Kull\u00faka Bhat\u0301t\u0301a explains Anantara, 'something less or inferior;' but it more probably means 'not divided from,' 'immediately contiguous.' We must look for the Drishadwat\u00ed, therefore, west of the Jumna. In the T\u00edrtha Y\u00e1tr\u00e1 of the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata we find it forming one of the boundaries of Kurukshetra. It is there said, 'Those who dwell on the south of the Saraswat\u00ed, and north of the Drishadwat\u00ed, or in Kurukshetra, dwell in heaven.' In the same place, the confluence of the Drishadwat\u00ed with a stream of Kurukshetra, called the Kau\u015bik\u00ed, is said to be of peculiar sanctity. Kurukshetra is the country about Tahnesur or Sth\u00e1ne\u015bwara, where a spot called Kurukhet still exists, and is visited in pilgrimage. The Kirin-kshetra of Manu may be intended for the country of the Kurus, in the more immediate vicinity of Delhi. According to Wilford, the Drishadwat\u00ed is the Caggar; in which case our maps have taken the liberty of transposing the names of the rivers, as the Caggar now is the northern stream, and the Sursooty the southern, both rising in the Him\u00e1laya, and uniting to form one river, called Gagar or Caggar in the maps, but more correctly Sarsuti or Saraswat\u00ed; which then runs south-west, and is lost in the desert. There have no doubt been considerable changes here, both in the nomenclature and in the courses of the rivers.\n181:8 The Beyah, Hyphasis, or Bibasis.\n181:9 The R\u00e1v\u00ed or Hydraotes or Adris.\n181:10 The Jhelum, but still called in Kashmir the Vitast\u00e1, the Bidaspes or Hydaspes.\n181:11 This river, according to the Vish\u0144u P., rises from the Riksha mountains, but the V\u00e1yu and K\u00farma bring it from the Vindhya or Sathpura range. There are several indications of its position in the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata, but none very precise. Its p. 182 source appears to be near that of the Krish\u0144a: it flows near the beginning of the Da\u0144d\u0301aka forest, which should place it rather near to the sources of the God\u00e1var\u00ed: it passes through Vidarbha or Berar, and, Yudhisht\u0301hira having bathed in it, comes to the Vaid\u00farya mountain and the Narmad\u00e1 river. These circumstances make it likely that the Pay\u00edn Gang\u00e1 is the river in question.\n182:12 The Dev\u00e1, or Goggra.\n182:13 Both these are from the P\u00e1rip\u00e1tra range. In some MSS. the latter is read Vedasin\u00ed and Vetasin\u00ed. In the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a occur Ved\u00e1 and Vedavainasik\u00e1, which may be the same, as they seem to be in the direction of the Sone. One of them may be the Beos of eastern Malwa, but it rises in the Riksha mountain.\n182:14 From P\u00e1rip\u00e1tra, K\u00farma; from Mahendra, V\u00e1yu.\n182:15 One copy has Ikshum\u00e1lin\u00ed; two others, Ikshul\u00e1 and Krimi: one MS. of the V\u00e1yu has an Ikshul\u00e1 from Mahendra: the Matsya has Ikshud\u00e1; Wilford's list has Dr\u00e1kshal\u00e1.\n182:16 Of these rivers, the two first are named in the Padma P., but not in the V\u00e1yu, &c. The Gomati in Oude, the Gandak, and the Kosi are well known. The Dhutap\u00e1p\u00e1 is said to rise in the Him\u00e1laya.\n182:17 In different MSS. read Michit\u00e1 and Nisrit\u00e1. In the V\u00e1yu and Matsya, Ni\u015bchir\u00e1 or Nirvir\u00e1 is said to flow from the Him\u00e1laya.\n182:18 Also Lohat\u00e1ra\u0144\u00ed and Lohach\u00e1ri\u0144\u00ed.\n182:19 The Saray\u00fa or Sarju is commonly identified with the Deva. Wilford says it is so by the Paur\u00e1\u0144ics, but we have here proof to the contrary. They are also distinguished by the people of the country. Although identical through great part of their course, they rise as different streams, and again divide and enter the Ganges by distinct branches.\n182:20 The recurrence of the same name in this, as in several similar subsequent instances, is possibly an error of the copyist; but it is also sometimes likely that one name is applied to different rivers. In one MS. we have, in place of this word, Chaitravat\u00ed; and in another Vetravat\u00ed.\n182:21 Read also \u015aat\u00e1var\u00ed. According to Wilford, the \u015aar\u00e1vat\u00ed is the Ban-gang\u00e1.\n182:22 The V\u00e1yu has P\u00e1r\u00e1, which is a river in Malwa, the P\u00e1rvat\u00ed. MSS. read V\u00e1\u0144\u00ed and Ve\u0144\u00e1.\n182:23 According to the V\u00e1yu, this rises in the Sahya m., and flows towards the south: it is therefore the Beema of Aurungabad.\n182:24 The Kaver\u00ed is well known, and has always borne the same appellation, being the Chaberis of Ptolemy.\n182:25 Read Chuluk\u00e1.\n182:26 Read also T\u00e1p\u00ed; the Tapt\u00ed river of the Dekhin.\n182:27 Read Ahit\u00e1 and Sahit\u00e1.\n183:28 Rises in the Sahya mountain, and flows southwards: V\u00e1yu, &c.\n183:29 Read Vichitr\u00e1.\n183:30 Several rivers are called by this name, as well as the Indus: there is one of some note, the K\u00e1li Sindh in Malwa.\n183:31 Also V\u00e1jin\u00ed.\n183:32 This agrees best in name with the Beema: it is also mentioned as a t\u00edrtha in the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata.\n183:33 From \u015auktimat: K\u00farma and V\u00e1yu. There is a Bal\u00e1san from the eastern portion of the Him\u00e1laya, a feeder of the Mah\u00e1nada, which may be the Pal\u00e1sin\u00ed, if the mountain be in this direction.\n183:34 Also Pippalal\u00e1vat\u00ed. The V\u00e1yu has a Pippal\u00e1 from the Riksha mountain.\n183:35 Also Ku\u015bav\u00edr\u00e1.\n183:36 Also Mahik\u00e1 and Maru\u0144d\u0301\u00e1ch\u00ed.\n183:37 Also \u015aen\u00e1.\n183:38 Read Kritavat\u00ed and Ghritavat\u00ed.\n183:39 Also Dhu\u015buly\u00e1.\n183:40 Also Atikrish\u0144a.\n183:41 In place of both Suv\u00e1rth\u00e1ch\u00ed.\n183:42 From P\u00e1rip\u00e1tra: V\u00e1yu and Matsya.\n183:43 Also Ku\u015ban\u00e1ra.\n183:44 Also \u015aa\u015bik\u00e1nta.\n183:45 Also Vastr\u00e1 and Suvastr\u00e1.\n183:46 One of the t\u00edrthas in the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata.\n183:47 According to the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata, this rises in the Vaid\u00farya mountain, part of the southern Vindhya or Sathpura range.\n183:48 Also Kuv\u00edra.\n183:49 Three MSS. agree in reading this Ambuv\u00e1hin\u00ed.\n183:50 Also Vainad\u00ed.\n183:51 Also Kuve\u0144\u00e1: it is possibly meant for the Tungabh\u00e1dra or Toombudra.\n183:52 A river in Malwa, so called from the city of the same name, which I have elsewhere conjectured to be Bhilsa. Megha D\u00fata, 31. There is a 'Bess' river in the maps, which joins the Betwa at Bhilsa, and is probably the river of the text.\n183:53 The Varna or Suvam\u00e1, 'the beautiful river,' Wilford identifies with the Ramgang\u00e1.\n183:54 Also Mahapag\u00e1, 'the great river.'\n183:55 Also Kuchchil\u00e1.\n183:56 The Sona river, rising in Main\u00e1ka or Amarakantak, and flowing east to the Ganges.\n184:57 This and the preceding both rise from the Vindhya mountain: the latter is also read Antassil\u00e1, 'the river flowing within or amidst rocks.'\n184:58 Also Paroksh\u00e1.\n184:59 We have a Suran\u00e1 in the V\u00e1yu, and Suras\u00e1 in the K\u00farma and Matsya, flowing from the Riksha mountain.\n184:60 The Tamas\u00e1 or Tonse, from Riksha.\n184:61 This and the preceding scarcely merit a place amongst the rivers, being two small streams which fall into the Ganges east and west of Benares, which is thence denominated Varan\u00e1s\u00ed.\n184:62 Par\u0144\u00e1\u015b\u00e1 or Var\u0144\u00e1\u015b\u00e1, from the P\u00e1rip\u00e1tra mountain.\n184:63 Also M\u00e1nav\u00ed.\n184:64 The Krish\u0144\u00e1 of the Dakhin is probably here intended, although its more ordinary designation seems to be that already specified, Krish\u0144ave\u0144a or Krish\u0144ave\u0144\u00ed. The meaning is much the same; the one being the 'dark river,' the other simply the 'dark,' the Niger.\n184:65 A river from \u015auktimat: V\u00e1yu.\n184:66 A river in Cuttack, according to Wilford: it is one of the t\u00edrthas of the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata, and apparently in a different direction. Buchanan (Eastern Hindustan) has a river of this name in Dinajpur.\n184:67 Both from the Vindhya: V\u00e1yu and K\u00farma. There is a Goaris in Ptolemy in central India.\n184:68 From Riksha: V\u00e1yu.\n184:69 Also Munja and Makarav\u00e1hin\u00ed.\n184:70 From Riksha: V\u00e1yu. According to the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata, it rises in the mountain Chitrakote.\n184:71 The Baitara\u0144\u00ed in Cuttack. It is named in the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata as a river of Kalinga.\n184:72 Also read N\u00edpa and Koka.\n184:73 From Riksha, but read also \u015auktimati, which is the reading of the Matsya. Wilford considers it to be the Swarnarekka of Cuttack.\n184:74 Also An\u00e1g\u00e1 and Surang\u00e1; perhaps the preferable reading should be Sumang\u00e1, a river .flowing from Main\u00e1ka, according to the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata.\n184:75 Part of the Brahmaputra.\n184:76 A considerable river in the east, flowing between Dinajpur and Rangpur.\n184:77 Also Vrishas\u00e1hwa.\n184:78 This and the preceding flow from \u015auktimat, according to the V\u00e1yu, Matsya, and K\u00farma. The last occurs also Rish\u00edka.\n184:79 Also Supar\u0144\u00e1. The Puny\u00e1 is considered to be the Pun-pun of Behan, but there is also a Parn\u00e1 river in the same province.\n185:80 It is possible that further research will identify more than those attempted to be verified in the foregoing notes, as well as meet with others readily recognizable. In the authorities consulted several occur not comprehended in the text, as the Kuhu and Ikshu, from the Him\u00e1laya; Vritraghn\u00ed, Chandan\u00e1 (Chandan of Bhagalpur), Mah\u00ed (the Mahy of western Malwa), \u015aipr\u00e1, and Avant\u00ed (rivers near Ujayin), from P\u00e1rip\u00e1tra; Mah\u00e1nada in Orissa, Drum\u00e1, Das\u00e1r\u0144a (Dhosaun in Bundelkhand), Chitrak\u00fat\u0301\u00e1, \u015aron\u00ed or \u015ayen\u00e1, Pi\u015b\u00e1chik\u00e1, Banjul\u00e1, B\u00e1luv\u00e1hin\u00ed, and Matku\u0144\u00e1, all from Riksha; Nirvindhy\u00e1, Madr\u00e1, Nishadh\u00e1, \u015ainib\u00e1hu, Kumudvat\u00ed, and Toy\u00e1, from Vindhya; Banjula, from Sahya; Kritam\u00e1l\u00e1, T\u00e1mrapar\u0144\u00ed, Pushpaj\u00e1ti, and Utpalavat\u00ed, from Malaya; L\u00e1ngulin\u00ed and Vansadh\u00e1r\u00e1, from Mahendra; and Mandag\u00e1 and Krip\u00e1 or R\u00fap\u00e1, from \u015auktimat. In the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a we have, besides some already specified, the Ruchir\u00e1, Pamp\u00e1, eastern Saraswat\u00ed, Vegavat\u00ed or Vyki of Madur\u00e1, and Varad\u00e1 or Wurda of Berar; and we have many others in the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata and different works, from which the Sanscrit appellations of most of the Indian rivers might be, with some little time and trouble, collected.\n185:1 The people of the upper part of the Doab. The two words might also be understood as denoting the P\u00e1nch\u00e1las of the Kuru country, there being two divisions of the tribe: see below, note 20.\n185:2 The \u015a\u00farasenas were the inhabitants of Mathura, the Suraseni of Arrian.\n185:3 The people of the upper part of the Coromandel coast, well known in the traditions of the eastern Archipelago as Kling. Ptolemy has a city in that part called Caliga; and Pliny, Caling\u00e6 proximi mari.\n185:4 One of the tribes of central India, according to the V\u00e1yu: it is also read B\u00e1hyas.\n185:5 The Malas and M\u00e1lavarttis are placed, in the V\u00e1yu and Matsya, amongst the central nations. The M\u00e1rka\u0144d\u0301eya reads Gavavarttis. Wilford considers M\u00e1la to be the Mal-bh\u00fam of Medinipur. As noticed in the Megha D\u00fata, I have supposed it to be situated in Chattisgarh. p. 21, note.\n185:6 The people of Dinajpur, Rangpur, and Cooch Behar. Calcutta Mag. Dec. 1824.\n185:7 Read Ku\u015ba\u0144d\u0301as, Ku\u015balyas, Ku\u015b\u00e1dhyas, Kis\u00e1dhajas, and placed in central India.\n185:8 Also Sau\u015balyas and Sau\u015bulyas.\n185:9 Kuntala is in one place one of the central countries; in another, one of the southern: the name is applied in inscriptions p. 186 to the province in which Curgode is situated, part of the Adoni district: (As. Res. IX. 427:) and consistently with this position it is placed amongst the dependant or allied states of Vidarbha in the Dada Kum\u00e1ra. Calcutta Quarterly Mag. Sept. 1827.\n186:10 A central nation: V\u00e1yu. The R\u00e1m\u00e1yana places them in the east. The combination indicates the country between Benares and Oude.\n186:11 Chedi is usually considered as Chandail, on the west of the Jungle Mehals, towards Nagpur. It is known, in times subsequent to the Pur\u00e1\u0144as, as Ra\u0144astambha.\n186:12 Some copies read Vatsa, and the other Pur\u00e1\u0144as have such a name amongst the central countries; the people perhaps of Vatsa, R\u00e1ja of Kaus\u00e1mbh\u00ed, near the junction of the Jumna and the Ganges. There are, however, two Matsyas, one of which, according to the Yantra Samr\u00e1t\u0301, is identifiable with Jaypur. In the Dig-vijaya of Nakula he subdues the Matsyas farther to the west, or in Guzerat.\n186:13 Situated on the back of the Vindhya range: V\u00e1yu and Matsya. They are generally named with the people of M\u00e1lava, which confirms this locality. They are said to be the posterity of Karusha, one of the sons of Vaivaswata Manu.\n186:14 These are also placed along the Vindhya chain, but at different times appear to have occupied different positions. They were a kindred tribe with the Andhakas and Vrish\u0144is, and a branch of the Y\u00e1davas. A Bhoja R\u00e1j\u00e1 is amongst the warriors of the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata. At a later period, Bhoja, the R\u00e1j\u00e1 of Dh\u00e1r, preserves an indication of this people; and from him the Bhojpuris, a tribe still living in western Behar, profess to be descended: they are not improbably relics of the older tribe. Bhoja is also used sometimes as a synonyme of Bhojakat\u0301a, a city near the Narmad\u00e1, founded by Rukmi, brother-in-law of Krish\u0144a, and before that, prince of Kundi\u0144a or Condavir.\n186:15 Pulinda is applied to any wild or barbarous tribe; those here named are some of the people of the deserts along the Indus; but Pulindas are met with in many other positions, especially in the mountains and forests across central India, the haunts of the Bhils and Gonds. So Ptolemy places the Pulindai along the banks of the Narmad\u00e1 to the frontiers of Larice; the L\u00e1t\u0301a or Lar of the Hindus; Kandesh and part. of Guzerat.\n186:16 In the other three Pur\u00e1\u0144as we have Utt\u00e1m\u00e1r\u0144as, on the Vindhya range.\n186:17 The people of the 'ten forts,' subsequently multiplied to 'thirty-six,' such being the import of Chattisgerh, which seems to be in the site of Das\u00e1r\u0144a. Megha D\u00fata, p. 30, note.\n186:18 A Vindhya tribe, according to the other Pur\u00e1\u0144as. The locality is confirmed by mythological personations; for Mekala is said to be a Rishi, the father of the river Narmad\u00e1; thence called Mekal\u00e1 and Mekalakany\u00e1: the mountain where it rises is also called Mekal\u00e1dri. The R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a places the Mekalas amongst the southern tribes.\n186:19 Utkala is still the native name of Orissa.\n186:20 These may be the southern Pa\u0144ch\u00e1las. p. 187 When Dro\u0144a overcame Drupada, king of Panch\u00e1la, as related in the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata, \u00c1di Parva, he retained half the country, that north of the Ganges, and restored to its former chief the other half, south of that river as far as to the Chambal. The capital of the latter became M\u00e1kandi on the Ganges; and the country included also K\u00e1mpilya, the Kampil of the Mohammedans, but placed by them in the Doab. The capital of the northern portion was Ahikshetra, a name traceable in the Adisathrus of Ptolemy, though the position differs: but Ahikshetra or Ahichchatra, as it is also written, seems to have been applied to more than one city.\n187:21 Perhaps the people of Tirhut, along the Kosi.\n187:22 'Having more than one back;' probable some nickname or term of derision. Thus we have, in the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a and other works, enumerated amongst tribes, the Kar\u0144a-pr\u00e1vara\u0144as, 'those who wrap themselves up in their ears;' Asht\u0301a-kar\u0144akas, 'the eight-eared;' or Osht\u0301ha-kar\u0144akas, 'having lips extending to their ears;' K\u00e1kamukhas, 'crow-faced;' Ekap\u00e1dukas, 'one-footed,' or rather 'one-slippered:' exaggerations of national ugliness, or allusions to peculiar customs, which were not literally intended, although they may have furnished the Mandevilles of ancient and modern times with some of their monsters. The spirit of the nomenclature is shewn by these tribes being associated with Kir\u00e1tas, 'barbarians,' and Yavanas, either Greeks or Mohammedans.\n187:23 A preferable reading seems to be Yugandhara: a city in the Punjab so called is mentioned in the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata, Kar\u0144a P.\n187:24 Read Bodhas, Godhas, and Saudhas. There is a Rajput tribe called Sodha.\n187:25 This may consist of two names, and is so read in MSS., or the latter term occurs Kalingas; both terms are repeated. Besides the Machu of the north, a similar word,. Madru, is applied to Madura in the south. As. Res. IX. 428. The R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a has Madras in the east, as well as in the north.\n187:26 The people of the Benares district, and that opposite.\n187:27 The inhabitants of Ujayin.\n187:28 These should be opposite to the Kuntis, but where either is situated does not appear.\n187:29 The best reading is Gomanta, part of the Konkan about Goa.\n187:30 The more usual reading is Kha\u0144d\u0301as; one MS. has Par\u0144as.\n187:31 A country of considerable extent and power at various periods. The name remains in Beder, which may have been the ancient capital; but the kingdom seems to have corresponded with the great part of Berar and Kandesh. It is mentioned in the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a and the Pur\u00e1\u0144as amongst the countries of the south.\n187:32 Also R\u00fapav\u00e1sikas. There is a Rup\u00e1 river from the \u015auktimat mountain, the vicinity of which may be alluded to. We have R\u00fapasas or R\u00fapapas amongst the southern tribes of the Pur\u00e1\u0144as.\n188:33 Read also A\u015bmalas and A\u015bmakas: the latter are enumerated amongst the people of the south in the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a, and in the V\u00e1yu, Matsya, and M\u00e1rka\u0144d\u0301eya P. There is a prince of the same name of the solar dynasty.\n188:34 Gova or Kuva is an ancient name of the southern Konkan, and may be intended in this place by the Gopa country; or it may imply 'the district of cow-herds,' that is, of Nomadic tribes.\n188:35 Also read Kulatis and P\u00e1\u0144\u00edtakas.\n188:36 Read also Adhir\u00e1jya and Adhir\u00e1sht\u0301ra, which mean the same, 'the over or superior kingdom.'\n188:37 Also Ku\u015b\u00e1dhya, Ku\u015b\u00e1nda, and Mukuntha.\n188:38 Also Vallir\u00e1sht\u0301ra. There are Mallas in the east, along the foot of the Himalaya, in Bh\u00edma's Dig-vijaya; but we should rather look for them in the north-west, in the site of the Malli of Arrian. We have in the Pur\u00e1\u0144as, Mah\u00e1r\u00e1sht\u0301ra, the Mahratta country, which may be here intended.\n188:39 Two copies read Kevala; one, Kambala, The text is probably wrong, as we have Kerala below.\n188:40 Also V\u00e1r\u00e1y\u00e1sis and Varav\u00e1sis: one copy has, what is likely to be most correct, V\u00e1nar\u00e1syas, the monkey-faced people.'\n188:41 Read Upav\u00e1ha and Prav\u00e1ha.\n188:42 The MSS. agree in reading this Vakra.\n188:43 The \u015aakas occur again, more than once, which may be possibly unnecessary repetition: but these people, the Sakai and Sac\u00e6 of classical writers, the Indo-Scythians of Ptolemy, extended, about the commencement of our era, along the west of India, from the Hindu Koh to the mouths of the Indus.\n188:44 The inhabitants of Tirhut.\n188:45 The people of South Bahar.\n188:46 Also read Mahyas and Suhmas: the latter is probably correct. The Suhmas and Prasuhmas were found in the east by Bh\u00edma; and Suhma is elsewhere said to be situated east of Bengal, towards the sea, the king and the people being Mlechchhas, that is not Hindus: it would correspond therefore with Tiperah and Aracan.\n188:47 Also read Malajas, but less correctly perhaps. The Malayas are the people of the southern Ghats.\n188:48 We have Pravijayas in the east, according to the Pur\u00e1\u0144as.\n188:49 Anga is the country about Bhagalpur, of which Champ\u00e1 was the capital.\n188:50 Eastern Bengal.\n188:51 We have had these before, but they are repeated perhaps in conformity to the usual classification, which connects them with the two preceding, being derived in the genealogical lists from a common ancestor.\n188:52 In Bh\u00edma's Dig-vijaya we have two people of this name, both in the east; one along the foot of the Him\u00e1laya, and the other more to the south.\n188:53 Uniformly read in the MSS. Sudesh\u0144a.\n188:54 Three copies read M\u00e1hishas. We p. 189 have Mahishakas amongst the southern people in the Pur\u00e1\u0144as; and a M\u00e1hishik\u00ed in the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a, also in the south: the latter may be connected with M\u00e1hishmat\u00ed, which Sahadeva visits in his southern invasion, and which has been elsewhere conjectured to be in Mysur. (Calcutta Annual Register, 1822,) There is also a M\u00e1hishmat\u00ed on the road to the south (Mah\u00e1bh. Udyoga P.), which is commonly identified with Chul\u00ed Mahe\u015bwar, on the Narmad\u00e1.\n189:55 Also Rish\u00edkas; people placed by the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a both in the north and in the south. Arjuna visits the former, and exacts from them eight horses. Dig-vijaya.\n189:56 Also read B\u00e1h\u00edkas, which we may here prefer, as the B\u00e1hl\u00edkas are subsequently named: the former are described in the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata, Kar\u0144a Parva, with some detail, and comprehend the different nations of the Punjab, from the Setlej to the Indus.\n189:57 These are included amongst the northern nations; V\u00e1yu, &c.; but in Nakula's Dig-vijaya they are in the west.\n189:58 The \u00c1bh\u00edras, according to the Pur\u00e1\u0144as, are also in the north: in the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a and Mah\u00e1bh. Sabh\u00e1 P. they are in the west. The fact seems to be, that the people along the Indus, from Surat to the Him\u00e1laya, are often regarded as either western or northern nations, according to the topographical position of the writer: in either case the same tribes are intended.\n189:59 The MSS. read K\u00e1l\u00e1toyakas, a people placed by the Pur\u00e1\u0144as in the north.\n189:60 The V\u00e1yu reads Apar\u00edtas, a northern nation. There are Aparyt\u00e6 in Herodotus, classed with a people bordering on India, the Gandari. The term in the text signifies also borderers,' and is probably correct, as opposed to the following word Par\u00e1ntas; the latter signifying those beyond, and the former those not beyond the borders. The latter has for Par\u00e1ntas, Par\u00edtas; and the Matsya, Par\u00e1das.\n189:61 Also Pahlavas, a northern or northwestern nation, often mentioned in Hindu writings, in Manu, the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a, the Pur\u00e1\u0144as, &c. They were not a Hindu people, and may have been some of the tribes between India and Persia.\n189:62 Also Charmakh\u00e1\u0144d\u0301ikas, but the sense is the same; those living in the district Ma\u0144d\u0301ala or Kha\u0144d\u0301a of Charma: they are a northern people: V\u00e1yu, &c. Pliny mentions a king of a people so called, \"Charmarum rex.\"\n189:63 Read Marubhaumas; more satisfactorily, as it means the inhabitants of Marubh\u00fam\u00ed, 'the desert;' the sands of Sindh.\n189:64 Also Sur\u00e1sht\u0301ras, which is no doubt more correct; the inhabitants of Surat.\n189:65 The Kekayas or Kaikeyas appear amongst the chief nations in the war of the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata, their king being a kinsman of Krish\u0144a. The R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a, II. 53, specifies their position beyond, or west of, the Vip\u00e1\u015ba.\n190:66 We have in the Pur\u00e1\u0144as Kut\u0301t\u0301aprachara\u0144as and Kut\u0301t\u0301apr\u00e1vara\u0144as amongst the mountain tribes.\n190:67 These may be people upon the Mah\u00ed river: they are named amongst the southern nations by the V\u00e1yu, &c., but the west is evidently intended.\n190:68 Read also Kachchas: the Pur\u00e1\u0144a have Kachchiyas. The form is equally applicable to people dwelling in districts contiguous to water and in marshy spots, and denotes the province still called Cutch.\n190:69 Also read Adhya, Antya, and Andhra: the latter is the name of Telingana, the Andhri of Pliny.\n190:70 Three MSS. have Malada, a people of the east in Bh\u00edma's Dig-vijaya.\n190:71 Also M\u00e1navalakas.\n190:72 A people of the east.\n190:73 The western provinces of Bengal, or, as sometimes used in a more comprehensive sense, it includes the following districts: Rajshahi, Dinajpur, and Rangpur; Nadiya, Birbhum, Burdwan, part of Midnapur, and the Jungle Mahals; Ramgerh, Pachete, Palamow, and part of Chunar. See an account of Pu\u0144d\u0301ra, translated from what is said to be part of the Brahma\u0144d\u0301a section of the Bhavishyat Pur\u00e1\u0144a. Calcutta Quart. Mag. Dec. 1824.\n190:74 There is considerable variety in this term, L\u00e1rga, M\u00e1rja, Samuttara, and Samantara; probably neither is correct. Bhargas are amongst the people subdued in the east by Bh\u00edma.\n190:75 These are foresters and barbarians in general.\n190:76 Notwithstanding the celebrity of this country, as the kingdom of Nala, it does not appear exactly where it was situated: we may conclude it was not far from Vidharba (Berar) as that was the country of Damayant\u00ed. From the directions given by Nala to Damayant\u00ed, it is near the Vindhya mountain and Payosh\u0144\u00ed river, and roads lead from it across the Riksha mountain to Avanti and the south, as well as to Vidarbha and to Ko\u015bal\u00e1. Nalop\u00e1khy\u00e1na, sec. 9.\n190:77 These are always placed in the west: they are fabled to be the descendants of \u00c1nartta, the son of Sary\u00e1ti, who founded the capital Ku\u015basthal\u00ed afterwards Dw\u00e1rak\u00e1, on the sea-shore in Guzerat.\n190:78 Also Pratimatsyas; those opposite or adjacent to the Matsyas.\n190:79 Also Ku\u015bajas and Ko\u015balas; the latter is probably correct, as the name does not occur in any other form than that of Kasiko\u015bal\u00e1 above. Ko\u015bal\u00e1 is a name variously applied. Its earliest and most celebrated application is to the country on the banks of the Sar.ay\u00fa, the kingdom of R\u00e1ma, of which Ayodhy\u00e1 was the capital. R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a, I. s. 5. In the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata we p. 191 have one Ko\u015bal\u00e1 in the east, and another in the south, besides the Prak-ko\u015balas and Uttara-ko\u015balas in the east and north, The Pur\u00e1\u0144as place the Ko\u015balas amongst the people or the back of Vindhya;' and it would appear from the V\u00e1yu that Ku\u015ba, the son of R\u00e1ma, transferred his kingdom to a more central position; he ruled over Ko\u015bal\u00e1 at his capital of Ku\u015basthal\u00ed or Ku\u015b\u00e1vat\u00ed, built upon the Vindhyan precipices: the same is alluded to in the P\u00e1t\u00e1la Kha\u0144d\u0301a of the Padma Pur\u00e1\u0144a, and in the Raghu Van\u015ba, for the purpose of explaining the return of Ku\u015ba to Ayodhy\u00e1. Certainly in later times the country of Ko\u015bal\u00e1 lay south of Oude, for in the Ratn\u00e1val\u00ed the general of Vatsa surrounds the king of Ko\u015bal\u00e1 in the Vindhya mountains: (Hindu Theatre, II. 305:) and, as noticed in the same work, (p. 267,) we have in the Pur\u00e1\u0144as, Sapta Ko\u015balas, or seven Ko\u015balas. An inscription found at Ratnapur in Chattisgarh, of which I have an unpublished translation, states that Sri-deva, the governor of Malahari Mandala, having obtained the favour of Prithwideva, king of Ko\u015bal\u00e1, was enabled to build temples, and dig tanks, &c., indicating the extension of the power of Ko\u015bal\u00e1 across the Ganges in that direction. The inscription is dated Samvat 915, or A. D. 858. The Ko\u015bal\u00e1 of the Pur\u00e1\u0144as and of the dramatic and poetic writers was however more to the west, along a part of the Vindhya range. Ptolemy has a Kontakossula in the south, probably one of the Ko\u015balas of the Hindus.\n191:80 Also It\u00edkas; perhaps the Ish\u00edkas or Aish\u00edkas of the V\u00e1yu, &c. a people of the south.\n191:81 The people of Kashmir.\n191:82 One of the chief tribes engaged in the war of the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata. The R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a places them in the west; the Pur\u00e1\u0144as in the north. The term Sindhu shews their position to have been upon the Indus, apparently in the Punjab.\n191:83 These are also a people of the northwest, found both on the west of the Indus and in the Punjab, and well known to classical authors as the Gandarii and Gandarid\u00e6. As. Res. XV. 103; also Journal of the R. As. Soc.; Account of the Foe-k\u00fce-ki.\n191:84 From the context this should probably be Darvakas, the people of a district usually specified in connexion with the succeeding.\n191:85 These are the inhabitants of the country bordering on Cashmir, to the south and west; known to the Greeks as the kingdom of Abisares. It often occurs in composition with Darya, as Darv\u00e1bhis\u00e1ra. As. Res. XV. 24.\n191:86 Also read Ul\u00fat\u0301as and Kul\u00fat\u0301as: the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a has Kol\u00fakas or Kaul\u00fat\u0301as amongst the western tribes.\n191:87 Also with the short vowel, \u015aaivalas.\n191:88 The V\u00e1hl\u00edkas or B\u00e1hl\u00edkas are always associated with the people of the north, west, and ultra-Indian provinces, and are usually considered to represent the Bactrians, or people of Balkh. It is specified in the Mah\u00e1bh. Udyoga P. as famous for its horses, a reputation the country bordering upon it, at least Bokhara and Maimena, still preserves: and in Arju\u0144a's Dig-vijaya it is said to be difficult of approach.\n191:89 These are probably intended for the p. 192 neighbours of the Abhis\u00e1ras: they are found in the north by Arjuna, Dig-vijaya, and are there termed also Kshatriyas.\n192:90 Also read B\u00e1hub\u00e1dhya and Bahurada.\n192:91 The name occurs in the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a as that of a mountain in the Punjab or in the B\u00e1h\u00edka country. II. 53.\n192:92 The MSS. agree in reading this V\u00e1n\u00e1yava or Vanayus, a people in the northwest, also famous for horses.\n192:93 A better reading is Dasap\u00e1r\u015bwa, as we have had Da\u015b\u00e1r\u0144as before.\n192:94 Also Rop\u00e1\u0144as; quere, Romans?\n192:95 Also Gachchas and Kachchas: the last is the best reading, although it has occurred before.\n192:96 Also Gop\u00e1la-kachchas: they are amongst the eastern tribes in Bh\u00edma's Dig-vijaya.\n192:97 Or Langalas.\n192:98 Kuruj\u00e1ngalas, or the people of the forests in the upper part of the Doab: it is also read Paravallabhas.\n192:99 The analogy to 'barbarians' is not in sound only, but in all the authorities these are classed with borderers and foreigners and nations not Hindu.\n192:100 Also D\u00e1has, in which we should have a resemblance to the Scythian Dah\u00e6.\n192:101 Or T\u00e1maliptas or D\u00e1maliptas; the people at the western mouth of the Ganges in Medinipur and Tamluk. T\u00e1mralipt\u00ed was a celebrated sea-port in the fourth century, (Account of the Poe-k\u00fce-ki,) and retained its character in the ninth and twelfth. Da\u015ba Kum\u00e1ra Charitra and Vrihat Katha; also Journ. Royal As. Soc.\n192:102 The people of Odra or Orissa.\n192:103 The inhabitants of Pu\u0144d\u0301ra: see note 73.\n192:104 The people of the Coromandel coast, from Madras southwards; those by whom the Tamil language is spoken.\n192:105 The people of Malabar proper.\n192:106 Also Pr\u00e1syas. Pr\u00e1chyas properly means the people of the east, the Prasii of the Greeks, east of the Ganges.\n192:107 M\u00fashika is the southernmost part of the Malabar coast, Cochin and Travancore.\n192:108 Also V\u00e1nav\u00e1sinas and V\u00e1nav\u00e1sikas; the inhabitants of Banawasi, the Banavasi of Ptolemy, a town the remains of which are still extant in the district of Sunda.\n192:109 The people of the centre of the Peninsula, the proper Kern\u00e1ta or Carnatie.\n192:110 The people of Mysore: see note 54.\n192:111 Also Vikalpas.\n192:112 Also Pushkalas,\n192:113 Also Kar\u0144ikas.\n192:114 Read Kuntikas.\n193:115 Variously read Nalak\u00e1laka, Nabhak\u00e1nana, and Tilakanija.\n193:116 Kaukundaka and Kaukuntaka.\n193:117 The inhabitants of the lower part of the Coromandel coast; so called after them Chola-ma\u0144d\u0301ala.\n193:118 People of the Konkan: according to some statements there are seven districts so named.\n193:119 Malavanara and \u015a\u00e1lav\u00e1\u0144aka.\n193:120 These two words are sometimes compounded as Kukkur\u00e1ng\u00e1ra: it is also read Kanur\u00e1jada.\n193:121 This is a questionable name, though the MSS. agree. We have in Arjuna's Dig-vijaya, Utsavamanketa; and in Nakula's, to the west, Utsavasanketa.\n193:122 These are amongst the warriors of the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata; they are included in all the lists amongst the northern tribes, and are mentioned in the R\u00e1j\u00e1tarangin\u00ed as not far from Kashmir: they are considered to be the people of Lahone.\n193:123 Also Vy\u00fakas and Vrikas: the latter are specified amongst the central nations: V\u00e1yu, &c.\n193:124 Kokavakas and Kokanakhas.\n193:125 \u015a\u00e1ras and Vegasaras; also Parasanch\u00e1rakas.\n193:126 Vindhyap\u00e1lakas and Vindhyam\u00falikas: the latter, those at the foot of Vindhya, are named in the Paur\u00e1\u0144ik lists amongst the southern tribes.\n193:127 Balwala and Valkaja.\n193:128 Also M\u00e1laka and M\u00e1java.\n193:129 Also Vallabhas, which from the succeeding word may be conjectured to be correct. A city named Vallabh\u00ed makes a great figure in the traditions of Rajputana. See Tod's Rajasthan.\n193:130 One of the tribes in the west or north-west subdued by Arjuna.\n193:131 K\u00e1lada and Dohada.\n193:132 Kundala, Karantha, and Ma\u0144d\u0301aka: the latter occurs in the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a amongst the eastern nations.\n193:133 Kurat\u0301a, Kunaka.\n193:134 Stanab\u00e1la.\n193:135 Sat\u00edrtha, Sat\u00edya, N\u00e1r\u00edya.\n193:136 The \u015arinjayas are a people from the north-west amongst the warriors of the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata: the reading may be incorrect. It occurs also Put\u00edsrinjaya.\n193:137 Also Aninda.\n193:138 Also Sivata, Sir\u00e1la, Syuvaka.\n193:139 Tanapa, Stanapa, Sutapa.\n193:140 Pallipanjaka and Vidarbha.\n193:141 Dadhividarbha, but three copies have Rishika. Great variety, and no doubt great inaccuracy, prevails in the MSS. in several of the names ]sere given: they are not found elsewhere.\n193:142 The reading of three copies is K\u00e1kas: there is a tribe so called on the banks of the Indus, as it leaves the mountains.\n193:143 These and the following are mountaineers p. 194 in the north-west. The former are placed by the Pur\u00e1\u0144as in the north, and the V\u00e1yu includes them also amongst the mountain tribes. The R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a has Tankanas in the north.\n194:144 The term Yavanas, although in later times applied to the Mohammedans, designated formerly the Greeks, as observed in the valuable notes on the translation of the Birth of Um\u00e1, from the Kum\u00e1ra Sambhava. (Journal As. Soc. of Bengal, July 1833.) The Greeks were known throughout western Asia by the term \u05d5 \u05d9\u05d5\u05df, Yavan; or Ion, \u1f38\u03b1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2; the Yavana, ###, of the Hindus; or as it occurs in its Prakrit form, in the very curious inscription decyphered by Mr. Prinsep, (J. As. Soc. Beng. Feb. 1838,) Yona: the term Yona R\u00e1j\u00e1 being there associated with the name Antiochus, in all likelihood Antiochus the Great, the ally of the Indian prince Sophagasenas, about B. C. 210. That the Macedonian or Bactrian Greeks were most usually intended is not only probable from their position and relations with India, but from their being usually named in concurrence with the north-western tribes, Kambojas, Daradas, P\u00e1radas, B\u00e1hlikas, \u015aakas, &c. in the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a, Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata, Pur\u00e1\u0144as, Manu, and in various poems and plays.\n194:145 Chinas, or Chinese, or rather the people of Chinese Tartary, are named in the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a and Manu, as well as in the Pur\u00e1\u0144as. If the designation China was derived from the Tsin dynasty, which commenced B. C. 260, this forms a limit of antiquity for the works in question. The same word however, or Tsin, was the ancient appellation of the northern province of Shen-sy, and it may have reached the Hindus from thence at an earlier period.\n194:146 These Wilford regards as the people of Arachosia. They are always mentioned together with the north-western tribes, Yavanas, \u015aakas, and the like: they are also famous for their hoses; and in the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a they are said to be covered with golden lotuses. What is meant is doubtful, probably some ornament or embellishment of their dress. We have part of the name, or Kambi, in the Cambistholi of Arrian: the last two syllables, no doubt, represent the Sanscrit Sthala, 'place,' 'district;' and the word denotes the dwellers in the Kamba or Kambis country: so K\u00e1mboja may be explained those born in Kamba or Kambas.\n194:147 Also \u015aakridvaha or \u015aakridguha.\n194:148 Also Kulachchas and Kuntalas: the Pur\u00e1\u0144as have Kupathas amongst the mountain tribes.\n194:149 Also P\u00e1rataka: the first is not a common form in the Pur\u00e1\u0144as, although it is in poetical writings, denoting, no doubt, the Persians, or people of Pars or Fars: the latter, also read P\u00e1radas, may imply the same, as beyond (P\u00e1ra) the Indus.\n194:150 We have Ramathas in Nakula's Dig-vijaya, and in the V\u00e1yu and Matsya.\n194:151 Da\u015bam\u00e1nas and De\u015bam\u00e1nikas, in the north: V\u00e1yu and Matsya.\n194:152 The passage occurs in the V\u00e1yu and M\u00e1rka\u0144d\u0301eya Pur\u00e1\u0144as, as well as in the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata; but the purport is not very distinct, and the proper reading is doubtful. p. 195 In three MSS. of the latter it occurs ### the latter p\u00e1da is the same in all: the former, is ### in a fourth copy, in two copies of the V\u00e1yu it is ###. None of these are intelligible, and the M\u00e1rka\u0144d\u0301eya furnishes the reading followed, Modern geographers have supposed the Cath\u00e6i, Cathari, and Chatri\u00e6i of the ancients, in the lower parts of the Punjab, to mean a people of Kshatriyas; but no such people occur directly named in our lists. Considering that the text is speaking of barbarous and foreign tribes, perhaps no particular nation is here meant, and it may be intended as an epithet of those which follow, or of Vai\u015bya (agricultural) and \u015a\u00fadra (servile or low) tribes, living either near to, or after the manner of Kshatriyas: in that case a better reading would be, ###. According to Manu, various northern tribes, the \u015aakas, K\u00e1mbojas, P\u00e1radas, Pahlavas, Kir\u00e1tas, Daradas, and Khasas, and even the Chinas and Yavanas, are degraded Kshatriyas, in consequence of neglecting religious rites. X. 43, 44. According to the Paur\u00e1\u0144ik legend they were overcome in war by Sagara, and degraded from their original caste. See book IV.\n195:153 Here we have a people called \u015a\u00fadras by all the authorities, and placed in the west or north-west, towards the Indus. They have been ingeniously, and with probability, conjectured by Mr. Lassen to be the Oxydrac\u00e6; for \u015a\u00fadraka is equally correct with \u015a\u00fadra; and in place of \u1f48\u03be\u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 various MSS. of Strabo, as quoted by Siebenkees, read \u03a3\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 and \u03a3\u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9: the latter is precisely the Sanscrit appellation. Pliny also has Sudraci for the people who formed the limit of Alexander's eastern conquests, or those hitherto inaccurately called Oxydrac\u00e6.\n195:154 These are always conjoined with the \u015a\u00fadras, as if conterminous. Their situation is no doubt correctly indicated by Ptolemy by the position of Abiria above Pattalene on the Indus.\n195:155 The Durds are still where they were at the date of our text, and in the days of Strabo and Ptolemy; not exactly, indeed, at the sources of the Indus, but along its course, above the Him\u00e1laya, just before it descends to India; a position which might well be taken for its head.\n195:156 Also read Pa\u015bus, 'brutes.' If the term might be altered to Palli, it would imply 'village or pastoral tribes.'\n195:157 Also Khas\u00edkas and Khas\u00e1kas. The first of these is probably most correct, being equivalent to Khasas, barbarians named along with the \u015aakas and Daradas by Manu, &c.; traces of whom may be sought amongst the barbarous tribes on the north-east of Bengal, the Kasiyas; or it has been thought that they may be referred to the situation of Kashgar. Two copies have, in place of this, Tukh\u00e1ras, and the same occurs in the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a; the V\u00e1yu has Tush\u00e1ras, but the M\u00e1rka\u0144d\u0301eya, Tukh\u00e1ra: these are probably the Tochari, Tachari, or Thogari, a tribe of the \u015aakas, by whom Bactria was taken from the Greeks, and from whom Tocharestan derives the name it still bears.\n195:158 Also Pahlavas and Pallavas. The form in the text is the more usual.\n196:159 The R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a has Gahvaras. The mountains from Kabul to Bamian furnish infinitely numerous instances of cavern habitations.\n196:160 These two, according to the V\u00e1yu, are amongst the northern nations; but they might be thought to be religious fraternities, from the sages Atri and Bharadwaja.\n196:161 The latter member of the compound occurs poshikas, p\u00e1yikas, and yodhikas, 'cherishers,' 'drinkers,' or 'fighters:' the first term denotes the female breast.\n196:162 Also Dro\u0144akas, 'people of vallies.'\n196:163 Also Kajingas. Kalingas would be here out of place.\n196:164 These and the preceding are included by the V\u00e1yu amongst the mountain tribes of the north.\n196:165 Many names indeed might be added to the catalogue from the lists referred to in the V\u00e1yu, Matsya, and M\u00e1rka\u0144d\u0301eya Pur\u00e1\u0144as, as well as several capable of verification from the R\u00e1m\u00e1ya\u0144a, and other passages of the Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata. This is not the place however to exhaust the subject, and it has been prosecuted too far perhaps already. It is evident that a very considerable proportion of the names recorded can be verified, and that many of them may be traced in the geographical notices of India left by the historians of Alexander's expedition. That more cannot be identified is owing in a great measure to incomplete research; and a more extensive examination of the authorities would no doubt discover passages where circumstances, as well as names, are given by which the places would be recognised. It is evident, however, that much embarrassment also arises from the inaccuracy of manuscripts, which vary widely and irreconcilably. I have given instances from four different copies of the text; one in my own possession, three in the library of the East India Company; all very excellent copies, but manifestly erroneous in many respects in their nomenclature of places, and particularly of those which are least known. No assistance is to be had from any commentary, as the subject is one of little interest in native estimation.","title":"The Vishnu Purana: Book II: Topographical Lists from the ...","type":"page"}