{"collection":"Islam","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/isl/siim/siim28.htm","path":"isl/siim/siim28.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/isl/siim/siim28.htm","text":"Studies in Islamic Mysticism, by Reynold A. Nicholson, [1921]\nAb\u00fa Sa\u2018\u00edd ibn Abi \u2019l-Khayr, 1-76; authorities for his biography, 1-3; his birth and early education, 3-5; his theological studies, 6; his conversion to \u1e62\u00fafisim, 6-9; his lineage as a \u1e62\u00faf\u00ed, 10; his austerities, 11-16; he buries his books of theology, 20; the tree planted by him at Mayhana, 20; his mystical illumination, attained at the age of forty, 24-25; his journey to N\u00edsh\u00e1p\u00far, 26, 27; his telepathic powers, 27, 28-36, 38-41, 68; charges brought against him by the Sunnis, Sh\u00ed\u2018ites, and Mu\u2018tazilites, 28, 29; his relations with Qushayr\u00ed, 33-36; his luxury and extravagance, 35-37 anecdotes showing how he maintained himself and his disciples, 38-41; his vengeance on an Am\u00edr who refused to pay his debts, 42; his reported meeting with Avicenna, 42; his visit to Ab\u00fa \u2019l-\u1e24asan Kharaq\u00e1n\u00ed, 42-44; his refusal to make the pilgrimage to Mecca, 44, 61; his death, 45; his epitaph, 45; description of his personal appearance, 45; regulations which he made for the inmates of his convent, 46, 76; his barber and tailor, 47; his desire to observe the Sunna of the Prophet, 47; the quatrains attributed to him, 1, 4, 48; the character of his mysticism, 48 foll., 70, 76; sayings on self-negation, 50 foll.; he called himself Nobody the son of Nobody, 53; his ideal of charity and brotherhood, 55, 56; his pantheism, 57, 64; his attitude towards Islam, 57 foll.; his innovations in \u1e62\u00fafistic practice, 58; his miracles, 65 foll.; veneration paid to his relics, 73-75\nActions, Divine, the illumination of the, 126; human, logically self-determined, 151\nAdam, created in the image of God, 79, 80, 106, 111, 113; the microcosm, 149, 154 foll.; the world-spirit, 121; the vicegerent of God, 113, 130, 156. See Angels; Man, the Perfect; Man, the Primal; Spirit, the created\nAllah, the orthodox and mystical conceptions of, 7g; the name Allah, knowledge of God reached by means of, 93, 107; the revelation of the name, 93, 126-7; the name repeated in dhikr, 7-9; analysed by J\u00edl\u00ed, 96. See God; Divinity; Essence, the Divine; al-\u1e24aqq\nAngels, 122 foll., 205, 233; the worship of God by, 15; commanded to worship Adam, 112, 120, 242; jealous of Adam, 205; created from the faculties of the Perfect Man, 106, 108, 115 foll.; created from the Spirit (Logos), 111-113; faculties of the cosmos, 155; the Sublime, 112, 120. See Cherubim\nAnthropomorphism, 140\nAntinomianism, 7, 33, 37, 57, 60 foll., 141, 184, 196\nAsceticism, \u1e62\u00faf\u00ed, 11-16, 24, 25, 46, 62, 63, 119, 208, 215-217, 224, 251\nAtomists, the Ash\u2018arite, 154\nAttributes, the Divine, 83 foll., 90-93, 97 foll., 249 foll.; constitute the universe, 83, 100, 150; not ultimately distinguishable from the Essence, 83, 90, 150, 232, 242; classified, 85, 100, 207; the seven principal, 101; the illumination of the Attributes, 85, 128-9\nBeauty, Absolute, 85, 90, 143, 174, 196, 199, 207\nBeauty, material, 174, 196, 199. See \u1e25usn\nBeauty, the Divine attributes of, 85, too, 103, 120, 131. See jam\u00e1l\nBegging, 14\nBeing, Absolute, 83; identical with Thought, 83; its three stages of manifestation, 84, 94 foll. See Essence\nBeing, contingent or phenomenal, 83, 104, 153, 186, 187, 189, 190, 199, 209, 221, 222-223, 232, 242, 251. See Phenomena\nBeing, the unity of, 82, 152-154, 214, 234. See itti\u1e25\u00e1d.\nBells, the ringing of, heard in ecstasy, 129\nBlame, welcome to the lover, 179-180\nBlamer, the, in Arabic love-poetry, 178-179; in mystical poetry, 179, 180, 204, 205, 215, 232, 233, 234\nBody, the faculties of the, necessary for the attainment of spiritual perfection, 119\nBody, the spiritual, 134\nBody, the universal, 110\nBooks, useless to the \u1e62\u00faf\u00ed, 20, 21\nChange, the meaning of, 100\nCharity, the best means of attaining to God, 55\nCherubim, the, 106, 110, 111, 117\nChildren, the heavenly influence of, 161\nChristianity, traces of, in \u1e62\u00fafisim, 79, 87, 138; J\u00edl\u00ed's apology for, 139 foll.; associated with wine-drinking, 187. See Gospel\nChristians, the, 132, 133, 138, 139, 140, 187, 263\nComposition, automatic, 167\nContemplation, of God, 62, 63, 130, 208, 210, 212, 215, 222, 226, 241, 255\nCosmology, 121 foll.\nCreation, the, 80, 90, 103, 115, 121, 122, 151, 154, 208, 229, 255\nDancing, 237. See Music\nDeterminism, 54, 102, 115, 120, 126, 157, 158, 198, 199, 265\nDevil, the, 179, 205, 223, 233. See Ibl\u00eds; Satan\nDirections, the six, 213\nDirector, a spiritual, indispensable to the \u1e62\u00faf\u00ed, to, 22, 23. See p\u00edr\nDivinity, the highest manifestation of the Essence, 84, 97; invisible, 97\nDreams, 90, 91, 92, 105, 112, 118, 258, 259, 265\nEcstasy, 4, 9, 25, 27, 34, 35, 36, 43, 56, 60, 61, 65, 78, 79, 167, 185, 188, 199 foll., 218, 221, 234 foll., 243. See Illumination; Intoxication; fan\u00e1\nEmanation, 153, 155, 193, 233, 261\nEschatology, 133 foll.\nEssence, definition of, 82; may be regarded as with or without attributes, 97, 150, 243\nEssence, the Divine, 83 foll., 89, 90, 97, 150; unknowable per se, 83, 115, 150; described by contraries, 83, 156; unites all opposites, 152; perceived immediately, 92, 98; veiled by phenomena, 173; self-diremption of the, 94, 96; threefold nature of the, 86, 103, 104; the illumination of the Essence, 85, 129-130. See God\nEuphuism, 177\nEvil, 53; only relative, 85, 100; not permanent, 136; a necessary consequence of the self-manifestation of the Absolute, 85, 93, 131, 264-265. See Sin\nFaculties of the Perfect Man, the, 108 foll.\nFall, the, due to Man's divine nature, 119\nFate, 157. See Determinism Forgiveness, the dearest of all things to God, 54\nFreethinkers, Moslem, 62\nFreewill, 54, 10I, 102, 103, 120, 134\nFrock, the patched, worn by \u1e62\u00faf\u00eds, 14; investiture performed by the spiritual director (P\u00edr), 22; meaning of this ceremony, 22, 23; it is allowable to receive the frock from two P\u00edrs, 23; frocks torn to pieces and distributed, 43, 57, 58, 73. See khirqa\nFruit, the forbidden, 119, 223\nGod, the nature of, 97 foll., 103, 104, 149 foll.; the substance of the universe, 99, 152; the essence of all religious beliefs, 130 foll., 159, 264; the only real agent, 16, 51, 52, 54, 126, 161, 262, 264; the ways to, innumerable, 50; the way to, a single step, 50; the finite God of religion, 159, 160. See Essence, the Divine; Attributes, the Divine; Names, the Divine; Allah\nGospel, the, opening words of, according to J\u00edl\u00ed, 139; typifies the second stage in the mystical\nascent of the soul, 138; the true doctrine of, 140\n\u1e24ad\u00edth. See Traditions of the Prophet\nHearing, the Divine attribute of, 101, 129\nHeart, the, 113-115, 159, 236, 239; comprehends God, 115, 238; is reflected by the universe, 115; compared to the Ka\u2018ba, 238. See qalb\nHell, 125, 135, 206, 245, 265; defined as selfhood, 64; the mirror of Divine Majesty, 100, 136; created from the Form of Mohammed, 135; will not exist actually until after the Resurrection, 135; a temporary state, 136; the seven limbos of, 136; dislike of Koranic texts describing the torments of Hell, 56; the pleasures of Hell, 132, 137, 160\nIbl\u00eds. See Index I\nIllumination, mystical, 24, 25, 164, 174, 200; three (or four) phases of, 85, 125 foll. See tajall\u00ed\nIncarnation, the Mohammedan doctrine of, 79. See \u1e25ul\u00fal\nIndians, the, distinguished by a monistic tendency, 163\nIntelligence, the First, 112, 113, 116, 123, 184, 233; the Second, 233\nIntoxication, mystical term, 184, 195, 197, 199, 200, 218, 220, 221, 224, 228, 243, 248\nJealousy, a sign of duality, 213\nJews, the, 132, 133, 138, 141, 263. See Pentateuch\nJudgment, the Day of, 120\nKnowledge, defined as a relation depending on the object known, 151, 157\nKnowledge of God, is self-knowledge, 50, 215; unattainable by the intellect, 50, 116; an illumination, 152; a recognition, 249. See ma\u2018rifa\nKnowledge, the Divine attribute of, 101, 102, 103, 128, 151\nKnowledge, three kinds of, imparted to Mohammed, 139\nKoran, recitation of the, 13, 15, 16, 75, 79; immutable, 159; not the final and absolute standard of truth, 59-60; interpreted allegorically, 82, 149; typifies the third and last stage in the mystical ascent of the soul, 138\nLaw, the Mohammedan religious, 16, 20, 33, 34, 54, 57, 60, 184, 196, 261\nLetters of the Arabic alphabet, used symbolically, 209\nLife, definition of, 134\nLife, the Divine attribute of, 85, 101\nLife, the future, 134 foll.\nLife, the mystic, three stages of, 221\nLogic, the use of, by J\u00edl\u00ed, 82, 88, 94 foll., 127\nLogos doctrine, the, in. J\u00edl\u00ed and Ibnu \u2019l-\u2018Arab\u00ed, 87, 104 foll., 154 foll.; in Ghaz\u00e1l\u00ed, 111; in Philo, 138, 142. See Mohammed; Man, the Perfect; Spirit, the created\nLogos, union of the saints with the, 254\nLordship, the Divine attribute of, 98, 99, 119, 120, 137, 139\nLove, disinterested, 4, 5, 18, 208, 212, 215, 238\nLove, Divine, 3, 4, 5, 18, 52, 80, 103, 168, 174, 184, 185, 186, 199, 208, 212, 214, 224, 251, 252, 262\nLove, the essence of God's essence, 80, 102; the highest form in which God is worshipped, 161\nLove, the monistic doctrine of, 80. 251, 252\nLove-poetry, Arabian, 163, 178\nMagic, high, 139\nMahd\u00ed, the, 135\nMajesty, the Divine attributes of, 85, 100, 120, 131, 265. See jal\u00e1l\nMan, the earthly, 82; the heavenly, 82, 103 foll.\nMan, the Great, 155. See Macrocosm Man, the nature and function of, 154 foll.\nMan, the Perfect, 77 foll., 184; unites the One and the Many, 78, 84; created in the image of God, 79, 80, 86, 106, 107; the microcosm, 82, 84, 106; the Qu\u1e6db and preserver of the universe, 86, 105, 130; the vicegerent of God, 113, 130, 156; his threefold nature, 86. 103, 104; identified with Adam, 154 foll.; identified with Mohammed,\n[paragraph continues] 86, 88, 104 foll.; the Logos, 104 foll.; not absolutely identical with God, 108, 118, 142; the Spirit whence all things have their origin, 108; his faculties, 115 foll. See Adam; Mohammed; al-ins\u00e1nu \u2019l-k\u00e1mil\nMan, the Primal, 86\nMercy, Divine, 98, 99, 131, 160, 208, 245, 256\nMicrocosm, the. See Adam; Man, the Perfect\nMiracles, of the prophets, 198, 252 foll.; of the saints, 14, 27-41, 65 foll., 198, 252 foll.\nMohammed, imitation of, by \u1e62\u00faf\u00eds, 15; the Paraclete, 104; the absolutely perfect Man, 86, 88, 104 foll.; the Qu\u1e6db, 87, 113, 195; the Logos, 87, 88, 104 foll., 157, 168, 187, 194, 226; pre-existence of, 87, 157, 187, 223, 240, 255; appears in the forms of saints, 105-106; the real author of all miracles, 198, 253-254; the Form of, 119, 135; the Idea of, 109 (see al-\u1e25aq\u00edqatu \u2019l-Mu\u1e25ammadiyya); the Light of, 87, 115, 172, 188; the Spirit of, 110-112, 113, 123, 188, 195, 198\nMoonlighters, the, 175\nMusic, singing and dancing, in \u1e62\u00fafisim, 3, 4, 25, 34, 58, 188, 197, 234 foll. See sam\u00e1\u2018\nMysticism, Christian, 51, 128, 139\nMysticism in Persian poetry, 162, 180, 184; in Arabic poetry, 162, 163\nName, definition of, 93\nName, the, reveals the object named, 93\nNames, the Divine, 85, 89, 93, 249 foll.; their effects in the world, 93, 131, 198, 250, 251, 265; the three cardinal, 138; the illumination of the Names, 85, 126-127\nNagshband\u00ed order of dervishes, the, 20I\nNature, correlated with Spirit, 120; identified with the Essence, 153\nNeoplatonism, 150\nPantheism, 57, 64, 136, 141, 193, 194\nParaclete, the, 104\nParadise, 206, 215, 265; defined as selflessness, 64; the mirror of Divine Beauty, 100; created from the Form of Mohammed, 135; will not actually exist until after the Resurrection, 135\nParadises, the eight, 135, 136\nParadox, the love of mystics for, 178-180\nPath, the mystic, 24, 58. See \u1e6dar\u00edqa\nPen, the Divine. See al-qalam\nPentateuch, the, the nine tables of, 139; typifies the first stage in the mystical ascent of the soul, 138\nPerfection, the Divine attributes of, 85, 100. See kam\u00e1l\nPersians, the, apt to seek an ultimate principle of unity, 163; the sacred Fire of, 264\nPhantasy, 91. See khay\u00e1l\nPhenomena, the outward expression of reality, 82, 83, 222-223; an illusion created by the soul, 226, 258; compared to the puppets of the shadow-play, 189 foll., 260-261; a bridge to reality, 251, 260. See Being, contingent or phenomenal\nPhilosophy, speculative, a deadly science, 118\nPilgrimage, to Mecca, the, 179, 222, 238, 239; interpreted allegorically, 61; regarded with contempt, 61-62. See \u1e25ajj\nPilgrimage, the lesser, 179. See \u2018umra\nPilgrimage, to the tombs of saints, 18, 24; equivalent to making the pilgrimage to Mecca, 25, 44, 62\nPlagiarism, 49\nPlanes, the five, in which God reveals Himself, 91\nPlurality, the nature of, 151-153\nPoetry, Islamic mystical, the double character of, 163, 168; the interpretation of, 169, 184\nPoetry, pre-Islamic, 6, 166, 182\nPolytheism, the one unpardonable sin, 52; the mystical meaning of, 220\nPoverty, spiritual, 209. 215, 216\nPower, the Divine attribute of, 101, 103, 129\nPrayer, the essence of, 61; justification of, 158; canonical, 239; ecstatic, 61, 79, 213, 214; supererogatory, 5, 21\nProphecy, 130 foll.\nProphet, the. See Mohammed\nProphets, the, 7, 78, 123, 131, 133, 137 foll.; superior to the saints, 141; types of Divine attributes, 149\nPunishment, future, 132, 136, 137, 160\nQ\u00e1dirite order of dervishes, the, 81\nQu\u1e6db, the, 79, 105, 110, 111, 113, 130, 194, 195, 197, 229, 246\nRailer, the, 179. See Blamer\nReality, the timeless nature of, 187, 245, 253, 256\nReason, the faculty of, 115-116 Reason, universal, 115, 116, 187\nRecollection, the mystical practice of, 7, 8, 13. See dhikr\nReligion. See Law, the religious; Worship\nReligion, J\u00edl\u00ed's philosophy of, 130 foll.\nReligions, revealed, contain the fullest measure of truth, 131\nReligious sects, the ten principal, 131 foll.\nResurrection, the, 101, 134, 135, 245\nRevelation, the prophetic, unity of, 137; contrasted with the mystical, 59, 60, 138\nSaint, the true, definition of, 55, 67\nSaints, the Moslem, 18, 19, 65; the hidden and unrecognised, 67; divine powers attributed to, 38; identified with God, 44, 73; intercession of the, 64, 65, 78; visits to their tombs, 18, 24, 25, 44, 62; veneration of their relics, 73-75; their functions, 78-79; hierarchy of the, 78, 79, 194, 195; the forty on whom the order of the world depends, 70; regarded as vicegerents of the Prophet, 106, 111, 130, 141; essentially one with the Prophet, 106; question whether the prophets are superior to the saints, 141. See Miracles\nSaintship, Mohammedan, founded on ecstasy, 56, 78; the essence of prophecy, 141\nSalvation, future, ultimately gained by all souls, 133, 159, t60\nSatan, 108, 131, 223. See Devil; Ibl\u00eds\nSeas, the seven, 125\nSects, the ten principal religious, 131-133\nSelf-abandonment, 16, 49 foll. See Ecstasy; fan\u00e1\nSelf-conceit, 16, 52, 209, 262\nSelf-mortification, 62, 63, 222. See muj\u00e1hada; Asceticism\nSense-perception, the value of, 119, 235, 259, 260\nShadow-play, the, 189 foll., 198, 260-261\nSight, the Divine attribute of, 101\nSin, prevents God's mercy from being wasted, 54; not essentially evil, 101; determined by the Divine will and nature, 54, 120, 126, 131, 158. See Evil\nSir\u00e1\u1e6d, the bridge of, 215\nSlanderer, the, in Arabic love-poetry, 178; in mystical poetry, 205, 215, 232, 233, 234\nSobriety, mystical term, 195, 197, 199, 200, 218, 220, 221, 228, 243. See \u1e63a\u1e25w\nSoul, nature of the, 119-121; five phases of the, 121; pre-existence of the, 56, 184, 193, 204, 206, 214, 236, 240, 249, 258, 259, 265. See nafs\nSoul, universal, 116, 197, 233, 240, 259\nSpeech, the Divine attribute of, tot, 129\nSpirit, the created, 109 foll.; a mode of the Divine Spirit, 109, 110, 146; described as an angel, 109, 110; identified with the Logos, 109, 110; with Adam, 186. See al-r\u00fa\u1e25\nSpirit, the Holy, 82, 108 foll., 138, 186; the inbreathing of, 139, 140, 155; union with, 109, 110, 128. See r\u00fa\u1e25u \u2019l-quds\nSpirit, universal, 197, 233, 240, 245, 253, 255, 259\nStone, the Black, 239\nSubstitution, the mystical doctrine of, 128\n\u1e62\u00faf\u00eds, the, profess to interpret the esoteric teaching of Mohammed, 11, 59, 82, 225, 227; spiritual affinity of, 56\n\u1e62\u00fafisim, the basis of, 4, 5; not founded on authority and tradition, 11; definitions of, 49, 50\nSymbolism, the only means of imparting mystical truth, 193, 232, 257\nSynteresis, 51\nTablet, the Guarded, 59, 102, 106, 111, 112, 116, 203. See al-Law\u1e25u \u2019l-ma\u1e25f\u00fa\u1e93\nTelepathy, instances of, 27, 28-36, 38-41, 68\nThoughts, the power of materialising them, 102, 136\nThrone of God, the. See al-\u2018arsh\nTime, spiritual, 223, 245; unreal, 242, 245\nToleration, religious, 55-57, 159-161, 194\nTraditions of the Prophet, 5, 6, 15, 50, 59, 64, 79, 91, 94, 97, 106, 112, 121, 122, 136, 139, 159, 204, 206, 209, 215, 223, 226, 238, 245, 248, 255, 261, 262, 265\nTribe, the, meaning the \u1e62\u00faf\u00eds, 185, 202, 266\nTrinity, the Christian, 57, 138, 139\nUnion, mystical, 50 foll., 125 foll., 186, 213 foll.; does not exclude personality, 80; not dependent on any secondary cause, 262; four stages of, 126 foll.; three stages of, 230, 231; the highest stage of, 55, 218, 221, 227, 228 foll. See Ecstasy; Illumination; wi\u1e63\u00e1l; jam\u2018; itti\u1e25\u00e1d\nUniversals, 150\nUniverse, the, compared to a dream, 90-92; not unreal, 92, 153; substantially divine, 99; created in the image of Man, 121; the form of the Logos, 255; description of, 122 foll.\nVed\u00e2nta, the, 97\nVine, the, signifies phenomenal being, 184, 186\nVision, the beatific, 200, 226, 229\nWatcher, the, in Arabic love-poetry, 178. See raq\u00edb and mur\u00e1qib\nWill, the Divine attribute of, 101, 102, 158\nWine, symbolism drawn from, 183 foll., 199, 263; signifies Absolute Being or Divine Love, 186. See Intoxication; Sobriety\nWorld of command, the, 214\nWorld of similitudes, the, 105, 122\nWorld, the sensible, a dream, 91; created from the Light of Mohammed, 115\nWorship, Divine, the end for which all things are created, 131; different forms of, corresponding to the variety of the Divine names and attributes, 131 foll.\nWrath, Divine, 103, 131, 136, 208, 245, 256. See Majesty\nZoroastrianism, 163\nZoroastrians, the, 198, 263. See Magians","title":"Studies in Islamic Mysticism: Index: II. Subjects","type":"page"}