{"collection":"Judaism","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/jud/jms/jms36.htm","path":"jud/jms/jms36.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/jud/jms/jms36.htm","text":"Jewish Magic and Superstition, by Joshua Trachtenberg, [1939]\n1. Cf. Thorndike, I, 123; G\u00fcd. I, 81-2; Semag, Introd.; Gross, Gallia Judaica, 20; Nishmat \u1e24ayim, Introd.; see JE, IV, 654 ff. and A. Kristianpoller, \"Traum und Traumdeutung,\" Monumenta Talmudica, IV, for the Biblical and Talmudic data on dreams; Bischoff, 63 ff., 158 ff.\n2. Or Zarua, IV, 27d, \u00a7200; Tashbe\u1e93, \u00a7352; Mordecai, B.K. \u00a72, P. 40c and Introd. to Krakau ed. of She\u2019elot Uteshubot min HaShamayim (see also Shelah, II, 201a); ibid., Livorno 1818 and Krakau 1895; HB, XIV (1874), 131; Malter, Dreams, 201-2; G\u00fcd. I, 81, n. 5; L\u00f6winger, Der Traum, 20; Simon Duran (d. 1444) defended at length the reliability of dreams even in questions of strict science, as medicine and mathematics. Many questions in the science of medicine, he asserted, have been solved in dreams by the famous physicians Galen, Ibn Zohr, and others (Malter, op. cit., 203); cf. also Isidore Epstein, The Responsa of Rabbi Simon b. Zemah Duran, London 1930, 23 f., 39, 99.\n3. L\u00f6winger, op. cit., 6; the provision that a dream ban can be loosed only\nby ten men is found in the Talmud, Ned. 8a; cf. Leket Yosher, II, 80; Pitron \u1e24alomot, III, 3, p. lot; L\u00f6winger, 34. The same provision affecting a dream vow was ascribed to the Geonim: Kol Bo, 109d; Yore Deah, 210:2.\n4. Thorndike, II, 605; Ber. 57b; S. \u1e24as. 382, 1138; Leket Yosher, I, 41; Pitron \u1e24alomot, Introd., p. 3, and I, 2, pp. 14 ff.; cf. also S. \u1e24as. 634, 1522, etc.; Nishmat \u1e24ayim, III, 5.\n5. S. \u1e24as. 382; \u1e92iyuni, 20a; Nishmat \u1e24ayim, loc. cit.; cf. also L\u00f6winger, op. cit., 8, for a similar opinion of Saadia. The spirit us theory of dreams was popular in Europe, cf. Thorndike, II, 298.\n6. \u1e92iyuni, loc. cit.\n7. Ibid., 19d; \u1e24ochmat HaNefesh, 4a-b, 6b; S. \u1e24as. B 1131;\u2014Raben, 26; Responsa of \u1e24ayim b. Isaac Or Zarua, \u00a7164; L\u00f6winger, op. cit., 20; Ma\u2018aseh Book, II, 517, cf. Shab. 152a, b; Ta\u2018anit 24b; S. \u1e24as. 591, etc.\n8. \u1e24ag. 5b; Nishmat \u1e24ayim, loc. cit.\n9. Rashi, San. 30a and Yeb. 24b; S. \u1e24as. 382, 1550; \u1e24ochmat HaNefesh, 4a-b, 66; Or\u1e25ot \u1e92adikim, 63a; cf. Hai Gaon's remark (Ta\u2018am Zekenim, 58): \"Concerning what you have said, that every man has his own genius of dreams who appears as an old man to one, as a youth to another, we have heard that this is so, but we have not ourself beheld such an apparition, nor have we spoken with anyone who has.\"\n10. S. \u1e24as. 382; Ma\u2018aseh Rokea\u1e25, \u00a7130, p. 31; Nishmat \u1e24ayim, III, 27. Similar explanations of the causes of dreams are to be found in medieval Christian works; see Thorndike, II, 412, where the theories of Bartholomew of England (13th century) are given; he believed that dreams are produced by divine inspiration, by angelic administration, by diabolic illusion, or by natural and bodily causes. See also L\u00f6winger, op. cit., 8, and Pitron \u1e24alamot, I, 1:1, pp. 6-7, for slightly different analyses of the causes of dreams, and Thorndike, I, 358, for the view of Philo Jud\u00e6us.\n11. S. \u1e24as. 382, 383; J. Maaser Sheni, 55c; Ber. 55b (cf. Bacher, \"Une Ancienne Alt\u00e9ration de Texte dans le Talmud,\" REJ, XXVII [1893], 141 ff.), Ber. 55a; S. \u1e24as. 1189, 1522; Ma\u1e25. Vit., 48.\n12. Pitron \u1e24alomot, I, 7, pp. 43 ff.; Tos. Ber. 55b; She\u2019elot Uteshubot min HaShamayim, \u00a722; S. \u1e24as. 389; B 440. According to Tyrnau, Minhagim, 22a, \u00a7 133, Meir of Rothenburg was \"expert in interpreting dreams.\"\n13. Lea, III, 447; Thorndike, II, 162, 290 ff.; Steinschneider, \"Das Traumbuch Daniels und die Oneirokritische Litteratur des Mittelalters,\" Serapeum, XXIV (1863), 193-201, 209-16; JE, I, 433; Pitron \u1e24alomot, Introd. to Part II, p. 56.\n14. Pitron \u1e24alomot, pp. 6, 57-8, 82.\n15. L\u00f6winger, op. cit., 29 ff.; Ber. 56b-57b. See Pitron \u1e24alomot, Part II; for Christian parallels see De Givry, 324; Thorndike, II, 290 ff., IV, 303, etc.; Grimm, II, 958 f.\n16. Ms. E\u1e93 \u1e24ayim, 264-6 (141-2 of original); \u1e24ochmat HaNefesh, 8b-c; cf. S. \u1e24as. 180, 1550, 1563, etc.\n17. On this and the following paragraphs see Pitron \u1e24alomot, I, 3, 5, 6, 8; \u1e24ochmat HaNefesh, loc. cit.; Ha\u1e24ayim, II, 6; as to the determination of the reliability of dreams according to the time of night, see Ber. 55b; S. \u1e24as. 390, 958; \u1e24ochmat HaNefesh, 4b; L\u00f6winger, op. cit., 8-9; Thorndike, II, 330, III, 554.\n18. I Sam. 28:6; L\u00f6winger, op. cit., 22; Ta\u2018am Zekenim, 57-8 and Introd. to Krakau ed. of She\u2019elot Uteshubot min HaShamayim, p. 3;\u2014S. \u1e24as. 211, 80; G\u00fcd. I, 207, n. 4; She\u2019elot, etc., \u00a79; Maharil, 63b; cf. also S. \u1e24as. B 949; A. Neubauer, REJ, XII (1886), 92.\n19. S. \u1e24as. 1723; Testament of Judah, \u00a79; Rokea\u1e25, \u00a7316, p. 83a; Yereim, \u00a790; Yore Deah, 179:14; S. \u1e24as. 324; Grimm, III, 425, 11. 237 ff.\n20. S. \u1e24as. 1556.\n21. Ibid., 1456.\n22. A. Marx, Proceedings Amer. Acad. for Jewish Research, IV (1932-3), 153; She\u2019elot, etc., \u00a75, 3, etc.; Shimmush Tehillim, passim; ms. S. Gematriaot, 68a, 75a; Nishmat \u1e24ayim, III, 6; L\u00f6winger, op. cit., 23 f.\n23. Responsa of Meir of Rothenburg, \u00a75 (ed. Berlin 1881); Grunwald, MGJV, V (1900), 82; Raziel, 40a-b; ibid., 33b, 40a, 3a-b; cf. also Grunwald MJV, XIX (1906), 106, 108.\n24. Siddur Rashi \u00a7429, p. 214; Ma\u1e25. Vit., \u00a778, p. 47; Mateh Moshe, 397, 401; Ki\u1e93ur Shelah, Inyane Shabbat, p. 130; see also S. \u1e24as. 1522.\n25. S. \u1e24as. 1523; \u1e24ochmat HaNefesh, 8b; ms. E\u1e93 \u1e24ayim, 264 (141 of original) .\n26. Shab. Ira; Pitron \u1e24alomot, III, 1:1, pp. 82-3; Issarles, Ora\u1e25 \u1e24ayim 429:2; Leket Yosher, I, 41, 42; S. \u1e24as. 1521; cf. also Tashbe\u1e93, 3; Raben, 179; S. \u1e24as. 281; Ora\u1e25 \u1e24ayim 220:2; JE, V, 348; L\u00f6winger, op. cit., 32 f.\n27. Pitron \u1e24alomot, III, 1:2, pp. 83-4.\n28. Mordecai, Shab. \u00a7318, 321, p. 8b; Maharil, 37a;\u2014Tyrnau, Minhagim, 15a, 32a; Leket Yosher, I, 41; Mateh Moshe, 760; Joseph Ome\u1e93, 944, p. 210; Shelah, II, p. 7b (Mas. Shabbat); cf. Ora\u1e25 \u1e24ayim 288:5; S. \u1e24as. 1776.\n29. Ber. 31b; Maharil, 2b, 27b, 36a, b; Responsa of Marahil, \u00a7168, p. 72a; Leket Yosher, I, 42, 104, 124; Tyrnau, Minhagim, 23a, 25b, 32a; Ora\u1e25 \u1e24ayim 288:4, 418:1, 5, 597:3; cf. S. \u1e24as. 281, 287.\n30. Ber. 55a; L\u00f6winger, loc. cit.; ms. E\u1e93 \u1e24ayim, 263 (140 of original) cites the three-fold repetition attributed to R. Isaac, which is also found in Tos. Ber. 55a and Ma\u1e25. Vit. 48; Leket Yosher I, 24, 42; Toledot Adam ve\u1e24avah 13:2, p. 83c; Pitron \u1e24alomot, III, 2:1, pp. 93-5; cf. also Mateh Moshe, 368.","title":"Jewish Magic and Superstition: Notes: Chapter XV","type":"page"}