{"collection":"Native American","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/nam/ca/coli/coli26.htm","path":"nam/ca/coli/coli26.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/coli26.htm","text":"The Culture of the Luise\u00f1o Indians, by Philip Stedman Sparkman, [1908]\nThe following is a list of plants known to have been utilized by the Luise\u00f1os for various purposes, with their Luise\u00f1o, botanical, and English names when known.\nThe writer is under obligations to Miss Alice Eastwood of the California Academy of Sciences for the identification of these plants. The equivalent Cahuilla names are from Dr. D. P. Barrows\u2019 Ethno-Botany of the Cahuilla Indians of Southern California.\nCompositae. Sunflower Family.\nAmbrosia artemisiaefolia. Pachavut. Used as an emetic.\nArtemisia dracunuloides. Wachish. The seeds are used for food. The plant is used for medicinal purposes.\nArtemisia heterophylla. Pakoshish. Mugwort. Small boys\u2019 arrows are sometimes made from this plant, and it is also used medicinally.\nCarduus, species unknown. Chochawish. Thistle. Used as greens. The buds are also eaten raw.\nLayia (or Blepharipappus) glandulosa. Solisal. Tidy-tips. The seeds are used for food.\nMalacothrix Californica. Makiyal. The seeds are used for food.\nSonchus asper. Posi\u2019kana. Sow thistle. Used for greens.\nHelianthus annuus. Paukla. Wild sunflower. The seeds are used for food.\nPluchea borealis. Hangla. Arrow weed. Arrows are sometimes made from this plant. It was also formerly used to roof houses with.\nHeterotheca grandiflora. Humut. The mainshafts of arrows are sometimes made from the tall stems of this plant.\nChrysoma (Bigelovia) Parishii. Sanmikut. The seeds are used for food. This plant is much used for medicinal purposes. Sanmikut kawingwish, literally, sanmikut of the mountain, is the name of a glutinous-leaved variety of the preceding. Its seeds are also used for food, and the plant itself medicinally.\nBaccharis Douglasii. Morwaxpish. A decoction of the leaves is used to bathe sores and wounds. The wood of this shrub was that mostly used for drilling fire.\nCucurbitaceae. Gourd Family.\nCucurbita foetidissima. Wild squash. The seeds are used for food. The fruit is used when ripe as a substitute for soap.\nEchinocystis macrocarpa. Enwish. Spanish, chilicothe. A purgative is made from the roots. The seeds are used in the manufacture of a red paint.\nCaprifoliaceae. Honeysuckle Family.\nSambucus glauca. Kutpat. Elderberry. The fruit is much used for food, both fresh and dried. The wood is esteemed for making bows. The flowers are sometimes used as a remedy for female complaints. Cahuilla, hunkwat.\nOrobanchaceae. Broom Rape Family.\nOrobanche tuberosa. Mashal. Cancer root. The roots are used for food.\nScrophulariaceae. Figwort Family.\nAdenostegia (or Cordylanthus). Yumayut. Used as an emetic.\nSolanaceae. Nightshade Family.\nNicotiana, species unknown. Pavivut. Formerly used as tobacco. Cahuilla, pivat-isil, \"coyote tobacco,\" Nicotiana attenuata.\nDatura meteloides. Naktomush. Jimson-weed, thorn-apple; Spanish, toloache. The juice of the root was formerly used at the boys\u2019 puberty ceremony to induce stupefaction in the novices. Cahuilla, kikisowil.\nSolanum Douglasii. Takovshish. Black nightshade. The leaves are used for greens. The juice of the berries is used for inflamed eyes, and also formerly used for tattooing.\nLabiatae. Mint Family.\nMonardella lanceolata. Huvawut. A tea is made from this plant which is used both medicinally and as a beverage.\nSalvia carduacea. Palit. Thistle sage. The seeds are used for food.\nSalvia columbariae. Pashal. Spanish, chia. The seeds are much esteemed for food. Cahuilla, pasal.\nMicromeria Douglasii. Huvaumal. Yerba buena. A tea is made from this plant which is used partly as a beverage and partly as a medicine.\nRamona stachyoides. Kanavut. Black sage. The seeds are used for food.\nRamona (Audibertia) polystachya. Kashil. White sage. The tops of the stems when tender are peeled and eaten uncooked. The seeds are eaten.\nCactaceae. Cactus Family.\nOpuntia. Navut. This is the general name for the numerous species of the prickly-pear cactus with flat joints. The fruit is eaten both fresh and dried. The seeds are ground into meal and used for food. Cahuilla, navit; the fruit, navityuluku.\nMutal. A cactus with cylindrical stems. Cholla. Seeds used for food. Cahuilla, mutai; the seeds, wial.\nHydrophyllaceae. Phacelia Family.\nEriodictyon Parryi. Atovikut. Used for medicinal purposes.\nEriodictyon tomentosum or crassifolium. Palwut. Spanish, Yerba santa. Much valued for medicinal purposes.\nPhacelia ramosissima. Sikimona. Used for greens.\nPolemoniaceae. Gilia Family.\nGilia staminea. Chachwomal. The seeds are used for food.\nAsclepiadaceae. Milkweed Family.\nAsclepias eriocarpa. Tokmut. Milkweed. A string fiber is obtained from the stems. A chewing gum is made from the sap which exudes from the stems when cut. Cahuilla, Asclepias erosa, keat; Asclepias sp., wichsal; chewing gum, chilse.\nPhilibertia heterophylla. Towunla. It is used for food, being eaten raw with salt.\nApocynaceae. Dogbane Family.\nApocynum cannabinum. Wicha. Indian hemp, dogbane. A string fiber is obtained from the bark. Cahuilla wish is Phragmites communis, also used for string.\nGentianaceae. Gentian Family.\nErythraea venusta. Ashoshkit. Spanish, Canchalagua. Tea made from this is used as a remedy for fever.\nEricaceae. Heather Family.\nArctostaphylos Parryi. Kolul. Manzanita. The pulp of the berries is ground and used for food. Cahuilla, fruit of A. glauca, tatuka.\nUmbelliferae. Parsley Family.\nApium graveolens. Pa\u2019kil. Common celery. Probably not native. Used for greens.\nDeweya arguta. Kaiyat. The root is much esteemed for medicinal purposes.\nViolaceae. Violet Family.\nViola pedunculata. Ashla. Violet. The leaves are used as greens.\nMalvaceae. Mallow Family.\nSidalcea malvaeflora. Pashangal. Wild hollyhock. Used as greens.\nMalvastrum sp. Kaukat. A decoction of the leaves is used as an emetic.\nVitaceae. Grape-vine Family.\nVitis girdiana. Makwit. Wild grape-vine. The fruit is cooked and used for food.\nAnacardiaceae. Sumach Family.\nRhus trilobata. Shoval. Sumach, squaw bush, Indian lemonade. From this shrub are obtained the splints that are used to wrap the coil in Luise\u00f1o baskets. The berries are ground and used for food. A seed-fan for beating the seeds off plants is made from the twigs of this shrub. Cahuilla, the berry, selittoi.\nRutaceae. Rue Family.\nCneoridium dumosum. Navish. Used for medicine.\nEuphorbiaceae. Spurge Family.\nCroton Californicus. Shuikawut. Said to be used to procure abortion.\nEuphorbia polycarpa. Kenhamal. Spanish, Yerba golondrina. Reputed to be beneficial in the case of rattlesnake bites.\nLeguminosae. Pea Family.\nPsoralea orbicularis. Shi\u2019kal. Used for greens.\nPsoralea macrostachya. Pi\u2019mukvul. A yellow dye is made from the roots of this plant; also a medicine for ulcers and sores.\nLotus strigosus. Tovinal. Used for greens.\nLupinus sp. Mawut. Used for greens.\nTrifolium ciliolatum. Mukalwut. Eaten both cooked and raw. The seeds are also used.\nTrifolium gracilentum. Ke\u2019kesh. It is eaten both cooked and raw.\nTrifolium microcephalum. Pehevi. It is eaten cooked.\nTrifolium tridentatum. Chokat. Eaten both cooked and raw. The seeds are also used.\nTrifolium obtusiflorum. Shoo\u2019kut. It is eaten cooked.\nProsopis juliflora. Ela. Mesquite. The beans are ground into meal and used for food to a limited extent in some localities. Cahuilla, Prosopis pubescens, mesquite screw, kwinyal.\nRosaceae. Rose Family.\nAdenostoma fasciculatum. U\u2019ut. Chamisal. Foreshafts of arrows are made of this shrub. A gum, the deposit of a scale-insect, is also obtained from it. Cahuilla, oot.\nRubus parviflorus. Pavlash. Thimbleberry. The fruit is eaten.\nRubus vitifolius. Pikwlax. Wild blackberry. The fruit is eaten. The juice of the berries is sometimes used to stain articles made of wood.\nPrunus demissa. Atut. The fruit is eaten. Cahuilla, the fruit, atut.\nCerasus (Prunus) ilicifolia. Chamish. Spanish, Islaya. The fruit is eaten. The kernels are ground into flour and used for food. Cahuilla, chamish.\nHeteromeles arbutifolia. Achawut. Toyon, Christmas berry. The berries are used for food.\nSaxifragaceae. Saxifrage Family.\nRibes indecorum or malvaceum. Kawa\u2019wal. The root is used to cure toothache.\nRibes speciosum.\nCrassulaceae. Stonecrop Family.\nDudleya (Cotyledon). Topnal. Hen-and-chickens. The juice of the leaves is used.\nCruciferae. Mustard Family.\nBrassica nigra. No Luise\u00f1o name. Black mustard. Probably not native. Much used for greens.\nLepidium nitidum. Pakil. Peppergrass. The seeds are used for food. The leaves are also used as greens.\nNasturtium officinale. No Luise\u00f1o name. Water-cress. Used for greens.\nPapaveraceae. Poppy Family.\nEschscholtzia Californica. Ataushanut. California poppy. The leaves are used for greens. The flowers are chewed with chewing gum.\nFicoideae. Carpet-weed or Fig-marigold Family.\nMesembryanthemum aequilaterale. Panavut. Fig marigold. The fruit is eaten.\nPortulacaceae. Purslane Family.\nPortulaca oleracea. Pokut. Common purslane. Used for greens.\nCalandrinia caulescens. Puchakla. Red Maids. Used when tender for greens. The seeds are also used for food.\nMontia perfoliata. Towish popa\u2019kwa. Indian lettuce. Used for greens and also eaten raw.\nNyctaginaceae. Four-o'clock Family.\nMirabilis Californica. Nanukvish or tisi. A decoction of the leaves is used as a purgative.\nChenopodiaceae. Pigweed Family.\nChenopodium album. Ket. Lamb's quarter, pigweed. The leaves are used for greens.\nChenopodium Californicum. Kahawut. Soap plant. The root is used for soap. The seeds are used for food. Cahuilla, kehawut.\nSaururaceae. Lizard-tail Family.\nHouttuynia (Anemopsis) Californica. Chevnash. Spanish, Yerba Mansa. A decoction of the root is used internally and externally.\nPolygonaceae. Buckwheat Family.\nRumex, species unknown. Ipelwut. Dock. A decoction of the root is used medicinally.\nUrticaceae. Nettle Family.\nUrtica holosericea. Shakishla. Stinging nettle. A fiber is obtained from this, but is not much esteemed.\nCupuliferae. Oak Family.\nQuercus Californica. Kwila. Black oak, Kellogg's oak. The acorns of this oak are more esteemed for food than those of any other species.\nQuercus chrysolepsis. Wiat. Valparaiso oak, drooping live oak, golden cup oak. Acorns esteemed for food, though not so much as those of Quercus agrifolia and Californica. A gambling toy is made from the large acorn-cups of this oak.\nQuercus dumosa. Pawish. Acorns little esteemed for food. The gall-nuts are used to doctor sores and wounds. They are said to possess powerfully astringent properties. Cahuilla, the acorn, kwinyil.\nQuercus Engelmanni. Tovashal. White oak. Acorns little esteemed for food. From a deposit made on this oak by a scale insect a chewing gum is obtained. A fungus growing on its decayed wood was formerly used for tinder, when fire was kindled with flint and steel.\nQuercus agrifolia. Wiashal. Live oak, red oak, field oak, encina. Acorns esteemed for food, though not so much as those of Quercus Californica.\nQuercus Wislizeni. I\u2019mushla. Acorns little esteemed for food.\nSalicaceae. Willow Family.\nPopulus Fremonti (probably). Avahut. Cottonwood. Inner bark formerly used to make apron-like garment worn behind by women.\nSalix sp. Willow. Wood much used for making bows.\nIridaceae. Iris Family.\nSisyrinchium bellum. Patumkut. Blue-eyed grass. A purgative is made from the roots.\nLiliaceae. Lily Family.\nBloomeria aurea. Kawichhal. The bulb is eaten.\nBrodiaea capitata. Tokapish. Wild hyacinth. The bulb is eaten.\nChlorogalum parviflorum. Kenut. The bulb is eaten.\nChlorogalum pomeridianum. The fibers covering the bulb are used to make a brush.\nYucca Mohavensis. Hunuvut. The flowers are boiled and eaten. The pods are roasted and eaten. The fiber of this plant is little used by the Luise\u00f1os. Cahuilla, hunuvut; the fruit, ninyil.\nYucca Whipplei. Panal. Spanish bayonet or Spanish dagger. The head is used for food. The flowers are boiled and eaten. The scape or stalk is also used for food. Cahuilla, the stalk, panuul; the seed-bags, wawal.\nJuncaceae. Rush Family.\nJuncus Mertensianus. Pivut. An openwork basket is made from this rush. It is used for gathering acorns, cactus, etc. Another basket made from it is used to cook acorn meal, and another is used as a sieve.\nJuncus sp. Shoila. The lower part of this rush furnishes the brown color seen in Luise\u00f1o baskets. A mat is also made from it in which articles used at religious ceremonies are kept by the religious chief of the clan. Cahuilla, seil.\nCyperaceae. Sedge Family.\nScirpus sp. Pevesash. Bulrush, tule. The tender young shoots are eaten raw.\nGramineae. Grass Family.\nAvena fatua. Arus or Urns. Wild oats. The seed is ground into flour and used for food.\nBromus maximus. Woshhat. The seeds are used for food.\nElymus condensatus. Huikish. The mainshafts of arrows are made from this plant. Cahuilla, pahankis.\nEpicampes rigens Californica. Yulalish. The body of the coil of Luise\u00f1o baskets is composed of this grass. Cahuilla, Cinna macroura (synonym), suul.\nCryptogamia.\nPellaea ornithopus. Wikunmal. Tea fern, bird-claw tern. A decoction of the fronds is used medicinally, and also as a beverage by people who are not ill.\nWoodwardia radicans (probably). Mashla. Brake fern. A decoction of the root is used both externally and internally to relieve pain from injuries to the body.\nShakapish. Tree mushroom. Much esteemed for food when growing on cottonwood and willow trees.","title":"The Culture of the Luise\u00f1o Indians: Appendix: Plan...","type":"page"}