{"collection":"Native American","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/nam/ca/nsd/nsd05.htm","path":"nam/ca/nsd/nsd05.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/nsd/nsd05.htm","text":"Notes on the Shoshonean Dialects of Southern California, by A. L. Kroeber, [1909]\nThe dialect of San Juan Capistrano, sometimes called San Juane\u00f1o, or merely Juane\u00f1o, has always been stated to be closely related to Luise\u00f1o. The precise degree of its similarity and the nature of its differences to Luise\u00f1o have however never been determined. In December, 1907, it was found possible to spend a short time with an elderly Juane\u00f1o called Jose de Gracia Cruz, born at the Mission and living almost within hail of it and the present railroad station. The vocabulary obtained from him is given below.\nIt appears that e and a somewhat approach each other in Juane\u00f1o, so that it is at times difficult to decide with which quality a vowel is spoken. Similarly the Juane\u00f1o vocabulary often has e where the corresponding word as obtained in Luise\u00f1o has a. Glottal stops, indicated by an apostrophe, are quite marked, as in Luise\u00f1o. There are a few aspirations after vowels or final consonants, as in the words we\u2018, two, and we\u2018sa, four. Comparison with other Shoshonean dialects shows these aspirations to represent a former h, the vowel following which has been lost.\n[paragraph continues] Velar k, written as q, was heard a number of times from the Juane\u00f1o informant. It seems likely that all k sounds are produced comparatively far back. v is bilabial, as always in Shoshonean. As in the other Luise\u00f1o-Cahuilla dialects, \u00f6 and \u00fc are not found. A considerably palatalized t, indicated by t\u2022, was frequently heard where Luise\u00f1o has t, especially when this sound is final. An sh sound with similar palatal quality has been denoted by c\u2022. These two sounds usually resemble tr and cr and are similar to the palatal sounds of Yokuts, Salinan, and other languages in Central California. The Dravidian sounds of the tr series are probably similar.\nThere are instances of combinations of sounds at the ends of words due to the dropping out of unaccented vowels; for instance, nucl, fingernails, and momt\u2022, ocean.\nThe possessive prefixes are:\n| 1 s. | no-, ne-, na-. | \n| 2 s. | o-. | \n| 3 s. | po- | \n| 1 pl. | tcum-. | \nBefore a-stems, the vowel of the prefix of the first person is a, sometimes o; before e-stems, either e or o; before i-stems, o-stems, u-stems, e, or occasionally o. There thus appears to be assimilation only by a-stems. The primary form of the vowel of the prefix thus seems to vary between o and e, the choice being determined usually, but not always, by a principle of contrast. The vowels of the prefixes of other persons, as well as the Luise\u00f1o forms, show no- to be the probable original prefix. The ne-form is paralleled by the Cahuilla prefixes.\nA number of the words obtained with possessive prefixes show an ending -m, which cannot well be the plural suffix. Thus ne-muvum, my nose, and sepul ne-pulum, one eye. This -m recalls the final -n which is so frequent on Gabrielino forms with the possessive prefix.\nIn discussing Cahuilla terms denoting parts of the body, it was pointed out that these lacked noun-endings, and the question was raised whether under any circumstances they could have endings, in that or other Shoshonean dialects of Southern California. Juane\u00f1o tama-t\u2022, tooth, seems to answer this question,\nuntil it is remembered that tooth can denote a substance as well as an organ. The form is therefore no doubt parallel with the only other Juane\u00f1o term denoting a part of the body found without a prefix, yu-t\u2022, hair, and parallel also to Luise\u00f1o and Cahuilla yu-la, ou-la, te-il, hair, blood, bone. The question therefore remains answered negatively for the great mass and most distinctive nouns of this class.\nJuane\u00f1o shows l where this is the noun-ending of Luise\u00f1o, Agua Caliente, and Cahuilla; t or t\u2022 as equivalent of the noun-ending t in these other dialects; 11 and te as equivalent of their c. It will be recalled from what has been said in connection with Cahuilla that there is some approximation to this last equivalence in Luise\u00f1o, where the ending c, when followed by the subjective suffix -a or other vowels, becomes tc, as in ki-tc-a, house. Juane\u00f1o, like Cahuilla, does not show the subjective suffix -a of Luise\u00f1o and Agua Caliente.\nAltogether the dialect of San Juan Capistrano shows no approximation to Gabrielino 12 and cannot be considered in any way a link between the Gabrielino and Luise\u00f1o-Cahuilla groups. Within the Luise\u00f1o-Cahuilla group its closest relations are all to Luise\u00f1o. It is a subdivision or dialect of Luise\u00f1o rather than a branch of the general Luise\u00f1o-Cahuilla group.\nVocabulary.\nOne to five, sepul, we\u2018, pahai, we\u2018 sa\u00b4, maha\u00b4r.\nMan, yeitc; woman, co\u00f1w\u0101l; boy, amaiamel; girl, ne-witmal; baby, eme\u00b4tikile; old man, naxanman; old woman, necimel; people, at\u0101x-em.\nMy father, no-na\u00b4; my, his mother, ne-yo\u00b4, po-yo\u00b4; my son, no-q\u0101\u00b4m; my daughter, ne-cw\u0101\u00b4m; my older brother, no-p\u0101\u00b4c; my younger brother, nop\u00e8\u2019t; my older sister, no-q\u00e8\u2019s; my younger sister, ne-p\u012b\u2019t; my grandfather's father, no-piwu; my mother 's mother, no-tu.\nHead, hair, yut\u2022, ne-yu; ear, na-naqam; eye, ne-pulum; nose, ne-muvum; mouth, no-t\u2022em; tongue, ne-w\u00e8yem; tooth, tama\u00b4t\u2022; beard, ne-m\u016bc\u2022; neck, no-qlem; nail, nu-cl; hand, arm, na-m\u0101; finger, thumb, ne-yo\u2018; belly, ne-le\u2019em; breast, na-\u0101lem; back-bone, na-m\u0101tcam; leg, ne-q\u0101sem; foot, ne\u2019-e\u2019;\n[paragraph continues] (bone, ne-w\u00e8\u00b4seqai); heart, ne-c\u2022\u016bn; liver, ne-n\u00f2m; blood, no-o\u00b4u, o-ou; lungs, na-s\u2022vas\u2022va; intestines, ne-c\u2022\u012b.\nHouse, kitc; my house, ne-ki; your house, o-ki; sweathouse, ha\u00b4selitc; ceremonial enclosure, wa\u00b4mgutc; my bow, ne-qutup; my arrow, no-hu\u00b4; my knife, no-pq; my pipe, no-h\u016bqup; tobacco, p\u012bvet, nep\u012bvem; pottery jar, qava\u2019mal; metate, no-t\u2022o\u00b4; mortar, no-t\u2022\u014d\u00b4pe.\nSky, d\u016bpitc; sun, teme\u2019t; moon, m\u00f2il; star, c\u2022\u016bel; night, t\u016bkme\u2019t; day, teme-\u00f1a; rain, qwacq; snow, y\u016bit; fire, qu\u2019t; smoke, q\u016bmet; ashes, t\u00e8\u00b4le\u00f1etc; water, p\u0101\u2019l; land, \u00e8xel; sand, beach, \u00e8xvel; ocean, m\u00f2mt\u2022; stream, wenitc; mountain, qaw\u012b\u2019tc; plain, palvintc; stone, t\u00f2t\u2022; wood, qal\u0101ut.\nDog, aw\u0101l; bear, hunut\u2022; coyote, ano\u00b4; deer, c\u2022\u016bkt\u2022; mountain sheep, b\u0101at\u2022; panther, tukut\u2022; fox, qaweutc; jackrabbit, cuitc; rabbit, d\u00f2ct; ground-squirrel, q\u00e8ntc (Luise\u00f1o form given as q\u00e8\u00f1itc); mole (topo), m\u00f2t.\nEagle, acut; buzzard, yu\u00f1\u0101vitc; a hawk, p\u0101ksl; raven, gaw\u012biret; crow, a\u00b4lemel; owl, m\u016bt\u2022; small owl, qoq\u016b\u00b4l.\nRattlesnake, c\u00f2ut\u2022; snake, paxa; small fish, kuy\u016bmal; large fish, tuc\u2022uxo; whale, key\u00f2t.\nFly, qwaal; flies, qwaalem; flea, moqw\u0101\u2019itc; louse, ola\u00b4t; bees, c\u0101\u00b4ca\u00f1al-em; jicote, bumblebee, c\u2022aka\u00b4; honey, c\u2022aka po-pa\u00b4u, bee its-water.\nWhite, w\u0101ixant\u2022; black, yev\u0101txant\u2022; red, koya\u00b4xu\u2019itc; large, awo\u00b4lov; good, pol\u00f2v; bad, h\u012b\u00b4tciqute; much, muyuk; little, wena\u2019ma\u2019l.\nI, n\u00f2; thou, om; we, tc\u0101\u2019am; ye, omo\u00b4m.\nThis, evi\u00b4; these, evi\u00b4m; that, wena\u00b4l; here, ava\u00b4; there, wana\u00b4; who, hax; what, hi\u2019ts; where, metca\u00b4; near, metcqen; far, wam; up, \u00e8tc; down, t\u00f2x; north, tam\u0101mek; south, kw\u012bmek; today, pi\u012b\u00b4qale; yesterday, tukuv; tomorrow, pot\u00f2qole; yes, oh\u00f2\u00b4; no, q\u0101i.\nEat, natcxun; drink, pa\u2019; run, hux; dance, pel\u2019e; sing, h\u00e8lex; sleep, k\u016bpla; speak, t\u00e8le; see, t\u00e8li\u2019we; hear, naqma\u00b4a; kill, m\u00f2ra; strike, c\u012bkwa; sit, peve\u2019x; walk, wekale; stand, y\u016b\u00b4li\u00f1a, y\u016b\u00b4da\u00f1a.\nhiqas o-t\u2022u\u00f1, what is your name,\nn\u012bk sepul, give me one.\nsepul ne-pulum, one (my) eye.\npa\u2019 p\u0101l, toma agua.\npal pec\u012b\u00b4tcqale, sale l\u2019agua.\nev\u00e8 yuitc e\u00b4xel, this land, la tierra de aqui.\nyemaik tapye tc\u00f2onem, long ago all died, ya se murieron todos. (Luise\u00f1o yumaik, formerly; tap, to die, plural; tcounum, all.)\nnon\u00f2xe \u0101\u2019aq supul, I alone remain.\np\u00f2\u00b4xonem at\u0101xem, puros Indios, true Indians.\nmetca\u2019s o-ki, where is your house,\ntcum-tela, our language.\nwera\u2019x, awake!\nh\u016bcu-vai, or: h\u016bcu om wai, smoke, you!\nWiy\u014d\u00b4t, dios (Ouiot, Wiyot).\nTci\u00f1itcnitc, tci\u00f1itcnic, diablo (Chinigchinich, Chungichnish).\nt\u00f2itc, diablo (Luise\u00f1o towish, touch, spirit).\nmanap t\u00f2itc, t\u00f2itc is coming.\nnoo\u00b4nwom naxa\u00b4nmal, ya estoy viejo.\nk\u012b\u00b4tcmu\u00f1gm, southerners.\nnaqma\u00b4a no-t\u00e8le, hear my words!\n249:11 On the other hand Juane\u00f1o shows yu-t\u2022, hair, where Luise\u00f1o has yu-la. This is one of many instances proving that the Shoshonean noun-endings can not be traced from dialect to dialect with only physiological modifications. Besides phonetic change, analogy or other psychological factors have often been of determining influence.\n249:12 Except the possible relation of -m to Gabrielino -n on nouns with a possessive prefix.","title":"Notes on the Shoshonean Dialects of Southern California: San Juan Capistrano","type":"page"}