{"collection":"Native American","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/nam/ca/nsd/nsd06.htm","path":"nam/ca/nsd/nsd06.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/nsd/nsd06.htm","text":"Notes on the Shoshonean Dialects of Southern California, by A. L. Kroeber, [1909]\nThe following Gabrielino vocabulary supplementary of that previously published was obtained from the same informant, Jose Sevaldeo. 13 He had however become so feeble that it was only possible to question him for a short time.\nAmong the new Gabrielino words given below two are particularly interesting. One is navakit, snow, which is from the Plateau and Pueblo stem n\u00fcva, for which Southern California vocabularies otherwise show yui-. The other is cuki, tobacco, which is the Yokuts cogon, found also in certain Mono and Kern River dialects. The usual Southern California stem for tobacco, used also in Hopi, is piva.\nThe sounds of Gabrielino are full and simple, in spite of the presence of \u00f6 and \u00fc, and evidence a regular and easy phonetic system.\nOld man, eraxbu; old woman, tuxu; hair, ni-pwan (= head); eye, ni-tsotcon; tongue, ni-no\u00f1in; beard, ne-pehan; nail, ni-tcur; arm, hand, ni-man; belly, panza, ni-x\u00f6nan; foot, ni-nev; knee, ni-t\u00f6\u00f1; bone, ni-\u00e8\u00e8n; heart, ni-cun; blood, ni-xain; chief, tomiar (?); bow, baitoar; arrow, tcoar; pipe, ni-wiku; tobacco, cuki; road, pet; night, yauke; thunder, tauwaro; wind, ahika\u00f1; rain, aqwakin (?); snow, navakit; ash, kocic; ocean, momati; stream, wenot, pa-xait (much water); lake, puini-par; mountain, xai; salt, a\u00f1or; sand, piri; wood, kota; grass, mamar; dog, wuci; bear, h\u00f9nar; wolf, icauvut; coyote, itar or itar\u00fc; deer, cukat; antelope, tonar; panther, tukut; jackrabbit, cuit; bird, kakar; eagle, acawut; condor, pawicokot; buzzard, yu\u00f1avic; owl, m\u00f9hut; crow, aqaukutc; rattlesnake, cot; frog, qwarava; flea, mututci; louse, ni-ar; white, rawatai or rawatei; black, yumaxai; red, kwahoxa; large, yo\u00f2itc; small, tcin\u00f9hu; good, tih\u00f6vkui; bad, tcaitc; thou, oma; ye (?), omoma; this, mine; that, piema; here, ikwa; there, muru; all, we; much, ayohin; who, hawo; yesterday, puana; to-morrow, hiamti; yes, \u00e8he; no, xai; eat, kwa-a; drink, pa-a; run, yamimo; dance, yake-a; sing, tcee-a; sleep, yetamku-a; speak, sirawa; see, huta-a; kill, muka-a; sit, yatco; walk, nu\u00f1ino; work, hoaixo-a; give, ua.\nThe following Fernande\u00f1o words were obtained in 1906 in addition to those already printed: 13\nYoung man, koti; young woman, taxai; my father, ne-na; my mother, ni-ok; forehead, mo-koya-n; eyebrow, a-aux; rib, mu-amu-n; skin, mu-tuk; name, a-tuano-n; medicine-man, p\u0101have; friend, ny\u00e8hie; dead, muy\u00f2kmuk; sweat-house, hoy\u0101tsu; earthquake, yavoyak oxer; night, yayauke; badger,\ncuyui; jackrabbit, cuit; raven, alwut; his, peem; where, hami\u00f1a; what, hita; up, hate\u2019-k; down, buxtu-k; drink, pa-ismunaka par.\nThe possessive prefixes in the San Fernando dialect are, for the first person singular, ne- or occasionally ni-; for the second person, mu- or occasionally mo-; for the third person, a-. The vowel of the possessive prefix is little or not at all dependent on the vowels of the stem.\nMost nouns obtained with a possessive prefix in both Fernande\u00f1o and Gabrielino show a suffixed -n. There are however a number of such nouns without the -n. His hand has been obtained as a-ma-n; his belly as a-to.\nBoth Gabrielino and Fernande\u00f1o show somewhat unusual demonstrative stems, this being mine, and that peem or piema. The latter stems recurs in Luise\u00f1o-Cahuilla po, pe. But the stem mi- as indicative of proximity is not known from other Shoshonean dialects. It probably occurs also in the Fernande\u00f1o word mitem, today. Contrary to most Shoshonean dialects, Gabrielino and Fernande\u00f1o agree also in showing different stems for their adverbial and nominal or adjectival demonstratives. Here and there are in both dialects respectively ikwa and muru. The principal interrogative stems are the usual Shoshonean ha, who and where, and hi, what.\nA characteristic feature of the Gabrielino dialectic group is the frequency of reduplication, apparently to express the plural, a trait which has already been commented upon by Gatschet. It appears that inanimate as well as animate nouns are reduplicated, contrary to the usual Shoshonean custom, and that parts of the body which occur in pairs or greater numbers, such as the ears and the teeth, are normally reduplicated. The reduplication is of the usual Shoshonean type to indicate plurality, consisting of the prefixion of a syllable containing the initial part of the stem, as far as, but no farther, than the first vowel. The reduplicated syllable therefore never ends in a consonant, and accumulation of consonants does not take place. The following instances of reduplication have been observed in the Gabrielino and Fernande\u00f1o material collected by the author:\nne-ma-man, my hands.\na-ts\u00f6-tsi-n, his eyes.\nni-ta-tam, teeth.\ncu-cyot, stars.\nma-mar, grass.\nka-kar, bird.\nya-yauke, night.\nThe usual Shoshonean plural suffix -m is not altogether wanting, as is shown by Fernande\u00f1o daxat, person, dar\u0101x-am, people.\nVerbal stems show reduplication of a different type from nouns:\nyavo-yak (oxer), (earth-)quake.\nWhile it is impossible to speak positively as to phonetic and lexical detail from vocabularies obtained each only from a single informant, it is clear that there is sufficient difference between Gabrielino proper and Fernande\u00f1o to necessitate the belief that this dialectic group is neither entirely homogeneous nor even uniform to all intents and purposes. The differences between the pronouns, where Gabrielino shows noma and Fernande\u00f1o n\u00f6m\u00fc in the first person, are evidence of this. It is however clear that the two dialects are very much more closely related to each other than to any others.\n251:13 Present series, IV, 70, 1907. See also VIII, 38, 1908.","title":"Notes on the Shoshonean Dialects of Southern California: Gabrielino","type":"page"}