{"collection":"time","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/time/crt/crt02.htm","path":"time/crt/crt02.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/time/crt/crt02.htm","text":"Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, by Clement A. Miles, [1912]\n The Origin and Purpose of Festivals\u2014Ideas suggested by Christmas\u2014Pagan and Christian Elements\u2014The Names of the Festival\u2014Foundation of the Feast of the Nativity\u2014Its Relation to the Epiphany\u2014December 25 and the Natalis Invicti\u2014The Kalends of January\u2014Yule and Teutonic Festivals\u2014The Church and Pagan Survivals\u2014Two Conflicting Types of Festival\u2014Their Interaction\u2014Plan of the Book.\n Ancient Latin Hymns, their Dogmatic, Theological Character\u2014Humanizing Influence of Franciscanism\u2014Jacopone da Todi's Vernacular Verse\u2014German Catholic Poetry\u2014Mediaeval English Carols.\n The French No\u00ebl\u2014Latin Hymnody in Eighteenth-century France\u2014Spanish Christmas Verse\u2014Traditional Carols of Many Countries\u2014Christmas Poetry in Protestant Germany\u2014Post-Reformation Verse in England\u2014Modern English Carols.p. 8\n Advent and Christmas Offices of the Roman Church\u2014The Three Masses of Christmas, their Origin and their Celebration in Rome\u2014The Midnight Mass in Many Lands\u2014Protestant Survivals of the Night Services\u2014Christmas in the Greek Church\u2014The Eastern Epiphany and the Blessing of the Waters\u2014The Presepio or Crib, its Supposed Institution by St. Francis\u2014Early Traces of the Crib\u2014The Crib in Germany, Tyrol, &c.\u2014Cradle-rocking in Mediaeval Germany\u2014Christmas Minstrels in Italy and Sicily\u2014The Presepio in Italy\u2014Ceremonies with the Culla and the Bambino in Rome\u2014Christmas in Italian London\u2014The Spanish Christmas\u2014Possible Survivals of the Crib in England.\n Origins of the Mediaeval Drama\u2014Dramatic Tendencies in the Liturgy\u2014Latin Liturgical Plays\u2014The Drama becomes Laicized\u2014Characteristics of the Popular Drama\u2014The Nativity in the English Miracle Cycles\u2014Christmas Mysteries in France\u2014Later French Survivals of Christmas Drama\u2014German Christmas Plays\u2014Mediaeval Italian Plays and Pageants\u2014Spanish Nativity Plays\u2014Modern Survivals in Various Countries\u2014The Star Singers, &c.\n The Church and Superstition\u2014Nature of Pagan Survivals\u2014Racial Origins\u2014Roman Festivals of the Saturnalia and Kalends\u2014Was there a Teutonic Midwinter Festival?\u2014The Teutonic, Celtic, and Slav New Year\u2014Customs attracted to Christmas or January 1\u2014The Winter Cycle of Festivals\u2014Rationale of Festival Ritual: (a) Sacrifice and Sacrament, (b) The Cult of the Dead, (c) Omens and Charms for the New Year\u2014Compromise in the Later Middle Ages\u2014The Puritans and Christmas\u2014Decay of Old Traditions.p. 9\n All Saints' and All Souls' Days, their Relation to a New Year Festival\u2014All Souls' Eve and Tendance of the Departed\u2014Soul Cakes in England and on the Continent\u2014Pagan Parallels of All Souls'\u2014Hallowe'en Charms and Omens\u2014Hallowe'en Fires\u2014Guy Fawkes Day\u2014\u201cOld Hob,\u201d the Schimmelreiter, and other Animal Masks\u2014Martinmas and its Slaughter\u2014Martinmas Drinking\u2014St. Martin's Fires in Germany\u2014Winter Visitors in the Low Countries and Germany\u2014St. Martin as Gift-bringer\u2014St. Martin's Rod.\n St. Clement's Day Quests and Processions\u2014St. Catherine's Day as Spinsters' Festival\u2014St. Andrew's Eve Auguries\u2014The Kl\u00f6pfeln\u00e4chte\u2014St. Nicholas's Day, the Saint as Gift-bringer, and his Attendants\u2014Election of the Boy Bishop\u2014St. Nicholas's Day at Bari\u2014St. Lucia's Day in Sweden, Sicily, and Central Europe\u2014St. Thomas's Day as School Festival\u2014Its Uncanny Eve\u2014\u201cGoing a-Thomassin'.\u201d\n Christkind, Santa Klaus, and Knecht Ruprecht\u2014Talking Animals and other Wonders of Christmas Eve\u2014Scandinavian Beliefs about Trolls and the Return of the Dead\u2014Traditional Christmas Songs in Eastern Europe\u2014The Twelve Days, their Christian Origin and Pagan Superstitions\u2014The Raging Host\u2014Hints of Supernatural Visitors in England\u2014The German Frauen\u2014The Greek Kallikantzaroi.\n The Log as Centre of the Domestic Christmas\u2014Customs of the Southern Slavs\u2014The Polaznik\u2014Origin of the Yule Log\u2014Probable Connection with Vegetation-cults or Ancestor-worship\u2014The Souche de No\u00ebl in France\u2014Italian and German Christmas Logs\u2014English Customs\u2014The Yule Candle in England and Scandinavia.p. 10\n The Christmas-tree a German Creation\u2014Charm of the German Christmas\u2014Early Christmas-trees\u2014The Christmas Pyramid\u2014Spread of the Tree in Modern Germany and other Countries\u2014Origin of the Christmas-tree\u2014Beliefs about Flowering Trees at Christmas\u2014Evergreens at the Kalends\u2014Non-German Parallels to the Christmas-tree\u2014Christmas Decorations connected with Ancient Kalends Customs\u2014Sacredness of Holly and Mistletoe\u2014Floors strewn with Straw\u2014Christmas and New Year Gifts, their Connection with the Roman Strenae and St. Nicholas\u2014Present-giving in Various Countries\u2014Christmas Cards.\n Prominence of Eating in the English Christmas\u2014The Boar's Head, the Goose, and other Christmas Fare\u2014Frumenty, Sowens, Yule Cakes, and the Wassail Bowl\u2014Continental Christmas Dishes, their Possible Origins\u2014French and German Cakes\u2014The Animals' Christmas Feast\u2014Cakes in Eastern Europe\u2014Relics of Animal Sacrifice\u2014Hunting the Wren\u2014Various Games of Sacrificial Origin.\n English Court Masking\u2014\u201cThe Lord of Misrule\u201d\u2014The Mummers' Play, the Sword-Dance, and the Morris Dance\u2014Origin of St. George and other Characters\u2014Mumming in Eastern Europe\u2014The Feast of Fools, its History and Suppression\u2014The Boy Bishop, his Functions and Sermons\u2014Modern Survivals of the Boy Bishop.\n Horse Customs of St. Stephen's Day\u2014The Swedish St. Stephen\u2014St. John's Wine\u2014Childermas and its Beatings.p. 11\n Principle of New Year Customs\u2014The New Year in France, Germany, the United States, and Eastern Europe\u2014\u201cFirst-footing\u201d in Great Britain\u2014Scottish New Year Practices\u2014Highland Fumigation and \u201cBreast-strip\u201d Customs\u2014Hogmanay and Aguillanneuf\u2014New Year Processions in Macedonia, Roumania, Greece, and Rome\u2014Methods of Augury\u2014Sundry New Year Charms.\n The Twelfth Cake and the \u201cKing of the Bean\u201d\u2014French Twelfth Night Customs\u2014St. Basil's Cake in Macedonia\u2014Epiphany and the Expulsion of Evils\u2014The Befana in Italy\u2014The Magi as Present-bringers\u2014Greek Epiphany Customs\u2014Wassailing Fruit-trees\u2014Herefordshire and Irish Twelfth Night Practices\u2014The \u201cHaxey Hood\u201d and Christmas Football\u2014St. Knut's Day in Sweden\u2014Rock Day\u2014Plough Monday\u2014Candlemas, its Ecclesiastical and Folk Ceremonies\u2014Farewells to Christmas.","title":"Christmas in Ritual and Tradition: Contents","type":"page"}