{"collection":"time","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/time/crt/crt22.htm","path":"time/crt/crt22.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/time/crt/crt22.htm","text":"Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, by Clement A. Miles, [1912]\n Bibliographical details are given with the first reference to each authority, and the titles and authors\u2019 names are there printed in heavy type. The particulars are repeated in the notes to Part II. when authorities are referred to again.\n1-1 G. K. Chesterton in \u201cThe Daily News,\u201d Dec. 26, 1903.\n1-2 Ibid. Dec. 23, 1911.\n1-3 Cf. J. E. Harrison, \u201cThemis: a Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion\u201d (Cambridge, 1912), 139, 184.\n1-4 Or plural Weihnachten. The name Weihnachten was applied in five different ways in mediaeval Germany: (1) to Dec. 25, (2) to Dec. 25-8, (3) to the whole Christmas week, (4) to Dec. 25 to Jan. 6, (5) to the whole time from Christmas to the Octave of the Epiphany. G. Bilfinger, \u201cDas germanische Julfest\u201d (Stuttgart, 1901), 39.\n1-5 A. Tille, \u201cDie Geschichte der deutschen Weihnacht\u201d (Leipsic, 1893), 22. [Referred to as \u201cD. W.\u201d]\n1-6 H. Usener, \u201cDas Weihnachtsfest\u201d (Kap. i., bis. iii. 2nd Edition, Bonn, 1911), 273 f.\n1-7 L. Duchesne, \u201cChristian Worship: its Origin and Evolution\u201d (Eng. Trans., Revised Edition, London, 1912), 257 f.\n1-8 J. Hastings, \u201cEncyclop\u00e6dia of Religion and Ethics\u201d (Edinburgh, 1910), iii. 601 f.\n1-9 E. K. Chambers, \u201cThe Mediaeval Stage\u201d (Oxford, 1903), i. 244. [Referred to as \u201cM. S.\u201d]\n1-10 A. Tille, \u201cYule and Christmas: their Place in the Germanic Year\u201d (London, 1899), 122. [Referred to as \u201cY. & C.\u201d]\n1-11 Ibid. 164.\n1-12 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 21.\n1-13 Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 203.\n1-14 K. Lake in Hastings's \u201cEncyclop\u00e6dia\u201d and in \u201cThe Guardian,\u201d Dec. 29, 1911; F. C. Conybeare, Preface to \u201cThe Key of Truth, a Manual of the Paulician Church of Armenia\u201d (Oxford, 1898), clii. f.; Usener, 18 f.\n1-15 Usener, 27 f.\n1-16 Ibid. 31; J. E. Harrison, \u201cProlegomena to the Study of Greek Religion\u201d (Cambridge, 1903), 550.\n1-17 Harrison, \u201cProlegomena,\u201d 402 f., 524 f., 550.p. 364\n1-18 Lake, and G. Rietschel, \u201cWeihnachten in Kirche, Kunst and Volksleben\u201d (Bielefeld and Leipsic, 1902), 10.\n1-19 Conybeare, lxxviii.\n1-20 A. Lupi, \u201cDissertazioni, lettere ed altre operette\u201d (Faenza, 1785), i. 219 f., mentioned in article \u201cNativity\u201d in T. K. Cheyne's \u201cEncyclop\u00e6dia Biblica\u201d (London, 1902), iii. 3346.\n1-21 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 234.\n1-22 Ibid. i. 235; F. Cumont, \u201cThe Monuments of Mithra\u201d (Eng. Trans., London, 1903), 190.\n1-23 G. Negri, \u201cJulian the Apostate\u201d (Eng. Trans., London, 1905), i. 240 f.\n1-24 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 235.\n1-25 Duchesne, \u201cChristian Worship,\u201d 265.\n1-26 Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 146.\n2-1 See especially for Latin, German, and English hymnody J. Julian, \u201cA Dictionary of Hymnology\u201d (New Edition, London, 1907), and the Historical Edition of \u201cHymns Ancient and Modern\u201d (London, 1909).\n2-2 H. C. Beeching, \u201cA Book of Christmas Verse\u201d (London, 1895), 3.\n2-3 Beeching, 8.\n2-4 A. Gastou\u00e9, \u201cNo\u00ebl\u201d (Paris, 1907), 38.\n2-5 R. W. Church, \u201cSt. Anselm\u201d (London, 1870), 6.\n2-6 Ibid. 3 f.\n2-7 W. R. W. Stephens, \u201cThe English Church from the Norman Conquest to the Accession of Edward I.\u201d (London, 1901), 309.\n2-8 W. Sandys, \u201cChristmastide: its History, Festivities, and Carols\u201d (London, n.d.), 216; E. Rickert, \u201cAncient English Carols. MCCCC-MDCC\u201d (London, 1910), 133.\n2-9 For the Franciscan influence on poetry and art see: Vernon Lee, \u201cRenaissance Fancies and Studies\u201d (London, 1895); H. Thode, \u201cFranz von Assisi und die Anf\u00e4nge der Kunst der Renaissance in Italien\u201d (Berlin, 1885); A. Macdonell, \u201cSons of Francis\u201d (London, 1902); J. A. Symonds, \u201cThe Renaissance in Italy. Italian Literature,\u201d Part I. (New Edition, London, 1898).\n2-10 Thomas of Celano, \u201cLives of St. Francis\u201d (Eng. Trans. by A. G. Ferrers Howell, London, 1908), 84.\n2-11 P. Robinson, \u201cWritings of St. Francis\u201d (London, 1906), 175.\n2-12 \u201cLe poesie spirituali del B. Jacopone da Todi,\u201d con annotationi di Fra Francesco Tresatti (Venice, 1617), 266.\n2-13 Ibid. 275.\n2-14 Ibid. 867.\n2-15 \u201cStabat Mater speciosa,\u201d trans. and ed. by J. M. Neale (London, 1866).p. 365\n2-16 For German Christmas poetry see, besides Julian: Hoffmann von Fallersleben, \u201cGeschichte des deutschen Kirchenliedes bis auf Luthers Zeit\u201d (2nd Edition, Hanover, 1854); P. Wackernagel, \u201cDas deutsche Kirchenlied\u201d (Leipsic, 1867); and C. Winkworth, \u201cChristian Singers of Germany\u201d (London, n.d.).\n2-17 R. M. Jones, \u201cStudies in Mystical Religion\u201d (London, 1909), 235, 237.\n2-18 \u201cMeister Eckharts Schriften und Predigten,\u201d edited by H. Buttner (Leipsic, 1903), i. 44.\n2-19 Translation by C. Winkworth, \u201cChristian Singers,\u201d 84. German text in Wackernagel, ii. 302 f.\n2-20 \u201cDeutsches Weihnachtsbuch\u201d (Hamburg-Grossborstel, 1907), 125.\n2-21 \u201cA Compendious Book of Godly and Spiritual Songs,\u201d reprinted from the Edition of 1567 by A. F. Mitchell (Edinburgh and London, 1897), 53. This translation is abridged and Protestantized. The mediaeval German text, which is partly addressed to the Virgin, is given in Hoffmann von Fallersleben, \u201cIn Dulci Jubilo\u201d (Hanover, 1854), 46. For the music see G. R. Woodward, \u201cThe Cowley Carol Book\u201d (New Edition, London, 1909), 20 f. [a work peculiarly rich in old German airs].\n2-22 K. Weinhold, \u201cWeihnacht-Spiele und Lieder aus S\u00fcddeutschland und Schlesien\u201d (2nd Edition, Vienna, 1875), 385.\n2-23 Ibid. 396. [For help in the translation of German dialect I am indebted to Dr. M. A. M\u00fcgge.]\n2-24 Ibid. 400.\n2-25 Ibid. 417.\n2-26 E. K. Chambers, essay on \u201cSome Aspects of Medi\u00e6val Lyric\u201d in \u201cEarly English Lyrics,\u201d chosen by E. K. Chambers and F. Sidgwick (London, 1907), 290. [Twenty-five of Awdlay's carols were printed by Messrs. Chambers and Sidgwick in \u201cThe Modern Language Review\u201d (Cambridge), Oct., 1910, and Jan., 1911.]\n2-27 Ibid. 293.\n2-28 Quoted by J. J. Jusserand, \u201cA Literary History of the English People\u201d (2nd Edition, London, 1907), i. 218.\n2-29 Rickert, 6; Beeching, 13.\n2-30 No. lv. in Chambers and Sidgwick, \u201cEarly English Lyrics.\u201d\n2-31 No. lix., ibid.\n2-32 No. lxi., ibid.\n2-33 No. lxx., ibid.\n2-34 No. lxvii., ibid.\n2-35 No. lxiii., ibid.\n2-36 Rickert, 67.\n3-1 No\u00ebl Herv\u00e9, \u201cLes No\u00ebls fran\u00e7ais\u201d (Niort, 1905), Gastou\u00e9, 57 f.; G. Gregory Smith, \u201cThe Transition Period\u201d (Edinburgh and London, 1900), 217.\n3-2 Gregory Smith, 217.\n3-3 H. Lemeignen, \u201cVieux No\u00ebls compos\u00e9s en l'honneur de la Naissance de Notre-Seigneur J\u00e9sus-Christ\u201d (Nantes, 1876), iii. 2 f.\n3-4 Ibid. i. 10, 11.\n3-5 Ibid. ii. 93, 95.\n3-6 Herv\u00e9, 46.\n3-8 Lemeignen, i. 29.\n3-9 \u201cLes Vieux No\u00ebls,\u201d in \u201cNouvelle Biblioth\u00e8que Populaire\u201d (published by Henri Gautier, 55 Quai des Grands Augustins, Paris).\n3-10 Lemeignen, i. 93.\n3-11 H. J. L. J. Mass\u00e9, \u201cA Book Of Old Carols\u201d (London, 1910), i. 21.\n3-12 Herv\u00e9, 86.\n3-13 Lemeignen, i. 71.\n3-14 \u201cHymns Ancient and Modern\u201d (Historical Edition), 79. Translation is No. 58 in Ordinary Edition.\n3-15 Herv\u00e9, 132.\n3-16 A great number of these villancicos and romances may be found in Justo de Sancha, \u201cRomancero y Cancionero Sagrados\u201d (Madrid, 1855, vol. 35 of Rivadeneyra's Library of Spanish Authors), and there are some good examples in J. N. B\u00f6hl de Faber, \u201cRimas Antiguas Castellanas\u201d (Hamburg, 1823).\n3-17 B\u00f6hl de Faber, ii. 36.\n3-18 F. Caballero, \u201cElia y La Noche de Navidad\u201d (Leipsic, 1864), 210.\n3-19 A. de Gubernatis, \u201cStoria Comparata degli Usi Natalizi\u201d (Milan, 1878), 90.\n3-20 These three verses are taken from Countess Martinengo-Cesaresco's charming translation of the poem, in her \u201cEssays in the Study of Folk-Songs\u201d (London, 1886), 304 f.\n3-21 Martinengo, \u201cFolk-Songs,\u201d 302 f.\n3-22 Latin text in Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 311; Italian game in De Gubernatis, 93.\n3-23 Herv\u00e9, 115 f.\n3-24 W. Hone, \u201cThe Ancient Mysteries Described\u201d (London, 1823), 103.\n3-25 Ibid. 103.\n3-26 See Note 11.\n3-27 D. Hyde, \u201cReligious Songs of Connacht\u201d (London, 1906), ii. 225 f.\n3-28 \u201cThe Vineyard\u201d (London), Dec., 1910, 144.\n3-29 \u201cDeutsches Weihnachtsbuch,\u201d 120 f.\n3-30 \u201cA Compendious Book of Godly and Spiritual Songs,\u201d 49 f. (spelling here modernized); Rickert, 82 f.\n3-31 \u201cDeutsches Weihnachtsbuch,\u201d 123, and most German Protestant hymnbooks.\n3-32 Translation by Miles Coverdale, in Rickert, 192 f.\n3-33 No. 5 in Paulus Gerhardt, \u201cGeistliche Lieder,\u201d ed. by P. Wackernagel and W. T\u00fcmpel (9th Edition, G\u00fctersloh, 1907).\n3-34 Translation by C. Winkworth in \u201cLyra Germanica\u201d (New Edition, London, 1869), ii. 13 f.\n3-35 \u201cDeutsches Weihnachtsbuch,\u201d 128 f.\n3-36 Translation (last verse altered) in \u201cThe British Herald\u201d (London), Sept., 1866, 329.\n3-37 \u201cChristmas Carols New and Old,\u201d the words edited by H. R. Bramley, the music edited by Sir John Stainer (London, n.d.).\n3-38 Beeching, 27 f.\n3-39 Ibid. 67.\n3-40 Ibid. 49.\n3-41 Ibid. 76.\n3-42 Ibid. 48.\n3-43 Ibid. 45.\n3-45 Beeching, 85 f.\n3-46 Selwyn Image, \u201cPoems and Carols\u201d (London, 1894), 25.\n3-47 G. K. Chesterton in \u201cThe Commonwealth\u201d (London), Dec., 1902, 353.\n4-1 Translation, \u201cCreator of the starry height,\u201d in \u201cHymns A. and M.\u201d (Ordinary Edition), No. 45.\n4-2 J. Dowden, \u201cThe Church Year and Kalendar\u201d (Cambridge, 1910), 76 f.\n4-3 \u201cRational ou Manuel des divins Offices de Guillaume Durand, \u00c9v\u00e8que de Mende au treizi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle,\u201d traduit par M. C. Barth\u00e9lemy (Paris, 1854), iii. 155 f.\n4-4 See translation of the Great O's in \u201cThe English Hymnal,\u201d No. 734.\n4-5 Barth\u00e9lemy, iii. 220 f.\n4-6 D. Rock, \u201cThe Church of Our Fathers\u201d (London, 1853), vol. iii. pt. ii. 214.\n4-7 J. K. Huysmans, \u201cL'Oblat\u201d (Paris, 1903), 194.\n4-8 Gastou\u00e9, 44 f.\n4-9 E. G. C. F. Atchley, \u201cOrdo Romanus Primus\u201d (London, 1905), 71.\n4-10 \u201cThe Pilgrimage of S. Silvia of Aquitaine\u201d (Eng. Trans. by J. H. Bernard, London, 1891), 50 f.\n4-11 S. D. Ferriman in \u201cThe Daily News,\u201d Dec. 25, 1911.\n4-12 G. Bonaccorsi, \u201cIl Natale: appunti d'esegesi e di storia\u201d (Rome, 1903), 73.\n4-13 Gastou\u00e9, 41 f.\n4-14 Bonaccorsi, 75.\n4-15 H. Malleson and M. A. R. Tuker, \u201cHandbook to Christian and Ecclesiastical Rome\u201d (London, 1897), pt. ii. 211.\n4-16 Th. Bentzon, \u201cChristmas In France\u201d in \u201cThe Century Magazine\u201d (New York), Dec., 1901, 170 f.\n4-17 L. von H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben\u201d (Stuttgart, 1909), 232.\n4-18 M. J. Quin, \u201cA Visit to Spain\u201d (2nd Edition, London, 1824), 126 f.\n4-19 \u201cMadrid in 1835,\u201d by a Resident Officer (London, 1836), i. 395 f.\n4-20 W. S. Walsh, \u201cCuriosities of Popular Customs\u201d (London, 1898), 237.\n4-21 G. Pitr\u00e8, \u201cSpettacoli e feste popolari siciliane\u201d (Palermo, 1880), 444.\n4-22 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 70 f.\n4-23 F. H. Woods, \u201cSweden and Norway\u201d (London, 1882), 209; L. Lloyd, \u201cPeasant Life in Sweden\u201d (London, 1870), 201 f.\n4-24 J. E. Vaux, \u201cChurch Folklore\u201d (London, 1894), 222 f.\n4-25 M. Trevelyan, \u201cFolk-Lore and Folk-Stories of Wales\u201d (London, 1909), 28.\n4-26 Vaux, 262 f.\n4-27 R. F. Littledale, \u201cOffices from the Service-Books of the Holy Eastern Church\u201d (London, 1863), 174 f.\n4-28 [Sir] A. J. Evans, \u201cChristmas and Ancestor Worship in the Black Mountain,\u201d in \u201cMacmillan's Magazine\u201d (London), vol. xliii., 1881, 228.\n4-29 Duchesne, 273.\n4-30 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 245.\n4-31 \u201cThe Roman Breviary,\u201d translated by John, Marquess of Bute (New Edition Edinburgh and London, 1908), 186.\n4-32 See announcement in \u201cThe Roman Mail\u201d in Jan., 1912.p. 368\n4-33 Mary Hamilton, \u201cGreek Saints and their Festivals\u201d (London, 1910), 113 f.\n4-34 H. Holloway, \u201cAn Eastern Epiphany Service\u201d in \u201cPax\u201d (the Magazine of the Caldey Island Benedictines), Dec., 1910.\n4-35 Hamilton, 119 f.\n4-36 Holloway, as above.\n4-37 F. H. E. Palmer, \u201cRussian Life in Town and Country\u201d (London, 1901), 176 f.\n4-38 Thomas of Celano, trans. by Howell, 82 f.\n4-39 Countess Martinengo-Cesaresco, \u201cPuer Parvulus\u201d in \u201cThe Outdoor Life in the Greek and Roman Poets\u201d (London, 1911), 248.\n4-40 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 41.\n4-41 Bonaccorsi, 85; Usener, 298.\n4-42 Usener, 290.\n4-43 Ibid. 295, 299.\n4-44 Rietschel, 55.\n4-45 Ibid. 56 f.\n4-46 Ibid. 60.\n4-47 Ibid. 69 f.; Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 59 f.\n4-48 Music from Trier \u201cGesangbuch\u201d (1911), No. 18, where a very much weakened text is given. Text from Weinhold, 114. Another form of the air is given in \u201cThe Cowley Carol Book,\u201d No. 36.\n4-49 Text and music in Mass\u00e9, i. 6.\n4-50 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 60.\n4-51 Ibid. 61 f.\n4-52 Ibid. 63.\n4-53 Thomas Naogeorgus, \u201cThe Popish Kingdome,\u201d Englyshed by Barnabe Googe, 1570 (ed. by R. C. Hope, London, 1880), 45.\n4-54 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 68.\n4-55 Ibid. 68.\n4-56 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 235.\n4-57 Ibid. 235.\n4-58 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 64.\n4-59 Rietschel, 75.\n4-60 Martinengo, \u201cOutdoor Life,\u201d 249.\n4-61 Lady Morgan, \u201cItaly\u201d (New Edition, London, 1821), iii. 72.\n4-62 Matilde Serao, \u201cLa Madonna e i Santi\u201d (Naples, 1902), 223 f.\n4-63 L. Caico, \u201cSicilian Ways and Days\u201d (London, 1910), 192 f.\n4-64 Information kindly given to the author by Mrs. C. G. Crump.\n4-65 Information derived by the author from a resident in Messina.\n4-66 Serao, see Note 62.\n4-67 W. H. D. Rouse, \u201cReligious Tableaux in Italian Churches,\u201d in \u201cFolk-Lore\u201d (London), vol. v., 1894, 6 f.\n4-68 Morgan, iii. 76 f.\n4-69 Bonaccorsi, 45 f.\n4-70 A. J. C. Hare, \u201cWalks in Rome\u201d (11th Edition, London, 1883), 157.\n4-71 Martinengo, \u201cOutdoor Life,\u201d 253; Bonaccorsi, 110 f.; R. Ellis Roberts, \u201cA Roman Pilgrimage\u201d (London, 1911), 185 f.\n4-72 H. J. Rose, \u201cUntrodden Spain\u201d (London, 1875), 276.\n4-73 See Note 18 to Chapter III.p. 369\n4-74 T. F. Thiselton Dyer, \u201cBritish Popular Customs\u201d (London, 1876), 464.\n4-75 Vaux, 216.\n4-76 Dyer, 464.\n4-77 Cf. Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 120.\n5-1 This account of the mediaeval Christmas drama owes much to Chambers, \u201cThe Mediaeval Stage,\u201d especially chaps. xviii. to xx., and to W. Creizenach, \u201cGeschichte des neueren Dramas\u201d (Halle a/S., 1893), vol. i., bks. ii.-iv. See also: Karl Pearson, essay on \u201cThe German Passion Play\u201d in \u201cThe Chances of Death, and other Studies in Evolution\u201d (London, 1897), ii. 246 f.; E. Du M\u00e9ril, \u201cOrigines latines du th\u00e9\u00e2tre moderne\u201d (Paris, 1849); L. Petit de Julleville, \u201cHistoire du th\u00e9\u00e2tre en France au moyen \u00e2ge. I. Les Myst\u00e8res\u201d (Paris, 1880); and other works cited later.\n5-2 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 8 f.\n5-3 Ibid. ii. 11.\n5-4 Du M\u00e9ril, 147.\n5-5 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 52.\n5-6 Text in Du M\u00e9ril, 153 f.\n5-7 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 44.\n5-8 Ibid. ii. 52 f.\n5-9 On the English plays see: Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d chaps. xx. and xxi.; A. W. Ward, \u201cA History of English Dramatic Literature\u201d (London, 1875), vol. i. chap. i.; Creizenach, vol. i.; K. L. Bates, \u201cThe English Religious Drama\u201d (London, 1893).\n5-10 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 129, 131, 139.\n5-11 \u201cLudus Coventriae,\u201d ed. by J. O. Halliwell (London, 1841), 146 f.\n5-12 \u201cYork Plays,\u201d ed. by L. Toulmin Smith (Oxford, 1885), 114 f.\n5-13 \u201cThe Chester Plays,\u201d ed. by T. Wright (London, 1843), 137.\n5-14 Ibid. 138.\n5-15 Ibid. 143.\n5-16 \u201cThe Towneley Plays,\u201d ed. by George England, with Introduction by A. W. Pollard (London, 1897). The first Shepherds\u2019 Play is on p. 100 f., the second on p. 116 f.\n5-17 Text from Chambers and Sidgwick, \u201cEarly English Lyrics,\u201d 124 f.\n5-18 Text in T. Sharp, \u201cA Dissertation on the Pageants or Dramatic Mysteries anciently performed at Coventry\u201d (Coventry, 1825).\n5-19 Petit de Julleville, ii. 36 f and 431 f.\n5-20 Ibid. ii. 620 f.; \u201cLes marguerites de la Marguerite des princesses,\u201d ed. from the edition of 1547 by F. Frank (Paris, 1873), ii. 1 f.\n5-21 Petit de Julleville, i. 441.\n5-22 Ibid. i. 455. Text in Lemeignen, ii. 1 f.\n5-23 Petit de Julleville, i. 79 f.\n5-24 P. S\u00e9billot, \u201cCoutumes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne\u201d (Paris, 1886), 177.\n5-25 Martinengo, \u201cFolk-Songs,\u201d xxxiii. f. In her essay, \u201cPuer Parvulus,\u201d in \u201cThe Outdoor Life,\u201d 260 f., the Countess gives a charming description of a somewhat similar Piedmontese play.\n5-26 Barth\u00e9lemy, iii. 411 f.p. 370\n5-27 Rietschel, 88 f.; O. von Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, \u201cDas festliche Jahr\u201d (2nd Edition, Leipsic, 1898), 439 f.\n5-28 Rietschel, 92 f.\n5-29 An interesting book on popular Christmas plays is F. Vogt, \u201cDie schlesischen Weihnachtspiele\u201d (Leipsic, 1901).\n5-30 Weinhold, 94.\n5-31 Ibid. 95 f.\n5-32 Ibid. 100 f.\n5-33 Ibid. 96 f.\n5-34 See Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 91 f.; Symonds, \u201cRenaissance,\u201d iv. 242, 272 f.; A. d'Ancona, \u201cOrigini del Teatro italiano\u201d (Florence, 1877), i. 87 f.\n5-35 D'Ancona, \u201cOrigini,\u201d i. 126 f.\n5-36 A. d'Ancona, \u201cSacre Rappresentazioni dei secoli xiv, xv e xvi\u201d (Florence, 1872), i. 191 f.\n5-37 Ibid. i. 192.\n5-38 Latin original quoted by D'Ancona, \u201cOrigini,\u201d i. 91, and Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 93.\n5-39 Creizenach, i. 347.\n5-40 J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, \u201cA History of Spanish Literature\u201d (London, 1898), 113.\n5-41 Juan del Encina, \u201cTeatro Completo\u201d (Madrid, 1893), 3 f., 137 f.\n5-42 See G. Ticknor, \u201cHistory of Spanish Literature\u201d (6th American Edition, Boston, 1888), ii. 283 f.\n5-43 Ibid. ii. 208.\n5-44 \u201cArchivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari\u201d (Palermo and Turin), vol. xxi., 1902, 381.\n5-45 Pitr\u00e8, 448.\n5-46 Fernan Caballero, \u201cElia y La Noche de Navidad,\u201d 222 f.\n5-47 Lloyd, 213 f.\n5-48 H. F. Feilberg, \u201cJul\u201d (Copenhagen, 1904), ii. 242 f.\n5-49 E. Cortet, \u201cEssai sur les f\u00eates religieuses\u201d (Paris, 1867), 38.\n5-50 S\u00e9billot, 215.\n5-51 Feilberg, ii. 250; Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 31 f.; T. Stratilesco, \u201cFrom Carpathian to Pindus: Pictures of Roumanian Country Life\u201d (London, 1906), 195 f.; E. van Norman, \u201cPoland: the Knight among Nations\u201d (London and New York, 3rd Edition, n.d.), 302; S. Graham, \u201cA Vagabond in the Caucasus. With some Notes of his Experiences among the Russians\u201d (London, 1910), 28.\n5-52 Translation in Karl Hase, \u201cMiracle Plays and Sacred Dramas\u201d (Eng. Trans., London, 1880), 9; German text in Weinhold, 132.\n5-53 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 247 f.\n5-54 Graham, 28.\n5-55 Stratilesco, 195 f.\n5-56 Ibid. 355 f.\n5-57 Van Norman, 302.\n5-58 Cortet, 42.\n5-59 Barth\u00e9lemy, iii. 411 f.\n5-60 Madame Calderon de la Barca, \u201cLife in Mexico\u201d (London, 1843), 237 f.\n6-1 E. Underhill, \u201cMysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of Man's Spiritual Consciousness\u201d (London, 1911), 305.p. 371\n7-1 Karl Pearson, essay on \u201cWoman as Witch\u201d in \u201cThe Chances of Death and other Studies in Evolution\u201d (London, 1897), ii. 16.\n7-2 Cf. J. G. Frazer, \u201cThe Dying God\u201d (London, 1911), 269.\n7-3 J. A. MacCulloch, \u201cThe Religion of the Ancient Celts\u201d (Edinburgh, 1911), 278.\n7-4 Frazer, \u201cDying God,\u201d 266.\n7-5 E. Anwyl, \u201cCeltic Religion in Pre-Christian Times\u201d (London, 1906), 1 f.\n7-6 Ibid. 20; cf. E. K. Chambers, \u201cThe Mediaeval Stage\u201d (Oxford, 1903), i. 100 f. [Referred to as \u201cM. S.\u201d]\n7-7 W. Robertson Smith, \u201cLectures on the Religion of the Semites\u201d (New Edition, London, 1894), 16.\n7-8 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 236; W. W. Fowler, \u201cThe Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic\u201d (London, 1899), 272.\n7-9 \u201cThe Works of Lucian of Samosata\u201d (Eng. Trans. by H. W. and F. G. Fowler, Oxford, 1905), iv. 108 f.\n7-10 John Brand, \u201cObservations on Popular Antiquities\u201d (New Edition, with the Additions of Sir Henry Ellis, London, Chatto & Windus, 1900), 283.\n7-11 \u201cWorks of Lucian,\u201d iv. 114 f.\n7-12 Ibid. iv. 109.\n7-13 J. G. Frazer, \u201cThe Golden Bough\u201d (2nd Edition, London, 1900), iii. 138 f., and \u201cThe Magic Art and the Evolution of Kingship\u201d (London, 1911), ii. 310 f.\n7-14 W. W. Fowler, \u201cThe Religious Experience of the Roman People\u201d (London, 1911), 107, 112.\n7-15 Fowler, \u201cRoman Festivals,\u201d 268, and \u201cReligious Experience,\u201d 107; C. Bailey, \u201cThe Religion of Ancient Rome\u201d (London, 1907), 70.\n7-16 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 237 f.; Fowler, \u201cRoman Festivals,\u201d 278.\n7-17 Quoted from \u201cLibanii Opera,\u201d ed. by Reiske, i. 256 f., by G. Bilfinger, \u201cDas germanische Julfest\u201d (vol. ii. of \u201cUntersuchungen \u00fcber die Zeitrechnung der alten Germanen,\u201d Stuttgart, 1901), 41 f.\n7-18 \u201cLibanii Opera,\u201d iv. 1053 f., quoted by Bilfinger, 43 f.\n7-19 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 237 f., 258.\n7-20 A. Tille, \u201cYule and Christmas\u201d (London, 1899), 96. [Referred to as \u201cY. & C.\u201d]\n7-21 J. C. Lawson, \u201cModern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion\u201d (Cambridge, 1910), 221 f. Cf. M. Hamilton, \u201cGreek Saints and their Festivals\u201d (London, 1910), 98.\n7-22 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 290 f.\n7-23 Latin text in Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 297 f.\n7-24 Ibid. i. 245.\n7-25 Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 88 f.; Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 303 f.p. 372\n7-26 Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d throughout; Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 288 f.; Chantepie de la Saussaye, \u201cThe Religion of the Ancient Teutons\u201d (Boston, 1902), 382. Cf. O. Schrader, in Hastings's \u201cEncyclop\u00e6dia of Religion and Ethics\u201d (Edinburgh, 1909), ii. 47 f.\n7-27 MacCulloch, \u201cReligion of the Ancient Celts,\u201d 258 f. Cf. Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 228, 234.\n7-28 Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 203.\n7-29 [Sir] A. J. Evans, \u201cChristmas and Ancestor Worship in the Black Mountain,\u201d in \u201cMacmillan's Magazine\u201d (London), vol. xliii., 1881, 363.\n7-30 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 247.\n7-31 Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 64.\n7-32 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 232.\n7-33 Ibid. i. 130; W. Robertson Smith, 213 f.\n7-34 Frazer, \u201cDying God,\u201d 129 f.\n7-35 See N. W. Thomas in \u201cFolk-Lore\u201d (London), vol. xi., 1900, 227 f.\n7-36 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 132 f.\n7-37 W. Robertson Smith, 437 f.\n7-38 J. E. Harrison, \u201cThemis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion\u201d (Cambridge, 1912), 67. Cf. E. F. Ames, \u201cThe Psychology of Religious Experience\u201d (London and Boston, 1910), 95 f.\n7-39 Harrison, \u201cThemis,\u201d 137.\n7-40 Ibid. 110.\n7-41 S. Reinach, \u201cCultes, mythes, et religions\u201d (Paris, 1905), i. 93. For the theory that totems were originally food-objects, see Ames, 118 f.\n7-42 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 133.\n7-43 Ibid. i. 105 f., 144.\n7-44 Harrison, \u201cThemis,\u201d 507.\n7-45 W. Robertson Smith, 255.\n7-46 Bede, \u201cHistoria Ecclesiastica,\u201d lib. i. cap. 30. Latin text in Bede's Works, edited by J. A. Giles (London, 1843), vol. ii. p. 142.\n7-47 Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d iii. 143.\n7-48 Jerome, \u201cComm. in Isaiam,\u201d lxv. 11. Latin text in Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 294.\n7-49 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 266.\n7-50 Latin text in Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 306.\n7-51 Bede, \u201cDe Temporum Ratione,\u201d cap. 15, quoted by Chambers, i. 231. See also Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 152 f., and Bilfinger, 131, for other views.\n7-52 Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d iii. 70 f.\n7-53 See Frazer, \u201cMagic Art,\u201d i. 52.\n7-54 Cf. Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d iii. 300 f.\n7-55 Latin text in H. Usener, \u201cReligionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen,\u201d part ii. (Bonn, 1889), 43 f. See also A. Tille, \u201cDie Geschichte der deutschen Weihnacht\u201d (Leipsic, 1893), 44 f. [Referred to as \u201cD. W.\u201d]\n7-56 Philip Stubbs, \u201cAnatomie Of Abuses\u201d (Reprint of 3rd Edition of 1585, edited by W. B. Turnbull, London, 1836), 205.\n7-57 Quoted by J. Ashton, \u201cA righte Merrie Christmasse!!\u201d (London, n.d.), 26 f.\n8-1 R. Chambers, \u201cThe Book Of Days\u201d (London, n.d.), ii. 538 [referred to as \u201cB. D.\u201d]; T. F. Thiselton Dyer, \u201cBritish Popular Customs\u201d (London, 1876), 396 f.\n8-2 [Sir] J. Rhys, \u201cLectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by Celtic Heathendom\u201d (London, 1888), 514, \u201cCeltic Folklore: Welsh and Manx\u201d (Oxford, 1901), i. 321.\n8-3 Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 57 f.\n8-4 Rhys, \u201cCeltic Folklore,\u201d i. 315 f.\n8-5 J. Dowden, \u201cThe Church Year and Kalendar\u201d (Cambridge, 1910), 23 f.\n8-6 Cf. J. G. Frazer, \u201cAdonis, Attis, Osiris\u201d (2nd Edition, London, 1907), 315 f.\n8-7 E. B. Tylor, \u201cPrimitive Culture\u201d (3rd Edition, London, 1891), ii. 38.\n8-8 Frazer, \u201cAdonis,\u201d 310.\n8-9 Ibid. 312 f.\n8-10 P. S\u00e9billot, \u201cCoutumes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne\u201d (Paris, 1886), 206.\n8-11 L. von H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben\u201d (Stuttgart, 1909), 193.\n8-12 Frazer, \u201cAdonis,\u201d 315.\n8-13 G. Pitr\u00e8, \u201cSpettacoli e feste popolari siciliane\u201d (Palermo, 1880), 393 f. Cf. H. F. Feilberg, \u201cJul\u201d (Copenhagen, 1904), i. 67.\n8-14 \u201cNotes and Queries\u201d (London), 3rd Series, vol. i. 446; Dyer, 408.\n8-15 Frazer, \u201cAdonis,\u201d 250.\n8-16 Dyer, 405 f.\n8-17 Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. iv. 381; Dyer, 407.\n8-18 C. S. Burne and G. F. Jackson, \u201cShropshire Folk-Lore\u201d (London, 1883), 383.\n8-19 Ibid. 381 f.\n8-20 Quoted by Dyer, 410.\n8-21 O. von Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, \u201cDas festliche Jahr der germanischen V\u00f6lker\u201d (2nd Edition, Leipsic, 1898), 390.\n8-22 \u201cArchivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari\u201d (Palermo), vol. viii. 574.\n8-23 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 189 f.\n8-24 Frazer, \u201cAdonis,\u201d 303 f.\n8-25 Ibid. 306 f.\n8-26 Evans, 363 f.\n8-27 Dyer, 394.\n8-28 Ibid. 398.\n8-29 Ibid. 394. Cf. Chambers, \u201cB. D.,\u201d ii. 519 f.\n8-30 Dyer, 395.\n8-31 Ibid. 399.\n8-32 Ibid. 397 f.\n8-33 S. O. Addy, \u201cHousehold Tales, with other Traditional Remains. Collected in the Counties of Lincoln, Derby, and Nottingham\u201d (London and Sheffield, 1895), 82.\n8-34 Ibid. 85.\n8-35 W. Henderson, \u201cFolk Lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders\u201d (2nd Edition, London, 1879), 101.\n8-36 Dyer, 399.\n8-38 Rhys, \u201cCeltic Folklore,\u201d i. 321, \u201cCeltic Heathendom,\u201d 514.\n8-39 Rhys, \u201cCeltic Folklore,\u201d i. 328.\n8-40 MacCulloch, \u201cReligion of the Ancient Celts,\u201d 259, 261.\n8-41 Rhys, \u201cCeltic Heathendom,\u201d 515.\n8-42 Ibid. 515.\n8-43 Ibid. 515, \u201cCeltic Folklore,\u201d i. 225.\n8-44 MacCulloch, \u201cReligion of the Ancient Celts,\u201d 262.\n8-45 Brand, 211.\n8-46 Dyer, 402.\n8-47 Ibid. 394 f.\n8-48 Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d iii. 299 f.\n8-49 Burne and Jackson, 389.\n8-50 Dyer, 409.\n8-51 J. Grimm, \u201cTeutonic Mythology\u201d (Eng. Trans. by J. S. Stallybrass, London, 1880-8), i. 47.\n8-52 K. Weinhold, \u201cWeihnacht-Spiele und Lieder aus S\u00fcddeutschland und Schlesien\u201d (Vienna, 1875), 6.\n8-53 U. Jahn, \u201cDie deutschen Opfergebr\u00e4uche bei Ackerbau und Viehzucht\u201d (Breslau, 1884), 262.\n8-54 Ibid. 262.\n8-55 Weinhold, 6.\n8-56 Dyer, 472.\n8-57 Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. i. 173; Dyer, 486.\n8-58 Weinhold, 7.\n8-59 Ibid. 10.\n8-60 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 449.\n8-61 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 166.\n8-62 Dyer, 480.\n8-63 Feilberg, ii. 228 f.\n8-64 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 393.\n8-65 Tacitus, \u201cAnnales,\u201d lib. i. cap. 50, quoted by Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 25.\n8-66 Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 26.\n8-67 Ibid. 52.\n8-68 Ibid. 27.\n8-69 Brand, 216 f.\n8-70 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 401 f. For German Martinmas feasting, see also Jahn, 229 f.\n8-71 Grimm, iv. 1838, for Danish custom; Jahn, 235 f., for German.\n8-72 \u201cThe Folk-Lore Record\u201d (London), vol. iv., 1881, 107; Dyer, 420.\n8-73 MacCulloch, \u201cReligion of the Ancient Celts,\u201d 260.\n8-74 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 403.\n8-75 Jahn, 246 f.\n8-76 Ibid. 246; Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 403.\n8-77 Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 34 f.\n8-78 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 404; Jahn, 250.\n8-79 Jahn, 247.\n8-80 Angela Nardo-Cibele in Archivio trad. pop., vol. v. 238 f., for Venetia; Pitr\u00e8, 411 f., for Sicily.\n8-81 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 405.p. 375\n8-82 Jahn, 240.\n8-83 Ibid. 241 f.\n8-84 Ibid. 241.\n8-85 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 404.\n8-86 Weinhold, 7.\n8-87 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 268; Weinhold, 7; Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 25.\n8-88 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, illustration facing p. 406.\n8-89 Ibid. 405.\n8-90 Ibid. 404.\n8-91 Ibid. 410; Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 26 f.; W. Mannhardt, \u201cDer Baumkultus der Germanen und ihrer Nachbarst\u00e4mme\u201d (Berlin, 1875. Vol. i. of \u201cWald- und Feldkulte\u201d), 273.\n8-92 Cf. Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 303, and Reinach, i. 180.\n8-93 Archivio trad. pop., vol. v. 238 f., 358 f.\n8-94 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 274.\n9-1 Dyer, 423.\n9-2 Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. viii. 618; Dyer, 425.\n9-3 Brand, 222 f.\n9-4 Henderson, \u201cFolk Lore of the Northern Counties,\u201d 97.\n9-5 Notes and Queries, 3rd Series, vol. iv. 492; Dyer, 423.\n9-6 Dyer, 425.\n9-7 Brand, 222.\n9-8 Ibid. 223.\n9-9 Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, vol. v. 47; Dyer, 427.\n9-10 Dyer, 426 f.\n9-11 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 415.\n9-12 J. N. Raphael in \u201cThe Daily Express,\u201d Nov. 28, 1911.\n9-13 Dyer, 430.\n9-14 Ibid. 429.\n9-15 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 148.\n9-16 B. Thorpe, \u201cNorthern Mythology\u201d (London, 1852), iii. 143.\n9-17 Ibid. iii. 144.\n9-18 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 416 f. Cf. Grimm, iv. 1800.\n9-19 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 417. Cf. Thorpe, iii. 145.\n9-20 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 418.\n9-21 Thorpe, iii. 145.\n9-22 F. S. Krauss, \u201cSitte und Brauch der S\u00fcdslaven\u201d (Vienna, 1885), 179.\n9-23 T. Stratilesco, \u201cFrom Carpathian to Pindus: Pictures of Roumanian Country Life\u201d (London, 1906), 189.\n9-24 Ibid. 188 f.\n9-25 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 416.\n9-26 Ibid. 420 f.\n9-28 Thomas Naogeorgus, \u201cThe Popish Kingdome,\u201d Englyshed by Barnabe Googe, 1570 (ed. by R. C. Hope, London, 1880), 44.\n9-29 G. F. Abbott, \u201cMacedonian Folklore\u201d (Cambridge, 1903), 76.\n9-30 P. M. Hough, \u201cDutch Life in Town and Country\u201d (London, 1901), 96.\n9-31 Cf. Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d iii. 90, and also the Epiphany noise-makings described in the present volume.\n9-32 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 426.\n9-33 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 218 f.\n9-34 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 30.\n9-35 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 370.\n9-36 Hamilton, 30. Cf. article on St. Nicholas by Professor Anichkof in Folk-Lore, vol. v., 1894, 108 f.\n9-37 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 428 f.\n9-38 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 35 f.; Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 430.\n9-39 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 209 f.\n9-40 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 430.\n9-41 Weinhold, 9.\n9-42 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 326.\n9-43 Weinhold, 9.\n9-44 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 431 f.\n9-45 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 212 f.\n9-46 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 433.\n9-47 Ibid. 433.\n9-48 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 369.\n9-49 W. S. Walsh, \u201cCuriosities of Popular Customs\u201d (London, 1898), 753 f. Cf. Chambers, \u201cB. D.,\u201d ii. 664.\n9-50 Feilberg, i. 165, 170.\n9-51 Ibid. i. 169 f.\n9-52 Ibid. i. 171.\n9-53 L. Caico, \u201cSicilian Ways and Days\u201d (London, 1910), 188 f.\n9-54 Feilberg, i. 168.\n9-55 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 434.\n9-56 Ibid. 434 f.\n9-57 Grimm, iv. 1867.\n9-58 Feilberg, i. 108 f.\n9-59 Ibid. i. 111.\n9-60 N. W. Thomas in Folk-Lore, vol. xi., 1900, 252.\n9-61 Ashton, 52.\n9-62 Dyer, 72 f.\n9-63 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 436 f.\n9-64 Ibid. 437.\n9-65 Ibid. 438.\n9-66 Ibid. 439.\n9-67 Dyer, 439.\n9-68 Ibid. 438 f.; Chambers, \u201cB. D.,\u201d ii. 724.\n9-69 Abbott, 81.\n9-70 Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, vol. v. 35; Dyer, 439.p. 377\n10-1 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 32 f.\n10-2 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 446.\n10-3 Ibid. 448.\n10-4 Ibid. 449.\n10-5 Ibid. 448; Weinhold, 8 f.\n10-6 Evans, 229.\n10-7 Weinhold, 8.\n10-8 Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 116.\n10-9 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 444 f.\n10-10 Ibid. 442 f.\n10-11 Ibid. 444.\n10-12 W. R. S. Ralston, \u201cSongs of the Russian People\u201d (1st Edition, London, 1872), 186 f.\n10-13 S\u00e9billot, 216.\n10-14 Walsh, 232.\n10-15 Burne and Jackson, 406; Henderson, \u201cFolk Lore of the Northern Counties,\u201d 311; Sir Edgar MacCulloch, \u201cGuernsey Folk Lore\u201d (London, 1903), 34; Thorpe, ii. 272.\n10-16 Walsh, 232.\n10-17 Henderson, \u201cFolk Lore of the Northern Counties,\u201d 311.\n10-18 MacCulloch, \u201cGuernsey Folk Lore,\u201d 34 f. Cf. for Germany, Grimm, iv. 1779, 1809.\n10-19 Grimm, iv. 1840.\n10-20 Ralston, 201.\n10-21 A. Le Braz, \u201cLa L\u00e9gende de la Mort chez les Bretons armoricains\u201d (Paris, 1902), i. 114 f.\n10-22 Thorpe, ii. 89.\n10-23 Lloyd, 171.\n10-24 Feilberg, ii. 7 f.\n10-25 Ibid. ii. 14.\n10-26 Bilfinger, 52.\n10-27 Feilberg, ii. 3 f.\n10-28 Ibid. ii. 20 f.\n10-29 A. F. M. Ferryman, \u201cIn the Northman's Land\u201d (London, 1896), 112.\n10-30 Feilberg, ii. 64.\n10-31 Grimm, iv. 1781, 1783, 1793, 1818.\n10-32 Krauss, 181.\n10-33 Accounts of the carols used in Little Russia are given by Mr. Ralston, 186 f., while those sung by the Roumanians are described by Mlle. Stratilesco, 192 f., and those customary in Dalmatia by Sir A. J. Evans, 224 f.\n10-34 Ralston, 193.\n10-35 Stratilesco, 192.\n10-36 Ralston, 197.\n10-37 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 244.\n10-38 Shakespeare, \u201cHamlet,\u201d Act I. Sc. 1.\n10-39 Bilfinger, 37 f.\n10-40 Henderson, \u201cFolk Lore of the Northern Counties,\u201d 132.p. 378\n10-41 Tylor, i. 362.\n10-42 W. Golther, \u201cHandbuch der germanischen Mythologie\u201d (Leipsic, 1895), 283 f.\n10-43 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 173.\n10-44 Henderson, \u201cFolk Lore of the Northern Counties,\u201d 132.\n10-45 MacCulloch, \u201cGuernsey Folk Lore,\u201d 33 f.\n10-46 Burne and Jackson, 396 f., 403.\n10-47 R. T. Hampson, \u201cMedii Aevi Kalendarium\u201d (London, 1841), i. 90.\n10-48 Grimm, iv. 1836; Thorpe, ii. 272.\n10-49 Burne and Jackson, 405.\n10-50 Ibid. 405; MacCulloch, \u201cReligion of the Ancient Celts,\u201d 166.\n10-51 E. H. Meyer, \u201cMythologie der Germanen\u201d (Strassburg, 1903), 424; Golther, 491; Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 22 f.\n10-52 Golther, 493.\n10-53 Meyer, 425 f.\n10-54 Ibid. 425 f.\n10-55 Grimm, iii. 925 f.\n10-56 Ibid. i. 268, 275 f.\n10-57 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 22.\n10-58 Grimm, i. 275; Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 23.\n10-59 Ibid. 23.\n10-60 Meyer, 425; Grimm, i. 281.\n10-61 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 21.\n10-62 Golther, 493.\n10-63 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 24.\n10-64 Grimm, i. 274.\n10-65 Meyer, 428.\n10-66 R. H. Busk, \u201cThe Valleys of Tirol\u201d (London, 1874), 116.\n10-67 Ibid. 118.\n10-68 Ibid. 417.\n10-69 The details given about the Kallikantzaroi are taken, unless otherwise stated, from Lawson, 190 f.\n10-70 Abbott, 74.\n10-71 Hamilton, 108 f.\n10-72 Ibid. 109.\n10-73 Abbott, 218.\n10-74 Ibid. 73 f.\n10-75 Meyer, 85 f.\n10-76 G. Henderson, \u201cSurvivals of Belief among the Celts\u201d (Glasgow, 1911), 178.\n10-77 Ibid. 177.\n10-78 F. H. E. Palmer, \u201cRussian Life In Town and Country\u201d (London, 1901), 178.\n11-1 Evans, 221 f.; Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 224 f. Cf. the account of the Servian Christmas in Chedo Mijatovitch, \u201cServia and the Servians\u201d (London, 1908), 98 f.\n11-3 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 236.\n11-4 Frazer, \u201cMagic Art,\u201d ii. 208.\n11-5 Ibid. ii. 232.\n11-6 Evans, 219, 295, and 357.\n11-7 Ibid. 222.\n11-8 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 237.\n11-9 Cf. Frazer, \u201cMagic Art,\u201d ii. 233.\n11-10 Ibid. ii. 365 f.\n11-11 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 226 f.\n11-12 \u201cMemoirs of Mistral\u201d (Eng. Trans. by C. E. Maud, London, 1907), 29 f.\n11-13 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 226 f.\n11-14 S\u00e9billot, 218.\n11-15 A. de Gubernatis, \u201cStoria Comparata degli Usi Natalizi\u201d (Milan, 1878), 112.\n11-16 C. Casati in Archivio trad. pop., vol. vi. 168 f.\n11-17 Jahn, 253.\n11-18 Ibid. 254.\n11-19 Ibid. 257.\n11-20 Brand, 245; Dyer, 466.\n11-21 [Sir] G. L. Gomme, \u201cFolk Lore Relics of Early Village Life\u201d (London 1883), 99.\n11-22 Ashton, 111.\n11-23 Burne and Jackson, 402.\n11-24 Ibid. 398 f.\n11-25 Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. iv. 309; Dyer, 446 f.\n11-26 \u201cThe Gentleman's Magazine,\u201d 1790, 719.\n11-27 Hampson, i. 109.\n11-28 Feilberg, i. 118 f.\n11-29 Ibid. i. 146.\n11-30 Ibid. ii. 66 f.\n12-1 I. A. R. Wylie, \u201cMy German Year\u201d (London, 1910), 68.\n12-2 Mrs. A. Sidgwick, \u201cHome Life in Germany\u201d (London, 1908), 176.\n12-3 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 258. For the history and associations of the Christmas-tree see also E. M. Kronfeld, \u201cDer Weihnachtsbaum\u201d (Oldenburg, 1906).\n12-4 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 259.\n12-5 Ibid. 261.\n12-6 Ibid. 261 f.\n12-7 G. Rietschel, \u201cWeihnachten in Kirche, Kunst und Volksleben\u201d (Bielefeld and Leipsic, 1902), 153.\n12-8 Ibid., 153.\n12-9 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 270.\n12-10 Rietschel, 151.\n12-11 Ibid. 151.\n12-12 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 267.p. 380\n12-13 Dyer, 442; E. M. Leather, \u201cThe Folk-Lore of Herefordshire\u201d (London, 1912), 90.\n12-14 Rietschel, 154.\n12-15 Ashton, 189.\n12-16 Ibid. 190.\n12-17 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 271.\n12-18 Ibid. 272.\n12-19 Ibid. 277; Rietschel, 254.\n12-20 Information supplied by the Rev. E. W. Lummis, who a few years ago was a pastor in the M\u00fcnsterthal.\n12-21 L. Macdonald in \u201cThe Pall Mall Gazette\u201d (London), Dec. 28, 1911.\n12-22 Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 174.\n12-23 Ibid. 175 f.\n12-24 Rietschel, 141.\n12-25 Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 175.\n12-26 Ibid. 172 f.; Chambers, \u201cB. D.,\u201d ii. 759.\n12-27 Latin text in Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 290.\n12-28 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 244.\n12-29 Frazer, \u201cMagic Art,\u201d ii. 65.\n12-30 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 244.\n12-31 Ibid. 241; Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 18.\n12-32 Lloyd, 168.\n12-33 Dyer, 35.\n12-34 W. F. Dawson, \u201cChristmas: its Origin and Associations\u201d (London, 1902), 325.\n12-35 Harrison, \u201cThemis,\u201d 321.\n12-36 Frazer, \u201cMagic Art,\u201d ii. 55 f.\n12-37 Frazer, \u201cMagic Art,\u201d ii. 48.\n12-38 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 242 f.\n12-39 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 251.\n12-40 Latin text, ibid. ii. 300.\n12-41 J. Stow, \u201cA Survay of London,\u201d edited by Henry Morley (London, 1893), 123.\n12-42 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 251.\n12-43 Grimm, iii. 1206; Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d iii. 327; MacCulloch, \u201cReligion of the Ancient Celts,\u201d 162, 205.\n12-44 MacCulloch, \u201cReligion of the Ancient Celts,\u201d 162 f.\n12-45 Grimm, iii. 1206.\n12-46 Burne and Jackson, 246; Laisnel de la Salle, \u201cCroyances et l\u00e9gendes du centre de la France\u201d (Paris, 1875), i. 58.\n12-47 Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d iii. 451 f.\n12-48 Washington Irving, \u201cThe Sketch-Book\u201d (Revised Edition, New York, 1860), 245.\n12-49 Notes and Queries, 5th Series, vol. viii. 481.\n12-50 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 472.\n12-51 Henderson, \u201cFolk Lore of the Northern Counties,\u201d 100.\n12-52 Burne and Jackson, 245.\n12-53 Henderson, \u201cFolk Lore of the Northern Counties,\u201d 226.\n12-54 E. K. Chambers and F. Sidgwick, \u201cEarly English Lyrics\u201d (London, 1907), 293; E. Rickert, \u201cAncient English Carols\u201d (London, 1910), 262.p. 381\n12-55 Rickert, 262.\n12-56 Burne and Jackson, 245 f., 397, 411.\n12-57 Lloyd, 169.\n12-58 Van Norman, 300.\n12-59 Evans, 222.\n12-60 Van Norman, 300 f.\n12-61 Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d ii. 286 f.\n12-62 Grimm, iv. 1831.\n12-63 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 238. Cf. Tille, \u201cY. & C.,\u201d 104.\n12-64 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 420.\n12-65 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 195.\n12-66 Ibid. 197.\n12-67 Bilfinger, 48.\n12-68 Th. Bentzon, \u201cChristmas in France\u201d in \u201cThe Century Magazine\u201d (New York), Dec., 1901, 173.\n12-69 Feilberg, ii. 179 f.\n12-70 Pitr\u00e8, 167, 404.\n12-71 Feilberg, i. 196; Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 453 f.; Wylie, 77 f.\n12-72 Lloyd, 172.\n12-73 W. Sandys, \u201cChristmas Carols, Ancient and Modern\u201d (London, 1833), xcv.\n12-74 Walsh, 240 f.; Ashton, 194 f.\n13-1 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 257.\n13-2 Rickert, 259.\n13-3 W. Sandys, \u201cChristmastide: its History, Festivities, and Carols\u201d (London, n.d.), 112.\n13-4 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 133.\n13-5 J. A. H. Murray, \u201cA New English Dictionary\u201d (Oxford, 1888, &c.) iv. (1) 577.\n13-6 Addy, 103.\n13-7 Dawson, 254.\n13-8 Addy, 104.\n13-9 Burne and Jackson, 407.\n13-10 Brand, 283.\n13-11 Cf. Folk-Lore, vol. xi., 1900, 260.\n13-12 Addy, 103.\n13-13 Cf. carols in Brand, 3, and Rickert, 243 f.\n13-14 Brand, 3.\n13-15 Dyer, 464.\n13-16 Feilberg, i. 119, 184; Lloyd, 173.\n13-17 Jahn, 265.\n13-18 Stratilesco, 190.\n13-19 Ralston, 193, 203.\n13-20 Mijatovich, 98.\n13-21 Jahn, 261.\n13-22 Rietschel, 106. Cf. Weinhold, 25, and Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 463.\n13-24 Laisnel, i. 7 f.\n13-25 Ibid. i. 12 f.\n13-26 Ibid. i. 11.\n13-27 E. Cortet, \u201cEssai sur les F\u00eates religieuses\u201d (Paris, 1867), 265.\n13-28 Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d ii. 286 f.\n13-29 M. H\u00f6fler, \u201cWeihnachtsgeb\u00e4cke. Eine vergleichende Studie der germanischen Gebildbrote zur Weihnachtszeit\u201d in \u201cZeitschrift f\u00fcr \u00f6sterreichische Volkskunde,\u201d Jahrg. 11, Supplement-Heft 3 (Vienna, 1905).\n13-30 Jahn, 280 f.\n13-31 Burne and Jackson, 406 f.\n13-32 \u201cThe Mirror of Perfection,\u201d trans. by Sebastian Evans (London, 1898), 206.\n13-33 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 233 f.\n13-34 Lloyd, 170 f.\n13-35 Jahn, 276.\n13-36 Ibid. 276.\n13-37 Lloyd, 168.\n13-38 Evans, 231 f.; for the ox-custom, see Evans, 233.\n13-39 Abbott, 76.\n13-40 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 244 f., 238, 245.\n13-41 Dawson, 339.\n13-42 S. Graham, \u201cA Vagabond in the Caucasus. With some Notes of his Experiences among the Russians\u201d (London, 1910), 25 f.\n13-43 Stratilesco, 190.\n13-44 Van Norman, 299 f.\n13-45 Jahn, 267.\n13-46 Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d ii. 442 f., where other examples, British and Continental, of the wren-hunt are given. Cf. Dyer, 494 f.\n13-47 Folk-Lore, vol. xviii., 1907, 439 f.\n13-48 MacCulloch, \u201cReligion of the Ancient Celts,\u201d 221.\n13-49 See Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d ii. 380, 441, for examples of similar practices with sacred animals.\n13-50 Folk-Lore, vol. xi., 1900, 259.\n13-51 Brand, 272.\n13-52 Folk-Lore, vol. xi., 1900, 262.\n13-53 Lloyd, 181 f.\n13-54 Ibid. 181.\n13-55 Thorpe, ii. 49 f.\n13-56 Ralston, 200.\n14-1 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 390 f.\n14-2 The Works Of Ben Jonson, ed. by Barry Cornwall (London, 1838), 600.\n14-3 Shakespeare, \u201cHenry VIII.,\u201d Act I. Sc. IV.\n14-4 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 403 f.\n14-5 Ibid. i. 227, 402.\n14-6 Ibid. i. 402. Cf. Burne and Jackson, 410.\n14-7 For a bibliography of texts of the mummers\u2019 plays see Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 205 f.p. 383\n14-8 This account of the plays and dances is based upon Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 182 f. (chapters ix. and x.).\n14-9 Tacitus, \u201cGermania,\u201d cap. xxiv. (Eng. Trans. by W. Hamilton Fyfe, Oxford, 1908).\n14-10 Cf. Harrison, \u201cThemis,\u201d 43 f.\n14-11 Professor Gilbert Murray in \u201cThemis,\u201d 341 f.\n14-12 Harrison, \u201cThemis,\u201d 232.\n14-13 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 226.\n14-14 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 192, 213 f.\n14-15 Ibid. i. 220 f.\n14-16 Lawson, 223 f.\n14-17 Notes and Queries, 5th Series, vol. x. 482.\n14-18 This account of the Feast of Fools and the Boy Bishop is mainly derived from Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 274-371, and from Mr. A. F. Leach's article, \u201cThe Schoolboys\u2019 Feast,\u201d in \u201cThe Fortnightly Review\u201d (London), vol. lix., 1896, 128 f.\n14-19 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 294.\n14-20 Full text in Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d ii. 280 f.\n14-21 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 372 f.\n14-22 \u201cTwo Sermons preached by the Boy Bishop at St. Paul's,\u201d ed. by J. G. Nichols, with an Introduction by E. F. Rimbault (London, printed for the Camden Society, 1875).\n14-23 Ibid. 3.\n14-24 Quoted by F. J. Snell, \u201cThe Customs Of Old England\u201d (London, 1911), 44.\n14-25 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 366.\n14-26 J. Aubrey, \u201cRemaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme\u201d (1686-7), ed. by J. Britten (London, 1881), 40 f.\n14-27 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 350.\n14-28 Feilberg, ii. 254.\n15-1 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 237 f.\n15-2 Dyer, 492.\n15-3 L. von H\u00f6rmann, \u201cDas Tiroler Bauernjahr\u201d (Innsbruck, 1899), 204.\n15-4 Ibid. 204.\n15-5 Ibid. 204 f.\n15-6 Feilberg, i. 212.\n15-7 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 402.\n15-8 Feilberg, i. 211.\n15-9 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 402 f.\n15-10 Ibid. 402 f.; Feilberg, i. 204 f.; Lloyd, 203 f.\n15-11 H. C. Beeching, \u201cA Book of Christmas Verse\u201d (London, 1895), 21 f.\n15-12 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 406.\n15-13 Henderson, \u201cFolk Lore of the Northern Counties,\u201d 67.\n15-14 Jahn, 269 f.\n15-15 Ibid. 270 f.\n15-17 Dyer, 497 f.\n15-18 Ibid. 498; Brand, 290.\n15-19 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 264 f.\n15-20 Ibid. 265 f.\n15-21 Ibid. 268.\n15-22 Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d iii. 129 f.\n16-1 Rhys, \u201cCeltic Folklore,\u201d i. 320 f.\n16-2 Henderson, \u201cFolk Lore of the Northern Counties,\u201d 72.\n16-3 E. Thurston, \u201cOmens and Superstitions of Southern India\u201d (London, 1912), 17 f.\n16-4 Walsh, 742.\n16-5 Wylie, 81.\n16-6 S\u00e9billot, 176.\n16-7 A. Maurice Low, \u201cThe American People\u201d (London, 1911), ii. 6.\n16-8 Walsh, 739 f.\n16-9 Evans, 229.\n16-10 Burne and Jackson, 315 f.\n16-11 Notes and Queries, 5th Series, vol. iii. 6.\n16-12 Information given by the Rev. E. J. Hardy, formerly Chaplain to the Forces at Hongkong.\n16-13 Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d iii. 204 f.\n16-14 Burne and Jackson, 265.\n16-15 Grimm, iv. 1784.\n16-16 Harrison, \u201cThemis,\u201d 36.\n16-17 Henderson, \u201cFolk Lore of the Northern Counties,\u201d 72 f.\n16-18 Addy, 205.\n16-19 G. Hastie in Folk-Lore, vol. iv., 1893, 309 f.\n16-20 J. E. Crombie in same volume, 316 f.\n16-21 Addy, 106; Burne and Jackson, 314; Rhys, \u201cCeltic Folklore,\u201d i. 337.\n16-22 Rhys, \u201cCeltic Folklore,\u201d i. 339.\n16-23 Ibid. 339 f.; W. Henderson, 74. Cf. Folk-Lore, vol. iii., 1892, 253 f.; vol. iv., 1893, 309 f.\n16-24 Hastie (see Note 19), 311.\n16-25 Walsh, 738.\n16-26 Hastie, 312.\n16-27 Chambers, \u201cB. D.,\u201d i. 28.\n16-28 Ibid. ii. 789 f.; Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, vol. ix., 322; Dyer, 506.\n16-29 Ashton, 228.\n16-30 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 230 f.\n16-31 J. G. Campbell, \u201cWitchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland\u201d (Glasgow, 1902), 232. Cf. the account given by Dr. Johnson, in Brand, 278.\n16-32 Henderson, \u201cSurvivals of Belief among the Celts,\u201d 263 f.\n16-33 R. Chambers, \u201cPopular Rhymes of Scotland\u201d (Edinburgh, 1847), 296, and \u201cB. D.,\u201d ii. 788.p. 385\n16-34 \u201cNew English Dictionary,\u201d v. (1) 327.\n16-35 Cortet, 18.\n16-36 S\u00e9billot, 213.\n16-37 Ibid. 213.\n16-38 MacCulloch, \u201cGuernsey Folk Lore,\u201d 37.\n16-39 Abbott, 80 f.\n16-40 Stratilesco, 197 f.\n16-41 Hamilton, 103.\n16-42 Ibid. 104.\n16-43 Mannhardt, \u201cBaumkultus,\u201d 593 f.\n16-44 Latin text from Ducange in Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 254.\n16-45 Wylie, 81.\n16-46 Abbott, 78.\n16-47 Grimm, iv. 1847.\n16-48 S\u00e9billot, 171.\n16-49 Dyer, 7.\n16-50 Ashton, 228.\n16-51 A. Macdonell, \u201cIn the Abruzzi\u201d (London, 1908), 102.\n16-52 Abbott, 77.\n16-53 Ralston, 205.\n16-54 \u201cThe Athen\u00e6um\u201d (London), Feb. 5, 1848; Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. v., 5.\n17-1 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 240 f.\n17-2 Leigh Hunt, \u201cThe Seer; or, Common-Places Refreshed\u201d (London, 1850), part ii. 31.\n17-3 Beeching, 148 f.\n17-4 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 261.\n17-5 E. Pasquier, \u201cLes Recherches de la France\u201d (Paris, 1621), livre iv., chap. ix. p. 375.\n17-6 Cortet, 33.\n17-7 Ibid. 34.\n17-8 Ibid. 43.\n17-9 E. Du M\u00e9ril, \u201cOrigines latines du th\u00e9\u00e2tre moderne\u201d (Paris, 1849), 26 f.\n17-10 Brand, 13.\n17-11 A. de Nore, \u201cCoutumes, mythes et traditions des provinces de France\u201d (Paris, 1846), 173.\n17-12 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 29 f.; Brand, 13.\n17-13 Matilde Serao, \u201cLa Madonna e i Santi\u201d (Naples, 1902), 128.\n17-14 Reinach, i. 45 f.\n17-15 Abbott, 77.\n17-16 Ibid. 78.\n17-17 Frazer, \u201cGolden Bough,\u201d iii. 93.\n17-18 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 246; Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 21.\n17-19 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 21.\n17-21 Stratilesco, 198.\n17-22 Reinsberg-D\u00fcringsfeld, 21.\n17-23 Countess Martinengo-Cesaresco, \u201cEssays in the Study of Folk-Songs\u201d (London, 1886), 334.\n17-24 D. N. Lees, \u201cTuscan Feasts and Tuscan Friends\u201d (London, 1907), 87.\n17-25 Ibid. 83.\n17-26 Serao, 127 f.\n17-27 E. de Olavarr\u00eda y Huarte, \u201cEl Folk-Lore de Madrid,\u201d 90. [Vol. ii. of \u201cBiblioteca de las Tradiciones Populares Espa\u00f1olas\u201d (Seville, 1884).]\n17-28 Ibid. 92.\n17-29 \u201cMemoirs of Mistral,\u201d 32 f.\n17-30 Nore, 17.\n17-31 Abbott, 87.\n17-32 Frazer, \u201cMagic Art,\u201d i. 275 f.\n17-33 Hamilton, 118.\n17-34 Brand, 16; Chambers, \u201cB. D.,\u201d i. 56; Dyer, 21.\n17-35 Aubrey, 40.\n17-36 Brand, 16.\n17-37 Beeching, 147.\n17-38 Ashton, 87 f.\n17-39 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 225.\n17-40 Tille, \u201cD. W.,\u201d 254.\n17-41 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 230.\n17-42 W. S. Lach-Szyrma in \u201cThe Folk-Lore Record\u201d (London), vol. iv., 1881, 53.\n17-43 Brand, 17; Chambers, \u201cB. D.,\u201d i. 55 f.; Dyer, 22 f. Several accounts have been collected by Mrs. Leather, \u201cFolk-Lore of Herefordshire,\u201d 93 f.\n17-44 Evans, 228.\n17-45 Dyer, 24.\n17-46 Folk-Lore, vol. v., 1894, 192.\n17-47 Ibid. vol. vii., 1896, 340 f.\n17-48 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 149 f.\n17-49 W. Hone, \u201cEvery Day Book\u201d (London, 1838), ii. 1649.\n17-50 Folk-Lore, vol. vii., 1896, 342.\n17-51 [Sir] G. L. Gomme, \u201cThe Village Community\u201d (London, 1890), 242 f.\n17-52 Busk, 99.\n17-53 Dawson, 320.\n17-54 \u201cThe Nation\u201d (London), Dec. 10, 1910.\n17-55 Burne and Jackson, 411.\n17-56 Lloyd, 217.\n17-57 Bilfinger, 24.\n17-58 Brand, 18 f.\n17-59 Dyer, 37.\n17-60 Quoted from \u201cJournal of the Arch\u00e6ological Association,\u201d vol. vii., 1852, 202, by Dyer, 39.\n17-61 Chambers, \u201cM. S.,\u201d i. 113.\n17-62 Ibid. i. 114.\n17-63 Usener, 310 f.\n17-64 Naogeorgus, 48.\n17-66 H\u00f6rmann, \u201cTiroler Volksleben,\u201d 7.\n17-67 Usener, 321.\n17-68 Brand, 25. Cf. G. W. Kitchin, \u201cSeven Sages Of Durham\u201d (London, 1911), 113.\n17-69 The Gentleman's Magazine, 1790, 719.\n17-70 Dyer, 55 f.\n17-71 Quoted by Dyer, 57, from Martin's \u201cDescription of the Western Isles of Scotland\u201d (1703), 119.\n17-72 Gomme, \u201cFolk-Lore Relics,\u201d 95.\n17-73 Brand, 26.\n17-74 Ibid. 26.\n17-75 Burne and Jackson, 411.\n18-1 E. Clodd in Presidential Address to the Folk-Lore Society, 1894. See Folk-Lore, vol. vi., 1895, 77.p. 388","title":"Christmas in Ritual and Tradition: Part II. Pagan Survivals: Notes and Bibliography","type":"page"}