{"collection":"time","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/time/crt/crt23.htm","path":"time/crt/crt23.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/time/crt/crt23.htm","text":"Sacred Texts\u00a0\n Time\u00a0\n Index\u00a0\n Previous\u00a0\n Next\u00a0\n \nBuy this Book at Amazon.com\n \n Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, by Clement A. Miles, [1912]\n \n INDEX\n \n \n - Abbots Bromley, horn-dance at, \u00a0201 \n \n \n- Abruzzi, All Souls\u2019 Eve in, \u00a0192;\n \n \n- \u201cAdam,\u201d drama, \u00a0127 \n \n \n- Adam and Eve, their Day, \u00a0271 \n \n \n- Adam of St. Victor, \u00a033 \n \n \n- \u201cAdeste, fideles,\u201d \u00a063 \n \n \n- Advent, \u00a090;\n \n \n - \u201cAdvent images,\u201d \u00a0118; \n \n \n - Kl\u00f6pfeln\u00e4chte, \u00a0216 \n \n- Alexandria, pagan rites at, \u00a020 \n \n \n- All Saints\u2019 Day, and the cult of the dead, \u00a0173, \n \u00a0189 \n \n \n- All Souls\u2019 Day, and the cult of the dead, \u00a0173, \n \u00a0181, \n \u00a0189 \n \n \n- Alsace, Christkind in, \u00a0230;\n \n \n- Alsso of Br\u0115vnov, \u00a0183 \n \n \n- Ambrose, St., \u00a031 \n \n \n- Amburbale, \u00a0353 \n \n \n- Amiens, Feast of Fools at, \u00a0305 \n \n \n- Anatolius, St., hymn of, \u00a0100 \n \n \n- Ancestor-worship, \u00a0181, \n \u00a0253, \n \u00a0290, \n \u00a0341 \n \n \n- Andrew, St., his Day, \u00a0173, \n \u00a0213, \n \u00a0277 \n \n \n- Animals, carol of, \u00a069;\n \n \n - ox and ass at the Nativity, \u00a0155; \n \n \n - cult of, \u00a0174; \n \n \n - masks of, \u00a0175, \n \u00a0199; \n \n \n - on Christmas Eve, \u00a0233; \n \n \n - specially fed at Christmas, \u00a0289; \n \n \n - wassailing, \u00a0346 \n \n- Ansbach, Martinmas in, \u00a0206 \n \n \n- Antwerp, soul-cakes at, \u00a0194;\n \n \n - St. Martin at, \u00a0206; \n \n \n - St. Thomas's Day at, \u00a0224 \n \n- Apples, customs with, \u00a0195, \n \u00a0207, \n \u00a0278 \n \n \n- Ara Coeli, Rome, \u00a0115 \n \n \n- Ardennes, St. Thomas's Day in, \u00a0224 \n \n \n- Armenian Church, Epiphany in, \u00a022 \n \n \n- Artemis and St. Nicholas, \u00a0218 \n \n \n- Aryan and pre-Aryan customs, \u00a0163 \n \n \n- Aschenklas, \u00a0219, \n \u00a0231 \n \n \n- Ashes, superstition about, \u00a0258 \n \n \n- Ass, Prose of the, \u00a0304 \n \n \n- Athens, New Year in, \u00a0331 \n \n \n- Aubrey, J., \u00a0308 \n \n \n- Augury, \u00a0182, \n \u00a0195, \n \u00a0214, \n \u00a0225, \n \u00a0237, \n \u00a0321 \n \n \n- Augustine, St. (of Canterbury), \u00a021, \n \u00a0179 \n \n \n- Aurelian, \u00a023 \n \n \n- Austria, Christmas poetry in, \u00a045;\n \n \n - Christmas drama in, \u00a0143; \n \n \n - soul-cakes in, \u00a0194; \n \n \n - St. Nicholas in, \u00a0218; \n \n \n - St. Lucia's Eve in, \u00a0223; \n \n \n - St. Thomas's Eve in, \u00a0225; \n \n \n - Frau Perchta, etc., in, \u00a0241, \n \u00a0342; \n \n \n - Sylvester in, \u00a0274. \n \n \n - See also Bohemia, Carinthia, Styria, Tyrol \n- Awdlay, John, \u00a047 \n \n - Bach, J. S., \u00a073 \n \n \n- Baden, All Souls\u2019 Eve in, \u00a0192 \n \n \n- Balder, \u00a0273 \n \n \n- Baptism of Christ, celebrated at Epiphany, \u00a020, \n \u00a0101 \n \n \n- Barbara, St., her festival, \u00a0268 \n \n \n- Bari, festival of St. Nicholas at, \u00a0221 \n \n \n- Barring out the master, \u00a0224 \n \n \n- Bartel, \u00a0219 \n \n \n- Basil, St., his festival, \u00a0331 \n \n \n- Basilidians, \u00a021 \n \n \n- Basle, Council of, \u00a0305 \n \n \n- Bavaria, St. Martin's rod in, \u00a0207;\n \n \n - Christmas-trees in, \u00a0266; \n \n \n - sacrificial feast in, \u00a0286; \n \n \n - St. John's wine in, \u00a0314 \n \n- Beauvais, Feast of the Ass at, \u00a0305 \n \n \n- Bede, Venerable, \u00a0181, \n \u00a0203p. 392\u00a0 \n \n- Bees on Christmas Eve, \u00a0234 \n \n \n- Befana, \u00a0244, \n \u00a0278, \n \u00a0343 \n \n \n- Belethus, Johannes, \u00a0302 \n \n \n- Belgium, All Souls\u2019 Eve in, \u00a0192, \n \u00a0194;\n \n \n - St. Hubert's Day in, \u00a0202; \n \n \n - Martinmas in, \u00a0204; \n \n \n - St. Catherine's Day in, \u00a0213; \n \n \n - St. Nicholas in, \u00a0219; \n \n \n - St. Thomas's Day in, \u00a0224 \n \n- Bentzon, Madame Th., \u00a096 \n \n \n- Berchta. See Perchta \n \n- Berlin, pyramids in, \u00a0266;\n \n \n- Bernard, St., of Clairvaux, \u00a033 \n \n \n- Berry, cake customs in, \u00a0287, \n \u00a0339 \n \n \n- Bethlehem, Christmas at, \u00a094, \n \u00a0107 \n \n \n- Biggar, bonfires at, \u00a0327 \n \n \n- Bilfinger, Dr. G., \u00a0172 \n \n \n- Birds fed at Christmas, \u00a0289 \n \n \n- Blindman's buff, \u00a0293 \n \n \n- Boar's head, \u00a0284, \n \u00a0348 \n \n \n- Bohemia, the \u201cstar\u201d in, \u00a0152;\n \n \n - fifteenth-century Christmas customs in, \u00a0183; \n \n \n - St. Andrew's Eve in, \u00a0215; \n \n \n - St. Thomas's Eve in, \u00a0224 \n \n- Boniface, St., \u00a0171 \n \n \n- Boy Bishop, \u00a0212, \n \u00a0306;\n \n \n - connection with St. Nicholas, \u00a0220, \n \u00a0307 \n \n- \u201cBreast-strip\u201d rites, \u00a0328 \n \n \n- Breviary, the Roman, \u00a090 \n \n \n- Briid, \u00a0354 \n \n \n- Brimo, \u00a021 \n \n \n- Brittany, Herod play in, \u00a0141;\n \n \n - Magi actors in, \u00a0151; \n \n \n - All Souls\u2019 Eve in, \u00a0191; \n \n \n - Christmas Eve superstitions in, \u00a0233, \n \u00a0236; \n \n \n - Christmas log in, \u00a0256; \n \n \n - New Year in, \u00a0323; \n \n \n - aguillanneuf in, \u00a0330; \n \n \n - weather superstition in, \u00a0332 \n \n- Brixen, cradle-rocking at, \u00a0111 \n \n \n- Brixlegg, Christmas play at, \u00a0143\u00a0f. \n \n \n- Bromfield, Cumberland, barring out the master at, \u00a0224 \n \n \n- Brough, Westmoreland, Twelfth Night tree at, \u00a0270 \n \n \n- Brunnen, Epiphany at, \u00a0341 \n \n \n- Budelfrau, \u00a0220 \n \n \n- Burchardus of Worms, \u00a0181 \n \n \n- Burford, Christmas holly at, \u00a0275 \n \n \n- Burghead, \u201cClavie\u201d at, \u00a0327 \n \n \n- Burns, Robert, \u00a0197 \n \n \n- \u201cBush, burning the,\u201d \u00a0346 \n \n \n- Buzebergt, \u00a0220 \n \n \n- Byrom, John, \u00a084 \n \n - Caballero, Fernan, \u00a066, \n \u00a0117, \n \u00a0151 \n \n \n- Caesarius of Arles, \u00a0170, \n \u00a0181 \n \n \n- Cakes, \u201cfeasten,\u201d \u00a0177;\n \n \n- Calabrian minstrels, \u00a0112 \n \n \n- Calamy, \u00a0185 \n \n \n- Caligula, \u00a0168 \n \n \n- Callander, Hallowe'en at, \u00a0198 \n \n \n- Cambridge, St. Clement's Day at, \u00a0212 \n \n \n- Canada, Christmas Eve superstition in, \u00a0234 \n \n \n- Candlemas, \u00a0350, \n \u00a0352 \n \n \n- Candles, on St. Lucia's Day, \u00a0212;\n \n \n- Cards, Christmas, \u00a0279 \n \n \n- Carinthia, St. Stephen's Day in, \u00a0312 \n \n \n- Carnival, \u00a0300, \n \u00a0349 \n \n \n- Carols, meaning of the word, \u00a047;\n \n \n - English sacred, \u00a047, \n \u00a076, \n \u00a084; \n \n \n - Welsh, \u00a069; \n \n \n - Irish, \u00a069; \n \n \n - Highland, \u00a070 \n \n- Catholicism and Christmas, \u00a027, \n \u00a0186 \n \n \n- Celtic New Year, \u00a0172, \n \u00a0189, \n \u00a0195, \n \u00a0203, \n \u00a0321 \n \n \n- Centaurs, \u00a0247 \n \n \n- Cereal sacraments, \u00a0177.\n \n \n- Chambers, Mr. E. K., \u00a05, \n \u00a0125, \n \u00a0299, \n \u00a0302, \n \u00a0348 \n \n \n- Charlemagne, coronation of, \u00a096 \n \n \n- Charms, New Year, \u00a0182, \n \u00a0195, \n \u00a0321 \n \n \n- Cheshire, Old Hob in, \u00a0199;\n \n \n - poultry specially fed at Christmas, \u00a0289 \n \n- Chester plays, \u00a0128, \n \u00a0133 \n \n \n- Chesterton, Mr. G. K., \u00a085 \n \n \n- Childermas, \u00a0315 \n \n \n- Children's festivals, \u00a0205, \n \u00a0218, \n \u00a0223, \n \u00a0359 \n \n \n- China, New Year in, \u00a0324 \n \n \n- Chios, Christmas rhamna in, \u00a0270 \n \n \n- Christkind as gift-bringer, \u00a0205, \n \u00a0230, \n \u00a0277 \n \n \n- Christmas, pagan and Christian elements in, \u00a018, \n \u00a0161, \n \u00a0357;\n \n \n - names of, \u00a020; \n \n \n - establishment of, \u00a020;p. 393\u00a0 \n \n - its connection with earlier festivals, \u00a020; \n \n \n - becomes humanized, \u00a025, \n \u00a034; \n \n \n - in poetry, \u00a031; \n \n \n - liturgical aspects of, \u00a089; \n \n \n - in popular devotion, \u00a0104; \n \n \n - in drama, \u00a0121; \n \n \n - its human appeal, \u00a0155, \n \u00a0357; \n \n \n - attracts customs from other festivals, \u00a0173, \n \u00a0226, \n \u00a0277, \n \u00a0284; \n \n \n - decorations, \u00a0178, \n \u00a0272; \n \n \n - feasting, \u00a0178, \n \u00a0283; \n \n \n - presents, \u00a0276; \n \n \n - masking customs, \u00a0297; \n \n \n - log, see Yule Log \n- Christmas Eve, \u00a0229;\n \n \n - superstitions about the supernatural, \u00a0233; \n \n \n - log customs, \u00a0251; \n \n \n - fish supper on, \u00a0286 \n \n- Christmas-tree, \u00a0168, \n \u00a0178, \n \u00a0263;\n \n \n- Christpuppe, \u00a0231 \n \n \n- Chrysostom, \u00a0269 \n \n \n- Church, Dean, \u00a034 \n \n \n- Circumcision, Feast of, \u00a0101, \n \u00a0302.\n \n \n- Clement, St., his Day, \u00a0211 \n \n \n- Cleobury Mortimer, curfew at, \u00a0258 \n \n \n- Clermont, shepherd play at, \u00a0141 \n \n \n- Coffin, Charles, \u00a064 \n \n \n- Communion, sacrificial, \u00a0174 \n \n \n- \u201cComte d'Alsinoys,\u201d \u00a056, \n \u00a058 \n \n \n- Cornwall, Hallowe'en custom in, \u00a0196;\n \n \n - blackbird pie in, \u00a0293; \n \n \n - Childermas in, \u00a0315 \n \n- Coventry plays, \u00a0128, \n \u00a0130, \n \u00a0138 \n \n \n- Cradle-rocking, \u00a0108 \n \n \n- Crashaw, \u00a079 \n \n \n- Crib, Christmas, \u00a0105, \n \u00a0113;\n \n \n - possible survivals in England, \u00a0118, \n \u00a0274 \n \n- Crimmitschau, \u00a0112 \n \n \n- Crivoscian customs, \u00a0231, \n \u00a0253, \n \u00a0276, \n \u00a0346 \n \n \n- Croatia, St. Andrew's Eve in, \u00a0215;\n \n \n - Christmas log customs in, \u00a0251 \n \n- Cronia, \u00a0166 \n \n - Dalmatia, Yule log customs in, \u00a0252 \n \n \n- Dancing, \u00a047, \n \u00a0293, \n \u00a0298, \n \u00a0302 \n \n \n- Daniel, Jean, \u00a056, \n \u00a058 \n \n \n- Dannhauer, J. K., \u00a0265 \n \n \n- Dasius, St., \u00a0167 \n \n \n- Dead, feasts of the, \u00a0173, \n \u00a0180, \n \u00a0189, \n \u00a0235, \n \u00a0240, \n \u00a0253, \n \u00a0341 \n \n \n- Decorations, evergreen, \u00a0168, \n \u00a0178, \n \u00a0350, \n \u00a0355 \n \n \n- Denisot, Nicholas, \u00a056, \n \u00a058 \n \n \n- Denmark, \u201cstar-singing\u201d in, \u00a0151;\n \n \n - animal masks in, \u00a0202; \n \n \n - Martinmas goose in, \u00a0203; \n \n \n - St. Lucia's Eve in, \u00a0223; \n \n \n - St. Thomas's Day in, \u00a0223; \n \n \n - Christmas Eve superstitions in, \u00a0235; \n \n \n - Yule candles in, \u00a0259; \n \n \n - Christmas-tree in, \u00a0267; \n \n \n - pig's head eaten in, \u00a0286; \n \n \n - Yule-bishop in, \u00a0308 \n \n- Derbyshire, \u201ckissing-bunch\u201d in, \u00a0274;\n \n \n- Devil, and beast masks, \u00a0202;\n \n \n- Devon, \u201cYeth hounds\u201d in, \u00a0240;\n \n \n - \u201cashton faggot\u201d in, \u00a0258; \n \n \n - wassailing fruit-trees in, \u00a0345 \n \n- Dew, Christmas, \u00a0288 \n \n \n- Dickens, Charles, \u00a0359 \n \n \n- Dinan, Herod play at, \u00a0141 \n \n \n- Dionysus, as child-god, \u00a021;\n \n \n- Dorstone, Hallowe'en at, \u00a0197 \n \n \n- Drama, Christmas, in Latin, \u00a0121;\n \n \n - in English, \u00a0128; \n \n \n - in French, \u00a0128, \n \u00a0138; \n \n \n - in Spanish, \u00a0128, \n \u00a0148; \n \n \n - in German, \u00a0143; \n \n \n - in Italian, \u00a0147, \n \u00a0150; \n \n \n - survivals of, \u00a0150; \n \n \n - St. Nicholas plays, \u00a0220, \n \u00a0232; \n \n \n - pagan folk-drama, \u00a0298 \n \n- Drinking customs, \u00a036, \n \u00a0204, \n \u00a0285, \n \u00a0314, \n \u00a0327 \n \n \n- Druids and mistletoe, \u00a0273 \n \n \n- Duchesne, Monsignor, \u00a020, \n \u00a024 \n \n \n- Durham, Candlemas at, \u00a0353 \n \n \n- D\u00fcsseldorf, Martinmas at, \u00a0206 \n \n \n- Dyzemas, \u00a0315 \n \n - Eckhart, \u00a042, \n \u00a0157 \n \n \n- Edinburgh, New Year in, \u00a0325 \n \n \n- Eiresione, \u00a0270 \n \n \n- Encina, Juan del, \u00a0149 \n \n \n- England, Christmas poetry in, \u00a047, \n \u00a076;\n \n \n - Midnight Mass in, \u00a099; \n \n \n - possible survivals of the Christmas crib in, \u00a0118, \n \u00a0274; \n \n \n - the Nativity in the miracle cycles, \u00a0128; \n \n \n - \u201csouling\u201d in, \u00a0192; \n \n \n - Hallowe'en in, \u00a0195; \n \n \n - Guy Fawkes Day in, \u00a0198; \n \n \n - animal masks in, \u00a0199;p. 394\u00a0 \n \n - Martinmas in, \u00a0203; \n \n \n - St. Clement's Day in, \u00a0211; \n \n \n - St. Catherine's Day in, \u00a0212; \n \n \n - St. Andrew's Day in, \u00a0213; \n \n \n - St. Thomas's Day in, \u00a0225; \n \n \n - Christmas Eve superstitions in, \u00a0234; \n \n \n - Yule log in, \u00a0257; \n \n \n - Yule candle in, \u00a0259; \n \n \n - pyramids and Christmas-trees in, \u00a0266, \n \u00a0270; \n \n \n - the Holy Thorn in, \u00a0268; \n \n \n - evergreen decorations in, \u00a0272; \n \n \n - Christmas boxes in, \u00a0279; \n \n \n - Christmas fare in, \u00a0283; \n \n \n - sacrificial survivals and Christmas games in, \u00a0292; \n \n \n - mummers and sword-dancers in, \u00a0297; \n \n \n - Feast of Fools in, \u00a0305; \n \n \n - Boy Bishop in, \u00a0220, \n \u00a0306; \n \n \n - St. Stephen's Day in, \u00a0292, \n \u00a0311; \n \n \n - Holy Innocents\u2019 Day in, \u00a0315; \n \n \n - New Year's Day in, \u00a0321, \n \u00a0332; \n \n \n - Epiphany customs in, \u00a0337, \n \u00a0345; \n \n \n - Candlemas in, \u00a0350, \n \u00a0353; \n \n \n - Rock Day in, \u00a0351; \n \n \n - Plough Monday in, \u00a0352 \n \n- Ephraem Syrus, \u00a031, \n \u00a0239 \n \n \n- Epiphanius, \u00a021 \n \n \n- Epiphany, early history of the festival, \u00a020;\n \n \n - in the Roman Church, \u00a0101; \n \n \n - in the Greek Church, \u00a0102; \n \n \n - Blessing of the Waters at, \u00a0102, \n \u00a0244, \n \u00a0246, \n \u00a0344; \n \n \n - Italian religious ceremonies at, \u00a0116; \n \n \n - in drama, \u00a0125; \n \n \n - old German name for, \u00a0243; \n \n \n - folk customs on, \u00a0293; \n \n \n - Twelfth Night cakes and kings, \u00a0337; \n \n \n - expulsion of evils, \u00a0341; \n \n \n - the Befana and the Magi, \u00a0343; \n \n \n - wassailing, \u00a0345; \n \n \n - \u201cHaxey Hood,\u201d \u00a0347; \n \n \n - farewells to Christmas, \u00a0349 \n \n- Erzgebirge, Christmas plays in, \u00a0144, \n \u00a0232;\n \n \n - St. John's tree in, \u00a0269; \n \n \n - pfeffern in, \u00a0316 \n \n- Eschenloh, berchten at, \u00a0342 \n \n \n- Esthonians, All Souls\u2019 Day among, \u00a0191 \n \n \n- Ethelred, laws of, \u00a021 \n \n \n- Etzendorf, St. Martin's rod at, \u00a0207 \n \n \n- Evans, Sir Arthur, \u00a0253 \n \n \n- Eves, importance of for festival customs, \u00a0196 \n \n \n- Expulsion rites, \u00a0104, \n \u00a0181, \n \u00a0217, \n \u00a0327, \n \u00a0341, \n \u00a0344 \n \n - Fabriano, Gentile da, \u00a0148 \n \n \n- Fare, Christmas, \u00a0283 \n \n \n- Feasting, connected with sacrifice, \u00a0178, \n \u00a0284;\n \n \n - at Martinmas, \u00a0202; \n \n \n - at Christmas, \u00a0283; \n \n \n - at New Year, \u00a0321; \n \n \n - at Epiphany, \u00a0337 \n \n- Feien, \u00a0231 \n \n \n- Feilberg, Dr. H. F., \u00a06, \n \u00a0236, \n \u00a0313 \n \n \n- Festivals, origin and purpose of, \u00a017;\n \n \n - relation of pagan and Christian, \u00a019, \n \u00a0169 \n \n- Fire, not given out at Christmas or New Year, \u00a0170, \n \u00a0257;\n \n \n - bonfires, \u00a0182, \n \u00a0198, \n \u00a0204, \n \u00a0327, \n \u00a0346; \n \n \n - new fire lit, \u00a0198; \n \n \n - Christmas log and ancestor-worship, \u00a0251; \n \n \n - the Yule log and candle in western Europe, \u00a0254; \n \n \n - Candlemas fires and lights, \u00a0352 \n \n- \u201cFirst-foots,\u201d \u00a0208, \n \u00a0252, \n \u00a0323 \n \n \n- Fish eaten on Christmas Eve, \u00a0287 \n \n \n- Flagellants, \u00a0146 \n \n \n- Flamma, Galvano, \u00a0147 \n \n \n- Fletcher, Giles, \u00a082 \n \n \n- Florence, Nativity plays at, \u00a0147;\n \n \n- Fools, Feast of, \u00a0180, \n \u00a0302 \n \n \n- Football, \u00a0349 \n \n \n- Fowler, Dr. W. Warde, \u00a0167 \n \n \n- France, Christmas poetry in, \u00a055;\n \n \n - Midnight Mass in, \u00a096; \n \n \n - Christmas drama in, \u00a0124, \n \u00a0138; \n \n \n - All Souls\u2019 Eve in, \u00a0191; \n \n \n - Christmas Eve superstitions in, \u00a0234; \n \n \n - Christmas log in, \u00a0254; \n \n \n - Christmas-tree in, \u00a0267; \n \n \n - Harvest May in, \u00a0271; \n \n \n - presents brought by le petit J\u00e9sus, \u00a0278; \n \n \n - Christmas cakes in, \u00a0287; \n \n \n - Feast of Fools in, \u00a0302; \n \n \n - Boy Bishop in, \u00a0308; \n \n \n - Innocents\u2019 Day in, \u00a0316; \n \n \n - New Year in, \u00a0322; \n \n \n - aguillanneuf in, \u00a0329; \n \n \n - Epiphany in, \u00a0339, \n \u00a0344, \n \u00a0349; \n \n \n - Candlemas candles in, \u00a0353 \n \n- Francis, St. (of Assisi), and Christmas, \u00a036, \n \u00a0105, \n \u00a0157, \n \u00a0289 \n \n \n- Frazer, Dr. J. G., \u00a06, \n \u00a0167, \n \u00a0180, \n \u00a0182, \n \u00a0199, \n \u00a0276, \n \u00a0288, \n \u00a0324 \n \n \n- Frick, Frau, \u00a0241 \n \n \n- Frigg, \u00a0241 \n \n \n- Friuli, All Souls\u2019 Day in, \u00a0194 \n \n \n- Frumenty, \u00a0285 \n \n - Games, Christmas, \u00a0293p. 395\u00a0 \n \n- Gaude, Frau, \u00a0241 \n \n \n- Gautier, Th\u00e9ophile, \u00a064 \n \n \n- Gay, \u00a0196 \n \n \n- Geese-dancers, \u00a0299 \n \n \n- Genealogy, chanting of the, \u00a093 \n \n \n- George, St., in mummers\u2019 plays, \u00a0299 \n \n \n- Gerhardt, Paul, \u00a073 \n \n \n- Germanicus, \u00a0202 \n \n \n- Germany, Christmas established in, \u00a021;\n \n \n - Christmas poetry in Catholic, \u00a042; \n \n \n - Protestant hymns in, \u00a070; \n \n \n - Christmas services in, \u00a098; \n \n \n - the crib and Kindelwiegen in, \u00a0107; \n \n \n - Christmas drama in, \u00a0143; \n \n \n - \u201cstar-singing\u201d in, \u00a0152; \n \n \n - Roman customs in, \u00a0171; \n \n \n - pre-Christian New Year in, \u00a0171; \n \n \n - soul-cakes in, \u00a0194; \n \n \n - the Schimmel and other animal masks in, \u00a0199; \n \n \n - Martinmas customs in, \u00a0202; \n \n \n - St. Andrew's Eve in, \u00a0214; \n \n \n - St. Nicholas in, \u00a0218, \n \u00a0229; \n \n \n - St. Thomas's Eve in, \u00a0225; \n \n \n - Christmas Eve in, \u00a0229, \n \u00a0237; \n \n \n - Twelve Days superstitions in, \u00a0240; \n \n \n - Frau Berchta, etc., in, \u00a0241; \n \n \n - werewolves in, \u00a0246; \n \n \n - Christmas log in, \u00a0256; \n \n \n - Christmas-tree in, \u00a0263, \n \u00a0359; \n \n \n - Harvest May in, \u00a0271; \n \n \n - Christmas presents in, \u00a0277; \n \n \n - Christmas fare in, \u00a0286; \n \n \n - sacrificial relics in, \u00a0292; \n \n \n - St. Stephen's Day in, \u00a0312, \n \u00a0315; \n \n \n - St. John's Day in, \u00a0314; \n \n \n - Holy Innocents\u2019 Day in, \u00a0316; \n \n \n - New Year in, \u00a0322, \n \u00a0332 \n \n- Gilmorton, \u201cChristmas Vase\u201d at, \u00a0118 \n \n \n- Glastonbury thorns, \u00a0268 \n \n \n- \u201cGloria in excelsis,\u201d \u00a091, \n \u00a094 \n \n \n- Goethe, \u00a0266 \n \n \n- Goliards, \u00a049, \n \u00a0128 \n \n \n- Gomme, Sir Laurence, \u00a0257, \n \u00a0354 \n \n \n- Goose, Martinmas, \u00a0203;\n \n \n- Gozzoli, Benozzo, \u00a0148 \n \n \n- Grampus, \u00a0219 \n \n \n- Greece, Epiphany ceremonies in, \u00a0102, \n \u00a0244, \n \u00a0344;\n \n \n - winter festivals of Dionysus in, \u00a0169, \n \u00a0245; \n \n \n - Kallikantzaroi in, \u00a0244, \n \u00a0257; \n \n \n - Christmas log in, \u00a0257, \n \u00a0344; \n \n \n - rhamna in Chios, \u00a0270; \n \n \n - \u201cChrist's Loaves\u201d in, \u00a0290; \n \n \n - folk-plays in, \u00a0300; \n \n \n - New Year in, \u00a0331, \n \u00a0333 \n \n- Greek Church, Epiphany in, \u00a022, \n \u00a0102;\n \n \n - Christmas in, \u00a022, \n \u00a099; \n \n \n - Advent in, \u00a090 \n \n- Gregorie, \u00a0315 \n \n \n- Gregory III., \u00a0107 \n \n \n- Gregory the Great, letter to Mellitus, \u00a0179, \n \u00a0203 \n \n \n- Guernsey, Christmas superstitions in, \u00a0234, \n \u00a0240;\n \n \n- Guisers, \u00a0297 \n \n \n- Guy Fawkes Day, \u00a0182, \n \u00a0198 \n \n - Habergaiss, \u00a0201 \n \n \n- Habersack, \u00a0201 \n \n \n- Hakon the Good, \u00a021, \n \u00a0172 \n \n \n- Hallowe'en, \u00a0182, \n \u00a0195 \n \n \n- Hampstead, Guy Fawkes Day at, \u00a0199 \n \n \n- Hans Trapp, \u00a0230 \n \n \n- Hardy, Mr. Thomas, \u00a048, \n \u00a0234 \n \n \n- Harke, Frau, \u00a0241 \n \n \n- Harrison, Miss Jane, \u00a021, \n \u00a0176, \n \u00a0325 \n \n \n- \u201cHaxey Hood,\u201d \u00a0347 \n \n \n- Herbert, George, \u00a081 \n \n \n- Herefordshire, Hallowe'en in, \u00a0197;\n \n \n - pyramids in, \u00a0266; \n \n \n - Holy Thorn in, \u00a0269; \n \n \n - New Year water in, \u00a0332; \n \n \n - Epiphany and New Year ceremonies in, \u00a0346 \n \n- Herod plays, \u00a0126, \n \u00a0129, \n \u00a0141, \n \u00a0153 \n \n \n- Herrick, \u00a081, \n \u00a0257, \n \u00a0338, \n \u00a0345, \n \u00a0354 \n \n \n- Hertfordshire, pyramids in, \u00a0266 \n \n \n- Hindu New Year, \u00a0322 \n \n \n- H\u00f6fler, Dr., \u00a0288 \n \n \n- Hogmanay, \u00a0328 \n \n \n- Holda, Frau, \u00a0241 \n \n \n- Holland, the \u201cstar\u201d in, \u00a0152;\n \n \n - Martinmas in, \u00a0204; \n \n \n - Rommelpot in, \u00a0217; \n \n \n - St. Nicholas in, \u00a0219; \n \n \n - St. Thomas's Day in, \u00a0225 \n \n- Holly, \u00a0272, \n \u00a0275 \n \n \n- Holy Innocents\u2019 Day, \u00a0127, \n \u00a0302, \n \u00a0306, \n \u00a0315 \n \n \n- Horn-cakes, \u00a0202, \n \u00a0204 \n \n \n- Hornchurch, boar's head at, \u00a0348 \n \n \n- Horn-dance, \u00a0201 \n \n \n- Horse, as a sacrificial animal, \u00a0200;\n \n \n - hobby-horse, hodening, and the Schimmel, \u00a0199; \n \n \n - customs on St. Stephen's Day, \u00a0311p. 396\u00a0 \n- Howison, \u00a0234 \n \n \n- Hubert, St., his Day, \u00a0202 \n \n \n- Hunt, Leigh, \u00a0337 \n \n \n- Huysmans, J. K., \u00a093 \n \n \n- Hymns, Latin, \u00a031, \n \u00a042 \n \n - Iceland, \u201cYule host\u201d in, \u00a0240 \n \n \n- Image, Prof. Selwyn, \u00a085 \n \n \n- \u201cIn dulci jubilo,\u201d \u00a044 \n \n \n- Incense used for purification, \u00a0183, \n \u00a0225, \n \u00a0244, \n \u00a0327 \n \n \n- Ireland, Christmas carols in, \u00a069;\n \n \n - All Souls\u2019 Eve in, \u00a0192; \n \n \n - Hallowe'en customs in, \u00a0197; \n \n \n - Martinmas slaughter in, \u00a0203; \n \n \n - \u201chunting of the wren\u201d in, \u00a0292; \n \n \n - Holy Innocents\u2019 Day in, \u00a0315; \n \n \n - Epiphany in, \u00a0350 \n \n- Italy, Christmas poetry in, \u00a036, \n \u00a067;\n \n \n - presepio in, \u00a0105, \n \u00a0112, \n \u00a0359; \n \n \n - Christmas drama in, \u00a0146, \n \u00a0152; \n \n \n - All Souls\u2019 in, \u00a0192, \n \u00a0194; \n \n \n - Martinmas in, \u00a0204; \n \n \n - Christmas log in, \u00a0256; \n \n \n - Santa Lucia in, \u00a0278; \n \n \n - Christmas fare in, \u00a0287, \n \u00a0289; \n \n \n - Epiphany in, \u00a0343 \n \n- Ivy, \u00a0272, \n \u00a0275 \n \n - Jacopone da Todi, \u00a036, \n \u00a039, \n \u00a0146 \n \n \n- James, St., Gospel of, \u00a0124 \n \n \n- Jerome, St., \u00a0181 \n \n \n- Jerusalem, Christmas at, \u00a022, \n \u00a094 \n \n \n- John, St., Evangelist, his Day, \u00a0302, \n \u00a0314 \n \n \n- Johnson, Lionel, \u00a085 \n \n \n- Johnson, Richard, \u00a0301 \n \n \n- Jonson, Ben, \u00a0298 \n \n \n- Julebuk, \u00a0202 \n \n \n- Julian the Apostate, \u00a023 \n \n \n- Julklapp, \u00a0278 \n \n - Kalends of January, the Roman festival, \u00a024, \n \u00a0165, \n \u00a0167, \n \u00a0200, \n \u00a0269;\n \n \n - made a fast, \u00a0101, \n \u00a0170. \n \n \n - See also New Year's Day \n- Kallikantzaroi, \u00a0244 \n \n \n- Kindelwiegen, \u00a0108 \n \n \n- King of the Bean, \u00a0180, \n \u00a0338 \n \n \n- \u201cKissing-bunch,\u201d \u00a0274 \n \n \n- Kissling, K. G., \u00a0266 \n \n \n- Klapperbock, \u00a0201 \n \n \n- Klaubauf, \u00a0219 \n \n \n- Kl\u00f6pfeln\u00e4chte, \u00a0216 \n \n \n- Knecht Ruprecht, \u00a0220, \n \u00a0231 \n \n \n- Kore, \u00a021 \n \n \n- Krampus, \u00a0219 \n \n - Labrugui\u00e8re, Epiphany in, \u00a0342 \n \n \n- Lake, Prof. K., \u00a020, \n \u00a024 \n \n \n- La Monnoye, \u00a062 \n \n \n- Lancashire, Hallowe'en in, \u00a0198 \n \n \n- Latin Christmas poetry, \u00a031, \n \u00a042, \n \u00a063, \n \u00a068 \n \n \n- Lawson, Mr. J. C., \u00a0247, \n \u00a0301 \n \n \n- Lead-pouring, \u00a0215, \n \u00a0237, \n \u00a0332 \n \n \n- Leather, Mrs., \u00a0269, \n \u00a0346 \n \n \n- Le Moigne, Lucas, \u00a056 \n \n \n- Libanius, \u00a0168, \n \u00a0269 \n \n \n- Liberius, Pope, \u00a0107, \n \u00a0352 \n \n \n- Lima, Christmas Eve at, \u00a098 \n \n \n- Lithuania, feast of the dead in, \u00a0195;\n \n \n- Log customs. See Yule log \n \n- Lombardy, Christmas log in, \u00a0256 \n \n \n- London, Greek Epiphany ceremonies in, \u00a0103;\n \n \n - Italian Christmas in, \u00a0116, \n \u00a0291; \n \n \n - Christmas in, under Puritans, \u00a0185; \n \n \n - German Christmas in, \u00a0265; \n \n \n - Boy Bishop in, \u00a0306; \n \n \n - New Year in, \u00a0322, \n \u00a0327 \n \n- Lord Mayor's day, \u00a0202 \n \n \n- Lord of Misrule, \u00a0298 \n \n \n- Lorraine, cake customs in, \u00a0287, \n \u00a0339 \n \n \n- Lucia, St., her festival, \u00a0221, \n \u00a0268 \n \n \n- Lucian, \u00a0166 \n \n \n- Ludlow, Guy Fawkes Day at, \u00a0199 \n \n \n- Lullabies, \u00a051, \n \u00a067, \n \u00a083, \n \u00a0109 \n \n \n- Luther, Martin, \u00a070, \n \u00a0265 \n \n \n- Lyme Regis, Candlemas at, \u00a0354 \n \n - Macedonia, Christmas Eve in, \u00a0217;\n \n \n - New Year's Eve in, \u00a0226, \n \u00a0330, \n \u00a0332; \n \n \n - Kallikantzaroi in, \u00a0245; \n \n \n - folk-play in, \u00a0300; \n \n \n - Epiphany in, \u00a0344 \n \n- Mac\u00e9e, Claude, \u00a0141 \n \n \n- Madrid, \u00a097, \n \u00a0153, \n \u00a0343 \n \n \n- Magi in drama, \u00a0125, \n \u00a0128, \n \u00a0151;\n \n \n- Magic, \u00a0163 \n \n \n- Man, Isle of, carol-singing in, \u00a099;\n \n \n- Mana, \u00a0176 \n \n \n- Mannhardt, W., \u00a0252, \n \u00a0313 \n \n \n- Marguerite of Navarre, \u00a0141 \n \n \n- Marseilles, \u201cpastorals\u201d at, \u00a0141 \n \n \n- Martin of Braga, \u00a0272 \n \n \n- Martin I., Pope, \u00a0203 \n \n \n- Martinengo-Cesaresco, Countess, \u00a0106, \n \u00a0112, \n \u00a0142 \n \n \n- Martinmas, an old winter festival, \u00a0173, \n \u00a0182, \n \u00a0200, \n \u00a0202;\n \n \n - its feasting customs, \u00a0202; \n \n \n - its bonfires, \u00a0204; \n \n \n - St. Martin as gift-bringer, and his relation to St. Nicholas, \u00a0205, \n \u00a0218, \n \u00a0277 \n \n- Masking customs, \u00a0169, \n \u00a0175, \n \u00a0199, \n \u00a0206, \n \u00a0219, \n \u00a0230, \n \u00a0245, \n \u00a0297, \n \u00a0304, \n \u00a0352 \n \n \n- Mass, Midnight, \u00a094;\n \n \n - the three Christmas Masses, \u00a094 \n \n- Mechlin, Martinmas at, \u00a0206 \n \n \n- Mellitus, Abbot, \u00a0179 \n \n \n- Mexico, Christmas drama in, \u00a0154 \n \n \n- Michaelmas, \u00a0173 \n \n \n- Milan, Epiphany play at, \u00a0147 \n \n \n- Milton, \u00a082 \n \n \n- Mince-pies, \u00a0284 \n \n \n- Minnesingers, \u00a036 \n \n \n- \u201cMisterio de los Reyes Magos,\u201d \u00a0128 \n \n \n- Mistletoe, \u00a0272, \n \u00a0276 \n \n \n- Mistral, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric, \u00a0255 \n \n \n- Mithra, \u00a023 \n \n \n- Modranicht, \u00a0181 \n \n \n- Monasticism and Christmas, \u00a034 \n \n \n- Mont-St.-Michel, Epiphany king at, \u00a0340 \n \n \n- Montenegro, Christmas log customs in, \u00a0252 \n \n \n- Morgan, Lady, \u00a0114 \n \n \n- Morris, William, \u00a085 \n \n \n- Morris-dancers, \u00a0299 \n \n \n- Mouthe, \u201cDe fructu\u201d at, \u00a0288 \n \n \n- Mummers\u2019 plays, \u00a0297 \n \n \n- Munich, Bavarian National Museum at, \u00a0107;\n \n \n - Christmas-tree at, \u00a0267; \n \n \n - St. Stephen's Day at, \u00a0312 \n \n- Murillo, \u00a065 \n \n \n- Mythology, in relation to ritual, \u00a0164, \n \u00a0176 \n \n - Naogeorgus, \u00a0111, \n \u00a0217, \n \u00a0353 \n \n \n- Naples, zampognari at, \u00a0112;\n \n \n - presepio at, \u00a0113; \n \n \n - Christmas plays at, \u00a0150; \n \n \n - Epiphany at, \u00a0343 \n \n- Natalis Invicti, \u00a023, \n \u00a0165 \n \n \n- New Year's Day, in Roman Empire, \u00a024, \n \u00a0167, \n \u00a0276;\n \n \n - opposed in character to Christmas, \u00a025; \n \n \n - Teutonic and Celtic, \u00a025, \n \u00a0171, \n \u00a0189, \n \u00a0202; \n \n \n - Slav, \u00a0173; \n \n \n - January\u00a01 made a fast, \u00a0101, \n \u00a0170; \n \n \n - customs attracted to January\u00a01, \u00a0173, \n \u00a0189, \n \u00a0200, \n \u00a0321; \n \n \n - fire not given out, \u00a0170, \n \u00a0257; \n \n \n - charms, omens, and other customs, \u00a0182, \n \u00a0321; \n \n \n - presents, \u00a0168, \n \u00a0276; \n \n \n - mistletoe connected with, \u00a0276 \n \n- Nicea, Council of, \u00a022 \n \n \n- Nicholas, St., his Day related to Martinmas, \u00a0173, \n \u00a0207, \n \u00a0277;\n \n \n - as patron of boys, \u00a0218, \n \u00a0220, \n \n \n - of sailors, \u00a0218, \n \u00a0221; \n \n \n - his festival, \u00a0218; \n \n \n - on Christmas Eve, \u00a0229 \n \n- No\u00ebl, origin of the name, \u00a022;\n \n \n- Normandy, \u201cstar-singing\u201d in, \u00a0151;\n \n \n - Innocents\u2019 Day in, \u00a0316; \n \n \n - Epiphany in, \u00a0349 \n \n- Northamptonshire, St. Catherine's and St. Andrew's Days in, \u00a0213;\n \n \n- Northumberland, holly in, \u00a0275 \n \n \n- Norway, Christmas established in, \u00a021;\n \n \n - \u201cstar-singing\u201d in, \u00a0151; \n \n \n - pre-Christian Yule festival in, \u00a0172; \n \n \n - animal masks in, \u00a0202; \n \n \n - Christmas Eve superstitions in, \u00a0235; \n \n \n - Yule candles in, \u00a0259 \n \n- Notker, \u00a032 \n \n \n- Nottinghamshire, Hallowe'en customs in, \u00a0196;\n \n \n - Christmas cake and wassail-bowl in, \u00a0285 \n \n- Nuremberg, Epiphany at, \u00a0342 \n \n \n- Nuts, customs with, \u00a0195, \n \u00a0207 \n \n - \u201cO's,\u201d Great, \u00a092 \n \n \n- Oak as a sacred tree, \u00a0254 \n \n \n- Oberufer, Christmas play at, \u00a0143, \n \u00a0272 \n \n \n- Oca\u00f1a, F. de, \u00a065 \n \n \n- Oesel, \u201cYule Boar\u201d in, \u00a0288 \n \n \n- Old Hob, \u00a0199p. 398\u00a0 \n \n- Otfrid of Weissenburg, \u00a042 \n \n \n- Oxford, boars head at, \u00a0284 \n \n - Palmer, Mr. F. H. E., \u00a0104 \n \n \n- Parcae, \u00a0181 \n \n \n- Paris, Christmas in, \u00a098;\n \n \n - All Souls\u2019 Eve in, \u00a0191; \n \n \n - St. Catherine's Day in, \u00a0213; \n \n \n - Christmas-tree in, \u00a0267; \n \n \n - New Year in, \u00a0277; \n \n \n - Feast of Fools in, \u00a0302 \n \n- Paschal, Fran\u00e7oise, \u00a061 \n \n \n- Pasquier, \u00c9tienne, \u00a0339 \n \n \n- Pearson, Dr. Karl, \u00a0161 \n \n \n- Pellegrin, Abb\u00e9, \u00a063 \n \n \n- Pelzm\u00e4rte, \u00a0206, \n \u00a0217 \n \n \n- Perchta, \u00a0181, \n \u00a0241, \n \u00a0342 \n \n \n- Perun, \u00a0254 \n \n \n- Peterborough, St. Catherine's Day at, \u00a0213 \n \n \n- Philocalian Calendar, \u00a020 \n \n \n- Pifferari, \u00a0112 \n \n \n- Pillersee, Advent mummeries at, \u00a0218 \n \n \n- Pliny, \u00a0273 \n \n \n- Plough Monday, \u00a0300 \n \n \n- Plum-pudding, \u00a0284 \n \n \n- Plygain, \u00a099 \n \n \n- Poland, the \u201cstar\u201d in, \u00a0152;\n \n \n - puppet-shows in, \u00a0153; \n \n \n - werewolves in, \u00a0246; \n \n \n - Christmas straw in, \u00a0276; \n \n \n - Christmas wafers in, \u00a0291 \n \n- Polaznik, \u00a0231, \n \u00a0252, \n \u00a0323 \n \n \n- Presents, at the Roman Kalends, \u00a0168, \n \u00a0276;\n \n \n - on All Souls\u2019 Eve, \u00a0192; \n \n \n - at Martinmas, \u00a0205; \n \n \n - on St. Nicholas's Day, \u00a0218; \n \n \n - at Christmas, \u00a0183, \n \u00a0230, \n \u00a0277; \n \n \n - at New Year and other seasons, \u00a0277; \n \n \n - at Epiphany, \u00a0343 \n \n- Presepio. See Crib \n \n- \u201cProphetae,\u201d \u00a0127 \n \n \n- Protestantism, effects of, on Christmas, \u00a027, \n \u00a070, \n \u00a0111, \n \u00a0138, \n \u00a0141, \n \u00a0185, \n \u00a0229 \n \n \n- Provence, remains of Christmas drama in, \u00a0141, \n \u00a0154;\n \n \n - Christmas log in, \u00a0255; \n \n \n - Magi in, \u00a0344 \n \n- Prudentius, \u00a032 \n \n \n- Puppet-plays, \u00a0153\u00a0f. \n \n \n- Purification, feast of the. See Candlemas \n \n- Puritans, their attitude towards Christmas, \u00a077, \n \u00a0180, \n \u00a0184, \n \u00a0298 \n \n \n- Pyramids, \u00a0266 \n \n - Quainton, blossoming thorn at, \u00a0268 \n \n - \u201cRaging host,\u201d \u00a0240, \n \u00a0242 \n \n \n- Ragusa, Christmas log customs at, \u00a0252 \n \n \n- Ramsgate, hodening at, \u00a0200 \n \n \n- Rauchn\u00e4chte, \u00a0225, \n \u00a0327 \n \n \n- Rhys, Sir John, \u00a0189, \n \u00a0321, \n \u00a0325 \n \n \n- Ripon, St. Clement's Day at, \u00a0212;\n \n \n - Yule candles at, \u00a0259; \n \n \n - Candlemas at, \u00a0354 \n \n- Risano, Christmas log customs at, \u00a0252 \n \n \n- Rolle, Richard, \u00a048 \n \n \n- Rome, Christmas established in, \u00a020;\n \n \n - pagan winter festivals in, \u00a023, \n \u00a0165; \n \n \n - Christmas services and customs in, \u00a095, \n \u00a0112, \n \u00a0289; \n \n \n - mediaeval New Year qu\u00eate in, \u00a0331 \n \n- Rossetti, Christina, \u00a085 \n \n \n- Rouen, religious plays at, \u00a0124, \n \u00a0138 \n \n \n- Roumania, the \u201cstar\u201d in, \u00a0152;\n \n \n - Christmas drama in, \u00a0153; \n \n \n - St. Andrew's Eve in, \u00a0215; \n \n \n - Christmas songs in, \u00a0238; \n \n \n - Christmas fare in, \u00a0287, \n \u00a0291; \n \n \n - New Year in, \u00a0330; \n \n \n - Epiphany in, \u00a0342 \n \n- Russia, Epiphany ceremonies in, \u00a0104, \n \u00a0246;\n \n \n - the \u201cstar\u201d in, \u00a0152; \n \n \n - Christmas Eve in, \u00a0232, \n \u00a0237; \n \n \n - fire superstitions in, \u00a0253; \n \n \n - Christmas fare in, \u00a0287, \n \u00a0291; \n \n \n - Christmas games in, \u00a0294; \n \n \n - mummers in, \u00a0302; \n \n \n - New Year in, \u00a0333 \n \n - Saboly, \u00a062 \n \n \n- Sacrifice, theories of, \u00a0174;\n \n \n- Salers, Christmas king at, \u00a0340 \n \n \n- Samhain, \u00a0172, \n \u00a0204 \n \n \n- Sant\u2019 Andrea della Valle, Rome, \u00a0102 \n \n \n- Santa Klaus, \u00a0220 \n \n \n- Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, \u00a095, \n \u00a0107, \n \u00a0114 \n \n \n- Saturnalia, \u00a024, \n \u00a0113, \n \u00a0165, \n \u00a0180, \n \u00a0359 \n \n \n- Schiller, \u00a0266 \n \n \n- Schimmel and Schimmelreiter, \u00a0199, \n \u00a0206, \n \u00a0231 \n \n \n- Schoolboys\u2019 festival, \u00a0223.\n \n \n- Scotland, Christmas carols in, \u00a070;\n \n \n - Hallowe'en customs in, \u00a0197; \n \n \n - sowens eaten in, \u00a0285; \n \n \n - \u201cfirst-foot\u201d in, \u00a0325; \n \n \n - other New Year customs in, \u00a0326, \n \u00a0332; \n \n \n - Candlemas in, \u00a0354p. 399\u00a0 \n- Sedulius, Coelius, \u00a032 \n \n \n- Sequences, \u00a032 \n \n \n- Serao, Matilde, \u00a0113 \n \n \n- Serbs, Christmas customs of, \u00a0251, \n \u00a0341 \n \n \n- Shakespeare, \u00a0239, \n \u00a0298 \n \n \n- Shepherds in Christmas drama, \u00a0123, \n \u00a0132, \n \u00a0139 \n \n \n- Shropshire, soul-cakes in, \u00a0192;\n \n \n - Guy Fawkes Day at Ludlow, \u00a0199; \n \n \n - Twelve Days superstitions in, \u00a0240, \n \u00a0258; \n \n \n - Christmas Brand in, \u00a0258; \n \n \n - Christmas decorations in, \u00a0275, \n \u00a0355; \n \n \n - \u201cwigs\u201d in, \u00a0285; \n \n \n - cattle specially fed at Christmas, \u00a0289; \n \n \n - morris-dancers in, \u00a0299; \n \n \n - New Year in, \u00a0324; \n \n \n - Candlemas in, \u00a0355 \n \n- Sicily, Midnight Mass in, \u00a098;\n \n \n - Christmas novena in, \u00a0112; \n \n \n - Christmas procession at Messina, \u00a0113; \n \n \n - Christmas plays in, \u00a0150; \n \n \n - All Souls\u2019 Eve in, \u00a0192; \n \n \n - Martinmas in, \u00a0204; \n \n \n - St. Lucia's Eve in, \u00a0222; \n \n \n - presents in, \u00a0278; \n \n \n - Candlemas candles in, \u00a0353 \n \n- Sidgwick, Mr. F., \u00a06, \n \u00a077 \n \n \n- Sidgwick, Mrs. Alfred, \u00a0264 \n \n \n- Silesia, Schimmel in, \u00a0200;\n \n \n - Martinmas in, \u00a0206; \n \n \n - Christmas Eve in, \u00a0232; \n \n \n - animals specially fed at Christmas, \u00a0289 \n \n- Slav New Year, \u00a0172;\n \n \n - Christmas songs and customs, \u00a0237, \n \u00a0251, \n \u00a0290, \n \u00a0341. \n \n \n - See also Bohemia, Crivoscia, Poland, Russia \n- Smith, W. Robertson, \u00a0164, \n \u00a0175, \n \u00a0178 \n \n \n- Somersetshire wassailing, \u00a0345 \n \n \n- Soul cakes, \u00a0192 \n \n \n- South America, Christmas in, \u00a098 \n \n \n- Southwell, \u00a079 \n \n \n- Sowens eaten, \u00a0285, \n \u00a0325 \n \n \n- Spain, Christmas poetry in, \u00a065;\n \n \n- Spervogel, \u00a042 \n \n \n- Spinning, during Twelve Days, \u00a0240 \n \n \n- Staffordshire, St. Clement's Day in, \u00a0211 \n \n \n- \u201cStar-singing,\u201d \u00a0151 \n \n \n- \u201cStella,\u201d \u00a0125, \n \u00a0129 \n \n \n- Stephen, St., his festival, \u00a0292, \n \u00a0302, \n \u00a0311 \n \n \n- Stephens, Dean, \u00a035 \n \n \n- Stow's \u201cSurvay,\u201d \u00a0272 \n \n \n- Strasburg, early Christmas-trees at, \u00a0265 \n \n \n- Strenae, \u00a0168, \n \u00a0277 \n \n \n- Stubbes, Philip, \u00a0184, \n \u00a0298 \n \n \n- Styles, Old and New, \u00a0268 \n \n \n- Styria, Habergaiss in, \u00a0201;\n \n \n - Perchta in, \u00a0243; \n \n \n - St. John's wine in, \u00a0315 \n \n- Sun, the, December \u00a025 \n as festival of, \u00a023;\n \n \n- Suso, \u00a044 \n \n \n- Sussex, squirrel-hunting in, \u00a0214;\n \n \n - tipteerers in, \u00a0298; \n \n \n - wassailing fruit-trees in, \u00a0345 \n \n- Swabia, Pelzm\u00e4rte in, \u00a0206, \n \u00a0217 \n \n \n- Sweden, Christmas service in, \u00a099;\n \n \n - \u201cstar-singing\u201d in, \u00a0151; \n \n \n - animal masks in, \u00a0202; \n \n \n - St. Lucia's Day in, \u00a0221; \n \n \n - Christmas Eve superstitions in, \u00a0235; \n \n \n - Yule log in, \u00a0257; \n \n \n - Yule candles in, \u00a0259; \n \n \n - Christmas-trees in, \u00a0267, \n \u00a0270; \n \n \n - Yule straw in, \u00a0276; \n \n \n - Christmas presents in, \u00a0278; \n \n \n - pig's head eaten in, \u00a0286; \n \n \n - dances in, \u00a0293; \n \n \n - St. Stephen's Day in, \u00a0312, \n \u00a0315; \n \n \n - \u201cSt. Knut's Day\u201d in, \u00a0351 \n \n- Swinburne, \u00a084 \n \n \n- Swine as sacrificial animal, \u00a0284, \n \u00a0286 \n \n \n- Switzerland, St. Nicholas in, \u00a0218;\n \n \n - Christmas-tree in, \u00a0267; \n \n \n - birds fed at Christmas, \u00a0289 \n \n- Sword-dance, \u00a0294, \n \u00a0299 \n \n \n- Sylvesterabend, \u00a0274, \n \u00a0322 \n \n - Tacitus, \u00a0200, \n \u00a0299 \n \n \n- Tate, Nahum, \u00a084 \n \n \n- Tauler, \u00a043 \n \n \n- Teme valley, \u201cfirst-footing\u201d in, \u00a0324 \n \n \n- Tenby, Plygain at, \u00a099;\n \n \n - St. Clement's Day at, \u00a0212 \n \n- Tersteegen, Gerhard, \u00a075 \n \n \n- Tertullian, \u00a0269 \n \n \n- Teutonic New Year, \u00a0171, \n \u00a0189, \n \u00a0202 \n \n \n- Thomas of Celano, \u00a038 \n \n \n- Thomas, Mr. N. W., \u00a0293 \n \n \n- Thomas, St., his festival, \u00a0223 \n \n \n- \u201cThomassin\u2019,\u201d \u00a0226 \n \n \n- Thurston, Mr. Edgar, \u00a0322 \n \n \n- Tieck, \u00a0266p. 400\u00a0 \n \n- Tille, Dr. A., \u00a05, \n \u00a0110, \n \u00a0169, \n \u00a0172, \n \u00a0231, \n \u00a0268 \n \n \n- Tipteerers, \u00a0298 \n \n \n- Tolstoy's \u201cWar and Peace,\u201d \u00a0302 \n \n \n- Tomte Gubbe, \u00a0236 \n \n \n- Tonquin, feast of the dead in, \u00a0195 \n \n \n- Totemism, \u00a0175 \n \n \n- Tours, Council of, \u00a021, \n \u00a0101, \n \u00a0239 \n \n \n- Towneley plays, \u00a0128, \n \u00a0134 \n \n \n- Trees, sacred, \u00a0177, \n \u00a0254, \n \u00a0269;\n \n \n - flowering at Christmas, \u00a0268; \n \n \n - Christian symbols, \u00a0271 \n \n- Trest, Epiphany at, \u00a0344 \n \n \n- Trolls on Christmas Eve, \u00a0235 \n \n \n- Troppau, Christmas Eve at, \u00a0232 \n \n \n- Troubadours, \u00a036 \n \n \n- T\u00fcbingen, cradle-rocking at, \u00a0111 \n \n \n- Tuscany, Christmas log in, \u00a0256 \n \n \n- Tutilo of St. Gall, \u00a0123 \n \n \n- Twelfth Night. See Epiphany \n \n- Twelve Days, declared a festal tide, \u00a021, \n \u00a0239;\n \n \n - variously reckoned, \u00a0239; \n \n \n - supernatural visitors on, \u00a0239 \n \n- Tylor, Dr. E. B., \u00a0191 \n \n \n- Tynan, Katharine, \u00a085 \n \n \n- Tyrol, Midnight Mass in, \u00a097;\n \n \n - the crib in, \u00a0107; \n \n \n - cradle-rocking in, \u00a0111; \n \n \n - Christmas drama in, \u00a0143; \n \n \n - \u201cstar-singing\u201d in, \u00a0152; \n \n \n - All Souls in, \u00a0191, \n \u00a0194; \n \n \n - Kl\u00f6pfeln\u00e4chte in, \u00a0218; \n \n \n - St. Nicholas in, \u00a0220; \n \n \n - St. Lucia in, \u00a0223; \n \n \n - Christmas Eve in, \u00a0236, \n \u00a0346; \n \n \n - Berchta in, \u00a0243; \n \n \n - customs with fruit-trees in, \u00a0268; \n \n \n - Christmas pie in, \u00a0290, \n \u00a0345; \n \n \n - St. Stephen's Day in, \u00a0311; \n \n \n - St. John's Day in, \u00a0314; \n \n \n - Epiphany in, \u00a0337; \n \n \n - Carnival in, \u00a0349; \n \n \n - Purification candles in, \u00a0353 \n \n - Ubeda, J. L. de, \u00a065 \n \n \n- Uist, South, \u201cbreast-strip\u201d in, \u00a0328 \n \n \n- United States, Santa Klaus in, \u00a0220;\n \n \n- Usedom, \u00a0201 \n \n \n- Usener, H., \u00a020, \n \u00a0107 \n \n - Valdivielso, J. de, \u00a065 \n \n \n- Vampires, \u00a0215, \n \u00a0245 \n \n \n- Vaughan, Henry, \u00a081 \n \n \n- Vega, Lope de, \u00a0149 \n \n \n- Vegetation-cults, \u00a0177 \n \n \n- Venetia, Martinmas in, \u00a0204, \n \u00a0207 \n \n \n- Vessel-cup, \u00a0118 \n \n \n- Villazopeque, \u00a0148 \n \n \n- Vosges mountains, All Souls\u2019 Eve in, \u00a0191 \n \n - Wales, Christmas carols in, \u00a069;\n \n \n - Plygain in, \u00a099; \n \n \n - soul-cakes in, \u00a0193; \n \n \n - Hallowe'en in, \u00a0189, \n \u00a0196; \n \n \n - the \u201cMari Llwyd\u201d in, \u00a0201; \n \n \n - \u201cnew water\u201d carol in, \u00a0333; \n \n \n - Christmas football in, \u00a0349 \n \n- Warnsdorf, St. Nicholas play at, \u00a0220 \n \n \n- Wassail-bowl, \u00a0193, \n \u00a0285 \n \n \n- Water, New Year, \u00a0332 \n \n \n- Watts, Isaac, \u00a083 \n \n \n- Weather, ideas about, \u00a0203, \n \u00a0332 \n \n \n- Weihnacht, origin of the name, \u00a020 \n \n \n- Werewolves, \u00a0246 \n \n \n- Wesley, Charles, \u00a084 \n \n \n- Westermarck, Dr. E., \u00a0176 \n \n \n- Westphalia, St. Thomas's Day in, \u00a0225 \n \n \n- Whipping customs, \u00a0207, \n \u00a0315, \n \u00a0330 \n \n \n- \u201cWild hunt,\u201d \u00a0239 \n \n \n- Wine, Martinmas, \u00a0204;\n \n \n - St. John's and St. Stephen's, \u00a0314 \n \n- \u201cWish hounds,\u201d \u00a0240 \n \n \n- Wither, George, \u00a083 \n \n \n- Woden, \u00a0200, \n \u00a0206, \n \u00a0208, \n \u00a0231, \n \u00a0240 \n \n \n- Women, their clothes worn by men at folk-festivals, \u00a0178, \n \u00a0301, \n \u00a0304;\n \n \n- Woolwich, St. Clement's and St. Catherine's Days at, \u00a0212 \n \n \n- Worcestershire. St. Clement's Day in, \u00a0212;\n \n \n- Wormesley, Holy Thorn at, \u00a0269 \n \n \n- Wren, hunting of, \u00a0292 \n \n \n- Wylie, Miss I. A. R., \u00a0263 \n \n - \u201cYeth hounds,\u201d \u00a0240 \n \n \n- York Minster, mistletoe at, \u00a0273;\n \n \n- York plays, \u00a0128, \n \u00a0131 \n \n \n- Yorkshire, possible survival of the crib in, \u00a0118;\n \n \n - frumenty, ale posset, and Yule cakes in, \u00a0285; \n \n \n - \u201clucky bird\u201d in, \u00a0325 \n \n- Ypres, St. Martin at, \u00a0206 \n \n \n- Yule, origin of the name, \u00a025, \n \u00a0171 \n \n \n- \u201cYule Boar,\u201d \u00a0288 \n \n \n- Yule log, \u00a0180, \n \u00a0245, \n \u00a0251, \n \u00a0344, \n \u00a0354 \n \n \n \n \n \n Next: Footnotes","title":"Christmas in Ritual and Tradition: Part II. Pagan Surviva...","type":"page"}