{"collection":"Zoroastrianism","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/zor/sbe05/sbe0540.htm","path":"zor/sbe05/sbe0540.htm","source_url":"https://sacred-texts.com/zor/sbe05/sbe0540.htm","text":"Pahlavi Texts, Part I (SBE05), E.W. West, tr. [1880]\n0. On the race and genealogy of the Kay\u00e2ns.\n1. H\u00f4shyang 2 was son of Frav\u00e2k, son of S\u00eey\u00e2kmak 3, son of M\u00e2shya 4, son of G\u00e2y\u00f4mard. [2. Takhm\u00f4rup 5 was son of V\u00eevangh\u00e2\u00fb 6, son of Yanghad 7, son of H\u00f4shyang. 3. Yim,] 8 Takhm\u00f4rup, Sp\u00eet\u00fbr 9, and Narsih 10, whom they also call 'the Rashn\u00fb of K\u00een\u014f 11,'\nwere all brothers 4. From Yim and Yimak 1, who was his sister, was born a pair, man and woman, and they became husband and wife together; M\u00eerak the \u00c2spiy\u00e2n 2 and Z\u00eey\u00e2nak Zard\u00e2him were their names, and the lineage went on. 5. Sp\u00eet\u00fbr was he who, with Dah\u00e2k, cut up Yim 3; 3; Narsih 4 lived then 5 also, whom they call N\u00easr-gy\u00e2v\u00e2n 6; they say that such destiny (gadman) is allotted to him 7, that he shall pass every day in troubles, and shall make all food purified and pure.\n6. Dah\u00e2k 8 was son of Khr\u00fbt\u00e2sp, son of Z\u00e2\u00een\u00eeg\u00e2v,\nson of Virafsang, son of T\u00e2z, son of Frav\u00e2k, son of S\u00eey\u00e2kmak 1; by his mother Dah\u00e2k was of Uda\u00ee 2, son of Bayak, son of Tambayak, son of Owokhm 3, son of Pairi-urva\u00easm 4, son of Gadhwithw 5, son of Dr\u00fbg\u00e2sk\u00e2n 6, son of the evil spirit.\n7. Fr\u00ead\u00fbn the \u00c2spiy\u00e2n 7 was son of P\u00fbr-t\u00f4r\u00e2 8 the \u00c2spiy\u00e2n, son of S\u00f4k-t\u00f4r\u00e2 9 the \u00c2spiy\u00e2n, son of B\u00f4r-t\u00f4r\u00e2 the \u00c2spiy\u00e2n, son of S\u00eey\u00e2k-t\u00f4r\u00e2 the \u00c2spiy\u00e2n, son of Sp\u00ead-t\u00f4r\u00e2 the \u00c2spiy\u00e2n, son of Gefar-t\u00f4r\u00e2 the \u00c2spiy\u00e2n, son of Ramak-t\u00f4r\u00e2 the \u00c2spiy\u00e2n, son of\n[paragraph continues] Vanfraghesn 1 the \u00c2spiy\u00e2n, son of Yim, son of V\u00eevangh\u00e2\u00fb; as these, apart from the \u00c2spiy\u00e2n P\u00fbr-t\u00f4r\u00e2, were ten generations, they every one lived a hundred years, which becomes one thousand years; those thousand years were the evil reign of Dah\u00e2k. 8. By the \u00c2spiy\u00e2n P\u00fbr-t\u00f4r\u00e2 was begotten Fr\u00ead\u00fbn, who exacted vengeance for Yim; together with him 2, also were the sons Barm\u00e2y\u00fbn and Kat\u00e2y\u00fbn, but Fr\u00ead\u00fbn was fuller of glory than they.\n9. By Fr\u00ead\u00fbn three sons were begotten, Salm and T\u00fbg and A\u00eer\u00eek 3; and by A\u00eer\u00eek one son and one pair 4 were begotten; the names of the couple of sons were V\u00e2n\u00eed\u00e2r and Anastokh 5, and the name of the daughter was G\u00fbzak 6. 10. Salm and T\u00fbg slew them all, A\u00eer\u00eek and his happy sons, but Fr\u00ead\u00fbn kept the daughter in concealment, and from that daughter a daughter was born 7; they became aware of it, and the mother was slain by them. 11. Fr\u00ead\u00fbn provided for the daughter 8, also in concealment, for\nten generations, when M\u00e2n\u00fbs-i Kh\u00fbrsh\u00ead-v\u00een\u00eek was born from his mother, [so called because, as he was born, some of] 1 the light of the sun (kh\u00fbrsh\u00ead) fell upon his nose (v\u00een\u00eek). 12. From M\u00e2n\u00fbs-i Kh\u00fbrsh\u00ead-v\u00een\u00eek and his sister 2 was M\u00e2n\u00fbs-kh\u00fbrnar, and from M\u00e2n\u00fbs-kh\u00fbrnar [and his sister] was M\u00e2n\u00fbsk\u00eehar born 3, by whom Salm and T\u00fbg were slain in revenge for A\u00eer\u00eek 4. 13. By M\u00e2n\u00fbsk\u00eehar were Fris, N\u00f4dar 5, and D\u00fbr\u00e2sr\u00f4b 6 begotten.\n14. Just as M\u00e2n\u00fbsk\u00eehar was of M\u00e2n\u00fbs-kh\u00fbrnar, of M\u00e2n\u00fbs-kh\u00fbrn\u00e2k 7, who was M\u00e2m-sozak 8, of A\u00eerak, of Thritak, of B\u00eetak, of Fraz\u00fbsak, of Z\u00fbsak 9, of Frag\u00fbzak, of G\u00fbzak, of A\u00eer\u00eek, of Fr\u00ead\u00fbn, so Fr\u00e2s\u00eey\u00e2v 10 was\nof Pashang, of Za\u00easm 1, of T\u00fbrak, of Spa\u00eanyasp, of D\u00fbr\u00f4shasp, of T\u00fbg, of Fr\u00ead\u00fbn. 15. He (Fr\u00e2s\u00eey\u00e2v) as well as Kars\u00eavaz 2, whom they call Kad\u00e2n 3, and Aghr\u00earad 4 were all three brothers.\n[16 5. Pashang and V\u00eesak were both brothers. 17. By V\u00eesak were P\u00eer\u00e2n 6, H\u00fbm\u00e2n, S\u00e2n 7, and other brothers begotten. 18. By Fr\u00e2s\u00eey\u00e2v were Frasp-i K\u00fbr, S\u00e2n, Sh\u00eadak 8, and other sons begotten; and Visp\u00e2n-fry\u00e2 9, from whom Ka\u00ee-Kh\u00fbsr\u00f4b was born, was daughter of Fr\u00e2s\u00eey\u00e2v, and was of the same mother with Frasp-i K\u00fbr. 19. From Frasp-i K\u00fbr were S\u00fbr\u00e2k, As\u00fbr\u00eek, and other children; and by them were Khv\u00e2st-a\u00eerikht, Yazd\u00e2n-a\u00eerikht, Yazd\u00e2n-sar\u00e2d, Fr\u00eah-kh\u00fbrd, L\u00e2-vah\u00e2k 10, and others begotten, a recital of whom would be tedious.\n20. By Aghr\u00earad was G\u00f4patshah 11 begotten. 21. When Fr\u00e2s\u00eey\u00e2v made M\u00e2n\u00fbsk\u00eehar, with the Iranians, captive in the mountain-range (gar) of\n[paragraph continues] Padashkh-v\u00e2r 1, and scattered ruin and want among them, Aghr\u00earad begged a favour of God (yazd\u00e2n), and he obtained the benefit that the army and champions of the Iranians were saved by him from that distress. 22. Fr\u00e2s\u00eey\u00e2v slew Aghr\u00earad for that fault; and Aghr\u00earad, as his recompense, begat such a son as G\u00f4patshah.\n23. A\u00fbz\u00f4b\u00f4 the T\u00fbhm\u00e2spian 2, Kanak-i Barzist, Arawisanasp, and Va\u00eatand-i R\u00e2ghin\u00f4id were the three sons and the daughter of Ag\u00e2imasv\u00e2k 3, the son of N\u00f4dar, son of M\u00e2n\u00fbsk\u00eehar, who begat A\u00fbz\u00f4b\u00f4. 24. Kav\u00e2d 4 was a child in a waist-cloth (kusp\u00fbd) they abandoned him on a river, and he froze upon the door-sills (kav\u00e2dak\u00e2n); A\u00fbz\u00f4b\u00f4 perceived and took him, brought him up, and settled the name of the trembling child.\n25. By Kav\u00e2d was Ka\u00ee-Ap\u00eev\u00eah begotten; by Ka\u00ee-Ap\u00eev\u00eah were Ka\u00ee-Arsh, Ka\u00ee-Vy\u00e2rsh, Ka\u00ee-Pis\u00e2n, and Ka\u00ee-K\u00e2\u00fbs begotten; by Ka\u00ee-K\u00e2\u00fbs was S\u00eey\u00e2vakhsh begotten; by S\u00eey\u00e2vakhsh was Ka\u00ee-Kh\u00fbsr\u00f4b 5\nbegotten. 26. Keres\u00e2sp 1 and A\u00fbrvakhsh 2 were both brothers. 27. Athrat 3 was son of S\u00e2hm, son of T\u00fbrak, son of Spa\u00eanyasp, son of D\u00fbr\u00f4shasp 4, son of T\u00fbg, son of Fr\u00ead\u00fbn. 28. L\u00f4har\u00e2sp 5 was son of A\u00fbz\u00e2v 6, son of M\u00e2n\u00fbs, son of Ka\u00ee-P\u00ees\u00een 7, son of Ka\u00ee-Ap\u00eev\u00eah, son of Ka\u00ee-Kav\u00e2d. 29. By Ka\u00ee-L\u00f4har\u00e2sp were Vist\u00e2sp, Zar\u00eer 8, and other brothers begotten; by Vist\u00e2sp were Spend-d\u00e2d 9 and P\u00eashy\u00f4-tan\u00fb 10 begotten; and by Spend-d\u00e2d were Voh\u00fbman 11, \u00c2tar\u00f4-tarsah, Mitr\u00f4-tarsah, and others begotten.\n30. Artakhshatar descendant of P\u00e2pak\u2014of whom his mother was daughter\u2014was son of S\u00e2s\u00e2n 12, son of\n[paragraph continues] V\u00eah-\u00e2fr\u00eed and 1 Zar\u00eer, son of S\u00e2s\u00e2n, son of Artakhshatar who was the said Voh\u00fbman son of Spend-d\u00e2d.\n31. The mother of Ka\u00ee-Ap\u00eev\u00eah was Farhank 2, daughter of him who is exalted on the heavenly path 3, Urvad-g\u00e2i-fr\u00e2st 4, son of R\u00e2k, son of D\u00fbr\u00e2sr\u00f4b, son of M\u00e2n\u00fbsk\u00eehar. 32. This, too, it says, that the glory 5 of Fr\u00ead\u00fbn settled on the root of a reed (kany\u00e2) in the wide-formed ocean; and N\u00f4ktarg\u00e2 6, through sorcery, formed a cow for tillage, and begat children there; three years he carried the reeds there, and gave them to the cow, until the glory went on to the cow; he brought the cow, milked her milk, and gave it to his three sons; as their walking was on hoofs, the glory did not go to the sons, but to Farhank. 33. N\u00f4ktarg\u00e2 wished to injure 7 Farhank, but Farhank went with the glory away from\nthe fierce (t\u00eeb) father, and made a vow (patyast\u00e2k) thus: 'I will give my first son to A\u00fbshb\u00e2m 1.' 34. Then A\u00fbshb\u00e2m saved her from the father; and the first son, Ka\u00ee-Ap\u00eev\u00eah, she bore and gave to A\u00fbshb\u00e2m, was a hero associating with A\u00fbshb\u00e2m, and travelled in A\u00fbshb\u00e2m's company.\n35. The mother of A\u00fbz\u00f4b\u00f4 was the daughter of N\u00e2m\u00fbn the wizard, when N\u00e2mak 2 was with Fr\u00e2s\u00eey\u00e2v.\n36. And, moreover, together with those begotten by S\u00e2m 3 were six children in pairs, male and female; the name of one was Damnak, of one Kh\u00fbsr\u00f4v, and of one M\u00e2rgandak, and the name of each man and woman together was one. 37. And the name of one besides them was Dast\u00e2n 4; he was considered more eminent than they, and Sag\u00e2ns\u00eeh 5 and the southern quarter were given to him; and Avar-shatr\u00f4 6 and the governorship were given by him to Avarnak. 38. of Avar-shatr\u00f4 this is said, that it is the district of Avarnak, and they offered blessings to Sr\u00f4sh and Ardavahist in succession; on this account is their possession of horses and possession of arms; and on account of firm religion, purity, and manifest joy, good estimation and extensive fame are greatly\namong them. 39. To Damnak the governorship of As\u00fbrist\u00e2n was given; sovereignty and arranging the law of sovereignty, wilfulness and the stubborn defects they would bring, were among them. 40. To Sparnak 1 the governorship of Sp\u00e2h\u00e2n 2 was given; to Kh\u00fbsr\u00f4v the governorship of R\u00e2i 3 was given; to M\u00e2rgandak the kingdom, forest settlements, and mountain settlements of Padashkhv\u00e2rgar were given; where they travel nomadically, and there are the forming of sheep-folds, prolificness, easy procreation, and continual triumph over enemies. 41. From Dast\u00e2n proceeded R\u00fbdast\u00e2m 4 and H\u00fbzav\u00e2rak 5.]\n130:1 For this chapter, which is numbered XXXII by previous translators, we have to depend only on K20, TD, and K20b (a fragment evidently derived from the same original as K20 and M6, but through some independent line of descent).\n130:2 So in K20, but usually H\u00f4sh\u00e2ng (see Chaps. XV, 28, XXXIV, 3, 4).\n130:3 See Chap. XV, 25,30.\n130:4 See Chaps. XV, 2-24, 30, XXXIV, 3.\n130:5 Av. Takhm\u00f4-urupa of R\u00e2m Yt. 11, Zamy\u00e2d Yt. 28, \u00c2fr\u00een Zarat. 2; written T\u00e2khm\u00f4rup in TD, which is the only MS. in which the passage enclosed in brackets is found, the omission of which by K20 was suspected by Windischmann (Zoroastriche Studien, p. 199). This king is the Tahm\u00fbras of the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah. See also Chaps. XVII, 4, XXXIV, 4.\n130:6 Av. V\u00eevanghau of Yas. IX, 11, 20, XXXII, 8, Vend. II, 8, 28, 94, Fravard\u00een Yt. 130, Zamy\u00e2d Yt. 35.\n130:7 As this P\u00e2zand name or title begins with a medial y, its initial vowel is probably omitted (see p. 141, note 8).\n130:8 Av. Yima or Yima khsha\u00eata of Vend. II, &c., the Jamsh\u00ead of the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah (see Chaps. XVII. 5, XXXIV, 4).\n130:9 Av. Spityura of Zamy\u00e2d Yt. 46.\n130:10 Here written N\u00e2rs\u00ee in K20, and K20b, and N\u00f4s\u00eeh in TD; but see \u00a7 5 and Chap. XXIX, 6. Windischmann suggests that he may be the Av. Aoshnara pouru-g\u00eera of Fravard\u00een Yt. 131, \u00c2f. Zarat. 2.\n130:11 An epithet equivalent to 'the Minos of China;' Rashn\u00fb being the angel of justice, who is said to weigh the meritorious deeds of p. 131 the departed soul against its sins. Neither word is, however, quite certain, as rashn\u00fbk may stand for rasn\u00eek, 'spear,' and has also been translated by 'light' and 'hero;' K\u00een\u014f, moreover, was probably not China, but Samarkand (see Chaps. XII, 13, 22, XV, 29).\n131:1 See Chap. XXIII, 1.\n131:2 Av. \u00c2thwy\u00e2na of \u00c2b\u00e2n. Yt. 33, G\u00f4s Yt. 13, Fravard\u00een Yt. 131, Zamy\u00e2d Yt. 36, &c., where it is the family name of Thra\u00eataona, who is said to be a son of \u00c2thwya in Yas. IX, 23, 24. In the text this name seems to be used rather as a title than a patronymic, and in \u00a7 7 it appears to be a family surname.\n131:3 As stated in Zamy\u00e2d Yt. 46.\n131:4 Here written N\u00e2rsak in K20 and K20b, and N\u00f4s\u00eeh in TD.\n131:5 TD has 'together,' instead of 'then.'\n131:6 So in K20, but K20b has Narst-gy\u00e2v\u00e2n, and TD has N\u00f4s\u00eeh-v\u00eey\u00e2v\u00e2n\u00eek (or n\u00eey\u00e2z\u00e2n\u00eek). Perhaps we may assume the epithet to have been n\u00eeg\u00eer-v\u00eey\u00e2v\u00e2n\u00eek (or n\u00eey\u00e2z\u00e2n\u00eek), 'one with a bewildering (or longing) glance.'\n131:7 Justi supposes this clause of the sentence refers to Yim and the disease which attacked his hand. If this be the case it may be translated as follows: 'they say a\u00eeghash is produced on his hand (yadman), so that,' &c.; a\u00eeghash being a disease, or evil, mentioned in Vend. XX, 14, 20, 24; compare Chap. XXVIII, 33.\n131:8 Or Az-i Dah\u00e2k, the Av. Azi Dah\u00e2ka, 'destructive serpent,' of Yas. IX, 25, Vend. I, 69, \u00c2b\u00e2n Yt. 29, 34, Bahr\u00e2m Yt. 40, Zamy\u00e2d Yt. 46-50. A name applied to a foreign dynasty (probably Semitic) personified as a single king, which conquered the dominions of Yim (see Chap. XXXIV, 5).\n132:1 For the last three names, see Chap. XV, 25, 28.\n132:2 Pahl. A\u00fbd in TD; compare 'the demon Uda' of Chap. XXVIII, 19. The following two names look like 'fear' and 'gloom-fear,' both appropriate names for demons.\n132:3 TD has P\u00e2z. Ow\u00f4ikh; compare Av. aoiwra, 'a species of nightmare,' observing that r and \u00f4 are often written alike in Pahlavi.\n132:4 TD and K20b have Paz. Pairi-urva-urva\u00easm, and K20 has Pai-urva\u00easm.\n132:5 TD has P\u00e2z. Gawithw.\n132:6 So in TD, but K20 has P\u00e2z. Druz-i ayask\u00e2, and K20b has Drug-i ayask\u00e2. It corresponds to Av. drugaska in Vend. XIX, 139, Vist\u00e2sp Yt. 26. This genealogy appears to trace Dah\u00e2k's maternal descent through a series of demons.\n132:7 Av. Thra\u00eataona, son of \u00c2thwya, but generally called 'the \u00c2thwy\u00e2nian,' who slew the destructive serpent (azi dah\u00e2ka), see Yas. IX, 24, 25, Vend. I, 69, \u00c2b\u00e2n Yt. 33, 61, G\u00f4s Yt. 13, Fravard\u00een Yt. 131, Bahr\u00e2m Yt. 40, R\u00e2m Yt. 23, Ashi Yt. 33, Zamy\u00e2d Yt. 36, 92, \u00c2f. Zarat. 2. In the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah he is called Fer\u00eed\u00fbn son of Abt\u00een.\n132:8 This name is omitted in K20, but occurs in the other two MSS.; it is a Huzv\u00e2ris hybrid equivalent to P\u00e2z. P\u00fbr-gau and Av. Pouru-gau which is. a title of an \u00c2thwy\u00e2nian in \u00c2f. Zarat. 4, Vist\u00e2sp Yt. 2. This genealogy consists almost entirely of such hybrid names, which have a very artificial appearance, though suitable enough for a race of herdsmen, meaning, as they severally do, 'one with abundant oxen, with useful oxen, with the brown ox, with the black ox, with the white ox, with the fat ox, and with a herd of oxen.'\n132:9 So in TD, but the other two MSS. have S\u00eey\u00e2k-t\u00f4r\u00e2, which is probably wrong, as the same name occurs again in this genealogy.\n133:1 In TD this name can be read Vanfr\u00f4kisn or Vanfr\u00f4kg\u00e2n.\n133:2 TD has 'as well as him.' K20b omits most of this sentence by mistake.\n133:3 These sons, as Windischmann observes, are not mentioned in the extant Avesta, but their Avesta names, Sairima, T\u00fbirya or T\u00fbra, and Airya or Airyu, may be gathered from the names of the countries over which they are supposed to have ruled (see Fravard\u00een Yt. 143).\n133:4 TD has 'two sons and one daughter.'\n133:5 TD has An\u00eed\u00e2r and Anastab\u014f.\n133:6 Or G\u00fbgak, in TD; the other MSS. have P\u00e2z. Ganga here, but Guzak in \u00a7 14; it is identical with the name of H\u00f4shyang's sister and wife in Chap. XV, 28. in the P\u00e2zand G\u00e2m\u00e2sp-n\u00e2mah the name of Fr\u00ead\u00fbn's daughter is written V\u00eerak.\n133:7 Reading min zak d\u00fbkht d\u00fbkht-i z\u00e2d, as in K20b and TD; some uncertainty arises here from the words d\u00fbkht, 'daughter,' and dv\u00e2d, 'pair,' being written alike in Pahlavi.\n133:8 TD has bartman, 'daughter,' indicating that the word in K20 must be read d\u00fbkht, and not dv\u00e2d, 'pair.'\n134:1 The phrase in brackets occurs only in TD; and the whole passage from 'v\u00een\u00eek' to 'sun' is omitted in K20, evidently by mistake.\n134:2 TD has 'from Man\u00fbs and his sister,' and K20b 'has from M\u00e2n\u00fbs-h\u00fbk\u00eehar and M\u00e2n\u00fbs-kh\u00fbrsh\u00ead.'\n134:3 The words in brackets occur only in TD, and K20b has 'from M\u00e2n\u00fbs-kh\u00fbrnar also was M\u00e2n\u00fbs-kh\u00fbrn\u00e2k, from M\u00e2n\u00fbs-kh\u00fbrn\u00e2k was M\u00e2n\u00fbsk\u00eehar born,' but this introduction of an extra generation is not confirmed by the list of names in \u00a7 14. The term kh\u00fbrn\u00e2k (or kh\u00fbrnak) seems to be merely a transcript of the Avesta word of which kh\u00fbrsh\u00ead-v\u00een\u00eek, 'sun-nose,' is a translation. The other term kh\u00fbrnar can also be read kh\u00fbrvar, but K20 has P\u00e2z. hvarnar. M\u00e2n\u00fbsk\u00eehar is the Av. Manuskithra of Fravard\u00een Yt. 131, where he is styled the Airyavan, or descendant of Airyu (A\u00eer\u00eek).\n134:4 TD has 'and vengeance exacted for A\u00eer\u00eek.'\n134:5 See Chap. XXIX, 6.\n134:6 P\u00e2z. Dur\u00e2sro, but the Pahlavi form, given in the text, occurs in \u00a7 31 and Chap. XXXII, 1 in TD, which MS. omits this \u00a7 by mistake.\n134:7 The same as M\u00e2n\u00fbs-i kh\u00fbrsh\u00ead-v\u00een\u00eek, as noted above.\n134:8 This P\u00e2zand epithet seems to mean 'mother-burning,' and may have some connection with the legend mentioned in \u00a7 11. TD has m\u00fbn am G\u00fbgak, 'whose mother was G\u00fbgak.'\n134:9 K20b omits the five names from A\u00eerak to Z\u00fbsak.\n134:10 Av. Frangrasyan, the T\u00fbryan, of Yas. XI, 21, \u00c2b\u00e2n Yt. 41, p. 135 G\u00f4s Yt. 18, 22, Ashi Yt. 38, 42, Zamy\u00e2d Yt. 56-63, 62, 93; called Afr\u00e2siy\u00e2b in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.\n135:1 Z\u00e2dsam in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.\n135:2 Gars\u00eevaz in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.\n135:3 TD has Pahl. K\u00eed\u00e2n.\n135:4 See Chap. XXIX, 5.\n135:5 The remainder of this chapter is found only in TD.\n135:6 P\u00eer\u00e2n V\u00eesah is Afr\u00e2siy\u00e2b's chief general in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah and H\u00fbm\u00e2n and P\u00eelsam are his brothers.\n135:7 This name is very ambiguous in Pahlavi, as it can be read many other ways.\n135:8 Sh\u00eadah in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.\n135:9 She is called Farang\u00ees in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.\n135:10 The reading of several of these names is more or less uncertain, but the object of the author is evidently to apply opprobrious epithets to all the male descendants of Afr\u00e2siy\u00e2b.\n135:11 TD has G\u00f4pat-malk\u00e2 here, as also in Chap. XXIX, 5, where it is said to be a title of Aghr\u00earad (always written Agr\u00earad in TD).\n136:1 The mountains south of the Caspian (see Chap. XII. 17).\n136:2 Av. Uzava T\u00fbm\u00e2spana of Fravard\u00een Yt. 131, called Zav, or Z\u00e2b, son of Tahm\u00e2sp, in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.\n136:3 None of these names, which TD gives in P\u00e2zand, are to be found in the portion of the Avesta yet extant.\n136:4 Av. Kavi Kav\u00e2ta of Fravard\u00een Yt. 132, Zamy\u00e2d Yt. 71, called Ka\u00ee-Qub\u00e2d in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah. There appears to be an attempt, in the text, to derive his name from the 'door-sill' on which he is said to have been found.\n136:5 The Avesta names of these seven other Kay\u00e2ns are, respectively, Kavi Aipi-vanghu, Kavi Arshan, Kavi By\u00e2rsh\u00e2n, Kavi Pisanangh, Kavi Usadhan, Kavi Sy\u00e2varsh\u00e2n, and Kavi Husravangh (see Fravard\u00een Yt. 132, Zamy\u00e2d Yt. 71, 74); omitting the third, they are called, respectively, Arm\u00een, Aris, Pas\u00een, Ka\u00ee-K\u00e2v\u00fbs, Siy\u00e2vush, and Ka\u00ee-Khusr\u00f4 in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah. TD, omitting the first letter, has S\u00e2n\u014f for Pis\u00e2n; it also writes Ka\u00ee-K\u00e2y\u00fbks and Kei-Kh\u00fbsr\u00f4v\u00ee.\n137:1 Av. Keres\u00e2spa of Yas. IX, 31, 36, 39, Vend. I, 36, \u00c2b\u00e2n Yt. 37, Fravard\u00een Yt. 61, 136, R\u00e2m Yt. 27, Zamy\u00e2d Yt. 38-44, \u00c2f. Zarat. 3; he is called Gars\u00e2sp in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.\n137:2 Av. Urv\u00e2khshaya of Yas. IX, 31, R\u00e2m Yt. 28, \u00c2f. Zarat. 3. These brothers were sons of Thrita or Athrat, mentioned in the next \u00a7.\n137:3 Av. Thrita of the S\u00e2ma race (see Yas. IX, 30, Vend. XX, 11) and father of Keres\u00e2spa, whose genealogy is given in a passage interpolated in some copies of the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah as follows: Gars\u00e2sp, Atrat, Sam, T\u00fbrag, S\u00eedasb, T\u00fbr, Jamsh\u00ead.\n137:4 Written D\u00fbr\u00f4shap in TD, both here and in \u00a7 14.\n137:5 Av. Aurvad-aspa of \u00c2b\u00e2n Yt. 105, Vist\u00e2sp Yt. 34, 46, called Luhr\u00e2sp in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.\n137:6 Reading doubtful.\n137:7 Written Ka-P\u00ees\u00een here, but he is the same person as Ka\u00ee-Pis\u00e2n of \u00a7 25; the latter part of the name is written both Pisanangh and Pisina in the Avesta.\n137:8 Probably Zargar (being Av. Zairivairi of \u00c2b\u00e2n Yt. 112, 117, Fravard\u00een Yt. 101), but called Zar\u00eer in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.\n137:9 Av. Spent\u00f4-d\u00e2ta of Fravard\u00een Yt. 103. Vist\u00e2sp Yt. 25, called Isfendiy\u00e2r in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.\n137:10 See Chaps. XXIX, 5, XXXII, 5.\n137:11 Called Bahman in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah, and Ardash\u00eer the Kay\u00e2nian in Bahman Yt. II, 17; the successor of his grandfather Vist\u00e2sp (see Chap. XXXIV, 8).\n137:12 The text is rather obscure, but the K\u00e2rn\u00e2mak of Ardash\u00eer-i P\u00e2pak\u00e2n states clearly that Ardash\u00eer was son of S\u00e2s\u00e2n by the p. 138 daughter of P\u00e2pak, a tributary ruler of P\u00e2rs under Ardav\u00e2n, the last of the Ask\u00e2niy\u00e2n monarchs.\n138:1 So in the Pahlavi text, which therefore makes V\u00eah-\u00e2fr\u00eed a woman's name (like Pers. Beh-\u00e2fr\u00een); but this is doubtful, as the MSS. often confound va, 'and,' and i, 'son of.'\n138:2 In the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah Farhang is mother of Ka\u00ee-K\u00e2v\u00fbs. The Pahlavi name can also be read Far\u00e2nak, the name of the mother of Fer\u00eed\u00fbn in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.\n138:3 P\u00e2z. v\u00eedharg-\u00e2fr\u00e2rstaka, which looks more like an epithet than a name.\n138:4 Or, perhaps, 'Urvad-g\u00e2 son of Fr\u00e2st.'\n138:5 The divine glory which was supposed to accompany all legitimate sovereigns of Iran, from the time of H\u00f4shyang even to that of the Sasanian dynasty; it is the Av. hvarenangh of the Zamy\u00e2d Yast, and is said to have fled to the ocean for refuge during the reign of foreign dynasties and wicked kings (see \u00c2b\u00e2n Yt. 42, Zamy\u00e2d Yt. 51, 56, 59, 62).\n138:6 The last syllable is so written, in P\u00e2zand, in \u00a7 33.\n138:7 Reading hang\u00eedan\u014f, to injure,' instead of khungdan\u014f, which may mean 'to embrace;' the difference between the two words being merely the letter \u00ee.\n139:1 This name means 'the dawn;' perhaps it may be identified with Av. Usinemangh or Usenemangh of Fravard\u00een Yt. 113, 1401 whose wife Freni may possibly be the Farhank (or Fr\u00e2nak) of the text.\n139:2 So in TD, but it is probably only a variant of N\u00e2m\u00fbn.\n139:3 The grandfather of Rustam (see \u00a7 41). In the Avesta he is usually called S\u00e2ma Keres\u00e2spa with the title Nairimanau; while in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah S\u00e2m is son of Nar\u00eem\u00e2n.\n139:4 Another name for Z\u00e2l, the father of Rustam, in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.\n139:5 The same as Sagast\u00e2n.\n139:6 Or, perhaps, 'the upper district.'\n140:1 He would seem not to have been a son of S\u00e2m, as he is not mentioned before. The reading of all these names is uncertain.\n140:2 The Pahlavi form of Ispah\u00e2n.\n140:3 Av. Ragha of Yas. XIX, 51, Vend. I, 60, whose ruins are near the modern Teher\u00e2n.\n140:4 The usual Pahlavi form of Rustam.\n140:5 Or A\u00fbzv\u00e2rak; Rustam's brother is called Zav\u00e2rah in the Sh\u00e2hn\u00e2mah.","title":"Pahlavi Texts, Part I: Bundahis: Chapter XXXI","type":"page"}