{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_11028/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_11028","id":"gutenberg_11028","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11028","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Folk literature, Philippine","Folklore","Folklore -- Philippines","Tales -- Philippines"],"text":"This etext contains four articles that appeared in the \"Journal of\nAmerican Folk-Lore\" (JAFL), all related to folklore in the Philippines.\n\n1. \"Philippine Folk-Tales,\" Clara Kern Bayliss, JAFL 15 : 46-53.\n\n2. \"Visayan Folk-Tales,\" Berton L. Maxfield and W. H. Millington,\n   JAFL 19 : 97-112; JAFL 20 : 89-103; JAFL 20 : 311-318.\n\n3. \"Tagalog Folk-Tales,\" Fletcher Gardner, JAFL 20 : 104-120;\n   20 : 300-310.\n\n   (including two shorter articles, 4. \"A Filipino (Tagalog) Version\n   of Aladdin\" and 5. \"Some Games of Filipino Children\" by the same\n   author.)\n\n6. \"Bagobo Myths,\" Laura Watson Benedict, JAFL 26 : 13-63.\n\nAll are in the public domain.\n\nThe multipart articles are joined together.\n\nThis etext has been produced by Jeroen Hellingman\n\n\n\n\n\nContents\n\n\nPhilippine Folk-Tales.\n\n The Monkey and the Turtle.\n How the Farmer Deceived the Demon.\n Benito, the Faithful Servant.\n\n\nVisayan Folk-Tales.\n\n Introduction.\n How Jackyo Became Rich.\n Truth and Falsehood.\n Camanla and Parotpot.\n Juan, the Student.\n The Two Wives and the Witch.\n The Living Head.\n Juan Pusong.\n The Enchanted Ring.\n The Enchanted Shell.\n The Three Brothers.\n The Datto Somacuel.\n Magbolot\u00f3.\n Why Dogs Wag Their Tails.\n The Eagle and the Hen.\n The Spider and the Fly.\n The Battle of the Crabs.\n The Meeting of the Plants.\n Who Brings the Cholera?\n Masoy and the Ape.\n Arnomongo and Iput-Iput.\n The Snail and the Deer.\n Story of Ca Matsin and Ca Boo-Ug.\n\n\nTagalog Folk-Tales.\n\n Juan Gathers Guavas.\n Juan Makes Gulay of his own Child.\n Juan Wins a Wager for the Governor.\n Juan Hides the Salt.\n The Man in the Shroud.\n The Adventures of Juan.\n The Aderna Bird.\n The Story of Juan and the Monkey.\n Juan the Drunkard who Visited Heaven.\n The Juan who Visited Heaven.\n The Sad Story of Juan and Maria.\n The Fifty-one Thieves.\n The Covetous King and the Three Children.\n The Silent Lover.\n The Priest, the Servant Boy, and the Child Jesus.\n The Story of Juan del Mundo de Austria and the Princess Maria.\n The Artificial Earthquake.\n The Queen and the Aeta Woman.\n The Child Saint.\n Tagalog Babes in the Woods.\n The King, the Princess, and the Poor Boy.\n Hidden Treasure.\n The Battle of the Enchanters.\n\n\nA Filipino (Tagalog) Version of Aladdin.\n\n\nSome Games of Filipino Children.\n\n\nBagobo Myths\n\n  Myths Associated with Natural Phenomena\n\n    Cosmogony\n    In the Days of the Mona\n    Why the Sky Went Up\n    Why the Sky Went Up\n    The Sun and the Moon\n    Origin of the Stars\n    The Fate of the Moon's Baby\n    The Black Men at the Door of the Sun\n    Story of the Eclipse\n\n  The \"Ulit:\" Adventures of Mythical Bagobo at the Dawn of Tradition\n\n    Lumabat and Mebu'yan\n    Story of Lumabat and Wari\n    How Man Turned into a Monkey\n    The Tuglibung and the Tuglay\n    Adventures of the Tuglay\n    The Tuglay and the Bia\n    The Malaki's Sister and the Basolo\n    The Mona\n\n  Folk-Lore of the Buso\n\n    How to See the Buso\n    Buso and the Woman\n    The Buso's Basket\n    The Buso-Child\n    The Buso-Monkey\n    How the Moon Tricks the Buso\n    The Buso and the Cat\n    How a Dog Scared the Buso\n    Story of Duling and the Tagamaling\n    The S'iring\n    How Iro Met the S'iring\n\n  Animal Stories: Metamorphosis, Explanatory Tales, Etc.\n\n    The Kingfisher and the Malaki\n    The Woman and the Squirrel\n    The Cat\n    Why the Bagobo Likes the Cat\n    How the Lizards got their Markings\n    The Monkey and the Tortoise\n    The Crow and the Golden Trees\n\n  An Ata Story\n\n    Alelu'k and Alebu'tud\n\n\n\n\n\nPART I\n\nPhilippine Folk-Tales. [1]\n\nBy Clara Kern Bayliss.\n\n\nCHAPTER 1\n\nThe Monkey and the Turtle. [2]\n\nOne day a Monkey met a Turtle on the road, and asked, \"Where are\nyou going?\"\n\n\"I am going to find something to eat, for I have had no food for\nthree whole days,\" said the Turtle.\n\n\"I too am hungry,\" said the Monkey; \"and since we are both hungry,\nlet us go together and hunt food for our stomachs' sake.\"\n\nThey soon became good friends and chatted along the way, so that the\ntime passed quickly. Before they had gone far, the Monkey saw a large\nbunch of yellow bananas on a tree at a distance.\n\n\"Oh, what a good sight that is!\" cried he. \"Don't you see the bananas\nhanging on that banana-tree? [pointing with his first finger toward\nthe tree]. They are fine! I can taste them already.\"\n\nBut the Turtle was short-sighted and could not see them. By and by\nthey came near the tree, and then he saw them. The two friends were\nvery glad. The mere sight of the ripe, yellow fruit seemed to assuage\ntheir hunger.\n\nBut the Turtle could not climb the tree, so he agreed that the Monkey\nshould go up alone and should throw some of the fruit down to him. The\nMonkey was up in a flash; and, seating himself comfortably, he began\nto eat the finest of the fruit, and forgot to drop any down to the\nTurtle waiting below. The Turtle called for some, but the Monkey\npretended not to hear. He ate even the peelings, and refused to drop\na bit to his friend, who was patiently begging under the tree.\n\nAt last the Turtle became angry, very angry indeed: \"so he thought\nhe would revenge\" (as my informant puts it). While the Monkey was\nhaving a good time, and filling his stomach, the Turtle gathered\nsharp, broken pieces of glass, and stuck them, one by one, all around\nthe banana-tree. Then he hid himself under a cocoanut-shell not far\naway. This shell had a hole in the top to allow the air to enter. That\nwas why the Turtle chose it for his hiding-place.\n\nThe Monkey could not eat all the bananas, for there were enough to\nlast a good-sized family several days; \"but he ate all what he can,\"\nand by and by came down the tree with great difficulty, for the glass\nwas so sharp that it cut even the tough hand of the Monkey. He had a\nhard time, and his hands were cut in many places. The Turtle thought\nhe had his revenge, and was not so angry as before.\n\nBut the Monkey was now very angry at the trick that had been played\nupon him, and began looking for the Turtle, intending to kill him. For\nsome time he could not find his foe, and, being very tired, he sat\ndown on the cocoanut-shell near by. His weariness increased his anger\nat the Turtle very much.\n\nHe sat on the shell for a long time, suffering from his wounds, and\nwondering where to find the Turtle,--his former friend, but now his\nenemy. Because of the disturbance of the shell, the Turtle inside could\nnot help making a noise. This the Monkey heard; and he was surprised,\nfor he could not determine whence the sound came. At last he lifted\nhis stool, and there found his foe the Turtle.\n\n\"Ha! Here you are!\" he cried. \"Pray now, for it is the end of your\nlife.\"\n\nHe picked up the Turtle by the neck and carried him near the riverbank,\nwhere he meant to kill him. He took a mortar and pestle, and built a\nbig fire, intending to pound him to powder or burn him to death. When\neverything was ready, he told the Turtle to choose whether he should\ndie in the fire or be \"grounded\" in the mortar. The Turtle begged for\nhis life; but when he found it was in vain, he prayed to be thrown\ninto the fire or ground in the mortar,--anything except be thrown\ninto the water. On hearing this, the Monkey picked the Turtle up\nin his bleeding fingers, and with all his might threw him into the\nmiddle of the stream.\n\nThen the Turtle was very glad. He chuckled at his own wit, and laughed\nat the foolishness of the Monkey. He came up to the surface of the\nwater and mocked at the Monkey, saying, \"This is my home. The water\nis my home.\"\n\nThis made the Monkey so angry that he lost his self-possession\nentirely. He jumped into the middle of the river after the Turtle,\nand was drowned.\n\nSince that day monkeys and turtles have been bitter enemies.\n\n\nCHAPTER 2\n\nHow the Farmer Deceived the Demon. [3]\n\nVery many years ago, in a far-away land where the trees never changed\ntheir green leaves and where the birds always sang, there lived\non an island a farmer with a large family. Though all alone on the\nisland and knowing nothing of people in the outer world, they were\nalways happy,--as happy as the laughing rills that rippled past their\nhome. They had no great wealth, depending from year to year on the\ncrops which the father raised. They needed no money, for they lacked\nnothing; and they never sold their produce, for no people were near\nto buy.\n\nOne day in the middle of the year, after the crops were well started,\na loud, unusual roar was heard. Suddenly a stiff gale blew up from\nthe southwest, and with it came clouds which quickly hid the entire\nsky. The day turned to night. The birds ceased to sing and went to\ntheir nests. The wild beasts ran to their caves. The family sought\nshelter in the house from a heavy downpour of rain which continued\nfor many days and nights. So long did it last that they became very\nanxious about the condition of things around them.\n\nOn the eighth day the birds again began to sing, and the sun was,\nas usual, bright. The farmer arose early and went out to look at his\nfields, but, lo! his crop was all destroyed. He went back to the house\nand told the family that the water-god was angry and had washed away\nall that he had hoped to have for the coming year.\n\nWhat were they to do? The supply in the house was getting low and it\nwas too late to raise another crop. The father worried night and day,\nfor he did not know how he could keep his children from starvation.\n\nOne day he made a long journey and came into a place that was strange\nto him. He had never before seen the like of it. But in the midst of\na broad meadow he saw a tree with spreading branches like an elm,\nand as his legs and back were stiff from walking, he went over and\nsat down under it. Presently, looking up, he discovered that on the\ntree were large red fruits. He climbed up and brought some down,\nand after satisfying his hunger he fell asleep.\n\nHe had not slept long when he was awakened by a loud noise. The owner\nof the place was coming. He was fearful to look upon. His body was like\nthat of a person, but he was of enormous size; and he had a long tail,\nand two horns growing out of his head. The farmer was frightened and\ndid not know what to do. He stood motionless till the master came up\nand began to talk to him. Then he explained that he had come there\nin search of food to keep his family alive. The monster was delighted\nto hear this, for he saw that he had the man and the man's family in\nhis power. He told the traveller that in return for a certain promise\nhe would help him out of his troubles.\n\nThe demon, as he was called by some travellers to that land, showed\nthe farmer a smooth, round stone, which, he said, gave its possessor\nthe power of a magician. He offered to lend this to the farmer for\nfive years, if at the expiration of that time the farmer and family\nwould become his slaves. The farmer consented.\n\nThen the demon was glad. He said to the farmer, \"You must squeeze\nthe stone when you wish to become invisible; and must put it in your\nmouth when you wish to return to human form.\"\n\nThe man tried the power of the magic stone. He squeezed it, and\ninstantly became invisible to the demon; but he bade him farewell,\nand promised to meet him in the same place at the appointed time.\n\nIn this invisible form the man crossed the water that washed the shore\nof the island on which he lived. There he found a people who lived in\ncommunities. He wanted something to eat, so he went into the shops;\nbut he found that a restaurant owned by a Chinaman was the one to\nwhich most people of the city went. He put the stone in his mouth,\nthus appearing in visible form, and, entering the restaurant, ordered\nthe best food he could find. He finished his meal quickly and went\nout. The waiter, perceiving that he did not pay, followed him. The man\nhad no money; so he squeezed the stone and shot up into the air without\nbeing seen. The Chinaman, alarmed by the cry of the waiter, came out\nand ran in all directions, trying to find and catch the man. No one\ncould find him; and the people thought he must indeed be a fast runner\nto escape so quickly, for they did not know of the gift of the demon.\n\nNot far from that place he saw groups of men and women going in and out\nof a large building. It was a bank. The farmer went in to see what he\ncould find. There he saw bags of money, gold and silver. He chuckled\nwith joy at this opportunity. In order to use his hands freely, he put\nthe stone in his mouth; but before he could fill all his pockets with\nmoney, he was discovered by the two guards, who began to pound him on\nthe head. He struggled to save his life, and finally took the stone\nout of his mouth and squeezed it. Instantly he vanished from their\nsight; but he was vexed at the beating he had received, so he carried\noff all the gold they had in the bank. The people inside as well as\noutside the building became crazy. They ran about in all directions,\nnot knowing why. Some called the firemen, thinking the bank was on\nfire; but nothing had happened, except that the farmer was gone and\nthe two guards were \"half dead frightened.\" They danced up and down\nthe streets in great excitement, but could not utter a word.\n\nStraight home went the farmer, not stopping by the way. His wife and\nchildren were awaiting him. He gave them the money, and told them\nall about the fortune which he had gotten from the man on their own\nisland,--told all his secrets. Prosperous they became, and with the\nmoney which he had brought they purchased all they needed from the\ncity just opposite them.\n\nThe time passed so pleasantly that the man was surprised to discover\nthat his promise would be due in two more days. He made preparations\nto go back to the land of his master. Arrived there, he met the same\nmonster under the same tree. The demon was displeased to see the\nold man alone, without the family which also had been promised. He\ntold the man that he would shut him in a cave and then would go and\ncapture those left at home.\n\nBut the farmer would not go to the cave. The demon tried to pull him\ninto a deep hole. Both struggled; and at last the farmer squeezed\nthe magic stone and disappeared. He took a green branch of the tree\nand beat the demon. The demon surrendered. He begged for mercy.\n\nThe farmer went home, and from that day thought no more of the\ndemon. He knew that while he held the stone the monster would never\ncome to trouble him. And the family lived on in peace and happiness,\nas they had done before the water-god became angry with them.\n\n\nCHAPTER 3\n\nBenito, the Faithful Servant. [4]\n\nOn a time there lived in a village a poor man and his wife, who had\na son named Benito. The one ambition of the lad from his earliest\nyouth was that he might be a help to the family in their struggle\nfor a living.\n\nBut the years went by, and he saw no opportunity until one day, as\nthey sat at dinner, his father fell to talking about the young King\nwho lived at a distance from the village, in a beautiful palace kept\nby a retinue of servants. The boy was glad to hear this, and asked\nhis parents to let him become one of the servants of this great\nruler. The mother protested, fearing that her son could not please\nhis Royal Majesty; but the boy was so eager to try his fortune that\nat last he was permitted to do so.\n\nThe next day his mother prepared food for him to eat on the journey,\nand be started for the palace. The journey was tiresome; and when he\nreached the palace he had difficulty in obtaining an audience with\nthe King. But when he succeeded and made known his wish, the monarch\ndetected a charming personality hidden within the ragged clothes,\nand, believing the lad would make a willing servant, he accepted him.\n\nThe servants of his Majesty had many duties. Theirs was not a life of\nease, but of hard work. The very next day the King called Benito, and\nsaid, \"I want you to bring me a certain beautiful princess who lives in\na land across the sea; and if you fail to do it, you will be punished.\"\n\nBenito did not know how he was to do it; but he asked no questions,\nand unhesitatingly answered, \"I will, my lord.\"\n\nThat same day he provided himself with everything he needed for the\njourney and set off. He travelled a long distance until he came to the\nheart of a thick forest, where he saw a large bird which said to him,\n\"Oh, my friend! please take away these strings that are wrapped all\nabout me. If you will, I will help you whenever you call upon me.\"\n\nBenito released the bird and asked it its name. It replied,\n\"Sparrow-hawk,\" and flew away. Benito continued his journey until he\ncame to the seashore. There he could see no way of getting across, and,\nremembering what the King had said if he failed, he stood looking out\nover the sea, feeling very sad. The huge King of the Fishes saw him,\nand swam toward him. \"Why are you so sad?\" asked the Fish.\n\n\"I wish to cross the sea to find the beautiful Princess,\" replied\nthe youth.\n\n\"Get on my back and I will take you across,\" said the King of the\nFishes.\n\nBenito rode on the back of the Fish and crossed the sea. As soon as he\nreached the other side, a fairy in the form of a woman appeared to him,\nand became a great aid to him in his adventure. She knew exactly what\nhe wanted; so she told him that the Princess was shut up in a castle\nguarded by giants, and that he would have to fight the giants before\nhe could reach her. For this purpose she gave him a magic sword,\nwhich would kill on the instant anything it touched.\n\nBenito now felt sure he could take the Princess from her cruel\nguardsmen. He went to the castle, and there he saw many giants round\nabout it. When the giants saw him coming, they went out to meet him,\nthinking to take him captive. They were so sure that they could easily\ndo it, that they went forth unarmed. As they came near, he touched\nthe foremost ones with his sword, and one after another they fell\ndown dead. The other giants, seeing so many of their number slain,\nbecame terrified, and fled, leaving the castle unguarded.\n\nThe young man went to the Princess and told her that his master had\nsent him to bring her to his palace. The young Princess was only\ntoo glad to leave the land of the giants, where she had been held\ncaptive. So the two set out together for the King's palace.\n\nWhen they came to the sea they rode across it on the back of the\nsame fish that had carried Benito. They went through the forest,\nand at last came to the palace. Here they were received with the\ngreatest rejoicings.\n\nAfter a short time the King asked the Princess to become his wife. \"I\nwill, O King!\" she replied, \"if you will get the ring I lost in the\nsea as I was crossing it.\"\n\nThe monarch called Benito, and ordered him to find the ring which\nhad been lost on their journey from the land of the giants.\n\nObedient to his master, Benito started, and travelled on and on till\nhe came to the shore of the sea. There he stood, gazing sadly out\nover the waters, not knowing how he was to search for what lay at\nthe bottom of the deep ocean.\n\nAgain the King of the Fishes came to him, asking the cause of his\nsadness. Benito replied, \"The Princess lost her ring while we were\ncrossing the sea, and I have been sent to find it.\"\n\nThe King-Fish summoned all the fishes to come to him. When they had\nassembled, he noticed that one was missing. He commanded the others\nto search for this one, and bring it to him. They found it under\na stone, and it said, \"I am so full! I have eaten so much that I\ncannot swim.\" So the larger ones took it by the tail and dragged it\nto their King.\n\n\"Why did you not come when summoned?\" asked the King-Fish. \"I was so\nfull I could not swim,\" replied the Fish.\n\nThe King-Fish, suspecting that it had swallowed the ring, ordered it\nto be cut in two. The others cut it open, and, behold I there was the\nlost ornament. Benito thanked the King of the Fishes, took the ring,\nand brought it to the monarch.\n\nWhen the great ruler got the ring, he said to the Princess, \"Now that\nI have your ring, will you become my wife?\"\n\n\"I will be your wife,\" replied the Princess, \"if you will find the\nearring I lost in the forest as I was journeying with Benito.\"\n\nInstantly Benito was called, and was ordered to find the lost jewel. He\nwas very weary from his former journey; but, mindful of his duty,\nhe started for the forest, reaching it before the day was over. He\nsearched for the earring faithfully, following the road which he and\nthe Princess had taken; but all in vain. He was much discouraged, and\nsat down under a tree to rest. To his surprise a mouse of monstrous\nsize appeared before him. It was the King of the Mice.\n\n\"Why are you so sad?\" asked the Mouse.\n\n\"I am searching for an earring which the Princess lost as we passed\nthrough the forest, but am unable to find it.\"\n\n\"I will find it for you,\" said the King-Mouse.\n\nBenito's face brightened at hearing this. The King-Mouse called all\nhis followers, and all but one little mouse responded. Then the King\nof the Mice ordered some of his subjects to find the absent one. They\nfound him in a small hole among the bamboo-trees. He said he could not\ngo because he was so satisfied (sated). So the others pulled him along\nto their master; and he, finding that there was something hard within\nthe little mouse, ordered him to be cut open. It was done; and there\nwas the very earring for which the tired servant was looking. Benito\ntook it, thanked the King of the Mice, and brought the earring to\nhis own King.\n\nWhen the monarch received it, he immediately restored it to its owner\nand asked, \"Will you now become my wife?\"\n\n\"Oh, dear King!\" responded the Princess, \"I have only one more thing\nto ask of you; and if you will grant it, I will be your wife forever.\"\n\nThe King, pleased with his former successes, said, \"Tell me what it\nis, and it shall be granted.\"\n\n\"If you will get some water from heaven,\" said the Princess, \"and\nsome water from the nether-world, I will become your wife. That is\nmy last wish.\"\n\nThe King called Benito, and commanded him to get water from these two\nplaces. \"I will, my King,\" said Benito; and he took some provisions\nand started. He came to the forest; but there he became confused,\nfor he did not know in which direction to go to reach either of the\nplaces. Suddenly he recalled the promise of the bird he had helped\nthe first time he entered the wood. He called the bird, and it soon\nappeared. He told it what he wanted, and it said, \"I will get it\nfor you.\"\n\nHe made two cups of bamboo, and tied one to each of the bird's\nlegs. They were very light, and did not hinder the bearer at all. Away\nthe bird flew, going very fast. Before the day was ended, it came\nback with each cup full of water, and told Benito that the one tied\nto its right leg contained water from heaven, and the one tied to\nits left leg contained water from the nether-world.\n\nBenito untied the cups, taking great care of them. He was about to\nleave, when the bird asked him to tarry long enough to bury it, as\nthe places to which it had been were so far away that it was weary\nunto death.\n\nBenito did not like to bury the bird, but he soon saw that it really\nwas dying, so he waited; and when it was dead, he buried it, feeling\nvery sorry over the loss of so helpful a friend.\n\nHe went back to the palace and delivered the two kinds of water to his\nmaster. The Princess then asked the King to cut her in two and pour\nthe water from heaven upon her. The King was not willing to do it,\nso she did it herself, asking the King to pour the water. This he did,\nand, lo! the Princess turned into the most beautiful woman that ever\nthe sun shone on.\n\nThen the King was desirous of becoming handsome; so he asked\nthe Princess to pour the other cup of water over him after he cut\nhimself. He cut himself, and she poured over his body the water from\nthe nether-world; but from him there arose a spirit more ugly and\nill-favored than imagination could picture. Fortunately, it soon\nvanished from sight.\n\nThe Princess then turned to Benito, and said, \"You have been faithful\nin your duties to your master, kind to me in restoring the jewels I\nlost, and brave in delivering me from the cruel giants. You are the\nman I choose for my husband.\"\n\nBenito could not refuse so lovely a lady. They were married amid\ngreat festivities, and became the king and queen of that broad and\nfertile land.\n\nBenito gave his parents one of the finest portions of his kingdom,\nand furnished them with everything they could desire. From that time\non they were all very happy,--so happy that the story of their bliss\nhas come down through the centuries to us.\n\n\n\n\nPART II\n\nVisayan Folk-Tales.\n\n\nIntroduction.\n\nThese stories are intended to bring before the American public a\nfew of the tales related by Visayan parents to their children, or by\nthe public story-teller in the market, as the people gather to buy\nthe material for the evening meal. It was only toward the close of a\nthree years' stay in the Islands, in one province, and in neighboring\nplaces, and after a fair acquaintance with Spanish and a little\nknowledge of the native dialect had enabled us to obtain a closer\ninsight into the home life of our pupils than would otherwise have\nbeen possible, that we ventured upon the collection of these tales,\nhoping that they might prove of interest to people at home. Many of\nthe stories were written by our boys and girls as part of their work\nin English composition. Others were prepared by the native teachers,\nsome of whom had been well educated by the Spaniards and had already\nlearned to write very fair English. Indeed, a few were able, at about\nthe time that these stories were written, to pass the civil service\nexamination for appointment as insular teachers. The articles on the\nsuperstitious beliefs of the people were prepared by one of these\nteachers, so that they might be as nearly correct as possible.\n\nAs might be expected, the stories are often very crude and simple,\npresenting no difficult situations nor intricate plots. Sometimes\nthey resemble well-known tales from other lands, although great care\nhas been taken to collect only those from original sources.\n\nThe tales here presented were collected during the spring of 1904, in\nthe island of Panay, belonging to the Visayan group of the Philippine\nIslands, and were obtained in our own class rooms, from native teachers\nand pupils. Mr. Maxfield was stationed at Iloilo, and Mr. Millington\nat Mandurriao, places five miles apart. We daily came in contact with\nabout one thousand pupils. The tales were gathered in both places,\nand were found to be substantially alike, the differences being\nonly in petty details. After collecting one version, we endeavored\nto ascertain whether the same narrative was current among natives\nin other localities of the island. We were surprised to discover\nthat they seemed to be known wherever we became acquainted with the\npeople and had obtained their confidence sufficiently to induce them\nto talk freely. There were often variations, but the framework was\nalways the same. If any stories were obtained from native teachers\nwho knew Spanish, we have always verified them by getting children\nor natives from other places, who knew no Spanish, to relate them,\nin order to assure ourselves that the narrative could not be a mere\ntranslation of a Spanish tale.\n\nWe who have collected these stories can claim little credit for any\nmore than the mere arrangement of them, as, so far as possible, even\nthe wording of the original manuscripts has been retained. Doubtless,\nmuch of the interest we have felt in the work is due to our personal\nacquaintance with the writers who put on paper for us these simple\ntales, yet we hope that they will not be wholly unattractive to those\nfor whose sake they have been collected.\n\nFebruary, 1906.\n\nB. L. M.\n\nW. H. M.\n\n\nCHAPTER 1\n\nHow Jackyo Became Rich.\n\nA long time ago there was a young man whose name was Jackyo. He was\nvery poor, and by his daily labor could earn barely enough for his\nfood and nothing at all for his clothes. He had a little farm at some\ndistance from the village in which he lived, and on it raised a few\npoor crops.\n\nOne pleasant afternoon Jackyo started off to visit his farm. It was\nlate when he reached it, and after he had finished inspecting his\ncrops, he turned back homewards. But the bright day had gone and the\nsun had set. Night came on quickly, and the way was dark and lonely.\n\nAt last he could no longer see the road. Not a star was to be seen,\nand the only sounds he heard were the sad twitterings of the birds\nand soft rustling of the leaves as they were moved by the wind.\n\nAt last he entered a thick forest where the trees were very big. \"What\nif I should meet some wild beast,\" thought Jackyo; but he added half\naloud, \"I must learn to be brave and face every danger.\"\n\nIt was not long before he was very sure that he could hear a deep\nroar. His heart beat fast, but he walked steadily forward, and soon\nthe roar was repeated, this time nearer and more distinctly, and he\nsaw in the dim light a great wild ox coming towards him.\n\nHe found a large hole in the trunk of a huge tree. \"I will pass the\nnight here in this tree,\" he said to himself.\n\nIn a little while an old man appeared. His body was covered with coarse\nhair and he was very ugly. He looked fiercely at Jackyo from head to\nfoot and said: \"What are you thinking of to come in here? Do you not\nknow that this is the royal castle of the king of evil spirits?\"\n\nJackyo became more frightened than before and for a long time he\ncould not speak, but at last he stammered: \"Excuse me, sir, but I\ncannot go home on account of the dark night. I pray you to let me\nrest here for a short time.\"\n\n\"I cannot let you stay here, because our king is not willing to help\nany one who does not belong to his kingdom. If he did so, his kingdom\nwould be lost. But what is your name? Do you know how to sing?\" said\nthe old man.\n\n\"My name is Jackyo, and I know a little bit about singing,\" replied\nJackyo.\n\n\"Well,\" said the old man, \"if you know any song, sing for me.\" Now\nJackyo knew but one song, and that was about the names of the days of\nthe week except Sunday. He did not like to sing it, but the old man\nurged him, saying: \"If you do not sing, I will cut your head off.\" So\nJackyo began to sing.\n\nIt happened that the king [5] of the evil spirits, whose name was\nMensaya, heard Jackyo's song and was very much interested in it. He\ncalled a servant, named Macquil, and said: \"Macquil, go downstairs and\nsee who is singing down there, and when you find him, bring him to me.\"\n\nJackyo went before the king, bowed to the floor, touching the carpet\nwith his forehead, and stood humbly before the king.\n\n\"Let me hear your song,\" said the king. So Jackyo, with great respect,\nsang the only song he knew. Here it is:\n\n    Mon-day, Tues-day, Wednesday, Thurs-day, Fri-day, Sat-ur-day.\n\nWhile he was singing, all the evil spirits in the cave gathered around\nhim to hear his song, and Mensaya asked him to sing it over and over\nagain. They were all so pleased with it that Mensaya ordered Macquil\nto give Jackyo a large quantity of gold and silver as a reward for\nhis beautiful song.\n\nWhen the morning came Jackyo returned home, full of joy, and became\nknown as the richest man in the village.\n\n\nCHAPTER 2\n\nTruth and Falsehood.\n\nOne day Truth started for the city to find some work. On his\nway he overtook Falsehood, who was going to the city for the same\npurpose. Falsehood asked permission to ride on the horse with Truth,\nand his request was granted.\n\nOn the way they questioned each other as to the sort of work they\nwanted. Truth stated that he intended to be a secretary, so that he\nmight always be clean and white. Falsehood declared that he would be\na cook, because then he would always have plenty of fine things to eat.\n\nAs they were riding along, they met a man carrying a corpse to the\ncemetery. He had no one to help him, and Truth, in his great pity for\nthe man, jumped off his horse and helped him. After the corpse was\nburied, Truth asked: \"Did you pray for the repose of the soul of the\ndead?\" \"No,\" was the reply, \"I do not know how to pray, and I have\nno money to pay the priest for candles.\" Then Truth gave the man all\nthe money he had, that he might have prayers said for the dead man,\nand went back to his companion.\n\nWhen dinner time came, Falsehood was very angry at finding out that\nTruth had given all his money away, but finally proposed that they\nshould go to the river and catch some fish for dinner. When they\narrived at the river, they found some fish which had been caught\nin a shallow pool near the bank, and caught all they wanted. But\nTruth was very sorry for the fish, and threw his half back into the\nriver. Falsehood murmured at him and said: \"It would have been better\nfor you to give them to me. If I had known that you would throw them\ninto the river, I would not have given you any of them.\" Then they\nrode on. As they were going through a thick wood in the heart of the\nmountain they heard a noise as of crying, far away. Truth went forward\nto find what it was, but Falsehood, trembling with fear, hid himself\nclose behind his comrade. At last they saw seven little eagles in a\nnest high in a tree. They were crying with hunger, and their mother was\nnowhere to be seen. Truth was sorry for them, and killed his horse,\ngiving some of the meat to the young eagles, and spreading the rest\non the ground beneath the tree, so that the mother-bird might find it.\n\nFalsehood hated his comrade for having killed the horse, because now\nthey were obliged to travel on foot. They went down the mountain,\nand entering the city, presented themselves before the king, desiring\nto be taken into his service, the one as secretary and the other as\ncook. The king granted both requests.\n\nWhen Falsehood saw that his former companion sat at the table with\nthe king and was always clean and dressed in good clothes, while he\nhimself was dirty and had to eat in the kitchen, he was very angry\nand determined to do something to ruin the one whom now he hated\nso bitterly.\n\nOne day the king and queen went to sail on the sea. As they were far\nfrom land, the queen dropped her ring overboard. When Falsehood heard\nof the accident, he went to the king and said: \"My Lord, the King,\nmy friend--your secretary--has told me that he was endowed with magic\npowers and is able to find the queen's ring. He says if he does not\nfind it he is willing for you to hang him.\"\n\nThe king immediately sent for Truth, and said to him: \"Find the queen's\nring without delay, or I will have you hanged early to-morrow morning.\"\n\nTruth went down to the shore, but seeing how impossible it would be\nto find the ring, began to weep. A fish came near, and floating on\ntop of the water, asked, \"Why are you weeping?\"\n\n\"I weep,\" Truth replied, \"because the king will hang me early to-morrow\nmorning unless I find the queen's ring, which has fallen into the sea.\"\n\nThe fish swam out and got the ring and gave it to Truth. Then he said:\n\"I am one of the fishes which you found on the bank of the river and\nthrew back into the water. As you helped me when I was in trouble,\nI am very glad that I have been able to help you now.\"\n\nOn another day, Falsehood went to the king and said: \"My Lord King,\ndo you remember what I told you the other day?\"\n\n\"Yes,\" replied the king, \"and I believe you told me the truth, as\nthe ring has been found.\"\n\n\"Well,\" replied Falsehood, \"my friend told me last night that he is\na great magician and that he is willing for you to hang him in the\nsight of all the people, since it will not hurt him.\"\n\nThe king sent for Truth and told him: \"I know what you have said to\nyour friend. To-morrow I will have you hanged in the sight of all\nthe people, and we will see whether you are the great magician you\nclaim to be.\"\n\nThat night Truth could not sleep. About midnight, as he was in great\ndistress, a spirit suddenly appeared to him and asked what was the\ncause of his grief. Truth related his trouble, and the spirit said:\n\"Do not weep. To-morrow morning I will take your form and wear your\nclothes, and let them hang me.\"\n\nThe next morning, just at dawn, the spirit put on Truth's clothes and\nwent out to be hanged. Many people came to see the hanging, and after\nit was over, returned to their homes. What was the astonishment of\nthe king and those with him when, upon their return to the palace,\nthey found Truth there before them, alive and well!\n\nThat night the spirit appeared to Truth and said: \"I am the spirit\nof the dead man for whom you gave your money that prayers might be\nsaid for the repose of his soul.\" Then it disappeared.\n\nOn another day Falsehood appeared before the king and said: \"My Lord\nthe King, my friend the secretary told me last night that if you would\nlet him marry your daughter, in one night his wife should bring forth\nthree children.\" The king sent for Truth and said: \"I will give you\nmy daughter to be your wife and if to-night she does not bear three\nchildren, I will have you buried alive to-morrow morning.\"\n\nSo they were married. But at midnight, as Truth lay awake thinking\nof the fate that was in store for him in the morning, an eagle\nflew through the window, and asked the cause of his sorrow. Truth\nrelated his tale, and the eagle said: \"Do not worry; I will take\ncare of that.\" Then he flew away, but just before the break of day\nthree eagles came, each bearing a new-born babe. Truth awakened the\nprincess and said to her: \"My dear wife, these are our children. We\nmust love them and take good care of them.\"\n\nThen the king, who had been awakened by the noise of children crying,\nsent to ask what it was all about. When he heard the news he came\ninto the tower where the princess was, and when he saw the children\nhe was overcome with joy; for he had no sons, and greatly desired to\nhave an heir to his throne. So the king made a great feast and gave\nover his crown and sceptre to his son-in-law, to be king in his stead.\n\nThus we see that those who help others when in trouble shall themselves\nbe aided when they are in difficulty.\n\n\nCHAPTER 3\n\nCamanla and Parotpot.\n\nCamanla was a very poor but very busy man, and always praising his\nown work. When he talked with other people he ended every third or\nfourth word with \"la,\" which was the last syllable of his name and\nis a word of praise.\n\nOne day he made a boat, and when it was finished he began to talk\nto it. These were his words: \"My boat, la, you may go, la, to find\na pretty lady, la, for my wife, la, to make me happy, la.\" Then his\nboat started to sail without anybody to manage it. When she reached a\nlarge town she stopped in the river, near where the pretty daughters\nof some rich men of the town were taking a walk. They were accustomed\nto take any boat they might find and use it when they wished to cross\nthe river, returning in the same way.\n\nAs Camanla's boat was there and looked very fine, the young ladies\ndecided to cross the river in it. The youngest was the first to jump\ninto the boat. When the little boat felt that some one had come on\nboard, she ran away, carrying the lady.\n\nWhen Camanla saw his boat coming, he began to praise it, saying:\n\"My boat, la, is coming, la, to bring me, la, my pretty lady, to marry\nme, la.\" Very soon the boat anchored, and he went down to receive the\nlady, whom he soon married. Then was Camanla happy, but one day he\nhad no food to give his wife, so he made a little taon, or fish trap,\nand said to it: \"My pretty taon, la, you may go, la, to the river,\nla, to get me some fish, la.\" The taon then walked toward the river,\nand soon came back, full of fish. Camanla was an object of envy to\nall the world.\n\nHis happiness was soon heard of by his friend Parotpot, who became\nvery envious. At last he went to Camanla's house. When he met his\nfriend, he said to him: \"You are very happy, my friend, and I envy\nyou.\" Camanla replied: \"Yes, I am very fortunate. I have my little\nboat that sails every day to get my food, and a little taon that goes\nto the river and brings me fine fish.\"\n\nParotpot returned sadly home. He concluded to build a boat like his\nfriend's, but Parotpot, when he talked, ended every third or fourth\nword with \"pot,\" (pronounced po) the ending of his name: This word\nhas a scornful meaning. When the boat was finished, he began to talk\nto it as follows: \"My boat, pot, you may go, pot, to find me a wife,\npot, prettier than my friend's wife, pot.\" The boat sailed away,\nand reached a large river, just as some men were looking for a boat\nto take across the body of their grandmother, in order to bury it in\nthe cemetery of the town. When they saw the boat they were glad to\nget across the river so easily, so they lifted the body and placed\nit in the boat. When the boat felt that something was on board, she\nsailed swiftly towards home, leaving the men behind. Parotpot was\nwatching, and when he saw the boat coming, he began to talk thus:\n\"My boat, pot, is coming, pot, to bring me, pot, a pretty lady, pot,\nto marry me, pot.\" But, alas! a dead grandmother, instead of a pretty\nlady! He was so angry that he seized his bolo and chopped the boat\nto pieces, leaving the body to float away.\n\nBut Parotpot thought that he might succeed better with a fish-trap,\nlike his friend Camanla's. When he had finished it, he sent it to the\nriver, saying: \"My taon, pot, go now to the river, pot, and catch many\nfishes, pot, for my dinner, pot.\" The taon went. It was Sunday and the\npeople of the town were killing cattle for their Sunday dinner, and\nthrowing the waste into the river. All this filth floated into the taon\nand filled it. Then it ran back home. While the taon had been gone,\nParotpot had been making preparations for a great dinner. He cooked\nthe rice and washed the dishes, and then invited his friends to come to\nhis house and share his excellent dinner. When he saw the taon coming,\nhe said: \"My taon, pot, is coming now, pot, to bring me many fine fish,\npot, for my dinner, pot.\" When his neighbors saw what was in the taon,\nthey laughed, and Parotpot said: \"I can never be as happy as my friend\nCamanla.\" Then he took the taon and threw it into the fire.\n\n\nCHAPTER 4\n\nJuan, the Student.\n\nThere was once a poor couple who lived happily in a quiet place. They\nhad one son, named Juan, whom at first they loved very much; but\nafterwards, either because their extreme poverty made it difficult\nfor them to support him, or because of his wickedness and waywardness,\nthey began to hate him, and made plans to kill him.\n\nIn order to carry out this purpose, the father called his son to him\none evening, and said: \"My son, to-morrow we will go to the mountain to\nget some lumber with which to repair our house. I want you to prepare\nour breakfast very early, so that we may set out before the sun rises.\"\n\nOn the next morning they arose very early and ate their breakfast. As\nit consisted only of rice and a few small fishes, it was soon finished,\nand they set out for the mountain. When they had arrived at a lonely\nspot, the man seized his son and fastened him to a large tree. Then\nhe took his bolo and cut down the tree in such a way as to cause it\nto fall on the boy and kill him. Then he returned home, thinking that\nhe should have no more trouble on account of his son.\n\nEarly the next morning, the man heard a noise as of some one\napproaching the house. On opening a window he perceived his son,\nwhom he supposed he had killed on the previous day, coming towards\nthe house and bearing a heavy load of wood. When the boy had come\nnear he asked where he should put the wood. At first the father was\ntoo much frightened to reply, but at last he told his son to put the\nwood down near the house.\n\nFor a long time Juan lived at home, but his parents hated him\ncontinually, and at last decided to give him poison. One day they sent\nhim on a long trip, giving him seven pieces of poisoned bread for his\nfood along the way. When he had become weary and hungry from walking,\nhe sat down under a tree and began to open the handkerchief to get from\nit some of the bread to eat. Suddenly a number of crows flew down from\nthe tree, seized the bread, ate it, and almost immediately died. The\nboy at once perceived the intention of his parents and returned\nhome. As soon as he arrived there, he declared to his father and\nmother his intention of leaving them and going elsewhere to live. As\nsoon as they heard him, they were full of joy, and readily gave him\nthe desired permission.\n\nHe went to a distant town, and decided to study. He made such progress\nthat his teachers were charmed with his diligence. He was very fond\nof debates with his schoolmates, and one day asked them the following\nriddle: \"Two tried to kill one, one killed seven, two were left, and\none went away.\" They searched through the books for the answer to the\nriddle, but as they were unable to find it, they agreed that Juan was\nthe cleverest one among them, since they could not answer his riddle.\n\nOne day the student met a young lady to whom he gave the riddle. She\nasked for a little time in which to study it, and this being granted,\nwent home, disguised herself as a young man and, returning, asked\nJuan to tell the answer to the riddle. \"For I know,\" she said,\n\"that many students have tried to find the solution of this riddle,\nbut have not been successful.\" Juan finally granted her request,\nand told her the answer to the riddle, which was the story of his life.\n\nThen the young lady returned home, put on her own clothes, and went\nback to the student's house, to give him the answer to his riddle. When\nJuan heard her answer, he thought her a very clever young woman,\nsince she had succeeded where so many young men had failed, so he\nfell in love with the young lady and married her.\n\n\nCHAPTER 5\n\nThe Two Wives and the Witch.\n\nThere was once a man who had a wife that was not pretty. He became\ntired of looking at her, and so went away and married another wife.\n\nHis first wife was in great sorrow, and wept every day. One day as she\nwas crying by the well, where she had gone for water, a woman asked\nher: \"Why are you weeping?\" The wife answered: \"Because my husband has\nleft me and gone to live with another wife.\" \"Why?\" said the witch,\nfor that is what the woman was.\n\n\"Because I have not a pretty face,\" answered the wife. While she\nwas talking the witch touched the wife's face, and then she said:\n\"I cannot stay here any longer,\" and went off.\n\nWhen the wife reached home she looked in the glass and saw that her\nface had been changed until it was the most beautiful in the town. Very\nsoon a rumor spread through the town that in such and such a house\nthere was living a very beautiful woman. Many young men went to see\nthe pretty woman, and all were pleased with her beauty.\n\nThe bad husband went also. He was astonished that his wife was not at\nhome, and that a pretty woman was living there alone. He bowed to the\nlady and avowed his love. The lady at first refused to believe him,\nand said: \"If you will leave the woman who is now your wife and come\nto live with me right along I will take you for my husband.\" The man\nagreed, and went to live with the pretty woman.\n\nThe other woman was very angry when she heard the news, for it was\nreported that the pretty woman was the man's first wife, who had\nbeen changed by a witch. She determined to try what the witch could\ndo for her, and went to get water at the same well.\n\nThe witch appeared and asked: \"Why are you weeping, my good woman?\" The\nwoman told her that her husband had gone away to live with the pretty\nwoman. As she was speaking, the witch touched her face, and said:\n\"Go home, my good woman, and do not weep, for your husband will come\nvery soon to see you.\"\n\nWhen she heard this she ran home as fast as she could. All the\npeople whom she met on the road were afraid of her, because she was\nso ugly. Her nose was about two feet long, her ears looked like large\nhandkerchiefs, and her eyes were as big as saucers. Nobody recognized\nher, not even her mother. All were afraid of such a creature. When\nshe saw in the glass how ugly she was, she refused to eat, and in a\nfew days she died.\n\n\nCHAPTER 6\n\nThe Living Head.\n\nThere once lived a man and his wife who had no children. They\nearnestly desired to have a son, so they prayed to their God, Diva,\nthat he would give them a son, even if it were only a head.\n\nDiva pitied them, and gave them a head for a son. Head, for that\nwas his name, grew up, and gradually his father and mother ceased to\nthink of his misfortune, and grew to love him very much.\n\nOne day Head saw the chief's daughter pass the house, and fell in love\nwith her. \"Mother,\" he said, \"I am in love with the chief's daughter\nand wish to marry her. Go now, I pray you, to the chief and ask him to\ngive me his daughter to be my wife.\" \"Dear Head,\" answered his mother,\n\"it is of no use to go on such an errand, the chief's daughter will\nsurely not be willing to marry only a head.\" But Head insisted, so,\nin order to quiet him, his mother went to the chief and made known\nher son's desire. Of course she met with a refusal, and returned home\nand told Head the result of her errand.\n\nHead went downstairs into the garden and began to sink into the ground.\n\n\"Head, come up,\" said his mother, \"and let us eat.\"\n\n\"Sink! sink! sink!\" cried Head.\n\n\"Head, come up and let us eat!\" repeated his mother.\n\n\"Sink! sink! sink!\" was Head's answer, and he continued to sink\nuntil he could no longer be seen. His mother tried in vain to take\nhim out. After a while a tree sprang up just where Head had sunk,\nand in a short time it bore large, round fruit, almost as large as\na child's head. This is the origin of the orange-tree.\n\n\nCHAPTER 7\n\nJuan Pusong.\n\nThe Visayans tell many stories which have as their hero Juan Pusong,\nor Tricky John. As the name implies, he is represented as being\ndeceitful and dishonest, sometimes very cunning, and, in some of the\nstories told of him, endowed with miraculous power. The stories are\nvery simple and of not very great excellence. The few which follow\nwill serve as samples of the narratives told of this popular hero.\n\n\n\nI. Juan Pusong was a lazy boy. Neither punishment nor the offer of\na reward could induce him to go to school, but in school-time he was\nalways to be found on the plaza, playing with the other boys.\n\nHis mother, however, believed him to be in school, and each day\nprepared some dainty for him to eat upon his return home. Juan was\nnot satisfied with deceiving his mother in this way, but used to play\ntricks on her.\n\n\"Mother,\" he said, one day, \"I have already learned to be a seer\nand to discover what is hidden. This afternoon when I come home from\nschool I will foretell what you have prepared for me.\"\n\n\"Will you?\" said his mother joyfully, for she believed all he said,\n\"I will try to prepare something new and you will not be able to\nguess it.\"\n\n\"I shall, mother, I shall, let it be whatever it may,\" answered\nJuan. When it was time to go to school, Juan pretended to set out,\nbut instead he climbed a tree which stood near the kitchen, and hiding\nhimself among the leaves, watched through the window all that his\nmother did.\n\nHis mother baked a bibingca, or cake made of rice and sweet potato,\nand hid it in a jar. \"I will bet anything,\" she said, \"that my son will\nnot guess what it is.\" Juan laughed at his mother's self-conceit. When\nit was time for school to close he got down, and with a book in his\nhand, as though he had really come from school, appeared before his\nmother and said: \"Mother, I know what you are keeping for me.\"\n\n\"What is it?\" asked his mother.\n\n\"The prophecy that I have just learned at school says that there is\na bibingca hidden in the olla.\" The mother became motionless with\nsurprise. \"Is it possible?\" she asked herself, \"my son is indeed a\nseer. I am going to spread it abroad. My son is a seer.\"\n\nThe news was spread far and wide and many people came to make trial\nof Pusong's powers. In these he was always successful, thanks to his\nability to cheat.\n\n\n\nII. One day a ship was anchored in the harbor. She had come from a\ndistant island. Her captain had heard of Pusong's power and wished\nto try him. The trial consisted in foretelling how many seeds the\noranges with which his vessel was loaded contained. He promised to\ngive Juan a great quantity of money if he could do this.\n\nPusong asked for a day's time. That night he swam out to the vessel,\nand, hidden in the water under the ship's stern, listened to the\nconversation of the crew. Luckily they were talking about this very\nmatter of the oranges, and one of them inquired of the captain what\nkind of oranges he had.\n\n\"My friend,\" said the captain, \"these oranges are different from any\nin this country, for each contains but one seed.\"\n\nPusong had learned all that he needed to know, so he swam back to the\nshore, and the next morning announced that he was ready for the trial.\n\nMany people had assembled to hear the great seer. Pusong continued to\nread in his book, as though it was the source of his information. The\nhour agreed upon struck, and the captain of the vessel handed an\norange to Juan and said: \"Mr. Pusong, you may tell us how many seeds\nthis orange contains.\"\n\nPusong took the orange and smelled it. Then he opened his book and\nafter a while said: \"This orange you have presented me with contains\nbut one seed.\"\n\nThe orange was cut and but the one seed found in it, so Pusong was\npaid the money. Of course he obtained a great reputation throughout\nthe country, and became very rich.\n\n\n\nIII. Juan Pusong's father drove his cows out one day to pasture. Juan\nslipped secretly from the house, and going to the pasture, took the\ncows into the forest and tied them there. When his father was going\nfor the cows he met Juan and asked: \"Where did you come from?\" The\nboy replied: \"I have just come from school. What are you looking for?\"\n\n\"I am looking for our cows,\" said his father.\n\n\"Why did n't you tell me that before,\" asked Juan. \"Wait a minute,\"\nand he took his little book from his pocket and, looking into it, said:\n\"Our cows are in such a place in the forest, tied together. Go and get\nthem.\" So his father went to the place where Juan said the cows were\nand found them. Afterwards it was discovered that Juan could not read\neven his own name, so his father beat him for the trick he had played.\n\n\n\nIV. Pusong and Tabloc-laui. Pusong had transgressed the law, and was\nfor this reason put into a cage to be in a short time submerged with\nit into the sea.\n\nTabloc-laui, a friend of Pusong's, passed by and saw him in the\ncage. \"What are you there for?\" Tabloc-laui asked.\n\n\"Oh!\" answered Pusong, \"I am a prisoner here, as you see, because the\nchief wants me to marry his daughter and I don't want to do it. I am\nto stay here until I consent.\"\n\n\"What a fool you are!\" said Tabloc-laui. \"The chief's daughter is\npretty, and I am surprised that you are not willing to marry her.\"\n\n\"Hear me, Tabloc-laui!\" said the prisoner. \"If you want to marry\nthe chief's daughter, let me out and get in here in my place; for\ntomorrow they will come and ask you if you will consent. Then you\nwill be married at once.\"\n\n\"I am willing!\" exclaimed Tabloc-laui. \"Get out and I will take\nyour place!\"\n\nNext morning the chief ordered his soldiers to take the cage with\nthe prisoner to the sea and submerge it in the water.\n\nTabloc-laui, on seeing the soldiers coming toward him, thought they\nwould make inquiries of him as Pusong had said.\n\n\"I am ready now,\" he said, \"I am ready to be the princess's husband.\"\n\n\"Is this crazy fellow raving?\" asked the soldiers. \"We are ordered\nto take you and submerge you in the sea.\"\n\n\"But,\" objected Tabloc-laui, \"I am ready now to marry the chief's\ndaughter.\"\n\nHe was carried to the sea and plunged into the water, in spite of\nhis crying, \"I am not Pusong! I am Tabloc-laui!\"\n\nThe next week the chief was in his boat, going from one fish-trap to\nanother, to inspect them. Pusong swam out to the boat.\n\nThe chief, on seeing him, wondered, for he believed that Pusong was\ndead. \"How is this?\" he asked. \"Did you not drown last week?\"\n\n\"By no means. I sank to the bottom, but I found that there was no water\nthere. There is another world where the dead live again. I saw your\nfather and he charged me to bid you go to him, and afterwards you will\nbe able to come back here, if you wish to do so.\" \"Is that really true,\nPusong?\" asked the chief. \"Yes, it is really true,\" was the reply.\n\n\"Well, I will go there. I will have a cage made and go through the\nway you did.\"\n\nSo the next morning the chief was submerged in the water, with the hope\nof coming back. When a considerable time had elapsed without seeing\nhis return, his servants searched for Pusong, in order to punish him,\nbut he had escaped to the mountains.\n\n\n\nV. The Enchanted Prince. There was once a king who had three young\nand beautiful daughters named Isabel, Catalina, and Maria.\n\nIn the capital city of the kingdom lived a young man known by the\nname of Juan Pusong. He had as friends an ape, named Amo-Mongo, and\na wildcat, whose name was Singalong. The three friends were passing\none day in front of the palace, and, seeing the three young ladies,\nwere greatly charmed by their beauty.\n\nPusong, who posed as a young aristocrat of considerable learning,\ndetermined to go before the king and declare his love for the Princess\nIsabel. The king received him favorably, and offered him a seat;\nbut Juan refused to sit down until he should know the result of\nhis request.\n\nThe king was astonished at his manner, and asked him what he\nwanted. Juan replied that he had presumptuously allowed himself to be\ncharmed by the beauty of the Princess Isabel, and humbly requested the\nking's consent to their marriage. The king had the princess summoned\nbefore him, and in the presence of Pusong asked her if she would accept\nthis man as her husband. She dutifully expressed her willingness to do\nwhatever her father wished, so the king granted the request of Pusong,\nwho was immediately married to Isabel.\n\nWhen Amo-Mongo saw how successful Pusong had been, he presented himself\nbefore the king, as his friend had done, and requested the hand of the\nPrincess Catalina. The king, somewhat unwillingly, gave his consent,\nand these two were also married.\n\nWhen Singalong saw to what high positions his friends had attained,\nhe became desirous of like fortune, so he went to the king and obtained\nhis consent to his marriage with the Princess Maria.\n\nAll three of the king's sons-in-law lived with their wives at the\npalace, at the king's expense. The latter seeing that his daughters'\nhusbands were lazy fellows, determined to make them useful, so he sent\nPusong and Amo-Mongo out to take charge of his estates in the country,\nwhile to Singalong he gave the oversight of the servants who worked\nin the kitchen of the palace.\n\nPusong and Amo-Mongo went out to the hacienda with the intention\nof doing something, but when they arrived there, they found so much\nto do that they concluded that it would be impossible to attend to\neverything and so decided to do nothing.\n\nThe latter, after merely looking over the estate, entered the forest,\nin order to visit his relatives there. His fellow monkeys, who knew of\nhis marriage with the princess, believed him to be of some importance,\nand begged him to save them from the famine which was devastating the\nforest. This Amo-Mongo, with much boasting of his wealth, promised to\ndo, declaring that at the time of harvest he would give them plenty\nof rice.\n\nWhen Pusong and his companion returned to the palace they were asked by\nthe king how many acres they had cleared. They replied that they had\ncleared and planted about one thousand acres. The king was satisfied\nwith their answer, and, at Amo-Mongo's request, gave orders for a\nlarge quantity of rice to be carried from the storehouse to the spot\nin the forest where his son-in-law had promised the monkeys that they\nshould find it.\n\nOn the other hand, Singalong during the day did nothing, and as the\nking never saw him at work he disliked his third son-in-law very\nmuch. Yet every morning there were great piles of fish and vegetables\nin the palace kitchen. Amo-Mongo, knowing that his brother-in-law\nusually went out at night in order to bring something home, contrived\nto get up early and see what there was in the kitchen, so as to present\nit to the king as the result of his own labors. In this way, Amo-Mongo\nbecame each day dearer and dearer to the king, while Singalong became\nmore and more disliked. Maria knew that her husband procured their\nfood in some way, for every morning he said to her: \"All that you\nsee here I have brought.\" However, the king knew nothing of all this.\n\nWhen the early harvest time came, the king commanded Amo-Mongo to\nbring rice to make pilipig. (Rice pounded into flakes and toasted,\na dish of which Filipinos are very fond.) Amo-Mongo did not know\nwhere he could find it, but set out in the direction from which he\nhad seen Singalong coming each morning, and soon came to an extensive\nrice-field bearing an abundant crop. He took a goodly portion of it\nand, returning to the palace, had the pilipig prepared and set before\nthe king and his household. Every one ate of it, except Singalong,\nwho was the real owner, and his wife, who had been secretly notified\nby him of the truth of the matter.\n\nMaria was greatly perplexed by what her husband had told her, so she\ndetermined one night to watch him. She discovered that, as soon as\nthe other people were asleep, her husband became transformed into\na handsome prince and left the palace, leaving behind him his cat's\ndress. As soon as he had gone, Maria took the cast-off clothing of\nher husband and cast it into the fire. Singalong smelt it burning and\nreturned to the palace, where he found his wife and begged her to\nreturn to him his cat's dress. This she was unable to do, since it\nwas entirely consumed. As a result, Singalong was obliged to retain\nthe form of a prince, but he was afraid to appear before the king in\nthis guise, and so hid himself.\n\nIn the morning, Maria went to the king and told him the truth about\nher husband. Her father, however, thought that she was crazy, and\nwhen she insisted, invited her to accompany him to Amo-Mongo's farm,\nin order to convince her of her error. Many people went with them,\nand Amo-Mongo led them to the farm, which was really Singalong's,\nbut told them that it belonged to himself. Besides other things,\nSingalong had planted many fruits, among them atimon and candol.\n\nAmo-Mongo, seeing the diversity of fruits, began to eat all he could,\nuntil he became unable to move a step. Whenever his wife urged him\nto come away, he would take an atimon under his arm and a candol or\nso in his hands, until at last his wife, angry at his greediness,\ngave him a push which caused him to fall headlong, striking his head\nagainst a stone and being instantly killed.\n\nThen Singalong, who had secretly followed the crowd from the palace,\nshowed himself to the king in his proper form. After making suitable\nexplanations, he led them to a fine palace in the middle of the\nhacienda. There they all lived together, but Pusong and his wife,\nwho in former times had treated Singalong very harshly, giving him\nonly the bones and scraps from the table, were now obliged to act as\nservants in the kitchen of the king's new palace.\n\n\nCHAPTER 8\n\nThe Enchanted Ring.\n\nThere was once a king who had suffered for a long time with a painful\ndisease, in spite of all the efforts of the doctors to cure it. At\nlast he caused a proclamation to be made that whoever could cure him\nshould marry his daughter as a reward.\n\nOne day a snake appeared before the king and asked permission to cure\nhim. The king at first refused, but the snake said that his body\ncontained some gall whose power to cure was wonderful, so the king\nconsented to try it, and was soon cured.\n\nThe snake was really a prince who had been changed into this form\nby enchantment. Every night he took on his proper form and went for\na walk around the city. His wife once saw him do this, so she asked\nhim to tell her the truth. The snake told her his secret, but forbade\nher to tell any one, on pain of his leaving her.\n\nOne day the other daughters of the king consulted as to how they\nshould find out the truth about their sister's husband. They took\ntheir sister into the garden and asked her many questions, but Maria\nkept silent about the snake's secret. So her sisters fastened her\nto a tree at the bottom of which was an ant's nest. Maria could not\nlong endure the pain of the bites of the ants and told her sisters the\ntruth. They let her go back home, but she could not find her husband\nanywhere, and set out to look for him. She asked the birds she met\nif they had seen him, but they answered that they had flown over all\nthe country around, for hundreds of miles, without seeing him. She\nwas very sorrowful, and at last, worn out with grief and weariness,\nlay down to sleep under a tree which was barren of leaves, except\nfor three large ones at the very top.\n\nMaria dreamed that her husband was in a house not far away and was\ndangerously ill. She dreamed, also, that the leaves on the top\nof the tree under which she was sleeping were the only cure for\nhis sickness. As soon as she awoke, she climbed the tree and got\nthe leaves and took them with her to the house, where she found her\nhusband, just as she had dreamed.\n\nWhen she came to the door of the house she met a black woman whom she\nasked about Don Juan, which was the prince's name. The black woman\ntold her that he was sick, and asked her why she had come. Maria\nreplied that she had learned of his sickness and had come to cure him\nwith some leaves. As soon as the negress learned about the leaves,\nshe took them and gave them to the prince, who immediately recovered\nfrom his sickness.\n\nThe prince had promised to marry any woman who could cure him,\nand as the black woman had cured him he married her. The negress,\nseeing that she was ugly, tried to make Maria so also, so she took\nher as a servant and painted her black; but Maria had an enchanted\nring which gave her the power of changing her form. Every night in\nher room Maria made use of her ring, obtaining by means of it her\nmaids of honor, fine dresses, and a band which played sweet music.\n\nIt chanced one night that Don Juan was awakened by the sound of\nmusic. He traced it to a certain room, and looking through the keyhole,\nsaw all that was going on in Maria's room. He was greatly astonished\nand stood watching for a long time. Suddenly he saw Maria take from\nher ring a pair of scissors. These at a sign suspended themselves in\nthe air, ready, when Maria should give the signal, to fall and pierce\nher heart. Don Juan rushed into the room and caught the scissors just\nas they were falling.\n\nThen Maria told him all that had happened to her. She was proclaimed\nas the prince's true wife, and the black woman was put to death as\na punishment for her deception.\n\n\nCHAPTER 9\n\nThe Enchanted Shell.\n\nIn the olden time there lived a man and his wife who had no son. They\nprayed that they might have a son, even if he were only like a little\nshell. When their son was born, he was very small, and just like a\nshell, so he was named Shell.\n\nOne day Shell asked permission of his mother to go and get some\nfood. His mother at first would not let him, as she was afraid he\nwould meet some animal which would kill him; but at last she consented,\nand he set out.\n\nHe went to the river, where some women were catching fish and putting\nthem into baskets. One of them laid her basket on the grass near\nthe river and Shell crept into it. In a few minutes the woman picked\nup her basket and started for home. All at once Shell began to cry\n\"Rain! Rain!\" The woman was so frightened at hearing the fishes talk,\nas she supposed, that she threw down her basket and ran away. Then\nShell took the basket full of fish to his mother.\n\nThe next day Shell went out again. He saw an old man walking along\nthe road and carrying the head of a cow, so he followed him. The old\nman went into the house of a friend, leaving the cow's head hanging\non the fence. Shell climbed up the fence and got into the cow's ear,\nkeeping very quiet. When the old man came out of the house he took\nthe head and continued his walk. As he reached a desert place called\nCahana-an, the head began to say: \"Ay! Ay!\" The old man became so\nfrightened that he threw the head away, and Shell carried it home.\n\nDays passed. Shell told his mother that he was in love with a beautiful\ndaughter of the chief and must have her for his wife. The poor mother\nwas amazed and did not want to present his request to the chief. \"My\ndear Shell,\" she said, \"you are beside yourself.\" But he urged her\nand urged her, until at last she went. She begged the chief's pardon\nfor her boldness and made known her errand. The chief was astonished,\nbut agreed to ask his daughter if she were willing to take Shell for\na husband. Much to his surprise and anger she stated that she was\nwilling to marry him. Her father was so enraged that he exclaimed:\n\"I consider you as being lower than my servants. If you marry this\nShell I will drive you out of the village.\" But Shell and the girl\nwere married, and escaped from the town to a little house in the\nfields, where they lived in great sorrow for a week. But at the end\nof that time, one night at midnight, the shell began to turn into a\ngood-looking man, for he had been enchanted at his birth by an evil\nspirit. When his wife saw how handsome he was, she was very glad,\nand afterwards the chief received them back into his favor.\n\n\nCHAPTER 10\n\nThe Three Brothers.\n\nOnce upon a time there was a great king who had three sons. The oldest\nwas named Pedro, the next Pablo, and the youngest Juan. One day their\nfather called them to him, and giving each one a small sum of money,\nsaid: \"Go and seek for yourselves wives, for I am getting old and\nwish to see you settled down before I die. The one who gets the most\nbeautiful wife shall have the kingdom. In addition to the money I\nhave given you, you may each have a horse from my stables.\"\n\nPedro and Pablo rushed off and secured the best horses, so that when\nJuan, who had stopped to thank his father, arrived at the stable,\nhe found only an old horse, scarcely able to walk. However, he\ndetermined to set out; but after getting a mile or so from home, he\nsaw that it was impossible to go farther, so sat down on a well-curb\nand wept bitterly. While he was weeping, a frog floated to the top of\nthe water and asked what the matter was, and Juan told him all about\nhis trouble. The frog said: \"Never mind. Go to sleep for an hour and\nI will look for a wife for you.\"\n\nAt the end of the hour the frog awoke Juan and said: \"Go home now,\nand tell your father that you have found a wife.\" Juan did so,\nand found his brothers at home, each claiming to have found a\nwife. Their father said: \"I wish to test your wives. Here are three\nhandkerchiefs. Each of you must take one of them to his bride and\nhave it embroidered.\" They took the handkerchiefs and departed; but\nJuan, when he had arrived at the well, sat down as before and wept,\nbecause he thought that now he would surely be found out.\n\nThe frog floated again to the surface of the well and asked Juan\nwhat the matter was. Juan replied, \"I told my father that I had\nfound a wife, as you bade me, and now he wishes to test my wife,\nto see if she is a suitable mate for me, and has sent me with this\nhandkerchief for her to embroider. I do not know what to do, for now\nmy father will surely find out that I have deceived him, and I shall be\ndisgraced.\" The frog said: \"Do not worry. Give me your handkerchief and\ngo to sleep for an hour and I will have it embroidered for you.\" At\nthe end of the hour the frog brought to Juan the handkerchief, all\nbeautifully embroidered. When Juan arrived at home, he found his\nbrothers there, each with his handkerchief beautifully embroidered,\nbut Juan's handkerchief was embroidered the most beautifully of all.\n\nThen their father said: \"Your wives, evidently, can embroider well,\nbut I must see how they can cook. Here are three cows. Each of you\nmust take one of them and have your wife cook it.\" The brothers went\noff with the cows, but Juan led his cow to the well in which the frog\nlived, and, as before, sat down and began to weep. After a while the\nfrog came to the top of the water and asked: \"Why are you weeping so\nbitterly?\" \"Oh, my dear frog! Here is a cow which my father says my\nwife must cook. What shall I do?\" The frog replied: \"Go to sleep for\nan hour and I will cook the meat for you.\" Juan went to sleep, and at\nthe end of the hour the frog woke him, and showing him the cow cooked\nwhole, said: \"Take this home and when you have carried it upstairs,\nbreak off one horn and see what will happen.\" Juan took the roast cow\nhome, and when he arrived there found his brothers before him, with\ntheir meat roasted. Juan carried his cow upstairs and each animal\nwas placed upon a table by itself. The king tasted Pedro's meat,\nand found it too salt. Then he tried Pablo's, and found it not salt\nenough. When he approached the table on which Juan's meat was laid,\nJuan broke off one of the cow's horns, and immediately a beautiful\nservice of silver dishes, enough for twelve persons, rolled out, each\ndish taking its proper place upon the table, with the roast cow in\nthe midst. Then the king and his councillors sat down to the feast,\nand when they had tasted the meat, they found it just right.\n\nOn the next day the king ordered his sons to bring their wives to the\npalace, so that he might decide which was the most beautiful. Juan was\nin more trouble than ever, for now he was sure of being discovered;\nso he went to the well again, weeping bitterly and calling aloud\nfor the frog. In a few minutes the frog appeared, and to him Juan\nrelated his trouble. The frog said: \"Under that tree is a hammock; go\nto sleep in it for an hour, and three women will wake you by shaking\nthe hammock. Take the middle one and return home, for that one is to\nbe your wife.\" All happened as the frog had said. Juan took the woman\nhome with him, and as he approached the house, his father was looking\nout of the window. When the king saw how beautiful Juan's wife was,\nhe was so overcome with joy that he fainted. When he had recovered,\nhe declared Juan's wife was the most beautiful woman he had ever\nseen. So to Juan was given the kingdom. Pedro became the palace\ncoachman, and Pablo the cook.\n\nBerton L. Maxfield, Ph. B.\n\nBrooklyn, N. Y.\n\n\nCHAPTER 11\n\nThe Datto Somacuel.\n\n\n\nDatto Somacuel was one of the seven chiefs who, coming from Borneo\nmany years before the Spaniards conquered these islands, settled the\nIsland of Panay. He lived in Sinaragan, a town near San Joaquin, in\nthe southern part of Iloilo Province. His wife's name was Capinangan.\n\nSomacuel went every morning to the seashore to watch his slaves\nfish with the sinchoro, or net. One day they caught many fishes,\nand Somacuel commanded them:--\n\n\"Spread the fish to dry, and take care that the crows do not eat\nthem up.\"\n\nA slave answered: \"Sir, if your treasure inside the house is stolen by\nthe crows, how do you expect those out of doors to be kept safe?\" This\nwas said with a certain intonation that made Somacuel conjecture that\nthere was a hidden meaning in it.\n\n\"What do you mean by that?\" he asked.\n\n\"Sir, I have to inform you of something that I should have told you\nlong ago. Do not reprove me if I have been backward in telling you\nof the injury done you by your wife. It was due to my desire to get\ncomplete proofs of the truth of my statement.\"\n\n\"End at once your tedious narrative!\" said the datto, \"What did my\nwife do?\"\n\n\"Sir,\" answered the slave, \"she deceives you shamefully. She loves\nGorong-Gorong, who is at this very moment in your house jesting at\nyour absence.\"\n\n\"Alas!\" said Somacuel, \"if this be true he shall pay well for his\nboldness.\"\n\nThe chief hurried home, intending to surprise the offenders. He carried\na fish called ampahan in a bamboo tube full of water, going around by\na secret way, so as not to be seen. On reaching home he went up into\nthe attic to observe what was going on, and found that his informant\nhad told the truth.\n\nGorong-Gorong and Capinangan were engaged in an affectionate\ndialogue. Involuntarily Somacuel spilled some of the water down, and,\nfearing that he would be discovered, seized a spear that was hidden\nin the attic and, dropping it down, dexterously ran Gorong-Gorong\nthrough the body, killing him instantly.\n\n\"Oh, Diva!\" exclaimed Capinangan, kneeling beside the inert corpse,\n\"How shall I be able to take it away without being discovered by\nSomacuel?\"\n\nSomacuel, who had not been seen at all, stayed quietly above, watching\nwhat Capinangan would do. Capinangan did not suspect that her husband\nwas there, as he usually did not come home before nightfall. She\ntried to take the corpse out for burial, but could not carry the heavy\nbody of her unfortunate lover. She must conceal it in some way, and\nit was dangerous for her to call for aid, lest she might be betrayed\nto her husband. So she took a knife and cut the body into pieces so\nthat she could take them out and bury them under the house.\n\nAfter this task was done she managed to wash the blood up. She\nbecame tranquil for a moment, believing she would never be\ndiscovered. Somacuel, however, had observed all, and he formed a\nplan for punishing his wife as she deserved. When everything seemed\nto be calm he crept down, doing his best not to be seen. At the door\nhe called his wife by name. Capinangan was afraid, but concealed her\nfear with a smile. \"Capinangan,\" said her husband, \"cut this fish in\npieces and cook it for me.\"\n\nCapinangan was astonished at this command, because she had never before\nbeen treated in this way. They had many slaves to perform such tasks.\n\n\"You know I cannot,\" she said.\n\n\"Why not?\" asked her husband.\n\n\"Because I have never learned how to cut a fish in pieces nor to cook\nit,\" she replied.\n\n\"I am astonished that you don't know how to cut, after seeing that\ncutting is your favorite occupation,\" said Somacuel.\n\nCapinangan then did not doubt that her husband knew what she had done,\nso she did as he had bidden.\n\nWhen dinner was ready the husband and wife ate it, but without speaking\nto each other. After the meal, Somacuel told his wife that he had\nseen all and should punish her severely. Capinangan said nothing. A\nguilty person has no argument with which to defend himself. Somacuel\nordered his servants to throw Capinangan into the sea. At that time\nthe chief's will was law. Neither pleadings nor tears softened his\nhard heart, and Capinangan was carried down to the sea and thrown in.\n\n\n\n\nTime passed by; Somacuel each day grew sadder and gloomier. He would\nhave been willing now to forgive his wife, but it was too late.\n\nHe said to his slaves: \"Prepare a banca for me, that I may sail from\nplace to place to amuse myself.\"\n\nSo one pleasant morning a banca sailed from Sinaragan, going\nsouthward. Somacuel did not intend to go to any definite place,\nbut drifted at the mercy of wind and current. He amused himself by\nsinging during the voyage.\n\nOne day the crew descried land at a distance. \"Sir,\" they said,\n\"that land is Cagayan. Let us go there to get oysters and crane's\neggs.\" To this their master agreed, and upon anchoring off the coast\nhe prepared to visit the place.\n\nOh, what astonishment he felt, as he saw, peeping out of the window of\na house, a woman whose appearance resembled in great measure that of\nCapinangan! He would have run to embrace her, had he not remembered\nthat Capinangan was dead. He was informed that the woman was named\nAloyan. He began to pay court to her, and in a few weeks she became\nhis wife.\n\nSomacuel was happy, for his wife was very affectionate. Aloyan,\non her part, did not doubt that her husband loved her sincerely,\nso she said to him:--\n\n\"My dear Somacuel, I will no longer deceive you. I am the very woman\nwhom you caused to be thrown into the sea. I am Capinangan. I clung\nto a log in the water and was carried to this place, where I have\nlived ever since.\"\n\n\"Oh,\" said Somacuel, \"pardon me for the harshness with which I meant\nto punish you.\"\n\n\"Let us forget what is passed,\" said Capinangan. \"I deserved it,\nafter all.\"\n\nSo they returned to Sinaragan, where they lived together happily for\nmany years.\n\n\nCHAPTER 12\n\nMagbolot\u00f3.\n\nThere was once a man named Magbolot\u00f3 who lived in the depths of the\nmountains. One day on going down to a brook he saw three goddesses\nbathing in the water. They had left their wings on the bank, and\nMagbolot\u00f3 managed to slip down and steal one pair of them. When the\ngoddesses had finished bathing and looked for their wings, they could\nnot find those belonging to the youngest, Macaya. At last the two\ngoddesses put on their wings and flew up to heaven, leaving behind\nthem Macaya, who wept bitterly, since without her wings she could\nnot go home. Then Magbolot\u00f3, feigning to have come from a distance,\nmet her and asked: \"Why do you weep, lady?\"\n\n\"Why do you ask, if you will not help me in my trouble?\" answered\nMacaya.\n\n\"I will do my best to help you,\" said Magbolot\u00f3, \"if you will tell\nme about it.\"\n\nSo Macaya told him that she had lost her wings, and therefore could\nnot return to her home in heaven.\n\n\"I am sorry not to be able to help you out of your trouble,\" said\nMagbolot\u00f3, \"but we terrestrial people do not use wings, nor know\nwhere to get them. The only thing I can do for you is to offer you\na home with me.\" Macaya was obliged to accept his offer, since there\nwas nothing else for her to do.\n\nAbout a year after Macaya became Magbolot\u00f3's wife they had a child. One\nday, as Magbolot\u00f3 was making rice soup on the hearth, Macaya was\nswinging the child in a hammock. Accidentally, she noticed a bundle\nstuck into one of the bamboo posts in the partition. She withdrew the\nbundle, and upon unrolling it found, oh, joy! her long-lost wings,\nwhich Magbolot\u00f3 had hidden in the hollow bamboo. She at once put\nthem on, and leaving her husband and child, flew up to join her\ncelestial family.\n\nMagbolot\u00f3, on missing his wife, began calling loudly for her. As he\ncould not find her, he looked for the wings, and seeing that they\nwere gone, knew at once what had happened. He began to weep bitterly,\nespecially as he did not know how to take care of the child. So leaving\nit in the care of a relative, he set out to find the way to heaven. He\nhad walked a great distance when he met North Wind. \"Magbolot\u00f3,\nMagbolot\u00f3, why are you weeping?\" asked North Wind.\n\n\"Ask me nothing, if you cannot help me in any way,\" answered Magbolot\u00f3.\n\n\"Tell me your trouble and I will help you,\" said North Wind. \"Well,\"\nreplied Magbolot\u00f3, \"I have a wife who came from heaven. But now she\nhas flown away, leaving a little child for me to take care of, and\nI am in great sorrow. Please show me the way that leads to her home.\"\n\n\"Magbolot\u00f3,\" said North Wind, \"I do not know the way, but my brother,\nEast Wind, can tell you. Good-by.\"\n\nMagbolot\u00f3 went on his way, and after a while he met East\nWind. \"Magbolot\u00f3, Magbolot\u00f3, why are you weeping?\" asked East Wind.\n\n\"Ask me nothing, if you cannot help me in any way,\" said Magbolot\u00f3.\n\n\"Tell me all your trouble and I will help you,\" answered East Wind.\n\nThen Magbolot\u00f3 related all his sorrow, just as he had done to North\nWind.\n\n\"Well,\" said East Wind, \"I do not know the way, but my brother,\nSouth Wind, may be able to show it to you. Good-by.\"\n\nMagbolot\u00f3 went on, and at last met South Wind.\n\n\"Magbolot\u00f3, Magbolot\u00f3, why are you weeping?\" asked South Wind.\n\n\"Ask me nothing, if you cannot help me in any way,\" said Magbolot\u00f3.\n\n\"Tell me your trouble and I will help you,\" answered South Wind.\n\nThen Magbolot\u00f3 told him his story, just as he had done to North Wind\nand East Wind.\n\n\"Well,\" said South Wind, \"I do not know the way to heaven, but\nmy brother, West Wind, can tell you the course to be taken to get\nthere. Good-by.\"\n\nMagbolot\u00f3 went on and on, and at last met West Wind. \"Magbolot\u00f3,\nMagbolot\u00f3, why are you weeping?\" asked West Wind.\n\n\"Ask me nothing, if you cannot help me in any way,\" answered Magbolot\u00f3.\n\n\"Tell me your trouble and I will help you,\" answered West Wind,\nand Magbolot\u00f3 did as he was bidden.\n\n\"Magbolot\u00f3,\" said West Wind, \"I don't know the way to heaven, but my\nfriend, Mr. Eagle, does. Good-by.\"\n\nMagbolot\u00f3 went on until he met Mr. Eagle.\n\n\"Magbolot\u00f3, Magbolot\u00f3, why are you weeping?\" asked Mr. Eagle.\n\n\"Ask me nothing, if you cannot help me in any way,\" answered Magbolot\u00f3.\n\n\"Tell me your trouble and I will help you,\" replied Mr. Eagle. Then\nMagbolot\u00f3 told Mr. Eagle his trouble.\n\n\"Magbolot\u00f3,\" said Mr. Eagle, \"get upon my back and I will carry you\nto your wife's home.\"\n\nMagbolot\u00f3 climbed upon Mr. Eagle's back and they flew up until they\nreached Macaya's house. Then Magbolot\u00f3 requested Macaya's grandmother,\nwith whom she lived, to let her granddaughter return to earth with him.\n\n\"By no means,\" said the grandmother, \"unless you will spread ten\njars of lu\u00f1ga (a certain very small grain) out to dry and gather them\nagain in the evening.\"\n\nSo Magbolot\u00f3 spread the jars of lu\u00f1ga on the sand, and at noon began\nto gather them up; but sunset had come before he had gathered more\nthan five handfuls, so he sat down and began to cry like a little boy.\n\nThe king of the ants heard him, and wishing to help him,\nasked:--\"Magbolot\u00f3, Magbolot\u00f3, why are you weeping?\"\n\n\"Ask me nothing, if you cannot help me.\"\n\n\"Tell me about it and I will help you.\"\n\nSo Magbolot\u00f3 told the king of the ants all his history, and the\ncondition imposed by the grandmother before he could have his wife,\nand how impossible it was to fulfil it.\n\n\"Well, Magbolot\u00f3, you shall be helped,\" said the king of the ants. Then\nhe blew his horn, and in a little while all his subjects came, and\nbegan picking up the grain and putting it into the jars. In a few\nmoments all the grain was in the jars.\n\nThe next morning Magbolot\u00f3 went to get his wife, but the grandmother\nstopped him, saying:--\n\n\"You shall not take my granddaughter away until you have first hulled\na hundred bushels of rice.\"\n\nMagbolot\u00f3 was in despair, for he knew that to hull one hundred\nbushels of rice would take him not less than one hundred days, and\nthe grandmother required him to do it in one day; so he cried like\na child at his misfortune. The king of the rats heard him crying,\nand at once came to help him.\n\n\"Magbolot\u00f3, Magbolot\u00f3, why are you weeping?\" asked King Rat.\n\n\"Ask me nothing, if you cannot help me.\"\n\n\"Relate the matter, and I will.\"\n\nMagbolot\u00f3 told him his trouble. Then the king of the rats called his\nsubjects together and ordered them to gnaw the hulls from the rice. In\nan instant the rice was all hulled.\n\nThe next morning Magbolot\u00f3 made ready to depart with his wife, but\nthe grandmother stopped him again, saying:--\n\n\"You may not go until you have chopped down all the trees you see on\nthat mountain over there.\"\n\nThere were more than a million trees, so Magbolot\u00f3 was in great\ntrouble, and as usual he began to weep.\n\nThe king of the wild boars heard him and came up, saying:--\n\n\"Magbolot\u00f3, Magbolot\u00f3, why are you weeping?\"\n\n\"Ask me nothing, if you cannot help me.\"\n\n\"Relate the matter, and I will.\"\n\nMagbolot\u00f3 related all that had happened to him. Then the king of\nthe wild boars called all his subjects together and set them at work\ncutting down the trees with their tusks. In a few minutes the trees\nwere all down.\n\nWhen the grandmother saw that Magbolot\u00f3 accomplished every task she\ngave him to do she became tired of trying to think of things for\nhim to do; so she allowed him to depart with Macaya, and leaving the\ncelestial abode they descended to their home on the earth, where they\nlived happily together for many years.\n\n\nCHAPTER 13\n\nWhy Dogs Wag Their Tails.\n\nOnce upon a time there lived in a certain pueblo a rich man who\nhad a dog and a cat. His only daughter, of whom he was very fond,\nwas studying in a convent in a city several miles distant and it was\nhis custom, about once a week, to send the dog and cat to take her\na little present. The dog was so old that he had lost all his teeth,\nand so was unable to fight, but the cat was strong and very cunning,\nand so one could help the other, since the dog knew better how to\nfind the way.\n\nOne day the rich man wished to send a magic ring to his daughter, so he\ncalled the dog and the cat to him. To the cat he said: \"You are very\ncunning and prudent. You may carry this magic ring to my daughter,\nbut be sure to take very great care of it.\" To the dog he said:\n\"You are to go with the cat to take a magic ring to my daughter. Take\ncare not to lose the way, and see that no one molests the cat.\" Both\nanimals promised to do their best and set out immediately.\n\nOn the way they were obliged to cross a wide and deep river, over\nwhich there was no bridge, and as they were unable to find a boat,\nthey determined to swim across it. The dog said to the cat: \"Give\nme the magic ring.\" \"Oh, no,\" replied the cat. \"Did you not hear the\nmaster say just what each of us had to do?\"\n\n\"Yes, but you are not very good at swimming, and may lose the ring,\nwhile I am strong and can take good care of it,\" answered the dog. The\ncat continued to refuse to disobey its master, until at last the dog\nthreatened to kill it, and it was obliged to intrust the ring to the\ndog's keeping.\n\nThen they began to swim across the river, which was so strong that they\nwere about an hour in getting over, so that both became very tired and\nweak. Just before they came to the other side, the dog dropped the ring\ninto the water, and it was impossible to find it. \"Now,\" said the cat,\n\"we had better go back home and tell our master that we have lost the\nring.\" \"Yes,\" answered the dog, \"but I am very much afraid.\" So they\nturned back toward home, but as they drew near the house his fear so\novercame him that he ran away and was never seen again.\n\nThe master was very much surprised to see the cat back so soon, and\nasked him, \"Where is your companion?\" The cat was at first afraid to\nanswer. \"Where is the dog?\" asked the master again. \"Oh, he ran away,\"\nreplied the cat. \"Ran away?\" said the master. \"What do you mean? Where\nis the ring?\" \"Oh, pardon me, my master,\" answered the cat. \"Do not be\nangry, and I will tell you what has happened. When we reached the bank\nof the river, the dog asked me to give him the ring. This I refused\nmany times, until at last he threatened to kill me if I did not give it\nto him, and I was obliged to do so. The river was very hard to cross,\nand on the way the dog dropped the ring into the water and we could\nnot find it. I persuaded the dog to come back with me to tell you\nabout it, but on the way he became so frightened that he ran away.\"\n\nThen the master made a proclamation to the people, offering a reward to\nthe one who should find his old dog and bring him to him. They could\nrecognize the dog by his being old and having no teeth. The master\nalso declared that when he had found the delinquent he would punish\nhim by cutting off his tail. He ordered that the dogs all around the\nworld should take part in the search, and so ever since that time,\nwhen one dog meets another he always asks: \"Are you the old dog who\nlost the magic ring? If you are, your tail must be cut off.\" Then\ninstantly both show their teeth and wag their tails to mean no. Since\nthat time, also, cats have been afraid of water, and will never swim\nacross a river if it can be avoided.\n\n\nCHAPTER 14\n\nThe Eagle and the Hen.\n\nOne day the eagle declared his love for the hen. He flew down to search\nfor her, and when he had found her he said: \"I wish you to be my mate.\"\n\nThe hen answered: \"I am willing, but let me first grow wings like\nyours, so I can fly as high as you.\" The eagle replied: \"I will do so,\nand as a sign of our betrothal I will give you this ring. Take good\ncare of it until I come again.\"\n\nThe hen promised to do so, and the eagle flew away.\n\nThe next day the cock met the hen. When he saw the ring around her neck\nhe was very much surprised and said: \"Where did you get that ring? I\nthink you are not true to me. Do you not remember your promise to be\nmy mate? Throw away that ring.\" So she did.\n\nAt the end of a week the eagle came with beautiful feathers to dress\nthe hen. When she saw him she became frightened and hid behind the\ndoor. The eagle entered, crying: \"How are you, my dear hen? I am\nbringing you a beautiful dress,\" and he showed it to the hen. \"But\nwhere is your ring? Why do you not wear it?\" The hen could not at\nfirst answer, but after a little she tried to deceive the eagle, and\nsaid: \"Oh, pardon me, sir! Yesterday as I was walking in the garden\nI met a large snake, and I was so frightened that I ran towards the\nhouse. When I reached it I found that I had lost the ring, and I\nlooked everywhere for it; but alas! I have not yet found it.\"\n\nThe eagle looked keenly at the hen and said: \"I would never have\nbelieved that you would behave so badly. I promise you that, whenever\nyou have found my ring, I will come down again and take you for my\nmate. As a punishment for breaking your promise you shall always\nscratch the ground and look for the ring, and all your chickens that\nI find I will snatch away from you. That is all. Good-by.\" Then he\nflew away.\n\nAnd ever since, all the hens all over the world have been scratching\nto find the eagle's ring.\n\n\n\n\n\nNote.--The bird of whom this story is told is the dapay, or brahman\nkite. It is larger than most of our hawks and is more like the eagle\nin appearance, although not very large.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 15\n\nThe Spider and the Fly.\n\nMr. Spider was once in love with Miss Fly. Several times he declared\nhis love, but was always repelled, for Miss Fly disliked his business.\n\nOne day, when she saw him coming, she closed the doors and windows\nof her house and made ready a pot of boiling water.\n\nMr. Spider called to be allowed to enter the house, but Miss Fly's\nonly answer was to throw the boiling water at him.\n\n\"Well!\" cried Mr. Spider, \"I and my descendants shall be avenged upon\nyou and yours. We will never give you a moment's peace.\"\n\nMr. Spider did not break his word, for to this day we see his hatred\nof the fly.\n\n\nCHAPTER 16\n\nThe Battle of the Crabs.\n\nOne day the land crabs had a meeting. One of them said: \"What shall\nwe do with the waves? They sing all the time so loudly that we cannot\npossibly sleep well at night.\" \"Do you not think it would be well\nfor all of us males to go down and fight them?\" asked the eldest of\nthe crabs. \"Yes,\" all replied. \"Well, to-morrow all the males must\nget ready to go.\"\n\nThe next day they started to go down to the sea. On the way they met\nthe shrimp. \"Where are you going, my friends?\" asked the shrimp. The\ncrabs answered: \"We are going to fight the waves, because they will\nnot let us sleep at night.\"\n\n\"I don't think you will win the battle,\" said the shrimp. \"The waves\nare very strong, while your legs are so weak that your bodies bend\nalmost to the ground when you walk,\" and he laughed. The crabs were\nso angry at his scorn that they ran at the shrimp and pinched him\nuntil he promised to help them in the battle.\n\nWhen they reached the shore, the crabs looked at the shrimp and said:\n\"Your face is turned the wrong way, friend shrimp,\" and they laughed\nat him, for crabs are much like other people, and think they are the\nonly ones who are right. \"Are you ready to fight with the waves? What\nweapon have you?\"\n\n\"My weapon,\" replied the shrimp, \"is a spear on my head.\" Just then\nhe saw a large wave coming, and ran away; but the crabs, who were\nall looking towards the shore, did not see it, and were killed.\n\nThe wives of the dead crabs wondered why their husbands did not come\nhome. They thought the battle must be a long one, and decided to go\ndown and help their husbands. As they reached the shore and entered\nthe water to look for their husbands, the waves killed them.\n\nA short time afterwards, thousands of little crabs, such as are now\ncalled fiddlers, were found near the shore. When these children were\nold enough to walk, the shrimp often visited them and related to them\nthe sad fate of their parents. And so, if you will watch carefully\nthe fiddlers, you will notice that they always seem ready to run back\nto the land, where their forefathers lived, and then, as they regain\ntheir courage, they rush down, as if about to fight the waves. But\nthey always lack the courage to do so, and continually run back and\nforth. They live neither on dry land, as their ancestors did, nor in\nthe sea, like the other crabs, but up on the beach, where the waves\nwash over them at high tide and try to dash them to pieces.\n\n\nCHAPTER 17\n\nThe Meeting of the Plants.\n\nOnce upon a time plants were able to talk as well as people, and to\nwalk from place to place. One day King Molave, the strongest tree,\nwho lived on a high mountain, called his subjects together for a\ngeneral meeting.\n\nThen every tree put itself in motion towards the designated spot, each\ndoing its best to reach it first. But the buri palm was several days\nlate, which made the king angry, and he cursed it in these terms:--\n\n\"You must be punished for your negligence, and as king I pass upon\nyou this sentence: You shall never see your descendants, for you\nshall die just as your seeds are ready to grow.\"\n\nAnd from that day the buri palms have always died without seeing\ntheir descendants.\n\n\nCHAPTER 18\n\nWho Brings the Cholera?\n\nThe Filipinos, being for the most part ignorant of the laws of hygiene,\nattribute the cholera to any cause rather than the right one. In\ngeneral, they believe it to be caused by some evil-minded men, who\npoison the wells, or, sometimes, by evil spirits, as the following\nstory will show.\n\nTanag was a poor man who lived in a town in the interior of one of\nthe Philippine Islands. He had nothing to eat, nor could he find\nany work by which he might earn his food, and so he determined to\nemigrate. At that time the cholera was at its height.\n\nAs Tanag was rather old, he walked so slowly that in a day he had\ngone but three miles. At sunset he was crossing a sheltered bridge\nover a smooth brook near the sea, and determined to rest and spend\nthe night there.\n\nDuring the early part of the night he was all right, but later it\noccurred to him that he might be seen and killed by the ladrones,\nwho often passed that way.\n\nBelow the bridge was a raft of bamboo poles, and he thought it would\nbe wise to get down there, where he could not so easily be seen. But\nthere were many mosquitoes over the water, so that he was unable to\nsleep. He determined, however, to stay there until day dawned.\n\nAt about four o'clock he heard a heavy step upon the floor of the\nbridge, and by the moonlight he could see that the new-comer was a\nhuge giant with a long club.\n\nA little later another giant came, and Tanag, full of fear, heard\nthe following dialogue:--\n\n\"Did you kill many people?\"\n\n\"Yes, I put my poison on the food, and in a short time those who ate\nof it were attacked by the cholera and died. And how are you getting\nalong yourself?\"\n\n\"At first I killed many people with my poison, but now I am\ndisappointed, because they have found out the antidote for it.\"\n\n\"What is that?\"\n\n\"The root of the balingay tree boiled in water. It is a powerful\nantidote against the poison I use. And what is the antidote against\nyours?\"\n\n\"Simply the root of the alibutbut tree boiled in water. Luckily,\nno one has discovered this antidote, and so many people will die.\"\n\nIn the morning Tanag saw the giants going to the shore, where many\npeople were fishing with their nets. The giants flung their poison\non the fish, and then disappeared from Tanag's sight.\n\nTanag believed that the cholera was caused by the two giants, who\npoisoned the food and water by sprinkling poison on them, and he did\nnot doubt that the roots of the balingay and alibutbut trees would\nprove to be the antidotes to the poison. So he gathered the roots\nand cooked them and advertised himself as a doctor.\n\nIn fact he cured many people and earned so much money that he soon\nbecame rich.\n\n\nCHAPTER 19\n\nMasoy and the Ape. [6]\n\nMasoy was a poor man who lived on a farm some miles from the town. His\nclothing was very poor, and his little garden furnished him scarcely\nenough to live on. Every week day he went to town to sell his fruits\nand vegetables and to buy rice. Upon his return he noticed each day\nthat some one had entered the garden in his absence and stolen some\nof the fruit. He tried to protect the garden by making the fence\nvery strong and locking the gate; but, in spite of all he could do,\nhe continued to miss his fruit.\n\nAt length Masoy conceived the happy idea of taking some pitch and\nmoulding it into the shape of a man. He put a bamboo hat on it and\nstood it up in one comer of the garden. Then he went away.\n\nAs soon as he was gone, the robber, who was none other than a huge ape,\nclimbed the fence and got in.\n\n\"Oh!\" he said to himself, \"I made a mistake! There is Masoy\nwatching. He did not go away as I thought. He is here with a big bamboo\nhat, but he could not catch me if he tried. I am going to greet him,\nfor fear he may consider me impolite.\"\n\n\"Good morning, Masoy,\" he said. \"Why do you not answer me? What\nis the matter with you? Oh! you are joking, are you, by keeping\nso silent? But you will not do it again.\" On saying this, the ape\nslapped the man of pitch with his right hand, and of course it stuck,\nand he could not get it loose.\n\n\"For heaven's sake,\" cried the ape, \"let me go. If you do not, I will\nslap you with my other hand.\" Then he struck him with the other hand,\nwhich, of course, stuck fast also.\n\n\"Well, Masoy,\" cried the ape, \"you have entirely exhausted my\npatience! If you don't let go of me at once, I shall kick you.\" No\nsooner said than done, with a result which may easily be imagined.\n\n\"Masoy,\" cried the now enraged ape, \"if you have any regard for your\nown welfare, let me go, for if you don't, I still have one leg left\nto kill you with.\" So saying, he kicked him with the remaining foot,\ngetting so tangled up that he and the tar man fell to the ground,\nrolling over and over.\n\nThen Masoy came, and, when he saw the ape, he said: \"So you are\nthe robber who has stolen my fruit! Now you will pay for it with\nyour life.\"\n\nBut the ape cried, \"Oh, spare my life, and I will be your slave\nforever!\"\n\n\"Do you promise not to steal my fruit again?\"\n\n\"I do, and I will serve you faithfully all my life.\"\n\nMasoy agreed to spare him.\n\nFrom that time on the ape worked very hard for his master. He sold\nthe fruit and bought the rice and was honest and industrious. One\nday, on his way to market, he happened to find a small piece of gold\nand another of silver. At that time this country was not ruled by\nany foreign power, but each tribe was governed by its own datto or\nchief. The chief was naturally the bravest and richest of the tribe.\n\nThe chief of Masoy's tribe had a very beautiful daughter. The ape\nschemed to have her marry his master. Now he hit upon a plan. He\nwent to the chief's house and asked for a ganta, which is a measure\nholding about three quarts and used for measuring rice.\n\n\"My master,\" he said, \"begs you to lend him a ganta to measure his\ngold with.\"\n\nThe chief was astonished at such an extraordinary request, and asked:\n\"Who is your master?\"\n\n\"Masoy, who owns many gantas of gold and silver, acres upon acres of\nland; and uncountable heads of cattle,\" was the reply.\n\nThe ape carried the ganta home, and there he stuck the piece of gold\nhe had found on the inside of the bottom of the measure, and then\nreturned it to the chief.\n\n\"Oh, ape!\" said the datto, \"your master has forgotten to take out\none piece of gold. Take it and give it back to him.\"\n\n\"Never mind, sir,\" answered the ape, \"he has so much gold that that\nsmall piece is nothing to him. You may keep it.\"\n\nSome weeks afterward, the ape went again to borrow the chief's ganta.\n\n\"What do you want it for now?\" asked the chief.\n\n\"To measure my master's silver with,\" was the answer. So he carried\nit home, stuck inside the piece of silver he had found, and returned\nit. The chief found the piece of silver and offered to return it,\nbut was answered as before, that it did not matter.\n\nThe chief believed all that the ape said, but was puzzled to know how\nsuch a rich man could be living in his territory without his having\nheard of him.\n\nAfter a few days the ape, considering the way well prepared for his\nplans, called upon the datto and said: \"My master requests you to\ngive him your daughter in marriage. I am authorized to make all the\narrangements with you for the wedding, if you consent to it.\"\n\n\"Very well,\" answered the chief, \"but before we arrange matters I\nwish to see my future son-in-law. Ask him to come to see me, and I\nwill receive him in a manner befitting his rank.\"\n\nThe ape returned home and said to Masoy, who knew nothing at all of\nthe negotiations with the chief: \"I have good news for you. The chief\nwants to see you, for he intends to give you his daughter in marriage.\"\n\n\"What are you chattering about?\" answered Masoy. \"Have you lost\nyour senses? Don't you know that I am too poor to marry the chief's\ndaughter? I have not even decent clothes to wear and no means of\ngetting any.\"\n\n\"Do not worry about the clothes. I will get them for you somewhere,\"\nreplied the ape.\n\n\"And how shall I talk? You know that I am ignorant of city ways.\"\n\n\"Oh, Masoy, don't trouble about that! Just answer 'Yes' to the\nquestions they ask you and you will be all right.\"\n\nFinally Masoy consented to go, and went down to the river to wash\noff the dirt and grime. A rich merchant was bathing some distance up\nthe river, and the ape slipped along the bank, stole the merchant's\nclothes, hat, and shoes, and running back swiftly to his master,\nbade him put them on. Masoy did so, and found himself, for the first\ntime in his life, so well dressed that he no longer hesitated about\ngoing to the chief's house. When they arrived there they found that\nthe chief was expecting them and had made a big feast and reception\nin honor of his future son-in-law. The chief began to talk about the\nwedding and said:\n\n\"Shall we have the wedding in your palace, Masoy?\"\n\n\"Yes,\" answered Masoy.\n\n\"You have a large palace, I suppose, have n't you, sir?\"\n\n\"Yes,\" was the reply.\n\n\"Don't you think it would be well for us to go there this afternoon?\"\n\n\"Yes,\" was again the reply.\n\nMeanwhile the ape had disappeared. He went along the road towards home\nand said to all the people he met: \"The datto will be along this way\npretty soon and when he asks you to whom all these farms and cattle\nbelong, you must say that they are Masoy's, for otherwise he will\nkill you.\"\n\nThe ape knew that in a certain spot stood an enchanted palace invisible\nto men. He went to the place, and just where the front of the house\nappeared whenever it was visible, he began to dig a ditch. The witch\nwho lived in the house appeared and asked: \"What are you ditching\nthere for, Mr. Ape?\"\n\n\"Oh, madam,\" was his answer, \"have n't you heard the news? The chief\nis coming this way soon, and is going to have all witches and the\nlow animals like myself put to death. For this reason I am digging\na pit to hide myself in.\"\n\n\"Oh, Mr. Ape!\" said the witch, \"let me hide myself first, for I am\nnot able to dig for myself, and you are. Do me this favor, please.\"\n\n\"I should be very impolite, if I refused to do a favor for a lady,\"\nsaid the ape. \"Come down, but hurry, or you will be too late.\"\n\nThe witch hurried as fast as she could and got down into the pit. Then\nthe ape threw stones down on her until she was dead. The house then\nbecame free from enchantment and always visible.\n\nThe ape then returned to the chief's house and reported that all was\nready for the wedding. So the chief, Masoy, and the bride, escorted\nby a large number of people, set out for Masoy's palace. On the way\nthey saw many rich farms and great herds of cattle. The chief asked\nthe people who the owner of these farms and cattle was. The answer\nalways was that they belonged to Masoy. Consequently the chief was\ngreatly impressed by Masoy's great wealth.\n\nThe chief greatly admired the palace and considered himself fortunate\nto have such a son-in-law. That night the wedding took place, and\nMasoy lived many years in the palace with his wife, having the ape\nand a great number of slaves to serve him.\n\n\nCHAPTER 20\n\nArnomongo and Iput-Iput.\n\n(The Ape and the Firefly.)\n\n\n\n\n\nOne evening the firefly was on his way to the house of a friend, and as\nhe passed the ape's house, the latter asked him: \"Mr. Fire-fly, why do\nyou carry a light?\" The firefly replied: \"Because I am afraid of the\nmosquitoes.\" \"Oh, then you are a coward, are you?\" said the ape. \"No,\nI am not,\" was the answer. \"If you are not afraid,\" asked the ape,\n\"why do you always carry a lantern?\" \"I carry a lantern so that when\nthe mosquitoes come to bite me I can see them and defend myself,\"\nreplied the firefly. Then the ape laughed aloud, and on the next day\nhe told all his neighbors that the firefly carried a light at night\nbecause he was a coward.\n\nWhen the firefly heard what the ape had said, he went to his house. It\nwas night and the ape was asleep, but the firefly flashed his light\ninto his face and awakened him. The firefly was very angry and said:\n\"Why did you spread the report that I was a coward? If you wish to\nprove which of us is the braver, I will fight you on the plaza next\nSunday evening.\"\n\nThe ape inquired: \"Have you any companions?\" \"No,\" replied the\nfire-fly, \"I will come alone.\" Then the ape laughed at the idea of\nsuch a little creature presuming to fight with him, but the firefly\ncontinued: \"I shall be expecting you on the plaza about six o'clock\nnext Sunday afternoon.\" The ape replied: \"You had better bring some one\nto help you, as I shall bring my whole company, about a thousand apes,\neach as big as myself.\" This he said, thinking to frighten the strange\nlittle insect, who seemed to him to be crazy. But the firefly answered:\n\"I shall not need any companions, but will come alone. Good-by.\"\n\nWhen the firefly had gone, the ape called together his company, and\ntold them about the proposed fight. He ordered them to get each one\na club about three feet long and to be on the plaza at six o'clock\nthe next Sunday evening. His companions were greatly amazed, but as\nthey were used to obeying their captain, they promised to be ready\nat the appointed time and place.\n\nOn Sunday evening, just before six o'clock, they assembled on the\nplaza, and found the firefly already waiting for them. Just then\nthe church bells rang the Angelus, so the firefly proposed that they\nshould all pray. Immediately after the prayer, the firefly signified\nthat he was ready to begin. The ape had drawn up his company in line,\nwith himself at the head. Suddenly the firefly lighted upon the ape's\nnose. The ape next in line struck at the firefly, but succeeded only\nin striking the captain such a terrible blow on the nose as to kill\nhim. The firefly meanwhile, seeing the blow coming, had jumped upon\nthe nose of the second ape, who was killed by the next in line just\nas the captain had been killed; and so on down the whole line, until\nthere was but one ape left. He threw down his club and begged the\nfirefly to spare him. The firefly graciously allowed him to live, but\nsince that time the apes have been in mortal terror of the fireflies.\n\n\nCHAPTER 21\n\nThe Snail and the Deer. [7]\n\nThe deer made fun of the snail because of his slowness, so the latter\nchallenged the former to a race. \"We will race to the well on the other\nside of the plaza,\" said the snail. \"All right,\" replied the deer.\n\nOn the day of the race the deer ran swiftly to the well, and when\nhe got there he called, \"Mr. Snail, where are you?\" \"Here I am,\"\nsaid the snail, sticking his head up out of the well. The deer\nwas very much surprised, so he said: \"I will race you to the next\nwell.\" \"Agreed,\" replied the snail. When the deer arrived at the\nnext well, he called as before, \"Mr. Snail, where are you?\" \"Here\nI am,\" answered the snail. \"Why have you been so slow? I have been\nhere a long time waiting for you.\" The deer tried again and again,\nbut always with the same result; until the deer in disgust dashed\nhis head against a tree and broke his neck.\n\nNow the first snail had not moved from his place, but he had many\ncousins in each of the wells of the town and each exactly resembled\nthe other. Having heard the crows talking of the proposed race, as\nthey perched on the edge of the wells to drink, they determined to\nhelp their cousin to win it, and so, as the deer came to each well,\nthere was always a snail ready to stick his head out and answer,\n\"Here I am\" to the deer's inquiry.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 22\n\nStory of Ca Matsin and Ca Boo-Ug. [8]\n\nOne day a turtle, whose name was Ca Boo-Ug, and a monkey, Ca Matsin,\nmet on the shore of a pond. While they were talking, they noticed a\nbanana plant floating in the water.\n\n\"Jump in and get it,\" said Ca Matsin, who could not swim, \"and we will\nplant it, and some day we will have some bananas of our own.\" So Ca\nBoo-Ug swam out and brought the plant to shore.\n\n\"Let's cut it in two,\" said Ca Matsin. \"You may have one half and I\nwill take the other, and then we shall each have a tree.\"\n\n\"All right,\" said Ca Boo-Ug; \"which half will you take?\"\n\nCa Matsin did not think the roots looked very pretty, and so he\nchose the upper part. Ca Boo-Ug knew a thing or two about bananas,\nso he said nothing, and each took his part and planted it. Ca Boo-Ug\nplanted his in a rich place in the garden, but Ca Matsin planted his\nin the ashes in the fireplace, because it was easy, and then, too,\nhe could look at it often and see how pretty it was.\n\nCa Matsin laughed as he thought how he had cheated Ca Boo-Ug, but\nsoon his part began to wither and die, and he was very angry.\n\nWith Ca Boo-Ug it was different. Before long his tree began to\nput forth leaves, and soon it had a beautiful bunch of bananas on\nit. But he could not climb the tree to get the bananas, so one day\nhe went in search of Ca Matsin, and asked him how his banana-tree\nwas getting along. When Ca Matsin told him that his tree was dead,\nCa Boo-Ug pretended to be very much surprised and sorry, and said:--\n\n\"My tree has a beautiful bunch of bananas on it, but I cannot climb\nup to get them. If you will get some of them for me, I will give\nyou half.\"\n\nCa Matsin assented, and climbed the tree. When he got to the top, he\npulled a banana, ate it, and threw the skin down to Ca Boo-Ug. Then\nhe ate another, and another, throwing the skins down on Ca Boo-Ug's\nhead. When he had eaten all he wanted, he jumped out of the tree and\nran away to the woods, laughing at Ca Boo-Ug. Ca Boo-Ug did not say\nanything, but just sat down and thought what he should do to get even\nwith Ca Matsin. Finally, he gathered a lot of bamboo sticks and planted\nthem around the tree with the sharp points up, covering them with\nleaves so that they could not be seen. Then he sat down and waited.\n\nAs soon as Ca Matsin got hungry again, he went around to Ca Boo-Ug's\ngarden to get some more bananas. Ca Boo-Ug seemed glad to see him,\nand when Ca Matsin asked for some bananas, replied:--\n\n\"All right, you may have all you want, but on one condition. When\nyou jump out of the tree you must not touch those leaves. You must\njump over them.\"\n\nAs soon as Ca Matsin heard that he must not jump on the leaves, that\nwas just what he wanted to do. So when he had eaten all the bananas\nhe wanted, he jumped out of the tree on to the leaves as hard as he\ncould jump, and was killed by the sharp bamboo points.\n\nThen Ca Boo-Ug skinned him and cut him up and packed the meat in a\njar of brine and hid it in the mud on the bank of the pond.\n\nIn the dry season the banana-trees all died and the cocoanut-trees\nbore no fruit, so a troop of monkeys came to Ca Boo-Ug and asked him\nif he would give them something to eat.\n\n\"Yes, I have some nice meat in a jar which I will give you, but if\nI do, you must promise to eat it with your eyes shut.\"\n\nThey were very hungry, so they gave the required promise, and Ca\nBoo-Ug gave them the meat. All kept their eyes shut except one,\na little baby, and like all babies, he was very curious and wanted\nto see what was going on. So he opened one eye and peeped at a bone\nwhich he had in his hand, then he called out:--\n\n\"Oh, see what I have found! Here is the little finger of my brother,\nCa Matsin!\"\n\nThen all the monkeys looked, and when they found that Ca Boo-Ug had\nkilled a member of their tribe they were very angry, and looked for\nCa Boo-Ug, in order to kill him. But they could not find him, for\nas soon as he saw what had happened he had hidden under a piece of\ncocoanut shell which was lying on the ground.\n\nThe chief monkey sat upon the cocoanut shell, while he was planning\nwith his companions how they should catch Ca Boo-Ug, but of\ncourse he did not know where he was, so he called out: \"Where's Ca\nBoo-Ug? Where's Ca Boo-Ug?\"\n\nCa Boo-Ug was so tickled when he heard the monkey ask where he was that\nhe giggled. The monkeys heard him, and looked all around for him, but\ncould not find him. Then they called out: \"Where's Ca Boo-Ug? Where's\nCa Boo-Ug?\" This time Ca Boo-Ug laughed out loud, and the monkeys\nfound him. Then they began to plan how they should punish him.\n\n\"Let's put him into a rice mortar and pound him to death,\" said\none. \"Aha!\" said Ca Boo-Ug, \"that's nothing! My mother beat me so\nmuch when I was little that now my back is so strong that nothing\ncan break it.\"\n\nWhen the monkeys found out that Ca Boo-Ug was not afraid of being\npounded in a rice mortar, they determined to try something else.\n\n\"Let's make a fire on his back and burn him up,\" suggested\nanother. \"Oh, ho!\" laughed Ca Boo-Ug, \"that's nothing. I should think\nthat you could tell by the color of my shell that I have had a fire\nlighted on my back many times. In fact, I like it, as I am always\nso cold.\"\n\nSo the monkeys decided that they would punish Ca Boo-Ug by throwing\nhim into the pond and drowning him.\n\n\"Boo-hoo!\" cried Ca Boo-Ug, \"don't do that! You will surely kill\nme. Please don't do that! Boo-hoo! Boo-hoo!\"\n\nOf course when the monkeys found that Ca Boo-Ug did not wish to be\nthrown into the pond, they thought they had found just the way to kill\nhim. So, in spite of his struggles, they picked him up and threw him\nfar out into the pond.\n\nTo their surprise and chagrin, Ca Boo-Ug stuck his head out of the\nwater and laughed at them, and then turned around and swam off.\n\nWhen the monkeys saw how they had been deceived, they were very\nmuch disappointed, and began to plan how they could catch Ca Boo-Ug\nagain. So they called to a big fish, named Botete, that lived in\nthe pond:\n\n\"Botete! Drink all you can of the water in the pond and help us\nfind the bag of gold that we hid in it. If you will help us find it,\nyou shall have half of the gold.\"\n\nSo Botete began to drink the water, and in a little time the pond\nwas nearly dry. Then the monkeys determined to go down into the pond\nand look for Ca Boo-Ug. When he saw them coming, Ca Boo-Ug called\nto Salacsacan, the kingfisher, who was sitting on a branch of a tree\nwhich hung over the water:--\n\n\"Salacsacan! Salacsacan! Botete has drunk all the water in the pond,\nand if there is no water there will be no fish for you to catch. Fly\ndown now and peck a hole in Botete, and let the water out, before the\nfish are all dead.\" So Salacsacan flew down and pecked a hole in the\nside of Botete, and the water rushed out and drowned all the monkeys.\n\nWhen Ca Boo-Ug saw that the monkeys were all dead, he crawled up on\nthe bank, and there he lived happily ever after.\n\n\nAnother version ends as follows:--\n\n\nWhen the monkeys saw how they had been deceived, they were very\nmuch disappointed and began to plan how they could catch Ca Boo-Ug\nagain. They decided to drink all the water in the pond, and then they\ncould catch Ca Boo-Ug before he could escape. So they drank and drank,\nuntil they all burst.\n\nWhen Ca Boo-Ug saw that the monkeys were all dead, he crawled up on\nthe bank, and there he lived happily ever after.\n\n\n\nW. H. Millington and Berton L. Maxfield.\n\nBrooklyn, N.Y.\n\n\n\n\nPART III\n\nTagalog Folk-Tales.\n\n\nCHAPTER 1\n\nJuan Gathers Guavas. [9]\n\nThe guavas were ripe, and Juan's father sent him to gather enough\nfor the family and for the neighbors who came to visit them. Juan\nwent to the guava bushes and ate all that he could hold. Then he\nbegan to look around for mischief. He soon found a wasp nest and\nmanaged to get it into a tight basket. He gave it to his father\nas soon as he reached home, and then closed the door and fastened\nit. All the neighbors were inside waiting for the feast of guavas,\nand as soon as the basket was opened they began to fight to get out\nof the windows. After a while Juan opened the door and when he saw\nhis parents' swollen faces, he cried out, \"What rich fine guavas\nthose must have been! They have made you both so very fat.\"\n\n\nCHAPTER 2\n\nJuan Makes Gulay of his own Child.\n\nAfter Juan was married about a year a baby was born, and he and\nhis wife loved it very much. But Juan was always obedient to his\nwife, being a fool, and when she told him to make gulay or stew he\ninquired of her of what he should make it. She replied of anac, [10]\nmeaning anac hang gabi. [11] Then she went away for a while, and when\nshe returned Juan had the gulay ready. She asked for the baby and\nwas horrified to learn that Juan had made a stew of his own child,\nhaving taken her words literally.\n\n\nCHAPTER 3\n\nJuan Wins a Wager for the Governor.\n\nJuan was well known for a brave man, though a fool, and the priest and\nthe governor wished to try him on a wager. The governor told him that\nthe priest was dead, and ordered him to watch the body in the church\nthat night. The priest lay down on the bier before the altar, and\nafter Juan came the priest arose. Juan pushed him down again and ran\nout of the church and secured a club. Returning, he said to the priest,\n\"You are dead; try to get up again and I will break you to pieces.\" So\nJuan proved himself to be a brave man, and the governor won his wager.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 4\n\nJuan Hides the Salt.\n\nJuan's father came into possession of a sack of salt, which used to\nbe very precious and an expensive commodity. He wished it hidden in a\nsecure place and so told Juan to hide it till they should need it. Juan\nwent out and after hunting for a long time hid it in a carabao wallow,\nand of course when they went to fetch it again nothing was left but\nthe sack.\n\n\nCHAPTER 5\n\nThe Man in the Shroud.\n\nJuan, being a joker, once thought to have a little fun at others'\nexpense, so he robed himself in a shroud, placed a bier by the\nroadside, set candles around it, and lay down so that all who went by\nshould see him and be frightened. A band of robbers went by that way,\nand seeing the corpse, besought it to give them luck. As it happened,\nthey were more than usually fortunate, and when they returned they\nbegan to make offerings to him to secure continuance of their good\nfortune. As the entire proceeds of their adventures were held in\ncommon, they soon began to quarrel over the offerings to be made. The\ncaptain became angry, and drew his sword with a threat to run the\ncorpse through for causing so much dissension among his men.\n\nThis frightened the sham dead man to such a degree that he jumped up\nand ran away, and the robbers, who were even more frightened than he,\nran the other way, leaving all their plunder.\n\nJuan then returned and gathered all the money and valuables left\nbehind by the robbers, and carried them home. Now he had a friend\nwho was very curious to know how he came into possession of so much\nwealth, and so Juan told him, only he said nothing about robbers,\nbut told his friend, whose name was Pedro, that the things were the\ndirect reward of God for his piety.\n\nPedro, being afraid of the woods, decided to lie just inside the church\ndoor; besides, that being a more sacred place, he felt sure that God\nwould favor him even more than Juan. He arranged his bier with the\ncandles around him, and lay down to await the shower of money that\nshould reward his devotions. When the sacristan went to the church\nto ring the bell for vespers, he saw the body lying there, and not\nknowing of any corpse having been carried in, he was frightened\nand ran to tell the padre. The padre, when he had seen the body,\nsaid it was a miracle, and that it must be buried within the church,\nfor the sanctification of the edifice.\n\nBut Pedro, now thoroughly frightened, jumped off the bier and ran away,\nand the priest and the sacristan ran the other way, so the poor man\nnever received the reward for his piety, and the church was deprived\nof a new patron saint.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 6\n\nThe Adventures of Juan.\n\nJuan was lazy, Juan was a fool, and his mother never tired of scolding\nhim and emphasizing her words by a beating. When Juan went to school\nhe made more noise at his study than anybody else, but his reading\nwas only gibberish.\n\nHis mother sent him to town to buy meat to eat with the boiled rice,\nand he bought a live crab which he set down in the road and told to\ngo to his mother and be cooked for dinner. The crab promised, but as\nsoon as Juan's back was turned ran in the other direction.\n\nJuan went home after a while and asked for the crab, but there was\nnone, and they ate their rice without ulam. [12] His mother then\nwent herself and left Juan to care for the baby. The baby cried and\nJuan examined it to find the cause, and found the soft spot on its\nhead. \"Aha! It has a boil. No wonder it cries!\" And he stuck a knife\ninto the soft spot, and the baby stopped crying. When his mother came\nback, Juan told her about the boil and that the baby was now asleep,\nbut the mother said it was dead, and she beat Juan again.\n\nThen she told Juan that if he could do nothing else he could at least\ncut firewood, so she gave him a bolo and sent him to the woods.\n\nHe found what looked to him like a good tree and prepared to cut it,\nbut the tree was a magic tree and said to Juan, \"Do not cut me and I\nwill give you a goat that shakes silver money from its whiskers.\" Juan\nagreed, and the bark of the tree opened and the goat came out, and\nwhen Juan told him to shake his whiskers, money dropped out. Juan was\nvery glad, for at last he had something he would not be beaten for. On\nhis way home he met a friend, and told him of his good fortune. The\nman made him dead drunk and substituted another goat which had not\nthe ability to shake money from its whiskers, and when the new goat\nwas tried at home poor Juan was beaten and scolded.\n\nBack he went to the tree, which he threatened to cut down for lying\nto him, but the tree said, \"No, do not kill me and I will give you\na magic net which you may cast even on dry ground or into a tree-top\nand it will return full of fish,\" and the tree did even so.\n\nAgain he met the friend, again he drank tuba [13] until he was dead\ndrunk, and again a worthless thing was substituted, and on reaching\nhome he was beaten and scolded.\n\nOnce more Juan went to the magic tree, and this time he received a\nmagic pot, always full of rice; and spoons always full of whatever\nulam might be wished, and these went the way of the other gifts,\nto the false friend.\n\nThe fourth time he asked of the tree he was given a magic stick\nthat would without hands beat and kill anything that the owner\nwished. \"Only say to it 'Boombye, boomba,' and it will obey your word,\"\nsaid the tree.\n\nWhen Juan met the false friend again, the false friend asked him what\ngift he had this time. \"It is only a stick that if I say, 'Boombye,\nboomba,' will beat you to death,\" said Juan, and with that the stick\nleaped from his hand and began to belabor the wicked man. \"Lintic na\ncahoy ito ay! [14] Stop it and I will give you everything I stole from\nyou.\" Juan ordered the stick to stop, but made the man, bruised and\nsore, carry the net, the pot, and the spoons, and lead the goat to\nJuan's home. There the goat shook silver from his beard till Juan's\nthree brothers and his mother had all they could carry, and they dined\nfrom the pot and the magic spoons until they were full to their mouths.\n\n\"Now,\" said Juan, \"you have beaten me and called me a fool all my life,\nbut you are not ashamed to take good things when I get them. I will\nshow you something else. Boombye, boomba!\" and the stick began to\nbeat them all. Quickly they agreed that Juan was head of the house,\nand he ordered the beating to stop.\n\nJuan now became rich and respected, but he never trusted himself\nfar from his stick day or night. One night a hundred robbers came\nto break into the house, to take all his goods, and kill him, but\nhe said to the stick, \"Boombye, boomba!\" and with the swiftness of\nlightning the stick flew around, and all those struck fell dead till\nthere was not one left. Juan was never troubled again by robbers,\nand in the end married a princess and lived happily ever after.\n\n\nCHAPTER 7\n\nThe Aderna Bird.\n\nThere was once a king who greatly desired to obtain an aderna bird,\nwhich is possessed of magical powers, has a wonderful song, and talks\nlike men. This king had a beautiful daughter, and he promised her to\nany one who would bring him an aderna bird. Now the quest for the\naderna bird is very dangerous, because, if the heart is not pure,\nthe man who touches the bird becomes stone, and the bird escapes.\n\nThere were in that country three brothers, Juan, Diego, and Pedro,\nand they all agreed to set out together to catch the aderna bird. Afar\nin the mountains they saw him, and Diego, being the eldest, had first\nchance, and he caught the aderna bird, but being of impure life he\nbecame a stone, and the bird flew away over the mountains.\n\nJuan and Pedro pursued it over the rocky way till at last they saw\nit again, and Pedro, being the next eldest, essayed to catch it. He,\ntoo, being a bad man, was turned into stone and the aderna bird flew\nover another mountain, and Juan, undaunted, followed alone.\n\nWhen at last he saw the aderna bird he made a trap with a mirror with\na snare in front and soon caught the bird. He made a cage for it and\nstarted on his homeward journey. When he reached the stone which was\nhis brother Pedro, he begged the bird to undo its work and make him\na man again, and the bird did so. Then the two went on to where Diego\nwas, and again Juan entreated the bird to set the other brother free,\nand the bird did so.\n\nBut Pedro and Diego, far from being grateful for what Juan had done\nfor them, bound him, choked him, beat him, and left him for dead far\nfrom any road or any habitation, and went on their way to the king\nwith the aderna bird, expecting for one the hand of the princess and\nfor the other a rich reward.\n\nBut the aderna bird would not sing. Said the king, \"O Aderna Bird,\nwhy do you not sing?\" The bird replied, \"O Mighty King, I sing only\nfor him who caught me.\" \"Did these men catch you?\" \"No, O King, Juan\ncaught me, and these men have beaten him and stolen me from him.\" So\nthe king had them punished, and waited for the coming of Juan.\n\nJuan meanwhile had freed himself from his bonds, and wandered sore\nand hungry and lame through the forest. At last he met an old man\nwho said to him, \"Juan, why do you not go to the king's house, for\nthere they want you very much?\" \"Alas,\" said Juan, \"I am not able\nto walk so far from weakness, and I fear I shall die here in the\nforest.\" \"Do not fear,\" said the old man, \"I have here a wonderful\nhat that, should you but whisper to it where you wish to go, in a\nmoment you are transported there through the air.\"\n\nSo the old man gave him the hat, and Juan put it on and said, \"Hat,\nif this be thy nature, carry me across the mountains to the king's\npalace.\" And the hat carried him immediately into the presence of\nthe king. Then the aderna bird began to sing, and after a time Juan\nmarried the princess, and all went well for the rest of their lives.\n\n\nCHAPTER 8\n\nThe Story of Juan and the Monkey.\n\nJuan was a farmer, a farmer so poor that he had only one shirt and\none pair of trousers. Juan was much annoyed by monkeys, who stole his\ncorn. So he set a trap and caught several of them. These he killed\nwith a club until he came to the last, which said to him, \"Juan,\ndon't kill me and I will be your servant all your life.\" \"But I will,\"\nsaid Juan. \"You are a thief and do not deserve to live.\" \"Juan, let me\nlive, and I will bring you good fortune, and if you kill me you will\nbe poor all your life.\" The monkey talked so eloquently that Juan let\nhimself be persuaded, and took the monkey home with him. The monkey\nwas true to his word, and served Juan faithfully, cooking, washing,\nand hunting food for him, and at night going to distant fields and\nstealing maize and palay which he added to Juan's little store.\n\nOne day the monkey said to Juan, \"Juan, why do you not marry?\" Said\nJuan, \"How can I marry? I have nothing to keep a wife.\" \"Take my\nadvice,\" said the monkey, \"and you can marry the king's daughter.\" Juan\ntook the monkey's advice and they set out for the king's palace. Juan\nremained behind while the monkey went up to the palace alone. Outside\nhe called, as the custom is, \"Honorable people!\" and the king said,\n\"Come in.\" The king said, \"Monkey, where do you walk?\" and the monkey\nsaid, \"Mr. King, I wish to borrow your salop. My master wishes to\nmeasure his money.\" The king lent him the salop (a measure of about\ntwo quarts), and the monkey returned to Juan. After a few hours he\nreturned it with a large copper piece cunningly stuck to the bottom\nwith paste. The king saw it and called the monkey's attention to it,\nbut the monkey haughtily waved his hand, and told the king that a\nsingle coin was of no consequence to his master.\n\nThe next day he borrowed the salop again and the coin stuck in the\nbottom was half a peso, and the third day the coin was a peso, but\nthese he assured the king were of no more consequence to his master\nthan the copper. Then the king told the monkey to bring his master\nto call, and the monkey promised that after a few days he would.\n\nThey went home, and as Juan's clothes must be washed, Juan went to\nbed while the monkey washed and starched them, pulling, pressing,\nand smoothing them with his hands because he had no iron.\n\nThen they went to call on the king, and the king told Juan that he\nshould marry the princess as soon as he could show the king a large\nhouse, with a hundred head of cattle, carabao, horses, sheep, and\ngoats. Juan was very despondent at this, though he was too brave to\nlet the king know his thoughts, he told his troubles to the monkey,\nwho assured him that the matter was very easy.\n\nThe next day they took a drum and a shovel and went into the mountains,\nwhere there was a great enchanter who was a very wealthy man and also\nan asuang. They dug a great hole and then Juan hid in the woods and\nbegan to beat his drum, and the monkey rushed up to the enchanter's\nhouse and told him the soldiers were coming, and that he would hide\nhim. So the enchanter went with the monkey to the hole and the monkey\npushed him in and began with hands and feet to cover him up. Juan\nhelped, and soon the enchanter was dead and buried. Then they went\nto the house and at the first door they opened they liberated fifty\npeople who were being fattened for the enchanter's table. These\npeople were glad to help Juan convey all the money, cattle, and all\nthe enchanter's wealth to the town. Juan built a house on the plaza,\nmarried the princess, and lived happily ever after, but his friend the\nmonkey, having so well earned his liberty, he sent back to the woods,\nand their friendship still continued.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 9\n\nJuan the Drunkard who Visited Heaven.\n\nThere was once a man named Juan, who was a drunkard. One day when\nhe was drunker than usual he decided to visit his dead friends in\nheaven. He took no baggage except two long bamboo buckets full of tuba,\nwhich he carried one over each shoulder. He walked and walked for at\nleast a week, until he came to a place where they sold tuba. There he\nfilled his buckets, promising to pay on his return, and set out again.\n\nAfter walking a long time he came to a city with a wall around it,\nand at the gate sat an old man with a long beard and with keys at his\ngirdle whom he knew at once as St. Peter. \"Good-morning, St. Peter,\"\nsaid Juan. \"I would like to see some of my friends that I think are\nhere.\" \"Who are you?\" asked St. Peter, getting up angrily. \"I am Juan\nand I have come a long way to see some of my friends. Won't you let me\nlook?\" \"No,\" said St. Peter, \"I won't. You are drunk.\" \"Well, then,\nonly be so good as to let me take just a little peep.\" So St. Peter\nopened the gate just the least bit, but Juan was not satisfied, so he\nsaid, \"Good St. Peter, open the gate just a little wider for me to\nsee with both eyes.\" Then he persuaded St. Peter to let him put his\nhead in, and then by a little firmness he slipped in, still carrying\nhis buckets of tuba.\n\nSt. Peter ordered him to come out, but he started down a street he\nsaw, or rather a road, for there were no houses there. \"Stop!\" said\nSt. Peter, \"that road won't take you to your friends. Go the other\nway.\" And Juan did so.\n\nAfter he had gone on for some time, he found that he was surrounded by\ndevils who began to torment him, but he defended himself succesfully\nagainst them, and by giving them part of his tuba bribed them to tell\nhim where to find his friends. To his friends he gave the remainder\nof his tuba and then set out to find God himself.\n\nBeing ushered into the Divine Presence, he knelt humbly and said,\n\"Lord, I beg thee to tell me how long I shall live.\" The Lord looked\nat him and said, \"I have not sent for you; why are you here?\" Juan\nbowed more humbly than before, and replied, \"O Most High, I have come\nto see some of my dead friends, and I would like also to know how\nlong I shall live on earth.\" So God told him that he had still a long\nearthly life before him and never to come again until he was sent for.\n\nSo Juan left the heavenly city and passed back through St. Peter's\ngate, and at last, after a weary journey, came to earth again. And\nJuan lived a long and happy life and drank more tuba than ever.\n\n\nCHAPTER 10\n\nThe Juan who Visited Heaven.\n\nThere was once an old couple who always prayed for a child, for they\nhad always been childless. No matter how it looked, whether deformed\nor ugly, they must have a child. So after a short time they saw that\ntheir prayers would be answered, and in the course of nature a child\nwas born, but the mother died at the birth.\n\nThe new-born child ran to the church, climbed into the tower, and\nbegan to hammer on the bells. The priest, hearing the noise, sent the\nsacristan to see what was the matter. The sacristan went, and seeing\nthere a little child, asked what he was doing and told him to stop, for\nthe priest would be angry; but the ringing of the bells went on. Then\nthe priest went up. \"Little boy,\" he said, \"what is your name?\" \"Juan,\"\nsaid the child. \"Why are you ringing the church bells?\" \"Because my\nmother is dead.\" \"When did she die?\" \"Only now.\" \"If you stop ringing\nthe bells she shall have a fine funeral and you shall live with me\nand be as my son,\" said the priest. \"Very well, sir, if you will let\nme stay in the church all I wish.\" To this the priest assented. The\ndead woman was buried with all the pomp of music, candles, and bells,\nand the boy went to live in the convent. Always after his school was\ndone he would be in the church. The father did everything that was\npossible for him, for he knew that he was not a natural child.\n\nAfter a time the padre sent for him to get his dinner, but he would\nnot leave the church, so the priest had a good dinner cooked and\nsent it down to the church, but he told the sacristan to watch the\nchurch and see what happened. The sacristan watched and soon saw the\nstatue of Jesus eating with the boy. This he told the padre, and the\nchild's dinner was always sent to the church after that. One day not\nlong after he went to the priest and said, \"Master, my friend down at\nthe church wants me to go away with him.\" \"Where are you going?\" \"My\nfriend wants me to go to heaven with him.\"\n\nThe priest consented and the little boy and the Lord Jesus went\naway together. As they walked the little boy saw that two roads ran\nalong together, one thorny and the other smooth. Asked the boy of\nhis companion, \"Friend, why is this road where we walk so thorny,\nand that other yonder so smooth?\" Said the Lord, \"Hush, child, it\nis not fitting to disturb the peace of this place, but I will tell\nyou. This is the path of the sinless and is thorny, but that smooth\nway yonder is the way of the sinners and never reaches heaven.\"\n\nAgain they came to a great house filled with young men and women who\nwere all working hammering iron. Said the little boy, \"Who are those\nwho labor with the hammer?\" \"Hush, child, they are the souls of those\nwho died unmarried.\"\n\nThey journeyed on, and on one side were bush pastures filled with poor\ncattle while on the opposite side of the road were pastures dry and\nbare where the cattle were very fat. The child inquired the meaning\nof the mystery. The Lord answered him, \"Hush, child! These lean cattle\nin the rich pastures are the souls of sinners, while those fat cattle\non dry and sunburnt ground are the souls of sinless ones.\"\n\nAfter a while they crossed a river, one part of which was ruby red and\nthe other spotless white. \"Friend, what is this?\" asked the boy. \"Hush,\nchild, the red is the blood of your mother whose life was given for\nyours, and the white is the milk which she desired to give to you,\nher child,\" said the Lord.\n\nAt last they came to a great house having seven stories, and there on\na table they saw many candles, some long, some short, some burned\nout. Said Juan, \"Friend, what are all these candles?\" \"Hush,\nchild, those are the lives of your friends.\" \"What are those\nempty candlesticks?\" \"Those are your mother and your uncle, who are\ndead.\" \"Who is this long one?\" \"That is your father, who has long to\nlive.\" \"Who is this very short one?\" \"That is your master, who will\ndie soon.\" \"May I put in another?\" \"Yes, child, if you wish.\" So he\nchanged it for a long one, and with his heavenly companion he returned\nto earth.\n\nThere he told his master, the padre, all that he had seen and heard and\nhow he had changed the candles; and he and his master lived together\na very long time. And in the fulness of time the padre died, but Juan\nwent to heaven one day with his Lord and never returned.\n\n\nCHAPTER 11\n\nThe Sad Story of Juan and Maria.\n\nJuan and Maria were orphans. When Juan was about eight years old and\nMaria was about four their father died. The mother went into the hemp\nfields to earn a living for her family by stripping the fibre from\nthe hemp, which is very hard work, so hard that she died worn out in\na month or two afterward.\n\nJuan and Maria were then taken into the family of an uncle, their\nmother's brother, and little Juan began to work for his little\nsister's and his own living, by transplanting the tender shoots of\nthe banana. Maria often accompanied him, as the children were much\nattached to each other. One day when they were out in the field Maria\nsaw a beautiful bird which seemed very tame and tried to catch it,\nbut the bird ran into the woods, and although she could come very\nclose to it she could not catch it. On and on she went until she\nwas almost ready to drop, her tiny feet leaving no trace, but still\nshe followed the bird. Just at night she saw an old man with a very\nkind face, who came toward her, and putting the bird under one arm\nand taking Maria on his shoulder, he set off toward his house, which\ndid not seem to be very far off. Arriving there he said to his wife,\n\"See, wife, what good fortune I have had today.\" Seeing the child,\nhis wife threw up her hands in thanksgiving and cried, \"Thanks be to\nGod, we have a child at last in our old age.\"\n\nPoor Juan, torn with fear, hunted the woods for days, but could not\nfind his little sister. Convinced at last that his search was hopeless,\nhe went home and worked hard and in a few years became a rich man. Then\nhe began to consider where he could find a suitable wife. It was told\nhim that there was an old couple beyond three ranges of mountains\nwho had a beautiful daughter, and to her he determined to go.\n\nMaria had likewise grown up, and now she was the most beautiful\ndamsel in many days' journey. When Juan set out on his search, it\nwas to the house of Maria's foster parents that he was bound.\n\nArriving there, he called to those within, \"Honorable people,\" and the\nold man said, \"Come in;\" but Juan remained without until the third\ninvitation. Passing within, he likewise would not sit down till he\nhad been asked three times.\n\nSeating himself on a bench, he told the old man that he had come to\nmarry his daughter, and the old man told him he might if he could show\nthat he had enough money. As Juan was rich, this did not take long\nto do, and after a few days Juan and Maria were married, not knowing\ntheir relationship. They lived happily together, and a daughter was\nborn to them. This child, like her mother, was very beautiful.\n\nOne day, as the little girl was playing by the river, a crab came to\nthe edge of the water and said,--\n\n\n\"Beautiful art thou,\nMore beautiful than any other,\nBut thou art the child\nOf sister and brother.\"\n\n\nHorrified, the child ran to her mother, and then the parents began\nto talk over the events of their childhood and found that they were\nindeed sister and brother.\n\nThey went to Maria's foster father to ask what they must do, and he\ntold them they must live apart; and then they went to the archbishop,\nwho told them that they might live lawfully together, as the sacrament\nof marriage was above all, but, after much thought, they decided that\nthey must live apart, and Maria went back to her foster father.\n\nThus by a sinless crime were their lives saddened forever.\n\n\nCHAPTER 12\n\nThe Fifty-one Thieves.\n\nThere were once two brothers, Juan and Pedro. Pedro was rich and was\nthe elder, but Juan was very poor and gained his living by cutting\nwood. Juan became so poor at last that he was forced to ask alms\nfrom his brother, or what was only the same thing, a loan. After\nmuch pleading, Pedro gave his brother enough rice for a single meal,\nbut repenting of such generosity, went and took it off the fire,\nas his brother's wife was cooking it, and carried it home again.\n\nJuan then set out for the woods, thinking he might be able to find\na few sticks that he could exchange for something to eat, and went\nmuch farther than he was accustomed to go. He came to a road he did\nnot know and followed it for some distance to where it led to a great\nrocky bluff and there came to an end.\n\nJuan did not know exactly what to think of such an abrupt ending\nto the roadway, and sat down behind a large rock to meditate. As he\nsat there a voice within the cliff said, \"Open the door,\" and a door\nin the cliff opened itself. A man richly dressed came out, followed\nby several others, whom he told that they were going to a town at a\nconsiderable distance. He then said, \"Shut the door,\" and the door\nclosed itself again.\n\nJuan was not sure whether any one else was inside, but he was no\ncoward and besides he thought he might as well be murdered as starved\nto death, so when the robbers had ridden away to a safe distance\nwithout seeing him, he went boldly up to the cliff and said, \"Open\nthe door.\" The door opened as obediently to him as to the robber,\nand he went in. He found himself inside a great cavern filled with\nmoney, jewels, and rich stuffs of every kind.\n\nHastily gathering more than enough gold and jewels to make him rich,\nhe went outside, not forgetting to say, \"Close the door,\" and went\nback to his house.\n\nHaving hidden all but a little of his new wealth, he wished to change\none or two of his gold pieces for silver so that he could buy something\nto eat. He went to his brother's house to ask him for the favor,\nbut Pedro was not at home, and his wife, who was at least as mean as\nPedro, would not change the money. After a while Pedro came home, and\nhis wife told him that Juan had some money; and Pedro, hoping in turn\nto gain some advantage, went to Juan's house and asked many questions\nabout the money. Juan told him that he had sold some wood in town and\nhad been paid in gold, but Pedro did not believe him and hid himself\nunder the house to listen. At night he heard Juan talking to his wife,\nand found out the place and the password. Immediately taking three\nhorses to carry his spoils, he set out for the robbers' cave.\n\nOnce arrived, he went straight to the cliff and said, \"Open the door,\"\nand the door opened immediately. He went inside and said, \"Close the\ndoor,\" and the door closed tight. He gathered together fifteen great\nbags of money, each all he could lift, and carried them to the door\nready to put on the horses. He found all the rich food and wine of\nthe robbers in the cave, and could not resist the temptation to make\nmerry at their expense; so he ate their food and drank their fine\nwines till he was foolishly drunk. When he had reached this state,\nhe began to think of returning home. Beating on the door with both\nhands, he cried out, \"Open, beast. Open, fool. May lightning blast\nyou if you do not open!\" and a hundred other foolish things, but\nnever once saying, \"Open the door.\"\n\nWhile he was thus engaged, the robbers returned, and hearing them\ncoming he hid under a great pile of money with only his nose sticking\nout. The robbers saw that some one had visited the cave in their\nabsence and hunted for the intruder till one of them discovered him\ntrembling under a heap of coin. With a shout they hauled him forth\nand beat him until his flesh hung in ribbons. Then they split him into\nhalves and threw the body into the river, and cut his horses into bits,\n[15] which they threw after him.\n\nWhen Pedro did not return, his wife became anxious and told Juan\nwhere he had gone. Juan stole quietly to the place by night, and\nrecovered the body, carried it home, and had the pieces sewn together\nby the tailor.\n\nNow the robbers knew that they had been robbed by some one else, and\nso, when Pedro's body was taken away, the captain went to town to see\nwho had buried the body, and by inquiring, found that Juan had become\nsuddenly rich, and also that it was his brother who had been buried.\n\nSo the captain of the robbers went to Juan's house, where he found\na ball going on. Juan knew the captain again and that he was asking\nmany questions, so he made the captain welcome and gave him a great\ndeal to eat and drink. One of the servants came in and pretended\nto admire the captain's sword till he got it into his own hands;\nand then he began to give an exhibition of fencing, making the sword\nwhirl hither and thither and ending with a wonderful stroke that made\nthe captain's head roll on the floor.\n\nA day or two later, the lieutenant also came to town, and began to make\ninquiries concerning the captain. He soon found out that the captain\nhad been killed in Juan's house, but Juan now had soldiers on guard\nat his door, so that it was necessary to use strategy. He went to\nJuan and asked if he could start a \"tienda,\" or wine-shop, and Juan,\nwho recognized the lieutenant, said, \"Yes.\" Then the lieutenant went\naway, soon returning with seven great casks, in each of which he had\nseven men.\n\nThese he stored under Juan's house until such time as Juan, being\nasleep, could be killed with certainty and little danger. When\nthis was done, he went into the house, intending to make Juan drunk\nand then kill him as Juan had the captain. Juan, however, got the\nlieutenant drunk first, and soon his head, like the captain's, rolled\non the floor.\n\nThe soldiers below, like all soldiers, wished to have a drink from\nthe great casks, and so one of them took a borer and bored into one of\nthe casks. As he did so, a voice whispered, \"Is Juan asleep yet?\" The\nsoldier replied, \"Not yet,\" and went and told Juan. The casks by\nhis order were all put into a boat, loaded with stones and chains,\nand thrown into the sea. So perished the last of the robbers.\n\nJuan, being no longer in fear of the robbers, often went to their\ncave, and helped himself to everything that he wanted. He finally\nbecame a very great and wealthy man. [16]\n\n\nCHAPTER 13\n\nThe Covetous King and the Three Children.\n\nThere were once three orphan children, the oldest of whom was perhaps\nten years old, and the others but little things, almost babies. They\nhad a tiny little tumble-down house to live in, but very little to\neat. Said the eldest to his little brother and sister, \"I will go\nyonder on the sands laid bare by the falling tide, and it may be that\nI shall find something that we can eat.\" The little children begged\nto go, too, and they all set out over the sands. Soon they found\na large living shell. \"Thanks be to God,\" said the boy, for he was\nwell instructed, \"we shall have something to eat.\" \"Take me home,\nbut do not cook me,\" said the shell, \"and I will work for you.\" Now\nthis was probably the Holy Virgin herself, in the form of a shell,\nwho had taken pity on the poor children. They took the shell home,\nand there it spoke again. \"Put me into the rice pot, cover me up,\nand you shall turn out plenty of boiled rice for all of you.\" And\nthey did so, and the boiled rice came from the pot. \"Now put me\ninto the other pot, and take out ulam.\" And they took out ulam in\nabundance. \"Have you a clothes chest?\" asked the shell; but there\nwas none, so they put it into a box, and the box became filled with\nclothing. Then the shell filled the spare room with rice, and last\nof all filled another large box with money.\n\nNow the king of this city was a cruel man, and he sent for the children\nand told them that they must give up their money, their rice and all\nto him and be poor again. \"O dear king,\" said the oldest child, \"will\nyou not leave us a little for our living?\" \"No,\" replied the king,\n\"I will give you as much boiled rice as you need, and you ought to\nbe glad that you get it.\"\n\nSo the king sent ten soldiers to move the rice and the money, but,\nas soon as they got it to the king's house, it returned to the\nchildren. The soldiers worked a whole week without getting a grain\nof rice or a piece of money to stay in the king's house. Then because\nthey were about to die from fatigue, the king sent ten more, and these\ntoo failed. Then the king went himself, but when he tried to move\nthe money he fell down dead. The children, relieved from persecution,\nlived long and happy lives and were always rich and influential people.\n\n\nCHAPTER 14\n\nThe Silent Lover.\n\nA long time ago, when the world was young, there lived a very bashful\nyoung man. Not far from his house there lived the most beautiful young\nwoman in the world. The young woman had many suitors but rejected all,\nwishing only for the love of the bashful young man. He in his turn\nwas accustomed to follow her about, longing for courage to declare his\nlove, but bashfulness always sealed his lips. At last, despairing of\never making his unruly tongue tell of his passion, he took a dagger\nand, following her to the bathing place on the river bank, he cut\nout his own heart, cast it at her feet, and fell down lifeless. The\ngirl fled, terrified, and a crow pounced upon the heart, and carried\nit to a hollow dao-tree, when it fell from his beak into the hollow\nand there remained. But the love for the girl was so strong in the\nheart that it became reanimated and clothed again with humanity in the\nform of a little child. A hunter, pursuing the wild boar with dogs,\nfound the child crying from hunger at the foot of the dao-tree and,\nbeing childless, took it home, and he and his old wife cared for it\nas their own. The young woman, knowing now the love of the young man,\nlived for his memory's sake, a widow, rejecting all suitors.\n\nBut from the child was never absent the image of his loved one, and at\nlast his love so wrought on his weak frame that he sickened. Knowing\nthat his end was near, he begged of his foster mother that, after his\ndeath, she should leave him, and not be surprised if she could not\nfind him on her return. He also asked that on the third day she should\ntake whatever she should find in a certain compartment of the great\nchest and give it to the girl without price. All this she promised,\nrealizing fully that this was not a natural child.\n\nAt last he died, and when his foster mother left the body, his great\nlove reanimated the body and it crept into the chest, becoming there\ntransformed into a beautifully carved casket of fragrant wood.\n\nObedient to his wishes, on the third day the old woman carried the\ncasket to the girl, giving it to her without price.\n\nWhen the girl took the casket into her hands, its charm fascinated\nher, and she clasped it tight and covered it with kisses. At last the\nspell was broken by the magic of her kisses, and the casket whispered\nsoftly to her, \"I am thy true love. I was the heart of him who killed\nhimself for love of thee, and I was the youth who died for love of\nthee, but at last I am contented. In life and death we shall never\nmore be separated.\" And it was so, for the woman lived to a great\nage, carrying the casket always with her, inhaling its fragrance [17]\nwith her kisses, and when she died it was buried with her.\n\n\nCHAPTER 15\n\nThe Priest, the Servant Boy, and the Child Jesus.\n\nThere was once a priest who had for his servant a very good boy. One\nday the padre wanted the boy, and, after looking everywhere for him,\nwent to church. Opening the door quietly, he looked in and there he\nsaw that the statue of the child Jesus had left its shrine and was\ndown on the floor talking and playing with the boy. The priest slipped\nsoftly away and ordered a very fine dinner cooked for the lad. When\nthe boy returned to the convent, the padre asked him where he had\nbeen. \"I have been down to the church playing with a friend.\" \"Very\nwell, there is your dinner. If you play with your friend again, ask\nhim if I shall go to glory in heaven when I am dead.\" The boy took\nhis dinner to the church and ate, sharing it With the child Jesus.\n\n\"Tell me, friend,\" said he to his heavenly companion, \"will my master,\nthe priest, go to glory in heaven?\"\n\n\"No,\" said the child Jesus, \"because he has neglected his father and\nmother.\" When the boy carried these words to the priest he became\nvery sad, and asked the lad to inquire whether he might atone for his\nwrong by doing good to other old people. \"No,\" came the answer. \"It\nmust be his father and mother who shall receive their dues, and it\nmay be that he shall enter heaven alive.\"\n\nSo the priest sent for his poor old father and mother, and lavished\non them every care, suffering no one else to do the least thing for\nthem. At last the old people died, and the priest was very sad. Then\none night, as he slept, came soft and very beautiful music around about\nand within the convent, and the boy awoke the priest to listen. \"Oh,\"\nsaid the padre, \"it is perhaps the angels come to carry us alive to\nheaven.\" And it was so. The angels carried the boy and the priest,\nhis master, to be in glory in heaven.\n\n\nCHAPTER 16\n\nThe Story of Juan del Mundo de Austria and the Princess Maria.\n\nThere was once a king who had three very beautiful daughters, Princess\nClara, Princess Catalina, and Princess Maria.\n\nThis king was sick for a long time with a dreadful disease, and\nalthough he spent much money on medicines and doctors he was only\nworse instead of better.\n\nAt last he sent word to all his people proclaiming that whoever would\ncure him might have one of the princesses to marry.\n\nAfter several days one of the heralds returned, saying he had met\na snake who inquired if the king would give his daughter to a snake\nto wife if he were cured. The king called his daughters and asked if\nthey would be willing to marry a snake.\n\nSaid Princess Clara, \"I will be stung by a snake till I am dead before\nI give my virginity to a snake.\" Said Princess Catalina, \"I may be\nbeaten to death with sticks, but I will not give my virginity to a\nsnake.\" Said Princess Maria, \"Father, so you be but well, I care\nnot what becomes of me. If a snake can cure you, I am willing to\nmarry him.\"\n\nSo the king's message was carried to the snake, and the king was made\nwell. The snake and the princess were married, and set off through\nthe forest together. After a long journey they came to a house in the\nforest, and there the snake and the beautiful Maria lived together\nmany days. But the snake, being very wise, saw that the princess ate\nlittle and cried very much, and asked her why it was so. She told\nhim that it was hard for her to live with a snake. \"Very well,\" said\nthe snake, and went into a house near by; after a little there came\nout a handsome man with silken clothes, and rings on his fingers,\nwho told her that he was her husband, that he was known among men as\nDon Juan del Mundo de Austria, and that he was king of all the beasts,\nbeing able to take the form of any of them at will.\n\nThey passed many happy days together till the time came for the great\nfeast at the court of Princess Maria's father. Don Juan told her that\nshe might go, but that she must on no account tell his name or rank,\notherwise when she came to their trysting-place by the seashore she\nwould not find him. He gave her a magic ring by means of which she\nmight obtain anything she wanted, and left her close to her own city.\n\nWhen she arrived at home her sisters were greatly surprised to see\nher looking well, happy, and much more finely dressed than when she\nwent away, but her father was very glad to see her. The elder sisters\noften asked her the secret of her husband's identity, but her answer\nwas always the same, \"Did you not both see that I married a snake? Who\nelse could it be.\" The wicked women then determined to make her tell,\nwhether she wished or not, and so they asked her to walk with them\nin a secluded garden.\n\nThen they took sticks and set upon her, beating her and telling her\nthat she must tell who her husband was. The poor little princess\ndefended herself a long time, saying that if she told she would never\nsee him again, but finally, when she was nearly dead from beating,\nshe told them that her husband was Don Juan de Austria. Then she was\nbeaten for not telling the truth, but her tormentors finally desisted\nand she went to her father and told him all.\n\nHe did not wish her to return to the forest and begged her to remain\nwith him, but she insisted.\n\nWhen she arrived at the trysting-place, Don Juan was not there, but\nshe set out bravely, asking of her ring whatever she needed for food,\ndrink, and clothing. Wherever she went she inquired of the beasts\nand birds the whereabouts of her husband, Don Juan de Austria, and,\nwhen they knew who she was, they worshipped her and did all that\nwas required.\n\nAfter many days of wandering she came to a place where there was a\ngiant, who was about to eat her, but when he knew her for Don Juan's\nwife he worshipped her and sent her on her way. Soon she was found by\na young giantess who, too, was about to eat her, but when she learned\nthat Maria was the wife of Don Juan she carried her to her own house\nand hid her, saying that she must be cared for a while until her\nparents should return, for they might eat her without asking who she\nwas. When the old giant and his wife came back, they told her that\nshe must stay with them for a while, until they could find out about\nthe whereabouts of Don Juan, when they would help her further.\n\nThey were very good to her, for, said they, \"Don Juan is not only\nking of the animals but of the giants and monsters of every kind.\"\n\nThen the giants took her to Don Juan's city and found her a place in\nthe house of an old childless couple, and there she made her home. But\nDon Juan had taken another wife, the Lady Loriana, and the new wife saw\nthe old and desired her for a servant. So the Princess Maria became\na servant of her rival, and often sat in old rags under the stairs\nat her work, while her faithless husband passed her without seeing her.\n\nThe poor girl was torn with jealousy and spent much time thinking\nabout how she might win her husband again. So she asked the ring for\na toy in the form of a beautiful little chick, just from the egg.\n\nThe Lady Loriana saw the pretty toy and begged for it. \"No,\" said\nMaria, \"unless you grant me a little favor, that I may sleep on the\nfloor to-night in your room.\" So Loriana, suspecting no deceit, agreed.\n\nThat night Maria wished on her ring that Loriana might be overcome with\nsleep, and again that her own rags might be transformed into royal\nraiment and that her tiara should glitter on her forehead. Then she\nwent to the head of the bed and called Don Juan. At first he would\nnot answer, then, without turning to look at the speaker, he bade\nher go away, as his wife would be angry. \"But that is not your wife,\nDon Juan,\" said Maria; \"I am your true wife, Maria. Look at my dress\nand the jewels on my forehead--my face, the ring on my finger.\" And\nDon Juan saw that she was indeed the deserted wife, and after he had\nheard the sad story of her wanderings he loved her afresh. The next day\nat noon-time Maria was not to be found, although Dona Loriana looked\neverywhere. At last she looked into Don Juan's room, and there, locked\nin each other's arms fast asleep, were Don Juan and Princess Maria.\n\nLoriana aroused them, angrily saying to Maria, \"Why do you wish\nto steal my husband? You must leave this house at once.\" But Maria\nresisted saying, \"No, he is not your husband but mine, and I will\nnot give him up.\" And so they quarrelled long and bitterly, but at\nlast agreed to be judged by the council.\n\nThere each told her story, and Maria showed Don Juan's enchanted ring,\nwhich worked its wonders for her but would not obey the Lady Loriana.\n\nWhen the matter was decided, it was the judgment of all, including\nthe Archbishop, that Maria was the lawful wife, but that she and Don\nJuan must go away and never return.\n\nSo Don Juan and the Princess Maria went away and lived long and\nhappily.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 17\n\nThe Artificial Earthquake.\n\nThere was once in another town a man who had three daughters, all very\nbeautiful. But one of them had an admirer, who by some means excited\nthe old man's wrath, and the daughter was sent to a distant place.\n\nThis in turn made the young man angry, and he determined to have\nrevenge. He took a strong rope and attached it to one of the corner\nupright posts of the house, and waiting till it was dark and still\ninside, he hid behind a tree and began to pull the rope, alternately\nhauling and slacking.\n\n\"Oh!\" said one of the girls, \"there is an earthquake.\" [18]\n\nThe old man jumped up and, seizing his crucifix, began to recite\nthe prayers against earthquakes. But the trembling kept up. For more\nthan an hour the old man prayed to all the saints in the calendar,\nbut the earthquake still shook the house.\n\nThen the earthquake stopped a moment, and a voice called him to\ncome outside. His daughters begged him not to go, for said they,\n\"You never can stand such a terrible earthquake.\" Taking his saw,\nhis axe, and his long bolo, the old man went down, only to find\neverything quiet outside. He began to explore the surroundings of\nthe house to see if he could find the cause of the disturbance, and\nfell over the rope. With that he began to curse and swear, saying,\n\"May lightning blast the one of ill-omened ancestry who has shaken\nmy house, frightened my family, and broken my bones,\" and many other\nharsh things, but he got no answer but a laugh, and the young man\nhad his revenge.\n\n\nCHAPTER 18\n\nThe Queen and the Aeta Woman.\n\nThere was once a king who was sick unto death. Though he was already\nmarried to a beautiful and charming woman, he promised to marry any\nwoman who could save his life or recall him after death. Then he died\nand after his death the queen was superintending the preparations\nfor burial and getting ready the collation for the mourners. While\nshe was busy, an Aeta (Negrito) woman, black, ill-favored, dirty,\nand smelling like a goat went into the room. Kneeling by the body,\nshe began pulling out pins from the flesh, and soon the king awoke,\nbut his mind was lost. He clasped the Aeta woman to him and showered\non her terms of endearment, thinking that she was the queen, while\nall the time the real queen was without.\n\nSeeing how matters stood, the Aeta woman called the queen, \"Maria,\nMaria, bring food for the king,\" and she forced the queen to obey\nher and work as a slave in the kitchen, while she wore the queen's\nrobes and lay on the queen's couch. Of course this made a scandal,\nbut no one could interfere until at last a soldier passed through the\nkitchen and seeing the queen's face red with the fire and noting her\nbeauty, he called the king's attention to her. Then the king remembered\nMaria and that she was the real queen, and that the other was only a\nhideous Aeta usurper, and he had the Aeta woman tied in a sack with\nstones and thrown into the sea.\n\n\nCHAPTER 19\n\nThe Child Saint.\n\nOnce there was a child who was different from other children. She\nwas very quiet and patient, and never spoke unless she was spoken\nto. Her mother used to urge her to play in the streets with the other\nchildren, but she always preferred to sit in the corner quietly and\nwithout trouble to any one. When the time came for the child to enter\nschool, she begged her mother to get her a book of doctrines and let\nher learn at home. So her mother got a book of doctrines for her,\nand she was able to read at once without being taught. Day after day\nshe sat in the corner reading her books and meditating.\n\nWhen she became a little larger she asked to have a little room built\naway from the house, where she might remain free from the intrusion\nof any earthly thought.\n\nHer mother had this done, and there in the tight little room with no\none to see her she sat. She never tasted the food or drink placed at\nher door, and finally her mother, becoming alarmed, made a tiny hole\nand peeped through the wall. There sat the child reading her book,\nwith a huge man standing beside her, and all manner of beasts and\nserpents filling the little room.\n\nMore frightened than ever, the mother ran to the priest, who told\nher that those were devils tempting the child, but not to fear, for\nshe would certainly become a saint. And it was so, for afterwards the\nevil shapes were gone. Then the priest and the people built a costly\nshrine and placed her in it, and there the people used to go and ask\nher to intercede for them. But at last the shrine was found empty,\nand surely she was taken alive into heaven and is now a saint.\n\n\nCHAPTER 20\n\nTagalog Babes in the Woods.\n\nOnce upon a time there was a cruel father who hated his twin children,\nJuan and Maria, and drove them from the house on every occasion.\n\nThe children used to live on the grains of rice that fell through\nthe bamboo floor, and such food as their mother could smuggle to them.\n\nAt last, when they were about six years old, their father took them\noff into the forest and left them without food or drink. They wandered\nfor three days, being preserved by such fruits and leaves as they\ncould gather.\n\nFinally poor Maria said she could go no farther, but that she would\ndie. Juan cut a mountain bamboo and from its hollow joints gave Maria\na refreshing drink. Then he climbed a tree and in the distance saw\na house. After much exertion they reached it and called out, \"Tauo\npo.\" [19] A voice from within said, \"Come in, children.\" They went in\nand found a table set, but no one was there, though the same voice\nsaid, \"Eat and drink all you want.\" They did so, and after saying,\n\"Thank you, good-by,\" they started to go away, but again they were\nbidden to stay. So they stayed on for a long time until Juan was a\nyoung man and Maria a young woman. From a great chest that stood in\nthe corner they took out new clothing as their old wore out, and the\nchest was never empty, and there was always food in the magic dishes\non the table.\n\n\nCHAPTER 21\n\nThe King, the Princess, and the Poor Boy.\n\nThere was once a king who loved his daughter very much, so much in\nfact that he did not wish her to marry; so he built for her a secret\nhouse or vault under the ground, and there he kept her away from all\nbut her parents and her maid servants.\n\nThere was also an old man in the same city who had a son. The old man\nsaid to his son, \"Come, lad, let us go into the country and plant crops\nthat we may live,\" for they were very poor. After they had worked a\nshort time in the country, the old man died and the boy returned to\nthe king's city and then went up and down the street crying, \"Oh! who\nwill buy me for a slave, that I may bury my father?\" A kind-hearted\nrich man saw him and inquired his troubles, and the boy told him that\nhe was greatly grieved because his father was dead and he had no money\nfor the funeral. The rich man told him not to grieve, that his father\nwould be buried with all the ceremonies given to any one. After the\nfuneral the boy went to live with the rich man as his servant, and\nserved him faithfully; so faithfully, indeed, that the rich man, who\nwas childless, adopted him and gave him every advantage of education.\n\nOne day the boy wrote a sentence and placed it in the window, \"You may\nhide your treasure with every care, and watch it well, but it will be\nspent at last.\" Now the boy had no idea of any hidden meaning in this\nsentence, but the king chanced to pass that way and read it. Angrily\nhe called the rich man to his carriage, and demanded of him what\nit meant. \"I do not know, most exalted king,\" said the rich man,\n\"I have only now seen it. It must have been written by a poor boy to\nwhom I have given shelter since his father died.\" \"Drive him away,\"\nsaid the king; \"if he comes back he shall be put to death.\"\n\nSo the rich man with a heavy heart, for he loved the boy, sent him\nout into the world. The boy wandered far and long, till at last he\ncame to a house. He called out to those within, \"Honorable people,\"\nand heard them answer, \"Come in.\" Inside there was no one but only\ntwo statues, and one of these spoke, bidding him return to his own\ntown and beg of his master princely clothing, a princely carriage,\nall gilt, and a music box that could play many tunes.\n\nSo the poor boy returned to his master, who sent for the tradesmen\nand tailors and had them make all manner of princely clothing.\n\nThen he got into his carriage and drove around for a while, till\nhe met a boy. To the boy he gave the music box and a piece of money\nand told him to play it everywhere but to sell it to nobody, and to\nreport to him if any one wanted it. So the boy got into the carriage\nand took the music box with him, while the poor boy went back to the\nrich man's house.\n\nSoon the king saw the beautiful carriage and heard the sweet music of\nthe music box. The king asked the boy who the owner was, and wished\nto buy them. The boy told the king that he must tell his employer,\nand soon the carriage and the music box were sent to the king for\na present.\n\nThe king was much pleased, for he knew the princess would be delighted,\nso he had the carriage and the music box taken into her vault, and\nplayed on the music box a long time. After he had gone, out stepped\nthe poor boy from a secret compartment of the carriage, and knelt\nbefore her telling his love in gentle tones. She listened to him,\nmuch frightened at first, but later more composedly, till at last\nshe gave him her heart and promised him her hand.\n\nWhen the king came in again he found them sitting holding each other's\nhands. He demanded in a loud voice, \"Who are you? Why are you here? How\ndid you come?\" To this the boy modestly replied, saying that he had\ncome concealed in the carriage, and told the king that \"You may hide\nyour treasure with every care, and watch it well, but it will be spent\nat last.\" But the princess entreated for him, and finally the king\ngave his consent to their marriage, and they lived happily ever after.\n\n\nCHAPTER 22\n\nHidden Treasure.\n\nThere were once a husband and his wife who were very poor. They had\na little plot of ground that helped to sustain them, but as the man\nwas sick the woman went to work alone.\n\nAs she was weeding in the fields she found a malapad, [20] and after\na little she found another, and so on until she had a sec-apat. [21]\nWith this she returned home and bought rice, but she was afraid to\ntell her husband lest he be jealous.\n\nThe next day she went to work and on this day she found a silver\npeso. As she reached the edge of the field a voice spoke to her saying,\n\"Tell no one of your good fortune, not even your husband, and you shall\nhave more treasure.\" Afterwards she went to the field, and daily she\nfound a peso until she had five pesos, which she hid in a safe place.\n\nOn the seventh day she went to the field, but found nothing. She went\nto the edge of the field to boil her rice, and was blowing her fire\nwhen she heard the same voice again saying, \"Never mind boiling your\nrice, but dig there under your pallok, [22] and you will find more\nthan enough. Tell no one, not even your husband, of what you find.\" She\ndug down and there she found a great jar filled to the brim with gold\npieces. She took one or two, and hastily covered up the rest and went\nhome. Like a good wife she disliked to keep a secret from her husband,\nand finally she took him off to a quiet place and told him of their\ngood fortune.\n\nHe, overjoyed, could not restrain himself and went into the village\nand told every one of the treasure trove. Then they went to dig it up,\nbut it was no longer there. Even the gold and the five pesos already\nsaved and hid in another secret place were gone, and they were as\npoor as they had been before.\n\nHow foolish they were to disobey the command of the voice!\n\n\nCHAPTER 23\n\nThe Battle of the Enchanters. [23]\n\nThere was once a poor boy who was very ambitious to learn, and with\nthe consent of his parents he bound himself to an enchanter who was\na very wise man. The boy remained with him for a very long time,\nuntil at last his master sent him home, saying that he could teach\nhim nothing more. The boy went home, but there he found nothing in\nthe way of adventure, so he proposed to his father that he should\nbecome a horse, which his father could sell for twenty pesos to his\nlate teacher. He cautioned his father that, as soon as he received\nthe money for the horse, he should drop the halter as if by accident.\n\nThe young man then became a horse, and his father took him to the\nenchanter, who gave him twenty pesos. As soon as the money was in the\nfather's hand, he dropped the halter, and the horse at once became\na bird which flew away. The enchanter metamorphosed himself into a\nhawk and followed. The bird was so hard pressed by the hawk that it\ndived into the sea and became a fish. The hawk followed and became a\nshark. The fish, being in danger from the shark, leaped out on to the\ndry ground and took the shape of a crab, which hid in a spring where\na princess was bathing. The shark followed in the shape of a cat,\nwhich began to search under the stones for the crab, but the crab\nescaped by changing itself into a ring on the finger of the princess.\n\nNow it chanced that the father of the princess was very sick, and\nthe enchanter went to the palace and offered to cure him for the\nring on the finger of the princess. To this the king agreed, but the\nring begged the princess not to give him directly to the enchanter,\nbut to let him fall on the floor. The princess did this, and as the\nring touched the floor it broke into a shower of rice. The enchanter\nimmediately took the form of a cock and industriously pecked at the\ngrains on the floor. But as he pecked, one of the grains changed to\na cat which jumped on him and killed him.\n\nThe young man then resumed his own form, having proven himself a\ngreater man than his master.\n\n\nFletcher Gardner.\n\nBloomington, Ind.\n\n\n\nPART IV\n\nA Filipino (Tagalog) Version of Aladdin.\n\nOnce on a time a poor boy and his mother went far from their home\ncity to seek their fortune. They were very poor, for the husband\nand father had died, leaving them little, and that little was soon\nspent. The boy went into the market-place to seek for work, and a\ntravelling merchant, seeing his distress, spoke to him and asked\nmany questions. When he had inquired the name of the boy's father,\nhe embraced him with many kind words, and told him that he was the\nfather's long-lost brother, and that as he had no children of his\nown the boy should be his heir and for the present live with him\nas his son. He sent the boy to call his mother, and when she came\nhe kissed her with many words of endearment, and would have it that\nshe was his sister-in-law, though she told him that her husband had\nno brother. He treated her well and made her many presents, so that\nshe was forced to believe he really was her brother-in-law.\n\nThe merchant then invited the boy to go for a visit with him, promising\nthat the mother should soon follow. Mother and son consented, and\nthe merchant set off with his nephew in the afternoon. They went\nfar and came to a mountain which they crossed, and then to a second,\nwhich seemed very high to the poor boy so that he begged to rest. The\nman would not allow this, and when the boy cried, beat him till he\nagreed to do whatever he was told. They crossed this mountain also,\nand came to a third, and on the very top they stopped. The merchant\ndrew a ring from his own finger and put it on that of the boy. Then\nhe drew a circle around the boy and told him not to be frightened at\nwhat would happen, but to stretch out his arms three times, and that\nthe third time the ground would open, and that then he must descend\nand get a tabo [24] that he would find, and that with that in their\nhands they could quickly return. The boy, from fear of the man, did\nas he was told, and when the ground opened, went down into the cave\nand got the tabo. As he reached up his hand to be pulled from the\ncave, the man took the ring from his finger, and told him to hand\nup the vessel, but the boy, now much frightened, refused unless he\nwere first helped out himself. That the man would not do, and after\nmuch talk drew another circle around the cave-mouth, bade it close,\nand left the boy a prisoner in most evil plight.\n\nAlone and helpless for three days in the underground darkness,\nthe boy was a prey to awful fear, but at the end of the third day,\nhaving by accident rubbed slightly the tabo with his hand, at once\na great sinio [25] or multo [26] stood before him, saying that he\nwas the slave of the tabo, and that all things earthly were within\nhis power. At once mindful of his mother, he told the multo to take\nhim home, and in the winking of an eye, still carrying the tabo in\nhis hand, he stood before his mother. He found her very hungry and\nsorrowful, and recounted all that had happened and again rubbed the\ntabo lightly. The multo reappeared and the good woman hid her face\nfor terror at the sight, but the lad bade the multo bring him a dinner\nfor them both on a service of silver with everything to match.\n\nAfter they had dined well for several days on the remnants of the\nfood, the boy went to the market and sold the spoons that the multo\nhad brought for two gold pieces, and on that they lived a long time:\nand as from time to time their money became exhausted, he sold more,\ntill at last there was nothing left. Then, as he had become a young\nman, he required the multo to bring him a great chest of money,\nand soon became known as a very rich and generous person.\n\nNow there was in that city a woman who had a very handsome daughter\nwhom she wished to marry to the young man, and by way of opening the\nmatter, she and her daughter went one day to try to buy some of the\nrich table ware which he had, or at least so they pretended. The young\nman was not of a mind for that kind of alliance, and so told the old\nwoman to rub the magic vessel. She did so and the multo at once whisked\nher inside. The daughter also went in to inquire for her mother, and\nas she admiringly touched the tabo the multo made her prisoner, and the\ntwo became the slaves of the young man and were never heard of again.\n\n\n\n\n\nA variant of this tale has been printed in Tagalog. It has probably\nreached the Phillppines through the medium of Spanish.\n\n\nFletcher Gardner.\n\nBloomington, Ind.\n\n\n\nPART V\n\nSome Games of Filipino Children.\n\n\nOs-Os.\n\nThis is a game used by older persons to amuse small children, exactly\nas our game of the \"Five Little Pigs.\"\n\nThe child is grasped by the wrist with the left hand of the elder,\nwho repeats \"Ang \u00e1ma, ang \u00edna, ang k\u00e1ka, ang \u00e1li, ang n\u00f3no, t\u00f3loy,\nos-os sa k\u00edli-k\u00edli mo.\" That is, \"The father (thumb), the mother\n(forefinger), the elder brother (middle finger), the elder sister\n(ring finger), the grandparent (little finger) straight up to your\narmpit.\" The armpit is then tickled. Os-os is a verb meaning \"to go\nup stream.\" This is a common game among the Tagalogs of Mindoro Island.\n\n\nMarbles.\n\nThe game of marbles is played with conical shells, propelled by laying\non the ground and striking with the ulnar side of the index finger,\nwhich is snapped from the thumb against it. The goal is a hole in the\nground, in which the stakes, usually consisting of other shells of\nthe same kind, are deposited. The \"taw\" is a straight line some six\nor eight feet away. If a shell is struck, the owner of the striking\nshell has another shot, and the owner of the shell struck shoots from\nwhere he lies. He seems to incur no penalty.\n\nThis is a common game on Mindoro, and is played usually at the\nbeginning of the dry season.\n\n\nT\u00e1go-T\u00e1go.\n\nTranslated, the name means, \"Play at hiding.\" It is played exactly\nas \"I spy\" and the counting out beforehand is similar. There is a\nconsiderable number of counting-out rhymes to be heard, only one of\nwhich I am able to give entire. It is in Filipino Spanish. \"Pim, pim,\nserapim, agua, ronda, San Miguel, arc\u00e1ngel.\"\n\nIn English, \"Phim, phim, seraphim, water, the night patrol,\nSt. Michael, the archangel.\"\n\n\nHop-Scotch.\n\nThis game is played by marking out in the dust or sand a parallelogram,\nwhich is subdivided into a varying number of compartments. A small\nstone is put into the first subdivision, and the player, standing\non one foot, kicks it into each in turn. If it goes out of bounds he\nis allowed to kick it back, so long as the other foot does not reach\nthe ground. A failure to complete the circuit entails a loss of turn,\nand on the next round the player begins again at the first compartment.\n\n\n\nJack-stones.\n\nIs played with pebbles or shells. I am unable to give the special\nmovements, which resemble very much our own game. I suspect that it\nis of Spanish origin.\n\n\nFletcher Gardner.\n\nIndianapolis, Ind.\n\n\n\nPART VI\n\nBagobo Myths\n\nBy Laura Watson Benedict\n\nThe following stories were obtained from the Bagobo people, one of\nthe groups of pagan Malays in southeastern Mindanao, Philippine\nIslands. Their habitat is on the eastern folds of the Cabadangan\nmountain-range, in the vicinity of Mount Apo, the highest peak,\nand on the foothills thence sloping down to the west coast of the\nGulf of Davao. They practise a primitive agriculture--raising corn,\nrice, camotes, and several vegetables--in fields and little gardens\nat the edge of the forests. Their garments are of home-grown hemp;\nand their artistic interests centre largely around the decorative\ndesigns produced in dyeing, weaving, and embroidery.\n\nIn spite of physical barriers interposed by mountain-spurs, frequent\nswift-flowing rivers, and dense undergrowth in the forests, there\nis considerable intercourse between the small villages, each of\nwhich contains from two to twenty or more houses. The people take\nlong journeys on horse and on foot over the trails to assemble at\nceremonial festivals and for purposes of trade, as well as for social\nvisiting. On such occasions, stories and songs are repeated.\n\nThat the component parts of the stories have been drawn from\nnumerous and widely separated sources, is apparent, even at a\ncursory glance. Among these sources, the folk-lore material of\nSanscrit writers seems to have left a distinctive impress upon the\nBagobo mythical romance. Against a Malay background, and blended\nwith native pagan elements, are presented chains of episodes,\ncharacteristic personalities, methods for securing a magical control\nof the situation, that suggest vividly parallel literary forms in\nthe Sanscrit saga. Still more, one is conscious of a prevailing\nIndian atmosphere, that may sometimes elude analysis, yet none the\nless fails not to make itself felt. But as to the line of ethnic\ncontacts which has transfused this peculiar literary quality into Malay\nmyth,--whether it is to be traced solely to the influence exerted by\nHindoo religion and Hindoo literature during ages of domination in\nthe Malay archipelago, or whether we must reconsider the hypothesis\nof an Indonesian migration,--this is a problem of great complexity,\nfor which no satisfactory solution has yet been offered.\n\nModern foreign increments that have filtered into the stories from\nthe folk-lore of neighboring wild tribes--notably that of the Bilan,\nthe Tagacolo, and, to a less extent, the Culaman and Ata--will have\nto be sifted out eventually. In illustration of this point, one tale\nknown to be outside of Bagobo sources is here introduced. The story\nof \"Alelu'k and Alebu'tud\" was told by an Ata boy to a Bagobo at the\ncoast, who immediately related it to me. It was unquestionably passed\non in Bagobo circles, and has become a permanent accession. Yet this\nwas the sole case that came under my observation of a social visit made\nby an Ata in a Bagobo house; for the Ata live far to the northwest\nof the Bagobo, and are extremely timid, and \"wild\" in the popular\nsense. Recent ethnic influences from higher peoples, pre-eminently\nthe Moro and the Spaniard, will have to be reckoned with. The story of\n\"The Monkey and the Turtle\" is clearly modified from a Spanish source.\n\nThe myths here presented include only those of which no texts were\nrecorded. A part of the material was given in the vernacular and\ninterpreted by a Bagobo; a part was told in English, or in mixed\nEnglish and Bagobo. The stories were taken down in 1907, on Mount\nMerar in the district of Talun, and at Santa Cruz on the coast.\n\nAs regards subject-matter, the stories (ituran [27]) tend to cluster\ninto groups fairly distinguishable in type. Foremost in significance\nfor the cultural tradition of the people is the ulit, a long, romantic\ntale relating in highly picturesque language the adventures of the\nmythical Bagobo, who lived somewhere back in the hazy past, before\nexisting conditions were established. Semi-divine some of them were,\nor men possessing magical power. The old Mona people; the Malaki,\nwho portrayed the Bagobo's ideal of manhood; and the noble lady called\nBia,--these and other well-marked characters figure in the ulit.\n\nAnother class of stories deals with the demons known as Buso, who\nhaunt graveyards, forests, and rocks. These tales have been built up\nby numerous accretions from the folk-lore of many generations. The\nfear of Buso is an ever-present element in the mental associations of\nthe Bagobo, and a definite factor in shaping ritual forms and magical\nusages. But the story-teller delights to represent Buso as tricked,\nfooled, brought into embarrassing situations.\n\nStill another type of myth is associated with cosmogony and natural\nphenomena. It is probable that more extended research would disclose a\ncomplete cosmogonic myth to replace the somewhat fragmentary material\nhere offered.\n\nThe number of explanatory animal tales thus far collected is\nsurprisingly small. Doubtless there are many more to be gathered. Yet,\nin view of the comparatively scanty mammalian fauna of Mindanao,\nwe might anticipate a somewhat limited range of animal subjects.\n\nIt will be observed that these groups of stories, tentatively thus\nclassified for convenience, are not separated by sharp lines. Buso\nfigures prominently in the ulit; animals play the part of heroes in\nBuso tales; while in nature myths the traditional Mona are more or\nless closely associated with the shifting of sky and sun. But this\nis merely equivalent to saying that all the tales hang together.\n\nA word as to the form of the stories and the manner of narration. Here\nwe find two distinct styles dependent on the content of the myth. The\ntales of animals, cosmogonic myths, and the folk-lore of Buso,\nare all told in prose, with many inflections of the voice, and often\naccompanied by an animated play of dramatic gesture. In marked contrast\nis the style of the mythical romance, or ulit, which is recited in a\nrapid monotone, without change of pitch, with no gestures, and with a\nregard to accent and quantity that gives a rhythmic swing suggestive\nof a metrical rendering.\n\nAlthough Bagobo songs are often designated as men's songs and women's\nsongs, in the case of the stories I have found as yet no monopoly by\neither sex of any special type. The ulit, however, is often told by a\nyoung woman just after she leaves the loom, when darkness drops. She\nsits on the floor, or lies on her back with hands clasped behind\nher head, and pours out her story in an unbroken flow to the eager\nyoung men and girls who gather to listen. Again, I have seen a girl\nof thirteen the sole auditor while a boy but little older than she\nrolled off an ulit that seemed interminable, with never a pause for\nbreath. The children did not glance at each other; but the face of\neach was all alight with joy at the tale.\n\n\nCHAPTER I\n\nMyths Associated with Natural Phenomena\n\n\nCosmogony\n\nIn the beginning, Diwata [28] made the sea and the land, and planted\ntrees of many kinds. Then he took two lumps of earth, [29] and shaped\nthem like human figures; then he spit on them, and they became\nman and woman. The old man was called Tuglay, and the old woman,\nTuglibung. [30] The two were married, and lived together. The Tuglay\nmade a great house, and planted seeds of different kinds that Diwata\ngave him.\n\nDiwata made the sun, the moon, the stars, and the rivers. First he\nmade the great eel (kasili), a fish that is like a snake in the river,\nand wound [31] it all around the world. Diwata then made the great crab\n(kayumang), and put it near the great eel, and let it go wherever it\nliked. Now, when the great crab bites the great eel, the eel wriggles,\nand this produces an earthquake.\n\nWhen the rain falls, it is Diwata throwing out water from the sky. When\nDiwata spits, the showers fall. The sun makes yellow clouds, and the\nyellow clouds make the colors of the rainbow. But the white clouds\nare smoke from the fire of the gods.\n\n\nIn the Days of the Mona\n\nLong ago the sun hung low over the earth. And the old woman called\nMona said to the sky, \"You go up high, because I cannot pound my rice\nwhen you are in the way.\"\n\nThen the sky moved up higher.\n\nMona [32] was the first woman, and Tuglay [33] was the first man. There\nwere at that time only one man and one woman on the earth. Their\neldest son was named Malaki; their eldest daughter, Bia. They lived\nat the centre of the earth.\n\nTuglay and Mona made all the things in the world; but the god made\nthe woman and the man. Mona was also called Tuglibung. Tuglay and\nTuglibung got rich, because they could see the god.\n\nBut the snake was there too, and he gave the fruit to the man and the\nwoman, saying to them, \"If you eat the fruit, it will open your eyes.\"\n\nThen they both ate the fruit. This made the god angry.\n\nAfter this, Tuglibung and Tuglay could not see the god any more. [34]\n\n\nWhy the Sky Went Up\n\nIn the beginning, when the world was made, the sky lay low down\nover the earth. At this time the poor families called \"Mona\" were\nliving in the world. The sky hung so low, that, when they wanted to\npound their rice, they had to kneel down on the ground to get a play\nfor the arm. Then the poor woman called Tuglibung said to the sky,\n\"Go up higher! Don't you see that I cannot pound my rice well?\"\n\nSo the sky began to move upwards. When it had gone up about five\nfathoms, the woman said again, \"Go up still more!\"\n\nThis made the sun angry at the woman, and he rushed up very high.\n\nIn the old days, when the sun as well as the sky was low down, the\nMona had a deep hole in the ground, as large as a house, into which\nthey would creep to keep themselves from the fierce heat of the sun.\n\nThe Mona were all very old; but after the sun went up very high,\nthey began to get babies. [35]\n\n\nWhy the Sky Went Up\n\nIn the beginning, the sky hung so low over the earth, that the people\ncould not stand upright, could not do their work.\n\nFor this reason, the man in the sky said to the sky, \"Come up!\" Then\nthe sky went up to its present place.\n\n\nThe Sun and the Moon\n\nLong ago the Sun had to leave the Moon to go to another town. He\nknew that his wife, the Moon, was expecting the birth of a child;\nand, before going away, he said to her, \"When your baby is born,\nif it is a boy, keep it; if a girl, kill it.\"\n\nA long time passed before the Sun could come back to the Moon,\nand while he was gone, the Moon gave birth to her baby. It was a\ngirl. A beautiful child it was, with curly hair like binubbud, [36]\nwith burnished nails that looked like gold, and having the white\nspots called pamoti [37] on its body. The mother felt very sad to\nthink of killing it, and so she hid it in the big box (kaban [38])\nwhere they kept their clothes.\n\nAs soon as the Sun returned, he asked the Moon, \"How about our baby?\"\n\nAt once the Moon replied, \"It was a girl: I killed it yesterday.\" The\nSun had only a week to stay at home with the Moon. One night he\ndreamed that a boy with white hair came to him from heaven. The boy\nstood close to him, and spoke these words:--\n\n\"Your wife got a baby, but it was a girl; and she hid it away from\nyou in the box.\"\n\nWhen the Sun wakened from sleep, he was very angry at the Moon,\nand the two fell to quarrelling about the baby. The Moon wanted the\nchild saved.\n\n\"You ought to keep it with you,\" she urged.\n\n\"No, no!\" protested the Sun. \"I cannot keep it, because my body is\nso hot it would make your baby sick.\"\n\n\"And I cannot keep it,\" complained the Moon, \"for my body is very dark;\nand that would surely make the child sick.\"\n\nThen the Sun fell into a passion of rage; and he seized his big\nkampilan, [39] and slew the child. He cut its small body into\nnumberless little bits,--as many as the grains of sand that lie along\nthe seashore. Out of the window he tossed the pieces of the shining\nlittle body; and, as the gleaming fragments sparkled to their places\nin the sky, the stars came to birth.\n\n\nOrigin of the Stars\n\nAll the old Bagobo men say that the Sun and the Moon once had a\nquarrel about the Moon's baby.\n\nThe Moon had a baby in her belly; and the Sun said, \"If our baby is\na girl, we will kill it, because a girl could not be like me.\"\n\nThen the Sun went on a journey to another town, and while he was gone,\nthe baby was born; but it was a girl. Now, the Moon felt very sorry to\nthink of her little child being killed, and she hid it in a box. In\na few days, the Sun came home to rest with his wife. Then he asked\nher for the baby.\n\nThe Moon answered, \"I killed it yesterday: it was a girl.\"\n\nBut the Sun did not believe what his wife said. Then he opened the\nbox to get his clothes, and there he saw a baby-girl. And the Sun\nwas very angry. He seized the baby and cut it into many pieces, and\nthrew the pieces out of the window. Then the pieces of the baby's\nbody became the stars.\n\nBefore the Sun and the Moon had their quarrel, they journeyed together\nthrough the sky, and the sky was not far above the earth, as now,\nbut it lay low down.\n\n\nThe Fate of the Moon's Baby\n\nThe Sun wanted the Moon to have a boy-baby so that it would be like its\nfather. The Moon too hoped to give birth to a boy. But when the child\nwas born, it was a girl. Now, at that time, the Moon was very hungry,\nand wanted to eat her own baby. Then the Sun killed the girl-child,\nand ate it up himself.\n\n\nThe Black Men at the Door of the Sun\n\nThe men who live in that part of the world near to where the sun\nrises are very black. They are called Manobo tagselata k'alo. [40]\nFrom sunrise until noon, they stay in a hole in the ground to escape\nthe fierce heat of the sun. Just before sunrise, they put their rice\nin the big pot, with water, and leave it without any fire under the\npot. Then they creep into their hole in the ground. The rising sun\ncooks the rice; and, when the black men come out of the hole at noon,\ntheir meal is all ready for them. From noon until sunset, and then\nall night, the black men play and work. But before the sun rises,\nthey fix their rice in the pot, leave it for the sun to cook, and go\ndown again into the big hole.\n\n\nStory of the Eclipse\n\nBefore time began, very long ago, a great bird called \"minokawa\" [41]\nswallowed the moon. Seized with fear, all the people began to scream\nand make a great noise. Then the bird peeped down to see what was the\nmatter, and he opened his mouth. But as soon as he opened his mouth,\nthe moon sprang out and ran away.\n\nThe minokawa-bird is as large as the Island of Negros or Bohol. He has\na beak of steel, and his claws too are of steel. His eyes are mirrors,\nand each single feather is a sharp sword. He lives outside the sky,\nat the eastern horizon, ready to seize the moon when she reaches\nthere from her journey under the earth.\n\nThe moon makes eight holes in the eastern horizon to come out of,\nand eight holes in the western horizon to go into, because every day\nthe big bird tries to catch her, and she is afraid. The exact moment\nhe tries to swallow her is just when she is about to come in through\none of the holes in the east to shine on us again. If the minokawa\nshould swallow the moon, and swallow the sun too, he would then\ncome down to earth and gulp down men also. But when the moon is in\nthe belly of the big bird, and the sky is dark, then all the Bagobo\nscream and cry, and beat agongs, [42] because they fear they will all\n\"get dead.\" Soon this racket makes the minokawa-bird look down and\n\"open his mouth to hear the sound.\" Then the moon jumps out of the\nbird's mouth and runs away.\n\nAll the old men know about the minokawa-bird in the ulit stories.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER II\n\nThe \"Ulit:\" Adventures of Mythical Bagobo at the Dawn of Tradition\n\n\nLumabat and Mebu'yan\n\nLong ago Lumabat [43] and his sister (tube' [44]) had a quarrel\nbecause Lumabat had said, \"You shall go with me up into heaven.\" And\nhis sister had replied, \"No, I don't like to do that.\"\n\nThen they began to fight each other. Soon the woman sat down on the\nbig rice mortar, [45] and said to Lumabat, \"Now I am going down below\nthe earth, down to Gimokudan. [46] Down there I shall begin to shake\nthe lemon-tree. Whenever I shake it, somebody up on the earth will\ndie. If the fruit shaken down be ripe, then an old person will die on\nthe earth; but if the fruit fall green, the one to die will be young.\"\n\nThen she took a bowl filled with pounded rice, and poured the rice\ninto the mortar for a sign that the people should die and go down\nto Gimokudan. Presently the mortar began to turn round and round\nwhile the woman was sitting upon it. All the while, as the mortar\nwas revolving, it was slowly sinking into the earth. But just as\nit began to settle in the ground, the woman dropped handfuls of the\npounded rice upon the earth, with the words: \"See! I let fall this\nrice. This makes many people die, dropping down just like grains of\nrice. Thus hundreds of people go down; but none go up into heaven.\"\n\nStraightway the mortar kept on turning round, and kept on going lower\ndown, until it disappeared in the earth, with Lumabat's sister still\nsitting on it. After this, she came to be known as Mebu'yan. Before\nshe went down below the earth, she was known only as Tube' ka Lumabat\n(\"sister of Lumabat\").\n\nMebu'yan is now chief of a town called Banua Mebu'yan (\"Mebu'yan's\ntown\"), where she takes care of all dead babies, and gives them milk\nfrom her Breasts. Mebu'yan is ugly to look at, for her whole body is\ncovered with nipples. All nursing children who still want the milk, go\ndirectly, when they die, to Banua Mebu'yan, instead of to Gimokudan,\nand remain there with Mebu'yan until they stop taking milk from her\nbreast. Then they go to their own families in Gimokudan, where they\ncan get rice, and \"live\" very well.\n\nAll the spirits stop at Mebu'yan's town, on their way to\nGimokudan. There the spirits wash all their joints in the black\nriver that runs through Banua Mebu'yan, and they wash the tops of\ntheir heads too. This bathing (pamalugu [47]) is for the purpose of\nmaking the spirits feel at home, so that they will not run away and\ngo back to their own bodies. If the spirit could return to its body,\nthe body would get up and be alive again.\n\n\nStory of Lumabat and Wari\n\nTuglay and Tuglibung [48] had many children. One of them was called\nLumabat. There came a time when Lumabat quarrelled with his sister\nand was very angry with her. He said, \"I will go to the sky, and\nnever come back again.\"\n\nSo Lumabat started for the sky-country, and many of his brothers and\nsisters went with him. A part of their journey lay over the sea,\nand when they had passed the sea, a rock spoke to them and said,\n\"Where are you going?\"\n\nIn the beginning, all the rocks and plants and the animals could talk\n[49] with the people. Then one boy answered the rock, \"We are going\nto the sky-country.\"\n\nAs soon as he had spoken, the boy turned into a rock. But his brothers\nand sisters went on, leaving the rock behind.\n\nPresently a tree said, \"Where are you going?\"\n\n\"We are going to the sky,\" replied one of the girls.\n\nImmediately the girl became a tree. Thus, all the way along the\njourney, if any one answered, he became a tree, or stone, or rock,\naccording to the nature of the object that put the question.\n\nBy and by the remainder of the party reached the border of the\nsky. They had gone to the very end of the earth, as far as the\nhorizon. But here they had to stop, because the horizon kept moving\nup and down (supa-supa). The sky and the earth would part, and then\nclose together again, just like the jaws of an animal in eating. This\nmovement of the horizon began as soon as the people reached there.\n\nThere were many young men and women, and they all tried to jump\nthrough the place where the sky and the earth parted. But the edges\nof the horizon are very sharp, like a kampilan, [50] and they came\ntogether with a snap whenever anybody tried to jump through; and they\ncut him into two pieces. Then the parts of his body became stones, or\ngrains of sand. One after another of the party tried to jump through,\nfor nobody knew the fate of the one who went before him.\n\nLast of all, Lumabat jumped--quick, quicker than the rest; and before\nthe sharp edges snapped shut, he was safe in heaven. As he walked\nalong, he saw many wonderful things. He saw many kampilans standing\nalone, and fighting, and that without any man to hold them. Lumabat\npassed on by them all. Then he came to the town where the bad dead\nlive. The town is called \"Kilut.\" [51] There, in the flames, he saw\nmany spirits with heavy sins on them. The spirits with little sins\nwere not in the flames; but they lay, their bodies covered with sores,\nin an acid that cuts like the juice of a lemon. Lumabat went on,\npast them all.\n\nFinally he reached the house of Diwata, [52] and went up into the\nhouse. There he saw many diwata, and they were chewing betel-nut, [53]\nAnd one diwata spit from his mouth the isse [54] that he had finished\nchewing. When Lumabat saw the isse coming from the mouth of the god,\nit looked to him like a sharp knife. Then Diwata laid hold of Lumabat,\nand Lumabat thought the god held a sharp knife in his hand. But it\nwas no knife: it was just the isse. And Diwata rubbed the isse on\nLumabat's belly, and with one downward stroke he opened the belly,\nand took out Lumabat's intestines (betuka).\n\nThen Lumabat himself became a god. He was not hungry any more, for\nnow his intestines were gone. Yet if he wanted to eat, he had only\nto say, \"Food, come now!\" and at once all the fish were there, ready\nto be caught. In the sky-country, fish do not have to be caught. And\nLumabat became the greatest of all the diwata.\n\nNow, when Lumabat left home with his brothers and sisters, one sister\nand three brothers remained behind. The brother named Wari felt sad\nbecause Lumabat had gone away. At last he decided to follow him. He\ncrossed the sea, and reached the border of the sky, which immediately\nbegan to make the opening and shutting motions. But Wari was agile,\nlike his brother Lumabat; and he jumped quick, just like Lumabat,\nand got safe into heaven. Following the same path that his brother had\ntaken, he reached the same house. And again Diwata took the isse, and\nattempted to open Wari's belly; but Wari protested, for he did not like\nto have his intestines pulled out. Therefore the god was angry at Wari.\n\nYet Wari staid on in the house for three days. Then he went out\non the atad [55] that joined the front and back part of the gods'\nhouse, whence he could look down on the earth. He saw his home town,\nand it made him happy to look at his fields of sugarcane and bananas,\nhis groves of betel and cocoanuts. There were his bananas ripe, and\nall his fruits ready to be plucked. Wari gazed, and then he wanted to\nget back to earth again, and he began to cry; for he did not like to\nstay in heaven and have his intestines taken out, and he was homesick\nfor his own town.\n\nNow, the god was angry at Wari because he would not let him open\nhis belly. And the god told Wari to go home, and take his dogs with\nhim. First the god fixed some food for Wari to eat on his journey. Then\nhe took meadow-grass (karan), and tied the long blades together, making\na line long enough to reach down to earth. He tied Wari and the dogs to\none end of the line; but before he lowered the rope, he said to Wari,\n\"Do not eat while you are up in the air, for if you eat, it will\nset your dogs to quarrelling. If I hear the sound of dogs fighting,\nI shall let go the rope.\"\n\nBut while Wari hung in the air, he got very hungry, and, although he\nhad been let down only about a third of the distance from heaven to\nearth, he took some of his food and ate it. Immediately the dogs began\nto fight. Then Diwata in the sky heard the noise, and he dropped the\nrope of meadow-grass. Then Wari fell down, down; but he did not strike\nthe ground, for he was caught in the branches of the tree called\nlanipo. It was a tall tree, and Wari could not get down. He began\nto utter cries; and all night he kept crying, \"Aro-o-o-o-i!\" Then he\nturned into a kulago-bird. [56] At night, when you hear the call of\nthe kulago-bird, you know that it is the voice of Wari.\n\nThe kulago-bird has various sorts of feathers, feathers of all kinds\nof birds and chickens; it has the hair of all animals and the hair\nof man. This bird lives in very high trees at night, and you cannot\nsee it. You cannot catch it. Yet the old men know a story about\na kulago-bird once having been caught while it was building its\nnest. But this was after there came to be many people on the earth.\n\nThe three dogs went right along back to Wari's house. They found Wari's\nsister and two brothers at home, and staid there with them. After a\nwhile, the woman and her two brothers had many children.\n\n\"In the beginning,\" say the old men, \"brother and sister would marry\neach other, just like pigs. This was a very bad custom.\"\n\n\n\nHow Man Turned into a Monkey\n\nBefore the world was made, the monkey looked like man, and was called\nmanobo, [57] and was actually human. But after the world and people\nwere made, the monkey took its present form.\n\nWhen people began to live in the world, they had many children. One\nman was called Lumabat. His father had a number of children, so that\nLumabat had many brothers and sisters.\n\nOne day a brother of Lumabat was climbing up over the roof, and in\nhis hand he had a long ladle made of cocoanut-shell. He held the ladle\nbehind his back, at the base of his spine, until by and by a tail began\nto grow. The ladle had turned into a tail, and presently Lumabat's\nbrother became a monkey. After that, a few other people turned into\nmonkeys. But all this came about before Lumabat went to heaven.\n\n\nThe Tuglibung and the Tuglay\n\nBefore time began, [58] an old woman (Tuglibung) and an old man\n(Tuglay) lived in a town at the centre of the world. There came a\nseason of drought, when their bananas spoiled, and all their plants\ndied from the hot sun. Tuglibung and Tuglay were very hungry, and\nlooked skinny, because they had nothing to eat.\n\nOne night as the old man slept, he dreamed that a little boy with\nwhite hair came close to him, and said, \"Much better it would be, if\nyou wouldstay here no longer; much better, that you go to the T'oluk\nWaig [59] ('water-sources'), where there is a good place to live.\"\n\nSo the old folks started on their journey to the source of the\nrivers. On their way, they stopped at one place that seemed good, and\nstaid for about a month; but there was little to eat, and they were\nalways hungry. At last, one day, the man climbed up into a tall tree,\nwhence he could see the whole earth, even to the border of the sky. Far\naway he could see a little smoke, just like a cigarette. Then he\nclimbed \"down the tree in a hurry, and told his wife what he had seen.\n\n\"I will go and find out where that smoke comes from,\" he said,\n\"and see if I can get some bananas and things,--all we can eat.\"\n\nSo the man started out and travelled a long way, leaving his wife at\nhome. As he approached the place where he had seen the smoke, he found\nhimself in a vast field full of fruit-trees and sugarcane-plants. The\nsugarcane grew as big as trees; the bananas were as huge as the\ntrunks of cocoanut-palms; and the papaya-fruit was the size of a\ngreat clay jar. He walked on until he reached a very large meadow,\nfull of long wavy grass, where there were many horses and carabao\nand other animals. Soon after he left the meadow-grass, he could make\nout, some distance ahead of him, a big house with many smaller houses\ngrouped around it. He was so scared that he could not see the houses\nvery well. He kept his eyes on the ground at his feet.\n\nWhen he came up to the big house, he saw lying under it piles of human\nbones. He then knew that the Datu of the Buso [60] lived there. In\nall the other houses there were buso living too. But he went bravely\nup the steps of the big house, and sat down on the floor. Right away,\nwhile he sat there, the children of Buso wanted to eat him. But Tuglay\nsaid, \"No, no! don't eat me, because I just came to get bananas of\nmany different kinds.\"\n\nThen the man made a bargain with the Datu of the Buso, and said,\n\"Give me some bananas, and I will pay you two children for them. Come\nto my house in nine days, and you shall have one boy and one girl\nfor the bananas.\" But Tuglay had no children.\n\nThen the Buso gave Tuglay a basket of bananas, and let him go away.\n\nNow, while her husband was away, the woman gave birth to twins,--a\nboy and a girl. And when the man got home he was pleased, and said,\n\"Oh! that's fine! You got some babies while I was away.\"\n\nBut the man felt very sorry to think of giving his children to the\nBuso, and he went from place to place, hoping to find some friend\nwho would help him. All the time, the days of the falla (\"time of\ncontract\") were slipping by. He could get nobody to help him. Now\nit lacked only two of the nine days' falla. And while the children\nwere asleep, Tuglay said to his wife, \"Let us run away, and leave\nour babies here asleep, because to-morrow the Buso will come.\"\n\nThen Tuglay and Tuglibung ran away, and left their children. They ran\nand ran until they reached the T'oluk Waig; but they could not get\naway from the falla. The nine days of falla had caught up with them.\n\nAt home, the children woke up and found no mother and father there, and\nthey began to cry. They thought they would run after their parents. So\nthey left the house, and forded the river, and began to run.\n\nWhen the nine days were up, the Buso came to Tuglay's house for his\npay. When he found nobody at home, he ran after the children, carrying\nwith him many iron axes and big bolos, and accompanied by a crowd\nof other buso. In all there were three thousand buso,--two thousand\nwalking, and one thousand flying. The children had the start; but the\nthree thousand buso kept gaining on them, until they were close behind.\n\nAs they ran, the little boy said to his sister, \"When we get to that\nfield over there, where there are ripe bananas, you must not speak\na word.\"\n\nBut when they reached the banana-tree, the girl-child cried out,\n\"Brother, I want to eat a banana.\"\n\nThen she ate a banana; but she felt so weak she could run no\nlonger. She just lay down and died. Then the boy-child looked about\nfor a place to put his sister's body. He looked at the fine branched\ntrees, full of fruit, and saw that each single fruit was an agong,\n[61] and the leaves, mother-of-pearl.\n\nTo one of the trees, the boy said, \"May I put my sister here?\" And\nthe tree said that he might do it.\n\nThen the boy laid his sister on a branch of the tree, because the\nchild was dead.\n\nAfter this, the boy ran back toward the Buso who led the rest,\nand called out to him, \"I'm going to run very fast. Chase me now,\nand catch me if you can!\"\n\nSo the boy ran, and the Buso chased him. Hard pressed, the boy sprang\ntoward a big rock, and shouted to it, \"O rock, help me! The Buso will\ncatch me.\"\n\n\"Come up!\" said the rock, \"I'll help you, if I can.\"\n\nBut when the boy climbed up, he found that it was not a rock, but\na fine house, that was giving him shelter. In that house lived the\nBlack Lady (Bia t' metum [62]), and she received the boy kindly.\n\nAs soon as the Buso came up to the rock, he smiled, and said, \"The\nboy is here all right! I'll break the rock with my axe.\"\n\nBut when he tried to break the rock with axe and poko, [63] the hard\nstone resisted; and the Buso's tools were blunted and spoiled.\n\nMeantime, in the Black Lady's house the boy was getting ready for\na fight, because the Black Lady said, \"Go down now; they want you\ndown there.\"\n\nThen with sharp sword and long spear, bearing a fine war-shield,\nand wearing ear-plugs of shining ivory, the boy went down to meet\nthe Buso. When he went down the steps, all the other buso had come,\nand were waiting for him in front of the house. Then they all went\nto fighting the one boy, and he met them all alone. He fought until\nevery one of the three thousand buso fell down dead. At last, one only\nof the buso stood up, and he was the great Datu of Buso. But even he\nfell down before that mighty boy, for none could conquer the boy. He\nwas matulus. [64] After all was done, the boy married the Black Lady,\nand lived well in her house.\n\n\n\nAdventures of the Tuglay [65]\n\nIt was eight [66] million (kati) years ago, in the days of the Mona,\n[67] that the following events took place.\n\nThe Tuglay lived in a fine house the walls of which were all mirrored\nglass, and the roof was hung with brass chains. One day he went out\ninto the woods to snare jungle-fowl, and he slept in the woods all\nnight. The next day, when he turned to go home, he found himself\npuzzled as to which trail to take. He tried one path after another,\nbut none seemed to lead to his house. At last he said to himself,\n\"I have lost my way: I shall never be able to get home.\"\n\nThen he walked on at random until he came to a vast field of rice,\nwhere great numbers of men were cutting the palay. [68] But the\nrice-field belonged to Buso, and the harvesters were all buso-men. When\nthey saw Tuglay at the edge of their field, they were glad, and said\nto one another, \"There's a man! We will carry him home.\"\n\nThen the buso caught Tuglay, and hastened home with him. Now, the great\nBuso's mansion stretched across the tops of eight million mountains,\nand very many smaller houses were on the sides of the mountains,\nall around the great Buso's house; for this was the city of the buso\nwhere they had taken Tuglay. As he was carried through the groves\nof cocoanut-palms on Buso's place, all the Cocoanuts called out,\n\"Tuglay, Tuglay, in a little while the Buso will eat you!\"\n\nInto the presence of the great chief of all the buso, they dragged\nTuglay. The Datto Buso was fearful to look at. From his head grew\none great horn of pure ivory, and flames of fire were blazing from\nthe horn. The Datto Buso questioned the man.\n\n\"First of all, I will ask you where you come from, Tuglay.\"\n\n\"I am come from my house in T'oluk Waig,\" replied the man.\n\nAnd the great Buso shouted, \"I will cut off your head with my sharp\nkris!\" [69]\n\n\"But if I choose, I can kill you with your own sword,\" boldly answered\nTuglay.\n\nThen he lay down, and let the Buso try to cut his neck. The Buso swung\nhis sharp sword; but the steel would not cut Tuglay's neck. The Buso\ndid not know that no knife could wound the neck of Tuglay, unless fire\nwere laid upon his throat at the same time. This was eight million\nyears ago that the Buso tried to cut off the head of Tuglay.\n\nThen another day the Tuglay spoke to all the buso, \"It is now my turn:\nlet me try whether I can cut your necks.\"\n\nAfter this speech, Tuglay stood up and took from his mouth the chewed\nbetel-nut that is called isse, and made a motion as if he would rub\nthe isse on the great Buso's throat. When the Buso saw the isse, he\nthought it was a sharp knife, and he was frightened. All the lesser\nbuso began to weep, fearing that their chief would be killed; for\nthe isse appeared to all of them as a keen-bladed knife. The tears\nof all the buso ran down like blood; they wept streams and streams\nof tears that all flowed together, forming a deep lake, red in color.\n\nThen Tuglay rubbed the chewed betel on the great Buso's throat. One\npass only he made with the isse, and the Buso's head was severed from\nhis body. Both head and body of the mighty Buso rolled down into the\ngreat lake of tears, and were devoured by the crocodiles.\n\nNow, the Tuglay was dressed like a poor man,--in bark (bunut [70])\ngarments. But as soon as he had slain the Buso, he struck a blow at\nhis own legs, and the bark trousers fell off. Then he stamped on the\nground, and struck his body, and immediately his jacket and kerchief\nof bark fell off from him. There he stood, no longer the poor Tuglay,\nbut a Malaki T'oluk Waig, [71] with a gleaming kampilan in his hand.\n\nThen he was ready to fight all the other buso. First he held the\nkampilan in his left hand, and eight million buso fell down dead. Then\nhe held the kampilan in his right hand, and eight million more\nbuso fell down dead. After that, the Malaki went over to the house\nof Buso's daughter, who had but one eye, and that in the middle of\nher forehead. She shrieked with fear when she saw the Malaki coming;\nand he struck her with his kampilan, so that she too, the woman-buso,\nfell down dead.\n\nAfter these exploits, the Malaki T'oluk Waig went on his way. He\nclimbed over the mountains of benati, [72] whose trees men go far\nto seek, and then he reached the mountains of barayung and balati\nwood. From these peaks, exultant over his foes, he gave a good war-cry\nthat re-echoed through the mountains, and went up to the ears of the\ngods. Panguli'li and Salamia'wan [73] heard it from their home in the\nShrine of the Sky (Tambara ka Langit), and they said, \"Who chants the\nsong of war (ig-sungal)? Without doubt, it is the Malak T'oluk Waig,\nfor none of all the other malaki could shout just like that.\"\n\nHis duty performed, the Malaki left the ranges of balati and barayung,\nwalked down toward the sea, and wandered along the coast until he\nneared a great gathering of people who had met for barter. It was\nmarket-day, and all sorts of things were brought for trade. Then the\nMalaki T'oluk Waig struck his legs and his chest, before the people\ncaught sight of him; and immediately he was clothed in his old bark\ntrousers and jacket and kerchief, just like a poor man. Then he\napproached the crowd, and saw the people sitting on the ground in\nlittle groups, talking, and offering their things for sale.\n\nThe Malaki Lindig Ramut ka Langit [74] and all the other malaki [75]\nfrom the surrounding country were there. They called out to him,\n\"Where are you going?\"\n\nThe Tuglay told them that he had got lost, and had been travelling\na long distance. As he spoke, he noticed, sitting among a group of\nyoung men, the beautiful woman called Moglung.\n\nShe motioned to him, and said, \"Come, sit down beside me.\"\n\nAnd the Tuglay sat down on the ground, near the Moglung. Then the\nwoman gave presents of textiles to the Malaki Lindig Ramut ka Langit\nand the other malaki in her crowd. But to the Tuglay she gave betel-nut\nthat she had prepared for him.\n\nAfter that, the Moglung said to all the malaki, \"This time I am going\nto leave you, because I want to go home.\"\n\nAnd off went the Moglung with the Tuglay, riding on the wind. After\nmany days, the Moglung and the Tuglay rested on the mountains\nof barayung, and, later, on the mountains of balakuna-trees. From\nthese heights, they looked out over a vast stretch of open country,\nwhere the deep, wavy meadow-grass glistened like gold; and pastured\nthere were herds of cows and carabao and many horses. And beyond rose\nanother range of mountains, on the highest of which stood the Moglung's\nhouse. To reach it they had to cross whole forests of cocoanut and\nbetel-nut trees that covered eight million mountains. Around the\nhouse were all kinds of useful plants and trees. When they walked\nunder the floor [76] of the house, the Moglung said, \"My grandmother\nis looking at me because I have found another grandchild for her.\"\n\nThen the grandmother (Tuglibung) called to them, saying, \"Come up,\ncome up, my grandchildren!\"\n\nAs soon as they entered the house, the Tuglay sat down in a corner of\nthe kitchen, until the grandmother offered him a better place, saying,\n\"Do not stay in the kitchen. Come and sleep on my bed.\"\n\nThe Tuglay rested eight nights in the grandmother's bed. At the end of\nthe eight nights the Moglung said to him, \"Please take this betel-nut\nthat I have prepared for you.\"\n\nAt first Tuglay did not want to take it; but the next day, when the\nMoglung again offered the betel, he accepted it from her and began\nto chew. After that, the Tuglay took off his trousers of bark and\nhis jacket of bark, and became a Malaki T'oluk Waig. But the Moglung\nwondered where the Tuglay had gone, and she cried to her grandmother,\n\"Where is the Tuglay?\"\n\nBut the Malaki stood there, and answered her, \"I am the Tuglay.\" At\nfirst the Moglung was grieved, because the Malaki seemed such a grand\nman, and she wanted Tuglay back.\n\nBut before long the Malaki said to her, \"I want you to marry me.\" So\nthey were married. Then the Moglung opened her gold box, and took out\na fine pair of trousers (saroa'r [77]) and a man's jacket (umpak [78]\nka mama), and gave them to the Malaki as a wedding-gift.\n\nWhen they had been living together for a while, there came a day when\nthe Malaki wanted to go and visit a man who was a great worker in\nbrass,--the Malaki Tuangun; [79] and the Moglung gave him directions\nfor the journey, saying, \"You will come to a place where a hundred\nroads meet. Take the road that is marked with the prints of many\nhorses and carabao. Do not stop at the place of the crossroads,\nfor if you stop, the Bia [80] who makes men giddy will hurt you.\"\n\nThen the Malaki went away, and reached the place where a hundred\nroads crossed, as Moglung had said. But he stopped there to rest and\nchew betel-nut. Soon he began to feel queer and dizzy, and he fell\nasleep, not knowing anything. When he woke up, he wandered along up\nthe mountain until he reached a house at the border of a big meadow,\nand thought he would stop and ask his way. From under the house he\ncalled up, \"Which is the road to the Malaki Tuangun?\"\n\nIt was the Bia's voice that answered, \"First come up here, and then\nI'll tell you the road.\"\n\nSo the Malaki jumped up on the steps and went in. But when he was\ninside of her house, the Bia confessed that she did not know the way\nto the Malaki Tuangun's house.\n\n\"I am the woman,\" she said, \"who made you dizzy, because I wanted to\nhave you for my own.\"\n\n\"Oh! that's the game,\" said the Malaki. \"But the Moglung is my wife,\nand she is the best woman in the world.\"\n\n\"Never mind that,\" smiled the Bia. \"Just let me comb your hair.\" Then\nthe Bia gave him some betel-nut, and combed his hair until he grew\nsleepy. But as he was dropping off, he remembered a certain promise\nhe had made his wife, and he said to the Bia, \"If the Moglung comes\nand finds me here, you be sure to waken me.\"\n\nAfter eight days had passed from the time her husband left home,\nthe Moglung started out to find him, for he had said, \"Eight days\nfrom now I will return.\"\n\nBy and by the Moglung came to the Bia's house, and found the Malaki\nthere fast asleep; but the Bia did not waken him. Then the Moglung\ntook from the Malaki's toes his toe-rings (paniod [81]), and went away,\nleaving a message with the Bia:--\n\n\"Tell the Malaki that I am going back home to find some other malaki:\ntell him that I'll have no more to do with him.\"\n\nBut the Moglung did not go to her own home: she at once started for\nher brother's house that was up in the sky-country.\n\nPresently the Malaki woke up, and when he looked at his toes, he\nfound that his brass toe-rings were gone.\n\n\"The Moglung has been here!\" he cried in a frenzy. \"Why didn't you\nwaken me, as I told you?\" Then he seized his sharp-bladed kampilan,\nand slew the Bia. Maddened by grief and rage, he dashed to the door\nand made one leap to the ground, screaming, \"All the people in the\nworld shall fall by my sword!\"\n\nOn his war-shield he rode, and flew with the wind until he came to\nthe horizon. Here lived the Malaki Lindig Ramut ka Langit. [82] And\nwhen the two malaki met, they began to fight; and the seven brothers\nof the Malaki Lindig that live at the edge of the sky, likewise came\nout to fight. But when the battle had gone on but a little time,\nall the eight malaki of the horizon fell down dead. Then the angry\nMalaki who had slain the Bia and the eight young men went looking\nfor more people to kill; and when he had shed the blood of many, he\nbecame a buso with only one eye in his forehead, for the buso with\none eye are the worst buso of all. Everybody that he met he slew.\n\nAfter some time, he reached the house of the great priest called\n\"Pandita,\" and the Pandita checked him, saying, \"Stop a minute,\nand let me ask you first what has happened to make you like this.\"\n\nThen the Buso-man replied sadly, \"I used to have a wife named Moglung,\nwho was the best of all the bia; but when I went looking for the Malaki\nTuangun, that other Bia made me dizzy, and gave me betel, and combed my\nhair. Then she was my wife for a little while. But I have killed her,\nand become a buso, and I want to kill all the people in the world.\"\n\n\"You had better lie down on my mat here, and go to sleep,\" advised\nthe Pandita. While the Buso slept, the Pandita rubbed his joints with\nbetel-nut; and when he woke up, he was a malaki again.\n\nThen the Pandita talked to him, and said, \"Only a few days\nago, the Moglung passed here on her way to her brother's home in\nheaven. She went by a bad road, for she would have to mount the steep\nrock-terraces. If you follow, you will come first to the Terraces of\nthe Wind (Tarasu'ban ka Kara'mag [83]), then you reach the Terraces of\nEight-fold Darkness (Walu Lapit Dukilum [84]), and then the Terraces\nof the Rain (Tarasuban k'Udan [85]).\n\nEagerly the Malaki set out on his journey, with his kabir [86] on his\nback, and his betel-nut and buyo-leaf [87] in the kabir. He had not\ntravelled far, before he came to a steep ascent of rock-terraces,--the\nTerraces of the Wind, that had eight million steps. The Malaki knew\nnot how to climb up the rocky structure that rose sheer before him,\nand so he sat down at the foot of the ascent, and took his kabir off\nhis back to get out some betel-nut. After he had begun to chew his\nbetel, he began to think, and he pondered for eight days how he could\naccomplish his hard journey. On the ninth day he began to jump up the\nsteps of the terraces, one by one. On each step he chewed betel, and\nthen jumped again; and at the close of the ninth day he had reached\nthe top of the eight million steps, and was off, riding on his shield.\n\nNext he reached the sharp-edged rocks called the \"Terraces of Needles\"\n(Tarasuban ka Simat), that had also eight million steps. Again he\nconsidered for eight days how he could mount them. Then on the\nninth day he sprang from terrace to terrace, as before, chewing\nbetel-nut on each terrace, and left the Tarasuban ka Simat, riding\non his shield. Then he arrived at the Terraces of Sheet-Lightning\n(Tarasuban ka Dilam-dilam); and he took his kabir off his back, and\nprepared a betel-nut, chewed it, and meditated for eight days. On the\nninth day he jumped from step to step of the eight million terraces,\nand went riding off on his war-shield. When he reached the Terraces\nof Forked-Lightning (Tarasuban ka Kirum), he surmounted them on the\nninth day, like the others.\n\nBut now he came to a series of cuestas named \"Dulama Bolo Kampilan,\"\n[88] because one side of each was an abrupt cliff with the sharp edge\nof a kampilan; and the other side sloped gradually downward, like a\nblunt-working bolo. How to cross these rocks, of which there were eight\nmillion, the Malaki did not know; so he stopped and took off his kabir,\ncut up his betel-nut, and thought for eight days. Then on the ninth day\nhe began to leap over the rocks, and he kept on leaping for eight days,\neach day jumping over one million of the cuestas. On the sixteenth\nday he was off, riding on his shield. Then he reached the Terraces\nof the Thunder (Tarasuban ka Kilat), which he mounted, springing\nfrom one terrace to the next, as before, after he had meditated for\neight days. Leaving these behind him on the ninth day, he travelled\non to the Mountains of Bamboo (Pabungan Kawayanan), covered with\nbamboo whose leaves were all sharp steel. These mountains he could\ncross without the eight days' thought, because their sides sloped\ngently. From the uplands he could see a broad sweep of meadow beyond,\nwhere the grass glistened like gold. And when he had descended, and\nwalked across the meadow, he had to pass through eight million groves\nof cocoanut-trees, where the fruit grew at the height of a man's waist,\nand every cocoanut had the shape of a bell (korung-korung). Then he\nreached a forest of betel-nut, where again the nuts could be plucked\nwithout the trouble of climbing, for the clusters grew at the height\nof a man's waist. Beyond, came the meadows with white grass, and\nplants whose leaves were all of the rare old embroidered cloth called\ntambayang. [89] He then found himself at the foot-hills of a range of\neight million mountains, rising from the heart of the meadows, and,\nwhen he had climbed to their summit, he stood before a fine big house.\n\nFrom the ground he called out, \"If anybody lives in this house, let\nhim come look at me, for I want to find the way to the Shrine in the\nSky, or to the Little Heaven, where my Moglung lives.\"\n\nBut nobody answered.\n\nThen the Malaki sprang up the bamboo ladder and looked in at the door,\nbut he saw no one in the house. He was weary, after his journey,\nand sat down to rest in a chair made of gold that stood there. Soon\nthere came to his ears the sound of men's voices, calling out,\n\"There is the Malaki T'oluk Waig in the house.\"\n\nThe Malaki looked around the room, but there was no man there, only\na little baby swinging in its cradle. Outside the house were many\nmalaki from the great town of Lunsud, and they came rushing in the\ndoor, each holding a keen blade without handle (sobung). They all\nsurrounded the Malaki in the gold chair, ready to fight him. But the\nMalaki gave them all some betel-nut from his kabir, and made the men\nfriendly toward him. Then all pressed around the Malaki to look at\nhis kabir, which shone like gold. They had never before seen a man's\nbag like this one. \"It is the kabir of the Malaki T'oluk Waig,\" they\nsaid. The Malaki slept that night with the other malaki in the house.\n\nWhen morning came, the day was dark, like night, for the sun did not\nshine. Then the Malaki took his kampilan and stuck it into his belt,\nand sat down on his shield. There was no light on the next day,\nnor on the next. For eight days the pitchy darkness lasted; but\non the ninth day it lifted. Quick from its cradle jumped the baby,\nnow grown as tall as the bariri-plant; that is, almost knee-high.\n\n\"Cowards, all of you!\" cried the child to the Malaki Lunsud. \"You are\nno malaki at all, since you cannot fight the Malaki T'oluk Waig.\" Then,\nturning to the Malaki T'oluk Waig, the little fellow said, \"Please\nteach me how to hold the spear.\"\n\nWhen the Malaki had taught the boy how to make the strokes, the two\nbegan to fight; for the boy, who was called the Pangalinan, [90] was\neager to use his spear against the Malaki. But the Malaki had magical\npower (matulus [91]), so that when the Pangalinan attacked him with\nsword or spear, the blades of his weapons dissolved into water. For\neight million days the futile battle went on. At last the Pangalinan\ngave it up, complaining to the Malaki T'oluk Waig, \"How can I keep\non fighting you, when every time I hit you my knives turn to water?\"\n\nDisheartened, the Pangalinan threw away his spear and his sword. But\nthe Malaki would not hurt the Pangalinan when they were fighting;\nand as soon as the boy had flung his weapons outside the house,\nthe Malaki put his arm around him and drew him close. After that,\nthe two were friends.\n\nOne day the Pangalinan thought he would look inside the big gold box\nthat stood in the house. It was his mother's box. The boy went and\nraised the lid, but as soon as the cover was lifted, his mother came\nout from the box. After this had happened, the Pangalinan got ready\nto go and find the Moglung whom the Malaki had been seeking. The\nboy knew where she lived, for he was the Moglung's little brother\n(tube' [92]). He took the bamboo ladder that formed the steps to\nthe house, and placed it so that it would reach the Shrine in the\nSky, whither the Moglung had gone. Up the bamboo rounds he climbed,\nuntil he reached the sky and found his sister. He ran to her crying,\n\"Quick! come with me! The great Malaki T'oluk Waig is down there.\"\n\nThen the Moglung came down from heaven with her little brother to their\nhouse where the Malaki was waiting for her. The Moglung and the Malaki\nwere very happy to meet again, and they slept together that night.\n\nNext day the Moglung had a talk with the Malaki, and said, \"Now I want\nto live with you; but you remember that other woman, Maguay Bulol,\nthat you used to sleep with. You will want her too, and you had better\nsend for her.\"\n\nSo the Malaki summoned Maguay Bulol, and in a few minutes Maguay\nBulol was there. Then the Malaki had two wives, and they all lived\nin the same house forever.\n\n\nThe Tuglay and the Bia\n\nLong ago, in the days of the Mona, the Tuglay lived on a high\nmountain. He lived very well, for his cocoanut-trees grew on both\nsides of the mountain. But he had no hemp-plants, and so he had to\nmake his clothes of the soft dry sheath that covers the trunk of\nthe cocoanut-palm (bunut). This stuff caught fire easily, and many a\ntime his clothes ignited from the flame where his dinner was cooking,\nand then he would have to make fresh garments from bunut.\n\nOne day he looked from his house over the neighboring mountains,\nand saw the village of Koblun. He thought it looked pretty in the\ndistance. Then he looked in another direction, and saw the town of\nthe Malaki Tuangun, and said, \"Ah! that is just as nice looking as\nthe Koblun town. I will go and see the town of the Malaki Tuangun.\"\n\nImmediately he got ready for the journey. He took his spear (that\nwas only half a spear, because the fire had burned off a part of\nthe handle) and his shield, that was likewise only half a shield. He\nstarted out, and walked on and on until he reached the mountains called\n\"Pabungan Mangumbiten.\"\n\nNow, on another mountain there lived a young man named the Malaki\nItanawa, with his little sister. They lived alone together, for they\nwere orphans. The young girl said to her brother, \"Let us travel over\nthe mountains to-day.\"\n\nAnd the boy answered, \"Yes, my sister, we will go.\"\n\nAnd the two climbed over the hills, and they reached the Pabungan\nMangumbiten soon after the Tuglay. And they were astonished to see\nthe great Tuglay. But when the Tuglay saw the young girl, who was\nnamed Bia Itanawa Inelu, [93] he was so bewildered and startled that\nhe turned away his eyes, and could not look at the sister and brother.\n\nThen the girl prepared a betel-nut and offered it to the Tuglay,\nbut he did not like to accept it. But when she had pressed it upon\nhim many times, he took the betel and chewed it.\n\nThen the girl said, \"Come with my brother and me to my house, for we\nhave no companion.\"\n\nBut when the girl saw the Tuglay hesitate, she asked him, \"Where were\nyou going when we met you?\"\n\nThe Tuglay answered, \"I want to go to the town of the Malaki Tuangun,\nfor to my home has come the word that the Malaki is a mighty man,\nand his sister a great lady.\"\n\nThen the girl looked at the Tuglay, and said, \"If you want to make\nready to go to the Malaki Tuangun's town, you ought to put on your\ngood trousers and a nice jacket.\"\n\nAt that, the Tuglay looked mournful; for he was a poor man, and had no\nfine clothes. Then, when the girl saw how the case stood, she called\nfor beautiful things, such as a malaki wears,--fine hemp trousers,\nbeaded jacket, good war-shield and brass-bound spear, ear-plugs\nof pure ivory, and eight necklaces of beads and gold. Straightway\nat the summons of the Bia, all the fine things appeared; and the\nTuglay got ready to go away. He was no longer the poor Tuglay. His\nname was now the Malaki Dugdag Lobis Maginsulu. Like two big moons,\nhis ivory ear-plugs shone; when he moved his shield, flames of living\nfire shot from it; and when he held up his spear, the day would grow\ndark, because he was a brave man. His new clothes he sent [94] upon\nthe swift wind to the Malaki Tuangun's town.\n\nWhen the Tuglay started, the Bia gave him her own brass betel-box\n(katakia [95]) to take with him. It was a katakia that made sounds,\nand was called a \"screaming katakia.\"\n\n\"May I eat the betel-nut from your box?\" asked the man; and she\nreplied, \"Yes, but do not throw away the other things in the box.\"\n\nThe Malaki Dugdag Lobis Maginsulu walked on until he reached the town\nof the Malaki Tuangun, and sat down on the ground [96] before the\nhouse. The Malaki Tuangun was a great brass-smith: he made katakia\nand other objects of brass, and hence was called the Malaki Tuangun\nKatakia. As soon as he heard the other malaki call from outside,\n\"May I come up into your house?\" he sent down eight of his slaves to\nlook and see who wanted to visit him.\n\nAnd the eight slaves brought word to their master that the Malaki\nDugdag Lobis Maginsulu waited to enter.\n\nThen the Malaki Tuangun Katakia called to his visitor, \"Come up,\nif you can keep from bringing on a fight, because there are many\nshowers in my town.\" [97]\n\nThen the other malaki went up the steps into the house, and the\nMalaki Tuangun said to him, \"You shall have a good place to sit in\nmy house,--a place where nobody ever sat before.\"\n\nThen the Malaki Tuangun prepared a betel-nut for his guest. But the\nMalaki Dugdag Lobis Maginsulu would not take the betel-nut from\nhim. So the Malaki Tuangun called his sister, who was called Bia\nTuangun Katakia, and said to her, \"You go outside and prepare a\nbetel-nut for the Malaki.\"\n\nAs soon as the Bia had finished preparing the betel, she took the\n(screaming?) katakia from the Malaki, and set it on the floor. Then the\nMalaki Dugdag Lobis Maginsulu took the betel-nut from the lady. When\nhe had finished chewing it, he stood up and went to the place where the\nBia Tuangun Katakia was sitting, and he lay down beside her, and said,\n\"Come, put away your work, and comb my hair.\"\n\n\"No, I don't like to comb your hair,\" she replied.\n\nThe Malaki was displeased at this retort, so at last the woman agreed\nto comb his hair, for she did not want to see the Malaki angry. By\nand by the Malaki felt sleepy while his hair was being combed; and\nhe said to the Bia, \"Do not wake me up.\"\n\nHe fell asleep, and did not waken until the next day. Then he married\nthe Bia Tuangun Katakia.\n\nAfter they had been married for three months, the Bia said to the\nMalaki, \"The best man I know is the Manigthum. He was my first\nhusband.\"\n\nBut the Manigthum had left home, and had gone off to do some big\nfighting. He killed the Malaki Taglapida Pabungan, [98] and he killed\nthe Malaki Lindig Ramut ka Langit. [99]\n\nAfter the Manigthum had slain these great men, he came back to the\nhome of his wife. When he came near the house he saw, lying down\non the ground under the kinarum-tree, [100] the things that he had\ngiven his wife before he went away,--pendants of pearl, bracelets\nand leglets of brass, gold necklaces (kamagi [101]), hair-ornaments\nof dyed goats'-hair and birds'-down, finger-rings, and leg-bands of\ntwisted wire hung with bells. As he looked at the beautiful ornaments\nall thrown on the ground, he heard the voice of the Malaki Dugdag Lobis\nManginsulu calling to him, \"Do not come up, because your wife is mine.\"\n\nThen the two malaki went to fighting with sword and spear. After a\nsharp fight, the Manigthum was killed, and the Malaki Dugdag Lobis\nMaginsulu had the Bia for his wife.\n\n\nThe Malaki's Sister and the Basolo\n\nThere is a certain mountain that has a sharp, long crest like a\nkampilan. Up on this mountain stretched many fields of hemp, and\ngroves of cocoanut-palms, that belonged to the Malaki and his sister.\n\nNear to these hemp-fields lived the Basolo-man, under a tall\nbarayung-tree. His little house was full of venison and pig-meat and\nlard, and he kept a dog to hunt pigs and deer. Although his hut looked\nsmall and poor, the Basolo possessed treasures of brass and beads\nand fine textiles. He had a kabir, [102] from which darted forked\nlightning; and in the bag was a betel-box and a necklace of pure gold.\n\nOne day when the Malaki's sister went to look at her hemp, she felt\ncurious to go inside the Basolo's house. The Basolo was lying on the\nfloor, fast asleep, when the woman entered. She looked at the things\nin the house, and saw hanging on the wall the Basolo's bag with the\nlightning playing on it. Now the bag was an old one, and had a lot\nof mud in it; but the woman thought it must be full of gold, because\nthe lightning never ceased to flash from it. So she crept across the\nfloor, and took the bag from off the end of the bamboo slat on which\nit hung. Still the Basolo slept, and still the lightning continued\nto play upon the bag. The woman looked inside the bag and saw a fine\ngold betel-box, and when she lifted the lid, there in the box lay\na necklace of pure gold. Swiftly she closed the box, and stealthily\ndrew it out of the bag. Into the folds of her hemp skirt she slipped\nthe precious box with the gold necklace inside, and very quietly ran\ndown the bamboo ladder at the house-door.\n\nWhen she got home, her brother smiled, and said to her, \"What has\nhappened to you, my sister?\"\n\nBright flashes of lightning seemed to be coming from the girl. She\nlooked almost as if she were made of gold, and the lightning could not\nescape from her. Then she took out the betel-box and the necklace,\nand showed them to her brother, saying that she had found them in\nthe Basolo's hut.\n\nThe Basolo awoke, and found his brass katakia and his fine necklace\ngone.\n\n\"Who has been here?\" he cried.\n\nIn a frenzy he hunted through his kabir, throwing out of it his old\nwork-knife and his rusty spear-head and all the poor things that he\nkept in his bag. Then he began to moan and weep for his betel-box\nand gold necklace.\n\nBy and by he started out to find his lost things. In the soft soil\nclose to the house, he found the footprints of the woman; and,\nfollowing the prints, he traced her to the Malaki's house. Right\nthere the footprints ended. The Basolo stood at the foot of the steps,\nand called, \"Who has been in my house?\"\n\nThen he ran up the ladder and rushed into the house, screaming to\nthe Malaki's sister, \"Give me back my gold necklace! If you don't\ngive it back, I'll marry you.\"\n\nQuick came the woman's answer, \"I don't like you, and I will not\nmarry you.\"\n\nBut her brother was angry because she refused to marry the Basolo. At\nlast she agreed to the match, and said to the Basolo, \"Yes, I will\nmarry you; but I can't let you live in my house. You must stay in\nyour own house over yonder.\"\n\nSo the Basolo and the Malaki's sister agreed to meet and try [103]\neach other (talabana). Then the Basolo went home.\n\nNot long after this, there came a day when many men went out to hunt\nthe wild pig and the deer. And from her house the woman heard the\nsound of many men gathering in the meadow. There were Malaki T'oluk\nWaig and other malaki, who were there ready for the chase. And the\ngirl thought, \"I will go out and see the men.\"\n\nImmediately she hurried to dress herself carefully. She put on nine\nwaists one over another, and similarly nine skirts (panapisan);\nand then she girded herself with a chain of brass links that went a\nthousand times round her waist. Over her left shoulder she hung her\nsmall beaded basket (kambol) that was decorated with row upon row of\nlittle tinkling bells, a million in all, and each bell as round as\na pea.\n\nBut the Basolo knew that the girl was dressing to go out, and he\nwas angry that she should want to go where there were so many men\ngathered. In order to keep watch on her movements, he climbed up\ninto a hiding-place behind the great leaves of an areca-palm, [104]\nand waited. Presently he saw the woman walking to the meadow. And she\nstaid there just one night. But the Malaki was alarmed when he found\nthat his sister had gone out to see the men. And after he had taken\noff his clothes, he began to put them on again to follow his sister.\n\nThen, when the girl's brother and all the other malaki had assembled in\nthe meadow, the Basolo came down from the tree and went home. When he\ngot into his house, he took off his coat, and became a Malaki T'oluk\nWaig. His body shone like the sun (you could hardly look at him),\nand all his garments were of gold. He had on nine jackets, one over\nanother, and nine pairs of trousers. Then he called for his horse,\nwhose name was Kambeng Diluk; [105] and Kambeng neighed into the air,\nand waited, prancing, before the house. Soon the Malaki T'oluk Waig\nmounted his horse, and sitting on a saddle of mirrored glass, he rode\ntoward the meadow. Then Kambeng Diluk began to run, just like the wind.\n\nWhen they reached the meadow, there were many people there. The\nMalaki's wife was sitting on the grass, with men grouped around her,\nand she was laughing with them. But she did not recognize her husband\nwhen he came riding up. After everybody had arrived, they set fire\nto the long grass, and burned off the meadow, so as to bring the wild\npigs and the deer out of ambush. Then many men entered the chase and\nran their horses; but none could catch the deer or the wild boar,\nexcept only the great Malaki, who had been the Basolo: he alone\nspeared much game.\n\nWhen the burning of the meadow and the hunt were finished, many\nmen wanted to marry the Malaki T'oluk Waig's wife, and many of\nthem embraced her. But the Malaki T'oluk Waig stood up, fierce with\npassion. His body was almost like a flame to look at. And he fought\nthe other malaki, and killed many, until at last all were dead but one,\nand that was the woman's brother.\n\nWhen all was done, the Malaki mounted his horse and rode back to his\nhome. His house was all of gold, and yet it looked just like a mean\nlittle hut nestled under the barayung-tree. Then the Malaki picked up\nhis coat and put it on: at once he became a Basolo again. He then went\nover to the woman's house and waited there for her to come back. By\nand by she came loitering along, crying all the way, because she was\nafraid to meet her husband. But the Basolo staid right along in the\nhouse, and lived with the woman and her brother. Then, after they had\ntried each other, they were married with Bagobo ceremony. The Basolo\ntook off his coat, and again became a Malaki T'oluk Waig. They lived\nwell in their house, and they had a big hacienda of hemp and cocoanuts\nand banana-plants.\n\n\n\nThe Mona [106]\n\nWhen the Mona lived on the earth, there was a certain man who said\nto his wife, \"I want to go out and make some traps.\"\n\nSo that day he went out and made about thirty traps, of sticks with\nnooses attached, to snare jungle-fowl. His work finished, he returned\nhome. Next day he went out to look at his traps, but found that he had\ncaught, not a wild chicken, but a big lizard (palas [107]) with pretty\nfigured patterns on its back. The man said to the lizard, \"Halloo!\"\n\nThen he released the lizard, and gave him his own carrying-bag and\nwork-knife, and told him to go straight to his house. But the lizard\nwas afraid to go to the man's house, for he suspected that the man\nwanted to make a meal of him. Instead, he ran up a tree, taking with\nhim the knife and the bag. The tree overhung a clear brook, and the\nlizard could see his reflection (alung) in the water.\n\nNo fowl could the man snare that day, and he went home. As soon as\nhe reached the house, he said to his wife, \"Are you all done cleaning\nthat lizard?\"\n\n\"What lizard are you talking about?\" returned the woman. \"There's no\nlizard here.\"\n\n\"I sent one here,\" insisted the man, \"and I'm hungry.\"\n\n\"We have no lizard,\" repeated his wife.\n\nIn a hot temper the man went back to his traps, and there saw the\ntracks of the lizard, leading, not towards his house, but exactly\nin the opposite direction. Following the tracks, he reached the\nbrook, and at once caught sight of the lizard's reflection in the\nwater. Immediately the man jumped into the water, grasping for the\nimage of the slippery lizard; but he had to jump out again with empty\nhands. He tried again. Hour after hour he kept on jumping, until he\ngot so wet and cold that he had to give it up and go home.\n\n\"The lizard is right over there in the brook,\" he told his wife;\n\"but I could not get hold of him.\"\n\n\"I'll go and look at him with you,\" she said.\n\nSo together they reached the brook; and the woman glanced first into\nthe water, and then up into the tree.\n\n\"You foolish man,\" she smiled. \"Look in the tree for your\nlizard. That's just his shadow (alung [109]) in the water.\"\n\nThe man looked up, and saw the lizard in the tree. Then he started\nto climb up the trunk, but found himself so chilled and stiff from\njumping into the water, that he kept slipping down whenever he tried\n\nto climb. Then the woman took her turn, and got part way up the\ntree. The man looked up at his wife, and noticed that she had sores\non parts of her body where she could not see them, and he called to\nher, \"Come down! don't climb any higher; you've got sores.\" So she\nclimbed down.\n\nThen her husband wanted to get some medicine out of his bag to give\nher for the sores; but the lizard had his bag.\n\n\"Throw down my bag and knife to me!\" he shouted up to the lizard,\n\"because I must get busy about fixing medicine for my wife.\" And the\nlizard threw down to him his knife and his bag.\n\nAs soon as they got home, the man made some medicine for his wife;\nbut the sores did not heal. Then he went to his friend Tuglay and said,\n\"What is the medicine for my wife?\"\n\nTuglay went home with the man; and when they reached the house,\nhe told him what he was about to do. \"Look!\" said the Tuglay.\n\nThen the man looked, and saw the Tuglay go to his wife and consort\nwith her.\n\nAnd the husband let him do it, for he said to himself, \"That is the\nmedicine for my wife.\"\n\nWhen the Tuglay was done with the woman, he said, \"Go now to your\nwife.\"\n\nThen the man went to her, and said, \"This is the best of all.\" After\nthat, the man cared for nothing except to be with his wife. He did not\neven care to eat. He threw out of the house all the food they had,--the\nrice, the sugarcane, the bananas, and all of their other things. He\nthrew them far away. But after they had taken no food for several\ndays, the man and the woman began to grow thin and weak. Still they\ndid not try to get food, because they wanted only to gratify their\npassion [110] for each other. At last both of them got very skinny,\nand finally they died.\n\n\nCHAPTER III\n\nFolk-Lore of the Buso\n\n\nHow to See the Buso\n\nThe Buso live in the great branching trees and in the graveyard. The\nnight after a person has been buried, the Buso dig up the body with\ntheir claws, and drink all the blood, and eat the flesh. The bones they\nleave, after eating all the flesh off from them. If you should go to\nthe graveyard at night, you would hear a great noise. It is the sound\nof all the Buso talking together as they sit around on the ground,\nwith their children playing around them. You cannot see the Buso;\nbut if you do get a glimpse of one of them, it is only for a few\nminutes. He looks like a shadow.\n\nIn the beginning, everybody could see the Buso, because then the Buso\nand the people were friendly together. Nobody died in those days,\nfor the Buso helped the men, and kept them from dying. But many years\nago the Buso and man had a quarrel, and after that nobody could see\nthe Buso any more.\n\nNow, there is one way to see Buso; but a man must be very brave to\ndo it. While the coffin for a dead man is being made, if you cut some\nchips from it and carry them to the place where the tree was felled for\nthe box, and lay the chips on the stump from which the wood was cut,\nand then go again on the night of the funeral to the same place, you\nwill see Buso. Stand near the stump, and you will see passing before\nyou (1) a swarm of fireflies; (2) the intestines of the dead person;\n(3) many heads of the dead person; (4) many arms of the dead person;\n(5) many legs of the dead person; (6) the entire body passing before\nyou; (7) shadows flitting before you; and finally (8) the Buso. But\nno one yet has been brave enough to try it.\n\n\"But one thing I did when my uncle died,\" said my boy informant. \"I\nchipped a piece of wood from the coffin, and tied it to a long string,\nlike a fly to a fish-hook. This I let down between the slats of the\nfloor, as I stood in the room where the dead body lay, and I held\nthe line dangling. As a fish catches at the bait, so Buso seized that\nbit of wood, and for about two minutes I could feel him pulling at it\nfrom under the house. Then I drew up the string with the wood. Buso\nwas there under the house, and smelt the chip from the coffin.\"\n\n\nBuso and the Woman\n\nIn a little house there lived a man and his wife together. One night,\nafter they had been married for a long time, the man told his wife\nthat he would like to go fishing.\n\n\"Oh, yes! my husband,\" said the woman eagerly. \"Go, and bring me some\nnice fish to-morrow, so that we can have a good meal.\"\n\nThe man went out that same night to fish. And his wife was left alone\nin the house.\n\nIn the night, while her husband was away, the Buso came, and tried\nto pass himself off as her husband, saying, \"You see I am back. I\ngot no fish, because I was afraid in the river.\" Then the Buso-man\nmade a great fire, and sat down by it.\n\nBut the woman did not believe that it was her husband. So she hid\nher comb in a place on the floor, and she said to her comb, \"If the\nBuso calls me, do you answer. Tell him that I have run away because\nI have great fear of the Buso.\"\n\nThen, when the Buso called, the Comb answered just as the woman\nhad told it. By and by the Buso went away. In the morning, the man\ncame back from fishing, because daylight had come. And he had a fine\ncatch of fish. Then the woman told him all that had happened, and the\nman never again let his wife sleep alone in the house. After that,\neverything went well; for Buso was afraid of the man, and never again\nattempted to come there.\n\n\nThe Buso's Basket\n\nTwo children went out into the field to tend their rice-plants. They\nsaid these words to keep the little birds away from the grain:--\n\n\n\"One, one, maya-bird, [111]\nYonder in the north;\nKeep off from eating it,\nThis my rice.\"\n\n\nJust then they heard the sound of a voice, calling from the great\npananag-tree, [112] \"Wait a minute, children, until I make a basket\nfor you.\"\n\n\"What is that?\" said the boy to his sister.\n\n\"Oh, nothing!\" answered the little girl. \"It's the sound of something.\"\n\nThen the children called to their father and mother; but only from\nthe pananag-tree the answer came, \"Just wait till I finish this basket\nto hold you in.\"\n\nDown, then, from the tree came the great Buso, with a big, deep basket\n(such as women carry bananas and camotes [113] in) hanging from his\nshoulders. The frightened children did not dare to run away; and Buso\nsat down near by in the little hut where the rice was kept. Soon he\nsaid to the children, \"Please comb out my nice hair.\"\n\nBut, when they tried to comb his hair, they found it swarming with\nbig lice and worms.\n\n\"Well, let's go on now,\" said the Buso. Then he stuffed the children\ninto his deep burden-basket, and swung the basket upon his back.\n\nOn the instant the little girl screamed out, \"Wait a minute, Buso! I've\ndropped my comb. Let me down to pick it up.\"\n\nSo the Buso sat down on the ground, and let the girl climb out of\nthe basket. He sat waiting for her to find her comb; but all the time\nshe was picking up big stones, and putting them into the basket. Her\nbrother got out of the basket too, and then both girl and boy climbed\nup into a tall betel-nut tree, [114] leaving Buso with a basket full\nof stones on his back.\n\nUp to his house in the pananag-tree went Buso with the heavy\nbasket. When his wife saw him, she laughed and shouted very loud. She\nwas glad, because she thought there was a man in the basket, all ready\nto eat. But, when Buso slipped the basket down from his shoulders,\nthere was no human flesh in it, but only big stones.\n\nThen the angry Buso hurried back to look for the two children. At last\nhe caught sight of them far up in the betel-nut tree, and wondered how\nhe could get them. Now, at the foot of the tree there was a growth\nof the wild plant called \"bagkang;\" and Buso said words to make the\nbagkang grow faster and taller:--\n\n    \"Tubu, tubu, bagkang,\n    Grow, grow, bagkang,\n    Baba, baba mamaa'n.\" [115]\n    Handle, handle, betel-nut.\n\nBut the children, in their turn, said:--\n\n    \"Tubu, tubu, mamaa'n,\n    Grow, grow, betel-nut,\n    Baba, baba bagkang.\"\n    Handle, handle, bagkang.\n\nBy and by, when the bagkang-stems had grown so tall as almost to reach\nthe clusters of betel-nuts at the top of the trunk, the boy and girl\nsaid to each other. \"Let us pick betel-nuts, and throw them down on\nthe bagkang.\"\n\nAnd as soon as they began to pick, the betel-nuts became so big and\nheavy that the bagkang-plants fell down when the betel-nuts dropped\non them.\n\nThen the Buso went away; and the children climbed down in haste,\nran home, and told their mother and father how the Buso had tried to\ncarry them off.\n\n\nThe Buso-Child\n\nDatu Ayo was a great man among the Bagobo, well known throughout the\nmountain-country for his bravery and his riches. He had gathered in\nhis house many products of Bagobo workmanship in textiles and brass and\nfine weapons. At his death, human sacrifices of slaves were offered up\nfor him. It was not many years ago that he went down to the great city\nof the dead, and many of his children and grandchildren are living\nnow. His sons like to think about their father's renown; and, as a\nreminder, the eldest son, Kawayun, always kept in his medicine-case\ntwo of the incisor teeth of the great Ayo, until he needed money,\nand sold the medicine-case with its contents. It had made Kawayun\nhappy to look at his father's teeth.\n\nWhen Datu Ayo died, his wife was about to become a mother. Now,\nthe Bagobo women know that, when they become pregnant, they must be\nvery careful to protect themselves from the evil Buso. On going to\nbed at night, an expectant mother places near her the woman's knife\n(gulat), the kampilan, [116] and all the other knives, to frighten\nBuso away. Failing this, the Buso will come to the woman while she\nsleeps, and change her baby into a Buso-child. One night, the wife\nof Datu Ayo lay down to sleep without putting any knives near her;\nand that very night the Buso came, and he transformed her child into\na Buso-child. She did not know when he came, nor did she even think\nthat a Buso had been near her, until her baby was born.\n\nEverybody around the woman at the birth saw that something was the\nmatter with the child. It was little and frail, and as weak as threads\nof cotton. Its body was flat, and its legs and arms were helpless\nand flabby. Then all the men said, \"That is a Buso-child.\"\n\nAs the little boy grew old enough to creep, he moved just like a fish,\nwith a sort of wriggling motion. He could not stand on his feet,\nfor his legs were too weak to support his body; and he could not sit\ndown, but only lie flat. He could never be dressed in umpak [117]\nand saroa'r, [118] and his body remained small and puny.\n\nNow the boy is more than fourteen years old, but he cannot walk a\nstep. He understands very well what is said to him, and he can talk,\nthough not distinctly. When he hears it said that somebody is dead,\nhe breaks into laughter, and keeps on laughing. This trait alone\nwould stamp him as a Buso-child.\n\n\nThe Buso-Monkey\n\nOne day a man went out, carrying seventeen arrows, to hunt monkeys;\nbut he found none. Next day he went again, and, as he walked along\non the slope of the mountain called Malagu'san, he heard the sound of\nthe chattering of monkeys in the trees. Looking up, he saw the great\nmonkey sitting on an aluma'yag-tree. He took a shot at the monkey, but\nhis arrow missed aim; and the next time he had no better luck. Twice\neight he tried it; but he never hit the mark. The monkey seemed to\nlead a charmed life. Finally he took his seventeenth and last arrow,\nand brought down his game; the monkey fell down dead. But a voice\ncame from the monkey's body that said, \"You must carry me.\"\n\nSo the man picked up the monkey, and started to go back home; but\non the way the monkey said, \"You are to make a fire, and eat me up\nright here.\"\n\nThen the man laid the monkey on the ground. Again came the voice,\n\"You will find a bamboo to put me in; by and by you shall eat me.\"\n\nOff went the man to find the bamboo called laya, letting the monkey\nlie on the ground, where he had dropped it.\n\nHe walked on until he reached a forest of bamboo. There, swinging\non a branch of the laya, was a karirik-bird. And the bird chirped to\nthe man, \"Where are you going?\"\n\nThe man answered, \"I am looking for bamboo to put the monkey in.\"\n\nBut the karirik-bird exclaimed, \"Run away, quick! for by and by the\nmonkey will become a buso. I will wait here, and be cutting the laya;\nthen, when the monkey calls you, I will answer him.\"\n\nIn the mean time the monkey had become a great buso. He had only one\neye, and that stood right in the middle of his forehead, looking just\nlike the big bowl called langungan (the very bad buso have only one\neye; some have only one leg).\n\nAfter the Buso-monkey had waited many hours for the man to come back,\nhe started out to look for him. When he reached the forest of laya,\nhe called to the man, \"Where are you?\"\n\nThen the karirik-bird answered from the tree, \"Here I am, right here,\ncutting the bamboo.\"\n\nBut the man had run away, because the bird had sent him off, and made\nhim run very fast.\n\nAs soon as the bird had answered the Buso, it flew off to another\nbamboo-tree, and there the Buso spied it, and knew that he had been\nfooled; and he said, \"It's a man I want; you're just a bird. I don't\ncare for you.\"\n\nDirectly then the Buso began to smell around the ground where the\nman had started to run up the mountain-side, and, as quick as he\ncaught the scent, he trailed the man. He ran and ran, and all the\ntime the man was running too; but soon the Buso began to gain on\nhim. After a while, when the Buso had come close upon him, the man\ntried to look for some covert. He reached a big rock, and cried out,\n\"O rock! will you give me shelter when the Buso tries to eat me?\"\n\n\"No,\" replied the rock; \"for, if I should help you, the Buso would\nbreak me off and throw me away.\"\n\nThen the man ran on; and the Buso came nearer and nearer, searching\nbehind every rock as he rushed along, and spying up into every tree,\nto see if, perchance, the man were concealed there.\n\nAt last the man came to the lemon-tree called kabayawa, that has\nlong, sharp thorns on its branches. And the man cried out to the\nlemon-tree, \"Could you protect me, if I were to hide among your leaves\nand flowers?\"\n\nInstantly the lemon-tree answered, \"Come right up, if you want\nto.\" Then the man climbed the tree, and concealed himself in the\nbranches, among the flowers. Very soon the Buso came under the\nlemon-tree, and shouted to it, \"I smell a man here. You are hiding\nhim.\"\n\nThe Kabayawa said, \"Sure enough, here's a man! You just climb up and\nget him.\"\n\nThen the Buso began to scramble up the tree; but as he climbed, the\nthorns stuck their sharp points into him. The higher he climbed, the\nlonger and sharper grew the thorns of the tree, piercing and tearing,\nuntil they killed the Buso.\n\nIt is because the monkey sometimes turns into a Buso that many Bagobo\nrefuse to eat monkey. But some of the mountain Bagobo eat monkey to\nkeep off sores.\n\n\nHow the Moon Tricks the Buso [119]\n\nThe Moon is a great liar. One night long ago, the Buso looked over\nthe earth and could not discover any people, because everybody was\nasleep. Then Buso went to the Moon, and asked her where all the people\nwere to be found.\n\n\"Oh, you will not find a living person on the earth!\" replied the\nMoon. \"Everybody in the world is dead.\"\n\n\"Good!\" thought Buso. \"To-morrow I shall have a fine meal of them.\"\n\nBuso never eats living flesh, only dead bodies.\n\nNext morning, Buso started for the graveyard; but on the way he met\nthe Sun, and stopped to speak to him.\n\n\"How about the men on earth?\" he questioned.\n\n\"They're all right,\" said the Sun. \"All the people are working and\nplaying and cooking rice.\"\n\nThe Buso was furious to find himself tricked. That night he went\nagain to the Moon and asked for the men, and, as before, the Moon\nassured him that everybody was dead. But the next morning the Sun\nshowed him all the people going about their work as usual. Thus the\nBuso has been fooled over and over again. The Moon tells him every\nnight the same story.\n\n\nThe Buso and the Cat\n\nThe cat is the best animal. She keeps us from the Buso. One night the\nBuso came into the house, and said to the cat, \"I should like to eat\nyour mistress.\"\n\n\"I will let you do it,\" replied the cat; \"but first you must count\nall the hairs of my coat.\"\n\nSo the Buso began to count. But while he was counting, the cat kept\nwriggling her tail, and sticking up her back. That made her fur stand\nup on end, so that the Buso kept losing count, and never knew where\nhe left off. And while the Buso was still trying to count the cat's\nhairs, daylight came.\n\nThis is one reason why we must not kill the cat. If a Bagobo should\nkill a cat, it would make him very sick. He would get skinny, and\ndie. Some Bagobo have been known to kill the cat; but they always\ngot sick afterwards.\n\n\nHow a Dog Scared the Buso\n\nThe Tigbanua' are the worst of all the Buso; they want to be\neating human flesh all the time. They live in great forests,--in\nthe pananag-tree, in the magbo-tree, in the baliti-tree, and in\nthe liwaan-tree.\n\nOne day a man went out to hunt, and he took his dog with him. On\nhis way to the woods, he speared a very little pig. By the time he\nreached the great forest, night had come. He made a little shelter,\nand kindled a fire. Then he cleaned the pig and cut it into pieces,\nand tied three sticks of wood together, and placed them on two upright\npieces of wood stuck in the ground. On this paga he laid the pig-meat\nto broil over the flames.\n\nBy and by he got very sleepy, and thought he would go under the shelter\nand take a nap. But just then he heard voices up in the big trees. He\nlistened, and heard the Tigbanua' talking to one another.\n\nThe Tigbanua' that lives in the liwaan-tree called out to the Tigbanua'\nthat lives in the pananag-tree, \"The mighty chief of all the Tigbanua',\nwho lives in the sigmit-tree, gives this command to his people: 'Don't\nmake fun of the man, because he has been here many times before.' \"\n\nAnd right there, under the trees, the man, standing by his dog, was\nlistening to the talk of the Buso. The dog was sleeping near the fire,\nand he was as big as the calf of a carabao. Very quietly his master\nspread his own sleeping-tunic (kisi) over the dog, and crept away,\nleaving him asleep in the warm place. The man hid in the shelter,\nand waited.\n\nPresently many of the Tigbanua' began coming down from the trees,\nfor some of them did not give obedience (paminug) to their Datu. They\ngathered around the fire, and sat down. By and by, as they sat near\nthe fire, the penis (tapo) of every one of the Tigbanua' began to\ngrow bigger and bigger (lanag-lanag). All at once, the Tigbanua'\ncaught sight of the tunic spread out, and showing the form of a huge\nhead and body under it. They all thought it was the man; and they\nrushed up to it, and hugged it. But the dog woke up, jumped out from\nunder the tunic, and bit the Tigbanua'. Then they all ran. One of them\nclimbed up the tree to his own house, the dog holding on to his leg,\nand biting him all the time. But when they were halfway up the tree,\nthe dog fell down and got hurt. And the Tigbanua' called down to the\ndog, \"Swell up, swell up!\" (\"Pigsa, pigsa!\")\n\nAll the other Tigbanua' were afraid of the big dog, and ran away. So\nthe man slept well all night, because the Buso could not hurt him now.\n\n\nStory of Duling and the Tagamaling\n\nBefore the world was made, there were Tagamaling. The Tagamaling\nis the best Buso, because he does not want to hurt man all of the\ntime. Tagamaling is actually Buso only a part of the time; that is,\nthe month when he eats people. One month he eats human flesh, and\nthen he is Buso; the next month he eats no human flesh, and then he\nis a god. So he alternates, month by month. The month he is Buso,\nhe wants to eat man during the dark of the moon; that is, between\nthe phases that the moon is full in the east and new in the west.\n\nThe other class of Buso, however, wants human flesh all of the\ntime. They are the Tigbanua', the chief of whom is Datu of all the\nBuso. A Tigbanua' lives in his own house, and goes out only to eat\nthe bodies of the dead.\n\nThe Tagamaling makes his house in trees that have hard wood, and low,\nbroad-spreading branches. His house is almost like gold, and is called\n\"Palimbing,\" but it is made so that you cannot see it; and, when\nyou pass by, you think, \"Oh! what a fine tree with big branches,\"\nnot dreaming that it is the house of a Tagamaling. Sometimes, when\nyou walk in the forest, you think you see one of their houses; but\nwhen you come near to the place, there is nothing. Yet you can smell\nthe good things to eat in the house.\n\nOnce a young man named Duling, and his younger brother, went out\ninto the woods to trap wild chickens. Duling had on his back a basket\nholding a decoy cock, together with the snares of running-nooses and\nall the parts of the trap. While they were looking for a good spot to\ndrive in the stakes for the snare, they heard the voice of Tagamaling\nin the trees, saying, \"Duling, Duling, come in! My mother is making\na little fiesta here.\"\n\nThe boys looked up, and could see the house gleaming there in the\nbranches, and there were two Tagamaling-women calling to them. In\nresponse to the call, Duling's younger brother went up quickly\ninto the house; but Duling waited on the ground below. He wanted the\nTagamaling-girls to come down to him, for he was enamoured (kalatugan)\nof them. Then one girl ran down to urge Duling to come up into the\ntree. And as soon as she came close to him, he caught her to his\nbreast, and hugged her and caressed her.\n\nIn a moment, Duling realized that the girl was gone, and that he was\nholding in his arms a nanga-bush, full of thorns. He had thought to\ncatch the girl, but, instead, sharp thorns had pricked him full of\nsores. Then from above he heard the woman's voice, tauntingly sweet,\n\"Don't feel bad, Duling; for right here is your younger brother.\"\n\nYet the young man, gazing here and there, saw around him only tall\ntrees, and could not catch a glimpse of the girl who mocked him.\n\nImmediately, Duling, as he stood there, was turned into a rock. But\nthe little brother married the Tagamaling-girl.\n\nThere is a place high up in the mountains of Mindanao, about eight\nhours' ride west of Santa Cruz, where you may see the rock, and you\nwill know at once that it is a human figure. There is Duling, with\nthe trap and the decoy cock on his shoulder. You may see the cock's\nfeathers too.\n\n\nThe S'iring\n\nThe S'iring [120] is the ugly man that has long nails and curly\nhair. He lives in the forest trees. If a boy goes into the forest\nwithout a companion, the S'iring tries to carry him off. When you meet\na S'iring, he will look like your father, or mother, or some friend;\nand he will hide his long nails behind his back, so that you cannot\nsee them. It is the S'iring who makes the echo (a'u'd). When you\ntalk in a loud voice, the S'iring will answer you in a faint voice,\nbecause he wants to get you and carry you away.\n\nThere was once a boy who went without a companion into the forest,\nand he met a man who looked just like his own father, but it was a\nS'iring; and the S'iring made him believe that he was his father. The\nS'iring said to the boy, \"Come, you must go with me. We will shoot\nsome wild birds with our bow and arrows.\"\n\nAnd the boy, not doubting that he heard his father's voice, followed\nthe S'iring into the deep forest. After a while, the boy lost his\nmemory, and forgot the way to his own house. The S'iring took him up\non a high mountain, and gave him food; but the poor boy had now lost\nhis mind, and he thought the food was a milleped one fathom long,\nor it seemed to him the long, slim worm called liwati.\n\nSo the days went on, the boy eating little, and growing thinner\nand weaker all the time. When he met any men in the forest, he grew\nfrightened, and would run away. When he had been a long time in the\nforest, the S'iring called to him and said, \"We will move on now.\"\n\nSo they started off again. When they reached the high bank of a deep\nand swift-flowing river, the S'iring scratched the boy with his long\nnails. Straightway the boy felt so tired that he could no longer stand\non his legs, and then he dropped down into the ravine. He fell on the\nhard rocks, so that his bones were broken, and his skull split open.\n\nAll this time, the mother at home was mourning for her son, and crying\nall day long. But soon she arranged a little shrine (tambara [121])\nunder the great tree, and, having placed there a white bowl with a\nfew betel-nuts and some buyo-leaf as an offering for her son, she\ncrouched on the ground and prayed for his life to the god in the sky.\n\nNow, when the S'iring heard her prayer, he took some betel-nuts, and\nwent to the place where the boy's body lay. On the parts where the\nbones were broken, he spit betel-nut, and did the same to the boy's\nhead. Immediately the boy came to life, and felt well again. Then the\nS'iring took him up, and carried him to the shrine where the mother\nwas praying; but she could not see the S'iring nor her boy. She went\nhome crying.\n\nThat night, as the woman slept, she dreamed that a boy came close to\nher, and spoke about her son. \"To-morrow morning,\" he said, \"you must\npick red peppers, and get a lemon, [122] and carry them to the shrine,\nand burn them in the fire.\"\n\nNext morning, the woman hastened to gather the peppers, and get\na lemon, and with happy face she ran to the shrine under the big\ntree. There she made a fire, and burned the lemon and the red peppers,\nas the dream had told her. And, as soon as she had done this, her\nson appeared from under the great tree. Then his mother caught him\nin her arms, and held him close, and cried for joy.\n\nWhen you lose your things, you may be sure that the S'iring has hidden\nthem. What you have to do is to burn some red peppers with beeswax\n(tadu ka petiukan [123]), and observe carefully the direction in which\nthe smoke goes. The way the smoke goes points out where your things\nare hidden, because the S'iring is afraid of the wax of bees. He is\nafraid, too, of red peppers and of lemons.\n\n\nHow Iro Met the S'iring\n\nNot long ago, a young man named Iro went out, about two o'clock in the\nafternoon, to get some tobacco from one of the neighbors. Not far from\nhis house, he saw his friend Atun coming along; and Atun said to him,\n\"I've got some tobacco hidden away in a place in the woods. Let us\ngo and get it.\"\n\nSo they went along together. When they reached the forest, Atun\ndisappeared, and Iro could not see which way he had gone. Then he\nconcluded that it was not Atun, but a S'iring, whom he had met. He\nstarted for home, and reached there about eight o'clock in the\nevening. To his astonishment, he saw Atun sitting there in the\nhouse. Confused and wondering, he asked Atun, \"Did you carry me away?\"\n\nBut his friend Atun laughed, and said, \"Where should I carry you? I\nhave not been anywhere.\"\n\nThen Iro was convinced that a S'iring had tried to lure him into\nthe forest.\n\nWhen you have a companion, the S'iring cannot hurt you.\n\n\nCHAPTER IV\n\nAnimal Stories: Metamorphosis, Explanatory Tales, Etc.\n\n\nThe Kingfisher and the Malaki\n\nThere came a day when the kingfisher (kobug [124]) had nothing to\ndrink, and was thirsty for water. Then she walked along the bed of\nthe brook, searching for a drink; but the waters of the brook were\nall dried up.\n\nNow, on that very day, the Maganud went up the mountain to get some\nagsam [125] to make leglets for himself. And when he came near to where\nthe bulla grows, he stopped to urinate, and the urine sprinkled one of\nthe great bulla-leaves. Then he went on up the mountain. Just then, the\nkingfisher came along, still looking for a mountain-stream. Quickly she\ncaught sight of the leaf of the bulla-tree all sprinkled with water;\nbut the man had gone away. Then the kingfisher gladly drank a few\ndrops of the water, and washed her feathers. But no sooner had she\nquenched her thirst, and taken a bath, than her head began to pain\nher. Then she went home to her little house in the ground.\n\nNow, every day the kingfisher laid one egg, and that day she laid\nher egg as usual. But when the egg hatched out, it was no feathered\nnestling, but a baby-boy, that broke the shell.\n\n\"Oh!\" cried the frightened bird. \"What will become of me?\" Then she\nran off a little way from her nest, and started to fly away.\n\nBut the little boy cried out, \"Mother, mother, don't be afraid of me!\"\n\nSo the kingfisher came back to her baby. And the child grew bigger\nevery day.\n\nAfter a while, the boy was old enough to walk and play around. Then\none day he went alone to the house of the Maganud, and climbed up\nthe steps and looked in at the door. The Maganud was sitting there on\nthe floor of his house; and the little boy ran up to him and hugged\nhim, and cried for joy. But the Maganud was startled and dismayed;\nfor he was a chaste malaki, [126] and had no children. Yet this boy\ncalled him \"father,\" and begged for ripe bananas in a very familiar\nmanner. After they had talked for a little while, the Maganud went\nwith the child to the home of the kingfisher.\n\nThe kingfisher had made her nest at the foot of a great hollow\ntree. She had dug out a hole, about four feet deep, in the soft ground,\nand fixed a roof by heaping over the hole the powdered rotten bark of\nthe old tree. The roof stood up just a few inches above the ground;\nand when the Maganud saw it, he thought it was a mere little heap of\nearth. Immediately, however, as he looked at the lowly nest, it became\na fine house with walls of gold, and pillars of ivory. The eaves were\nall hung with little bells (korung-korung [127]); and the whole house\nwas radiantly bright, for over it forked lighting played continually.\n\nThe kingfisher took off her feather coat, and became a lovely woman,\nand then she and the Malaki were married. They had bananas and\ncocoanut-groves, and all things, and they became rich people.\n\n\nThe Woman and the Squirrel\n\nOne day a woman went out to find water. She had no water to drink,\nbecause all the streams were dried up. As she went along, she saw\nsome water in a leaf. She drank it, and washed her body. As soon as\nshe had drunk the water, her head began to hurt. Then she went home,\nspread out a mat, lay down on it, and went to sleep. She slept for\nnine days. When she woke up, she took a comb and combed her hair. As\nshe combed it, a squirrel-baby came out from her hair. After the baby\nhad been in the house one week, it began to grow and jump about. It\nstaid up under the roof of the house.\n\nOne day the Squirrel said to his mother, \"O mother! I want you to\ngo to the house of the Datu who is called 'sultan,' and take these\nnine kamagi [128] and these nine finger-rings to pay for the sultan's\ndaughter, because I want to marry her.\"\n\nThen the mother went to the sultan's house and remained there an\nhour. The sultan said, \"What do you want?\"\n\nThe woman answered, \"Nothing. I came for betel-nuts.\" Then the woman\nwent back home.\n\nThe Squirrel met her, and said, \"Where are my nine necklaces?\"\n\n\"Here they are,\" said the woman.\n\nBut the Squirrel was angry at his mother, and bit her with his\nlittle teeth.\n\nAgain he said to his mother, \"You go there and take the nine\nnecklaces.\"\n\nSo the woman started off again. When she reached the sultan's house,\nshe said to him, \"I have come with these nine necklaces and these\nnine finger-rings that my son sends to you.\"\n\n\"Yes,\" said the sultan; \"but I want my house to become gold, and I want\nall my plants to become gold, and everything I have to turn into gold.\"\n\nBut the woman left the presents to pay for the sultan's daughter. The\nsultan told her that he wanted his house to be turned into gold that\nvery night. Then the woman went back and told all this to her son. The\nSquirrel said, \"That is good, my mother.\"\n\nNow, when night came, the Squirrel went to the sultan's house, and\nstood in the middle of the path, and called to his brother, the Mouse,\n\"My brother, come out! I want to see you.\"\n\nThen the great Mouse came out. All the hairs of his coat were of gold,\nand his eyes were of glass.\n\nThe Mouse said, \"What do you want of me, my brother Squirrel?\"\n\n\"I called you,\" answered the Squirrel, \"for your gold coat. I want\nsome of that to turn the sultan's house into gold.\"\n\nThen the Squirrel bit the skin of the Mouse, and took off some of the\ngold, and left him. Then he began to turn the sultan's things into\ngold. First of all, he rubbed the gold on the betel-nut trees of the\nsultan; next, he rubbed all the other trees and all the plants; third,\nhe rubbed the house and all the things in it. Then the sultan's town\nyou could see as in a bright day. You would think there was no night\nthere--always day.\n\nAll this time, the sultan was asleep. When he woke up, he was so\nfrightened to see all his things, and his house, of gold, that he\ndied in about two hours.\n\nThen the Squirrel and the daughter of the sultan were married. The\nSquirrel staid in her father's home for one month, and then they went\nto live in the house of the Squirrel's mother. And they took from\nthe sultan's place, a deer, a fish, and all kinds of food. After the\nsultan's daughter had lived with the Squirrel for one year, he took\noff his coat and became a Malaki T'oluk Waig. [129]\n\n\n\nThe Cat\n\nVery long ago the cocoanut used to be the head of the cat. That is why\nthe cat loves cocoanut so much. When the Bagobo are eating cocoanut,\nthey let the cat jump up and have some too, because her head once\nturned into a cocoanut. When the cat hears the Bagobo scraping cocoanut\nin the kitchen, she runs quickly to get some to eat.\n\nWe cut off some of the fur from the tip of the cat's tail, and put the\nhairs under one of the big stones (sigung) where the fire burns. This\nis why the cat loves the house where she lives.\n\nWhen the cat dies, her gimokud takawanan [130] goes down to Gimokudan,\nwhere the spirits of dead people go.\n\n\nWhy the Bagobo Likes the Cat\n\nAn old man was fishing in the brook; but the water kept getting muddy,\nand he did not know what was the matter. Then he went away, and he\nwalked and walked. After he had gone some distance, he saw in the mud\na big lion [131] that eats people. The Lion had been sleeping in the\nmud. He said to the man, \"If you'll pull me out of the mud and ride\nme to my town, I will give you many things.\" Then the man drew the\nLion from the mud.\n\nThe Lion stood still a while, and then said, \"Now you must ride on me.\"\n\nSo the man mounted the Lion, and rode until they came to a large\nmeadow, when the Lion said, \"Now I am going to eat you.\"\n\nThe man replied, \"But first let us go and ask the Carabao.\"\n\nThe Lion consented, and they went on until they reached the Carabao.\n\n\"This Lion wants to eat me,\" complained the man.\n\n\"Yes, indeed! eat him, Lion,\" answered the Carabao, \"for the men are\nall the time riding on my back, and whipping me.\"\n\nThere were many Carabaos in the field, and they all agreed to this.\n\nThen the man said to the Lion, \"You may eat me; but we will first go\nand tell the Cows.\"\n\nSoon they reached the Cows' home, and the man told them that the Lion\nwanted to eat him.\n\nAt once the Cows exclaimed, \"Yes, eat him, Lion, because all day long\nthe people drive us away from their fields.\"\n\n\"All right!\" assented the man; \"but first let us speak to the Dogs.\"\n\nWhen they came to the Dogs' home, the man cried, \"The Lion is going\nto eat me.\"\n\nThe Dogs said to the Lion, \"Devour this man; for every day, when men\nare eating, they beat us away from the food.\"\n\nAt last the man said, \"Sure enough, you will eat me up, Lion; but\nlet us just go to the Cat.\"\n\nWhen they reached the Cat's home, they found her sitting at the door,\nkeeping her nice house. It had groves of cocoanut-palms around it. The\nCat lived all alone.\n\nThe man said to her, \"This Lion wants to eat me.\"\n\n\"Yes, Lion,\" the Cat replied; \"but first you make a deep hole in the\nground. We will race each other into the hole. If you jump in first,\nthen I shall lose and you will win.\"\n\nAnd the Lion ran, and jumped into the hole. Then the Cat covered\nhim with earth and stones until he was dead. But before he died,\nthe Lion called to the Cat, \"Whenever I see your excrement (tai),\nI shall eat it.\" That is why the Cat hides her excrement, because\nshe is afraid the Lion will come.\n\nNow, the Lion is the dog of the Buso.\n\n\nHow the Lizards got their Markings\n\nOne day the Chameleon (palas [132]) and the Monitor-lizard (ibid\n[133]) were out in a deep forest together. They thought they would\ntry scratching each other's backs to make pretty figures on them.\n\nFirst the Chameleon said to the Monitor-lizard, \"You must scratch a\nnice pattern on my back.\"\n\nSo the Monitor went to work, and the Chameleon had a fine\nscratching. Monitor made a nice, even pattern on his back.\n\nThen Monitor asked Chameleon for a scratching. But no sooner had\nChameleon begun to work on Monitor's back than there came the sound of\na dog barking. A man was hunting in the forest with his dog. The sharp\nbarks came nearer and nearer to the two lizards; and the Chameleon\ngot such a scare, that his fingers shook, and the pretty design\nhe was making went all askew. Then he stopped short and ran away,\nleaving the Monitor with a very shabby marking on his back.\n\nThis is the reason that the monitor-lizard is not so pretty as the\nchameleon.\n\n\n\nThe Monkey and the Tortoise [134]\n\nOne day, when a Tortoise was crawling slowly along by a stream, he\nsaw a baby-monkey drinking water. Presently the Monkey ran up to the\nTortoise, and said, \"Let's go and find something to eat.\"\n\nNot far from the stream there was a large field full of\nbanana-trees. They looked up, and saw clusters of ripe fruit.\n\n\"That's fine!\" said the Monkey, \"for I'm hungry and you're hungry\ntoo. You climb first, Tortoise.\"\n\nThen the Tortoise crawled slowly up the trunk; but he had got up only\na little distance when the Monkey chattered these words, \"Roro s'punno,\nroro s'punno!\" [135] (\"Slide down, slide down, Tortoise!\")\n\nAt once the Tortoise slipped and fell down. Then he started again\nto climb the tree; and again the Monkey said, \"Roro s'punno!\" and\nagain the Tortoise slipped and fell down. He tried over and over\nagain; but every time he failed, for the Monkey always said, \"Roro\ns'punno!\" and made him fall. At last he got tired and gave it up,\nsaying to the Monkey, \"Now you try it.\"\n\n\"It's too bad!\" said the Monkey, \"when we're both so hungry.\" Then\nthe Monkey made just three jumps, and reached the ripe fruit. \"Wait\ntill I taste and see if they're sweet,\" he cried to the Tortoise,\nwhile he began to eat bananas as fast as he could.\n\n\"Give me some,\" begged the Tortoise.\n\n\"All right!\" shouted the Monkey; \"but I forgot to notice whether it\nwas sweet.\" And he kept on eating, until more than half of the fruit\nwas gone.\n\n\"Drop down just one to me!\" pleaded the Tortoise.\n\n\"Yes, in a minute,\" mumbled the Monkey.\n\nAt last, when but three bananas were left on the tree, the Monkey\ncalled, \"Look up! shut your eyes\" (Langag-ka! pudung-nu yan matanu\n[136]).\n\nThe Tortoise did so. The Monkey then told him to open his mouth,\nand he obeyed. Then the Monkey said, \"I'll peel this one piece of\nbanana for you\" (Luitan-ko 'ni sebad abok saging [137]).\n\nNow, the Monkey was sitting on a banana-leaf, directly over the\nTortoise; but, instead of banana, he dropped his excrement into the\nTortoise's mouth. The Tortoise screamed with rage; but the Monkey\njumped up and down, laughing at him. Then he went on eating the\nremainder of the bananas.\n\nThe Tortoise then set himself to work at making a little hut of\nbamboo-posts, with a roof and walls of leaves. The upper ends of the\nbamboo he sharpened, and let them project through the roof; but the\nsharp points were concealed by the leaves. It was like a trap for pigs\n(sankil).\n\nWhen the Monkey came down from the banana-tree, the Tortoise said,\n\"You climb this other tall tree, and look around at the sky. If the\nsky is dark, you must call to me; for the rain will soon come. Then\nyou jump down on the roof of our little house here. Never mind if it\nbreaks in, for we can soon build a stronger one.\"\n\nThe Monkey accordingly climbed the tree, and looked at the sky. \"It is\nall very dark!\" he exclaimed. \"Jump quick, then!\" cried the Tortoise.\n\nSo the Monkey jumped; but he got killed from the sharp bamboo-points\non which he landed.\n\nThen the Tortoise made a fire, and roasted the Monkey. He cut off\nthe Monkey's ears, and they turned into buyo-leaves. [138] He cut\nout the heart, and it turned into betel-nut. He took out the brain,\nand it became lime (apog [139]). He made the tail into pungaman. [140]\nThe stomach he made into a basket. He put into the basket the betel\nand the lime and the pungaman and the buyo, and crawled away.\n\nSoon he heard the noise of many animals gathered together. He found\nthe monkeys and the deer and the pigs and the wild birds having a big\nrice-planting. All the animals were rejoiced to see the Tortoise coming\nwith a basket, for they all wanted to chew betel. The monkeys ran up,\nchattering, and tried to snatch the betel-nuts; but the Tortoise held\nthem back, saying, \"Wait a minute! By and by I will give you some.\"\n\nThen the monkeys sat around, waiting, while the Tortoise prepared the\nbetel-nut. He cut the nuts and the pungaman into many small pieces,\nand the buyo-leaf too, and gave them to the monkeys and the other\nanimals. Everybody began to chew; and the Tortoise went away to\na distance about the length of one field (sebad kinamat), where he\ncould get out of sight, under shelter of some trees. Then he called to\nthe monkeys, \"All of you are eating monkey, just like your own body:\nyou are chewing up one of your own family.\"\n\nAt that, all the monkeys were angry, and ran screaming to catch the\nTortoise. But the Tortoise had hid under the felled trunk of an old\npalma brava tree. As each monkey passed close by the trunk where the\nTortoise lay concealed, the Tortoise said, \"Drag your membrum! here's\na felled tree\" (Supa tapo! basio' [141]).\n\nThus every monkey passed by clear of the trunk, until the last one\ncame by; and he was both blind and deaf. When he followed the rest,\nhe could not hear the Tortoise call out, \"Supa tapo! basio';\" and\nhis membrum struck against the fallen trunk. He stopped, and became\naware of the Tortoise underneath. Then he screamed to the rest;\nand all the monkeys came running back, and surrounded the Tortoise,\nthreatening him.\n\n\"What do you want?\" inquired the Tortoise.\n\n\"You shall die,\" cried the monkeys. \"Tell us what will kill you. We\nwill chop you to pieces with the axe.\"\n\n\"Oh, no! that won't hurt me in the least,\" replied the Tortoise. \"You\ncan see the marks on my shell, where my father used to cut my body:\nbut that didn't kill me.\"\n\n\"We will put you in the fire, then, and burn you to death,\" chorussed\nthe monkeys. \"Will that do?\"\n\n\"Fire does not hurt me,\" returned the Tortoise. \"Look at my body! See\nhow brown it is where my father used to stick me into the fire.\"\n\n\"What, then, is best to kill you?\" urged the monkeys.\n\n\"The way to kill me,\" replied the Tortoise, \"is to take the punch\nused for brass, bulit, [142] and run [143] it into my rectum. Then\nthrow me into the big pond, and drown me.\"\n\nThen the monkeys did as they were told, and threw him into the\npond. But the Tortoise began to swim about in the water.\n\nExultantly he called to the monkeys, \"This is my own home: you see\nI don't drown.\" And the lake was so deep that the monkeys could not\nget him.\n\nThen the monkeys hurried to and fro, summoning all the animals in the\nworld to drink the water in the lake. They all came,--deer, pigs,\njungle-fowl, monkeys, and all the rest,--and began to drink. They\ncovered their pagindis [144] with leaves, so that the water could\nnot run out of their bodies. After a time, they had drunk so much\nthat the lake became shallow, and one could see the Tortoise's back.\n\nBut the red-billed bakaka-bird that lived in a tree by the water was\nwatching; and as quick as the back of the Tortoise came into sight,\nthe bird flew down and picked off the leaves from the pagindis of\nthe deer. Then the water ran out from their bodies until the lake\nrose again, and covered the Tortoise. Satisfied, the bird flew back\ninto the tree. But the deer got fresh leaves to cover their pagindis,\nand began to drink again. Then the bird flew to the monkeys, and began\nto take the leaves from their pagindis; but one monkey saw him doing\nit, and slapped him. This made the bird fall down, and then all the\nmonkeys left the Tortoise in the lake, and ran to revenge themselves\non the bird.\n\nThey snatched him up, pulled out every one of his feathers with their\nfingers, and laid him naked upon the stump of a tree. All the animals\nwent home, leaving the bird on the stump.\n\nTwo days later, one Monkey came to look at the Bakaka. Little feathers\nwere beginning to grow out; but the Monkey thought the bird was dead.\n\n\"Maggots are breeding in it,\" said the Monkey.\n\nThree more days passed, and then the Monkey came again. The Bakaka's\nfeathers had grown out long by that time; and the Monkey said,\n\"It was all rotten, and the pigs ate it.\"\n\nBut the bird had flown away. He flew to the north until he reached a\nmeadow with a big tual-tree in the middle. The tree was loaded with\nripe fruit. [145] Perched on one of the branches, the bird ate all\nhe wanted, and when done he took six of the fruit of the tual, and\nmade a necklace for himself. With this hung round his neck, he flew\nto the house where the old Monkey lived, and sat on the roof. He\ndropped one tual through the roof, and it fell down on the floor,\nwhere all the little monkey-children ran for it, dancing and screaming.\n\n\"Don't make such a noise!\" chided the old Monkey, \"and do not take\nthe tual, for the Bakaka will be angry, and he is a great bird.\"\n\nBut the bird flew down into the house, and gave one tual to the\nold Monkey.\n\n\"That is good,\" said the old Monkey, tasting it. \"Tell me where you\ngot it.\" But the bird would not tell. Then the old monkey stood up,\nand kissed him, and begged to be taken to the tual-tree.\n\nAt last the Bakaka said to all the monkeys, \"Three days from now you\nmay all go to the tual-tree. I want you all to go, the blind monkey\ntoo. Go to the meadow where the grass grows high, and there, in the\ncentre of the meadow, is the tual-tree. If you see the sky and the\nair black, do not speak a word; for if you speak, you will get sick.\"\n\nAt the set time, all the monkeys started for the meadow, except one\nfemale monkey that was expecting a baby. The deer and all the other\nanimals went along, except a few of the females who could not go. They\nall reached the meadow-grass; and the monkeys climbed up the tual-tree\nthat stood in the centre of the field, until all the branches were\nfull of monkeys. The birds and the jungle-fowl flew up in the tree;\nbut the deer and the other animals waited clown on the ground.\n\nThen the sky grew black, for the Bakaka and the Tortoise were going\naround the meadow with lighted sticks of balekayo, [146] and setting\nfire to the grass. The air was full of smoke, and the little monkeys\nwere crying; but the old Monkey bit them, and said, \"Keep still,\nfor the Bakaka told us not to speak.\"\n\nBut the meadow-grass was all ablaze, and the flames crept nearer and\nnearer to the tual-tree. Then all the monkeys saw the fire, and cried,\n\"Oh! what will become of us?\"\n\nSome of the birds and most of the chickens flew away; but some died\nin the flames. A few of the pigs ran away, but most of them died. The\nother animals were burned to death. Not a single monkey escaped, save\nonly the female monkey who staid at home. When her baby was born,\nit was a boy-monkey. The mother made it her husband, and from this\npair came many monkeys.\n\nIt was the same with the deer. All were burned, except one doe who\nstaid at home. When her little fawn was born, it was a male. She made\nit her husband, and from this one pair came many deer.\n\n\nThe Crow and the Golden Trees\n\nThe liver of the crow is \"medicine\" for many pains and for sickness. On\nthis account the Bagobo kills the crow so that he may get his liver for\n\"medicine.\" The liver is good to eat, either cooked or raw. If you see\na crow dead, you can get its liver and eat some of it, and it will be\n\"medicine\" for your body.\n\nThe crow never makes its nest in low-growing trees, but only in tall,\nbig trees. Far from here, the old men say, in the land where the sun\nrises, there are no more living trees; for the scorching heat of the\nsun has killed them.all, and dried up the leaves. There they stand,\nwith naked branches, all bare of leaves. Only two trees there have\nnot died from the heat. The trunks of these trees are of gold, and all\ntheir leaves of silver. But if any bird lights on one of these trees,\nit falls down dead. The ground under the two trees is covered with the\nbones of little birds and big birds that have died from perching on\nthe trees with the golden trunks and the silver leaves. These two\ntrees are full of a resin that makes all the birds die. Only the\ncrow can sit on the branches, and not die. Hence the crow alone,\nof all the birds, remains alive in the land of the sunrise.\n\nNo man can get the resin from these trees. But very long ago, in the\ndays of the Mona, there came a Malaki T'oluk Waig to the trees. He\nhad a war-shield that shone brightly, for it had a flame of fire\nalways burning in it. And this Malaki came to the golden trees and\ntook the precious resin from their trunks.\n\n\nCHAPTER V\n\nAn Ata Story [147]\n\n\nAlelu'k and Alebu'tud [148]\n\nAlelu'k and Alebu'tud lived together in their own house. They had\nno neighbors. One day Alelu'k said to his wife, \"I must go and hunt\nsome pigs.\"\n\nThen he started out to hunt, taking with him his three dogs. He did\nnot find any wild pigs; but before long he sighted a big deer with\nmany-branched antlers. The dogs gave chase and seized the deer, and\nheld it until the man came up and killed it with the sharp iron spike\nthat tipped his long staff (tidalan [149]). Then the man tied to the\ndeer's antlers a strong piece of rattan, and dragged it home.\n\nWhen he reached his house, his wife met him joyfully; and they were\nboth very happy, because they had now plenty of meat. They brought\nwood and kindled a fire, and fixed over the fire a frame of wood\ntied to upright posts stuck into the ground. On the frame they laid\nthe body of the deer to singe off the hair over the flames. And when\nthe hair was all burned off, and the skin clean, Alelu'k began to cut\noff pieces of venison, and Alebu'tud got ready the big clay pot, and\npoured into it water to boil the meat. But there was only a little\nwater in the house, so Alubu'tud took her bucket (sekkadu [150]),\nand hurried down to the river. When she reached there, she stood with\nher bare feet in the stream, and dipped the bucket into the stream,\nand took it out full of water. But, just as she turned to climb up\nthe river-bank, an enormous fish jumped out of the river, seized her,\ndragged her down, and devoured her.\n\nAt home, Alelu'k was watching for his wife to come back bringing the\nwater. Day after day he waited for her, and all day long he was crying\nfrom sorrow.\n\nThe man (Alelu'k) symbolizes a big black ant that makes its nest in\na hollow tree. The woman (Alebu'tud) is a little worm that lives\nin the palma brava tree. The fish is another man who carried off\nAlelu'k's wife.\n\n\nNew York.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNOTES\n\n[1] In these legends, in a few instances, the exact phrases of the\nnarrators have been retained for the sake of their quaintness.\n\n[2] Obtained from Jos\u00e9 Teodoro, Bay, Laguna, P.I.\n\n[3] Obtained from Fabian de la Paz, San Fernando, Pompanga, P. I.,\nwho says it was \"handed down from old time.\"\n\n[4] Obtained from Camilo Osias, Balayan, Luzon, P. I.\n\n[5] The word here translated \"king\" is hardly satisfactory, but\nperhaps nothing better can be substituted. Of course the idea \"king\"\nhas crept in since the Spanish conquest. \"Datto\" or \"chief\" might be\nmore satisfactory. What is really meant, however, is nothing exactly\nimaged by these words, but rather a sort of \"head-man,\" a man more\nprominent and powerful than others.\n\n[6] See \"Tar-Baby\" in Uncle Remus, his Songs and Sayings, p. 7. Also\n\"Puss in Boots\" in Lang's Cinderella, p. 36.\n\n[7] See \"Uncle Remus\" on \"Tortoise and the Rabbit,\" p. 87. Also \u00c6sop's\nFables, p. 162.\n\n[8] The incident of Ca Boo-Ug pretending that he did not wish to be\nthrown into the water is similar to an incident in the \"Tar Baby\"\nstory (see Uncle Remus, his Songs and Sayings, p. 16).\n\n[9] Juan Puson, or \"Jack Paunch,\" as he would be called in English,\nis a favorite character in Tagalog folk-lore. His adventures are\nconsidered to be the height of humor, and a recital of these never\nfails to be repaid with peals of appreciative laughter. The character\nis merely a conventional one, to which all sorts of stories, no matter\nhow inconsistent with each of the others, may be attached. Some of\nthe accounts, which deal with the death of Juan and various members\nof his family by burning, the writer has suppressed as too coarse\nfor Western ideas.\n\n[10] Anac, child.\n\n[11] Anac hang gabi, young root of the caladium plant. It also means\n\"child of the night.\"\n\n[12] Any kind of relish to be eaten with rice, meat especially.\n\n[13] Tuba, fermented juice of cocoa, buri, or nipa palms.\n\n[14] \"Lightning blast the stick!\"\n\n[15] The Tagalog word is literally \"hash.\"\n\n[16] This story is probably derived from a Spanish version of \"The\nForty Thieves,\" but like all the stories of this collection, it is\nfrom an oral version of the Tagalog tale.\n\n[17] Filipinos do not kiss like Occidental peoples, but touch the\ntip of the nose, with sometimes the lips, and inhale the fragrance\nof the face or hair.\n\n[18] Native houses of the poorer classes are very slightly built, of\nfour or six uprights, with bamboo floors and thatched roof and sides,\nthe whole tied together with rattan. They are very safe in earthquakes.\n\n[19] \"Honorable people.\"\n\n[20] Malapad--a copper piece worth about eighty to the peso or 0.0125\nMexican dollars.\n\n[21] Sec-apat--a real or one eighth of a peso.\n\n[22] Pallok--rice pot of earthenware.\n\n[23] This story is rather suggestive of the Arabian Nights. The writer\nin unable to determine its true source.\n\n[24] Tabo: a cocoanut shell cup.\n\n[25] Sinio: corrupted from Sp. genio; Eng. genius.\n\n[26] Multo: genius; etymology unknown.\n\n[27] The general name for a story, of whatever type.\n\n[28] Among the Bagobo the name \"diwata\" is used rather as a collective\nthan as a specific term, and refers to the gods in general, or to any\none of them. Pamulak Manobo, creator of the earth, is the diwata here\nreferred to.\n\n[29] In Malayan-Arabic tradition, Adam was moulded from a lump of clay\nmixed with water (cf. W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic [1900], pp. 21-22);\nbut the suggestion may as well have come from a Jesuit story.\n\n[30] Tuglay, the \"old man\" of Bagobo myth, and Tuglibung, the\n\"old woman,\" were the Mona, who lived on the earth before time\nbegan. Tradition says that they were acquainted with only the rudest\nof Bagobo arts and industries; that they were very poor, and dressed\nthemselves in the soft sheath torn from the cocoanut-trees. Tuglay\nand Tuglibung are not specific, but general, names for all those old\npeople of the tales.\n\n[31] The Malaya of the peninsula have a similar tradition as to the\nsnake element (cf. Skeat, l.c., p. 6).\n\n[32] The name \"Mona\" is ordinarily applied to the old man as well as\nto the old woman of prehistoric days.\n\n[33] A generic name for the old man of the ancient myths. The\nword seems to be related to tugul (\"old\"), which is used only of\npersons. \"An old thing\" is tapi.\n\n[34] With ready ease the Bagobo incorporates elements that have\ncome from Catholic sources, yet without breaking the thread of his\nnarrative.\n\n[35] A tradition of the first peopling of Mindanao was found by\nMr. Cole at Cibolan. Cf. The Philippine Journal of Science, vol. vi,\npp. 128-129 (1911).\n\n[36] Hemp warp that has been laced in a banded pattern before dyeing,\nin order to produce decorative figures In a textile, is called\nbinubbud. After the binding-threads are clipped, there is an effect\nof rippling in the hemp, of which curly hair is suggestive.\n\n[37] Such auspicious white spots are referred to in the text of a\nBagobo song (in manuscript), in which the Divine Man who lives at\nthe source of the streams is said to have the pamoti on his body.\n\n[38] A well-made box of hard wood in which fine garments are kept.\n\n[39] A long, one-edged sword that hangs at the left side, in an\nelaborate scabbard, when a man is in full-dress.\n\n[40] Men (ta, \"the;\" -g-, a formal or euphonic infix; selat, \"door;\" k'\n[ka], \"of;\" alo, \"sun\") at the door of the sun. Manobo is a general\nterm for \"man,\" \"people.\"\n\n[41] The Visayans believe that an eclipse of the moon is caused\nby an enormous animal that seizes the moon, and holds her in his\nmouth. Cf. this Journal, vol. xix (1906), p. 209.\n\n[42] Large percussion instruments made by the Chinese, imported from\nSingapore into Mindanao, and widely used by the wild tribes.\n\n[43] The first of mortals to reach heaven, and become a god (cf. the\n\"Story of Lumabat and Wari\"). In the tales that I have thus far\ncollected, Lumabat does not figure as a culture-hero.\n\n[44] The word indicating the relationship between brother and sister,\neach of whom is tube' to the other, whether elder or younger.\n\n[45] The mortar in which rice is pounded is a large, deep wooden bowl\nthat stands in the house. With its standard, it is three feet or more\nin height.\n\n[46] The place below the earth where the dead go (gimokud, \"spirit;\"\n-an, plural ending); that is, [the place of] many spirits.\n\n[47] The same word is used of the ceremonial washing at the festival\nof G'inum. Ordinary bathing is padigus.\n\n[48] See footnote 3, p. 15, also 3, p. 16.\n\n[49] This is also an element in Visayan myth (cf. Maxfield and\nMillington's collection in this Journal, vol. xx [1907], p. 102). For\nthe Malay tradition, cf. Skeat, Malay Magic, p. 205.\n\n[50] See footnote 1, p. 18.\n\n[51] A synonyme for Gimokudan (\"the city of the dead\"). It is not\nordinarily associated in the mind of the Bagobo with any idea of\nretribution. This episode shows traces of Jesuit influence.\n\n[52] See footnote 1, p. 15.\n\n[53] The popular name \"betel-nut,\" has been retained in these stories\nto designate the fruit of the areca-palm. Strictly speaking, \"betel\"\nis the leaf of a climbing plant (buyo) that is chewed with the nut.\n\n[54] The solid part of the betel-nut that remains after the juice\nhas been extracted by long chewing.\n\n[55] A sort of bridge or platform connecting the main body of the\nnative house with the shelter that serves as kitchen, when this is\nseparate from the living-room.\n\n[56] A fabulous bird, probably associated with the screech-owl (Aluco\ncandidus) of the Philippines. It is a bird of ill-omen. Compare\nA. Newton, Dictionary of Birds, pp. 679-680 (1893-96).\n\n[57] General term for \"man,\" \"people.\"\n\n[58] The ulit has a stereotyped opening with the phrase unda'me\n(unda ume), \"no year.\"\n\n[59] The fabulous source of all the mountain-streams\n\n[60] The anthropomorphic and zo\u00f6morphic evil personalities, whose\nnumber is legion. The traditional concept of Buso among the Bagobo\nhas essentially the same content as that of Asuang with Visayan\npeoples. Both Buso and Asuang suggest the R\u00e1kshasa of Indian myth.\n\n[61] See footnote 2, p. 19.\n\n[62] Bia, \"lady;\" t' (to), \"the;\" metum, \"black.\"\n\n[63] A stout work-knife, with broad, one-edged blade, and square tip;\nused to hew down trees, and cut kindling-wood.\n\n[64] A term regularly used of the great Malaki, and combining the\nsense of \"all-wise\" and \"invincible.\" Matulus is often used with a\nconnotation of having magical power.\n\n[65] See footnote 3, p. 15, also 3, p. 16.\n\n[66] The number sacred in ceremonial and song.\n\n[67] See footnote 2, p. 16.\n\n[68] Visayan word for rice growing in the field; Bagobo, 'ume.\n\n[69] The long sword of the Moro, with a wavy, two-edged blade.\n\n[70] The Babogo say, that, before the invention of weaving hemp,\nall the people clothed themselves in the soft, inflammable layers of\nthe sheath that envelops the trunk of cocoanut-palms.\n\n[71] The semi-divine being who dwells at the mythical source of\nthe mountain-streams (malaki, \"good man;\" t' [to], \"the;\" oluk,\n\"source;\" waig, \"water\"), Traditionally there are many of these malaki,\ndevotionally there is but one.\n\n[72] A very hard, fine-grained wood susceptible of high polish, in\ncolor grading, according to age, from yellow to golden tan, and used\nto make handles for the most valuable swords.\n\n[73] These gods are of high rank. Salamia'wan occupies the second\nheaven, and Panguli'li, the ninth.\n\n[74] Malaki who lives at the horizon (lindig, \"border;\" ramut,\n\"root;\" ka, preposition \"of;\" langit, \"sky\").\n\n[75] Although the name malaki properly is limited to men of high moral\ncharacter, yet actually the story-teller calls all the young men malaki\nround whom the action centres. Often it means simply an unmarried man.\n\n[76] A typical Malay house presents the appearance of a pile-dwelling,\nthe floor being raised several feet above the ground, and tied to the\nheavy upright timbers which run to the roof and form the framework\nof the house.\n\n[77] Short trousers of hemp, usually embroidered and beaded.\n\n[78] Short jacket of hemp (ka, \"of;\" mama, \"man,\" \"boy,\" the specific\nterm for \"man\").\n\n[79] Brass-smith.\n\n[80] A title of respect, which is best rendered by \"lady\" or \"se\u00f1ora.\"\n\n[81] Brass toe-rings, corresponding to the paninsing (\"finger-rings\").\n\n[82] See footnote 1, p. 29.\n\n[83] Rock-terrace (-an, plural ending; ka, \"of;\" karamag. \"wind\")\nof the Wind.\n\n[84] Terraces (walu, \"eight;\" lapit, \"folded;\" dukilum, \"night,\"\n\"darkness\") of Eight-fold Darkness.\n\n[85] Udan (\"rain\").\n\n[86] A large carrying-bag worn by Bagobo men on the back, by means of\nstraps over the shoulders. It is woven of hemp, often heavily beaded,\nand contains the betel-box, the lime-tube, and a tight case of woven\nrattan for flint, steel, medicine, and other necessaries.\n\n[87] The leaf of a vine that is chewed with betel-nut.\n\n[88] Dulama (\"soft rock\"). This rock formation appears to be a cuesta\nstructure.\n\n[89] An embroidery done by old women in former days, but now almost\na lost art. Tambayang was used for the uppers of sleeves for fiesta,\nand it formed the scarf worn by mothers to carry the baby. There is\na taboo on young women doing this special sort of needlework.\n\n[90] The \"small boy\" of the ancient tales (ulit), who in some magical\nmanner becomes great.\n\n[91] See footnote 4, p, 26.\n\n[92] See footnote 2, p. 20.\n\n[93] Bia, \"lady;\" inelu, \"orphan,\"--the orphan lady Itanawa.\n\n[94] When a Bagobo makes an expedition over the mountains to attend\na fiesta, he wears his old clothes, and carries his elaborately\nornamented garments in the bag on his back. On nearing the end of\nthe journey, he goes behind a tree, or into the jungle, and puts on\nhis fine clothes.\n\n[95] A box with three compartments,--for betel-nut, buyo-leaf, and\ncalcined shell,--cast in brass or bell-metal from a wax mould. This\ntype has rectangular surfaces, and is to be distinguished from the\nkapulan, a type marked by its circular, or elliptical, or polygonal\ntop and base.\n\n[96] It is the custom of the natives to wait for the host to say, \"Come\nup,\" before mounting the ladder or notched log leading to the door.\n\n[97] The reference here is a little ambiguous. It is suggested that a\ntransposition of clauses may throw light on the meaning. Transposed\nand expanded, the invitation would read thus: \"Come up into the\nhouse for shelter, since there are many showers in my town. Come up,\nprovided you can keep from bringing on a fight.\"\n\n[98] The good man [of the] Folded Mountains (taglapida, \"folded;\"\npabungan, \"mountains\").\n\n[99] Lindig, \"border;\" ramut, \"root;\" ka, preposition \"of;\" langit,\n\"sky.\"\n\n[100] A low-growing tree yielding a black dye, which for a very long\ntime has been used by women to color hemp.\n\n[101] A bead necklace, the most highly valued of all Bagobo\nornaments. One section is a gold or silver cord, several inches\nlong. made of small over-lapping scales of the precious metal. The\nnecklace is thought to be of Moro manufacture, and is valued by the\nBagobo at from one to four agongs.\n\n[102] See footnote 4, p. 32.\n\n[103] A trial-marriage before the Bagobo ceremony is not uncommon.\n\n[104] The tree that bears betel-nuts, and is commonly called\n\"betel-nut tree.\"\n\n[105] Possibly a form of kambin (\"goat\"); diluk (\"little\"); i.e.,\n\"little goat,\" a name that would be selected readily by a Bagobo for\na fleet horse.\n\n[106] See footnote 2, p. 15.\n\n[107] One of the Agamid\u00e6.\n\n[109] The same word is used for the reflection in the water and for\nthe shadow cast on the ground, since both phenomena are regarded as\nmanifestations of the same spirit (gimokud).\n\n[110] The Mona were aged people, without sexual passions; hence this\nepisode presents a situation out of the ordinary.\n\n[111] A small bird that steals grain from the growing corn and rice. A\nclapper of split bamboo is sometimes made to scare away the maya.\n\n[112] One of the thick-branching trees haunted by demons.\n\n[113] A native sweet-potato. The Bagobo name is kasila.\n\n[114] See footnote 2, p. 39.\n\n[115] Buso is saying a charm to make the stem of the bagkang-plant\ngrow tall enough to form a handle for the betel-nut tree, so that\nthe children may be dragged down (tubu, \"grow;\" baba, \"rattan strap\nforming the basket-handle;\" mamaa'n, \"betel-nut\"). The children,\nfor their part, say other magic words to make the tree grow at an\nequally rapid rate, so that its branches may swing above the bagkang\nas a handle for it. The Buso's formula appears to have been the more\neffective of the two charms in producing a magically rapid growth.\n\n[116] See footnote 1, p. 18.\n\n[117] See footnote 2, p. 30.\n\n[118] See footnote 1, p. 30.\n\n[119] See footnote, p. 25.\n\n[120] The S'iring are said to appear in the likeness of some near\nrelative of the wanderer in the forest (s-, prefix widely used by\nmountain Bagobo before an initial vowel of a proper name; iring,\n\"like\" or \"similar to\").\n\n[121] The family altar seen in many Bagobo houses. It consists of\ntwo slim rods of bamboo (attached to the wall, and standing upright),\nsplit at the upper ends so as to support each a bowl of white crockery,\nin which offerings of betel-nut, brass bracelets, and other objects,\nare placed. Similar shrines are sometimes put up under trees or by\na mountain-stream.\n\n[122] Red peppers and a piece or two of lemon laid under the house are\neffective in keeping Buso away from that vicinity; and the use of the\nsame charm here against the S'iring suggests that the S'iring may not\nbe separated by a very sharp line from the Buso who crowd the forests.\n\n[123] Tadu (\"wax\"), ka (preposition \"of\"), petiukan (\"bees\").\n\n[124] This bird, often called a \"hornbill\" by foreigners in the\nPhilippines, is probably the halcyon kingfisher (Ceyx euerythra)\nof the islands. The ground hornbill is confined to Africa; and the\ntree hornbill of the Philippines does not make its nest at the foot\nof trees, as in this story.\n\n[125] A mountain-plant whose stem has a thin, glossy, black sheath,\nthat is stripped off and used in twisting the decorative leglet\ncalled tikus.\n\n[126] In a strict sense, the term malaki is never applied to a man,\nunless he is young, unmarried, and perfectly chaste. But this technical\nuse is not always preserved.\n\n[127] Small bells cast from a hand-made wax mould, and extensively\nused for decorating baskets, bags, belts, etc.\n\n[128] See footnote 1, p. 38.\n\n[129] See footnote 2, p. 28.\n\n[130] The good soul that goes to the city of the dead, and continues\nto live much as on earth. The gimokud tebang, or bad soul, becomes\na Buso after death.\n\n[131] The \"lion\" is borrowed from some foreign source, since in the\nPhilippines there are no large carnivorous mammals.\n\n[132] The so-called \"chameleon\" of the Malay Peninsula and the Malay\nIslands is Calotes, one of the Agamid\u00e6 (cf. H. Gadow, Amphibia and\nReptiles, pp. 517-518).\n\n[133] A semi-aquatic lizard of the Philippines that lays edible eggs,\nand otherwise answers to the description of the Varanus, or Monitor.\n\n[134] This story, in an abbreviated form, was found by Clara Kern\nBayliss at Laguna (cf. this Journal, vol. xxi, p. 46 (1908)).\n\n[135] Roro, \"slide;\" s prefix (euphonic or formal, used by mountain\nBagobo before vowels and many consonant sounds, as the labial p here);\npunno, \"tortoise.\"\n\n[136] Langag, \"look;\" -ka (suffix, second person nominative), \"you;\"\npudung, \"shut;\" -nu (pronominal suffix), \"your;\" yan (demonstrative\npronoun), \"that,\" \"those;\" mata, \"eyes.\"\n\n[137] Luit (transitive verb and noun), \"peel,\" \"shell;\" -ko (suffix,\nfirst person pronominal). \"I;\" 'ni (abbreviated from ini), \"this,\"\n\"here.\" in sense of \"at hand;\" sebad. \"one;\" abok, \"piece;\" saging,\n\"banana.\"\n\n[138] See footnote 5, p. 32.\n\n[139] A white powder (calcined shell) that is sprinkled on the\nbetel-nut. It is made by burning certain shells to ashes, and mixing\nwith water.\n\n[140] The stem of a mountain-plant that is chewed in lack of\nbetel-nut. It blackens the teeth, like betel.\n\n[141] Basio', term used of any old palma brava tree that has been\nbroken down or felled, and lies on the ground (supa, \"drag,\" \"lower;\"\ntapo, \"penis\").\n\n[142] A short, pointed iron tool; used to punch ornamental designs\nin brass ornaments, especially bracelets and leglets.\n\n[143] In a slightly different version, the tortoise tells the monkeys\nto bore into his ear with the tiuk, a brass wire that forms a part\nof the hinge of a betel-box.\n\n[144] The distal opening of the urethra.\n\n[145] A small edible fruit with an acid pulp and red-and-white skin.\n\n[146] A light-weight bamboo with slender, thorny branches, very\ninflammable, and used where a rapid-burning and intense fire is needed\n(bale [\"house\"], kayo [\"wood\"]). This wood is extensively used in\nbuilding the lighter parts of the framework of a house.\n\n[147] This story came to the Bagobo from a young man of the Ata\ntribe, whose habitat is the mountainous country in the interior,\nto the northwest of the Gulf of Davao.\n\n[148] \"Alelu'k\" and \"Alebu'tud\" are Ata names, for which the Bagobo\nforms are respectively Bungen and Batol.\n\n[149] The long handle or rod of a spear, tipped with a sharp-pointed\niron cone; equally useful for killing animals, and, driven into the\nground, for supporting the spear when at rest. The same name (tidalan)\nis applied to the shaft of a spear lacking the blade, and carried by\nold people like a mountain-staff.\n\n[150] A vessel formed of a single internode of bamboo, in which water\nis brought from the river, and kept in the house.","title":"Philippine Folk-Tales","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":61598}