{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_12018/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_12018","id":"gutenberg_12018","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12018","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Archaeology & Anthropology","Category: Encyclopedias/Dictionaries/Reference","Category: Essays, Letters & Speeches","Category: History - British","Category: Language & Communication","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Notes and Queries","Questions and answers -- Periodicals"],"text":"NOTES AND QUERIES:\n\nA MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS,\nANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\"When found, make a note of.\"--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNo. 17.] Saturday, February 23. 1850. [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *{257}\n\nCONTENTS.\n\nNOTES:--Page\n  Alfred's Orosius, by R.T. Hampson 257\n  Folk Lore--Omens from Cattle--Horse's Head--Rush-bearings 258\n  On Authors and Books, No. 5., by Bolton Corney 259\n  Plagiarisms, or Parallel Passages, No. 2. 260\n  St. Antholin's 260\n\nQUERIES:--\n  College Salting, by Rev. Dr. Maitland 261\n  A few Dodo Queries, by H.E. Strictland 261\n  Coleridge's Christabel, Byron's Lara: Tablet to Napoleon 262\n  Minor Queries:--Howkey or Horkey--Lord Bacon's Psalms--Treatise of\n    Equivocation 263\n\nREPLIES:--\n  Etymology of Armagh, by Rev. Dr. Todd 264\n  William Hasse and his Poems, by E.F. Rimbault, LL.D. 265\n  Beaver Hats--Pisan, by T. Hudson Turner 266\n  Replies to Minor Queries:--Norman Pedigrees--Translation of \u00c6lian--Ave\n    Trici--Daysman--Saveguard--Calamity--Zero--Complutensian\n    Polyglot--Sir W. Rider--Pokership--Havior, Heavier or Hever--Sir W.\n    Hamilton--Dr. Johnson's Library 266\n\nMISCELLANIES:--\n  Etymology of News--The Golden Age 270\n\nMISCELLANEOUS:--\n  Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 270\n  Books and Odd Volumes wanted 271\n  Notices to Correspondents 271\n  Advertisements 271\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nKING ALFRED'S GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE.\n\nThe sketch of Europe, which our illustrious Alfred has inserted in his\ntranslation of _Orosius_, is justly considered, both here and on the\nContinent, as a valuable fragment of antiquity[1]; and I am sorry that\nI can commend little more than the pains taken by his translators,\nthe celebrated Daines Barrington and Dr. Ingram, to make it available\nto ordinary readers. The learned judge had very good intentions, but\nhis knowledge of Anglo-Saxon was not equal to the task. Dr. Ingram\nprofessedly applied himself to correct both Alfred's text and\nBarrington's version, so far as relates to the description of Europe;\nbut in two instances, occurring in one passage, he has adopted the\njudge's mistake of proper names for common nouns. I do not call\nattention to the circumstance merely as a literary curiosity, but\nto preserve the royal geographer from liability to imputations of\nextraordinary ignorance of his subject, and also to show the accuracy\nof his delineation of Europe at that interesting epoch, whence the\nprincipal states of Europe must date their establishment.\n\nKing Alfred, mentioning the seat of the Obotriti, or Obotrit\u00e6, as\nthey are sometimes named, a Venedic nation, who, in the 9th century,\noccupied what is now the duchy of Mecklenburg, calls them _Apdrede_,\nand says--\"Be nor than him is apdrede, and cast north wylte the man\n\u00e6feldan h\u00e6t.\"[2]\n\nBarrington translates the words thus:--\"To the north is Aprede, and to\nthe north east the wolds which are called \u00c6feldan.\"[3]\n\nDr. Ingram has the following variation:--\"And to the east north are\nthe wolds which are called Heath Wolds.\"[4] To the word _wolds_\nhe appends a note:--\"_Wylte_. See on this word a note hereafter.\"\nVery well; the promised note is to justify the metamorphosis of the\nwarlike tribe, known in the annals and chronicles of the 9th century\nas the Wilti, Wilzi, Weleti, and Welatibi, into heaths and wolds.\nThirty pages further on there is a note by J. Reinhold Forster,\nthe naturalist and navigator, who wrote it for Barrington in full\nconfidence that the translation was correct:--\"The \u00c6feldan,\" he says,\n\"are, as king Alfred calls them, _wolds_; there are at present in\nthe middle part of Jutland, large tracts of high moors, covered with\n_heath_ only.\"\n\nOf _wylte_, Dr. Ingram writes:--\"This word has never been correctly\nexplained; its original signification is the same, whether written\nfelds, fields, velts, welds, wilds, wylte, wealds, walds, walz, wolds,\n&c. &c.\" And on _heath_, he says:--\"Mr. Forster seems to have read\nH\u00e6feldan (or H\u00e6thfeldan), which indeed, I find in the Junian MS.\ninserted as a various reading by Dr. Marshall (_MSS. Jun. 15_.). It\nalso occurs, further on in the MS., without any various reading. I\nhave therefore inserted it in the text.\" {258}\n\nDr. Marshall seems to have understood the passage. What King Alfred\nsays and means is this:--\"On the north are the Apdrede (Obotrit\u00e6), and\non the north east of them are the Wylte, who are called H\u00e6feldi.\"\n\nThe anonymous Saxon Poet, who wrote the life of Charlemagne, gives the\nsame situation as Alfred to the Wilti:--\n\n  \"Gens est Slavorum Wilti cognomine dicta,\n  Proxima litoribus qu\u00e6 possidet arva supremis\n  Jungit ubi oceano proprios Germania fines.\"[5]\n\nHelmold says that they inhabited the part of the coast opposite to the\nisland of Rugen; and hereabouts Adam of Bremen places the _Heveldi_,\nand many other Slavonic tribes.[6] I am not aware that any other\nauthor than Alfred says, that the Wilti and Heveldi were the\nsame people; but the fact is probable. The Heveldi are of rare\noccurrence, but not so the Wilti.[7] Ptolemy calls them [Greek:\nBeltai]--Velt\u00e6 or Welt\u00e6--and places them in Prussian Pomerania,\nbetween the Vistula and Niemen. Eginhard says that \"they are\nSlavonians who, in our manner, are called Wilsi, but in their own\nlanguage, Welatibi.\"[8] Their country was called Wilcia,[9] and,\nas a branch of them were settled in Batavia about 560, it does not\nseem very improbable that from them were derived the Wils\u00e6ton of the\nAnglo-Saxon chronicles, meaning the _Wilts seated_, or settlers in\nWilts-shire. The name, as Eginhard has noticed, is Slavic, and is an\nadoption of _welot_ or _weolot_, a giant, to denote the strength and\nfierceness which rendered them formidable neighbours. _Heveldi_ seems\nto be the same word made emphatic with a foreign addition.\n\nTwo other names have been given much trouble to the translators,\nas well as to Mr. Forster. These are, _M\u00e6gtha Land_ and _Horiti_\nor _Horithi_, for both occur, and the latter is not written with\nthe letter _thorn_, but with a distinct _t_ and _h_. Alfred has,\nunquestionably, met with the Slavic _gorod_, which so frequesntly\noccurs as the termination of the names of cities in the region where\nhe indicates the seat of his Horiti to be. It signifies a city, and\nis an etymological equivalent of Goth. _gards_, a house, Lat. _cors,\ncortis_; O.N. _gardr_, a district, A.-Sax. _geard_, whence our _yard_.\nThe Polish form is _grodz_, and the Sorabic, _hrodz_. He places the\nHoriti to the east of the Slavi Dalamanti, who occupied the district\nnorth east of Moravia, with the _Surpe_, that is, Serbi, Servi, on\ntheir north, and the _Sisle_, Slusli, another Slavonic people, on the\nwest. This appears to be the site possessed by the Hunnic founders of\nKiow. In Helmold, Chunigord, _the city or station of the Huns_, is the\nname of the part of Russia containing Kiow.[10]\n\nTo the north of Horiti, says Alfred, is _M\u00e6gtha Land_.--A Finnic\ntribe, called Magyar, were settled in the 9th century in Mazovia,\nwhence a part of them descended into Hungary. According to Mr.\nForster, Mazovia has been called _Magan Land_; but I can find no trace\nof that name. I can easily conceive, however, that _Magyar_ and _Land_\nmight become, in Saxon copying, M\u00e6gtha Land, for the country of the\nMagyar. Elsewhere, Alfred uses M\u00e6gtha Land, the land of the Medes, for\nPersia.\n\nIs there any other printed copy of the Saxon _Orosius_ than\nBarrington's? for that forbids confidence by a number of needless and\nunauthorised alterations in most of the pages.\n\nR.T. HAMPSON\n\n    [1] \"La pr\u00e9cieuse g\u00e9ographie d'Alfred, roi d'Angleterre.\"--Le\n    Comte J. Gr\u00e4berg. _La Scandinavie Veng\u00e9e_, p. 36.\n\n    [2] Cotton MSS., _Tiberius_, b. i. fol. 12b.\n\n    [3] Transl. of _Orosius_, p. 8.\n\n    [4] _Inaugural Lecture_, p. 72.\n\n    [5] _Vita Karoli Magni_, ann. 789.\n\n    [6] \"Sunt et alii Slavorum populi qui inter Albiam et\n    Oderam degunt, sicut Heveldi, qui juxta Haliolam fluvium, et\n    Doxani, Liubuzzi, Wilini, et Stoderani, cum multis aliis.\"--_Hist.\n    Eccl._ p. 47, 48.\n\n    [7] _Annales Sangall. Brev._, ann. 789.--_Ann. Lauresham_, &c.\n\n    [8] _Vit. Kar. Mag._ and _Annal. Francor._, ann. 822.\n\n    [9] _Annal. Petav._, ann 789.\n\n    [10] _Chron. Slavorum_, l. i, c. 2.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nFOLK LORE.\n\n_Omens from Cattle_.--I forward to you a _Note_, which, many years\nago, I inserted in my interleaved Brand's _Observations on Popular\nAntiquities_, vol. ii. p. 519. 4to., in the hope that, as the subject\ninterested me _then_, it may not prove uninteresting to some _now_:--\n\n    \"A bad omen seems to be drawn from _an ox or cow breaking into\n    a garden_. Though I laugh at the superstition, the omen was\n    painfully fulfilled in my case.\n\n    \"About the middle of March, 1843, some cattle were driven\n    close to my house; and, the back door being open, _three_\n    got into our little bit of garden, and trampled it. When our\n    school-drudge came in the afternoon, and asked the cause of\n    the confusion, she expressed great sorrow and apprehension on\n    being told--said it was a bad sign--and that we should hear of\n    _three_ deaths within the next six months. Alas! in April, we\n    heard of dear J----'s murder; a fortnight after, A---- died;\n    and to-morrow, August 10th, I am to attend the funeral of my\n    excellent son-in-law.\n\n    \"I have just heard of the same omen from another quarter.\"\n\nThis was added the next day:--\n\n    \"But what is still more remarkable is, that when I went down\n    to Mr. ----'s burial, and was mentioning the superstition,\n    they told me that, while he was lying ill, a cow got into the\n    front garden, and was driven out with great difficulty.\"\n\nL.S.\n\n\n_The Horse's Head--Rush-bearings._--The account of the Welch custom of\nthe \"Grey Mare\" in a late Number reminded me of something very similar\nin Cheshire. In the parish of Lynn it is customary, for a week or ten\ndays before the 5th {259} of November, for the skeleton of a horse's\nhead, dressed up with ribbons, &c., having glass eyes inserted in the\nsockets, and mounted on a short pole by way of handle, to be carried\nby a man underneath, covered with a horse-cloth. There is generally\na chain attached to the nose, which is held by a second man, and\nthey are attended by several others. In houses to which they can gain\naccess, they go through some kind of performance, the man with the\nchain telling the horse to rear, open its mouth, &c. Their object, of\ncourse, is to obtain money. The horse will sometimes seize persons,\nand hold them fast till they pay for being set free; but he is\ngenerally very peaceable,--for in case of resistance being offered,\nhis companions frequently take flight, and leave the poor horse to\nfight it out. I could never learn the origin of this strange custom.\nI remember, when very young, having a perfect horror of meeting this\nanimal in the dark.\n\nAnother custom, which I suppose prevails in some other places, is the\n\"Rush-bearing.\" At the annual Wakes a large quantity of rushes are\ncollected together, and loaded on a cart, almost to the height of a\nload of hay. They are bound on the cart, and cut evenly at each end.\nOn the Saturday evening a number of men sit on the top of the rushes,\nholding garlands of artificial flowers, tinsel, &c. The cart is\ndrawn round the parish by three or four spirited horses, decked out\nwith ribbons,--the collars being surrounded with small bells. It is\nattended by morris-dancers, dressed in strange style,--men in women's\nclothes, &c. One big man in woman's clothes, with his face blacked,\nhas a belt round his waist, to which is attached a large bell, and\ncarries a ladle, in which he collects money from the spectators.\nThe company stop and dance at the principal public-houses in their\nroute, and then proceed to the parish church(!), where the rushes are\ndeposited, and the garlands hung up very conspicuously, to remain\ntill the next year. I believe a custom somewhat similar exists in\nthe adjoining parish of Warburton, but not carried out in such grand\nstyle.\n\nIt would be very interesting if your correspondents in different parts\nof the country would send accounts of these relics of the barbarous\nages.\n\nJULIUS.\n\nRuncorn, Feb. 13. 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nON AUTHORS AND BOOKS, NO. 5.\n\nAs a writer of dedications, Samuel Johnson was the giant of his time.\nHe once said to Boswell, the subject arising at a dinner-party, \"Why,\nI have dedicated to the royal family all round,\"--and the _honest\nchronicler_ proves that he spoke advisedly.\n\nCompositions of this nature admit much variety of character. A\ndedication may be the pure homage which we owe to merit, or the\nexpression of gratitude for favours received, or a memorial of\ncherished friendship; and such dedications, in point of motive,\nare beyond the reach of censure--I may fairly assert, are very\ncommendable. Nevertheless, Johnson left no compositions of either\nclass: \"the _loftiness_ of his mind,\" as Boswell gravely states,\n\"prevented him from ever dedicating in his own person.\"\n\nA more equivocal sort of dedication also prevailed. A book was\nsupposed to require the prefix of some eminent name as its patron,\nin order to ensure its success. Now the author, though very capable\nof writing with propriety on his chosen theme, might be unequal to\nthe courtly style which dedicators were wont to display, and as the\n_complement_ was to be returned _substantially_, he might be tempted\nto employ a superior artist on the occasion. It was chiefly under such\ncircumstances that the powers of Johnson were called into action. By\nwhat arguments the stern moralist would have endeavoured to justify\nthe deception, for it deserves no better name, is more than I can\nundertake to decide, and I submit the query to his enthusiastic\nadmirers.\n\nTo the dedications enumerated by the faithful Boswell, and by his\nsharp-sighted editors, Malone and Croker, I have to announce on\n_internal_ evidence, a gorgeous addition! It is the dedication to\nEdward Augustus, Duke of York, of _An Introduction to Geometry_, by\nWilliam Payne, London: T. Payne, at the Mews Gate, 1767. 4\u00ba., 1768.\n8\u00ba. I transcribe it _literatim_. It wants no comment:--\n\n    \"TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF YORK.\n\n    \"SIR,\n\n    \"They who are permitted to prefix the names of princes to\n    treatises of science generally enjoy the protection of a\n    patron, without fearing the censure of a judge.\n\n    \"The honour of approaching your royal highness has given\n    me many opportunities of knowing, that the work which I now\n    presume to offer will not partake of the usual security.\n    For as the knowledge which your royal highness has already\n    acquired of GEOMETRY extends beyond the limits of an\n    introduction. I expect not to inform you; I shall be happy\n    if I merit your approbation.\n\n    \"An address to such a patron admits no recommendation of the\n    science. It is superfluous to tell your royal highness that\n    GEOMETRY is the primary and fundamental art of life; that its\n    effects are extended through the principal operations of human\n    skill; that it conducts the soldier in the field, and the\n    seaman in the ocean; that it gives strength to the fortress,\n    and elegance to the palace. To your royal highness all this\n    is already known; GEOMETRY is secure of your regard, and your\n    opinion of its usefulness and value has sufficiently appeared,\n    by the condescension in which you have been pleased to honour\n    {260} one who has so little pretension to the notice of\n    princes, as\n\n    \"Sir,\n      \"Your royal highnesses [sic]'\n        \"Most obliged,\n          \"Most obedient,\n            \"And most humble servant,\n              \"WILLIAM PAYNE.\"\n\nA short preface follows, which bears marks of reparation. It may have\nreceived some touches from the same masterly hand.\n\nThe _external_ evidence in favour of the ascription of the above piece\nto Johnson, if slight in itself, is not devoid of significance. He had\ndedicated a book for the same author, which book was also published by\nMr. Thomas Payne, who was his brother, in 1756.\n\nBOLTON CORNEY.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPLAGIARISMS, OR PARALLEL PASSAGES. NO. 2.\n\n[_CONTINUED FROM NO. 11. P. 163._]\n\n    \"Dans les premi\u00e8res passions les femmes aiment l'amant; dans\n    les autres elles aiment l'amour.\"--La Rouchefoucauld, _Max._\n    494.\n\n  \"In her first passions woman loves her lover,\n  In all the others all she loves is love,\n  Which grows a habit she can ne'er get over,\n  And fits her loosely--like an easy glove,\" etc.\n\n  _Don Juan_, canto iii. st. iii.\n\nThere is no note on _this_ passage; but on the concluding lines of the\n_very next_ stanza,\n\n  \"Although, no doubt, her first of love affairs\n  Is that to which her heart is wholly granted;\n  Yet there are some, they say, who have had _none_,\n  But those who have ne'er end with only _one_,\n\nwe have the following editorial comment:--\"These two lines are a\nversification of a saying of Montaigne.\" (!!!) The saying is _not_\nby Montaigne, but by La Rochefoucauld:--\n\n    \"On peut trouver des femmes qui n'ont jamais eu de galanterie;\n    mais il est rare d'en trouver qui n'en aient jamais eu\n    qu'une.\"--_Max._ 73.\n\nByron borrows the same idea again:--\n\n    \"Writing grows a habit, like a woman's gallantry. There are\n    women who have had no intrigue, but few who have had but one\n    only; so there are millions of men who have never written a\n    book, but few who have written only one.\"--_Observations upon\n    an Article in Blackwood's Magazine_; _Byron's Works_, vol. xv.\n    p. 87, Moore's Edition, 17 vols duod. London, 1833.\n\nBoth the silence of the author, and the blunder of his editor, seem\nto me to prove that _Les Maximes_ are not as _generally_ known and\nstudied as they deserve to be.\n\nMELANION.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nST. ANTHOLIN'S.\n\nYour correspondent MR. RIMBAULT (No. 12.) has made rather a grave\ncharge against my predecessors in office as churchwardens and\noverseers of this parish; and although, I regret to say, such\naccusations of unjust stewardship and dereliction of duty are\nfrequently and with justice imputed to some parish officers, yet I am\nhappy to be able, in this instance, to remove the stigma which would\notherwise attach to those of St. Antholin. The churchwardens' accounts\nare in good preservation, and present (in an unbroken series) the\nparish expenditure for nearly three centuries.\n\nMr. Rimbault has doubtless been misled by some error in the\ndescription of the MSS. in Mr. Thorpe's catalogue (as advertised by\nhim for sale), which were probably merely extracts from the original\nrecords.\n\nThe first volume commences with the year 1574, and finishes in 1708;\nthe accounts are all written at the time of their respective dates,\nand regularly signed by the auditors then and there present as\ncorrect.\n\nI have made numerous extracts from these interesting documents,\nand _notes_ thereon, which I shall at some future time be happy to\nlay before your readers, if you should consider them of sufficient\nimportance.\n\nAs a voucher for what I have stated with regard to their existence,\nand to give some idea of their general character, I have selected (at\nrandom) a few items from the year 1580-1:--\n\n    \"The Accompte of Henrie Jaye, Churchwarden of the Parishe of\n    St. Antholyne, from the feaste of the Anunciacon of our Ladye\n    in Anno 1580 unto the same feaste followinge in Anno 1581.\"\n\nAmong the \"receaittes\" we have--\n\n  \"R'd of Mr. Thorowgoode for an olde font stone,\n    by the consente of a vestrie           v's iiij'd\n\n  \"R'd for the clothe of _bodkine_[11] y't Ser Roger\n    Marten hade before in keppinge, and now\n    sold by the consente of a vestry and our\n    mynnister                      iij'll vj's viij'd\n\n\"The Payments as followithe:--\n\n  \"P'd to the wife of John Bakone _gwder_ of the\n    Lazer cotte at Myle End[12] in full of her due {261}\n    for keppinge of Evan Redde y't was Mr.\n    Hariots mane till his departtur and for his\n    Shete and Burialle as dothe apere     xl's viij'd\n\n  \"P'd for makinge of the Longe pillowe & the\n    pulpit clothe                                ij's\n\n  \"P'd for a yard and a nale of fustane for the same\n    pillowe                                     xvj'd\n\n  \"P'd for silke to the same pillowe            xvj'd\n\n  \"P'd for xj'li of fethers for the same pillowe, at\n    v'd                                  iiij's vij'd\n\n  \"P'd for brede and beer that day the quen cam\n    in                                          xij'd\n\n  \"P'd for candells and mendinge the _baldrocke_[13]  vj'd\n\n  \"P'd for paynttinge y'e stafe of the survayer      iij'd\n\n  \"P'd for mendynge the lytell bell             iij's\n\n  \"Pd to Mr. Sanders for the yearly rent of the\n    Laystall and skowringe the _harnes_[14] for\n    his yer                              iij's viij'd\n\n  \"P'd to Mr. Wright for the makinge of the Cloke[15]\n    mor than he gatheride, agred one at the laste\n    vestrie                                    xvij's\n\n  \"P'd to Peter Medcalfe for mending the Cloke\n    when it neade due at o'r Ladies Daye laste\n    past in Anno 1581                           iij's\n\n  \"P'd for entringe this account                 xx'd.\"\n\nW.C., JUNIOR,\n\nOverseer of St. Antholin, 1850.\n\n    [11] _Brodekine_. A richly-gilt stuff.\n\n    [12] It appears from an entry in the preceding year, that this\n    man was first sent to \"Sentt Thomas Spittell in Soughwork,\" when\n    it was discovered that he was afflicted with the leprosy, or some\n    cutaneous disease, and immediately removed to the Lazar-house at\n    Mile End, it being strictly forbidden that such cases should\n    remain in the hospitals. These lazar-houses were built away from\n    the town; one was the Lock Hospital, in Southwark; one at\n    Kingsland, another at Knightsbridge, and that mentioned above\n    between Mile End and Stratford. The laws were very strict in the\n    expulsion of leprous people from the city; and if they attempted\n    to force their way into the hospitals, they were bound fast to\n    horses, and dragged away to the lazar-houses.\n\n    [13] The _baldricke_ was the garter and buckle by means of\n    which the clapper was suspended inside the bell.\n\n    [14] _Harnes_, or armour, which perhaps hung over some of the\n    monuments in the church.\n\n    [15] It was about this time that clocks began to be generally\n    used in churches (although of a much earlier invention); and in\n    subsequent years we have several items of expenditure connected\n    with that above mentioned. In 1595:--\n\n      \"Paid for a small bell for the _watche_        iiij's\n\n      \"Paid to the smith for Iron worke to it          xx'd\n\n      \"Paid for a waight for the Clocke wayinge\n        36'lb and for a ringe of Iron                   v's.\"\n\n    Still, however, the hour-glass was used at the pulpit-desk, to\n    determine the length the parson should go in his discourse; and\n    xij'd for a new hour-glass frequently occurs.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nQUERIES.\n\nCOLLEGE SALTING.\n\nMr. Editor.--If your very valuable work had existed in October, 1847,\nwhen I published in the _British Magazine_ a part of Archibishop\nWhitgift's accounts relative to his pupils while he was Master of\nTrinity College, Cambridge, I should certainly have applied to you\nfor assistance.\n\nIn several of the accounts there is a charge for the pupil's\n\"salting;\" and after consulting gentlemen more accurately informed\nwith regard to the customs of the university than myself, I was\nobliged to append a note to the word, when it occurred for the first\ntime in the account of Lord Edward Zouch, in which I said, \"I must\nconfess my inability to explain this word; and do not know whether it\nmay be worth while to state that, on my mentioning it to a gentleman,\nonce a fellow-commoner of the college, he told me, that when, as a\nfreshman, he was getting his gown from the maker, he made some remark\non the long strips of sleeve by which such gowns are distinguished,\nand was told that they were called 'salt-bags,' but he could not learn\nwhy; and an Oxford friend tells me, that going to the buttery to\ndrink salt and water was part of the form of his admission.... This\nnobleman's (i.e. Lord Edward Zouch's) amounted to 4s., and that of the\nEarl of Cumberland to 3s. 4d., while in other cases it was as low as\n8d.\" To this I added the suggestion that it was probably some fee,\nor expense, which varied according to the rank of the parties. It\nafterwards occurred to me that this \"salting\" was, perhaps, some\nentertainment given by the new-comer, from and after which he ceased\nto be \"fresh;\" and that while we seem to have lost the \"salting\" both\nreally and nominally, we retain the word to which it has reference.\n\nBe this as it may, my attention has just now been recalled to the\nquestion by my accidentally meeting with one of Owen's epigrams, which\nshows that in his time there was some sort of salting at Oxford, and\nalso of peppering at Winchester. As I doubt not that you have readers\nwell acquainted with the customs of both these seats of learning,\nperhaps some may be good enough to afford information. Owen was at\nOxford not many years after Whitgift had been Master of Trinity at\nCambridge, if (as Wood states) he took his bachelor's degree in 1590.\nThe epigram is as follows:--\n\n  \"Oxoni\u00e6 salsus (juvenis tum) more vetusto;\n    Wintoni\u00e6que (puer tum) piperatus eram.\n  Si quid inest nostro piperisve salisve libello,\n    Oxoniense sal est, Wintoniense piper.\"\n\nIt is No. 64 in that book of epigrams which Owen inscribed \"Ad Carolum\nEboracensem, fratrem Principis, filium Regis,\" p. 205, edit. Elz,\n1628. 12mo. I give this full reference in order to express my most\nhearty sympathy with the righteous indignation of my highly respected\nfriend, your correspondent \"L.S.\" (No. 15 p. 230.), against imperfect\nreferences. I do not, however, agree with him in thinking it fortunate\nthat he is not a \"despotic monarch;\" on the contrary, now that I have\nnot to take up verses, or construe Greek to him, I should like it of\nall things; and I am sure the world would be much the better for it.\n\nS.R. MAITLAND.\n\nGloucester, Feb. 18. 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nA FEW DODO QUERIES.\n\nThe discovery and speedy extinction of that extraordinary bird the\nDODO, belongs rather to {262} human history than to pure zoology, and\nI therefore hope that a few Queries relating to this curious subject\nwill be admissible into your publication. I have already, in the work\nentitled _The Dodo and its Kindred_, and in the Supplementary notices\ninserted last year in the _Annals and Magazine of Natural History_\n(ser. 2. vol. iii. pp. 136, 259; vol. iv. p. 335), endeavoured to\ncollect together the _omne scitum_ of the Dodo-history, but I am\nsatisfied that the _omne scibile_ is not yet attained.\n\n_Query I._--Is there any historical record of the first discovery of\nMauritius and Bourbon by the Portuguese? These islands bore the name\nof _Mascarenhas_ as early as 1598, when they were so indicated on one\nof the De Bry's maps. Subsequent compilers state that they were thus\nnamed after their Portuguese discoverer, but I have not succeeded in\nfinding any notice of them in the histories of Portuguese expeditions\nto the East Indies which I have consulted. The only appartently\nauthentic indication of their discovery, that I am aware of, is the\npillar bearing the name of John III. of Portugal, and dated 1545,\nwhich is stated by Leguat, on Du Quesne's authority, to have been\nfound in Bourbon by Flacour, when he took possession of the island\nin 1653.\n\n_Query II_.--It appears from Leguat's _New Voyage to the East Indies_,\nLondon, 1708, pp. 2, 37., that the Marquis Du Quesne, being desirous\nof sending out a colony from Holland to the Isle of Bourbon in 1689 or\n1690, published (probably in Dutch) an account of that Island, with a\nview of inducing emigrants to go thither. I should be greatly obliged\nif any of your readers can tell me the title, date, and place of\npublication of this book, and where a copy of it is to be seen or\nprocured.\n\n_Query III_.--Are there in existence any original oil-paintings of\nthe Dodo by Savery or any other artist, besides the five described in\nthe _Dodo and its Kindred_--viz., the one at the Hague, at Berlin,\nat Vienna, at the British Museum, and at Oxford? And are there any\noriginal engravings of this bird, besides that in De Bry, in Clusius,\nin Van den Broecke, in Herbert, in Bontekoc, and in Bontius, of all\nwhich I have published fac-similes?\n\n_Query IV_.--Are there any _original_ authors who mention the Dodo\nas a living bird, besides Van Neck, Clusius, Heemskerk, Willem van\nWest-Zanen, Matelief, Van der Hagen, Verhuffen, Van den Broecke,\nBontekoe, Herbert, Cauche, Lestrange, and Benjamin Harry? Or any\nauthority for the _Solitaire_ of Rodriguez besides Leguat and\nD'Heguerty; or for the Dodo-like birds of Bourbon besides Castelton,\nCarr\u00e9 Sieur D.B., and Billiard?\n\n_Query V_--In Rees' _Cyclop\u00e6ia_, article BOURBON, we are told that\nin that island there is \"a kind of large bat, denominated _l'Oiseau\nbleu_, which are skinned and eaten as a great delicacy.\" Where did the\ncompiler of the article pick up this statement?\n\n_Query VI_.--Is there in existence any figure, published or\nunpublished, of the Dodo-like bird which once inhabited the Isle of\nBourbon?\n\n_Query VII_--What is the derivation or meaning of the words _Dodaers_\nand _Dronte_, as applied to the Dodo?\n\n_Query VIII_.--Sir Hamon Lestrange has recorded that about 1638 he\nsaw a living Dodo exhibited in London. (See _Sloane MSS_. 1839, v. p.\n9. in Brit. Mus.; Wilkin's ed. of _Sir T. Browne's Works_, vol. i. p.\n369.; vol. ii, p. 173.; _The Dodo and its Kindred_, p. 22.) Is there\nany contemporary notice extant in print or in MS. which confirms this\nstatement? A splendidly bound copy of _The Dodo and its Kindred_ will\nbe given to any one who can answer this query affirmatively.\n\n_Query IX_.--In Holme's _Academy of Armory and Blazou_, Chester, 1688,\np. 289, we find a Dodo figured as an heraldic device, a fac-simile of\nwhich is given in the _Annals of Natural History_, 2nd series, vol.\niii. p. 260. The author thus describes it: \"He beareth Sable a _Dodo_\nor _Dronte_ proper. By the name of _Dronte_. This exotic bird doth\nequal a swan in bigness,\" &c. &c. Now I wish to ask, where did this\nfamily of _Dronte_ reside? Is anything known concerning them? How did\nthey come by these arms? and are any members of the family now living?\n\n_Query X._--From a passage in the _Histoire de l'Acad\u00e9mie Royale des\nSciences_, 1776, p. 37, it appears that Pingr\u00e9 the French astronomer,\npublished, or at least wrote, a relation of his voyage to Rodriguez,\nin which he speaks of _Solitaires_. Is this the fact? and if so, what\nis the title of his work?\n\nH.E. STRICKLAND.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nON PASSAGES IN COLERIDGE'S CHRISTADEL AND BYRON'S LARA. TABLET TO\nNAPOLEON.\n\nI am one of those who look upon the creations of our great poets as\ndeserving illustration almost as much as actual history; and I am\nalways distressed when I meet with passages representing events with\nrespect to which I cannot make up my mind as to what the author meant,\nor intended his readers to believe. Two of these occur to me at this\nmoment, and I shall be much obliged by any of your correspondents\ngiving, in your pages, brief replies to my queries, or referring me\nto any published works where I may find their solution.\n\n1. What did Coleridge mean to represent or imply in his tale of\n_Christabel_? Who or what was Geraldine? What did Christabel see in\nher, at times, so unutterably horrible? What is meant by \"the ladye\nstrange\" making Christabel _carry_ her over the sill of the portal?\n&c., &c. {263}\n\n2. What does Byron mean us to infer that Lara _saw_ in his hall that\nmidnight, when he so alarmed his household with\n\n  \"A sound, a voice, a shriek, a fearful call,\n  A long loud shriek--and silence.\"?\n\nThe poet, it is true, seems to refuse, purposely, to let his readers\ninto the truth, telling them:--\n\n  \"Whate'er his frenzy dream'd or eye beheld,\n  If yet remember'd, ne'er to be reaveal'd,\n  Rests at his heart.\"\n\nBut still, I conceive there can be no doubt that _he knew the truth_\n(I speak as of realities), --knew what he intended to represent by so\nfull and elaborate a delineation of a scene. And it is the author's\nmeaning and intention that I wish to come at.\n\nI will ask one more question relative to this magnificent poem\n(which I don't think has had justice done it by the critics), but\none respecting which I hardly think there can be any doubt as to the\nauthor's secret meaning:--Is not the _Kaled_ of _Lara_ the _Gulnare_\nof the _Giaour_?\n\nBefore concluding, I will add a query on a very different subject.\n\n3. Many of your readers have, doubtless, seen the large marble tablet\nerected by the Vallaisians in honour of Napoleon, in the Convent of\nthe Great St. Bernard. A recent traveller in Switzerland (Dr. Forbes)\nhas, I find, noticed the inscription, and questioned, as I had\ndone, both its meaning and Latinity. I extract this author's note as\nexpressing exactly the point on which I desiderate information:--\n\n    \"Having doubts both as to the precise meaning and lingual\n    purity of the compound epithet _Bis Italicus_, here applied\n    to Napoleon, I subjoin the passage in which it occurs, for the\n    judgement of the learned:--\n\n    'NAPOLEONI ... \u00c6GYPTIACO BIS ITALICO SEMPER INVICTO ... GRATA\n    RESPUBLICA.'\"--_A Physician's Holiday_, p. 468.\n\nEMDEE.\n\nAthen\u00e6um, January 26. 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nMINOR QUERIES.\n\n_Howkey or Horkey._-- Can anybody explain the etymology of the\nword _Howkey_ or _Horkey_, generally used to denote a harvest-home\nmerriment in our eastern counties? Forbes speaks of it as an\nintractable word, and neither he nor Sir J. Cullum have succeeded\nin explaining it satisfactorily.\n\nBRAYBROOKE.\n\nAudley End, Feb. 16.\n\n\n_Lord Bacon's Metrical Version of the Psalms._--The answer in No. 15.\np. 235. to A CORNISHMAN'S Query (No. 13. p. 202) respecting \"Bacon's\nMetrical Version of the Psalms,\" suggests another query. The work in\nquestion was a mere \"exercise of sickness;\" it contains only seven\npsalms (the 1st, 12th, 90th, 104th, 126th, 137th, and 149th), and is,\nwithout pretension of any kind, a very proper diversion for a mind\nthat could not be inactive and yet required rest; and very good verses\nfor a man unpractised in metrical composition. The _Collection of\nApophthegms_ (also a recreation in sickness), though considerably\nlarger and altogether weightier, was considered so trifling a work\nthat Dr. Rawley, in his \"perfect list of his Lordship's true works,\n&c.,\" appended to the first edition of the _Resuscitatio_ (1657),\neither forgot or did not think fit to mention it. Yet both these\ntrifles were not only written but _published_, by Bacon himself the\nyear before his death--a thing quite contrary to his practice; for\nthough he had written and carefully preserved and circulated in\nmanuscript so much, he had till then published nothing that was not\nof the weightiest and most solid kind. Can any of your correspondents\ninform me how much two such books may possibly have been _worth_ to\na publisher in the year 1625; being works of low price and popular\ncharacter, proceeding from an author of great name? How much is\nit reasonable to suppose that a publisher may have given for the\ncopyright? or how far may it have gone towards the payment of a\nbookseller's bill?\n\nJ.S.\n\nFeb. 7. 1850.\n\n\n_Treatise of Equivocation._--I shall feel happy if, through your\nvery opportune medium, I can obtain some information respecting a\nvery extraordinary and mysterious book, as to its existence, local\nhabitation, and any other _material_ circumstance, which has the title\nof _A Treatise of Equivocation._ The first recognition of the work is\nin the _Relation of the Proceedings in the Trial for the Powder Plot_,\n1604. At signat. I. the Attourney-General, Sir E. Coke, appeals to it,\nand affirms that it was allowed by the Archpriest Blackwel, and that\nthe title was altered to _A Treatise against Lying and Fraudulent\nDissimulation_. He proceeds to describe some of its contents, as\nif he were himself acquainted with the book. Thomas Morton, Bishop\nof Lichfield, and Coventry, afterwards of Durham, in his _Full\nSatisfaction concerning a double Romish Iniquitie; Rebellion and\nEquivocation_, 1606, refers to the work as familiarly acquainted\nwith it. (See Ep. Dedic. A. 3.; likewise pages 88 & 94.) He gives\nthe authorship to Creswell or Tresham. He refers likewise to a Latin\nwork entitled _Resolutio Casuum_, to the same effect, possibly a\ntranslation, to which he subjoins the names of Parsons and Allen.\nRobert Abbot, in his _Antilogia_, 1613, pp. 13, 14. emphatically and\nat length produces the same book and facts; but they are merely copied\nfrom the _Relation_ of the Powder-treason Trial. Henry Mason, in his\nmost satisfactory work, _The New Art of Lying, &c._, 1624, has spoken\nof the {264} _Treatise_ with the same familiarity (see p. 51.), and\nelsewhere, if my memory does not deceive me. Dodd, in his _Church\nhistory_,--when will the new edition begin to move again? Can\nStonyhurst tell?--ascribes the work to Tresham. Hardly any of the\nsimilar works in these times belong to _one_ author. It may just be\nadded, that Parson's _Mitigation_ contains, perhaps, all the substance\nof the Roman equivocation, with not much reserve or disguise. It was\npublished in answer to Bishop Morton's work in 1607. Foulis has, of\ncourse, substantially all the above, but nothing more.\n\nNow, the questions which I want to have solved are these:--Was the\nbook ever extant in MS. Or print? Is it now extant, and where? Who\nhas seen a copy? What is its size, date, and extent? Has the Durham\nCathedral Library, in particular, a copy? Mr. Botfield might have\ninformed us. In fact, where is any effectual intelligence of the\nfugitive to be found?\n\nJ.M.\n\nFeb. 8. 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nREPLIES.\n\nETYMOLOGY OF \"ARMAGH.\"\n\nSome of your correspondents have taken up the not unnatural idea, that\nthe last syllable of the word \"Armagh\" is identical with the Celtic\nword _magh_, a plain. But there are two objections to this. In the\nfirst place, the name is never spelt in Irish _Armagh_, nor even\n_Ardmagh_, but always ARDMACHA. _Ardmagh_ or _Armagh_ is only the\nanglicised spelling, adapted to English tongues and ears. It is\ntherefore clearly absurd to take this corrupt form of the word as\nour _datum_, in the attempt to search for its etymology. Secondly,\nthe Irish names of places which are derived from, or compounded of,\n_magh_, a plain, are always anglicised, _moy, moi, mow_, or _mo_,\nto represent the pronunciation: as Fermoy, Athmoy, Knockmoy, Moira,\nMoyagher, Moyaliffe (or Me-aliffe, as it is now commonly spelt),\nMoville, Moyarta, and thousands of other cases. And those who are\nacquainted with the Irish language will at once tell, by the ear, that\n_Armagh_, as the word is pronounced by the native peasantry, even by\nthose who have lost that language (as most of them in that district\nnow have), could not be a compound of _magh_, a plain.\n\nThe work of M. Bullet, quoted by your correspondent \"HERMES,\" is full\nof ignorant blunders similar to that which he commits, when he tells\nus that Armagh in compounded of \"_Ar_, article, and _mag_, ville.\"\nThe article, in Irish, is _An_, not _ar_; and _mag_ does not signify\na town. He adopts, your readers will perceive, the modern English\nspelling, which could not lead to a correct result, even if M. Bullet\nhad been acquainted with the Celtic languages. The same remark applies\nto the explanation given by the author of _Circles of Gomer_. _Ard_,\nnot _Ar_, is the word to be explained; and therefore, even though _Ar_\nand _Ararat_ meant, as he tells us, \"earth, country, or upon and on\nthe earth,\" this would throw no light on the etymology of ARD_macha_.\n\n\"HIBERNICUS\" (No. 14. p. 217.) is partly right and partly wrong; he\nadopts the anglicised spelling of the second syllable, although he\nseems aware that the first syllable ought to be _Ard_; and he admits\nalso that this word is a substantive, signifying a _height_, not the\nadjective _high_. \"A high plain,\" in Irish, would be, not Ardmagh,\nor Ardmoy (as it would have been anglicised), but _Magh-ard_ (Anglice\n_Moyard_). Great light will be thrown on the whole subject of the\netymology of Irish typographical names, when the Index to my friend\nMr. O'Donovan's edition of the _Annals of the Four Masters_ makes its\nappearance.\n\nI may add too, in conclusion, that Camden is wrong in suggesting that\n_Armach_ (as he spells it, retaining, curiously enough, the correct\netymology of the last syllable) is identical with _Dearmach_ (where\nthe last syllable ought to be _magh_). This latter place is the\nwell-known Durrow, in the county Westmeath; and its name, in Irish,\nis _Duir-magh_, which is really a compound from _magh_, a plain. Bede\ntells us, that the word signified, in the Scottish language, _Campus\nroborum_ (see Bede, _Hist. Eccl._ lib. iii. c. 4.); but Adamson (_Vit.\nColumb\u00e6_, c. 39.) more correctly translates it, \"monasterium _Roboreti\nCampi_.\" It is not likely that such authorities could confound Durrow,\nin Westmeath, with the ecclesiastical metropolis of Ireland, and\npatriarchal see of St. Patrick.\n\nWhoever the Mach or Macha was from whom Ardmacha has its name\n(whether the queen called Macha-mong-ruadh, whose reign is assigned\nby O'Flaherty to A.M. 3603, or the older Macha, who is said to be the\nwife of Nemedius), it should be borne in mind, that the word whose\netymology is required is ARDMACHA[16], and not _Armagh._ What would\nbe thought of the critic who would now attempt to investigate the\netymology of the English word _bishop_, by dividing it into two\nsyllables, and seeking analogies in sound for each syllable.\n\nI have ventured to go at greater length into this matter than its\nimportance may seem to warrant, because it illustrates so clearly a\nvery general error, from which Celtic literature has deeply suffered,\nof inventing fanciful etymologies adapted to the modern English\nspellings, instead of the original Celtic forms of names; and this\nerror, as the question before us proves, is as old as Camden's time,\nand older.\n\nJ.H. TODD.\n\nTrin. Coll. Dublin, Feb. 2, 1850.\n\n    [16] Those who have access to Colgan's _Acta Sanctorum\n    Hiberni\u00e6_ will see that he always spells Armagh, _Ardmacha_;\n    and Durrow, _Durmugia_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *{265}\n\nWILLIAM BASSE AND HIS POEMS.\n\nI read with great pleasure MR. COLLIER'S interesting paper on \"William\nBasse and his Poems,\" inserted in your 13th Number. Very little is\nknown of this once popular poet, but it is very desirable that that\nlittle should be collected together, which cannot be better effected\nthan through the friendly system of inter-communication established by\nyour valuable journal.\n\nFrom my limited researches upon this subject, it appears that there\nwere two poets of the name of William Basse. Anthony Wood (_Athen.\nOxon._, edit. Bliss. iv. 222.) speaks of one William Basse, of\nMoreton, near Thame, in Oxfordshire, who was some time a retainer\nof Lord Wenman, of Thame Park, i.e. Richard Viscount Wenman, in the\npeerage of Ireland. And I find among my MS. biographical collections\nthat a William Basse, of Suffolk, was admitted a sizar of Emanuel\nCollege, Cambridge, in 1629. A.B. 1632, and A.M. in 1636. The William\nBasse who wrote _Great Brittaines Sunnes-set_ in 1613, was also the\nauthor of the MS. collection of poems entitled _Polyhymnia_, mentioned\nby MR. COLLIER. In proof of this it is merely necessary to notice\nthe dedication of the former \"To his Honourable Master, Sir Richard\nWenman, Knight,\" and the verses and acrostics in the MS. \"To the Right\nHon. the Lady Aungier Wenman, Mrs. Jane Wenman, and the truly noble,\nvertuous, and learned Lady, the Lady Agnes Wenman.\" Basse's Poems\nwere evidently intended for the press, but we may conjecture that the\nconfusion of the times prevented them from appearing. Thomas Warton,\nin his _Life and Literary Remains of Ralph Bathurst, M.D._, has a copy\nof verses by the Dr. \"To Mr. W. Basse, upon the intended publication\nof his Poems, January 13, 1651;\" to which the learned editor adds, \"I\nfind no account of this writer or his poems.\" The whole consists of\nforty-four verses, from which I extract the beginning and the end:--\n\n  Basse, whose rich mine of wit we here behold\n  As porcelain earth, more precious, 'cause more old;\n  Who, like an aged oak, so long hath stood,\n  And art religion now as well as food:\n  Though thy grey Muse grew up with elder times,\n  And our deceased grandsires lisp'd thy rhymes;\n  Yet we can sing thee too, and make the lays\n  Which deck thy brow look fresher with thy praise.\n         *       *       *       *       *\n  Though these, your happy births, have silent past\n  More years than some abortive wits shall last;\n  He still writes new, who once so well hath sung:\n  That Muse can ne'er be old, which ne'er was young.\"\n\nThese verses are valuable as showing that Basse was living in 1651,\nand that he was then an aged man. The Emanuelian of the same name, who\ntook his M.A. degree in 1636, might possibly be his son. At any rate,\nthe latter was a poet. There are some of his pieces among the MSS. in\nthe Public Library, Cambridge; and I have a small MS. volume of his\nrhymes, scarcely soaring above mediocrity, which was presented to me\nby an ancient family residing in Suffolk.\n\nA poem by William Basse is inserted in the _Annalia Dubrensia_, 1636,\nin praise of Robert Dover and his revival of the Cotswold Games; but\nit is not clear to which of these poets we may ascribe it. Malone\nattributes two rare volumes to one or other of these poets. The first,\na translation or paraphrase of Juvenal's tenth satire, entitled _That\nwhich seems Best is Worst_, 12mo., 1617; the second, \"A Miscellany of\nMerriment,\" entitled _A Helpe to Discourse_, 2nd edit. 8vo., 1620:\nbut the former is more probably the work of William Barkstead. I may\nmention that a copy of Basse's _Sword and Buckler, or Serving Man's\nDefence_, 1602, is among Malone's books in the Bodleian.\n\nIzaac Walton speaks of William Basse, \"one that hath made the choice\nsongs of the _Hunter in His Career_, and of _Tom of Bedlam_, and many\nothers of note.\" The ballad mentioned by MR. COLLIER, \"Maister Basse\nhis Career, or the Hunting of the Hare,\" is undoubtably the one\nalluded to by Walton. I may add, that it is printed in _Wit and\nDrollery_, edit. 1682. p. 64.; and also in _Old Ballads_, 1725, vol.\niii. p. 196. The tune is contained in the _Shene MS._, a curious\ncollection of old tunes in the Advocate's Library, Edinburgh; and a\nballad entitled _Hubert's Ghost_, to the tune of _Basse's Carrier_, is\npreserved among the Bagford Collection of Old Ballads in the British\nMuseum. With regard to the second ballad mentioned by Walton, our\nknowledge is not so perfect. Sir John Hawkins in a note (_Complete\nAngler_, 5th edit. p. 73.) says:--\n\n  \"This song, beginning--\n    'Forth from my dark and dismal cell,'\n\n    with the music to it, set by Hen. Lawes, is printed in a book,\n    entitled _Choice Ayres, Songs and Dialogues, to sing to the\n    Theorbo Lute, and Bass Viol_, folio. 1675, and in Playfield's\n    _Antidote against Melancholy_, 8vo. 1669, and also in Dr.\n    Percy's _Reliques of Ancient English Poetry_, vol. ii. p. 350;\n    but in the latter with a mistake in the last line of the third\n    stanza, of the word _Pentarchy_ for _Pentateuch_.\"\n\nA copy of the _Choice Ayres_, 1675, is now before me, but Henry\nLawes's name does not appear to the song in question. Sir John has\nevidently made a mistake; the air of _Mad Tom_ was composed by John\nCooper, alias _Giovanni Coperario_, for one of the Masques perfomed\nby the Gentlemen of Gray's Inn. (See _The English Dancing Master_,\n1651, in the British Museum, and Additional MS. 10,440, in the same\nrepository.) With regard to the ballad itself, there is an early copy\n(of the latter part of the sixteenth century) {266} preserved in the\nHarleian MSS., No. 7332, fol. 41. It purports to have been\n\n    \"Written (i.e. transcribed) be Feargod Barebone, who being\n    at many times idle and wanting employment, wrote out certain\n    songs and epigrams, with the idea of mending his hand in\n    writing.\"\n\nThere is another copy among Malone's MSS. in the Bodleian (No. 16. p.\n55.), where it is entitled _A new Tom of Bedlam_. But I contend there\nis no evidence to show that this is the ballad alluded to by Walton;\nnone of the copies having the name of the author. We have two other\nsongs (probably more) bearing the same title of _Tom of Bedlam_; one\nbeginning, \"From the top of high Caucasus;\" the other commencing,\n\"From the hag and hungry goblin;\" either of which are quite as likely\nto have been intended as that mentioned above.\n\nIt still remains a question, I think, which of the two Basses was\nthe author of the ballads mentioned by Walton. But I have already\ntrespassed so long upon your valuable space that I will leave the\nfurther consideration of the subject until a future period: in the\nmeantime, perhaps some of your correspondents may be enabled to\n\"illuminate our darkness\" upon the various knotty points.\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBEAVER HATS--PISAN.\n\nAllow me to say a few words in reply to your correspondent \"GASTROS.\"\nHis quotation from Fairholt (_Costume in England_), who cites\nStubbes's _Anatomy of Abuses_ as the earliest authority for the use\nof beaver hats in England, is not a satisfactory reply to my query;\ninasmuch as I am aware that beaver hats were occasionally worn by\ngreat people in this country some centuries before Stubbes was born.\nFor example, Henry III. possessed \"unum capellum de Bevre cum apparatu\nauri et lapidibus preciosis;\" as appears from the \"Wardrobe Account,\"\nof the 55th year of his reign. I have, therefore, still to ask for\nthe _earliest_ instance of the use of hats or caps of this material\nin England; such hats, as well as gloves, are mentioned in several\nEnglish inventories made between the thirteenth and sixteenth\ncenturies. Is there any example earlier than the time of Henry III.?\n\n\"GASTROS\" has also obligingly replied to my query as to \"the meaning\nof the term _Pisan_, used in old records for some part of defensive\narmour,\" but he seems to have forgotten that I expressly stated that\nterm had no relation to \"the fabrics of Pisa;\" at least such is my\nbelief. With regard to the inventory of the arms and armour of Louis\nle Hutin, taken in 1316, printed in Meyrick's _Ancient Armour_, to\nwhich he kindly refers me, it may be observed that the said inventory\nis so perversely translated in the first edition of that work (just\nnow I have no means of consulting the second), as to be all but\nuseless; indeed it might be termed one of the most extraordinary\nliterary performances of modern times, as the following instance\nmay suffice to show. One of the items of the inventory is, \"une cote\ngambois\u00e9e \u00e0 arbroissiaus d'or broud\u00e9es \u00e0 chardonereus;\" and it is thus\nrendered into English, \"a gamboised coat with a rough surface (like\na thicket;--_note_) of gold embroidered on the nap of the cloth!\"\nThe real signification is \"a gamboised coat embroidered in gold,\nwith little bushes (or trees), with gold-finches [on them].\" But I\nam rather wandering from my point: I never could ascertain on what\nauthority Sir Samuel Meyrick asserted that \"jazeran armour,\" as\nhe calls it, was formed of \"overlapping plates.\" The French word\n_jazeran_ was derived from the Italian _ghiazarino_, or _ghiazzerino_,\nwhich signified \"a gorget of mail,\" or what some of our antiquaries\nhave termed \"a standard of mail;\" in France this word always preserved\nits relation to mail, and in process of time came to be applied to\nso lowly an object as a flagon-chain: see Cotgrave's _Fr. Dict._ ed.\n1673. Roquefort, indeed, says a \"jaserans\" was a cuirass, but to\nmy apprehension the passage which he quotes from the _Roman\nd'Alexandre_--\n\n  \"Es haubers, _jazerans_, et \u00e8s elmes gemez\"--\n\nseems to prove that, in that instance at least, a gorget is meant.\nAt any rate, the translation of the passage in the inventory to which\n\"GASTROS\" refers should be, \"three Pisan collerets of steel mail,\" not\nthat given by Meyrick. Here we have clearly a fabric of Pisa: whereas\nthe _pisan_, of which I desire to know the meaning, invariable occurs\nas an independent term, e.g. \"_item, unum pisanum_,\" or \"_unum par\npisanorum_.\" Of course I have my own conjecture on the subject, but\nshould be glad to hear other opinions; so I again put the question to\nyour correspondents. In conclusion I would observe to \"GASTROS\" that\nthey must be _very_ late MSS. indeed in which such a contraction as\n_pisan_ for _partisan_ can be found. If you have room, and think it\nworth while, I will from time to time send you some corrections of the\nmore flagrant errors of Meyrick.\n\nT. HUDSON TURNER.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nREPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.\n\n_Norman Pedigrees_. In reference to your correspondent \"B.'s\"\ninquiries, he will find much information in the Publications de\nla Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Antiquaires de Normandie. Under their auspices, M.\nEstancelin published in 1828 a full history of the Earls of Eu. I am\nnot aware of any full collection of pedigrees of the companions of\nWilliam the Conqueror: the names of several of the lands from which\nthey took their designations yet remain.\n\nW. DURRANT COOPER.\n\n{267}\n\n\n_Norman Pedigrees._--In answer to \"B.'s\" query (No. 14. p. 214.),\nan excellent Gazetteer was published in Paris, 1831, entitled\n_Dictionnaire Complet G\u00e9ographique, Statistique, et Commercial de la\nFrance et de ses Colonies; par M. Briand-de-Verz\u00e9_, pp. 856. Many of\nthe names of the Conqueror's Norman companions will be found in that\nwork; as, for instance, Geoffrey de \"_Mandeville_, village. Calvados\narrondissement, 31\u00bd O.N.O. de Bayeaux,\" &c.\n\nNorman de _Beauchamp_: three Beauchamps are mentioned; that 51. from\nAvranches will be the one in question.\n\nC.I.R.\n\nOxford, Feb. 19. 1850.\n\n\n_Norman Pedigrees._--Your correspondent \"B.\" (No. 14. p. 214.) would\nprobably find part of the information he seeks in _Domesday Book, seu\nCensualis Willelmi Primi Regis Angli\u00e6_. But query? Is \"B.\" right in\nsupposing the prefix \"De\" to be _French_? Does it not rather originate\nin the _Latin_?\n\n\"Domesday\" is written in Latin throughout; and the \"de,\" denoting the\nplace, is there occasionally followed by what seems to be the Latin\nablative case. I copy an example:--\n\n    \"Canonici de Hansone ten. l. hida de Sansone,\" (i.e. loc. in\n    co. Stafford.)\n\nThen of the person it is said--\n\n    \"Sanson ten. de rege, &c.... iii. hid. tr\u00e6 in Hargedone,\" &c.\n\nJ.S.\n\n\n_Translation of \u00c6lian._--In answer to the query of \"G.M.\" in No. 15.\np. 232., I beg to state that in Lowndes's _Manual_, vol. i. p. 13., is\nthe following notice under the head of \"\u00c6lianus Claudius:\"--\n\n    \"Various Histories translated by T. Stanley, London, 1665,\n    8vo. 5s. This translation is by the son of the learned editor\n    of \u00c6schylus, and was reprinted 1670. 1677.\"\n\nC.I.R.\n\n\n_Ave Trici and Gheeze Ysenoudi._--I regret that I cannot give \"H.L.B.\"\nany further information about these ladies than the colophon I\ntranscribed affords. To me, however, it is quite clear that they were\nsisters of some convent in Flanders or Holland; the name of their\nspiritual father, Nicolas Wyt, and the names of the ladies, clearly\nindicate this.\n\nS.W.S.\n\n\n_Daysman_ (No. 12. p. 188.)-- It seems to me that a preferable\netymology may be found to that given by Nares and Jacob. The arbiter\nor judge might formerly have occupied a _dais_ or _lit de justice_, or\nhe might have been selected from those entitled to sit on the raised\nparts of the courts of law, i.e. jurisconsulti, or barristers as we\ncall them. I have heard another etymology, which however I do not\nfavour, that the arbiter, chosen from men of the same rank as the\ndisputants, should be paid for loss of his day's work.\n\nGEORGE OLIVER.\n\n\nPerhaps the following may be of some use in clearing up this point.\nIn the _Graphic Illustrator_, a literary and antiquarian miscellany\nedited by E.W. Brayley, London, 1834, at p. 14, towards the end of\nan article on the Tudor Style of Architecture, signed T.M. is the\nfollowing:--\n\n    \"This room (talking of the great halls in old manor-houses)\n    was in every manor-house a necessary appendage for holding\n    'the court,' the services belonging to which are equally\n    denominated 'the homage,' with those of the king's palace. The\n    _dais_, or raised part of the _upper end_ of the hall, _was\n    so called_, from the administration of justice. A _dais-man_\n    is still a popular term for an arbitrator in the North, and\n    _Domesday-Book_ (with the name of which I suppose every one to\n    be familiar) is known to be a list of manor-houses.\"\n\nC.D. LAMONT.\n\nGreenock.\n\n    [Our correspondents will probably find some confirmation of\n    their ingenious suggestion in the following passage from _The\n    Vision of Piers Ploughman_:--\n\n    \"And at the day of dome\n    At the heighe deys sitte.\"\n\n    Ll. 4898-9. ed. Wright.]\n\n\n_Saveguard_.--\"BURIENSIS\" (No. 13. p. 202.) is informed that a\n_saveguard_ was an article of dress worn by women, some fifty or sixty\nyears ago, over the skirts of their gowns when riding on horseback,\nchiefly when they sat on pillions, on a _double horse_, as it was\ncalled.\n\nIt was a sort of outside petticoat, usually made of serge,\nlinsey-wolsey, or some other strong material: and its use was to\n_guard_ the gown from injury by the dirt of the (then very dirty)\nroads. It was succeeded by the well-known riding-habit; though I have\nseen it used on a side-siddle by a rider who did not possess the more\nmodern dress.\n\nP.H.F.\n\n\nAmongst the bequests to the Clothworkers' Company of London is one by\nBarbara Burnell, by will dated 27th June, 1630, wherein she directs\nthe company to bestow 4l. 6s. yearly in woollen cloth to make six\nwaistcoats and six _safeguards_ for six poor women.[17]\n\nAlso we find that John Skepworth, by will dated 17th Oct. 1678, gave\ntwo closes of land to the parish of Louth, to the intent that the\nchurchwardens and overseers of the poor there should apply the rents\nand profits of the same in providing so much coarse woollen cloth as\nwould make ten suits yearly to be given to ten poor people of Louth,\nthe men to have coats and breeches, and the women to have waistcoats\nand _safeguards_.[18] {268}\n\nIf \"BURIENSIS\" has a friend belonging to the Clothworkers' Company, it\nis probable that he will acquire much information on this subject from\ntheir old records.\n\nH. EDWARDS.\n\n    [17] Reports from the Commissioners of Charities b. 235. 32nd\n    part 4.--696.\n\n    [18] Ibid.\n\n\n_Derivation of \"Calamity\"_ (No. 14. p. 215.)--\"Calamity\" is from\nthe Latin _calamitas_, from _calamus_ a straw or stalk of corn,\nsignifying, 1st, the agricultural misfortune of the corn being beaten\ndown or laid by a storm; and thence, any other trouble or disaster:--\n\n\"Ipsa egreditur nostri fundi _calamitas_.\"\n\nTer. _Eun_. i. 1.\n\nUpon which the commentator in the Delph. ed. has this note:--\n\n    \"_Calamitas_ est grando et tempestas, qu\u00e6 calamos segetum\n    prosternit et conterit. Unde Cicero Verrem vocat '_calamitosam\n    tempestatem_.'\"\n\nAinsworth, quoting the above passage from Terence, adds:--\n\n    \"Ubi Donatus. Proprie _calamitatem_ rustici vocant quod\n    comminuat _calamum_; h.e. culmen et segetem.\"\n\nThe etymology of its synonym, \"_disaster_,\" is more direct--[Greek:\ndhus hasthaer], a star of evil influence, or, as we say, \"born under\nan ill planet.\"\n\n[Greek: Philologos]\n\n\nForcellini, _s.v. Calamitas_, says:--\n\n    \"Proprie significat imminutionem clademque calamorum segetis,\n    qu\u00e6 grandine vel impetuoso aliquo turbine aut alia quapiam de\n    causa fit.\"\n\nHe then quotes Servius, _Ad Georg_, i. 151:--\n\n    \"Robigo genus est vitii, quo culmi pereunt, quod a rusticanis\n    calamitas dicitur.\"\n\nThen follows the note of Donatus on Ter. _Eun_. i. 1. 34.\n\nIt appears to me, if \"_calamitas_\" were derived from _calamus_, it\nwould mean something very different from what it does.\n\nAnother suggestion is, that the first syllable is the same as the\nroot of _cad-o_, to fall; _l_ and _d_, everybody knows, are\neasily interchangeable: as Odysseus, Ulixes: [Greek: dakruon],\n_lacrima_, _tear_, &c. &c. If so, _calamitas_ is a corrupted form\nof _cadamitas_. Mar. Victorinus, _De Orthogr_. p. 2456., says:--\n\n    \"Gueius Pompeius Magnus et scribebat et dicebat _Kadamitatem_\n    pro _Kalamitatem_.\"--(Quoted from Bothe's _Poet\u00e6_,\" _Scenici\n    Latinorum_, vol. v. p. 21.)\n\nBut how is the -_amitas_ to be explained? I may as well add,\nthat D\u00f6derlein, with his usual felicity, derives it from [Greek:\nkolouo].\n\nEDWARD S. JACKSON.\n\n\nI beg to refer MR. F.S. MARTIN (No. 14. p. 215.), for the derivation\nof \"Calamity,\" to the _Etymologicon Lingu\u00e6 Latin\u00e6_ of Gerard Vossius,\nor to the _Totius Latinitatis Lexicon_ of Facciolatus and Forcellinus.\nHe will there find that the word _calamitas_ was first used with\nreference to the storms which destroyed the stalks (_calami_) of corn,\nand afterwards came to signify metaphorically, any severe misfortune.\nThe terrific hail-storm of the summer of 1843, which destroyed the\ncrops of corn through several of the eastern and midland counties of\nthis kingdom, was a _calamity_ in the original sense of the word.\n\n\"W.P.P.\" has also kindly replied to this query by furnishing a part of\nthe Article on _Calamitas_ in Vossius; and \"J.F.M.\" adds, _Calamitas_\nmeans--\n\n    \"The spindling of the corn, which with us is rare, but in\n    hotter countries common: insomuch as the word _calamitas_ was\n    first derived from _calamus_, when the corn could not get out\n    of the stalk.\"--Bacon, _Nat. Hist_. sect. 669.\n\n\n_Derivation of \"Zero\"_ (No. 14. p. 215.).--_Zero_ Ital.; Fr. _un\nchiffre_, _un rien_, a cipher in arithmetic, a nought; whence the\nproverb _avere nel zero, m\u00e9priser souverainement_, to value at\nnothing, to have a sovereign contempt for. I do not know what the\netymology of the word may be; but the application is obvious to that\npoint in the scale of the thermometer below the numbered degrees to\nwhich, in ordinary temperatures, the mercury does not sink.\n\n[Greek: Philologos]\n\nDeanery of Gloucester, Feb. 7. 1850.\n\n\n\"_Zero_\" (No. 14. p. 215.)--_Zero_, as is well known, is an Italian\nword signifying the arithmetical figure of nought (0). It has been\nconjectured that it is derived from the transposition from the Hebrew\nword _ezor_, a girdle, the zero assuming that form. (See Fureti\u00e8re,\nvol. iii.) Prof. le Moine, of Leyden (quoted by M\u00e9nage), claims for\nit also an Eastern origin, and thinks we have received it from the\nArabians, together with their method of reckoning ciphers. He suggests\nthat it may be a corruption from the Hebrew [Hebrew: rphs], _safara_,\nto number.\n\n\n_Complutensian Polyglot_.--I cannot pretend to reply to \"MR. JEBB'S\"\ninquiry under this head in No. 12. p. 213.; but perhaps it may assist\nhim in his researches, should he not have seen the pamphlet, to refer\nto Bishop Smallridge's \"Enquiry into the Authority of the Primitive\nComplutensian Edition of the New Testament, as principally founded on\nthe most ancient Vatican MS., together with some research after that\nMS. In order to decide the dispute about 1 John v. 7. In a letter to\nDr. Bentley. 8vo. London, 1722.\"\n\nJ.M.\n\nOxford, Feb. 5.\n\n\n_Sir William Rider_.--In reply to the queries of \"H.F.,\" No. 12. p.\n186., respecting Sir William Rider, I beg to say that among the many\nMS. notes which I have collected relating to the Rider family, {269}\n&c., I find the following from the _Visitation of Surry_, 1623, and\nfrom a MS. book of _Pedigrees of Peers_ in the Herald's College, with\nadditions.\n\n    \"Thomas Rider married a daughter of ---- Poole of Stafforde,\n    by whom he had Sir William Rider, born at Muchalstone, co.\n    Stafforde, Sheriff of London, 1591, Citizen and Haberdasher,\n    Lord Mayor, 1600. Will dated 1 Nov., and proved 9 Nov.\n    1610, 8 Jas. I. (94 Wood); buried at Low Layton, Essex, &c.\n    Sir William married Elizabeth, da. of R. Stone, of Helme,\n    co. Norfolk; by whom he had, besides other children and\n    descendants, Mary daughter and coheiress, who married Sir\n    Thomas Lake, of Canons, Middlesex, from whose issue descended\n    Viscount Lake.\"\n\nS.S.\n\n\n_Pokership_ (No. 12. p. 185., and No. 14. p. 218.).--It is to be\nregretted that no information has been supplied respecting the meaning\nof this remarkable word, either from local sources or from the surveys\nof crown lands in the Exchequer or Land Revenue offices. In one or the\nother of these quarters we should surely find something which would\ndispense with further conjecture. In the meantime the following facts,\nobtained from records easily accessible, will probably be sufficient\nto dispose of the explanations hitherto suggested, and to show that\nthe _poker_ of Bringwood forest was neither a _parker_ nor a _purser_.\n\nThe offices conveyed to Sir R. Harley by James I. had been, before\nhis reign, the subject of crown grants, after the honor of Wigmore had\nbecome vested in the crown by the merger of the earldom of March in\nthe crown. Hence, I find that in the act 13 Edward IV. (A.D. 1473),\nfor the resumption of royal grants, there is a saving of a prior grant\nof the \"office of keeper of oure forest or chace of Boryngwode,\"\nand of the fees for the \"kepyng of the Dikes within oure counte of\nHereford, parcelles of oure seid forest.\" (6 _Rot. Parl._ p. 94.)\n\nIn a similar act of resumption, 1 Henry VII., there is a like saving\nin favour of Thomas Grove, to whom had been granted the keepership of\nBoryngwood chase in \"Wigmoresland,\" and \"the _pokershipp_ and keping\nof the diche of the same.\" The _parkership_ of Wigmore Park is saved\nin the same act. (6 _Rot. Parl._ p. 353 and 383.)\n\nIn the first year of Henry VIII. there is a Receiver's Account of\nWigmore, in which I observe the following deductions claimed in\nrespect of the fees and salaries of officers:-\n\n  \"In feodo Thom\u00e6 Grove, forestarii de Bringewod,\n                                       6l. 1s. 6d.\n      --   ejusdem Thom\u00e6, fossat'de Prestwode dych,\n                                              18d.\n      --   Edm. Sharp, parcarii parci de Wiggemour,\n                                       6l. 1s. 6d.\n      --   Thom\u00e6 Grove, pocar' omnium boscorum\n              in Wiggemourslonde          30s. 4d.\"\n\nThere is another like account rendered in 23 & 24 Hen. VII. These,\nand no doubt many other accounts and documents respecting the honor of\nWigmore and its appartenances, are among the Exchequer records, and\nwe are entitled to infer from them, firstly, that a _parcarius_ and a\n_pocarius_ are two different offices; secondly, that, whether the duty\nof the latter was performed on the dikes or in the woods of Boringwood\nchase, the theory of Mr. Bolton Corney (pace cl. viri dixerim) is\nvery deficient in probability. If the above authorities had not fallen\nunder my notice, I should have confidently adopted the conjecture\nof the noble Querist, who first drew attention to the word, and,\nso far from considering the substitution of \"poker\" for \"parker\"\nan improbable blunder of the copyist, I should have pronounced it\nfortunate for the house of Harley that their founder had not been\nconverted into a porcarius or pig-driver.\n\nE. SMIRKE.\n\n\n_Pokership_.--I had flattered myself that _Parkership_ was the real\ninterpretation of the above word, but I have once more doubts on\nthe subject. I this morning accidentally stumbled upon the word\n\"Porcellagium,\" which is interpreted in Ducange's _Glossary_,\n\"Tributum ex porcis seu porcellis.\"\n\n_Porcarius_ also occurs as _Porcorum custos_, and mention is made\nof \"Porcorum servitium quo quis porcos domini sui pascentes servare\ntenetur.\"\n\nNow, considering how much value was formerly attached to the right\nof turning out swine in wooded wastes, during the acorn season, it\nseems probable that Sir R. Harley might be the king's \"Porcarius,\"\nor receiver of the money paid for an annual license to depasture hogs\nin the royal forests; and, after all, _Porkership_ is as like to\n_Pokership_ as _Parkership_, and one mistake would be as easily made\nas the other.\n\nBRAYBROOKE.\n\nAudley End, Feb. 16.\n\n    [We are enabled to confirm the accuracy of Lord Braybrooke's\n    conjecture as to _Pokership_ being the office conferred\n    upon Sir Robert Harley, inasmuch as we are in expectation of\n    receiving an account of the various forms of its name from\n    a gentleman who has not only the ability, but also peculiar\n    facilities for illustrating this and similar obscure terms.]\n\n\n_Havior--Heavier or Hever_.-Supposed etymology of _Havior, Heavier_,\nand _Hever_, as applied by park-keepers to an emasculated male\ndeer.--\"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" (No. 15. p. 230.)\n\nPennant, in his _British Zoology_, 8vo. edition, 1776, vol. i. p.\n38., and 8vo. edition, 1812, vol. i. p. 45., under the article,\n\"Goat\" says:--\n\n    \"The meat of a castrated goat of six or seven years old,\n    (which is called _Hyfr_,) is reckoned the best; being\n    generally very sweet and fat. This makes an excellent pasty,\n    goes under the name of rock venison, and is little inferior\n    to that of the deer.\"\n\nAs Pennant was a Welchman, a scholar and a {270} naturalist, he will\nprobably be considered good authority; and _Hyfr_, the most likely\norigin of the altered terms of the deer park-keepers.\n\nThe word occurs twice in page 61. vol. ii. of the _Sportsman's\nCabinet_, in the article on the Stag or Red Deer, where it is printed\n_Heavier_; and it will be found also as _Hever_, in Mr. Jesse's\n_Scenes and Tales of Country Life_, at page 349.\n\nWM. YARRELL.\n\nRyder Street, St. James, Feb. 11. 1850.\n\n\nMr. Halliwell gives the words _haver_ and _havering_, in the same\nsense as _havior_. Are not these words identical with _aver, averium_,\nin the sense of cattle, tame beasts? _Averium_, from the old French,\n_aveir_, i.e. _avoir_, originally meant any personal property; but\nlike _catalla_, chattels, it came to signify more particularly the\nmost important part of a peasant's possessions--namely, his live\nstock. Thus, in the laws of William the Conqueror (Thorpe's _Ancient\nLaws_, vol. ii. p. 469.), we find:--\n\n    \"Si pr\u00e6positus hundredi equos aut boves aut oves aut porcos\n    vel cujuscumque generis averia vagancia restare fecerit,\" &c.\n\nThe word may naturally enough have been applied to deer reduced to the\nstate of tame and domesticated cattle.\n\nC.W.G.\n\n    [TREBOR furnishes us with a reference to _Pegge's Anonymiana_,\n    who endeavours to show that the proper term is \"halfer;\" on\n    the same principle that an entire horse is spoken of, the word\n    being pronounced \"h\u00e2ver\" by those who call half \"h\u00e2fe,\" while\n    those who pronounce half with the open _a_ say \"hauver:\" while\n    J. Westby Gibson suggests that Havior is _Evir_, from the\n    Latin \"_Eviro, Eviratus, Eviratio_,\" but admits that he can\n    give no authority for the use of _Evir_.]\n\n\n_Sir W. Hamilton_ (No. 14. p. 216.).--Douglas says, that this Sir W.\nHamilton was not _son_, but grandson and brother of the 1st and 2nd\nearls of Abercorn, his father having died _vit\u00e2 patris_. I therefore\ndoubt that the inscription has been miscopied. \"He was,\" Douglas says,\n\"resident at Rome, on the part of the Queen Dowager;\" but this could\nhardly be the service alluded to.\n\nC.\n\n\n_Dr. Johnson's Library_ (no. 14. p. 214.).--I have a copy of Dr.\nJohnson's Sale Catalogue. The title is as follows:\n\n    \"A catalogue of the valuable Library of Books of the late\n    learned Samuel Johnson, Esq., LL.D., deceased, which will be\n    sold by auction (by Order of the Executors) by Mr. Christie,\n    at his Great Room in Pall Mall, on Wednesday, February 16.\n    1785. and three following Days. To be viewed on Monday and\n    Tuesday preceding the Sale, which will begin each Day at 12\n    o'Clock. Catalogues may be had as above.\"\n\nIt is a Catalogue of 28 pages and 662 lots, of which 650 are books.\nThe twelve last are prints, chiefly \"framed and glazed.\" The Catalogue\nis very rare; there is not a copy in the British Museum, and Messrs.\nChristie and Manson are without one. I may add, as your correspondent\nis curious about Johnson's Library, that I have the presentation copy\nto the Doctor of Twiss's _Travels in Spain_, with \"the gift of the\nAuthor\" in Johnson's handwriting, immediately beneath Twiss's MS.\npresentation. The Twiss was in Lot 284.\n\nPETER CUNNINGHAM.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMISCELLANIES.\n\n_Etymology of \"News_.\"--The word \"news\" is not derived, as many\nsuppose, from the adjective new, but from a practice that obtained\nin newspapers of an early date, of prefixing to the title the letters\nexpressive of the cardinal points, thus:--\n\n      N.\n  E.      W.\n      S.\n\nmeaning that their intelligence was derived from all quarters of the\nglobe. This must, at any rate, be allowed as ingenious etymology.\n\nJ.U.G. GUTCH.\n\n\nTHE GOLDEN AGE.\n\n(_FROM THE LATIN_.)\n\n  Why \"golden,\" when that age alone, we're told,\n  Was blest with happy ignorance of gold--\n  More justly we our venal times might call\n  \"The Golden Age,\" for gold is all in all.\n\nRUFUS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.\n\nMessrs. Sotheby and Co. will sell on Monday next two collections of\nAutographs; the first consisting of Autograph Letters, the property\nof a gentleman; which will be immediately followed by that belonging\nto the late Mr. Rodd, and the extensive Correspondence of the late\nWilliam Upcott, Esq., comprising several thousand Autograph Letters.\nMr. Rodd's collection comprises many letters of great historical and\nliterary interest.\n\nMessrs. Puttick and Simpson will sell by auction on Friday, March the\n8th, and seven following days, the extensive and very important Stock\nof Books of Mr. James Carpenter, of Bond Street, who is retiring from\nbusiness. The characteristics of this fine collection are the numerous\nbooks of prints and illustrated works which it contains, such as the\nmatchless Series of Piranesi's Works, being the dedication copy to\nthe king of Sweden: a copy of Boswell's _Life of Johnson_, in 8 vols.\n{271} folio, illustrated with nearly six hundred Portraits and Views.\n\nWe heard some time since that the long-established and\nhighly-respectable house of Payne and Foss, of Pall Mall, had\nsucceeded the late Mr. Rodd in the agency of purchasing for the\nBritish Museum. The rumour proved to be unfounded, and now receives\na formal contradiction by the announcement that Messrs. Payne and\nFoss are retiring from business, and that the first portion of their\nextensive and valuable Stock of Books will be sold by auction by\nMessrs. Sotheby and Co.; the first division in a ten days' sale,\ncommencing on the 18th and terminating on the 28th March; which will\nbe followed by the second division, which will also occupy ten days,\nand commence on Monday the 8th April. The lovers of choice copies of\nfine editions of first-class books will have, on this occasion, such\nan opportunity of enriching their collections as rarely presents\nitself.\n\nWe have received the following Catalogues:--\n\n    \"Number Two, for 1850, of John Miller's Catalogue of Books,\n    old and new, on sale at 43. Chandos Street, Trafalgar Square.\"\n\n    \"Catalogue of curious and rare Books, recently purchased, now\n    on sale by George Bumstead, 205. High Holborn.\"\n\n    \"Catalogue (No. 5.) of Books, Theological and Miscellaneous,\n    and Catalogue (No. 6.) of Books, consisting chiefly of Foreign\n    Literature and Theology, on sale by Andrew Clark, No. 4. City\n    Road.\"\n\n    \"Cheap List of useful and curious Books relating to\n    Ecclesiastical History, Councils, Ceremonies, the Puritans,\n    &c., on sale by S. and I. Palmer, 24. Red Lion Street,\n    Holborn.\"\n\n    \"A List of Books, chiefly curious ones, now selling by Thomas\n    Kerslake, Bookseller, at No. 3. Park Street, Bristol.\"\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES\n\nWANTED TO PURCHASE.\n\n(_IN CONTINUATION OF LISTS IN FORMER NOS._)\n\n\nHIERONYMUS MAGIUS DE TINTINABILIS. 12mo. 1608 and 1664.\n\nA. STOCKFLEET DE CAMPANARUM USU.\n\nREIMANU'S DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANIS.\n\nNICOL. EGGER'S DISSERTATIO DE ORIGINE ET NOMINE CAMPANARUM. EJUSDEM\nDISSERTATIO DE CAMPANARUM MATERIA ET FORMA.\n\nPACICHELLI DE TINTINABULO NOTANO LUCUBRATIO.\n\nWALLERI DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANIS ET PR\u00c6CIPUIS EARUM USIBUS.\n\nHILCHER DE CAMPANIS TEMPLORUM.\n\nARNOLDUS DE CAMPANARUM USU. 12mo. 1665.\n\nROCCHA DE CAMPANIS COMMENTARIUS. 1612.\n\nTHIERS, TRAITE DES CLOCHES.\n\nMITZLER DE CAMPANIS. ESCHENWECKER DE EO QUOD IUSTUM EST CIRCA\nCAMPANIS.\n\nPINGRE'S ACCOUNT OF HIS VOYAGE TO RODRIGUEZ, published (?) at Paris\nabout 1762.\n\nDUDLEY RYDER's REPORT ON THE PETITION OF BERKELEY SEYMOUR, ESQ.,\nCLAIMING THE BARONY OF SEYMOUR AND DUKEDOM OF SOMERSET. Published\n1750, pp. 15. folio.\n\nPRIVATE ACT, 12 WM 3., FOR THE SALE OF THE ESTATES OF ARTHUR LACY,\nESQ., CO. SOMERSET.\n\nBELL ON THE HAND. Bridgewater Treatises.\n\n_Odd Volumes._\n\nMADRAS JOURNAL OF LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. Vols I. to IX. CATALOGUE OF\nHARLEIAN MSS., Vol. IV. WOODS'S ATHEN\u00c6 OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss.), Vol.\nIII.\n\n*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price. _carriage free_,\nto be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" 186. Fleet\nStreet.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS.\n\nAmong the many papers which we are unavoidably obliged to postpone\nare an original and inedited _Letter by Horace Walpole_, Mr. Singer's\nReply to C.W.G. on _\u00c6lfric's Colloquies_, an interesting communication\nfrom Mr. Coles respecting _Arabella Stuart_, a paper by Mr. Rye on\nthe _Queen of Robert Bruce_, and T.S.D.'s able article on _Arabic\nNumerals_.\n\nThe Erectheum Club (like \"The Parthenon\") takes its name from the\nErectheum at Athens.\n\nH.M.A. declined with thanks.\n\nX.P. is informed that the _monotome_ edition of Boswell's Johnson\nedited by Croker, is not an abridgment of the larger work, but a new\nand thoroughly revised edition of it; and with a really good index.\n\nTo correspondents inquiring as to the mode of procuring \"NOTES AND\nQUERIES,\" we have once more to explain, that every bookseller and\nnewsman will supply it regularly, if ordered; and that gentlemen\nresiding in the country, who may find a difficulty in getting it\nthrough any bookseller in their neighbourhood, may be supplied\nregularly with the stamped edition, by giving their orders direct to\nthe publisher, MR. GEORGE BELL, 186 Fleet Street, accompanied by a\nPost-Office order for a quarter, 4s. 4d.; a half year, 8s. 8d.; or\none year, 17s. 4d.\n\nErrata. P. 242. col. 2. l. 11., for \"coheir\" read \"cognate;\" and line\n16, for \"Argidius\" \"\u00c6gidius;\" and p. 243, col 1. l. 35. read \"anecdote\nof Dionysius related by Cicero and by Plutarch, in his _Laconic\nApophthegms_, which Stob\u00e6us evidently followed.\"\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nJust published, in post 8vo., 10s. 6d., the Third Volume of\n\nTHE ROMANCE OF THE PEERAGE; or, CURIOSITIES OF FAMILY HISTORY.\n\nBy GEORGE LILLIE CRAIK.\n\nWith a Portrait of Sir Robert Dudley.\n\nContents:--The Hereditary Principle; Aristocracy and\nDemocracy--Charles Brandon's Widow and her Second Marriage--The Lady\nMary Grey--Sir Robert Dudley--Bess of Hardwick and the Talbots--The\nCavendishes and the Stanhopes--Lord Pembroke and Sir Richard\nWharton--The Wharton and Stuart Duel--The Bruce and Sackville\nDuel--The Lord Crichton of Sanquahar--The Earldom of Monteith,\n&c. &c. &c.\n\nLondon: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 186. Strand.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nOn the 1st of March will be published, price One Shilling,\n\nMODEL PRISONS; being No. 2. of LATTER-DAY PAMPHLETS.\n\nEdited by THOMAS CARLYLE.\n\nLondon: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 186. Strand.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *{272}\n\nEarly Antiquities of England Illustrated.\n\nTHE PRIM\u00c6VAL ANTIQUITIES OF DENMARK. By J.J.A. WORSAAE, M.R.S.A.,\nof Copenhagen. Translated and applied to the Illustration of similar\nRemains in England, by WILLIAM J. THOMS, ESQ., F.S.A., Secretary of\nthe Camden Society. Illustrated with numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. 10s. 6d.\n\n    \"This is the best antiquarian handbook we have ever met\n    with--so clear is its arrangement, and so well and so plainly\n    is each subject illustrated by well-executed engravings,\n    that confusion for the future is impossible upon a variety of\n    points on which the most grievous mistakes have hitherto been\n    made by anxious and zealous antiquarians. * * * It is the\n    joint production of two men who have already distinguished\n    themselves as authors and antiquarians. It is a book of which\n    it may be said, that in every sentence is to be found an\n    interesting fact, and that every page teems with instruction,\n    and may be regarded as a sure guide to all antiquarians in\n    their future arch\u00e6ological inquiries.\"--_Morning Herald_.\n\nSee also _Gentleman's Magazine_ for February, 1850.\n\nJOHN HENRY PARKES, Oxford, and 377. Strand, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nVols. I. and II. 8vo., price 28s. cloth.\n\nTHE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By EDWARD FOSS,\nF.S.A.\n\n    \"A work in which a subject of great historical importance is\n    treated with the care, diligence, and learning it deserves;\n    in which Mr. Foss has brought to light many points previously\n    unknown, corrected many errors, and shown such ample knowledge\n    of his subject as to conduct it successfully through all the\n    intricacies of a difficult investigation, and such taste and\n    judgment as will enable him to quit, when occasion requires,\n    the dry details of a professional inquiry, and to impart\n    to his work, as he proceeds, the grace and dignity of a\n    philosophical history.\"--_Gent. Mag._\n\nLondon: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nJust published, price 4s. 6d. cloth.\n\nPINACOTHEC\u00c6 HISTORIC\u00c6 SPECIMEN; sive Illustrium Quorundam Ingenia,\nMores, Fortun\u00e6, ad Inscriptionum formam Express\u00e6. Auctore F. KILVERT,\nA.M. Pars Secunda.\n\n    \"The production of an English clergyman, and bears unequivocal\n    marks of refined taste, elegant scholarship, and a\n    liberal, generous, and candid mind. The idea--to us a novel\n    one--carried out in this work is, to bring up for judgment\n    (as the Egyptians used to do with their departed kings) the\n    characters that figure most in the page of history, and to\n    pass sentence upon them. Summoning them, as it were, into his\n    presence with the lamp of history to guide him, _exquiritque\n    auditque dolos_; and whether it be praise or blame, or a\n    mixture of both, that he awards, the judgment is pronounced in\n    a temperate spirit, and with judicial impartiality; and it\n    is expressed in pure and elegant Latin, and often with\n    epigrammatic felicity.\"--_Scotsman_.\n\nLondon: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street; of whom Part I., price 3s.,\nmay be had.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nJust published, price 3s. 6d. 12mo. cloth, 7s. calf or morocco.\n\nTHE ENGLISH GENTLEMAN: his Principles, his Feelings, his Manners, his\nPursuits.\n\n    \"We like him so well as to wish heartily we might meet many\n    such.\"--_Theologian_.\n\n    \"The object of the first of the four essays is to form the\n    principles of a gentleman on a Christian standard. In the\n    other three subjects, of feelings, manners, and pursuits,\n    the views, though strict, are of a more worldly\n    kind.\"--_Spectator_.\n\nGEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nJust published, 12mo. cloth, 4s.; morocco (Hayday), 10s.,\n\nA SELECTION FROM PERCY'S RELIQUES OF ANCIENT ENGLISH POETRY, and from\nEVANS'S OLD BALLADS, with short Introductions and Notes. By the Rev.\nHENRY TRIPP, M.A., Sub Warden of St. Columba's College.\n\n    \"The selection is made with good taste and\n    judgment.\"--_Christian Remembrancer_.\n\n12mo., cloth, 2s. 6d.,\n\nSELECTIONS FROM HERRICK, for Translation into Latin Verse, with a\nshort Preface. By the Rev. A.J. MACLEANE, M.A., Trinity College,\nCambridge, Principal of Brighton College.\n\n    \"We cordially recommend it as a book well adapted to promote\n    a superior style of versification to that which has\n    hitherto prevailed even in the highest classes of our German\n    Schools.\"--_Educational Times_.\n\nGEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n12mo. boards. 3s. 6d.\n\nLYRA MEMORIALIS: Original Epitaphs and Churchyard Thoughts. In Verse.\nBy JOSEPH SNOW. With an Essay, by WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. Reprinted by his\npermission. A new Edition, remodelled and enlarged.\n\n    \"The object of Mr. Snow in the volume before us is to suggest\n    a purer taste and a more impressive style in our churchyard\n    memorials, and by every word and thought to point through the\n    shadow of the tomb to the brightness and light beyond it. His\n    work is, in truth, a treasury of feeling, and we find in its\n    simplicity its highest merit. To the clergy this volume may be\n    of signal use.\"--_Theologian_.\n\n    \"This is truly a book of the affections; there is scarcely\n    a page which will not touch tenderly a chord in the heart of\n    every reader.\"--_Church of England Quarterly_.\n\nGEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nOn a large sheet, price 7s. 6d. plain; 15s. richly coloured; in case,\n10s. 6d. plain; 18s. coloured.\n\nA CHART of ANCIENT ARMOUR, from the ELEVENTH to the SEVENTEENTH\nCENTURIES; containing Eighteen Figures, with a Description and a\nSketch of the Progress of European Armour. By JOHN HEWITT.\n\n    \"A graphic outline of the subject of military costume during\n    the period of its greatest interest to the English antiquary.\n    The author has made a judicious selection of examples, chiefly\n    from the rich series of monumental effigies; and, in the brief\n    text which accompanies these illustrations, a useful resum\u00e9\n    will be found of a subject which, not many years since,\n    was attainable only through the medium of costly\n    publications.\"--_Arch\u00e6ological Journal_.\n\nGEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nRoyal 32mo., cloth, 2s.; morocco (Hayday), 7s.\n\nSELDEN'S TABLE TALK.\n\nRoyal 32mo., price 2s. 6d. cloth, 7s. 6d. morocco (Hayday).\n\nTHE TEMPLE, SACRED POEMS, and PRIVATE EJACULATIONS. By GEORGE HERBERT.\n\nAlso, by the same Author, Price 2s. cloth, 7s. morocco (Hayday).\n\nA PRIEST TO THE TEMPLE; or, THE COUNTRY PARSON: his Character, and\nRule of Holy Life, &c.\n\nLondon: GEORGE BELL, Fleet Street. Leicester: J.S. CROSSLEY.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPrinted by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5.\nNew Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London;\nand published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish\nof St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No.\n186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, February 23. 1850.","title":"Notes and Queries, Number 17, February 23, 1850","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":14228}