{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_12814/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_12814","id":"gutenberg_12814","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12814","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Folklore","Folklore -- Philippines","Tales -- Philippines"],"text":"Philippine Folk Tales\n\nCompiled and Annotated by\n\nMabel Cook Cole\n\n\n1916\n\n\n\nPREFACE\n\n\nFrom time to time since the American occupation of the Islands,\nPhilippine folk-tales have appeared in scientific publications, but\nnever, so far as the writer is aware, has there been an attempt to\noffer to the general public a comprehensive popular collection of\nthis material. It is my earnest hope that this collection of tales\nwill give those who are interested opportunity to learn something\nof the magic, superstitions, and weird customs of the Filipinos,\nand to feel the charm of their wonder-world as it is pictured by\nthese dark-skinned inhabitants of our Island possessions.\n\nIn company with my husband, who was engaged in ethnological work for\nthe Field Museum of Natural History, it was my good fortune to spend\nfour years among the wild tribes of the Philippines, During this\ntime we frequently heard these stories, either related by the people\nin their homes and around the camp fires or chanted by the pagan\npriests in communion with the spirits. The tales are now published\nin this little volume, with the addition of a few folk-legends\nthat have appeared in the _Journal of American Folk-Lore_ and in\nscientific publications, here retold with some additions made by\nnative story-tellers.\n\nI have endeavored to select typical tales from tribes widely separated\nand varying in culture from savagery to a rather high degree of\ndevelopment. The stories are therefore divided into five groups,\nas follows: Tinguian, Igorot, the Wild Tribes of Mindanao, Moro,\nand Christian,\n\nThe first two groups, Tinguian and Igorot, are from natives who\ninhabit the rugged mountain region of northwestern Luzon. From time\nimmemorial they have been zealous head-hunters, and the stories teem\nwith references to customs and superstitions connected with their\nsavage practices. By far the largest number belong to the Tinguian\ngroup. In order to appreciate these tales to the fullest extent,\nwe must understand the point of view of the Tinguian. To him they\nembody all the known traditions of \"the first times\"--of the people\nwho inhabited the earth before the present race appeared, of the\nancient heroes and their powers and achievements. In them he finds\nan explanation of and reason for many of his present laws and customs.\n\nA careful study of the whole body of Tinguian mythology points to\nthe conclusion that the chief characters of these tales are not\ncelestial beings but typical, generalized heroes of former ages,\nwhose deeds have been magnified in the telling by many generations\nof their descendants. These people of \"the first times\" practiced\nmagic. They talked with jars, created human beings out of betel-nuts,\nraised the dead, and had the power of changing themselves into other\nforms. This, however, does not seem strange or impossible to the\nTinguian of today, for even now they talk with jars, perform certain\nrites to bring sickness and death to their foes, and are warned by\nomens received through the medium of birds, thunder and lightning,\nor the condition of the liver of a slaughtered animal. They still\nconverse freely with certain spirits who during religious ceremonies\nare believed to use the bodies of men or women as mediums for the\npurpose of advising and instructing the people.\n\nSeveral of the characters appear in story after story. Sometimes they\ngo under different names, but in the minds of the story-tellers their\npersonality and relationships are definitely established. Thus Ini-init\nof the first tale becomes Kadayadawan in the second, Aponitolau in\nthe third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, and Ligi in the seventh. Kanag,\nthe son of Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen, in the fifth tale is called\nDumalawi.\n\nThese heroes had most unusual relations with the heavenly bodies,\nall of which seem to have been regarded as animate beings. In the\nfourth tale Aponitolau marries Gaygayoma, the star maiden who is\nthe daughter of the big star and the moon. In the first story the\nsame character under the name of Ini-init seems to be a sun-god:\nwe are told that he is \"the sun,\" and again \"a round stone which\nrolls.\" Thereupon we might conclude that he is a true solar being;\nyet in the other tales of this collection and in many more known to\nthe Tinguian he reveals no celestial qualities. Even in the first\nstory he abandons his place in the sky and goes to live on earth.\n\nIn the first eight stories we read of many customs of \"the first\ntimes\" which differ radically from those of the present. But a careful\nanalysis of all the known lore of this people points to the belief that\nmany of these accounts depict a period when similar customs did exist\namong the people, or else were practiced by emigrants who generations\nago became amalgamated with the Tinguian and whose strange customs\nfinally became attributed to the people of the tales. The stories\nnumbered nine to sixteen are of a somewhat different type, and in\nthem the Tinguian finds an explanation of many things, such as,\nhow the people learned to plant, and to cure diseases, where they\nsecured the valuable jars and beads, and why the moon has spots on\nits face. All these stories are fully believed, the beads and jars\nare considered precious, and the places mentioned are definitely\nknown. While the accounts seem to be of fairly recent origin they\nconflict neither with the fundamental ideas and traditions of \"the\nfirst times\" nor with the beliefs of today.\n\nStories seventeen to twenty-three are regarded as fables and are told\nto amuse the children or to while away the midday hours when the people\nseek shaded spots to lounge or stop on the trail to rest. Most of\nthem are known to the Christianized tribes throughout the Islands and\nshow great similarity to the tales found in the islands to the south\nand, in some cases, in Europe. In many of them the chief incidents\nare identical with those found elsewhere, but the story-tellers, by\nintroducing old customs and beliefs, have moulded and colored them\nuntil they reflect the common ideas of the Tinguian.\n\nThe third group includes stories from several wild tribes who dwell\nin the large island of Mindanao. Here are people who work in brass\nand steel, build good dwellings, and wear hemp clothing elaborately\ndecorated with beads, shell disks, and embroidery, but who still\npractice many savage customs, including slavery and human sacrifice.\n\nThe fourth division gives two tales from the Moro (hardy Malayan\nwarriors whose ancestors early became converts to the faith of\nMohammed). Their teachers were the Arabian traders who, about 1400,\nsucceeded in converting many of the Malay Islanders to the faith of\nthe prophet.\n\nThe last group contains the stories of the Christianized natives--those\nwho accepted the rule of Spain and with it the Catholic religion. Their\ntales, while full of local color, nevertheless show the influence\nof the European tutors. They furnish an excellent opportunity to\ncontrast the literature of the savage head-hunters with that of the\nMoro and Christian tribes and to observe how various recent influences\nhave modified the beliefs of people who not many centuries ago were\ndoubtless of a uniform grade of culture. It is interesting, too, to\nnote that European tales brought into the Islands by Mohammedan and\nChristian rulers and traders have been worked over until, at first\nglance, they now appear indigenous.\n\nOwing to local coloring, these tales have various forms. Still we\nfind many incidents which are held in common by all the tribes of\nthe Archipelago and even by the people of Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and\nIndia. Some of these similarities and parallelisms are indicated in\nthe foot-notes throughout the book.\n\n\n\n\nCONTENTS\n\n\nGroup I: Tinguian\n\n    Aponibolinayen and the Sun\n    Aponibolinayen\n    Gawigawen of Adasen\n    The Story of Gaygayoma Who Lives up Above\n    The Story of Dumalawi\n    The Story of Kanag\n    The Story of Tikgi\n    The Story of Sayen\n    The Sun and the Moon\n    How the Tinguian Learned to Plant\n    Magsawi\n    The Tree with the Agate Beads\n    The Striped Blanket\n    The Alan and the Hunters\n    The Man and the Alan\n    Sogsogot\n    The Mistaken Gifts\n    The Boy Who Became a Stone\n    The Turtle and the Lizard\n    The Man with the Cocoanuts\n    The Carabao and the Shell\n    The Alligator's Fruit\n    Dogedog\n\nGroup II: Igorot\n\n    The Creation\n    The Flood Story\n    Lumawig on Earth\n    How the First Head Was Taken\n    The Serpent Eagle\n    The Tattooed Men\n    Tilin, the Rice Bird\n\nGroup III: The Wild Tribes of Mindanao\n\n    _Bukidnon_\n\n        How the Moon and Stars Came to Be\n        The Flood Story\n        Magbangal\n        How Children Became Monkeys\n        Bulanawan and Aguio\n\n    _Bagobo_\n\n        Origin\n        Lumabet\n\n    _Bilaan_\n\n        The Story of the Creation\n        In the Beginning\n\n    _Mandaya_\n\n        The Children of the Limokon\n        The Sun and the Moon\n\n    _Subanun_\n\n        The Widow's Son\n\nGroup IV: Moro\n\n    Mythology of Mindanao\n    The Story of Bantugan\n\nGroup V: The Christianized Tribes\n\n    _Ilocano_\n\n        The Monkey and the Turtle\n        The Poor Fisherman and His Wife\n        The Presidente Who Had Horns\n        The Story of a Monkey\n        The White Squash\n\n    _Tagalog_\n\n        The Creation Story\n        The Story of Benito\n        The Adventures of Juan\n        Juan Gathers Guavas\n\n    _Visayan_\n\n        The Sun and the Moon\n        The First Monkey\n        The Virtue of the Cocoanut\n        Mansumandig\n        Why Dogs Wag Their Tails\n        The Hawk and the Hen\n        The Spider and the Fly\n        The Battle of the Crabs\n\nPronunciation of Philippine Names\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTINGUIAN\n\n\n\nIntroduction\n\nThe dim light of stars filtered through the leafy canopy above us,\nand the shadowy form of our guide once more appeared at my horse's\nhead. It was only for an instant, however, and then we were plunged\nagain into the inky darkness of a tropical jungle.\n\nWe had planned to reach the distant Tinguian village in the late\nafternoon, but had failed to reckon with the deliberateness of native\ncarriers. It was only by urging our horses that we were able to\nford the broad Abra ere the last rays of the sun dropped behind the\nmountains. And then, in this land of no twilights, night had settled\nquickly over us.\n\nWe had made our way up the mountain-side, through the thick jungle,\nonly to find that the trail, long imperceptible to us, had escaped\neven the keen eyes of our guide. For several hours we wandered about,\nlost in the darkness.\n\nOn and on we went, through narrow paths, steep in places, and made\nrough and dangerous by sharp rocks as well as by those long creepers\nof the jungle whose thorny fingers are ever ready to seize horse or\nrider. Occasionally we came out of the forest, only to cross rocky\nmountain streams; or perhaps it was the same stream that we crossed\nmany times. Our horses, becoming weary and uncertain of foot, grew more\nand more reluctant to plunge into the dark, swiftly flowing water. And\nour patience was nearly exhausted when we at last caught sight of\ndim lights in the valley below. Half an hour later we rode into Manabo.\n\nI shall never forget that first picture. It was a weird\nspectacle. Coming out of the darkness, we were almost convinced that\nwe had entered a new world. Against the blackness of the night,\ngrass-roofed houses stood outlined in the dim light of a bonfire;\nand squatting around that fire, unclad save for gay blankets wrapped\nabout their shoulders, were brown-skinned men smoking long pipes,\nwhile women bedecked with bright beads were spinning cotton. As they\nworked in the flickering light, they stretched their distaffs at\narm's length into the air like witches waving their wands; and with\nthat the elfland picture was complete.\n\nIn the stillness of the night a single voice could be heard reciting\nsome tale in a singsong tone, which was interrupted only when peals\nof laughter burst forth from the listeners, or when a scrawny dog rose\nto bark at an imaginary noise until the shouts of the men quieted him\nand he returned to his bed in the warm ashes. Later we learned that\nthese were the regular social gatherings of the Tinguian, and every\nnight during the dry season one or more of these bonfires were to be\nseen in the village.\n\nAfter we had attained to the footing of welcome guests in these\ncircles, we found that a good story-teller was always present,\nand, while the men smoked, the women spun, and the dogs slept,\nhe entertained us with tales of heroes who knew the magic of the\nbetel-nut, or with stories of spirits and their power over the lives\nof men.\n\nThe following are some of the tales heard first around the camp fire\nof the distant mountain village.\n\n\n\nAponibolinayen and the Sun\n\n_Tinguian_\n\nOne day Aponibolinayen and her sister-in-law went out to gather\ngreens. They walked to the woods to the place where the siksiklat grew,\nfor the tender leaves of this vine are very good to eat. Suddenly while\nsearching about in the underbrush, Aponibolinayen cried out with joy,\nfor she had found the vine, and she started to pick the leaves. Pull\nas hard as she would, however, the leaves did not come loose, and all\nat once the vine wound itself around her body and began carrying her\nupward. [1]\n\nFar up through the air she went until she reached the sky, and there\nthe vine set her down under a tree. Aponibolinayen was so surprised\nto find herself in the sky that for some time she just sat and looked\naround, and then, hearing a rooster crow, she arose to see if she\ncould find it. Not far from where she had sat was a beautiful spring\nsurrounded by tall betel-nut trees whose tops were pure gold. Rare\nbeads were the sands of the spring, and the place where the women set\ntheir jars when they came to dip water was a large golden plate. As\nAponibolinayen stood admiring the beauties of this spring, she beheld\na small house nearby, and she was filled with fear lest the owner\nshould find her there. She looked about for some means of escape and\nfinally climbed to the top of a betel-nut tree and hid.\n\nNow the owner of this house was Ini-init, [2] the Sun, but he was\nnever at home in the daylight, for it was his duty to shine in the\nsky and give light to all the world. At the close of the day when\nthe Big Star took his place in the sky to shine through the night,\nIni-init returned to his house, but early the next morning he was\nalways off again.\n\nFrom her place in the top of the betel-nut tree, Aponibolinayen saw\nthe Sun when he came home at evening time, and again the next morning\nshe saw him leave. When she was sure that he was out of sight she\nclimbed down and entered his dwelling, for she was very hungry. She\ncooked rice, and into a pot of boiling water she dropped a stick\nwhich immediately became fish, [3] so that she had all she wished to\neat. When she was no longer hungry, she lay down on the bed to sleep.\n\nNow late in the afternoon Ini-init returned from his work and went\nto fish in the river near his house, and he caught a big fish. While\nhe sat on the bank cleaning his catch, he happened to look up toward\nhis house and was startled to see that it appeared to be on fire. [4]\nHe hurried home, but when he reached the house he saw that it was\nnot burning at all, and he entered. On his bed he beheld what looked\nlike a flame of fire, but upon going closer he found that it was a\nbeautiful woman fast asleep.\n\nIni-init stood for some time wondering what he should do, and then\nhe decided to cook some food and invite this lovely creature to eat\nwith him. He put rice over the fire to boil and cut into pieces the\nfish he had caught. The noise of this awakened Aponibolinayen, and\nshe slipped out of the house and back to the top of the betel-nut\ntree. The Sun did not see her leave, and when the food was prepared\nhe called her, but the bed was empty and he had to eat alone. That\nnight Ini-init could not sleep well, for all the time he wondered who\nthe beautiful woman could be. The next morning, however, he rose as\nusual and set forth to shine in the sky, for that was his work.\n\nThat day Aponibolinayen stole again to the house of the Sun and cooked\nfood, and when she returned to the betel-nut tree she left rice and\nfish ready for the Sun when he came home. Late in the afternoon\nIni-init went into his home, and when he found pots of hot rice\nand fish over the fire he was greatly troubled. After he had eaten\nhe walked a long time in the fresh air. \"Perhaps it is done by the\nlovely woman who looks like a flame of fire,\" he said. \"If she comes\nagain I will try to catch her.\"\n\nThe next day the Sun shone in the sky as before, and when the afternoon\ngrew late he called to the Big Star to hurry to take his place, for he\nwas impatient to reach home. As he drew near the house he saw that it\nagain looked as if it was on fire. He crept quietly up the ladder, and\nwhen he had reached the top he sprang in and shut the door behind him.\n\nAponibolinayen, who was cooking rice over the fire, was surprised and\nangry that she had been caught; but the Sun gave her betel-nut [5]\nwhich was covered with gold, and they chewed together and told each\nother their names. Then Aponibolinayen took up the rice and fish,\nand as they ate they talked together and became acquainted.\n\nAfter some time Aponibolinayen and the Sun were married, and every\nmorning the Sun went to shine in the sky, and upon his return at night\nhe found his supper ready for him. He began to be troubled, however,\nto know where the food came from, for though he brought home a fine\nfish every night, Aponibolinayen always refused to cook it.\n\nOne night he watched her prepare their meal, and he saw that, instead\nof using the nice fish he had brought, she only dropped a stick into\nthe pot of boiling water.\n\n\"Why do you try to cook a stick?\" asked Ini-init in surprise.\n\n\"So that we can have fish to eat,\" answered his wife.\n\n\"If you cook that stick for a month, it will not be soft,\" said\nIni-init. \"Take this fish that I caught in the net, for it will\nbe good.\"\n\nBut Aponibolinayen only laughed at him, and when they were ready to\neat she took the cover off the pot and there was plenty of nice soft\nfish. The next night and the next, Aponibolinayen cooked the stick,\nand Ini-init became greatly troubled for he saw that though the stick\nalways supplied them with fish, it never grew smaller.\n\nFinally he asked Aponibolinayen again why it was that she cooked the\nstick instead of the fish he brought, and she said:\n\n\"Do you not know of the woman on earth who has magical power and can\nchange things?\"\n\n\"Yes,\" answered the Sun, \"and now I know that you have great power.\"\n\n\"Well, then,\" said his wife, \"do not ask again why I cook the stick.\"\n\nAnd they ate their supper of rice and the fish which the stick made.\n\nOne night not long after this Aponibolinayen told her husband that\nshe wanted to go with him the next day when he made light in the sky.\n\n\"Oh, no, you cannot,\" said the Sun, \"for it is very hot up there,\n[6] and you cannot stand the heat.\"\n\n\"We will take many blankets and pillows,\" said the woman, \"and when\nthe heat becomes very great, I will hide under them.\"\n\nAgain and again Ini-init begged her not to go, but as often she\ninsisted on accompanying him, and early in the morning they set out,\ncarrying with them many blankets and pillows.\n\nFirst, they went to the East, and as soon as they arrived the Sun began\nto shine, and Aponibolinayen was with him. They traveled toward the\nWest, but when morning had passed into noontime and they had reached\nthe middle of the sky Aponibolinayen was so hot that she melted and\nbecame oil. Then Ini-init put her into a bottle and wrapped her in\nthe blankets and pillows and dropped her down to earth.\n\nNow one of the women of Aponibolinayen's town was at the spring dipping\nwater when she heard something fall near her. Turning to look, she\nbeheld a bundle of beautiful blankets and pillows which she began to\nunroll, and inside she found the most beautiful woman she had ever\nseen. Frightened at her discovery, the woman ran as fast as she could\nto the town, where she called the people together and told them to\ncome at once to the spring. They all hastened to the spot and there\nthey found Aponibolinayen for whom they had been searching everywhere.\n\n\"Where have you been?\" asked her father; \"we have searched all over\nthe world and we could not find you.'\n\n\"I have come from Pindayan,\" answered Aponibolinayen. \"Enemies of\nour people kept me there till I made my escape while they were asleep\nat night\"\n\nAll were filled with joy that the lost one had returned, and they\ndecided that at the next moon [7] they would perform a ceremony for\nthe spirits [8] and invite all the relatives who were mourning for\nAponibolinayen.\n\nSo they began to prepare for the ceremony, and while they were\npounding rice, Aponibolinayen asked her mother to prick her little\nfinger where it itched, and as she did so a beautiful baby boy popped\nout. The people were very much surprised at this, and they noticed\nthat every time he was bathed the baby grew very fast so that, in\na short time, he was able to walk. Then they were anxious to know\nwho was the husband of Aponibolinayen, but she would not tell them,\nand they decided to invite everyone in the world to the ceremony that\nthey might not overlook him.\n\nThey sent for the betel-nuts that were covered with gold, [9] and\nwhen they had oiled them they commanded them to go to all the towns\nand compel the people to come to the ceremony.\n\n\"If anyone refuses to come, grow on his knee,\" said the people,\nand the betel-nuts departed to do as they were bidden.\n\nAs the guests began to arrive, the people watched carefully for one\nwho might be the husband of Aponibolinayen, but none appeared and they\nwere greatly troubled. Finally they went to the old woman, Alokotan,\nwho was able to talk with the spirits, and begged her to find what town\nhad not been visited by the betel-nuts which had been sent to invite\nthe people. After she had consulted the spirits the old woman said:\n\n\"You have invited all the people except Ini-init who lives up\nabove. Now you must send a betel-nut to summon him. It may be that\nhe is the husband of Aponibolinayen, for the siksiklat vine carried\nher up when she went to gather greens.\"\n\nSo a betel-nut was called and bidden to summon Ini-init.\n\nThe betel-nut went up to the Sun, who was in his house, and said:\n\n\"Good morning, Sun. I have come to summon you to a ceremony which the\nfather and mother of Aponibolinayen are making for the spirits. If\nyou do not want to go, I will grow on your head.\" [10]\n\n\"Grow on my head,\" said the Sun. \"I do not wish to go.\"\n\nSo the betel-nut jumped upon his head and grew until it became so\ntall that the Sun was not able to carry it, and he was in great pain.\n\n\"Oh, grow on my pig,\" begged the Sun. So the betel-nut jumped upon\nthe pig's head and grew, but it was so heavy that the pig could not\ncarry it and squealed all the time. At last the Sun saw that he would\nhave to obey the summons, and he said to the betel-nut:\n\n\"Get off my pig and I will go.\"\n\nSo Ini-init came to the ceremony, and as soon as Aponibolinayen and the\nbaby saw him, they were very happy and ran to meet him. Then the people\nknew that this was the husband of Aponibolinayen, and they waited\neagerly for him to come up to them. As he drew near, however, they saw\nthat he did not walk, for he was round; and then they perceived that\nhe was not a man but a large stone. All her relatives were very angry\nto find that Aponibolinayen had married a stone; and they compelled\nher to take off her beads [11] and her good clothes, for, they said,\nshe must now dress in old clothes and go again to live with the stone.\n\nSo Aponibolinayen put on the rags that they brought her and at once\nset out with the stone for his home. No sooner had they arrived there,\nhowever, than he became a handsome man, and they were very happy.\n\n\"In one moon,\" said the Sun, \"we will make a ceremony for the spirits,\nand I will pay your father and mother the marriage price [12] for you.\"\n\nThis pleased Aponibolinayen very much, and they used magic so that\nthey had many neighbors who came to pound rice [13] for them and to\nbuild a large spirit house. [14]\n\nThen they sent oiled betel-nuts to summon their relatives to the\nceremony. The father of Aponibolinayen did not want to go, but\nthe betel-nut threatened to grow on his knee if he did not. So he\ncommanded all the people in the town to wash their hair and their\nclothes, and when all was ready they set out.\n\nWhen they reached the town they were greatly surprised to find that\nthe stone had become a man, and they chewed the magic betel-nuts to\nsee who he might be. It was discovered that he was the son of a couple\nin Aponibolinayen's own town, and the people all rejoiced that this\ncouple had found the son whom they had thought lost. They named him\nAponitolau, and his parents paid the marriage price for his wife--the\nspirit house nine times full of valuable jars. [15]\n\nAfter that all danced and made merry for one moon, and when the people\ndeparted for their homes Ini-init and his wife went with them to live\non the earth.\n\n\n\n\nAponibolinayen\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nThe most beautiful girl in all the world was Aponibolinayen of\nNalpangan. Many young men had come to her brother, Aponibalagen,\nto ask for her hand in marriage, but he had refused them all, for he\nawaited one who possessed great power. Then it happened that the fame\nof her beauty spread over all the world till it reached even to Adasen;\nand in that place there lived a man of great power named Gawigawen.\n\nNow Gawigawen, who was a handsome man, had sought among all the pretty\ngirls but never, until he heard of the great beauty of Aponibolinayen,\nhad he found one whom he wished to wed. Then he determined that she\nshould be his wife; and he begged his mother to help him win her. So\nDinawagen, the mother of Gawigawen, took her hat which looked like\na sunbeam and set out at once for Nalpangan; and when she arrived\nthere she was greeted by Ebang, the mother of the lovely maiden,\nwho presently began to prepare food for them. [16]\n\nShe put the pot over the fire, and when the water boiled she broke\nup a stick and threw the pieces into the pot, and immediately they\nbecame fish. Then she brought basi [17] in a large jar, and Dinawagen,\ncounting the notches in the rim, [18] perceived that the jar had been\nhanded down through nine generations. They ate and drank together,\nand after they had finished the meal, Dinawagen told Aponibalagen of\nher son's wishes, and asked if he was willing that his sister should\nmarry Gawigawen. Aponibalagen, who had heard of the power of the\nsuitor, at once gave his consent. And Dinawagen departed for home,\nleaving a gold cup as an engagement present. [19]\n\nGawigawen was watching at the door of his house for his mother's\nreturn, and when she told him of her success, he was so happy that\nhe asked all the people in the town to go with him the next day to\nNalpangan to arrange the amount he must pay for his bride. [20]\n\nNow the people of Nalpangan wanted a great price for this girl\nwho was so beautiful, and the men of the two towns debated for a\nlong time before they could come to an agreement. Finally, however,\nit was decided that Gawigawen should fill the spirit house eighteen\ntimes with valuable things; and when he had done this, they were all\nsatisfied and went to the yard where they danced and beat on the copper\ngongs. [21] All the pretty girls danced their best, and one who wore\nbig jars about her neck made more noise than the others as she danced,\nand the jars sang \"Kitol, kitol, kanitol; inka, inka, inkatol.\"\n\nBut when Aponibolinayen, the bride of Gawigawen, came down out of\nthe house to dance, the sunshine vanished, so beautiful was she;\nand as she moved about, the river came up into the town, and striped\nfish bit at her heels.\n\nFor three months the people remained here feasting and dancing, and\nthen early one morning they took Aponibolinayen to her new home in\nAdasen. The trail that led from one town to the other had become very\nbeautiful in the meantime: the grass and trees glistened with bright\nlights, and the waters of the tiny streams dazzled the eyes with their\nbrightness as Aponibolinayen waded across. When they reached the spring\nof Gawigawen, they found that it, too, was more beautiful than ever\nbefore. Each grain of sand had become a bead, and the place where the\nwomen set their jars when they came to dip water had become a big dish.\n\nThen said Aponibalagen to his people, \"Go tell Gawigawen to bring an\nold man, for I want to make a spring for Aponibolinayen.\"\n\nSo an old man was brought and Aponibalagen cut off his head and put\nit in the ground, and sparkling water bubbled up. [22] The body he\nmade into a tree to shade his sister when she came to dip water,\nand the drops of blood as they touched the ground were changed into\nvaluable beads. Even the path from the spring to the house was covered\nwith big plates, and everything was made beautiful for Aponibolinayen.\n\nNow during all this time Aponibolinayen had kept her face covered so\nthat she had never seen her husband, for although he was a handsome\nman, one of the pretty girls who was jealous of the bride had told\nher that he had three noses, and she was afraid to look at him.\n\nAfter her people had all returned to their homes, she grew very\nunhappy, and when her mother-in-law commanded her to cook she had\nto feel her way around, for she would not uncover her face. Finally\nshe became so sad that she determined to run away. One night when all\nwere asleep, she used magical power and changed herself into oil. [23]\nThen she slid through the bamboo floor and made her escape without\nanyone seeing her.\n\nOn and on she went until she came to the middle of the jungle, and\nthen she met a wild rooster who asked her where she was going.\n\n\"I am running away from my husband,\" replied Aponibolinayen, \"for he\nhas three noses and I do not want to live with him.\"\n\n\"Oh,\" said the rooster, \"some crazy person must have told you that. Do\nnot believe it. Gawigawen is a handsome man, for I have often seen\nhim when he comes here to snare chickens.\" [24]\n\nBut Aponibolinayen paid no heed to the rooster, and she went on\nuntil she reached a big tree where perched a monkey, and he also\nasked where she was going.\n\n\"I am running away from my husband,\" answered the girl, \"for he has\nthree noses and I do not want to live with him.\"\n\n\"Oh, do not believe that,\" said the monkey. \"Someone who told you\nthat must have wanted to marry him herself, for he is a handsome man.\"\n\nStill Aponibolinayen went on until she came to the ocean, and then,\nas she could go no farther, she sat down to rest. As she sat there\npondering what she should do, a carabao [25] came along, and thinking\nthat she would ride a while she climbed up on its back. No sooner had\nshe done so than the animal plunged into the water and swam with her\nuntil they reached the other side of the great ocean.\n\nThere they came to a large orange tree, and the carabao told her to\neat some of the luscious fruit while he fed on the grass nearby. As\nsoon as he had left her, however, he ran straight to his master,\nKadayadawan, and told him of the beautiful girl.\n\nKadayadawan was very much interested and quickly combed his hair and\noiled it, put on his striped coat [26] and belt, and went with the\ncarabao to the orange tree. Aponibolinayen, looking down from her\nplace in the tree, was surprised to see a man coming with her friend,\nthe carabao, but as they drew near, she began talking with him, and\nsoon they became acquainted. Before long, Kadayadawan had persuaded\nthe girl to become his wife, and he took her to his home. From that\ntime every night his house looked as if it was on fire, because of\nthe beauty of his bride.\n\nAfter they had been married for some time, Kadayadawan and\nAponibolinayen decided to make a ceremony [27] for the spirits, so\nthey called the magic betel-nuts [28] and oiled them and said to them,\n\n\"Go to all the towns and invite our relatives to come to the ceremony\nwhich we shall make. If they do not want to come, then grow on their\nknees until they are willing to attend.\"\n\nSo the betel-nuts started in different directions and one went to\nAponibalagen in Nalpangan and said,\n\n\"Kadayadawan is making a ceremony for the spirits, and I have come\nto summon you to attend.\"\n\n\"We cannot go,\" said Aponibalagen, \"for we are searching for my sister\nwho is lost\"\n\n\"You must come,\" replied the betel-nut, \"or I shall grow on your knee,\"\n\n\"Grow on my pig,\" answered Aponibalagen; so the betel-nut went on to\nthe pig's back and grew into a tall tree, and it became so heavy that\nthe pig could not carry it, but squealed all the time.\n\nThen Aponibalagen, seeing that he must obey, said to the betel-nut,\n\n\"Get off my pig, and we will go.\"\n\nThe betel-nut got off the pig's back, and the people started for the\nceremony. When they reached the river, Gawigawen was there waiting to\ncross, for the magic nuts had forced him to go also. Then Kadayadawan,\nseeing them, sent more betel-nuts to the river, and the people were\ncarried across by the nuts.\n\nAs soon as they reached the town the dancing began, and while Gawigawen\nwas dancing with Aponibolinayen he seized her and put her in his\nbelt. [29] Kadayadawan, who saw this, was so angry that he threw his\nspear and killed Gawigawen. Then Aponibolinayen escaped and ran into\nthe house, and her husband brought his victim back to life, and asked\nhim why he had seized the wife of his host. Gawigawen explained that\nshe was his wife who had been lost, and the people were very much\nsurprised, for they had not recognized her at first.\n\nThen all the people discussed what should be done to bring peace\nbetween the two men, and it was finally decided that Kadayadawan must\npay both Aponibalagen and Gawigawen the price that was first demanded\nfor the beautiful girl.\n\nAfter this was done all were happy; and the guardian spirit of\nKadayadawan gave them a golden house in which to live.\n\n\n\nGawigawen of Adasen\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nAponibolinayen was sick with a headache, and she lay on a mat alone\nin her house. Suddenly she remembered some fruit that she had heard\nof but had never seen, and she said to herself, \"Oh, I wish I had\nsome of the oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen.\"\n\nNow Aponibolinayen did not realize that she had spoken aloud, but\nAponitolau, her husband, lying in the spirit house [30] outside,\nheard her talking and asked what it was she said. Fearing to tell him\nthe truth lest he should risk his life in trying to get the oranges\nfor her, she said: \"I wish I had some biw\" (a fruit).\n\nAponitolau at once got up, and, taking a sack, went out to find some of\nthe fruit for his wife. When he returned with the sack full, she said:\n\n\"Put it on the bamboo hanger above the fire, and when my head is\nbetter I will eat it.\"\n\nSo Aponitolau put the fruit on the hanger and returned to the spirit\nhouse, but when Aponibolinayen tried to eat, the fruit made her sick\nand she threw it away.\n\n\"What is the matter?\" called Aponitolau as he heard her drop the fruit.\n\n\"I merely dropped one,\" she replied, and returned to her mat.\n\nAfter a while Aponibolinayen again said:\n\n\"Oh, I wish I had some of the oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen,\" and\nAponitolau, who heard her from the spirit house, inquired:\n\n\"What is that you say?\"\n\n\"I wish I had some fish eggs,\" answered his wife; for she did not\nwant him to know the truth.\n\nThen Aponitolau took his net and went to the river, determined to\nplease his wife if possible. When he had caught a nice fish he opened\nit with his knife and took out the eggs. Then he spat on the place\nhe had cut, and it was healed and the fish swam away. [31]\n\nPleased that he was able to gratify his wife's wishes, he hastened home\nwith the eggs; and while his wife was roasting them over the fire, he\nreturned to the spirit house. She tried to eat, but the eggs did not\ntaste good to her, and she threw them down under the house to the dogs.\n\n\"What is the matter?\" called Aponitolau. \"Why are the dogs barking?\"\n\n\"I dropped some of the eggs,\" replied his wife, and she went back to\nher mat.\n\nBy and by she again said:\n\n\"I wish I had some of the oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen.\"\n\nBut when her husband asked what she wished, she replied:\n\n\"I want a deer's liver to eat\"\n\nSo Aponitolau took his dogs to the mountains, where they hunted until\nthey caught a deer, and when he had cut out its liver he spat on the\nwound, and it was healed so that the deer ran away.\n\nBut Aponibolinayen could not eat the liver any more than she could the\nfruit or the fish eggs; and when Aponitolau heard the dogs barking, he\nknew that she had thrown it away. Then he grew suspicious and, changing\nhimself into a centipede, [32] hid in a crack in the floor. And when\nhis wife again wished for some of the oranges, he overheard her.\n\n\"Why did you not tell me the truth, Aponibolinayen?\" he asked.\n\n\"Because,\" she replied, \"no one Who has gone to Adasen has ever come\nback, and I did not want you to risk your life.\"\n\nNevertheless Aponitolau determined to go for the oranges, and he\ncommanded his wife to bring him rice straw. After he had burned it he\nput the ashes in the water with which he washed his hair. [33] Then\nshe brought cocoanut oil and rubbed his hair, and fetched a dark clout,\na fancy belt, and a head-band, and she baked cakes for him to take on\nthe journey. Aponitolau cut a vine [34] which he planted by the stove,\n[35] and told his wife that if the leaves wilted she would know that\nhe was dead. Then he took his spear and head-ax [36] and started on\nthe long journey.\n\nWhen Aponitolau arrived at the well of a giantess, all the betel-nut\ntrees bowed. Then the giantess shouted and all the world trembled. \"How\nstrange,\" thought Aponitolau, \"that all the world shakes when that\nwoman shouts.\" But he continued on his way without stopping.\n\nAs he passed the place of the old woman, Alokotan, she sent out her\nlittle dog and it bit his leg.\n\n\"Do not proceed,\" said the old woman, \"for ill luck awaits you. If\nyou go on, you will never return to your home.\"\n\nBut Aponitolau paid no attention to the old woman, and by and by he\ncame to the home of the lightning.\n\n\"Where are you going?\" asked the lightning.\n\n\"I am going to get some oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen,\" replied\nAponitolau.\n\n\"Go stand on that high rock that I may see what your sign is,\"\ncommanded the lightning.\n\nSo he stood on the high rock, but when the lightning flashed Aponitolau\ndodged.\n\n\"Do not go,\" said the lightning, \"for you have a bad sign, and you\nwill never come back.\"\n\nStill Aponitolau did not heed.\n\nSoon he arrived at the place of Silit (loud thunder), [37] who also\nasked him:\n\n\"Where are you going, Aponitolau?\"\n\n\"I am going to get oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen,\" he replied.\n\nThen the thunder commanded:\n\n\"Stand on that high stone so that I can see if you have a good sign.\"\n\nHe stood on the high stone, and when the thunder made a loud noise\nhe jumped. Whereupon Silit also advised him not to go on.\n\nIn spite of all the warnings, Aponitolau continued his journey,\nand upon coming to the ocean he used magical power, so that when he\nstepped on his head-ax it sailed away, carrying him far across the\nsea to the other side. Then after a short walk he came to a spring\nwhere women were dipping water, and he asked what spring it was.\n\n\"This is the spring of Gawigawen of Adasen,\" replied the women. \"And\nwho are you that you dare come here?\"\n\nWithout replying he went on toward the town, but he found that he\ncould not go inside, for it was surrounded by a bank which reached\nalmost to the sky.\n\nWhile he stood with bowed head pondering what he should do, the chief\nof the spiders came up and asked why he was so sorrowful.\n\n\"I am sad,\" answered Aponitolau, \"because I cannot climb up this bank.\"\n\nThen the spider went to the top and spun a thread, [38] and upon this\nAponitolau climbed up into town.\n\nNow Gawigawen was asleep in his spirit house, and when he awoke and\nsaw Aponitolau sitting near, he was surprised and ran toward his house\nto get his spear and head-ax, but Aponitolau called to him, saying:\n\n\"Good morning, Cousin Gawigawen. Do not be angry; I only came to buy\nsome of your oranges for my wife.\"\n\nThen Gawigawen took him to the house and brought a whole carabao [39]\nfor him to eat, and he said:\n\n\"If you cannot eat all the carabao, you cannot have the oranges for\nyour wife.\"\n\nAponitolau grew very sorrowful, for he knew that he could not eat all\nthe meat, but just at that moment the chief of the ants and flies\ncame to him and inquired what was the trouble. As soon as he was\ntold, the chief called all the ants and flies and they ate the whole\ncarabao. Aponitolau, greatly relieved, went then to Gawigawen and said:\n\n\"I have finished eating the food which you gave me.\"\n\nGawigawen was greatly surprised at this, and, leading the way to the\nplace where the oranges grew, he told Aponitolau to climb the tree\nand get all he wanted.\n\nAs he was about to ascend the tree Aponitolau noticed that the branches\nwere sharp knives, so he went as carefully as he could. Nevertheless,\nwhen he had secured two oranges, he stepped on one of the knives and\nwas cut. He quickly fastened the fruit to his spear, and immediately\nit flew away straight to his town and into his house.\n\nAponibolinayen was just going down the bamboo ladder out of the house,\nand hearing something drop on the floor she went back to look and found\nthe oranges from Adasen. She eagerly ate the fruit, rejoicing that\nher husband had been able to reach the place where they grew. Then\nshe thought to look at the vine, whose leaves were wilted, and she\nknew that her husband was dead.\n\nSoon after this a son was born to Aponibolinayen, and she called his\nname Kanag. He grew rapidly, becoming a strong lad, and he was the\nbravest of all his companions. One day while Kanag was playing out\nin the yard, he spun his top and it struck the garbage pot of an old\nwoman, who became very angry and cried:\n\n\"If you were a brave boy, you would get your father whom Gawigawen\nkilled.\"\n\nKanag ran to the house crying, and asked his mother what the old woman\nmeant, for he had never heard the story of his father's death. As\nsoon as he learned what had happened, the boy determined to search for\nhis father, and, try as she would, his mother could not dissuade him.\n\nAs he was departing through the gate of the town with his spear\nand head-ax, Kanag struck his shield and it sounded like a thousand\nwarriors.\n\n\"How brave that boy is!\" said the surprised people. \"He is braver\neven than his father.\"\n\nWhen he reached the spring of the giantess, he again struck his shield\nand shouted so that the whole world trembled. Then the giantess said:\n\n\"I believe that someone is going to fight, and he will have success.\"\n\nAs soon as Kanag reached the place where the old woman, Alokotan,\nlived, she sent her dog after him, but with one blow of his head-ax\nhe cut off the dog's head. Then Alokotan asked where he was going,\nand when he had told her, she said:\n\n\"Your father is dead, but I believe that you will find him, for you\nhave a good sign.\"\n\nHe hurried on and arrived at the place where lightning was, and\nit asked:\n\n\"Where are you going, little boy?\"\n\n\"I am going to Adasen to get my father,\" answered Kanag.\n\n\"Go stand on that high rock that I may see what your sign is,\" said\nthe lightning.\n\nSo he stood on the high rock, and when the bright flash came he did\nnot move, and the lightning bade him hasten on, as he had a good sign.\n\nThe thunder, which saw him passing, also called to ask where he was\ngoing, and it commanded him to stand on the high rock. And when the\nthunder made a loud noise Kanag did not move, and it bade him go on,\nas his sign was good.\n\nThe women of Adasen were at the spring of Gawigawen dipping water, when\nsuddenly they were startled by a great noise. They rose up, expecting\nto see a thousand warriors coming near; but though they looked all\naround they could see nothing but a young boy striking a shield.\n\n\"Good morning, women who are dipping water,\" said Kanag. \"Tell\nGawigawen that he must prepare, for I am coming to fight him.\"\n\nSo all the women ran up to the town and told Gawigawen that a strange\nboy was at the spring and he had come to fight.\n\n\"Go and tell him,\" said Gawigawen, \"that if it is true that he is\nbrave, he will come into the town, if he can.\"\n\nWhen Kanag reached the high bank outside the town, he jumped like\na flitting bird up the bank into the town and went straight to the\nspirit house of Gawigawen. He noticed that the roofs of both the\ndwelling and the spirit houses were of hair, and that around the town\nwere many heads, [40] and he pondered:\n\n\"This is why my father did not return. Gawigawen is a brave man,\nbut I will kill him.\"\n\nAs soon as Gawigawen saw him in the yard he said:\n\n\"How brave you are, little boy; why did you come here?\"\n\n\"I came to get my father,\" answered Kanag; \"for you kept him when\nhe came to get oranges for my mother. If you do not give him to me,\nI will kill you.\"\n\nGawigawen laughed at this brave speech and said:\n\n\"Why, one of my fingers will fight you. You shall never go back to\nyour town, but you shall stay here and be like your father.\"\n\n\"We shall see,\" said Kanag. \"Bring your arms and let us fight here\nin the yard.\"\n\nGawigawen was beside himself with rage at this bold speech, and\nhe brought his spear and his head-ax which was as big as half the\nsky. Kanag would not throw first, for he wanted to prove himself\nbrave, so Gawigawen took aim and threw his head-ax at the boy. Now\nKanag used magical power, so that he became an ant and was not hit\nby the weapon. Gawigawen laughed loudly when he looked around and\ncould not see the boy, for he thought that he had been killed. Soon,\nhowever, Kanag reappeared, standing on the head-ax, and Gawigawen,\nmore furious than ever, threw his spear. Again Kanag disappeared,\nand Gawigawen was filled with surprise.\n\nThen it was Kanag's turn and his spear went directly through the body\nof the giant. He ran quickly and cut off five of the heads, [41] but\nthe sixth he spared until Gawigawen should have shown him his father.\n\nAs they went about the town together, Kanag found that the skin of his\nfather had been used for a drum-head. His hair decorated the house,\nand his head was at the gate of the town, while his body was put\nbeneath the house. After he had gathered all the parts of the body\ntogether, Kanag used magical power, and his father came to life.\n\n\"Who are you?\" asked Aponitolau; \"how long have I slept?\"\n\n\"I am your son,\" said Kanag. \"You were not asleep but dead, and here\nis Gawigawen who kept you. Take my head-ax and cut off his remaining\nhead.\"\n\nSo Aponitolau took the head-ax, but when he struck Gawigawen it did\nnot injure him.\n\n\"What is the matter, Father?\" asked Kanag; and taking the weapon he\ncut off the sixth head of Gawigawen.\n\nThen Kanag and his father used magic so that the spears and head-axes\nflew about, killing all the people in the town, and the heads and\nvaluable things went to their home.\n\nWhen Aponibolinayen saw all these come into her house, she ran to\nlook at the vine by the stove, and it was green and looked like a\njungle. Then she knew that her son was alive, and she was happy. And\nwhen the father and son returned, all the relatives came to their house\nfor a great feast, and all were so happy that the whole world smiled.\n\n\n\nThe Story of Gaygayoma who Lives up Above\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nOne day, while Aponitolau sat weaving a basket under his house, he\nbegan to feel very hungry and longed for something sweet to chew. Then\nhe remembered that his field was still unplanted. He called to his\nwife who was in the room above, and said: \"Come, Aponibolinayen,\nlet us go to the field and plant some sugar-cane.\"\n\nSo Aponibolinayen came down out of the house with a bamboo tube, [42]\nand while she went to the spring to fill it with water, Aponitolau\nmade some cuttings, and they went together to the field, which was\nsome distance from the house.\n\nAponitolau loosened the earth with his long stick [43] and set out the\ncuttings he had brought, while his wife sprinkled them with water from\nthe bamboo tube. And when they had filled the field, they returned\nhome, happy to think of the splendid cane they should have.\n\nAfter seven days Aponitolau went back to the field to see if the\nplants had lived, and he found that the leaves were already long and\npointed. This delighted him, and while he stood looking at it he grew\nimpatient and determined to use his magical power so that the cane\nwould grow very fast. In five days he again visited the field and\nfound that the stalks were tall and ready to chew. He hurried home\nto tell Aponibolinayen how fast their plants had grown, and she was\nproud of her powerful husband.\n\nNow about this time Gaygayoma, who was the daughter of Bagbagak, a\nbig star, and Sinag, the moon, looked down from her home in the sky,\nand when she saw the tall sugar-cane growing below, she was seized\nwith a desire to chew it. She called to her father, Bagbagak, and said:\n\n\"Oh, Father, please send the stars down to the earth to get some of\nthe sugar-cane that I see, for I must have it to chew.\"\n\nSo Bagbagak sent the stars down, and when they reached the bamboo fence\nthat was around the field they sprang over it, and each broke a stalk\nof the cane and pulled some beans which Aponibolinayen had planted,\nand the stems of these beans were of gold. Gaygayoma was delighted\nwith the things that the stars brought her. She cooked the beans with\nthe golden stems and spent long hours chewing the sweet cane. When\nall that the stars brought was gone, however, she grew restless and\ncalled to her father, the big star:\n\n\"Come, Father, and go with me to the place where the sugar-cane grows,\nfor I want to see it now.\"\n\nBagbagak called many stars to accompany him, and they all followed\nGaygayoma down to the place where the sugar-cane grew. Some sat\non the bamboo fence, while others went to the middle of the field,\nand all ate as much as they wished.\n\nThe day following this, Aponitolau said to his wife:\n\n\"Aponibolinayen, I am going to the field to see if the bamboo fence\nis strong, for the carabao will try to get in to eat our sugar-cane.\"\n\nSo he set out, and when he reached the field and began looking along\nthe fence to see if it was strong, he kept finding the stalks that\nthe stars had chewed, and he knew that someone had been there. He went\ninto the middle of the field, and there on the ground was a piece of\ngold, and he said to himself:\n\n\"How strange this is! I believe some beautiful girl must have chewed\nmy cane. I will watch tonight, and maybe she will return for more.\"\n\nAs darkness came on he had no thought of returning home, but he made\nhis meal of the sugar-cane, and then hid in the tall grass near the\nfield to wait. By and by dazzling lights blinded his eyes, and when\nhe could see again he was startled to find many stars falling from\nthe sky, and soon he heard someone breaking the cane. Suddenly a star\nso large that it looked like a flame of fire fell into the field,\nand then a beautiful object near the fence took off her dress which\nlooked like a star, and she appeared like the half of the rainbow.\n\nNever had Aponitolau seen such sights; and for a while he lay shaking\nwith fear.\n\n\"What shall I do?\" he said to himself. \"If I do not frighten these\ncompanions of the beautiful girl, they may eat me.\"\n\nWith a great effort he jumped up and frightened the stars till they\nall flew up, and when the pretty girl came looking for her dress she\nfound Aponitolau sitting on it. [44] \"You must forgive us,\" she said,\n\"for your sugar-cane is very sweet, and we wanted some to chew.\"\n\n\"You are welcome to the sugar-cane,\" answered Aponitolau. \"But now\nwe must tell our names according to our custom, for it is bad for us\nto talk until we know each other's names.\"\n\nThen he gave her some betel-nut and they chewed together, [45] and\nhe said:\n\n\"Now it is our custom to tell our names.\"\n\n\"Yes,\" said she; \"but you tell first\"\n\n\"My name is Aponitolau and I am the husband of Aponibolinayen.\"\n\n\"I am Gaygayoma, the daughter of Bagbagak and Sinag up in the air,\"\nsaid the girl. \"And now, Aponitolau, even though you have a wife,\nI am going to take you up to the sky, for I wish to marry you. If\nyou are not willing to go, I shall call my companion stars to eat you.\"\n\nAponitolau shook with fear, for he knew now that the woman was a\nspirit; and as he dared not refuse, he promised to go with her. Soon\nafter that the stars dropped a basket that Gaygayoma had ordered them\nto make, and Aponitolau stepped in with the lovely star and was drawn\nquickly through the air up to the sky. They were met on their arrival\nby a giant star whom Gaygayoma introduced as her father, and he told\nAponitolau that he had acted wisely in coming, for had he objected,\nthe other stars would have eaten him.\n\nAfter Aponitolau had lived with the stars for some time, Gaygayoma\nasked him to prick between her last two fingers, and as he did so a\nbeautiful baby boy popped out. They named him Takyayen, and he grew\nvery fast and was strong.\n\nAll this time Aponitolau had never forgotten Aponibolinayen who, he\nknew, was searching for him on the earth, but he had been afraid to\nmention her to the stars. When the boy was three months old, however,\nhe ventured to tell Gaygayoma of his wish to return to the earth.\n\nAt first she would not listen to him, but he pleaded so hard that\nat last she consented to let him go for one moon [46]. If he did not\nreturn at the end of that time, she said, she would send the stars to\neat him. Then she called for the basket again, and they were lowered\nto the earth. There Aponitolau got out, but Gaygayoma and the baby\nreturned to the sky.\n\nAponibolinayen was filled with joy at the sight of her husband once\nmore, for she had believed him dead, and she was very thin from not\neating while he was away. Never did she tire of listening to his\nstories of his life among the stars, and so happy was she to have\nhim again that when the time came for him to leave she refused to\nlet him go.\n\nThat night many stars came to the house. Some stood in the windows,\nwhile others stayed outside by the walls; and they were so bright\nthat the house appeared to be on fire.\n\nAponitolau was greatly frightened, and he cried out to his wife:\n\n\"You have done wrong to keep me when I should have gone. I feared\nthat the stars would eat me if I did not obey their command, and now\nthey have come. Hide me, or they will get me.\"\n\nBut before Aponibolinayen could answer, Bagbagak himself called out:\n\n\"Do not hide from us, Aponitolau, for we know that you are in the\ncorner of the house. Come out or we shall eat you.\"\n\nTrembling with fear, Aponitolau appeared, and when the stars asked\nhim if he was willing to go with them he dared not refuse.\n\nNow Gaygayoma had grown very fond of Aponitolau, and she had commanded\nthe stars not to harm him if he was willing to return to her. So\nwhen he gave his consent, they put him in the basket and flew away\nwith him, leaving Aponibolinayen very sad and lonely. After that\nAponitolau made many trips to the earth, but at Gaygayoma's command\nhe always returned to the sky to spend part of the time with her.\n\nOne day when Takyayen was a little boy, Aponitolau took him down to the\nearth to see his half-brother, Kanag. The world was full of wonders to\nthe boy from the sky, and he wanted to stay there always. But after\nsome time while he and Kanag were playing out in the yard, big drops\nof water began to fall on them. Kanag ran to his mother and cried:\n\n\"Oh, Mother, it is raining, and the sun is shining brightly!\"\n\nBut Aponitolau, looking out, said, \"No, they are the tears of\nGaygayoma, for she sees her son down below, and she weeps for him.\"\n\nThen he took Takyayen back to his mother in the sky, and she was\nhappy again.\n\nAfter that Takyayen was always glad when he was allowed to visit\nthe earth, but each time when his mother's tears began to fall,\nhe returned to her. When he was old enough, Aponitolau selected a\nwife for him, and after that Takyayen always lived on the earth,\nbut Gaygayoma stayed in the sky.\n\n\n\nThe Story of Dumalawi\n\n_Tinguian_\n\nAponitolau and Aponibolinayen had a son whose name was Dumalawi. [47]\nWhen the son had become a young man, his father one day was very\nangry with him, and tried to think of some way in which to destroy\nhim. The next morning he said to Dumalawi:\n\n\"Son, sharpen your knife, and we will go to the forest to cut some\nbamboo.\"\n\nSo Dumalawi sharpened his knife and went with his father to the place\nwhere the bamboo grew, and they cut many sticks and sharpened them\nlike spears at the end.\n\nDumalawi wondered why they made them thus, but when they had finished,\nAponitolau said:\n\n\"Now, Son, you throw them at me, so that we can see which is the\nbraver.\"\n\n\"No, Father,\" answered Dumalawi. \"You throw first, if you want to\nkill me.\"\n\nSo Aponitolau threw the bamboo sticks one by one at his son, but he\ncould not hit him. Then it was the son's turn to throw, but he said:\n\n\"No, I cannot. You are my father, and I do not want to kill you.\"\n\nSo they went home. But Dumalawi was very sorrowful, for he knew now\nthat his father wanted to destroy him. When his mother called him to\ndinner he could not eat.\n\nAlthough he had been unsuccessful in his first attempt, Aponitolau\ndid not give up the idea of getting rid of his son, and the next day\nhe said:\n\n\"Come, Dumalawi, we will go to our little house in the field [48]\nand repair it, so that it will be a protection when the rainy season\nsets in.\"\n\nThe father and son went together to the field, and when they reached\nthe little house, Aponitolau, pointing to a certain spot in the\nground, said:\n\n\"Dig there, and you will find a jar of basi [49] which I buried when\nI was a boy. It will be very good to drink now.\"\n\nDumalawi dug up the jar and they tasted the wine, and it was\nso pleasing to them that they drank three cocoanut shells full,\nand Dumalawi became drunk. While his son lay asleep on the ground,\nAponitolau decided that this was a good time to destroy him, so he\nused his magical power and there arose a great storm which picked up\nDumalawi in his sleep and carried him far away. And the father went\nhome alone.\n\nNow when Dumalawi awoke, he was in the middle of a field so wide that\nwhichever way he looked, he could not see the end. There were neither\ntrees nor houses in the field and no living thing except himself. And\nhe felt a great loneliness.\n\nBy and by he used his magical power, and many betel-nuts grew in the\nfield, and when they bore fruit it was covered with gold,\n\n\"This is good,\" said Dumalawi, \"for I will scatter these betel-nuts\nand they shall become people, [50] who will be my neighbors.\"\n\nSo in the middle of the night he cut the gold-covered betel-nuts into\nmany small pieces which he scattered in all directions. And in the\nearly morning, when he awoke, he heard many people talking around\nthe house, and many roosters crowed. Then Dumalawi knew that he\nhad companions, and upon going out he walked about where the people\nwere warming themselves [51] by fires in their yards, and he visited\nthem all.\n\nIn one yard was a beautiful maiden, Dapilisan, and after Dumalawi\nhad talked with her and her parents, he went on to the other yards,\nbut she was ever in his thoughts. As soon as he had visited all the\npeople, he returned to the house of Dapilisan and asked her parents if\nhe might marry her. They were unwilling at first, for they feared that\nthe parents of Dumalawi might not like it; but after he had explained\nthat his father and mother did not want him, they gave their consent,\nand Dapilisan became his bride.\n\nSoon after the marriage they decided to perform a ceremony [52] for\nthe spirits. So Dapilisan sent for the betel-nuts which were covered\nwith gold, [53] and when they were brought to her, she said:\n\n\"You betel-nuts that are covered with gold, come here and oil\nyourselves and go and invite all the people in the world to come to\nour ceremony.\"\n\nSo the betel-nuts oiled themselves and went to invite the people in\nthe different towns.\n\nSoon after this Aponibolinayen, the mother of Dumalawi, sat alone in\nher house, still mourning the loss of her son, when suddenly she was\nseized with a desire to chew betel-nut.\n\n\"What ails me?\" she said to herself; \"why do I want to chew? I had\nnot intended to eat anything while Dumalawi was away.\"\n\nSo saying, she took down her basket that hung on the wall, and saw in\nit a betel-nut covered with gold, and when she was about to cut it,\nit said:\n\n\"Do not cut me, for I have come to invite you to the ceremony which\nDumalawi and his wife are to make.\"\n\nAponibolinayen was very happy, for she knew now that her son still\nlived, and she told all the people to wash their hair and prepare\nto go to the rite. So they washed their clothes and their hair and\nstarted for the home of Dumalawi; and Aponitolau, the father of the\nboy, followed, but he looked like a crazy man. When the people reached\nthe river near the town, Dumalawi sent alligators to take them across,\nbut when Aponitolau got on the alligator's back it dived, and he was\nthrown back upon the bank of the river. All the others were carried\nsafely over, and Aponitolau, who was left on the bank alone, shouted\nas if crazy until Dumalawi sent another alligator to carry him across.\n\nThen Dumalawi had food brought [54] and Dapilisan passed basi in\na little jar that looked like a fist, [55] and though each guest\ndrank a cupful of the sweet wine the little jar was still a third\nfull. After they had eaten and drunk, Aponibolinayen spoke, and,\ntelling all the people that she was glad to have Dapilisan for a\ndaughter-in-law, added:\n\n\"Now we are going to pay the marriage price [56] according to our\ncustom. We shall fill the spirit house [57] nine times with different\nkinds of jars.\"\n\nThen she called, \"You spirits [58] who live in different springs, get\nthe jars which Dumalawi must pay as a marriage price for Dapilisan,\"\n\nThe spirits did as they were commanded, and when they brought the\njars and had filled the spirit house nine times, Aponibolinayen said\nto the parents of Dapilisan:\n\n\"I think that now we have paid the price for your daughter.\"\n\nBut Dalonagan, the mother of Dapilisan, was not satisfied, and said:\n\n\"No, there is still more to pay.\"\n\n\"Very well,\" replied Aponibolinayen. \"Tell us what it is and we will\npay it.\"\n\nThen Dalonagan called a pet spider and said:\n\n\"You big spider, go all around the town, and as you go spin a thread\n[59] on which Aponibolinayen must string golden beads.\" So the spider\nspun the thread and Aponibolinayen again called to the spirits of\nthe springs, and they brought golden beads which they strung on the\nthread. Then Dalonagan hung on the thread, and when it did not break\nshe declared that the debt was all paid.\n\nAfter this the people feasted and made merry, and when at last they\ndeparted for home Dumalawi refused to go with his parents, but remained\nwith his wife in the town he had created.\n\n\n\nThe Story of Kanag\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nWhen the rice [60] had grown tall and it was near the time for it to\nripen, Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen grew fearful lest the wild pigs\nshould break in and destroy all their crop, so they sent their son,\nKanag, to the field to guard the grain. Kanag willingly went to the\nplace, but when he found that the fences were all strong so that the\npigs could not get in, and he was left with nothing to do, life in the\nlittle watch-house [61] grew lonely, and the boy became very unhappy.\n\nEach day Aponitolau carried cooked rice and meat to his son in the\nfield, but Kanag could not eat and always bade his father hang it in\nthe watch-house until he should want it Each time Aponitolau found\nthe food of the day before still untouched, and he began to suspect\nthat the boy was unhappy at having to guard the grain. But he said\nnothing of his fears to Aponibolinayen.\n\nOne day after his father had returned home, Kanag was so lonely that\nhe used his magical power and became a little bird and flew up into\nthe top of a tree. The next day when Aponitolau came to the field\nhe looked everywhere for his son, and when he could not find him\nhe called, and from the top of a bamboo tree a little bird answered\nhim. Realizing what had happened, the father was very sad and begged\nhis son to come back and be a boy again, but Kanag only answered:\n\n\"I would rather be a bird [62] and carry the messages of the spirits\nto the people.\"\n\nAt last the father went home alone, and he and the boy's mother were\nfilled with grief that they had lost their son.\n\nSome time after this, Aponitolau prepared to go out to fight. He\ntook his spear and shield and head-ax and started early one morning,\nbut when he reached the gate of the town, Kanag flew over him, giving\nhim a bad sign, so he turned back. The next morning he started again,\nand this time the little bird gave him a good sign, and knowing that\nnothing would injure him, he went on.\n\nAfter a long journey he reached a hostile town where the people said\nthey were glad to see him, and added that because he was the first\nof his people who had dared to enter their town they intended to keep\nhim there.\n\n\"Oh,\" said Aponitolau, \"if you say that I cannot return home, call\nall your people together and we will fight.\"\n\n\"You are very brave,\" answered his enemies, \"if you wish to fight\nus all.\"\n\nAnd when the people had gathered together they laughed at him and said,\n\"Why, one of our fingers would fight you.\"\n\nNevertheless, Aponitolau prepared to fight, and when the bravest of the\nenemy threw his spear and head-ax at him he jumped and escaped. They\nnoticed that he jumped very high, so they all ran at him, throwing\ntheir spears and trying to kill him.\n\nBut Aponitolau caught all their weapons, and then while they were\nunarmed he threw his own spear, and it flew about among them until\nit had killed them all. Then he sent his head-ax, and it cut off all\nthe heads of the enemy; and he used magical power so that these heads\nwent to his home in Kadalayapan.\n\nAfter that Aponitolau sat down by the gate of the town to rest,\nand the little bird, flying over his head, called down:\n\n\"The sign that I gave you was good, Father, and you have killed all\nyour enemies.\"\n\n\"Yes,\" said the man, and as he started on the home-ward journey the\nlittle bird always flew near him. When he reached home, he stuck the\nheads around the town, [63] and commanded the people to go out all\nover the world and invite everyone and especially the pretty girls\nto come to a party in celebration of his victory.\n\nThe people came from all parts of the world, and while they played\non the gongs and danced, Aponitolau called to Kanag and said:\n\n\"Come down, my son; do not stay always in the tops of the trees. Come\nand see the pretty girls and see which one you want to marry. Get\nthe golden cup and give them basi to drink.\"\n\nBut Kanag answered, \"I would rather stay in the tops of the trees\nand give the signs when anyone goes to fight.\"\n\nThen the father and mother pleaded with him to become a boy once\nmore, begging his forgiveness and promising never again to send him\nto guard the rice. But he would not listen to them, and only flew away.\n\nFinding that they could not win him that way, Aponitolau and\nAponibolinayen called the spirit servants, and commanded them to\nfollow Kanag wherever he went, and to find a girl whom he would want\nto marry. So the spirit servants went after him, and wherever he went\nthey followed.\n\nBy and by they stopped near a well, and there the spirit servants\nused magic so that all the pretty girls nearby felt very hot; and\nin the early morning, they came to the well to bathe. One among them\nwas so beautiful that she looked like a flame of fire [64] among the\nbetel-nut blossoms, and when the servants saw her washing her hair\nthey ran to Kanag and begged him to come and see her. At first he\nwould not listen to them, but after a while he flew into the top of\na betel-nut tree near by, and when he caught sight of her, he flew\ninto the tree above her head.\n\n\"But,\" said he to the servants, \"what can I do if I become a man now,\nfor I have no clothes and no head-band?\"\n\n\"Do not worry about that,\" said the spirit servants, \"for we have\neverything here for you.\"\n\nSo Kanag became a man and put on the clothes and head-band, and he\nwent to speak to the girl. He gave her betel-nut, and they chewed\ntogether, and he said:\n\n\"My name is Kanag and I am the son of Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen.\"\n\nThen the girl said: \"My name is Dapilisan and I am the daughter of\nBangan and Dalonagan.\"\n\nWhen Dapilisan went home Kanag followed her, and he told her parents\nhis name and how he had changed into a little bird. And when he had\nfinished he asked if he might marry their daughter. Bangan and his wife\nwere greatly pleased that Kanag wanted Dapilisan for his wife, but they\nwere afraid that his parents might object, so they sent a messenger\nto invite Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen to come to visit them.\n\nAs soon as Kanag's parents heard that their son had become a man they\nwere very happy and started at once to go to him, carrying many fine\npresents. Before arrangements for the wedding could be made, it was\nnecessary to decide on the price to be paid for the girl. A long\ndiscussion took place. Bangan and Dalonagan finally said that the\nspirit house must be filled nine times with different kinds of jars.\n\nWhen this was done Dalonagan raised her eyebrows, and half of the\njars disappeared. Aponibolinayen used her magical power and the spirit\nhouse was filled again, and then Dalonagan said to her:\n\n\"Now the web of the spider shall be put around the town and you must\nput gold beads on it. If it does not break, Kanag may marry Dapilisan.\"\n\nWhen Aponibolinayen had put the gold beads on the thread, Dalonagan\nhung on it to see if it would hold. As it did not break, she declared\nthat the sign was good; and Kanag and Dapilisan were married.\n\nThen the people played on the copper gongs, danced, and made merry\nfor a long time, and when they returned to their homes Kanag and his\nbride went with Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen.\n\n\n\nThe Story of the Tikgi\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\n\"Tikgi, tikgi, tikgi, we will come to work for you. Let us cut\nyour rice.\"\n\nLigi [65] had gone to the field to look at his growing rice, but when\nhe heard this sound he looked up and was surprised to see some birds\ncircling above and calling to him.\n\n\"Why, you cannot cut rice,\" said Ligi. \"You are birds and know only\nhow to fly.\"\n\nBut the birds insisted that they knew how to cut rice; so finally he\ntold them to come again when the grain was ripe, and they flew away.\n\nNo sooner had the birds gone than Ligi was filled with a great desire\nto see them again. As he went home he wished over and over that his\nrice were ready to cut. As soon as Ligi left the field the tikgi birds\nbegan using magic so that the rice grew rapidly, and five days later\nwhen he returned he found the birds there ready to cut the ripened\ngrain. Ligi showed them where to begin cutting, and then he left them.\n\nWhen he was out of sight, the tikgi said to the rice cutters:\n\n\"Rice cutters, you cut the rice alone.\" And to the bands which were\nlying nearby they said: \"Bands, you tie into bundles the rice which\nthe cutters cut\"\n\nAnd the rice cutters and the bands worked alone, doing as they\nwere told.\n\nWhen Ligi went again to the field in the afternoon, the tikgi said:\n\n\"Come, Ligi, and see what we have done, for we want to go home now.\"\n\nLigi was amazed, for he saw five hundred bundles of rice cut. And\nhe said:\n\n\"Oh, Tikgi, take all the rice you wish in payment, for I am very\ngrateful to you.\"\n\nThen the tikgi each took one head of rice, saying it was all they\ncould carry, and they flew away.\n\nThe next morning when Ligi reached the field, he found the birds\nalready there and he said:\n\n\"Now, Tikgi, cut the rice as fast as you can, for when it is finished\nI will make a ceremony for the spirits, and you must come.\"\n\n\"Yes,\" replied the tikgi, \"and now we shall begin the work, but you\ndo not need to stay here.\"\n\nSo Ligi went home and built a rice granary to hold his grain, and when\nhe returned to the field the rice was all cut. Then the tikgi said:\n\"We have cut all your rice, Ligi, so give us our pay, and when you\ngo home the rice will all be in your granary.\"\n\nLigi wondered at this, and when he reached home and saw that his\ngranary was full of rice, he doubted if the tikgi could be real birds.\n\nNot long after this Ligi invited all his relatives from the different\ntowns to help him make the ceremony for the spirits. [66] As soon\nas the people arrived, the tikgi came also; and they flew over the\npeople's heads and made them drink basi until they were drunk. Then\nthey said to Ligi:\n\n\"We are going home now; it is not good for us to stay here, for we\ncannot sit among the people.\"\n\nWhen they started home Ligi followed them until they came to the\nbana-asi tree, and here he saw them take off their feathers and put\nthem in the rice granary. Then suddenly they became one beautiful\nmaiden.\n\n\"Are you not the tikgi who came to cut my rice?\" asked Ligi. \"You\nlook to me like a beautiful maiden.\"\n\n\"Yes,\" she replied; \"I became tikgi and cut rice for you, for otherwise\nyou would not have found me.\" Ligi took her back to his house where\nthe people were making the ceremony, and as soon as they saw her they\nbegan chewing the magic betel-nuts to find who she might be.\n\nThe quid [67] of Ebang and her husband and that of the tikgi went\ntogether, so they knew that she was their daughter who had disappeared\nfrom their house one day long ago while they were in the fields. In\nanswer to their many questions, she told them that she had been in the\nbana-asi tree, where Kaboniyan [68] had carried her, until the day that\nshe changed herself into the tikgi birds and went to the field of Ligi.\n\nLigi was very fond of the beautiful girl and he asked her parents if\nhe might marry her. They were very willing and decided on a price he\nshould pay. After the wedding all the people remained at his house,\nfeasting and dancing for three months.\n\n\n\nThe Story of Sayen [69]\n\n_Tinguian_\n\nIn the depths of a dark forest where people seldom went, lived a\nwizened old Alan. [70] The skin on her wrinkled face was as tough\nas a carabao hide, and her long arms with fingers pointing back from\nthe wrist were horrible to look at. Now this frightful creature had\na son whose name was Sayen, and he was as handsome as his mother was\nugly. He was a brave man, also, and often went far away alone to fight.\n\nOn these journeys Sayen sometimes met beautiful girls, and though\nhe wanted to marry, he could not decide upon one. Hearing that one\nDanepan was more beautiful than any other, he determined to go and\nask her to be his wife.\n\nNow Danepan was very shy, and when she heard that Sayen was coming\nto her house she hid behind the door and sent her servant, Laey,\nout to meet him. And so it happened that Sayen, not seeing Danepan,\nmarried Laey, thinking that she was her beautiful mistress. He took\nher away to a house he had built at the edge of the forest, for though\nhe wished to be near his old home, he dared not allow his bride to\nset eyes on his ugly mother.\n\nFor some time they lived happily together here, and then one day when\nSayen was making a plow under his house, he heard Laey singing softly\nto their baby in the room above, and this is what she sang:\n\n\"Sayen thinks I am Danepan, but Laey I am. Sayen thinks I am Danepan,\nbut Laey I am.\"\n\nWhen Sayen heard this he knew that he had been deceived, and he\npondered long what he should do.\n\nThe next morning he went to the field to plow, for it was near the\nrice-planting time. Before he left the house he called to his wife:\n\n\"When the sun is straight above, you and the baby bring food to me,\nfor I shall be busy in the field.\"\n\nBefore he began to plow, however, he cut the bamboo supports of the\nbridge which led to the field, so that when Laey and the baby came\nwith his food, they had no sooner stepped on the bridge than it went\ndown with them and they were drowned. Sayen was again free. He took\nhis spear and his shield and head-ax and went at once to the town of\nDanepan, and there he began killing the people on all sides.\n\nTerror spread through the town. No one could stop his terrible work\nof destruction until Danepan came down out of her house, and begged\nhim to spare part of the people that she might have some from whom to\nborrow fire. [71] Her great beauty amazed him and he ceased killing,\nand asked her to prepare some betel-nut for him to chew, as he was\nvery tired. She did so, and when he had chewed the nut he spat on\nthe people he had killed and they came to life again. Then he married\nDanepan and took her to his home.\n\nNow it happened about this time that the people of Magosang were\nin great trouble. At the end of a successful hunt, while they were\ndividing the meat among themselves, the Komow, [72] a murderous spirit\nthat looks like a man, would come to them and ask how many they had\ncaught. If they answered, \"Two,\" then he would say that he had caught\ntwo also; and when they went home, they would find two people in the\ntown dead. As often as they went to hunt the Komow did this, and many\nof the people of Magosang were dead and those living were in great\nfear. Finally they heard of the brave man, Sayen, and they begged\nhim to help them. Sayen listened to all they told, and then said:\n\n\"I will go with you to hunt, and while you are dividing the meat,\nI will hide behind the trees. When the Komow comes to ask how many\ndeer you have, he will smell me, but you must say that you do not\nknow where I am,\"\n\nSo the people went to hunt, and when they had killed two deer, they\nsinged them over a fire and began to divide them. Just then the Komow\narrived and said:\n\n\"How many have you?\"\n\n\"We have two,\" replied the people.\n\n\"I have two also,\" said the Komow, \"but I smell Sayen.\"\n\n\"We do not know where Sayen is,\" answered the people; and just then he\nsprang out and killed the Komow, and the people were greatly relieved.\n\nNow when Kaboniyan, [73] a great spirit, heard what Sayen had done,\nhe went to him and said:\n\n\"Sayen you are a brave man because you have killed the Komow, Tomorrow\nI will fight with you. You must remain on the low ground by the river,\nand I will go to the hill above.\"\n\nSo the following day Sayen went to the low ground by the river. He\nhad not waited long before he heard a great sound like a storm, and\nhe knew that Kaboniyan was coming. He looked up, and there stood the\ngreat warrior, poising his spear which was as large as a big tree.\n\n\"Are you brave, Sayen?\" called he in a voice like thunder as he threw\nthe weapon.\n\n\"Yes,\" answered Sayen, and he caught the spear.\n\nThis surprised Kaboniyan, and he threw his head-ax which was as large\nas the roof of a house, and Sayen caught that also. Then Kaboniyan\nsaw that this was indeed a brave man, and he went down to Sayen and\nthey fought face to face until both were tired, but neither could\novercome the other.\n\nWhen Kaboniyan saw that in Sayen he had found one as strong and brave\neven as himself, he proposed that they go together to fight the people\nof different towns. And they started out at once. Many people were\nkilled by this strong pair, and why they themselves could never be\ncaptured was a great mystery. For it was not known that one was the\nspirit Kaboniyan, and the other the son of an Alan.\n\nIf he was surrounded in a river, Sayen would become a fish [74]\nand hide so that people could not find him. And if he was entrapped\nin a town, he would become a chicken and go under the house in a\nchicken-coop. In this way he escaped many times.\n\nFinally one night after he had killed many in one town, the\npeople decided to watch him, and they saw him go to roost with the\nchickens. The next day they placed a fish trap under the house near\nthe chicken-coop, and that night when Sayen went under the house he\nwas caught in the trap and killed.\n\n\n\nThe Sun and the Moon\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nOnce the Sun and the Moon quarreled with each other, and the Sun said:\n\n\"You are only the Moon and are not much good. If I did not give you\nlight, you would be no good at all.\"\n\nBut the Moon answered:\n\n\"You are only the Sun, and you are very hot. The women like me better,\nfor when I shine at night, they go out doors and spin.\"\n\nThese words of the Moon made the Sun so angry that he threw sand in\nher face, and you can still see the dark spots on the face of the Moon.\n\n\n\nHow the Tinguian Learned to Plant\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nIn the very old times the Tinguian did not know how to plant and\nharvest as they now do. For food they had only the things that grew\nin the forests and fish from the streams. Neither did they know how\nto cure people who became ill or were injured by evil spirits, and\nmany died who might otherwise have lived. [75]\n\nThen Kadaklan, the Great Spirit who lives in the sky, saw that the\npeople often were hungry and sick, and he sent one of his servants,\nKaboniyan, to the earth to teach them many things. And it happened\nthis way:\n\nDayapan, a woman who lived in Caalang, had been sick for seven\nyears. One day when she went to the spring to bathe, there entered her\nbody a spirit who had rice and sugar-cane with him, and he said to her:\n\n\"Dayapan, take these to your home and plant them in the ground, and\nafter a while they will grow large enough to reap. Then when they are\nripe, build a granary to put the rice in until you shall need it,\nand a sugar-press to crush the cane. And when these are finished,\nmake the ceremony Sayung, and you will be well.\"\n\nDayapan was filled with wonder at these strange things, but she took\nthe rice and the sugar-cane and went home as she was commanded. While\nshe was trying to plant them in the ground the Spirit again entered\nher body and showed her just what to do. Since then the Tinguian\nhave planted crops every year, and because they do as Kaboniyan [76]\ntaught the woman they have plenty to eat.\n\nWhen Dayapan had reaped the first rice and cane, she began to make\nthe ceremony Sayung, and the Spirit came again and directed her. And\nwhen it was finished and she was cured, he told her to take a dog\nand a cock and go to bathe in the river as a sign that the ceremony\nwas finished. So she went to the river and tied the dog and the cock\nnear the water, but while she was bathing the dog ate the cock.\n\nDayapan wept bitterly at this and waited a long time for Kaboniyan,\nand when at last he came, he said:\n\n\"If the dog had not killed the cock, no person would die when you\nmake this ceremony; but this is a sign, and now some will die and\nsome will get well.\"\n\nDayapan called all the people together, and told them the things that\nthe spirit had taught her; and they could see that she had been made\nwell. After that, when people became ill they called Dayapan to treat\nthem. And it was as the Spirit had said; some died and others were\nmade well.\n\n\n\nMagsawi\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nA great many years ago some Tinguian left their little village in the\nvalley early one morning and made their way toward the mountains. They\nwere off on a deer hunt, [77] and each carried his spear and head-ax,\nwhile one held in leash a string of lean dogs eager for the chase.\n\nPart way up the mountainside the dogs were freed, and the men\nseparated, going different ways in search of game. But ere long the\nsharp barking of a dog called all in his direction, for they believed\nthat he had a deer at bay. As they approached the spot, however,\nthe object did not look like a deer, and as they drew nearer they\nwere surprised to find that it was a large jar. [78]\n\nFilled with curiosity they pressed on, but the jar evaded them. Faster\nand faster they ran, but the object, disappearing at times and then\ncoming into view again, always escaped them. On and on they went\nuntil at last, tired out, they sat down on a wooded hill to rest and\nto refresh themselves with betel-nut which they took from brass boxes\nattached to their belts.\n\nAs they slowly cut the nuts and wrapped them in the lime and leaf\nready for chewing, they talked of nothing but the wonderful jar and\nthe mysterious power it possessed. Then just as they were about to\nput the tempting morsels into their mouths they stopped, startled by\na strange soft voice which seemed to be near them. They turned and\nlistened, but could see no person.\n\n\"Find a pig which has no young,\" said the voice, \"and take its blood,\nfor then you will be able to catch the jar which your dog pursued.\"\n\nThe men knew then that the mysterious jar belonged to a spirit, so\nthey hastened to do as the voice commanded, and when they had secured\nthe blood the dog again brought the jar to bay. The hunters tried to\nseize it, but it entered a hole in the ground and disappeared. They\nfollowed, and found themselves in a dark cave [79] where it was easy\nto catch the jar, for there was no outlet save by the hole through\nwhich they had entered.\n\nThough that was many years ago, the jar still lives, and its name\nis Magsawi. Even now it talks; but some years ago a crack appeared\nin its side, and since then its language has not been understood by\nthe Tinguian. [80]\n\nSometimes Magsawi goes on long journeys alone when he visits his wife,\na jar in Ilocos Norte, or his child, a small jar in San Quintin;\nbut he always returns to Domayco on the hillside near the cave.\n\n\n\nThe Tree with the Agate Beads\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nMore than a hundred seasons ago, a Tinguian went one day to the\nmountains to hunt. Accompanied by his faithful dog, he made his way\nsteadily up the mountain side, only halting where it was necessary\nto cut a path through the jungle. And the dog ran here and there\nsearching in the thick underbrush.\n\nOn and on he went without seeing any game, and then, when he was\nalmost at the top of the highest peak, the dog gave a sharp yelp,\nand out of the brush leaped a fine deer. Zip! went the man's spear,\nand it pierced the animal's side. For an instant he waited, but the\ndeer did not fall. On it ran with unslackened speed, and a moment\nlater it plunged into a hole in the ground with the man and dog in\nclose pursuit.\n\nA short distance from the entrance the cave opened out into large,\nspacious rooms, and before he realized it the man was hopelessly\nlost In the distance he could hear the baying of the dog, and with\nno other guide he hurried on through the darkness.\n\nFollowing the sound, he went for a long time from one unfamiliar room\nto another, stumbling in the darkness and striking against the stone\nwalls, and then suddenly his outstretched hands grasped a small tree\non which berries grew.\n\nAstonished at finding anything growing in this dark place, he broke\noff a branch, and as he did so the shrub began to talk in a strange\nlanguage. Terrified, the man ran in the direction he had last heard\nthe dog, and a moment later he found himself in the open air on the\nbanks of the Abra River, with the dead deer at his feet.\n\nWhen he examined the twig which he still held in his hand, he saw\nto his great surprise that the berries were agate beads of great\nvalue. [81] And packing the deer on his back, he hastened home where\nhe told his wonderful story.\n\nThe sight of the beautiful beads convinced the people that he told\nthe truth, and a number of men at once returned with him to secure\nthe tree.\n\nTheir quest, however, was unsuccessful, for ere they reached the spot\nthe evil spirit had taken the tree away and on the walls of the cave\nit had made strange carvings which even to this day can be seen.\n\n\n\nThe Striped Blanket\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nThree Tinguian once went to the mountains to hunt deer. They took\ntheir blankets with them, for they expected to be gone several days,\nand the nights in the mountains are cold.\n\nThe blankets of two of the men were of the blue-and-white designs\nsuch as are commonly worn by the Tinguian, but that of the third was\ncovered with red and yellow stripes like the back of a little wild pig.\n\nAt night the men rolled up in their blankets and lay down under a\ntree to sleep; but while the one in the striped blanket was still\nawake two spirits came near and saw him.\n\n\"Oh,\" he heard one spirit say to the other, \"here we have something\nto eat, for here is a little wild pig.\"\n\nThen the man quickly took the blanket off one of his sleeping\ncompanions and put his own in its place. Very soon the spirits came\nand ate the man under the striped blanket.\n\nSince that time the Tinguian never sleep under that kind of a blanket\nif they are where the spirits can get them.\n\n\n\nThe Alan and the Hunters\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nTwo men once went to hunt wild pig in the mountains, and after some\ntime they speared and killed one, but they had no fire over which to\nsinge it.\n\nOne man climbed a tree to see if there was a fire near by, and\ndiscovering smoke at some distance, he started toward it. When he\nreached the place, he found that the fire was in the house of an Alan,\n[82] and he was very much afraid; but creeping up into the house,\nhe found that the Alan and her baby were fast asleep.\n\nHe stepped on tip-toe, but nevertheless the Alan was awakened and\ncalled out:\n\n\"Epogow, [83] what do you want?\"\n\n\"I should like to get some fire,\" said the man, \"for we have killed\na wild pig.\"\n\nThe Alan gave him the fire, and then taking her basket she went with\nhim to the place where the pig was.\n\nAfter they had singed the animal, the Alan cut it up with her long\nnails and handed the liver to the man, telling him to take it to her\nhouse to feed the baby.\n\nThe man started, and on the way he ate the liver. When he reached\nthe Alan's house he did not know what to do. For some time he looked\naround, and then seeing a large caldron of hot water on the fire,\nhe threw the baby into it and went back.\n\n\"Did the baby eat well?\" asked the Alan.\n\n\"Very well,\" said the man.\n\nThen she put most of the meat into her basket and started home. As\nsoon as she had gone, the man told his companion what he had done,\nand they were so frightened that they ran to hide.\n\nWhen the Alan reached home and found the baby dead in the hot water,\nshe was very angry and started back immediately to find the men, who,\nin the meantime, had climbed a high tree that stood near the water.\n\nThe Alan looked down into the water, and seeing the reflection of\nthe men, she reached in her long hand with the fingers that pointed\nbackward, but when she could not touch them, she looked up and saw\nthem in the tall tree.\n\n\"How did you get up there?\" she cried angrily.\n\n\"We climbed up feet first,\" called down the men.\n\nThe Alan, determined to get them, caught hold of a vine and started\nup the tree feet first, but before she quite reached them, they cut\nthe vine and she fell to the ground and was killed. [84]\n\nThen the men came down and went to the Alan's house, where they found\na jar full of beads and another of gold, and these they brought with\nthem when they returned home.\n\n\n\nMan and the Alan\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nA Tinguian was once walking along a trail in the wood when he heard a\nstrange sound in a large tree near him, and looking up he was startled\nto see that it was the home of the Alan--spirits who live in the wood.\n\nHe stopped and gazed for a moment at the horrible creatures, large\nas people, hanging from the limbs of the tree with their heads down\nlike bats. They had wings to fly, and their toes were at the back\nof their feet, while their long fingers, which pointed backward,\nwere fastened at the wrist.\n\n\"Surely,\" thought the man, \"these terrible beings will eat me if\nthey can catch me. I will run away as fast as I can while they are\nasleep.\" He tried to run but he was too frightened, and after a few\nsteps he fell face down on the ground.\n\nAt this the Alan began to wail loudly, for they saw him fall and\nbelieved him dead And they came down out of the tree with gold and\nbeads which they laid on him.\n\nAfter a while the man gathered courage and, jumping up, he cried as\nloudly as he could, \"Go away!\"\n\nThe Alan did not move, but they looked at him and said: \"Give us the\none bead _nagaba_ [a peculiar bead of double effect], and you may\nhave the rest.\" When the man refused to do this, they were angry and\nturned away, crying, \"Then we are going to burn your house, for you\nare a bad man.\"\n\nThereupon the man went home as fast as he could go, but very soon\nafter that his house burned, for the Alan kept their word.\n\n\n\nSogsogot\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nOne day, a long time ago, some men went to the mountains to hunt deer\nand wild pig, and among them was one named Sogsogot.\n\nThey all went into the thick forest to look for game, but after a\nwhile Sogsogot called his dog and withdrew to an open spot near by,\nwhere he waited for the deer to come out.\n\nWhile he stood there eagerly watching, a big bird [85] swooped down,\ncaught him in its claws, and carried him away. Far off over the\nmountains the bird soared, until finally it came to a big tree where\nit had its nest, and here it left the man and flew away.\n\nSogsogot's first thought was to make his escape, but he found that\nthe tree was so tall that he could not get down, and after a time he\nceased his attempts to get away and began to look over his companions\nin the nest--two young birds and three little pigs.\n\nBy and by he became hungry, so he cut up the three little pigs, and\nafter he had eaten all he wished he fed the two birds. When this meat\nwas gone the mother bird brought more pigs and deer, and the man had\nall he could eat. Then he fed the little birds, which grew very fast\nand soon were able to fly. One day when they were standing on the\nedge of the nest Sogsogot caught hold of the birds' legs, and they\nfluttered down and carried him safely to the ground.\n\nHe hastened home as fast as he could go and told the people of his\nwonderful trip. They made a ceremony for the spirits, and all the\npeople rejoiced that the lost man had returned.\n\nSome time after this Sogsogot went to a hostile town to fight, and\nwhile he was gone his wife died. On the way back to his town he met\nthe spirit of his wife driving a cow and two pigs, and not knowing\nthat she was a spirit he asked her where she was going.\n\n\"I am not a person any more,\" she answered him; \"I am dead.\" And when\nhe wanted to touch her hand, she gave him only her shortest finger. He\nbegged to go with her so she said, \"Go first to our home and get a\nwhite chicken; then follow the footmarks of the cow and pigs.\"\n\nHe did as she commanded him, and after a while he came to a place\nwhere she was bathing in the river. She said to him:\n\n\"Now you may come with me to our spirit town. [86] I shall hide you\nin the rice-bin and shall bring food to you every day. But at night\nthe people in the town will want to eat you, and when they come to\nthe bin you must take some of the feathers of the white chicken and\nthrow at them.\"\n\nThe man went with her, and when they arrived at the spirit town she\nhid him in the rice-bin. At night the people came to eat him, as she\nhad said they would; but when he threw the chicken feathers at them\nthey were frightened away.\n\nFor two weeks Sogsogot lived in this place, but when the feathers\nwere nearly gone he was afraid to stay any longer, for every night\nthe spirits came to eat him. He begged his wife to allow him to go,\nand finally she showed him the way home, giving him rice to eat on\nhis journey.\n\nAs soon as the man arrived home and inquired for his wife, the\npeople told him that she had died and they had buried her under the\nhouse. Then he knew that it was her spirit that had taken him to the\nstrange town.\n\n\n\nThe Mistaken Gifts\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nWhen Siagon was about eight years old his parents began looking for\na girl who would make a suitable wife. At last when they had decided\non a beautiful maiden, who lived some distance from them, they sent\na man to her parents to ask if they would like Siagon for a son-in-law.\n\nNow when the man arrived at the girl's house the people were all\nsitting on the floor eating periwinkle, and as they sucked the meat\nout of the shell, they nodded their heads. The man, looking in at\nthe door, saw them nod, and he thought they were nodding at him. So\nhe did not tell them his errand, but returned quickly to the boy's\nparents and told them that all the people at the girl's house were\nfavorable to the union.\n\nSiagon's parents were very much pleased that their proposal had been\nso kindly received, and immediately prepared to go to the girl's\nhouse to arrange for the wedding.\n\nFinally all was ready and they started for her house, carrying with\nthem as presents for her parents two carabao, two horses, two cows,\nfour iron kettles, sixteen jars of basi, two blankets, and two\nlittle pigs.\n\nThe surprise of the girl's people knew no bounds when they saw all\nthis coming to their house, for they had not even thought of Siagon\nmarrying their daughter. [87]\n\n\n\nThe Boy who Became a Stone\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nOne day a little boy named Elonen sat out in the yard making a bird\nsnare, and as he worked, a little bird called to him: \"Tik-tik-lo-den\"\n(come and catch me).\n\n\"I am making a snare for you,\" said the boy; but the bird continued\nto call until the snare was finished.\n\nThen Elonen ran and threw the snare over the bird and caught it, and he\nput it in a jar in his house while he went with the other boys to swim.\n\nWhile he was away, his grandmother grew hungry, so she ate the bird,\nand when Elonen returned and found that his bird was gone, he was so\nsad that he wished he might go away and never come back. He went out\ninto the forest and walked a long distance, until finally he came to\na big stone and said: \"Stone, open your mouth and eat me.\" And the\nstone opened its mouth and swallowed the boy.\n\nWhen his grandmother missed the boy, she went out and looked\neverywhere, hoping to find him. Finally she passed near the stone\nand it cried out, \"Here he is.\" Then the old woman tried to open the\nstone but she could not, so she called the horses to come and help\nher. They came and kicked it, but it would not break. Then she called\nthe carabao and they hooked it, but they only broke their horns. She\ncalled the chickens, which pecked it, and the thunder, which shook it,\nbut nothing could open it, and she had to go home without the boy.\n\n\n\nThe Turtle and the Lizard\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nA turtle and a big lizard once went to the field of Gotgotapa to steal\nginger, [88] When they reached the place the turtle said to the lizard:\n\n\"We must be very still or the man will hear us and come out.\"\n\nBut as soon as the lizard tasted the ginger he was so pleased that\nhe said:\n\n\"The ginger of Gotgotapa is very good.\"\n\n\"Be still,\" said the turtle; but the lizard paid no attention to the\nwarning, and called louder than ever:\n\n\"The ginger of Gotgotapa is very good.\"\n\nAgain and again he cried out, until finally the man heard him and\ncame out of the house to catch the robbers.\n\nThe turtle could not run fast, so he lay very still, and the man did\nnot see him. But the lizard ran and the man chased him. When they\nwere out of sight, the turtle went into the house and hid under a\ncocoanut shell upon which the man used to sit. [89]\n\nThe man ran after the lizard for a long distance, but he could not\ncatch him. After a while he came back to the house and sat down on\nthe shell.\n\nBy and by, the turtle called, \"Kook.\" The man jumped up and looked all\naround. Unable to tell where the noise came from, he sat down again,\n\nA second time the turtle called, and this time the man looked\neverywhere in the house except under the shell, but could not find\nthe turtle. Again and again the turtle called, and finally the man,\nrealizing that all his attempts were unsuccessful, grew so excited\nthat he died.\n\nThen the turtle ran out of the house, and he had not gone far before\nhe met the lizard again. They walked along together until they saw\nsome honey in a tree, and the turtle said:\n\n\"I will go first and get some of the honey.\"\n\nThe lizard would not wait, but ran ahead, and when he seized the honey,\nthe bees came out and stung him. So he ran back to the turtle for help.\n\nAfter a while they came to a bird snare, and the turtle said:\n\n\"That is the silver wire that my grandfather wore about his neck.\"\n\nThen the lizard ran fast to get it first, but he was caught in the\nsnare and was held until the man came and killed him. Then the wise\nturtle went on alone.\n\n\n\nThe Man with the Cocoanuts\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nOne day a man who had been to gather his cocoanuts loaded his horse\nheavily with the fruit. On the way home he _met_ a boy whom he asked\nhow long it would take to reach the house.\n\n\"If you go slowly,\" said the boy, looking at the load on the horse,\n\"you will arrive very soon; but if you go fast, it will take you\nall day.\"\n\nThe man could not believe this strange speech, so he hurried his\nhorse. But the cocoanuts fell off and he had to stop to pick them\nup. Then he hurried his horse all the more to make up for lost time,\nbut the cocoanuts fell off again. Many times he did this, and it was\nnight when he reached home. [90]\n\n\n\nThe Carabao and the Shell\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nOne very hot day, when a carabao went into the river to bathe, he\nmet a shell and they began talking together.\n\n\"You are very slow,\" said the carabao to the shell.\n\n\"Oh, no,\" replied the shell. \"I can beat you in a race.\"\n\n\"Then let us try and see,\" said the carabao.\n\nSo they went out on the bank and started to run.\n\nAfter the carabao had gone a long distance he stopped and called,\n\"Shell!\"\n\nAnd another shell lying by the river answered, \"Here I am!\"\n\nThen the carabao, thinking that it was the same shell with which he\nwas racing, ran on.\n\nBy and by he stopped again and called, \"Shell!\"\n\nAgain another shell answered, \"Here I am!\"\n\nThe carabao was surprised that the shell could keep up with him. But\nhe ran on and on, and every time he stopped to call, another shell\nanswered him. But he was determined that the shell should not beat him,\nso he ran until he dropped dead. [91]\n\n\n\nThe Alligator's Fruit\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nTwo women went to gather some wild fruit from a vine which belonged\nto the alligator.\n\n\"You must be careful not to throw the rind with your teeth marks\non it where the alligator can see it,\" said one of the women to the\nother as they sat eating the fruit.\n\nBut the other woman paid no attention and threw the rind showing\nteeth marks into the river, where the alligator saw it.\n\nThus he knew at once who had taken his fruit, and he was very angry. He\nwent to the house of the woman and called to the people:\n\n\"Bring out the woman that I may eat her, for she has eaten my fruit\"\n\n\"Very well,\" answered the people. \"But sit down and wait a little\nwhile.\"\n\nThen they put the iron soil-turner into the fire, and when it was\nred hot, they took it to the door and said to the alligator:\n\n\"Here, eat this first.\"\n\nHe opened his mouth, and they pushed the red hot iron down his throat,\nand he died.\n\n\n\nDogedog\n\n_Tinguian_\n\n\nDogedog had always been very lazy, and now that his father and mother\nwere dead and he had no one to care for him, he lived very poorly. He\nhad little to eat. His house was old and small and so poor that it\nhad not even a floor. Still he would rather sit all day and idle away\nhis time than to work and have more things.\n\nOne day, however, when the rainy season was near at hand, Dogedog\nbegan thinking how cold he would be when the storms came, and he felt\nso sorry for himself that he decided to make a floor in his house.\n\nWrapping some rice in a banana leaf for his dinner, he took his long\nknife and went to the forest to cut some bamboo. He hung the bundle\nof rice in a tree until he should need it; but while he was working\na cat came and ate it. When the hungry man came for his dinner, there\nwas none left. Dogedog went back to his miserable little house which\nlooked forlorn to him even, now that he had decided to have a floor.\n\nThe next day he went again to the forest and hung his rice in the\ntree as he did before, but again the cat came and ate it. So the man\nhad to go home without any dinner.\n\nThe third day he took the rice, but this time he fixed a trap in the\ntree, and when the cat came it was caught.\n\n\"Now I have you!\" cried the man when he found the cat; \"and I shall\nkill you for stealing my rice.\"\n\n\"Oh, do not kill me,\" pleaded the cat, \"and I will be of some use\nto you.\"\n\nSo Dogedog decided to spare the cat's life, and he took it home and\ntied it near the door to guard the house.\n\nSome time later when he went to look at it, he was very much surprised\nto find that it had become a cock.\n\n\"Now I can go to the cock-fight at Magsingal,\" cried the man. And he\nwas very happy, for he had much rather do that than work.\n\nThinking no more of getting wood for his floor, he started out at\nonce for Magsingal with the cock under his arm. As he was crossing\na river he met an alligator which called out to him:\n\n\"Where are you going, Dogedog?\"\n\n\"To the cock-fight at Magsingal,\" replied the man as he fondly stroked\nthe rooster.\n\n\"Wait, and I will go with you,\" said the alligator; and he drew\nhimself out of the water.\n\nThe two walking along together soon entered a forest where they met\na deer and it asked:\n\n\"Where are you going, Dogedog?\"\n\n\"To the cock-fight at Magsingal,\" said the man.\n\n\"Wait and I will go with you,\" said the deer; and he also joined them.\n\nBy and by they met a mound of earth that had been raised by the ants,\nand they would have passed without noticing it had it not inquired:\n\n\"Where are you going, Dogedog?\"\n\n\"To the cock-fight at Magsingal,\" said the man once more; and the\nmound of earth joined them.\n\nThe company then hurried on, and just as they were leaving the forest,\nthey passed a big tree in which was a monkey.\n\n\"Where are you going, Dogedog?\" shrieked the monkey. And without\nwaiting for an answer he scrambled down the tree and followed them.\n\nAs the party walked along they talked together, and the alligator\nsaid to Dogedog:\n\n\"If any man wants to dive into the water, I can stay under longer\nthan he.\"\n\nThen the deer, not to be outdone, said:\n\n\"If any man wants to run, I can run faster.\"\n\nThe mound of earth, anxious to show its strength, said:\n\n\"If any man wants to wrestle, I can beat him.\"\n\nAnd the monkey said:\n\n\"If any man wants to climb, I can go higher.\"\n\nThey reached Magsingal in good time and the people were ready for the\nfight to begin. When Dogedog put his rooster, which had been a cat,\ninto the pit, it killed the other cock at once, for it used its claws\nlike a cat.\n\nThe people brought more roosters and wagered much money, but Dogedog's\ncock killed all the others until there was not one left in Magsingal,\nand Dogedog won much money. Then they went outside the town and\nbrought all the cocks they could find, but not one could win over\nthat of Dogedog.\n\nWhen the cocks were all dead, the people wanted some other sport,\nso they brought a man who could stay under water for a long time,\nand Dogedog made him compete with the alligator. But after a while\nthe man had to come up first Then they brought a swift runner and he\nraced with the deer, but the man was left far behind. Next they looked\naround until they found a very large man who was willing to contend\nwith the mound of earth, but after a hard struggle the man was thrown.\n\nFinally they brought a man who could climb higher than anyone else,\nbut the monkey went far above him, and he had to give up.\n\nAll these contests had brought much money to Dogedog, and now he had\nto buy two horses to carry his sacks of silver. As soon as he reached\nhome, he bought the house of a very rich man and went to live in\nit. And he was very happy, for he did not have to work any more. [92]\n\n\n\n\n\nIGOROT\n\n\n\nIntroduction\n\n\nThree or four days' journey to the south and east of the Tinguian live\nthe Igorot; but so difficult are the trails over the mountains and\nthrough the swift rivers that there is little intercourse between\nthe two tribes, consequently each believes the other a people to\nbe feared. Salt, weapons, and jars are sometimes exchanged, but the\ncustoms and beliefs are not similar. Each group leads its own life\nand is governed by its own spirits.\n\nFrom a distance an Igorot village looks like a group of haystacks\nnestling among the hills; but viewed more closely, it is found\nto consist of houses whose board sides are almost hidden by the\noverhanging grass roofs. The upper part of the house is used as a\nstorehouse, while below, on a ground floor, the family cooks and\neats. In one end there is a tiny boxlike bedroom where the father,\nmother, and small children sleep. After they are two or three years\nold the girls spend the night in a dormitory, while the boys sleep\nin the men's council house.\n\nThese people have splendid terraced fields on the mountain sides where\nwater is brought from the streams through troughs and ditches. Here\nboth men and women are busy early and late cultivating the rice,\nsweet potatoes, and small vegetables on which they live. The men are\nhead-hunters and ardent warriors, each village demanding a head in\npayment for any taken by a hostile village.\n\nWatching over the Igorot, controlling the winds and the rains, and\nproviding good crops and health for the people, is the Great Spirit,\nLumawig, who lives in the sky. He is believed to have created the\nIgorot and even to have lived among them on the earth. He no longer\nvisits them in person, they say, but each month they perform a ceremony\nat which they pray to him to protect them and entreat him to favor\nthem with health and good crops.\n\nThe following tales are told by the fathers and mothers to the children\nto teach them how things came to be as they are.\n\n\n\nThe Creation\n\n_Igorot_\n\n\nIn the beginning there were no people on the earth. Lumawig, [93]\nthe Great Spirit, came down from the sky and cut many reeds. [94] He\ndivided these into pairs which he placed in different parts of the\nworld, and then he said to them, \"You must speak.\" Immediately the\nreeds became people, and in each place was a man and a woman who could\ntalk, but the language of each couple differed from that of the others.\n\nThen Lumawig commanded each man and woman to marry, which they did. By\nand by there were many children, all speaking the same language as\ntheir parents. These, in turn, married and had many children. In this\nway there came to be many people on the earth.\n\nNow Lumawig saw that there were several things which the people on\nthe earth needed to use, so he set to work to supply them. He created\nsalt, and told the inhabitants of one place to boil it down and sell\nit to their neighbors. But these people could not understand the\ndirections of the Great Spirit, and the next time he visited them,\nthey had not touched the salt.\n\nThen he took it away from them and gave it to the people of a place\ncalled Mayinit. [95] These did as he directed, and because of this\nhe told them that they should always be owners of the salt, and that\nthe other peoples must buy of them.\n\nThen Lumawig went to the people of Bontoc and told them to get clay\nand make pots. They got the clay, but they did not understand the\nmoulding, and the jars were not well shaped. Because of their failure,\nLumawig told them that they would always have to buy their jars,\nand he removed the pottery to Samoki. [96] When he told the people\nthere what to do, they did just as he said, and their jars were well\nshaped and beautiful. Then the Great Spirit saw that they were fit\nowners of the pottery, and he told them that they should always make\nmany jars to sell.\n\nIn this way Lumawig taught the people and brought to them all the\nthings which they now have.\n\n\n\nThe Flood Story\n\n_Igorot_\n\n\nOnce upon a time, when the world was flat and there were no mountains,\nthere lived two brothers, sons of Lumawig, the Great Spirit. The\nbrothers were fond of hunting, and since no mountains had formed\nthere was no good place to catch wild pig and deer, and the older\nbrother said:\n\n\"Let us cause water to flow over all the world and cover it, and then\nmountains will rise up.\" [97]\n\nSo they caused water to flow over all the earth, and when it was\ncovered they took the head-basket [98] of the town and set it for a\ntrap. The brothers were very much pleased when they went to look at\ntheir trap, for they had caught not only many wild pigs and deer but\nalso many people.\n\nNow Lumawig looked down from his place in the sky and saw that his\nsons had flooded the earth and that in all the world there was just one\nspot which was not covered. And he saw that all the people in the world\nhad been drowned except one brother and sister who lived in Pokis.\n\nThen Lumawig descended, and he called to the boy\nand girl, saying:\n\n\"Oh, you are still alive.\"\n\n\"Yes,\" answered the boy, \"we are still alive, but we are very cold.\"\n\nSo Lumawig commanded his dog and deer to get fire [99] for the boy\nand girl. The dog and the deer swam quickly away, but though Lumawig\nwaited a long time they did not return, and all the time the boy and\ngirl were growing colder.\n\nFinally Lumawig himself went after the dog and the deer, and when he\nreached them he said:\n\n\"Why are you so long in bringing the fire to Pokis? Get ready and\ncome quickly while I watch you, for the boy and girl are very cold.\"\n\nThen the dog and the deer took the fire and started to swim through the\nflood, but when they had gone only a little way the fire was put out.\n\nLumawig commanded them to get more fire and they did so, but they\nswam only a little way again when that of the deer went out, and\nthat of the dog would have been extinguished also had not Lumawig\ngone quickly to him and taken it.\n\nAs soon as Lumawig reached Pokis he built a big fire which warmed the\nbrother and sister; and the water evaporated so that the world was\nas it was before, except that now there were mountains. The brother\nand sister married and had children, and thus there came to be many\npeople on the earth.\n\n\n\nLumawig on Earth\n\n_Igorot_\n\n\nOne day when Lumawig, [100] the Great Spirit, looked down from his\nplace in the sky he saw two sisters gathering beans. And he decided\nto go down to visit them. When he arrived at the place he asked them\nwhat they were doing. The younger, whose name was Fukan, answered:\n\n\"We are gathering beans, but it takes a long time to get enough,\nfor my sister wants to go bathing all the time.\"\n\nThen Lumawig said to the older sister:\n\n\"Hand me a single pod of the beans.\"\n\nAnd when she had given it to him, he shelled it into the basket and\nimmediately the basket was full. [101] The younger sister laughed at\nthis, and Lumawig said to her:\n\n\"Give me another pod and another basket.\"\n\nShe did so, and when he had shelled the pod, that basket was full\nalso. Then he said to the younger sister:\n\n\"Go home and get three more baskets.\"\n\nShe went home, but when she asked for three more baskets her mother\nsaid that the beans were few and she could not need so many. Then\nFukan told her of the young man who could fill a basket from one pod\nof beans, and the father, who heard her story, said:\n\n\"Go bring the young man here, for I think he must be a god.\"\n\nSo Fukan took the three baskets back to Lumawig, and when he had\nfilled them as he did the other two, he helped the girls carry them\nto the house. As they reached their home, he stopped outside to cool\nhimself, but the father called to him and he went up into the house\nand asked for some water. The father brought him a cocoanut shell full,\nand before drinking Lumawig looked at it and said:\n\n\"If I stay here with you, I shall become very strong.\"\n\nThe next morning Lumawig asked to see their chickens, and when they\nopened the chicken-coop out came a hen and many little chicks. \"Are\nthese all of your chickens?\" asked Lumawig; and the father assured\nhim that they were all. He then bade them bring rice meal that he\nmight feed them, and as the chickens ate they all grew rapidly till\nthey were cocks and hens.\n\nNext Lumawig asked how many pigs they had, and the father replied\nthat they had one with some little ones. Then Lumawig bade them fill\na pail with sweet potato leaves and he fed the pigs. And as they ate\nthey also grew to full size.\n\nThe father was so pleased with all these things that he offered his\nelder daughter to Lumawig for a wife. But the Great Spirit said he\npreferred to marry the younger; so that was arranged. Now when his\nbrother-in-law learned that Lumawig desired a feast at his wedding,\nhe was very angry and said:\n\n\"Where would you get food for your wedding feast? There is no rice,\nnor beef, nor pork, nor chicken,\"\n\nBut Lumawig only answered, \"I shall provide our wedding feast.\"\n\nIn the morning they all set out for Lanao, for Lumawig did not care\nto stay any longer in the house with his brother-in-law. As soon as\nthey arrived he sent out for some tree trunks, but the trees that\nthe people brought in were so small that Lumawig himself went to the\nforest and cut two large pine trees which he hurled to Lanao.\n\nWhen the people had built a fire of the trees he commanded them to\nbring ten kettles filled with water. Soon the water was boiling hot\nand the brother-in-law laughed and said:\n\n\"Where is your rice? You have the boiling water, but you do not seem\nto think of the rice.\"\n\nIn answer to this Lumawig took a small basket of rice and passed\nit over five kettles and they were full. Then he called \"Yishtjau,\"\nand some deer came running out of the forest. These were not what he\nwanted, however, so he called again and some pigs came. He told the\npeople that they were each to catch one and for his brother-in-law\nhe selected the largest and best.\n\nThey all set out in pursuit of the pigs and the others quickly caught\ntheirs, but though the brother-in-law chased his until he was very\ntired and hot he could not catch it Lumawig laughed at him and said:\n\n\"You chase that pig until he is thin and still you cannot catch it,\nthough all the others have theirs.\"\n\nThereupon he grasped the hind legs of the pig and lifted it. All the\npeople laughed and the brother-in-law said:\n\n\"Of course you can catch it, because I chased it until it was tired.\"\n\nLumawig then handed it to him and said, \"Here, you carry it.\" But no\nsooner had the brother-in-law put it over his shoulder than it cut\nloose and ran away.\n\n\"Why did you let it go?\" asked Lumawig. \"Do you care nothing for it,\neven after I caught it for you? Catch it again and bring it here.\"\n\nSo the brother-in-law started out again, and he chased it up stream\nand down, but he could not catch it. Finally Lumawig reached down\nand picked up the pig and carried it to the place where the others\nwere cooking.\n\nAfter they had all eaten and drunk and made their offerings to the\nspirits, Lumawig said:\n\n\"Come, let us go to the mountain to consult the omen concerning the\nnorthern tribes.\"\n\nSo they consulted the omen, but it was not favorable, and they were\nstarting home when the brother-in-law asked Lumawig to create some\nwater, as the people were hot and thirsty.\n\n\"Why do you not create water, Lumawig?\" he repeated as Lumawig paid\nno attention to him. \"You care nothing that the people are thirsty\nand in need of drink.\"\n\nThen they quarreled and were very angry and Lumawig\nsaid to the people, \"Let us sit down and rest.\"\n\nWhile they rested, Lumawig struck the rock with his spear and water\ncame out. [102] The brother-in-law jumped up to get a drink first, but\nLumawig held him back and said he must be the last to drink. So they\nall drank, and when they had finished, the brother-in-law stepped up,\nbut Lumawig gave him a push which sent him into the rock and water\ncame from his body.\n\n\"You must stay there,\" said Lumawig, \"because you have troubled me\na great deal.\" And they went home, leaving him in the rock.\n\nSome time after this Lumawig decided to go back to the sky to live,\nbut before he went he took care that his wife should have a home. He\nmade a coffin of wood [103] and placed her in it with a dog at her\nfeet and a cock at her head. And as he set it floating on the water,\n[104] he told it not to stop until it reached Tinglayen. Then, if\nthe foot end struck first, the dog should bark; and if the head end\nwas the first to strike, the cock should crow. So it floated away,\nand on and on, until it came to Tinglayen.\n\nNow a widower was sharpening his ax on the bank of the river, and when\nhe saw the coffin stop, he went to fish it out of the water. On shore\nhe started to open it, but Fugan cried out, \"Do not drive a wedge,\nfor I am here,\" So the widower opened it carefully and took Fugan up\nto the town, and then as he had no wife of his own, he married her.\n\n\n\nHow the First Head was Taken [105]\n\n_Igorot_\n\n\nOne day the Moon, who was a woman named Kabigat, sat out in the yard\nmaking a large copper pot. The copper was still soft and pliable like\nclay, and the woman squatted on the ground with the heavy pot against\nher knees while she patted and shaped it. [106]\n\nNow while she was working a son of Chal-chal, the Sun, came by and\nstopped to watch her mould the form. Against the inside of the jar she\npressed a stone, while on the outside with a wooden paddle dripping\nwith water she pounded and slapped until she had worked down the\nbulges and formed a smooth surface.\n\nThe boy was greatly interested in seeing the jar grow larger, more\nbeautiful, and smoother with each stroke, and he stood still for some\ntime. Suddenly the Moon looked up and saw him watching her. Instantly\nshe struck him with her paddle, cutting off his head.\n\nNow the Sun was not near, but he knew as soon as the Moon had cut off\nhis son's head. And hurrying to the spot, he put the boy's head back\non, and he was alive again.\n\nThen the Sun said to the Moon, \"You cut off my son's head, and because\nyou did this ever after on the earth people will cut off each other's\nheads.\"\n\n\n\nThe Serpent Eagle [107]\n\n_Igorot_\n\n\nOnce there lived two boys whose mother sent them every day to the\nforest to get wood [108] for her fires. Each morning, as they started\nout, she gave them some food for their trip, but it was always poor\nand there was little of it, and she would say:\n\n\"The wood that you brought yesterday was so poor that I cannot give\nyou much to eat today.\"\n\nThe boys tried very hard to please her, but if they brought nice pine\nwood she scolded them, and if they brought large dry reeds she said:\n\n\"These are no good for my fire, for they leave too much ashes in\nthe house.\"\n\nTry as they would, they failed to satisfy her; and their bodies grew\nvery thin from working hard all day and from want of enough to eat.\n\nOne morning when they left for the mountains the mother gave them a\nbit of dog meat to eat, and the boys were very sad. When they reached\nthe forest one of them said:\n\n\"You wait here while I climb the tree and cut off some branches.\"\n\nHe went up the tree and soon called down, \"Here is some wood,\" and\nthe bones of his arm dropped to the ground.\n\n\"Oh,\" cried his brother, \"it is your arm!\"\n\n\"Here is some more wood,\" cried the other, and the bones of the other\narm dropped to the ground.\n\nThen he called again, and the bones of his leg fell, then those of his\nother leg, and so on till all the bones of his body lay on the ground.\n\n\"Take these home,\" he said, \"and tell the woman that here is her wood;\nshe only wanted my bones.\"\n\nThe younger boy was very sad, for he was alone, and there was no one\nto go down the mountain with him. He gathered up the bundle of wood,\nwondering meanwhile what he should do, but just as he finished a\nserpent eagle called down from the tree tops:\n\n\"I will go with you, Brother.\"\n\nSo the boy put the bundle of wood on his shoulder, and as he was\ngoing down the mountain, his brother, who was now a serpent eagle,\nflew over his head. When he reached the house, he put down the bundle\nand said to his mother:\n\n\"Here is your wood.\"\n\nWhen she looked at it she was very much frightened and ran out of\nthe house.\n\nThen the serpent eagle circled round and round above her head and\ncalled:\n\n\"Quiukok! quiukok! quiukok! I do not need your food any more.\"\n\n\n\nThe Tattooed Men [109]\n\n_Igorot_\n\nOnce there were two young men, very good friends, who were unhappy\nbecause neither of them had been tattooed. [110] They felt that they\nwere not as beautiful as their friends.\n\nOne day they agreed to tattoo each other. One marked the breast and\nback of the other, his arms and legs, and even his face. And when he\nhad finished, he took soot off the bottom of a cooking-pot and rubbed\nit into all the marks; and he was tattooed beautifully.\n\nThe one who had done the work said to the other:\n\n\"Now, my friend, you are very beautiful, and you must tattoo me.\"\n\nThen the tattooed one scraped a great pile of black soot off the\ncooking-pots, and before the other knew what he was about, he had\nrubbed it all over him from the top of his head to the bottom of his\nfeet; and he was very black and greasy. The one who was covered with\nsoot became very angry and cried:\n\n\"Why do you treat me so when I tattooed you so carefully?\"\n\nThey began to fight, but suddenly the beautifully tattooed one became\na great lizard which ran away and hid in the tall grass, while the\nsooty one became a crow and flew away over the village. [111]\n\n\n\nTilin, The Rice Bird [112]\n\n_Igorot_\n\n\nOne day when a mother was pounding out rice to cook for supper,\nher little girl ran up to her and cried:\n\n\"Oh, Mother, give me some of the raw rice to eat.\"\n\n\"No,\" said the mother, \"it is not good for you to eat until it is\ncooked. Wait for supper.\"\n\nBut the little girl persisted until the mother, out of patience, cried:\n\n\"Be still. It is not good for you to talk so much!\"\n\nWhen she had finished pounding the rice, the woman poured it into a\nrice winnower and tossed it many times into the air. As soon as the\nchaff was removed she emptied the rice into her basket and covered it\nwith the winnower. Then she took the jar upon her head, and started\nfor the spring to get water.\n\nNow the little girl was fond of going to the spring with her mother,\nfor she loved to play in the cool water while her mother filled the\njars. But this time she did not go, and as soon as the woman was\nout of sight, she ran to the basket of rice. She reached down to\ntake a handful of the grain. The cover slipped so that she fell,\nand was covered up in the basket.\n\nWhen the mother returned to the house, she heard a bird crying,\n\"King, king, nik! nik! nik!\" She listened carefully, and as the\nsound seemed to come from the basket, she removed the cover. To her\nsurprise, out hopped a little brown rice bird, and as it flew away\nit kept calling back:\n\n\"Goodbye, Mother; goodbye, Mother. You would not give me any rice\nto eat.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nWILD TRIBES OF MINDANAO\n\n\n\nIntroduction\n\n\nAbout one thousand miles to the south and east of the Tinguian and\nIgorot is the Island of Mindanao, which is inhabited by mortals and\nimmortals entirely unknown to the mountain tribes of the north.\n\nIn the northern part of this great island are the Bukidnon--timid,\nwild people who, attacked from time to time by the Moro on one side\nand the Manobo on the other, have drawn back into scattered homes\nin the hills. Here they live in poor dwellings raised high from the\nground. Some even build in trees, their sheltered and secret positions\nmaking them less subject to attack.\n\nThey are not a warlike people, and their greatest concern is for the\ngood will of the numerous spirits who watch over their every act. At\ntimes they gather a little hemp or coffee from the hillside or along\nthe stream bank and carry it to the coast to exchange for the bright\ncloth which they make into gay clothes. But they do not love work,\nand the most of their time is spent in resting or attending ceremonies\nmade to gain the good will of the immortals.\n\nIn this country the belief prevails that there are spirits in the\nstones, in the baliti trees, in the vines, the cliffs, and even the\ncaves. And never does a man start on a journey or make a clearing on\nthe mountain side until he has first besought these spirits not to be\nangry with him but to favor him with prosperity and bring good crops.\n\nThe greatest of the spirits is Diwata Magbabaya, who is so\nawe-inspiring that his name is never mentioned above a whisper. He\nlives in the sky in a house made of coins, and there are no windows\nin this building, for if men should look upon him they would melt\ninto water.\n\nAbout the Gulf of Davao, in the southeastern part of this island,\nare a number of small tribes, each differing somewhat from the other\nin customs and beliefs. Of these the most influential are the Bagobo\nwho dwell on the lower slopes of Mt. Apo, the highest peak in the\nPhilippines. They are very industrious, forging excellent knives,\ncasting fine articles in brass, and weaving beautiful hemp cloth which\nthey make into elaborate garments decorated with beads and shell disks.\n\nThe men are great warriors, each gaining distinction among his people\naccording to the number of human lives he has taken. A number of them\ndress in dark red suits and peculiar headbands which they are permitted\nto wear only after they have taken six lives. Notwithstanding their\nbravery in battle, these people fear and have great respect for the\nnumerous spirits who rule over their lives.\n\nFrom a great fissure in the side of Mt. Apo, clouds of sulphur fumes\nare constantly rising, and it is believed to be in this fissure that\nMandarangan and his wife Darago live--evil beings who look after the\nfortunes of the warriors. These spirits are feared and great care\nis taken to appease them with offerings, while once a year a human\nsacrifice is made to them.\n\nThe following tales show something of the beliefs of these and the\nneighboring tribes in Mindanao.\n\n\n\nHow the Moon and the Stars Came to Be\n\n_Bukidnon_ (_Mindanao_)\n\n\nOne day in the times when the sky was close to the ground a spinster\nwent out to pound rice. [113] Before she began her work, she took\noff the beads from around her neck and the comb from her hair, and\nhung them on the sky, which at that time looked like coral rock.\n\nThen she began working, and each time that she raised her pestle into\nthe air it struck the sky. For some time she pounded the rice, and\nthen she raised the pestle so high that it struck the sky very hard.\n\nImmediately the sky began to rise, [114] and it went up so far that\nshe lost her ornaments. Never did they come down, for the comb became\nthe moon and the beads are the stars that are scattered about.\n\n\n\nThe Flood Story\n\n_Bukidnon_ (_Mindanao_)\n\n\nA long time ago there was a very big crab [115] which crawled into\nthe sea. And when he went in he crowded the water out so that it ran\nall over the earth and covered all the land.\n\nNow about one moon before this happened, a wise man had told the people\nthat they must build a large raft. [116] They did as he commanded and\ncut many large trees, until they had enough to make three layers. These\nthey bound tightly together, and when it was done they fastened the\nraft with a long rattan cord to a big pole in the earth.\n\nSoon after this the floods came. White water poured out of the hills,\nand the sea rose and covered even the highest mountains. The people\nand animals on the raft were safe, but all the others drowned.\n\nWhen the waters went down and the raft was again on the ground,\nit was near their old home, for the rattan cord had held.\n\nBut these were the only people left on the whole earth.\n\n\n\nMagbangal [117]\n\n_Bukidnon_ (_Mindanao_)\n\n\nMagbangal was a good hunter, and he often went to a certain hill\nwhere he killed wild pigs for food. One night as it was nearing the\nplanting season, he sat in his house thinking, and after a long time\nhe called to his wife. She came to him, and he said:\n\n\"Tomorrow I shall go to the hill and clear the land for our planting,\nbut I wish you to stay here.\"\n\n\"Oh, let me go with you,\" begged his wife, \"for you have no other\ncompanion.\"\n\n\"No,\" said Magbangal, \"I wish to go alone, and you must stay at home.\"\n\nSo finally his wife agreed, and in the morning she arose early to\nprepare food for him. When the rice was cooked and the fish ready\nshe called him to come and eat, but he said:\n\n\"No, I do not want to eat now, but I will return this afternoon and\nyou must have it ready for me.\"\n\nThen he gathered up his ten hatchets and bolos, [118] a sharpening\nstone, and a bamboo tube for water, and started for the hill. Upon\nreaching his land he cut some small trees to make a bench. When it\nwas finished, he sat down on it and said to the bolos, \"You bolos must\nsharpen yourselves on the stone.\" And the bolos went to the stone and\nwere sharpened. Then to the hatchets he said, \"You hatchets must be\nsharpened,\" and they also sharpened themselves.\n\nWhen all were ready, he said: \"Now you bolos cut all the small brush\nunder the trees, and you hatchets must cut the large trees.\" So the\nbolos and the hatchets went to work, and from his place on the bench\nMagbangal could see the land being cleared.\n\nMagbangal's wife was at work in their house weaving a skirt, but\nwhen she heard the trees continually falling she stopped to listen\nand thought to herself, \"My husband must have found many people to\nhelp him clear our land. When he left here, he was alone, but surely\nhe cannot cut down the trees so fast. I will see who is helping him.\"\n\nShe left the house and walked rapidly toward the field, but as she\ndrew nearer she proceeded more slowly, and finally stopped behind\na tree. From her hiding-place, she could see her husband asleep on\nthe bench, and she could also see that the bolos and hatchets were\ncutting the trees with no hands to guide them.\n\n\"Oh,\" said she, \"Magbangal is very powerful. Never before have I\nseen bolos and hatchets working without hands, and he never told me\nof his power.\"\n\nSuddenly she saw her husband jump up, and, seizing a bolo, he cut\noff one of his own arms. He awoke and sat up and said:\n\n\"Someone must be looking at me, for one of my arms is cut off.\"\n\nWhen he saw his wife he knew that she was the cause of his losing\nhis arm, and as they went home together, he exclaimed:\n\n\"Now I am going away. It is better for me to go to the sky where I\ncan give the sign to the people when it is time to plant; and you\nmust go to the water and become a fish.\"\n\nSoon after he went to the sky and became the constellation Magbangal;\nand ever since, when the people see these stars appear in the sky,\nthey know that it is time to plant their rice.\n\n\n\nHow Children Became Monkeys\n\n_Bukidnon_ (_Mindanao_)\n\n\nOne day a mother took her two children with her when she went to\ncolor cloth. Not far from her home was a mud hole [119] where the\ncarabao liked to wallow, and to this hole she carried her cloth,\nsome dye pots, and two shell spoons.\n\nAfter she had put the cloth into the mud to let it take up the dark\ncolor, she built a fire and put over it a pot containing water and\nthe leaves used for dyeing. Then she sat down to wait for the water\nto boil, while the children played near by.\n\nBy and by when she went to stir the leaves with a shell spoon, some\nof the water splashed up and burned her hand, so that she jumped and\ncried out. This amused the children and their laughter changed them\ninto monkeys, and the spoons became their tails. [120]\n\nThe nails of the monkeys are still black, because while they were\nchildren they had helped their mother dye the cloth.\n\n\n\nBulanawan and Aguio\n\n_Bukidnon_ (_Mindanao_)\n\n\nLanggona and his wife had twin boys named Bulanawan and Aguio. One\nday, when they were about two years old, the mother took Bulanawan to\nthe field with her when she went to pick cotton. She spread the fiber\nshe had gathered the day before on the ground to dry near the child,\nand while she was getting more a great wind suddenly arose which\nwound the cotton around the baby and carried him away. Far away to\na distant land the wind took Bulanawan, and in that place he grew\nup. When he was a man, he became a great warrior. [121]\n\nOne day while Bulanawan and his wife were walking along the seashore,\nthey sat down to rest on a large, flat rock, and Bulanawan fell\nasleep. Now Aguio, the twin brother of Bulanawan, had become a great\nwarrior also, and he went on a journey to this distant land, not\nknowing that his brother was there. It happened that he was walking\nalong the seashore in his war-dress  [122] on this same day, and when\nhe saw the woman sitting on the large, flat rock, he thought her very\nbeautiful, and he determined to steal her.\n\nAs he drew near he asked her to give him some of her husband's\nbetel-nut to chew, and when she refused he went forward to fight her\nhusband, not knowing they were brothers. As soon as his wife awakened\nhim Bulanawan sprang up, seized her, put her in the cuff of his sleeve,\n[123] and came forth ready to fight. Aguio grew very angry at this, and\nthey fought until their weapons were broken, and the earth trembled.\n\nNow the two brothers of the rivals felt the earth tremble although they\nwere far away, and each feared that his brother was in trouble. One\nwas in the mountains and he started at once for the sea; the other was\nin a far land, but he set out in a boat for the scene of the trouble.\n\nThey arrived at the same time at the place of battle, and they\nimmediately joined in it. Then the trembling of the earth increased\nso much that Langgona, the father of Aguio and Bulanawan, sought out\nthe spot and tried to make peace. But he only seemed to make matters\nworse, and they all began fighting him. So great did the disturbance\nbecome that the earth was in danger of falling to pieces.\n\nThen it was that the father of Langgona came and settled the trouble,\nand when all were at peace again they discovered that Aguio and\nBulanawan were brothers and the grandsons of the peacemaker.\n\n\n\nOrigin\n\n_Bagobo_ (_Mindanao_)\n\n\nIn the beginning there lived one man and one woman, Toglai and\nToglibon. Their first children were a boy and a girl. When they were\nold enough, the boy and the girl went far away across the waters\nseeking a good place to live in. Nothing more was heard of them until\ntheir children, the Spaniards and Americans, came back. After the\nfirst boy and girl left, other children were born to the couple,\nbut they all remained at Cibolan on Mt. Apo with their parents,\nuntil Toglai and Toglibon died and became spirits.\n\nSoon after that there came a great drought which lasted for three\nyears. All the waters dried up, so that there were no rivers, and no\nplants could live.\n\n\"Surely,\" said the people, \"Manama is punishing us and we must go\nelsewhere to find food and a place to dwell in.\"\n\nSo they started out. Two went in the direction of the sunset, carrying\nwith them stones from Cibolan River. After a long journey they reached\na place where were broad fields of cogon grass and an abundance of\nwater, and there they made their home. Their children still live in\nthat place and are called Magindanau, because of the stones which\nthe couple carried when they left Cibolan.\n\nTwo children of Toglai and Toglibon went to the south, seeking a home,\nand they carried with them women's baskets (baraan). When they found a\ngood spot, they settled down. Their descendants, still dwelling at that\nplace, are called Baraan or Bilaan, because of the women's baskets.\n\nSo two by two the children of the first couple left the land of their\nbirth. In the place where each settled a new people developed, and\nthus it came about that all the tribes in the world received their\nnames from things that the people carried out of Cibolan, or from\nthe places where they settled.\n\nAll the children left Mt. Apo save two (a boy and a girl), whom hunger\nand thirst had made too weak to travel. One day when they were about\nto die the boy crawled out to the field to see if there was one\nliving thing, and to his surprise he found a stalk of sugar-cane\ngrowing lustily. He eagerly cut it, and enough water came out to\nrefresh him and his sister until the rains came. Because of this,\ntheir children are called Bagobo. [124]\n\n\n\nLumabet\n\n_Bagobo_ (_Mindanao_)\n\n\nSoon after people were created on the earth, there was born a child\nnamed Lumabet, who lived to be a very, very old man. He could talk\nwhen he was but one day old, and all his life he did wonderful things\nuntil the people came to believe that he had been sent by Manama,\nthe Great Spirit.\n\nWhen Lumabet was still a young man he had a fine dog, and he enjoyed\nnothing so much as taking him to the mountains to hunt. One day the dog\nnoticed a white deer. Lumabet and his companions started in pursuit,\nbut the deer was very swift and they could not catch it. On and on\nthey went until they had gone around the world, and still the deer\nwas ahead. One by one his companions dropped out of the chase, but\nLumabet would not give up until he had the deer.\n\nAll the time he had but one banana and one camote (sweet potato)\nfor food, but each night he planted the skins of these, and in the\nmorning he found a banana tree with ripe fruit and a sweet potato\nlarge enough to eat. So he kept on until he had been around the world\nnine times, and he was an old man and his hair was gray. At last he\ncaught the deer, and then he called all the people to a great feast,\nto see the animal.\n\nWhile all were making merry, Lumabet told them to take a knife and\nkill his father. They were greatly surprised, but did as he commanded,\nand when the old man was dead, Lumabet waved his headband over him\nand he came to life again. Eight times they killed the old man at\nLumabet's command, and the eighth time he was small like a little boy,\nfor each time they had cut off some of his flesh. They all wondered\nvery much at Lumabet's power, and they were certain that he was a god.\n\nOne morning some spirits came to talk with Lumabet, and after they\nhad gone he called the people to come into his house.\n\n\"We cannot all come in,\" said the people, \"for your house is small\nand we are many.\"\n\n\"There is plenty of room,\" said he; so all went in and to their\nsurprise it did not seem crowded.\n\nThen he told the people that he was going on a long journey and that\nall who believed he had great power could go with him, while all\nwho remained behind would be changed into animals and buso. [125]\nHe started out, many following him, and it was as he said. For those\nthat refused to go were immediately changed into animals and buso.\n\nHe led the people far away across the ocean to a place where the earth\nand the sky meet. When they arrived they saw that the sky moved up\nand down like a man opening and closing his jaws.\n\n\"Sky, you must go up,\" commanded Lumabet.\n\nBut the sky would not obey. So the people could not go through. Finally\nLumabet promised the sky that if he would let all the others through,\nhe might have the last man who tried to pass. Agreeing to this,\nthe sky opened and the people entered. But when near the last the\nsky shut down so suddenly that he caught not only the last man but\nalso the long knife of the man before.\n\nOn that same day, Lumabet's son, who was hunting, did not know that\nhis father had gone to the sky. When he was tired of the chase, he\nwanted to go to his father, so he leaned an arrow against a baliti tree\nand sat down on it. Slowly it began to go down and carried him to his\nfather's place, but when he arrived he could find no people. He looked\nhere and there and could find nothing but a gun made of gold. [126]\nThis made him very sorrowful and he did not know what to do until\nsome white bees which were in the house said to him:\n\n\"You must not weep, for we can take you to the sky where your\nfather is.\"\n\nSo he did as they bade, and rode on the gun, and the bees flew away\nwith him, until in three days they reached the sky.\n\nNow, although most of the men who followed Lumabet were content to\nlive in the sky, there was one who was very unhappy, and all the time\nhe kept looking down on the land below. The spirits made fun of him\nand wanted to take out his intestines so that he would be like them\nand never die, but he was afraid and always begged to be allowed to\ngo back home.\n\nFinally Manama told the spirits to allow him to go, so they made a\nchain of the leaves of the karan grass and tied it to his legs. Then\nthey let him down slowly head first, and when he reached the ground\nhe was no longer a man but an owl. [127]\n\n\n\nThe Story of the Creation [128]\n\n_Bilaan_ (_Mindanao_)\n\n\nIn the very beginning there lived a being so large that he can not\nbe compared with any known thing. His name was Melu, [129] and when\nhe sat on the clouds, which were his home, he occupied all the space\nabove. His teeth were pure gold, and because he was very cleanly\nand continually rubbed himself with his hands, his skin became pure\nwhite. The dead skin which he rubbed off his body [130] was placed\non one side in a pile, and by and by this pile became so large that\nhe was annoyed and set himself to consider what he could do with it.\n\nFinally Melu decided to make the earth; so he worked very hard in\nputting the dead skin into shape, and when it was finished he was so\npleased with it that he determined to make two beings like himself,\nthough smaller, to live on it.\n\nTaking the remnants of the material left after making the earth he\nfashioned two men but just as they were all finished except their\nnoses, Tau Tana from below the earth appeared and wanted to help him.\n\nMelu did not wish any assistance, and a great argument ensued. Tau\nTana finally won his point and made the noses which he placed on the\npeople upside down. When all was finished, Melu and Tau Tana whipped\nthe forms until they moved. Then Melu went to his home above the\nclouds, and Tau Tana returned to his place below the earth.\n\nAll went well until one day a great rain came, and the people on the\nearth nearly drowned from the water which ran off their heads into\ntheir noses. Melu, from his place on the clouds, saw their danger,\nand he came quickly to earth and saved their lives by turning their\nnoses the other side up.\n\nThe people were very grateful to him, and promised to do anything\nhe should ask of them. Before he left for the sky, they told him\nthat they were very unhappy living on the great earth all alone, so\nhe told them to save all the hair from their heads and the dry skin\nfrom their bodies and the next time he came he would make them some\ncompanions. And in this way there came to be a great many people on\nthe earth.\n\n\n\nIn the Beginning\n\n_Bilaan_ (_Mindanao_)\n\n\nIn the beginning there were four beings, [131] and they lived on an\nisland no larger than a hat. On this island there were no trees or\ngrass or any other living thing besides these four people and one\nbird. [132] One day they sent this bird out across the waters to\nsee what he could find, and when he returned he brought some earth,\na piece of rattan, and some fruit.\n\nMelu, the greatest of the four, took the soil and shaped it and beat\nit with a paddle in the same manner in which a woman shapes pots of\nclay, and when he finished he had made the earth. Then he planted\nthe seeds from the fruit, and they grew until there was much rattan\nand many trees bearing fruit.\n\nThe four beings watched the growth for a long time and were well\npleased with the work, but finally Melu said:\n\n\"Of what use is this earth and all the rattan and fruit if there are\nno people?\"\n\nAnd the others replied, \"Let us make some people out of wax.\"\n\nSo they took some wax and worked long, fashioning it into forms,\nbut when they brought them to the fire the wax melted, and they saw\nthat men could not be made in that way.\n\nNext they decided to try to use dirt in making people, and Melu and\none of his companions began working on that. All went well till they\nwere ready to make the noses. The companion, who was working on that\npart, put them on upside down. Melu told him that the people would\ndrown if he left them that way, but he refused to change them.\n\nWhen his back was turned, however, Melu seized the noses, one by one,\nand turned them as they now are. But he was in such a hurry that he\npressed his finger at the root, and it left a mark in the soft clay\nwhich you can still see on the faces of people.\n\n\n\nThe Children of the Limokon [133]\n\n_Mandaya_ (_Mindanao_)\n\n\nIn the very early days before there were any people on the earth,\nthe limokon (a kind of dove) [134] were very powerful and could talk\nlike men though they looked like birds. One limokon laid two eggs, one\nat the mouth of the Mayo River and one farther up its course. After\nsome time these eggs hatched, and the one at the mouth of the river\nbecame a man, while the other became a woman.\n\nThe man lived alone on the bank of the river for a long time, but\nhe was very lonely and wished many times for a companion. One day\nwhen he was crossing the river something was swept against his legs\nwith such force that it nearly caused him to drown. On examining it,\nhe found that it was a hair, and he determined to go up the river and\nfind whence it came. He traveled up the stream, looking on both banks,\nuntil finally he found the woman, and he was very happy to think that\nat last he could have a companion.\n\nThey were married and had many children, who are the Mandaya still\nliving along the Mayo River,\n\n\n\n\nThe Sun and the Moon\n\n_Mandaya_ (_Mindanao_)\n\n\nThe Sun and the Moon were married, but the Sun was very ugly and\nquarrelsome. One day he became angry at the Moon and started to chase\nher. She ran very fast until she was some distance ahead of him, when\nshe grew tired and he almost caught her. Ever since he has been chasing\nher, at times almost reaching her, and again falling far behind.\n\nThe first child of the Sun and Moon was a large star, and he was like\na man. One time the Sun, becoming angry at the star, cut him up into\nsmall pieces and scattered him over the whole sky just as a woman\nscatters rice, and ever since there have been many stars.\n\nAnother child of the Sun and Moon was a gigantic crab. [135] He still\nlives and is so powerful that every time he opens and closes his eyes\nthere is a flash of lightning. Most of the time the crab lives in\na large hole in the bottom of the sea, and when he is there we have\nhigh tide; but when he leaves the hole, the waters rush in and there\nis low tide. His moving about also causes great waves on the surface\nof the sea.\n\nThe crab is quarrelsome like his father; and he sometimes becomes so\nangry with his mother, the Moon, that he tries to swallow her. [136]\nWhen the people on earth, who are fond of the Moon, see the crab near\nher, they run out of doors and shout and beat on gongs until he is\nfrightened away, and thus the Moon is saved.\n\n\n\nThe Widow's Son [137]\n\n_Subanun_ (_Mindanao_)\n\n\nIn a little house at the edge of a village lived a widow with her\nonly son, and they were very happy together. The son was kind to his\nmother, and they made their living by growing rice in clearings on\nthe mountain side and by hunting wild pig in the forest.\n\nOne evening when their supply of meat was low, the boy said:\n\n\"Mother, I am going to hunt pig in the morning, and I wish you would\nprepare rice for me before daylight.\"\n\nSo the widow rose early and cooked the rice, and at dawn the boy\nstarted out with his spear and dog.\n\nSome distance from the village, he entered the thick forest. He walked\non and on, ever on the lookout for game, but none appeared. At last\nwhen he had traveled far and the sun was hot, he sat down on a rock to\nrest and took out his brass box [138] to get a piece of betel-nut. He\nprepared the nut and leaf for chewing, and as he did so he wondered\nwhy it was that he had been so unsuccessful that day. But even as he\npondered he heard his dog barking sharply, and cramming the betel-nut\ninto his mouth he leaped up and ran toward the dog.\n\nAs he drew near he could see that the game was a fine large pig,\nall black save its four legs which were white. He lifted his spear\nand took aim, but before he could throw the pig started to run,\nand instead of going toward a water course it ran straight up the\nmountain. The boy went on in hot pursuit, and when the pig paused he\nagain took aim, but before he could throw it ran on.\n\nSix times the pig stopped just long enough for the boy to take aim,\nand then started on before he could throw. The seventh time, however,\nit halted on the top of a large flat rock and the boy succeeded in\nkilling it.\n\nHe tied its legs together with a piece of rattan and was about to\nstart for home with the pig on his back, when to his surprise a door\nin the large stone swung open and a man stepped out.\n\n\"Why have you killed my master's pig?\" asked the man.\n\n\"I did not know that this pig belonged to anyone,\" replied the widow's\nson. \"I was hunting, as I often do, and when my dog found the pig I\nhelped him to catch it\"\n\n\"Come in and see my master,\" said the man, and the boy followed him\ninto the stone where he found himself in a large room. The ceiling and\nfloor were covered with peculiar cloth that had seven wide stripes\nof red alternating with a like number of yellow stripes. When the\nmaster of the place appeared his trousers were of seven colors,\n[139] as were also his jacket and the kerchief about his head.\n\nThe master ordered betel-nut, and when it was brought they chewed\ntogether. Then he called for wine, and it was brought in a jar so\nlarge that it had to be set on the ground under the house, and even\nthen the top came so high above the floor that they brought a seat\nfor the widow's son, and it raised him just high enough to drink\nfrom the reed in the top of the jar. He drank seven cups of wine,\nand then they ate rice and fish and talked together.\n\nThe master did not blame the boy for killing the pig, and declared that\nhe wished to make a brother of him. So they became friends, and the\nboy remained seven days in the stone. At the end of that time, he said\nthat he must return to his mother who would be worried about him. In\nthe early morning he left the strange house and started for home.\n\nAt first he walked briskly, but as the morning wore on he went more\nslowly, and finally when the sun was high he sat down on a rock to\nrest. Suddenly looking up, he saw before him seven men each armed with\na spear, a shield, and a sword. They were dressed in different colors,\nand each man had eyes the same color as his clothes. The leader, who\nwas dressed all in red with red eyes to match, spoke first, asking\nthe boy where he was going. The boy replied that he was going home\nto his mother who would be looking for him, and added:\n\n\"Now I ask where you are going, all armed ready for war.\"\n\n\"We are warriors,\" replied the man in red. \"And we go up and down the\nworld killing whatever we see that has life. Now that we have met you,\nwe must kill you also.\"\n\nThe boy, startled by this strange speech, was about to answer when he\nheard a voice near him say: \"Fight, for they will try to kill you,\"\nand upon looking up he saw his spear, shield, and sword which he had\nleft at home. Then he knew that the command came from a spirit, so he\ntook his weapons and began to fight. For three days and nights they\ncontended, and never before had the seven seen one man so brave. On\nthe fourth day the leader was wounded and fell dead, and then, one\nby one, the other six fell.\n\nWhen they were all killed, the widow's son was so crazed with fighting\nthat he thought no longer of returning home, but started out to find\nmore to slay.\n\nIn his wanderings he came to the home of a great giant whose house\nwas already full of the men he had conquered in battle, and he called\nup from outside:\n\n\"Is the master of the house at home? If he is, let him come out\nand fight.\"\n\nThis threw the giant into a rage, and seizing his shield and his\nspear, the shaft of which was the trunk of a tree, he sprang to the\ndoor and leaped to the ground, not waiting to go down the notched\npole which served for steps. He looked around for his antagonist,\nand seeing only the widow's son he roared:\n\n\"Where is the man that wants to fight? That thing? It is only a fly!\"\n\nThe boy did not stop to answer, but rushed at the giant with his knife;\nand for three days and nights they struggled, till the giant fell,\nwounded at the waist.\n\nAfter that the widow's son stopped only long enough to burn the giant's\nhouse, and then rushed on looking for someone else to slay. Suddenly\nhe again heard the voice which had bade him fight with the seven men,\nand this time it said: \"Go home now, for your mother is grieved at\nyour absence.\" In a rage he sprang forward with his sword, though he\ncould see no enemy. Then the spirit which had spoken to him made him\nsleep for a short time. When he awoke the rage was spent.\n\nAgain the spirit appeared, and it said: \"The seven men whom you killed\nwere sent to kill you by the spirit of the great stone, for he looked\nin your hand and saw that you were to marry the orphan girl whom\nhe himself wished to wed. But you have conquered. Your enemies are\ndead. Go home now and prepare a great quantity of wine, for I shall\nbring your enemies to life again, and you will all live in peace.\"\n\nSo the widow's son went home, and his mother, who had believed him\ndead, was filled with joy at his coming, and all the people in the town\ncame out to welcome him. When he had told them his story, they hastened\nto get wine, and all day they bore jarsful to the widow's house.\n\nThat night there was a great feast, and the spirit of the great stone,\nhis seven warriors, the friendly spirit, and the giant all came. The\nwidow's son married the orphan girl, while another beautiful woman\nbecame the wife of the spirit of the stone.\n\n\n\n\n\nMORO\n\n\n\nIntroduction\n\n\nAbout the year 1400 something happened which changed the beliefs and\ncustoms of many of the tribes of the southern Philippines and made\nof them a powerful and dreaded people.\n\nIt was about this time that Arabian traders and missionaries began\nto establish themselves in the Islands, and soon these were followed\nby hordes of Mohammedan converts from the islands to the south. Among\nthe newcomers were men who became powerful rulers, and they, in time,\nbrought together many of the settlements which formerly had been\nhostile to each other and united them under the faith of Islam. Those\nwho accepted the new faith adopted the dress and many of the customs\nof their teachers and came to be known as Moro.\n\nWith the possession of firearms, which were introduced by the\nnewcomers, the Moro grew very daring and were greatly feared by the\nother natives. And soon they began to make long trips on the sea\nto the north and south, carrying on trade and making many surprise\nattacks for loot and slaves.\n\nAt the time the Spaniards discovered the Philippines, the Moro\nwere a terror to the other inhabitants, and they continued to be so\nuntil very recent years. They became ferocious pirates infesting the\nsouthern seas and preying upon the rich trade which the Spaniards\ncarried on with Mexico. Stone walls and watch towers were built at\nadvantageous points to guard against them, but bays and creeks which\nafforded opportunities for lurking, surprise, and attack continued\nto be frequented by the treacherous warriors.\n\nSince American occupation the waters have been made practically\nfree from their ravages, but on land they have continued to give\ntrouble. The greater part of the Moro now live in the Sulu Archipelago\nand on the Island of Mindanao. They range in degree of civilization\nfrom sea \"gypsies,\" who wander from place to place, living for months\nin their rude outrigger boats, to settled communities which live by\nfishing and farming, and even by manufacturing some cloth, brass, and\nsteel. Their villages are near the coast, along rivers, or about the\nshores of the interior lakes, the houses being raised high on poles\nnear or over the water, for they live largely on food from the sea.\n\nTheir folk-lore, as will be seen from the following tales, shows\ndecided influence from Arabia and India, which has filtered in through\nthe islands to the south. [140]\n\n\n\nMythology of Mindanao [141]\n\n_Moro_\n\n\nA long, long time ago Mindanao was covered with water, and the sea\nextended over all the lowlands so that nothing could be seen but\nmountains. Then there were many people living in the country, and all\nthe highlands were dotted with villages and settlements. For many years\nthe people prospered, living in peace and contentment. Suddenly there\nappeared in the land four horrible monsters which, in a short time,\nhad devoured every human being they could find.\n\nKurita, a terrible creature with many limbs, lived partly on land and\npartly in the sea, but its favorite haunt was the mountain where the\nrattan grew; and here it brought utter destruction on every living\nthing. The second monster, Tarabusaw, an ugly creature in the form\nof a man, lived on Mt. Matutun, and far and wide from that place he\ndevoured the people, laying waste the land. The third, an enormous\nbird called Pah, [142] was so large that when on the wing it covered\nthe sun and brought darkness to the earth. Its egg was as large as a\nhouse. Mt. Bita was its haunt, and there the only people who escaped\nits voracity were those who hid in caves in the mountains. The fourth\nmonster was a dreadful bird also, having seven heads and the power\nto see in all directions at the same time. Mt. Gurayn was its home\nand like the others it wrought havoc in its region.\n\nSo great was the death and destruction caused by these terrible animals\nthat at length the news spread even to the most distant lands, and\nall nations were grieved to hear of the sad fate of Mindanao.\n\nNow far across the sea in the land of the golden sunset was a city\nso great that to look at its many people would injure the eyes of\nman. When tidings of these great disasters reached this distant city,\nthe heart of the king Indarapatra [143] was filled with compassion,\nand he called his brother, Sulayman, [144] begging him to save the\nland of Mindanao from the monsters.\n\nSulayman listened to the story, and as he heard he was moved with pity.\n\n\"I will go,\" said he, zeal and enthusiasm adding to his strength,\n\"and the land shall be avenged.\"\n\nKing Indarapatra, proud of his brother's courage, gave him a ring and\na sword as he wished him success and safety. Then he placed a young\nsapling by his window [145] and said to Sulayman:\n\n\"By this tree I shall know your fate from the time you depart from\nhere, for if you live, it will live; but if you die, it will die also.\"\n\nSo Sulayman departed for Mindanao, and he neither walked nor used a\nboat, but he went through the air and landed on the mountain where\nthe rattan grew. There he stood on the summit and gazed about on all\nsides. He looked on the land and the villages, but he could see no\nliving thing. And he was very sorrowful and cried out:\n\n\"Alas, how pitiful and dreadful is this devastation!\"\n\nNo sooner had Sulayman uttered these words than the whole mountain\nbegan to move, and then shook. Suddenly out of the ground came the\nhorrible creature, Kurita. It sprang at the man and sank its claws\ninto his flesh. But Sulayman, knowing at once that this was the\nscourge of the land, drew his sword and cut the Kurita to pieces.\n\nEncouraged by his first success, Sulayman went on to Mt. Matutun\nwhere conditions were even worse. As he stood on the heights viewing\nthe great devastation  there was a noise in the forest and a movement\nin the trees. With a loud yell, forth leaped Tarabusaw. For a moment\nthey looked at each other, neither showing any fear. Then Tarabusaw\nthreatened to devour the man, and Sulayman declared that he would kill\nthe monster. At that the animal broke large branches off the trees\nand began striking at Sulayman who, in turn, fought back. For a long\ntime the battle continued until at last the monster fell exhausted\nto the ground and then Sulayman killed him with his sword.\n\nThe next place visited by Sulayman was Mt. Bita. Here havoc was present\neverywhere, and though he passed by many homes, not a single soul\nwas left. As he walked along, growing sadder at each moment, a sudden\ndarkness which startled him fell over the land. As he looked toward\nthe sky he beheld a great bird descending upon him. Immediately he\nstruck at it, cutting off its wing with his sword, and the bird fell\ndead at his feet; but the wing fell on Sulayman, and he was crushed.\n\nNow at this very time King Indarapatra was sitting at his window,\nand looking out he saw the little tree wither and dry up.\n\n\"Alas!\" he cried, \"my brother is dead\"; and he wept bitterly.\n\nThen although he was very sad, he was filled with a desire for revenge,\nand putting on his sword and belt he started for Mindanao in search\nof his brother.\n\nHe, too, traveled through the air with great speed until he came to\nthe mountain where the rattan grew. There he looked about, awed at\nthe great destruction, and when he saw the bones of Kurita he knew\nthat his brother had been there and gone. He went on till he came to\nMatutun, and when he saw the bones of Tarabusaw he knew that this,\ntoo, was the work of Sulayman.\n\nStill searching for his brother, he arrived at Mt. Bita where the\ndead bird lay on the ground, and as he lifted the severed wing he\nbeheld the bones of Sulayman with his sword by his side. His grief\nnow so overwhelmed Indarapatra that he wept for some time. Upon\nlooking up he beheld a small jar of water by his side. This he knew\nhad been sent from heaven, and he poured the water over the bones,\nand Sulayman came to life again. They greeted each other and talked\nlong together. Sulayman declared that he had not been dead but asleep,\nand their hearts were full of joy.\n\nAfter some time Sulayman returned to his distant home, but Indarapatra\ncontinued his journey to Mt. Gurayn where he killed the dreadful bird\nwith the seven heads. After these monsters had all been destroyed\nand peace and safety had been restored to the land, Indarapatra began\nsearching everywhere to see if some of the people might not be hidden\nin the earth still alive.\n\nOne day during his search he caught sight of a beautiful woman at a\ndistance. When he hastened toward her she disappeared through a hole\nin the ground where she was standing. Disappointed and tired, he sat\ndown on a rock to rest, when, looking about, he saw near him a pot\nof uncooked rice with a big fire on the ground in front of it. This\nrevived him and he proceeded to cook the rice. As he did so, however,\nhe heard someone laugh near by, and turning he beheld an old woman\nwatching him. As he greeted her, she drew near and talked with him\nwhile he ate the rice.\n\nOf all the people in the land, the old woman told him, only a very\nfew were still alive, and they hid in a cave in the ground from whence\nthey never ventured. As for herself and her old husband, she went on,\nthey had hidden in a hollow tree, and this they had never dared leave\nuntil after Sulayman killed the voracious bird, Pah.\n\nAt Indarapatra's earnest request, the old woman led him to the cave\nwhere he found the headman with his family and some of his people. They\nall gathered about the stranger, asking many questions, for this\nwas the first they had heard about the death of the monsters. When\nthey found what Indarapatra had done for them, they were filled\nwith gratitude, and to show their appreciation the headman gave his\ndaughter to him in marriage, and she proved to be the beautiful girl\nwhom Indarapatra had seen at the mouth of the cave.\n\nThen the people all came out of their hiding-place and returned to\ntheir homes where they lived in peace and happiness. And the sea\nwithdrew from the land and gave the lowlands to the people.\n\n\n\nThe Story of Bantugan\n\n_Moro_\n\n\nBefore the Spaniards occupied the island of Mindanao,  there lived\nin the valley of the Rio Grande a very strong man, Bantugan, whose\nfather was the brother of the earthquake and thunder. [146]\n\nNow the Sultan of the Island [147] had a beautiful daughter whom\nBantugan wished to marry, but the home of the Sultan was far off,\nand whoever went to carry Bantugan's proposal would have a long and\nhazardous journey. All the head men consulted together regarding who\nshould be sent, and at last it was decided that Bantugan's own son,\nBalatama, was the one to go. Balatama was young but he was strong and\nbrave, and when the arms of his father were given him to wear on the\nlong journey his heart swelled with pride. More than once on the way,\nhowever, his courage was tried, and only the thought of his brave\nfather gave him strength to proceed.\n\nOnce he came to a wooden fence which surrounded a stone in the form of\na man, and as it was directly in his path he drew his fighting knife\nto cut down the fence. Immediately the air became as black as night\nand stones rained down as large as houses. This made Balatama cry, but\nhe protected himself with his father's shield and prayed, calling on\nthe winds from the homeland until they came and cleared the air again.\n\nThereupon Balatama encountered a great snake [148] in the road,\nand it inquired his errand. When told, the snake said:\n\n\"You cannot go on, for I am guard of this road and no one can pass.\"\n\nThe animal made a move to seize him, but with one stroke of his\nfighting knife the boy cut the snake into two pieces, one of which\nhe threw into the sea and the other into the mountains.\n\nAfter many days the weary lad came to a high rock in the road,\nwhich glistened in the sunlight. From the top he could look down\ninto the city for which he was bound. It was a splendid place with\nten harbors. Standing out from the other houses was one of crystal\nand another of pure gold. Encouraged by this sight he went on, but\nthough it seemed but a short distance, it was some time before he at\nlast stood at the gate of the town.\n\nIt was not long after this, however, before Balatama had made known his\nerrand to the Sultan, and that monarch, turning to his courtiers, said:\n\n\"You, my friends, decide whether or not I shall give the hand of my\ndaughter to Bantugan in marriage.\"\n\nThe courtiers slowly shook their heads and began to offer objections.\n\nSaid one, \"I do not see how Bantugan can marry the Sultan's daughter\nbecause the first gift must be a figure of a man or woman in pure\ngold.\"\n\n\"Well,\" said the son of Bantugan, \"I am here to learn what you want\nand to say whether or not it can be given.\"\n\nThen a second man spoke: \"You must give a great yard with a floor of\ngold, which must be three feet thick.\"\n\n\"All this can be given,\" answered the boy.\n\nAnd the sister of the Princess said: \"The gifts must be as many as\nthe blades of grass in our city.\"\n\n\"It shall be granted,\" said Balatama.\n\n\"You must give a bridge built of stone to cross the great river,\"\nsaid one.\n\nAnd another: \"A ship of stone you must give, and you must change into\ngold all the cocoanuts and leaves in the Sultan's grove.\"\n\n\"All this can be done,\" said Balatama. \"My uncles will give all save\nthe statue of gold, and that I shall give myself. But first I must\ngo to my father's town to secure it.\"\n\nAt this they were angry and declared that he had made sport of them\nand unless he produced the statue at once they would kill him.\n\n\"If I give you the statue now,\" said he, \"there will come dreadful\nstorms, rain, and darkness.\"\n\nBut they only laughed at him and insisted on having the statue,\nso he reached in his helmet and drew it forth.\n\nImmediately the earth began to quake. A great storm arose, and stones\nas large as houses rained until the Sultan called to Balatama to put\nback the statue lest they all be killed.\n\n\"You would not believe what I told you,\" said the boy; \"and now I am\ngoing to let the storm continue.\"\n\nBut the Sultan begged him and promised that Bantugan might marry his\ndaughter with no other gifts at all save the statue of gold. Balatama\nput back the statue into his helmet, and the air became calm again\nto the great relief of the Sultan and his courtiers. Then Balatama\nprepared to return home, promising that Bantugan would come in three\nmonths for the wedding.\n\nAll went well with the boy on the way home until he came to the fence\nsurrounding the stone in the form of a man, and there he was detained\nand compelled to remain four months.\n\nNow about this time a Spanish general heard that Bantugan was preparing\nto marry the Sultan's daughter, whom he determined to wed himself. A\ngreat expedition was prepared, and he with all his brothers embarked on\nhis large warship which was followed by ten thousand other ships. They\nwent to the Sultan's city, and their number was so great that they\nfilled the harbor, frightening the people greatly.\n\nThen the General's brother disembarked and came to the house of the\nSultan. He demanded the Princess for the General, saying that if the\nrequest were refused, the fleet would destroy the city and all its\npeople. The Sultan and his courtiers were so frightened that they\ndecided to give his daughter to the General, the next full moon being\nthe date set for the wedding.\n\nIn the meantime Bantugan had been preparing everything for the\nmarriage which he expected to take place at the appointed time. But\nas the days went by and Balatama did not return, they became alarmed,\nfearing he was dead. After three months had passed, Bantugan prepared\na great expedition to go in search of his son, and the great warship\nwas decorated with flags of gold.\n\nAs they came in sight of the Sultan's city, they saw the Spanish\nfleet in the harbor, and one of his brothers advised Bantugan not\nto enter until the Spaniards left They then brought their ship to\nanchor. But all were disappointed that they could not go farther, and\none said, \"Why do we not go on? Even if the blades of grass turn into\nSpaniards we need not fear.\" Another said: \"Why do we fear? Even if\nthe cannon-balls come like rain, we can always fight.\" Finally some\nwanted to return to their homes and Bantugan said: \"No, let us seek\nmy son. Even though we must enter the harbor where the Spaniards are,\nlet us continue our search.\" So at his command the anchors were lifted,\nand they sailed into the harbor where the Spanish fleet lay.\n\nNow at this very time the Spanish general and his brother were with\nthe Sultan, intending to call upon the Princess. As the brother talked\nwith one of the sisters of the Princess they moved toward the window,\nand looking down they saw Bantugan's ships entering the harbor. They\ncould not tell whose flags the ships bore. Neither could the Sultan\nwhen he was called. Then he sent his brother to bring his father who\nwas a very old man, to see if he could tell. The father was kept in\na little dark room by himself that he might not get hurt, and the\nSultan said to his brother:\n\n\"If he is so bent with age that he cannot see, talk, or walk, tickle\nhim in the ribs and that will make him young again; and, my Brother,\ncarry him here yourself lest one of the slaves should let him fall\nand he should hurt himself.\"\n\nSo the old man was brought, and when he looked out upon the ships\nhe saw that the flags were those of the father of Bantugan who had\nbeen a great friend of his in his youth. And he told them that he and\nBantugan's father years ago had made a contract that their children\nand children's children should intermarry, and now since the Sultan\nhad promised his daughter to two people, he foresaw that great trouble\nwould come to the land. Then the Sultan said to the General:\n\n\"Here are two claimants to my daughter's hand. Go aboard your ships\nand you and Bantugan make war on each other, and the victor shall\nhave my daughter.\"\n\nSo the Spaniards opened fire upon Bantugan, and for three days the\nearth was so covered with smoke from the battle that neither could\nsee his enemy. Then the Spanish general said:\n\n\"I cannot see Bantugan or the fleet anywhere, so let us go and claim\nthe Princess.\"\n\nBut the Sultan said: \"We must wait until the smoke rises to make sure\nthat Bantugan is gone.\"\n\nWhen the smoke rose, the ships of Bantugan were apparently unharmed\nand the Sultan said:\n\n\"Bantugan has surely won, for his fleet is uninjured while yours is\nbadly damaged. You have lost.\"\n\n\"No,\" said the General, \"we will fight it out on dry land.\"\n\nSo they both landed their troops and their cannon, and a great fight\ntook place, and soon the ground was covered with dead bodies. And the\nSultan commanded them to stop, as the women and children in the city\nwere being killed by the cannon-balls, but the General said:\n\n\"If you give your daughter to Bantugan we shall fight forever or\nuntil we die.\"\n\nThen the Sultan sent for Bantugan and said:\n\n\"We must deceive the Spaniard in order to get him to go away. Let us\ntell him that neither of you will marry my daughter, and then after\nhe has gone, we shall have the wedding.\"\n\nBantugan agreed to this, and word was sent to the Spaniards that the\nfighting must cease since many women and children were being killed. So\nit was agreed between the Spaniard and Bantugan that neither of them\nshould marry the Princess. Then they both sailed away to their homes.\n\nBantugan soon returned, however, and married the Princess, and\non the way back to his home they found his son and took him with\nthem. For about a week the Spanish general sailed toward his home\nand then he, too, turned about to go back, planning to take the\nPrincess by force. When he found that she had already been carried\naway by Bantugan, his wrath knew no bounds. He destroyed the Sultan,\nhis city, and all its people. And then he sailed away to prepare a\ngreat expedition with which he should utterly destroy Bantugan and\nhis country as well.\n\nOne morning Bantugan looked out and saw at the mouth of the Rio Grande\nthe enormous fleet of the Spaniards whose numbers were so great that\nin no direction could the horizon be seen. His heart sank within him,\nfor he knew that he and his country were doomed.\n\nThough he could not hope to win in a fight against such great numbers,\nhe called his headmen together and said:\n\n\"My Brothers, the Christian dogs have come to destroy the land. We\ncannot successfully oppose them, but in the defense of the fatherland\nwe can die.\"\n\nSo the great warship was again prepared, and all the soldiers of\nIslam embarked, and then with Bantugan standing at the bow they sailed\nforth to meet their fate.\n\nThe fighting was fast and furious, but soon the great warship of\nBantugan filled with water until at last it sank, drawing with it\nhundreds of the Spanish ships. And then a strange thing happened. At\nthe very spot where Bantugan's warship sank, there arose from the sea a\ngreat island which you can see today not far from the mouth of the Rio\nGrande. It is covered with bongo palms, and deep within its mountains\nlive Bantugan and his warriors. A Moro sailboat passing this island\nis always scanned by Bantugan's watchers, and if it contains women\nsuch as he admires, they are snatched from their seats and carried\ndeep into the heart of the mountain. For this reason Moro women fear\neven to sail near the island of Bongos.\n\nWhen the wife of Bantugan saw that her husband was no more and that\nhis warship had been destroyed, she gathered together the remaining\nwarriors and set forth herself to avenge him. In a few hours her\nship was also sunk, and in the place where it sank there arose the\nmountain of Timaco.\n\nOn this thickly wooded island are found white monkeys, the servants\nof the Princess, who still lives in the center of the mountain. On\na quiet day high up on the mountain side one can hear the chanting\nand singing of the waiting-girls of the wife of Bantugan.\n\n\n\n\n\nCHRISTIANIZED TRIBES\n\n\n\nIntroduction\n\n\nWhen the Spaniards discovered the Philippines in the sixteenth century,\nthey found the tribes along the coasts of the different islands already\nsomewhat influenced by trade with China, Siam, and the islands to\nthe south.\n\nUnder Spanish rule the coast inhabitants, with the exception of the\nMoro, soon became converts to Christianity and adopted the dress of\ntheir conquerors, though they retained their several dialects and\nmany of their former customs. Then, no longer being at war with one\nanother, they made great advances in civilization, while the hill\ntribes have remained isolated, retaining their old customs and beliefs.\n\nThe tales of the Christianized tribes include a great mixture of\nold ideas and foreign influences obtained through contact with the\noutside world.\n\n\n\nThe Monkey and the Turtle\n\n_Ilocano_\n\n\nA monkey, looking very sad and dejected, was walking along the bank\nof the river one day when he met a turtle.\n\n\"How are you?\" asked the turtle, noticing that he looked sad.\n\nThe monkey replied, \"Oh, my friend, I am very hungry. The squash of\nMr. Farmer were all taken by the other monkeys, and now I am about\nto die from want of food.\"\n\n\"Do not be discouraged,\" said the turtle; \"take a bolo and follow me\nand we will steal some banana plants.\"\n\nSo they walked along together until they found some nice plants which\nthey dug up, and then they looked for a place to set them. Finally\nthe monkey climbed a tree and planted his in it, but as the turtle\ncould not climb he dug a hole in the ground and set his there.\n\nWhen their work was finished they went away, planning what they should\ndo with their crop. The monkey said:\n\n\"When my tree bears fruit, I shall sell it and have a great deal\nof money.\"\n\nAnd the turtle said: \"When my tree bears fruit, I shall sell it and\nbuy three varas of cloth to wear in place of this cracked shell.\"\n\nA few weeks later they went back to the place to see their plants and\nfound that that of the monkey was dead, for its roots had had no soil\nin the tree, but that of the turtle was tall and bearing fruit.\n\n\"I will climb to the top so that we can get the fruit,\" said the\nmonkey. And he sprang up the tree, leaving the poor turtle on the\nground alone.\n\n\"Please give me some to eat,\" called the turtle, but the monkey threw\nhim only a green one and ate all the ripe ones himself.\n\nWhen he had eaten all the good bananas, the monkey stretched his arms\naround the tree and went to sleep. The turtle, seeing this, was very\nangry and considered how he might punish the thief. Having decided\non a scheme, he gathered some sharp bamboo which he stuck all around\nunder the tree, and then he exclaimed:\n\n\"Crocodile is coming! Crocodile is coming!\"\n\nThe monkey was so startled at the cry that he fell upon the sharp\nbamboo and was killed.\n\nThen the turtle cut the dead monkey into pieces, put salt on it, and\ndried it in the sun. The next day, he went to the mountains and sold\nhis meat to other monkeys who gladly gave him squash in return. As\nhe was leaving them he called back:\n\n\"Lazy fellows, you are now eating your own body; you are now eating\nyour own body.\"\n\nThen the monkeys ran and caught him and carried him to their own home.\n\n\"Let us take a hatchet,\" said one old monkey, \"and cut him into very\nsmall pieces.\"\n\nBut the turtle laughed and said: \"That is just what I like, I have\nbeen struck with a hatchet many times. Do you not see the black scars\non my shell?\"\n\nThen one of the other monkeys said: \"Let us throw him into the water,\"\n\nAt this the turtle cried and begged them to spare his life, but they\npaid no heed to his pleadings and threw him into the water. He sank\nto the bottom, but very soon came up with a lobster. The monkeys\nwere greatly surprised at this and begged him to tell them how to\ncatch lobsters.\n\n\"I tied one end of a string around my waist,\" said the turtle. \"To\nthe other end of the string I tied a stone so that I would sink.\"\n\nThe monkeys immediately tied strings around themselves as the turtle\nsaid, and when all was ready they plunged into the water never to\ncome up again.\n\nAnd to this day monkeys do not like to eat meat, because they remember\nthe ancient story. [149]\n\n\n\nThe Poor Fisherman and His Wife\n\n_Ilocano_\n\n\nMany, many years ago a poor fisherman and his wife lived with their\nthree sons in a village by the sea. One day the old man set his snare\nin the water not far from his house, and at night when he went to look\nat it, he found that he had caught a great white fish. This startled\nthe old man very much, for he had never seen a fish like this before,\nand it occurred to him that it was the priest of the town.\n\nHe ran to his wife as fast as he could and cried:\n\n\"My wife, I have caught the priest.\"\n\n\"What?\" said the old woman, terrified at the sight of her frightened\nhusband.\n\n\"I have caught the priest,\" said the old man again.\n\nThey hurried together to the river where the snare was set, and when\nthe old woman saw the fish, she cried:\n\n\"Oh, it is not the priest but the governor.\"\n\n\"No, it is the priest,\" insisted the old man, and they went home\ntrembling with fear.\n\nThat night neither of them was able to sleep for thought of the\nterrible thing that had happened and wondering what they should do. Now\nthe next day was a great holiday in the town. At four o'clock in the\nmorning cannons were fired and bells rang loudly. The old man and\nwoman, hearing all the noise and  not knowing the reason for it,\nthought that their crime had been discovered, and the people were\nsearching for them to punish them, so they set out as fast as they\ncould to hide in the woods. On and on they went, stopping only to\nrest so as to enable them to resume their flight.\n\nThe next morning they reached the woods near Pilar, where there also\nwas a great holiday, and the sexton was ringing the bells to call\nthe people to mass. As soon as the old man and woman heard the bells\nthey thought the people there had been notified of their escape,\nand that they, too, were trying to catch them. So they turned and\nstarted home again.\n\nAs they reached their house, the three sons came home with their one\nhorse and tied it to the trunk of the caramay tree. Presently the\nbells began to ring again, for it was twelve o'clock at noon. Not\nthinking what time of day it was, the old man and woman ran out\nof doors in terror, and seeing the horse jumped on its back with\nthe intention of riding to the next town before anyone could catch\nthem. When they had mounted they began to whip the horse. In their\nhaste, they had forgotten to untie the rope which was around the\ntrunk of the caramay tree. As the horse pulled at the rope fruit fell\nfrom the tree upon the old man and woman. Believing they were shot,\nthey were so frightened that they died. [150]\n\n\n\nThe Presidente who had Horns\n\n_Ilocano_\n\n\nOnce there was a presidente [151] who was very unjust  to his people,\nand one day he became so angry that he wished he had horns so that\nhe might frighten them. No sooner had he made this rash wish, than\nhorns began to grow on his head.\n\nHe sent for a barber who came to his house to cut his hair, and as\nhe worked the presidente asked:\n\n\"What do you see on my head?\"\n\n\"I see nothing,\" answered the barber; for although he could see the\nhorns plainly, he was afraid to say so.\n\nSoon, however, the presidente put up his hands and felt the horns, and\nthen when he inquired again the barber told him that he had two horns.\n\n\"If you tell anyone what you have seen, you shall be hanged,\" said the\npresidente as the barber started away, and he was greatly frightened.\n\nWhen he reached home, the barber did not intend to tell anyone, for\nhe was afraid; but as he thought of his secret more and more, the\ndesire to tell someone became so strong that he knew he could not keep\nit. Finally he went to the field and dug a hole under some bamboo,\nand when the hole was large enough he crawled in and whispered that\nthe presidente had horns. He then climbed out, filled up the hole,\nand went home.\n\nBy and by some people came along the road on their way to market,\nand as they passed the bamboo they stopped in amazement, for surely\na voice came from the trees, and it said that the presidente had\nhorns. These people hastened to market and told what they had heard,\nand the people there went to the bamboo to listen to the strange\nvoice. They informed others, and soon the news had spread all over the\ntown. The councilmen were told, and they, too, went to the bamboo. When\nthey had heard the voice, they ran to the house of the presidente. But\nhis wife said that he was ill and they could not see him.\n\nBy this time the horns had grown until they were one foot in length,\nand the presidente was so ashamed that he bade his wife tell the\npeople that he could not talk. She told this to the councilmen when\nthey came on the following day, but they replied that they must see\nhim, for they had heard that he had horns, and if this were true he\nhad no right to govern the people.\n\nShe refused to let them in, so they broke down the door. They saw the\nhorns on the head of the presidente and killed him. For, they said,\nhe was no better than an animal. [152]\n\n\n\nThe Story of a Monkey\n\n_Ilocano_\n\n\nOne day when a monkey was climbing a tree in the forest in which he\nlived, he ran a thorn into his tail. Try as he would, he could not\nget it out, so he went to a barber in the town and said:\n\n\"Friend Barber, I have a thorn in the end of my tail. Pull it out,\nand I will pay you well.\"\n\nThe barber tried to pull out the thorn with his razor, but in doing\nso he cut off the end of the tail. The monkey was very angry and cried:\n\n\"Barber, Barber, give me back my tail, or give me your razor!\"\n\nThe barber could not put back the end of the monkey's tail, so he\ngave him his razor.\n\nOn the way home the monkey met an old woman who was cutting wood for\nfuel, and he said to her:\n\n\"Grandmother, Grandmother, that is very hard. Use this razor and then\nit will cut easily.\"\n\nThe old woman was very pleased with the offer and began to cut with the\nrazor, but before she had used it long it broke. Then the monkey cried:\n\n\"Grandmother, Grandmother, you have broken my razor! You must get a\nnew one for me or else give me all the firewood.\"\n\nThe old woman could not get a new razor so she gave him the firewood.\n\nThe monkey took the wood and was going back to town to sell it,\nwhen he saw a woman sitting beside the road making cakes.\n\n\"Grandmother, Grandmother,\" said he, \"your wood is most gone; take\nthis of mine and bake more cakes.\"\n\nThe woman took the wood and thanked him for his kindness, but when\nthe last stick was burned, the monkey cried out:\n\n\"Grandmother, Grandmother, you have burned up all my wood! Now you\nmust give me all your cakes to pay for it.\"\n\nThe old woman could not cut more dry wood at once, so she gave him\nall the cakes.\n\nThe monkey took the cakes and started for the town, but on the way he\nmet a dog which bit him so that he died. And the dog ate all the cakes.\n\n\n\nThe White Squash\n\n_Ilocano_\n\nIn a queer little bamboo house in front of a big garden lived a man\nand his wife all alone. They had always been kind and good to everyone,\nbut still they were not happy, because the child for which they longed\nhad never come to them. Each day for many years they had prayed for\na son or a daughter, but their prayers had been unanswered. Now that\nthey were growing old they believed that they must always live alone.\n\nIn the garden near their house this couple grew fine white squash,\nand as the vines bore the year around, they had never been in need\nof food. One day, however, they discovered that no new squash had\nformed to take the place of those they had picked, and for the first\ntime in many seasons they had no vegetables.\n\nEach day they examined the vines, and though the big, yellow flowers\ncontinued to bloom and fade, no squash grew on the stems. Finally,\none morning after a long wait, the woman cried out with delight, for\nshe had discovered a little green squash. After examining it, they\ndecided to let it ripen that they might have the seeds to plant. They\neagerly watched it grow, and it became a beautiful white vegetable,\nbut by the time it was large enough for food they were so hungry that\nthey decided to eat it.\n\nThey brought a large knife and picked it, but scarcely had they\nstarted to open it when a voice cried out from within, \"Please be\ncareful that you do not hurt me.\"\n\nThe man and woman stopped their work, for they thought that a spirit\nmust have spoken to them. But when the voice again called and begged\nthem to open the squash, they carefully opened it, and there inside\nwas a nice baby boy. [153] He could already stand alone and could\ntalk. And the man and his wife were overjoyed.\n\nPresently the woman went to the spring for a jar of water, and\nwhen she had brought it she spread a mat on the floor and began to\nbathe the baby. As the drops of water fell off his body, they were\nimmediately changed to gold, so that when the bath was finished gold\npieces covered the mat. The couple had been so delighted to have the\nbaby that it had seemed as if there was nothing more to wish for, but\nnow that the gold had come to them also they were happier than ever.\n\nThe next morning the woman gave the baby another bath, and again\nthe water turned to gold. They now had enough money to build a large\nhouse. The third morning she brought water for his bath again, but he\ngrew very sad and flew away. At the same time all the gold disappeared\nalso, and the man and his wife were left poor and alone.\n\n\n\nThe Creation Story\n\n_Tagalog_\n\n\nWhen the world first began there was no land, but only the stea and\nthe sky, and between them was a kite. [154] One day the bird which\nhad nowhere to light grew tired of flying about, so she stirred up\nthe sea until it threw its waters against the sky. The sky, in order\nto restrain the sea, showered upon it many islands until it could no\nlonger rise, but ran back and forth. Then the sky ordered the kite\nto light on one of the islands to build her nest, and to leave the\nsea and the sky in peace.\n\nNow at this time the land breeze and the sea breeze were married,\nand they had a child which was a bamboo. One day when this bamboo was\nfloating about on the water, it struck the feet of the kite which\nwas on the beach. The bird, angry that anything should strike it,\npecked at the bamboo, and out of one section came a man and from the\nother a woman.\n\nThen the earthquake called on all the birds and fish to see what\nshould be done with these two, and it was decided that they should\nmarry. Many children were born to the couple, and from them came all\nthe different races of people.\n\nAfter a while the parents grew very tired of having so many idle and\nuseless children around, and they wished to be rid of them, but they\nknew of no place to send them to. Time went on and the children became\nso numerous that the parents enjoyed no peace. One day, in desperation,\nthe father seized a stick and began beating them on all sides.\n\nThis so frightened the children that they fled in different directions,\nseeking hidden rooms in the house--some concealed themselves in\nthe walls, some ran outside, while others hid in the fireplace,\nand several fled to the sea.\n\nNow it happened that those who went into the hidden rooms of the\nhouse later became the chiefs of the Islands; and those who concealed\nthemselves in the walls became slaves. Those who ran outside were free\nmen; and those who hid in the fireplace became negroes; while those\nwho fled to the sea were gone many years, and when their children\ncame back they were the white people. [155]\n\n\n\nThe Story of Benito\n\n_Tagalog_\n\n\nBenito was an only son who lived with his father and mother in a\nlittle village. They were very poor, and as the boy grew older and\nsaw how hard his parents struggled for their scanty living he often\ndreamed of a time when he might be a help to them.\n\nOne evening when they sat eating their frugal meal of rice the father\ntold about a young king who lived in a beautiful palace some distance\nfrom their village, and the boy became very much interested. That\nnight when the house was dark and quiet and Benito lay on his mat\ntrying to sleep, thoughts of the young king repeatedly came to his\nmind, and he wished he were a king that he and his parents might\nspend the rest of their lives in a beautiful palace.\n\nThe next morning he awoke with a new idea. He would go to the king and\nask for work, that he might in that way be able to help his father\nand mother. He was a long time in persuading his parents to allow\nhim to go, however, for it was a long journey, and they feared that\nthe king might not be gracious. But at last they gave their consent,\nand the boy started out The journey proved tiresome. After he reached\nthe palace, he was not at first permitted to see the king. But the\nboy being very earnest at last secured a place as a servant.\n\nIt was a new and strange world to Benito who had known only the life\nof a little village. The work was hard, but he was happy in thinking\nthat now he could help his father and mother. One day the king sent\nfor him and said:\n\n\"I want you to bring to me a beautiful princess who lives in a land\nacross the sea. Go at once, and if you fail you shall be punished\nseverely,\"\n\nThe boy's heart sank within him, for he did not know what to do. But\nhe answered as bravely as possible, \"I will, my lord,\" and left the\nking's chamber. He at once set about preparing things for a long\njourney, for he was determined to try at least to fulfil the command.\n\nWhen all was ready Benito started. He had not gone far before he\ncame to a thick forest, where he saw a large bird bound tightly\nwith strings.\n\n\"Oh, my friend,\" pleaded the bird, \"please free me from these bonds,\nand I will help you whenever you call on me.\"\n\nBenito quickly released the bird, and it flew away calling back to\nhim that its name was Sparrow-hawk.\n\nBenito continued his journey till he came to the sea. Unable to find\na way of crossing, he stopped and gazed sadly out over the waters,\nthinking of the king's threat if he failed. Suddenly he saw swimming\ntoward him the King of the Fishes who asked:\n\n\"Why are you so sad?\"\n\n\"I wish to cross the sea to find the beautiful Princess,\" answered\nthe boy.\n\n\"Well, get on my back,\" said the Fish, \"and I will carry you across.\"\n\nSo Benito stepped on his back and was carried to the other shore.\n\nSoon he met a strange woman who inquired what it was he sought,\nand when he had told her she said:\n\n\"The Princess is kept in a castle guarded by giants. Take this magic\nsword, for it will kill instantly whatever it touches.\" And she handed\nhim the weapon.\n\nBenito was more than grateful for her kindness and went on full of\nhope. As he approached the castle he could see that it was surrounded\nby many giants, and as soon as they saw him they ran out to seize him,\nbut they went unarmed for they saw that he was a mere boy. As they\napproached he touched those in front with his sword, and one by one\nthey fell dead. Then the others ran away in a panic, and left the\ncastle unguarded. Benito entered, and when he had told the Princess\nof his errand, she was only too glad to escape from her captivity\nand she set out at once with him for the palace of the king.\n\nAt the seashore the King of the Fishes was waiting for them, and they\nhad no difficulty in crossing the sea and then in journeying through\nthe thick forest to the palace, where they were received with great\nrejoicing. After a time the King asked the Princess to become his wife,\nand she replied:\n\n\"I will, O King, if you will get the ring I lost in the sea as I was\ncrossing it\"\n\nThe King immediately thought of Benito, and sending for him he\ncommanded him to find the ring which had been lost on the journey\nfrom the land of the giants.\n\nIt seemed a hopeless task to the boy, but, anxious to obey his master,\nhe started out. At the seaside he stopped and gazed over the waters\nuntil, to his great delight, he saw his friend, the King of the Fishes,\nswimming toward him. When he had been told of the boy's troubles,\nthe great fish said: \"I will see if I can help you,\" and he summoned\nall his subjects to him. When they came he found that one was missing,\nand he sent the others in search of it. They found it under a stone\nso full that it could not swim, and the larger ones took it by the\ntail and dragged it to the King.\n\n\"Why did you not come when you were called?\" inquired the King Fish.\n\n\"I have eaten so much that I cannot swim,\" replied the poor fish.\n\nThen the King Fish, suspecting the truth, ordered it cut open,\nand inside they found the lost ring. Benito was overjoyed at this,\nand expressing his great thanks, hastened with the precious ring to\nhis master.\n\nThe King, greatly pleased, carried the ring to the Princess and said:\n\n\"Now that I have your ring will you become my wife?\"\n\n\"I will be your wife,\" replied the Princess, \"if you will find my\nearring that I lost in the forest as I was journeying with Benito.\"\n\nAgain the King sent for Benito, and this time he commanded him to\nfind the earring. The boy was very weary from his long journeys, but\nwith no complaint he started out once more. Along the road through\nthe thick forest he searched carefully, but with no reward. At last,\ntired and discouraged, he sat down under a tree to rest.\n\nSuddenly there appeared before him a mouse of great size, and he was\nsurprised to find that it was the King of Mice.\n\n\"Why are you so sad?\" asked the King Mouse.\n\n\"Because,\" answered the boy, \"I cannot find an earring which the\nPrincess lost as we were going through the forest together.\"\n\n\"I will help you,\" said the Mouse, and he summoned all his subjects.\n\nWhen they assembled it was found that one little mouse was missing,\nand the King sent the others to look for him. In a small hole among\nthe bamboo trees they found him, and he begged to be left alone,\nfor, he said, he was so full that he could not walk. Nevertheless\nthey pulled him along to their master, who, upon finding that there\nwas something hard inside the mouse, ordered him cut open; and inside\nthey found the missing earring.\n\nBenito at once forgot his weariness, and after expressing his great\nthanks to the King Mouse he hastened to the palace with the prize. The\nKing eagerly seized the earring and presented it to the Princess,\nagain asking her to be his wife.\n\n\"Oh, my King,\" replied the Princess, \"I have one more request to\nmake. Only grant it and I will be your wife forever.\"\n\nThe King, believing that now with the aid of Benito he could grant\nanything, inquired what it was she wished, and she replied:\n\n\"Get me some water from heaven and some from the lower world, and I\nshall ask nothing more.\"\n\nOnce more the King called Benito and sent him on the hardest errand\nof all.\n\nThe boy went out not knowing which way to turn, and while he was\nin a deep study his weary feet led him to the forest. Suddenly he\nthought of the bird who had promised to help him, and he called,\n\"Sparrowhawk!\" There was a rustle of wings, and the bird swooped\ndown. He told it of his troubles and it said:\n\n\"I will get the water for you.\"\n\nThen Benito made two light cups of bamboo which he fastened to the\nbird's legs, and it flew away. All day the boy waited in the forest,\nand just as night was coming on the bird returned with both cups\nfull. The one on his right foot, he told Benito, was from heaven,\nand that on his left was from the lower world. The boy unfastened\nthe cups, and then, as he was thanking the bird, he noticed that the\njourney had been too much for it and that it was dying. Filled with\nsorrow for his winged friend, he waited and carefully buried it,\nand then he hastened to the palace with the precious water.\n\nWhen the Princess saw that her wish had been fulfilled she asked the\nKing to cut her in two and pour over her the water from heaven. The\nKing was not able to do this, so she cut herself, and then as he\npoured the water over her he beheld her grow into the most beautiful\nwoman he had ever seen.\n\nEager to become handsome himself, the King then begged her to pour\nover him the water from the other cup. He cut himself, and she did\nas he requested, but immediately there arose a creature most ugly\nand horrible to look upon, which soon vanished out of sight. Then\nthe Princess called Benito and told him that because he had been\nso faithful to his master and so kind to her, she chose him for\nher husband.\n\nThey were married amid great festivities and became king and queen of\nthat broad and fertile land. During all the great rejoicing, however,\nBenito never forgot his parents. One of the finest portions of his\nkingdom he gave to them, and from that time they all lived in great\nhappiness. [156]\n\n\n\nThe Adventures of Juan\n\n_Tagalog_\n\n\nJuan was always getting into trouble. He was a lazy boy, and more\nthan that, he did not have good sense. When he tried to do things,\nhe made such dreadful mistakes that he might better not have tried.\n\nHis family grew very impatient with him, scolding and beating him\nwhenever he did anything wrong. One day his mother, who was almost\ndiscouraged with him, gave him a bolo [157] and sent him to the forest,\nfor she thought he could at least cut firewood. Juan walked leisurely\nalong, contemplating some means of escape. At last he came to a tree\nthat seemed easy to cut, and then he drew his long knife and prepared\nto work.\n\nNow it happened that this was a magic tree and it said to Juan:\n\n\"If you do not cut me I will give you a goat that shakes silver from\nits whiskers.\"\n\nThis pleased Juan wonderfully, both because he was curious to see\nthe goat, and because he would not have to chop the wood. He agreed\nat once to spare the tree, whereupon the bark separated and a goat\nstepped out. Juan commanded it to shake its whiskers, and when the\nmoney began to drop he was so delighted that he took the animal and\nstarted home to show his treasure to his mother.\n\nOn the way he met a friend who was more cunning than Juan, and when\nhe heard of the boy's rich goat he decided to rob him. Knowing Juan's\nfondness for tuba [158], he persuaded him to drink, and while he was\ndrunk, the friend substituted another goat for the magic one. As soon\nas he was sober again, Juan hastened home with the goat and told his\npeople of the wonderful tree, but when he commanded the animal to\nshake its whiskers, no money fell out. The family, believing it to\nbe another of Juan's tricks, beat and scolded the poor boy.\n\nHe went back to the tree and threatened to cut it down for lying to\nhim, but the tree said:\n\n\"No, do not cut me down and I will give you a net which you may cast on\ndry ground, or even in the tree tops, and it will return full of fish.\"\n\nSo Juan spared the tree and started home with his precious net, but\non the way he met the same friend who again persuaded him to drink\ntuba. While he was drunk, the friend replaced the magic net with\na common one, so that when Juan reached home and tried to show his\npower, he was again the subject of ridicule.\n\nOnce more Juan went to his tree, this time determined to cut it\ndown. But the offer of a magic pot, always full of rice and spoons\nwhich provided whatever he wished to eat with his rice, dissuaded him,\nand he started home happier than ever. Before reaching home, however,\nhe met with the same fate as before, and his folks, who were becoming\ntired of his pranks, beat him harder than ever.\n\nThoroughly angered, Juan sought the tree a fourth time and was\non the point of cutting it down when once more it arrested his\nattention. After some discussion, he consented to accept a stick to\nwhich he had only to say, \"Boombye, Boomba,\" and it would beat and\nkill anything he wished.\n\nWhen he met his friend on this trip, he was asked what he had and\nhe replied:\n\n\"Oh, it is only a stick, but if I say 'Boombye, Boomba' it will beat\nyou to death.\"\n\nAt the sound of the magic words the stick leaped from his hands and\nbegan beating his friend until he cried:\n\n\"Oh, stop it and I will give back everything that I stole from\nyou.\" Juan ordered the stick to stop, and then he compelled the man to\nlead the goat and to carry the net and the jar and spoons to his home.\n\nThere Juan commanded the goat, and it shook its whiskers until his\nmother and brothers had all the silver they could carry. Then they\nate from the magic jar and spoons until they were filled. And this\ntime Juan was not scolded. After they had finished Juan said:\n\n\"You have beaten me and scolded me all my life, and now you are glad\nto accept my good things. I am going to show you something else:\n'Boombye, Boomba'.\" Immediately the stick leaped out and beat them\nall until they begged for mercy and promised that Juan should ever\nafter be head of the house.\n\nFrom that time Juan was rich and powerful, but he never went anywhere\nwithout his stick. One night, when some thieves came to his house,\nhe would have been robbed and killed had it not been for the magic\nwords \"Boombye, Boomba,\" which caused the death of all the robbers.\n\nSome time after this he married a beautiful princess, and because of\nthe kindness of the magic tree they always lived happily. [159]\n\n\n\nJuan Gathers Guavas\n\n_Tagalog_\n\n\nOne day Juan's father sent him to get some ripe guavas, for a number of\nthe neighbors had come in and he wanted to give them something to eat.\n\nJuan went to the guava bushes and ate all the fruit he could hold,\nand then he decided to play a joke on his father's guests instead\nof giving them a feast of guavas. A wasp's nest hung near by. With\nsome difficulty he succeeded in taking it down and putting it into\na tight basket that he had brought for the fruit. He hastened home\nand gave the basket to his father, and then as he left the room where\nthe guests were seated he closed the door and fastened it.\n\nAs soon as Juan's father opened the basket the wasps flew over the\nroom; and when the people found the door locked they fought to get\nout of the windows. After a while Juan opened the door, and when he\nsaw the swollen faces of the people, he cried.\n\n\"What fine, rich guavas you must have had! They have made you all\nso fat!\".\n\n\n\nThe Sun and the Moon [160]\n\n_Visayan_\n\nOnce upon a time the Sun and the Moon were married, and they had many\nchildren who were the stars. The Sun was very fond of his children,\nbut whenever he tried to embrace any of them, he was so hot that he\nburned them up. This made the Moon so angry that finally she forbade\nhim to touch them again, and he was greatly grieved.\n\nOne day the Moon went down to the spring to do some washing, and\nwhen she left she told the Sun that he must not touch any of their\nchildren in her absence. When she returned, however, she found that\nhe had disobeyed her, and several of the children had perished.\n\nShe was very angry, and picked up a banana tree to strike him,\nwhereupon he threw sand in her face, and to this day you can see the\ndark marks on the face of the Moon.\n\nThen the Sun started to chase her, and they have been going ever\nsince. Sometimes he gets so near that he almost catches her, but she\nescapes, and by and by she is far ahead again. [161]\n\n\n\n\nThe First Monkey\n\n_Visayan_\n\n\nMany years ago at the foot of a forest-covered hill was a small town,\nand just above the town on the hillside was a little house in which\nlived an old woman and her grandson.\n\nThe old woman, who was very industrious, earned their living by\nremoving the seeds from cotton, and she always had near at hand\na basket in which were cotton and a long stick that she used for\na spindle. The boy was lazy and would not do anything to help his\ngrandmother, but every day went down to the town and gambled.\n\nOne day, when he had been losing money, the boy went home and was\ncross because his supper was not ready.\n\n\"I am hurrying to get the seeds out of this cotton,\" said the\ngrandmother, \"and as soon as I sell it, I will buy us some food.\"\n\nAt this the boy fell into a rage, and he picked up some cocoanut\nshells and threw them at his grandmother. Then she became angry and\nbegan to whip him with her spindle, when suddenly he was changed into\nan ugly animal, and the cotton became hair which covered his body,\nwhile the stick itself became his tail.\n\nAs soon as the boy found that he had become an ugly creature he ran\ndown into the town and began whipping his companions, the gamblers,\nwith his tail, and immediately they were turned into animals like\nhimself.\n\nThen the people would no longer have them in the town, but drove\nthem out. They went to the forest where they lived in the trees,\nand ever since they have been known as monkeys. [162]\n\n\n\n\nThe Virtue of the Cocoanut\n\n_Visayan_\n\n\nOne day a man took his blow-gun [163]and his dog and went to the\nforest to hunt.  As he was making his way through the thick woods he\nchanced upon a young cocoanut tree growing in the ground.\n\nIt was the first tree of this kind that he had ever seen, and it\nseemed so peculiar to him that he stopped to look at it.\n\nWhen he had gone some distance farther, his attention was attracted\nby a noisy bird in a tree, and he shot it with his blow-gun. By and by\nhe took aim at a large monkey, which mocked him from another treetop,\nand that, too, fell dead at his feet.\n\nThen he heard his dog barking furiously in the distant bushes, and\nhastening to it he found it biting a wild pig. After a hard struggle\nhe killed the pig, and then, feeling satisfied with his success,\nhe took the three animals on his back and returned to the little plant.\n\n\"I have decided to take you home with me, little plant,\" he said,\n\"for I like you and you may be of some use to me.\"\n\nHe dug up the plant very carefully and started home, but he had\nnot gone far when he noticed that the leaves had begun to wilt,\nand he did not know what to do, since he had no water. Finally, in\ndespair, he cut the throat of the bird and sprinkled the blood on the\ncocoanut. No sooner had he done this than the plant began to revive,\nand he continued his journey.\n\nBefore he had gone far, however, the leaves again began to wilt, and\nthis time he revived it with the blood of the monkey. Then he hastened\non, but a third time the leaves wilted, and he was compelled to stop\nand revive it with the blood of the pig. This was his last animal,\nso he made all the haste possible to reach home before his plant\ndied. The cocoanut began to wilt again before he reached his house,\nbut when he planted it in the ground, it quickly revived, and grew\ninto a tall tree.\n\nThis hunter was the first man to take the liquor called tuba [164]\nfrom the cocoanut tree, and he and his friends began to drink it. After\nthey had become very fond of it, the hunter said to his friends:\n\n\"The cocoanut tree is like the three animals whose blood gave it life\nwhen it would have died. The man who drinks three or four cups of\ntuba becomes like the noisy bird that I shot with my blow-gun. One\nwho drinks more than three or four cups becomes like the big monkey\nthat acts silly; and one who becomes drunk is like the pig that sleeps\neven in a mud-hole.\"\n\n\n\nMansumandig\n\n_Visayan_\n\n\nOne day a man said to his wife: \"My wife, we are getting very poor\nand I must go into business to earn some money.\"\n\n\"That is a good idea,\" replied his wife. \"How much capital have you?\"\n\n\"I have twenty-five centavos,\" [165] answered the man; \"and I am\ngoing to buy rice and carry it to the mines, for I have heard that\nit brings a good price there.\"\n\nSo he took his twenty-five centavos and bought a half-cavan of rice\nwhich he carried on his shoulder to the mine. Arriving there he told\nthe people that he had rice for sale, and they asked eagerly how much\nhe wanted for it.\n\n\"Why, have you forgotten the regular price of rice?\" asked the man. \"It\nis twenty-five centavos.\"\n\nThey at once bought the rice, and the man was very glad because he\nwould not have to carry it any longer. He put the money in his belt\nand asked if they would like to buy any more.\n\n\"Yes,\" said they, \"we will buy as many cavans as you will bring.\"\n\nWhen the man reached home his wife asked if he had been successful.\n\n\"Oh, my wife,\" he answered, \"it is a very good business. I could not\ntake the rice off my shoulder before the people came to buy it.\"\n\n\"Well, that is good,\" said the wife; \"we shall become very rich.\"\n\nThe next morning the man bought a half-cavan of rice the same as before\nand carried it to the mine and when they asked how much it would be,\nhe said:\n\n\"It is the same as before--twenty-five centavos.\" He received the\nmoney and went home.\n\n\"How is the business today?\" asked his wife.\n\n\"Oh, it is the same as before,\" he said. \"I could not take the rice\noff my shoulder before they came for it.\"\n\nAnd so he went on with his business for a year, each day buying\na half-cavan of rice and selling it for the price he had paid for\nit. Then one day his wife said that they would balance accounts,\nand she spread a mat on the floor and sat down on one side of it,\ntelling her husband to sit on the opposite side. When she asked him\nfor the money he had made during the year, he asked:\n\n\"What money?\"\n\n\"Why, give me the money you have received,\" answered his wife;\n\"and then we can see how much you have made.\"\n\n\"Oh, here it is,\" said the man, and he took the twenty-five centavos\nout of his belt and handed it to her.\n\n\"Is that all you have received this year?\" cried his wife\nangrily. \"Haven't you said that rice brought a good price at the\nmines?\"\n\n\"That is all,\" he replied.\n\n\"How much did you pay for the rice?\"\n\n\"Twenty-five centavos.\"\n\n\"How much did you receive for it?\"\n\n\"Twenty-five centavos.\"\n\n\"Oh, my husband,\" cried his wife, \"how can you make any gain if you\nsell it for just what you paid for it.\"\n\nThe man leaned his head against the wall and thought. Ever since then\nhe has been called \"Mansumandig,\" a man who leans back and thinks.\n\nThen the wife said, \"Give me the twenty-five centavos, and I will try\nto make some money.\" So he handed it to her, and she said, \"Now you go\nto the field where the people are gathering hemp and buy twenty-five\ncentavos worth for me, and I will weave it into cloth.\"\n\nWhen Mansumandig returned with the hemp she spread it in the sun,\nand as soon as it was dry she tied it into a long thread and put it\non the loom to weave. Night and day she worked on her cloth, and when\nit was finished she had eight varas. This she sold for twelve and a\nhalf centavos a vara, and with this money she bought more hemp. She\ncontinued weaving and selling her cloth, and her work was so good\nthat people were glad to buy from her.\n\nAt the end of a year she again spread the mat on the floor and took\nher place on one side of it, while her husband sat on the opposite\nside. Then she poured the money out of the blanket in which she kept\nit upon the mat. She held aside her capital, which was twenty-five\ncentavos, and when she counted the remainder she found that she\nhad three hundred pesos. Mansumandig was greatly ashamed when he\nremembered that he had not made cent, and he leaned his head against\nthe wall and thought After a while the woman pitied him, so she gave\nhim the money and told him to buy carabao.\n\nHe was able to buy ten carabao and with these he plowed his fields. By\nraising good crops they were able to live comfortably all the rest\nof their lives.\n\n\n\nWhy Dogs Wag their Tails\n\n_Visayan_\n\n\nA rich man in a certain town once owned a dog  and a cat, both of\nwhich were very useful to him. The dog had served his master for many\nyears and had become so old that he had lost his teeth and was unable\nto fight any more, but he was a good guide and companion to the cat\nwho was strong and cunning.\n\nThe master had a daughter who was attending school at a convent some\ndistance from home, and very often he sent the dog and the cat with\npresents to the girl.\n\nOne day he called the faithful animals and bade them carry a magic\nring to his daughter.\n\n\"You are strong and brave,\" he said to the cat \"You may carry the ring,\nbut you must be careful not to drop it\"\n\nAnd to the dog he said: \"You must accompany the cat to guide her and\nkeep her from harm.\"\n\nThey promised to do their best, and started out. All went well until\nthey came to a river. As there was neither bridge nor boat, there\nwas no way to cross but to swim.\n\n\"Let me take the magic ring,\" said the dog as they were about to\nplunge into the water.\n\n\"Oh, no,\" replied the cat, \"the master gave it to me to carry.\"\n\n\"But you cannot swim well,\" argued the dog. \"I am strong and can take\ngood care of it.\"\n\nBut the cat refused to give up the ring until finally the dog\nthreatened to kill her, and then she reluctantly gave it to him.\n\nThe river was wide and the water so swift that they grew very tired,\nand just before they reached the opposite bank the dog dropped\nthe ring. They searched carefully, but could not find it anywhere,\nand after a while they turned back to tell their master of the sad\nloss. Just before reaching the house, however, the dog was so overcome\nwith fear that he turned and ran away and never was seen again.\n\nThe cat went on alone, and when the master saw her coming he called\nout to know why she had returned so soon and what had become of her\ncompanion. The poor cat was frightened, but as well as she could she\nexplained how the ring had been lost and how the dog had run away.\n\nOn hearing her story the master was very angry, and commanded that all\nhis people should search for the dog, and that it should be punished\nby having its tail cut off.\n\nHe also ordered that all the dogs in the world should join in the\nsearch, and ever since when one dog meets another he says: \"Are you\nthe old dog that lost the magic ring? If so, your tail must be cut\noff.\" Then immediately each shows his teeth and wags his tail to\nprove that he is not the guilty one.\n\nSince then, too, cats have been afraid of water and will not swim\nacross a river if they can avoid it.\n\n\n\nThe Hawk and the Hen\n\n_Visayan_\n\n\nA hawk flying about in the sky one day decided that he would like to\nmarry a hen whom he often saw on earth. He flew down and searched\nuntil he found her, and then asked her to become his wife. She at\nonce gave her consent on the condition that he would wait until she\ncould grow wings like his, so that she might also fly high. The hawk\nagreed to this and flew away, after giving her a ring as an engagement\npresent and telling her to take good care of it.\n\nThe hen was very proud of the ring and placed it around her neck. The\nnext day, however, she met the cock who looked at her in astonishment\nand said:\n\n\"Where did you get that ring? Do you not know that you promised to\nbe my wife? You must not wear the ring of anyone else. Throw it away.\"\n\nAnd the hen threw away the beautiful ring.\n\nNot long after this the hawk came down bringing beautiful feathers\nto dress the hen. When she saw him coming she was frightened and ran\nto hide behind the door, but the hawk called to her to come and see\nthe beautiful dress he had brought her.\n\nThe hen came out, and the hawk at once saw that the ring was gone.\n\n\"Where is the ring I gave you?\" he asked. \"Why do you not wear it?\"\n\nThe hen was frightened and ashamed to tell the truth so she answered:\n\n\"Oh, sir, yesterday when I was walking in the garden, I met a large\nsnake and he frightened me so that I ran as fast as I could to the\nhouse. Then I missed the ring and I searched everywhere but could\nnot find it.\"\n\nThe hawk looked sharply at the hen, and he knew that she was deceiving\nhim. Then he said to her:\n\n\"I did not believe that you could behave so badly. When you have\nfound the ring I will come down again and make you my wife. But as\na punishment for breaking your promise, you must always scratch the\nground to look for the ring. And every chicken of yours that I find,\nI shall snatch away.\"\n\nThen he flew away, and ever since all the hens throughout the world\nhave been scratching to find the hawk's ring.\n\n\n\nThe Spider and the Fly\n\n_Visayan_\n\n\nMr. Spider wanted to marry Miss Fly. Many times he told her of his\nlove and begged her to become his wife, but she always refused for\nshe did not like him.\n\nOne day when she saw Mr. Spider coming again Miss Fly closed all\nthe doors and windows of her house and made ready a pot of boiling\nwater. Then she waited, and when Mr. Spider called, begging her\nto allow him to enter, she answered by throwing boiling water at\nhim. This made Mr. Spider very angry and he cried:\n\n\"I will never forgive you for this, but I and my descendants will\nalways despise you. We will never give you any peace.\"\n\nMr. Spider kept his word, and even today one can see the hatred of\nthe spider for the fly.\n\n\n\nThe Battle of the Crabs\n\n_Visayan_\n\n\nOne day the land crabs had a meeting and one of them said:\n\n\"What shall we do with the waves? They sing so loudly all the time\nthat we cannot possibly sleep.\"\n\n\"Well,\" answered one of the oldest of the crabs, \"I think we should\nmake war on them.\"\n\nThe others agreed to this, and it was decided that the next day all\nthe male crabs should get ready to fight the waves. They started for\nthe sea, as agreed, when they met a shrimp.\n\n\"Where are you going, my friends?\" asked the shrimp.\n\n\"We are going to fight the waves,\" answered the crabs, \"for they make\nso much noise at night that we cannot sleep.\"\n\n\"I do not think you will succeed,\" said the shrimp, \"for the waves\nare very strong and your legs are so weak that even your bodies bend\nalmost to the ground when you walk.\" Wherewith he laughed loudly.\n\nThis made the crabs very angry, and they pinched the shrimp until he\npromised to help them win the battle.\n\nThen they all went to the shore. But the crabs noticed that the eyes\nof the shrimp were set unlike their own, so they thought his must be\nwrong and they laughed at him and said:\n\n\"Friend shrimp, your face is turned the wrong way. What weapon have\nyou to fight with the waves?\"\n\n\"My weapon is a spear on my head,\" replied the shrimp, and just then\nhe saw a big wave coming and ran away. The crabs did not see it,\nhowever, for they were all looking toward the shore, and they were\ncovered with water and drowned.\n\nBy and by the wives of the crabs became worried because their husbands\ndid not return, and they went down to the shore to see if they could\nhelp in the battle. No sooner had they reached the water, however,\nthan the waves rushed over them and killed them.\n\nSome time after this thousands of little crabs appeared near the shore,\nand the shrimp often visited them and told them of the sad fate of\ntheir parents. Even today these little crabs can be seen on the shore,\ncontinually running back and forth. They seem to rush down to fight\nthe waves, and then, as their courage fails, they run back to the\nland where their forefathers lived. They neither live on dry land,\nas their ancestors did, nor in the sea where the other crabs are,\nbut on the beach where the waves wash over them at high tide and try\nto dash them to pieces.\n\n\n\nPronunciation of Philippine Names\n\nThe vowel sounds in the following pronunciations are those used in\nWebster's dictionary.\n\n\n_Adasen_, a-d\u00e4'sen\n_Aguio_, a'ge-o\n_Alan_, \u00e4'l\u00e4n\n_Alokotan_, \u00e4-lo-ko-t\u00e4n'\n_Aponibalagen_, apo-ne-b\u00e4-l\u00e4-gen'\n_Aponibolinayen_, apo-ne-bo-le-n\u00e4'yen\n_Aponitolau_, apo-ne-to'lou\n_Bagbagak_, b\u00e4g-b\u00e4-g\u00e4k'\n_Bagobo_, ba-go'bo\n_Balatama_, b\u00e4-l\u00e4-t\u00e4'ma\n_Bangan_, b\u00e4n'g\u00e4n\n_Bantugan_, b\u00e4n-too'gan\n_Benito_, be-ne'to\n_Bilaan_, be-l\u00e4'an\n_Bita_, be'ta\n_Bontoc_, bon'tok\n_Bukidnon_, boo-kid'non\n_Bulanawan_, boo-la-n\u00e4'wan\n_Caalang_, k\u00e4-\u00e4'l\u00e4ng\n_Cabildo_, k\u00e4-bil'do\n_Cibolan_, ci-bo'lan\n_Dalonagan_, da-lo-na'gan\n_Danepan_, d\u00e4-ne-pan'\n_Dapilisan_, da-pe-le'san\n_Dayapan_, di-a-pan\n_Dinawagen_, de-n\u00e4-w\u00e4'gen\n_Dodedog_, dog-e-dog\n_Domayco_, do-mi'ko\n_Dumalawi_, doo-m\u00e4-l\u00e4-we'\n_Epogow_, e-po-gou'\n_Gawigawen_, g\u00e4-we-g\u00e4'wen\n_Gaygayoma_, gi-gi-o'ma\n_Gotgotapa_, got-go-ta'pa\n_Igorot_, ig-o-rot'\n_Ilocano_, il-o-k\u00e4'no\n_Ilocos Norte_, il-o'kos no'rte\n_Indarapatra_, in-d\u00e4-r\u00e4-p\u00e4'tra\n_Ini-init_, e-ni-e'nit\n_Kabigat_, ka-be-gat'\n_Kaboniyan_, k\u00e4-bo-ne-yan'\n_Kadaklan_, ka-dak-lan'\n_Kadalayapan_, k\u00e4-d\u00e4-l\u00e4-y\u00e4'pan\n_Kadayadawan_, k\u00e4-d\u00e4-y\u00e4-d\u00e4'wan\n_Kanag_, k\u00e4'n\u00e4g\n_Komow_, ko'mou\n_Kurita_, ku-re'ta\n_Langgona_, l\u00e4ng-go'na\n_Ligi_, le'ge\n_Limokon_, le-mo'kon\n_Lumabet_, loo-m\u00e4'bet\n_Lumawig_, loo-m\u00e4'wig\n_Magbangal_, m\u00e4g-b\u00e4ng'al\n_Magindanau_, m\u00e4-gin-d\u00e4'nou\n_Magosang_, ma-go'sang\n_Magsawi_, m\u00e4g-s\u00e4-we'\n_Magsingal_, m\u00e4g'sin-g\u00e4l\n_Manama_, m\u00e4n-\u00e4'ma\n_Mandaya_, m\u00e4n-di'ya\n_Mansumandig_, m\u00e4n-su-m\u00e4n-dig\n_Mayinit_, mi-i'nit\n_Mayo_, mi'yo\n_Mindanao_, min-da-nou'\n_Nalpangan_, nal-pan-gan'\n_Pilar_, pe'l\u00e4r'\n_Samoki_, sa-mo'ki\n_Sayen_, s\u00e4-yen'\n_Siagon_, s\u00eb-\u00e4'gon\n_Silit_, se'let\n_Sinag_, se'nag\n_Sogsogot_, sog-so-got'\n_Subanun_, soo-b\u00e4'nun\n_Sulayman_, soo-li'man\n_Tagalog_, ta-ga'log\n_Tarabusaw_, ta-ra-boo'sou\n_Tikgi_, tik'ge\n_Timaco_, ti-m\u00e4'ko\n_Tinguian_, ting-gi-an'\n_Toglai_, tog-l\u00e4'e\n_Toglibon_, tog-le'bon\n_Visayan_, vi-si'yan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNOTES\n\n[1] This incident is strikingly similar to the story in North American\nfolk-lore of the maiden captured and carried upward by a vine. Several\nother points of likeness appear in the lore of Malaysia, Polynesia,\nand America.\n\n[2] See Preface, p. vii.\n\n[3] This incident is unique so far as American or European folk-lore is\nconcerned, yet it is common in Tinguian tales, while similar stories\nare found among the neighboring Ilocano and Igorot tribes of the\nPhilippines, as well as in Borneo, Java, and India.\n\n[4] The belief that beauty is capable of radiating great light is\nnot peculiar to Tinguian tales, for it is also found in the Malay\nlegends and in those of India. It is not impossible that they had a\ncommon origin.\n\n[5] The betel-nut is the nut of the areca palm. It is prepared for\nchewing by being cut into quarters, each piece being wrapped in\nbetel-leaf spread with lime. It produces a blood-red spittle which\ngreatly discolors the teeth and lips, and it is used extensively\nthroughout the Philippines. While it appears to have been in common\nuse among the Tinguian at the time these stories originated, it has\nnow been displaced by tobacco, except at ceremonies when it is prepared\nfor chewing; it is also placed on the animals offered for sacrifice to\nthe spirits. Throughout the tales great significance is given to the\nchewing of betel-nuts before names are told or introductions given,\nwhile from the quids and spittle it appears to have been possible to\nforetell events and establish relationships.\n\n[6] Compare with the story of Ph\u00e6ton in Bulfinch, _The Age of Fable_,\np. 50.\n\n[7] The Tinguian have no calendar, but reckon time by the recurrence\nof the moon.\n\n[8] It is the present custom of the Tinguian to make numerous\nceremonies for the spirits. These vary in length from a few hours\nto seventeen days. During this period animals are slaughtered,\nsmall houses are built, mediums deliver messages from the spirits,\nand there is much feasting and dancing.\n\n[9] When ripe, the betel-nut is covered with a golden husk, and it\nis possibly because of this that they were said to be covered with\ngold. The present-day Tinguian, in place of sending the betel-nut,\nsends a small piece of gold to any relative or friend whom he specially\nwishes to induce to attend a ceremony.\n\n[10] This seems to be peculiar to Tinguian folk-lore.\n\n[11] Except when she is in mourning a Tinguian woman's arms are always\ncovered with beads placed strand above strand.\n\n[12] The parents of a boy choose his bride when the children are very\nyoung. A great celebration is then held, and relatives and friends\nof both parties decide on the price to be paid for the girl. Partial\npayment is made at once, and the remainder goes over until the marriage\nproper takes place, when the boy and girl are about twelve or fourteen\nyears of age. In this instance Ini-init makes the customary payment\nfor his bride, though the marriage had already taken place.\n\n[13] The friends and retainers pound rice and prepare food for all\nthe guests who attend the ceremony.\n\n[14] A spirit house is one of the small houses built during a ceremony.\n\n[15] reference is probably to ancient Chinese jars.\n\n[16] The custom, which still exists to a certain degree, was to\noffer food to a guest before any matter was discussed. In ancient\ntimes this was considered very necessary, as it still is among the\nApayao who live north of the Tinguian. With them to refuse food is\nto refuse friendship.\n\n[17] A drink made of fermented sugar-cane.\n\n[18] The old jars possessed by the Tinguian today have notches broken\nin the rim, one for each generation through whose hands it has passed.\n\n[19] When the first negotiations are made the boy's parents offer\nsome gift, nowadays usually a small bead. If this is accepted it\nsignifies the willingness of the girl's parents to consider the match.\n\n[20] See note 1, p. 15.\n\n[21] The music for the dances is made by beating on drums and copper\ngongs. A man and a woman enter the circle, each carrying a large square\nof cloth on outstretched arms. Keeping time to the music with their\nhands and feet, they move about, coming near to each other and then\ndrawing farther apart The woman follows the movements of the man and\nfinally places her cloth on his outstretched arms, thus ending the\ndance; another couple then takes their place.\n\n[22] An interesting parallel to this is found in the Dayak legend\nof Limbang, where a tree springs from the head of a dead giant; its\nflowers are beads; its leaves, cloth; and the fruit, jars. See Roth,\n_The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, Vol. I, p. 372.\n\n[23] Throughout the Tinguian tales the characters are frequently\ndescribed as changing themselves into oil, centipedes, birds, and\nother forms. This power is also found among the heroes of Dayak and\nMalay tales. See Roth, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 312; Perham, _Journal\nStraits Branch R., Asiatic Society, No. 16_, 1886; Wilkinson, _Malay\nBeliefs_, pp. 32, 59 (London, 1906).\n\n[24] The Tinguian place a tame rooster in an open spot in the forest\nand surround him with a line to which slip nooses are attached. The\ncrowing of this bird attracts wild ones which come to fight him and\nare caught in the nooses.\n\n[25] The water buffalo now used as the beast of burden throughout\nthe Philippines.\n\n[26] The ordinary dress of the Tinguian man is a clout and a striped\nbelt, in which he carries his tobacco and small articles. Some of\nthem also possess striped cotton coats, which they wear on special\noccasions.\n\n[27] See note 2, p. 12.\n\n[28] See note 1, p. 13.\n\n[29] This peculiar idea, which frequently appears in Tinguian tales,\nis also found in Javanese literature. See Bezemer, _Volksdichtung\naus Indonesien_, p. 47 (Haag, 1904).\n\n[30] See note 3, p. 15.\n\n[31] The powerful deeds of these heroes often resemble the miraculous\nachievements of biblical and ancient times.\n\n[32] See note 2, p. 20.\n\n[33] The Tinguian of today do not possess soap, but in its place they\nuse the ashes from rice straw, or not infrequently they soak the bark\nfrom a certain tree in the water in which they are to wash their hair.\n\n[34] The lawed vine. In ancient Egypt and in India it was a common\nbelief that friends or relatives could tell from the condition of\na certain tree or vine whether the absent one was well or dead:\nif the vine thrived, they knew that all was well, but if it wilted\nthey mourned for him as dead. It is interesting to find the identical\nbelief in the northern Philippines.\n\n[35] The Tinguian stove consists of a bed of ashes in which three\nstones are sunk, and on these the pots are placed.\n\n[36] It appears that these people of ancient times possessed the same\nweapons as those of today. The Tinguian ordinarily wears a head-ax\nthrust into his belt, and when at work this is his hand tool. When\non a hunt or during warfare he also carries a wooden shield and a\nsteel-pointed spear from eight to ten feet in length. For attacks at\na distance he depends on the spear, but in a close encounter he uses\nhis head-ax and shield, the latter being oblong in shape and having\ntwo prongs at one end and three at the other. The two prongs are to be\nslipped about the neck of the victim while the head-ax does its work,\nor the three prongs may be slipped about the legs in the same way.\n\n[37] From this and other incidents it is evident that these people\ntalked with the lightning and thunder. They still have great regard\nfor the omens derived from these forces; but it is now believed that\nthunder is the dog of Kadaklan, the greatest of all the spirits,\nand that by the barking of this dog, the god makes known his desires.\n\n[38] Stories in which animals come to the assistance of human beings\nare found in many lands. One of those best known to Europeans is\nwhere the ants sort the grain for Cinderella.\n\n[39] See note 2, p. 21.\n\n[40] It was the ancient custom to place the heads of slain enemies at\nthe gate or around the town, and this practice still prevails with\nsome of the surrounding tribes. More recently it was the custom to\nexpose the head at the gate of the town for three days, after which\nfollowed a great celebration when the skulls were broken and pieces\nwere given to the guests.\n\n[41] In their beliefs of today the Tinguian recognize many giants,\nsome with more than one head. In a part of the ritual of one ceremony\nwe read, \"A man opens the door to learn the cause of the barking and\nhe sees a man, fat and tall, with nine heads.\"\n\n[42] A large bamboo pole, with all but the end section cut out,\nserves for a water bucket.\n\n[43] A long bamboo pole, in one end of which a hard-wood point is\ninserted. This is thrust into the ground, and in the hole thus made\nthe grain or cuttings are planted. This old method is still in use\nin some sections of the mountains, but on the lowlands a primitive\nplow is used to break the soil.\n\n[44] In European, Asiatic, African, and Malaysian lore we find stones\nof beings with star dresses: when they wear the dresses they are stars;\nwhen they take them off they are human. See Cox, _An Introduction to\nFolklore_, p. 121 (London, 1904.).\n\n[45] note 1, p. 9.\n\n[46] See note 1, p. 12.\n\n[47] Preface, p. vii.\n\n[48] It is the custom to have a small bamboo house built from fifteen\nto twenty feet from the ground near the rice fields, and in this\nsomeone watches every day during the growing season to see that\nnothing breaks in to destroy the grain. Often flappers are placed in\ndifferent parts of the field and a connecting string leads from these\nto the little house, so that the watcher by pulling this string may\nfrighten the birds away from the grain.\n\n[49] See note 1, p. 18.\n\n[50] Preface, p. vi.\n\n[51] The nights in the mountains are cold, and it is not at all\nuncommon in the early morning to see groups of people with blankets\nwrapped tightly about them, squatting around small fires in the yards.\n\n[52] See note 2, p. 12.\n\n[53] See note 1, p. 13.\n\n[54] See note 1, p. 17.\n\n[55] Compare with the biblical story of the loaves and fishes. For\nsimilar incidents among the Igorot of the Philippines, in Borneo,\nand in India, see Jenks, _The Bontoc Igorot_, p. 202; Seidenadel,\n_The Language of the Bontoc Igorot_, pp. 491, 41 ff. (Chicago, 1909);\nRoth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, Vol. I,\np. 319; Tawney, _Katha Sarit Sagara_, Vol. II, p. 3 (Calcutta, 1880);\nBezemer, _Volksdichtung aus Indonesien_, p. 49 (Haag, 1904).\n\n[56] See note 1, p. 15.\n\n[57] See note 3, p. 15.\n\n[58] There appear to have been two classes of spirits, one for whom\nthe people had the utmost respect and reverence, and another whom\nthey looked upon as being of service to mortals.\n\n[59] See note 1, p. 30.\n\n[60] The word used in the original is langpadan, meaning mountain\nrice. This variety requires no irrigation and is planted to some\nextent at the present day, but the great bulk of the grain now used\nis grown in wonderfully terraced fields on the mountain sides, where\nwater for irrigating is brought from distant streams through a system\nof flume and bamboo tubes. The fact that only the mountain rice is\nmentioned in the tales reflects a very ancient life before irrigated\nfields were known.\n\n[61] See note 1, p. 45.\n\n[62] The labeug is the omen bird and is believed to be the direct\nmessenger of Kadaklan, the great spirit, to the people.\n\n[63] See note 1, p. 34.\n\n[64] See note 1, p. 8.\n\n[65] See Preface, p. vii.\n\n[66] Before the bundles of ripened rice can be put into the granary\na ceremony is made for the spirits. The blood of a pig is mixed with\ncooked rice and put in the granary as an offering for the spirit who\nmultiplies the grain, otherwise the crop would run out in a short time.\n\n[67] See note 1, p. 9.\n\n[68] The spirit who stands next in importance to Kadaklan, the great\nspirit. It was he who taught the people all good things, and finally\nhe married a woman from Manabo in order to bind himself more closely\nto them. See \"How the Tinguian Learned to Plant.\"\n\n[69] This story is considered by the Tinguian to be of rather recent\norigin. They believe that Sayen lived not so very long ago, yet the\nstories woven around him are very similar to the ancient ones.\n\n[70] See \"The Alan and the Hunters.\"\n\n[71] The Tinguian now use flint and steel for making a flame, but it\nis not at all uncommon for them to go to a neighbor's house to borrow\na burning ember to start their own fire.\n\n[72] The neighboring Ilocano, a Christianized tribe, know the Komow\nas a fabulous bird which is invisible, yet steals people and their\npossessions.\n\n[73] See note 1, p. 59.\n\n[74] See note 2, p. 20.\n\n[75] This tale is of special importance to the Tinguian since it\nexplains how they learned two of the most important things of their\npresent life--to plant and to cure the sick. It also shows how death\ncame into the world.\n\n[76] See note 1, p. 59.\n\n[77] It is a common sight in a Tinguian village early in the morning\nduring the dry season to see a number of men armed with spears and\nhead-axes leaving for the mountains. They usually take with them,\nto assist in the chase, a string of half-starved dogs. Often a net\nis stretched across the runway of game, and then, while some of the\nhunters conceal themselves near by, others seek to drive the game\ninto the net, where it is speared to death.\n\n[78] Ancient Chinese jars are found throughout the interior of the\nPhilippines and are very closely associated with the folk-lore of\nthe Tinguian. Some of the jars date back to the 10th century, while\nmany are from the 12th and 14th centuries, and evidently entered the\nIslands through pre-Spanish trade. They are held in great value and are\ngenerally used in part payment for a bride and for the settlement of\nfeuds. For more details see Cole, _Chinese Pottery in the Philippines_,\nPub. Field Museum of Nat. Hist, Vol. XII, No. 1.\n\n[79] This cave is situated in the mountains midway between Patok and\nSanta Rosa. In this vicinity are numerous limestone caves, each of\nwhich has its traditions.\n\n[80] Cabildo of Domayco, the envied owner of this jar, has refused\ngreat sums offered for its purchase, and though men from other tribes\ncome bringing ten carabao at one time, they cannot tempt him to sell.\n\n[81] These beautiful agate beads are still worn by the Tinguian women,\nwho prize them very highly. They are rarely sold and each is worth\nmore than a carabao.\n\n[82] The Alan are supposed to be deformed spirits who live in the\nforests. They are as large as people, but have wings and can fly. Their\ntoes are at the back of their feet, and their fingers point backward\nfrom their wrists.\n\n[83] The name by which spirits call human beings.\n\n[84] This treatment of the Alan is typical of that accorded to the\nless powerful of the spirits by the Tinguian today. At the ceremonies\nthey often make fun of them and cheat them in the sacrifices.\n\n[85] Known to the Tinguian as Banog. This bird occupies much the same\nplace with the Tinguian as does the garuda in East Indian folk-lore.\n\n[86] This tale gives to the Tinguian his idea of the future\nworld. Sogsogot is supposed to have lived only a short time ago,\nand his experiences are well known to all the people.\n\n[87] See note 1, p. 15. Practically this same tale is told by the\nneighboring Ilocano, from whom it may have been borrowed; but here\nthe Tinguian custom of paying a marriage price is introduced.\n\n[88] This type of story is also found farther to the south, where the\ncleverness of the small animal causes him to triumph over the strong.\n\n[89] The Tinguian house contains neither tables nor chairs. The people\nusually squat on the floor, sitting on their heels; if anything is\nused as a seat it is a bit of cocoanut shell or a small block of wood.\n\n[90] Here we have a proverbial tale, one in which the Tinguian\nexpresses the idea, \"Haste makes waste.\"\n\n[91] Another version of this tale is found in British North Borneo\nin the story of the plandok and the crab, while to European children\nit is known as the race between the turtle and the hare.\n\n[92] The story shows the influence of the Christianized natives,\namong whom cock-fighting is a very popular sport. It is found only\namong those Tinguian who come into contact with this class.\n\n[93] Lumawig is the greatest of all spirits and now lives in the\nsky, though for a time his home was in the Igorot village of Bontoc,\nHe married a Bontoc girl, and the stones of their house are still\nto be seen in the village. It was Lumawig who created the Igorot,\nand ever since he has taken a great interest in them, teaching them\nhow to overcome the forces of nature, how to plant, to reap and, in\nfact, everything that they know. Once each month a ceremony is held in\nhis honor in a sacred grove, whose trees are believed to have sprung\nfrom the graves of his children. Here prayers are offered for health,\ngood crops, and success in battle. A close resemblance exists between\nLumawig of the Igorot and Kaboniyan of the Tinguian, the former being\nsometimes called Kambun'yan.\n\n[94] The Bukidnon of Mindanao have the following story: During a\ngreat drought Mampolompon could grow nothing on his clearing except\none bamboo, and during a high wind this was broken. From this bamboo\ncame a dog and a woman, who were the ancestors of the Moro. See\n\"The White Squash,\" note 1, p. 186.\n\n[95] At the north end of the village of Mayinit are a number of\nbrackish hot springs, and from these the people secure the salt\nwhich has made the spot famous for miles around. Stones are placed in\nthe shallow streams flowing from these springs, and when they have\nbecome encrusted with salt (about once a month) they are washed and\nthe water is evaporated by boiling. The salt, which is then a thick\npaste, is formed into cakes and baked near the fire for about half an\nhour, when it is ready for use. It is the only salt in this section,\nand is in great demand. Even hostile tribes come to a hill overlooking\nthe town and call down, then deposit whatever they have for trade and\nwithdraw, while the Igorot take up the salt and leave it in place of\nthe trade articles.\n\n[96] The women of Samoki are known as excellent potters, and their\nware is used over a wide area. From a pit on a hillside to the\nnorth of the village they dig a reddish-brown clay, which they mix\nwith a bluish mineral gathered on another hillside. When thoroughly\nmixed, this clay is placed on a board on the ground, and the potter,\nkneeling before it, begins her moulding. Great patience and skill\nare required to bring the vessel to the desired shape. When it is\ncompleted it is set in the sun to dry for two or three days, after\nwhich it is ready for the baking. The new pots are piled tier above\ntier on the ground and blanketed with grass tied into bundles. Then\npine bark is burned beneath and around the pile for about an hour,\nwhen the ware is sufficiently fired. It is then glazed with resin\nand is ready to market.\n\n[97] The mythology of nearly all peoples has a flood story. For the\nTinguian account see note on page 103. For the Bukidnon story see\np. 125.\n\n[98] A bamboo basket, in which the heads of victims are kept prior\nto the head-taking celebration.\n\n[99] The folk-lore of all countries has some story accounting for\nthe acquisition of fire. The Tinguian tale is as follows: Once in the\nvery old times Kaboniyan sent a flood which covered all the land. Then\nthere was no place for the fire to stay, so it went into the bamboo,\nthe stones, and iron. That is why one who knows how can still get\nfire out of bamboo and stones.\n\n[100] See note 1, p. 99.\n\n[101] The magical increase of food is a popular subject with the\nTinguian,  appearing in many of their folk-tales. See note 2, p. 48.\n\n[102] Note the similarity to the story of Moses in this account of\nLumawig striking the rock and water coming out. There is a possibility\nthat this incident was added to the story after the advent of the\nCatholic missionaries.\n\n[103] Usually one or more new coffins can be found in an Igorot\nvillage. They are made from a log split in two lengthwise, each half\nbeing hollowed out. Since their manufacture requires some days, it is\nnecessary to prepare them ahead of time. After the body is put in, the\ncover is tied on with rattan and the chinks sealed with mud and lime.\n\n[104] A somewhat similar idea is found among the Kulaman of southern\nMindanao. Here when an important man dies he is placed in a coffin,\nwhich resembles a small boat, the coffin being then fastened on\nhigh poles near the sea. See Cole, _Wild Tribes of Davao District,\nMindanao_, Pub. Field Museum of Nat Hist, Vol. XII, No. 2, 1913.\n\n[105] This story, first recorded by Dr. A.E. Jenks, gives the origin\nof the custom of head-hunting, which plays such an important part\nin the life of the Igorot. The Igorot claim to have taken heads ever\nsince Lumawig lived on earth and taught them to go to war, and they\ndeclare that it makes them brave and manly. The return of a successful\nwar party is the signal for a great celebration.\n\n[106] This is also the common way of making pottery.\n\n[107] Here we have a story, recorded by Dr. A.E. Jenks, with a twofold\nvalue: it is told to the children as a warning against stinginess,\nand it also explains the origin of the serpent eagle.\n\n[108] There is no jungle in the greater part of the Igorot country,\nthe mountains being covered by cogon grass with occasional pine\ntrees. At a distance these have a strange appearance, for only the\nbushy tops are left, the lower branches being cut off for fuel.\n\n[109] First recorded by Dr. A.E. Jenks.\n\n[110] Tattooing is a painful process, but Igorot men, women, and\nchildren willingly submit to it for the sake of beauty. The design\nis first drawn on the skin with an ink made of soot and water:\nthen the skin is pricked through the pattern and the soot is rubbed\ninto the wounds. Various designs appear on the face, arms, stomach,\nand other parts of the body, but the most important of all markings\nis that on the breast of an Igorot man. This designates him as the\ntaker of at least one human head, and he is thus shown to be worthy\nof the respect of his tribe.\n\n[111] This story also accounts for the origin of the crow and the\nlizard, both of which are common in the Igorot country.\n\n[112] This story, first recorded by Dr. A.E. Jenks, while it explain\nthe origin of the little rice bird, also points a moral, namely,\nthat there is punishment for the disobedient child.\n\n[113] The common way to pound rice is to place a bundle of the grain\non the ground on a dried carabao hide and pound it with a pestle to\nloosen the heads from the straw. When they are free they are poured\ninto a mortar and again pounded with the pestle until the grain is\nseparated from the chaff, after which it is winnowed.\n\n[114] According to the Klemantin myth (Borneo), the sky was raised\nwhen a giant named Usai accidentally struck it with his mallet while\npounding rice. See Hose and McDougall, _Pagan Tribes of Borneo_,\np. 142.\n\n[115] A somewhat similar belief that a giant crab is responsible for\nthe tides is widespread throughout Malaysia. The Batak of Palawan now\nbelieve, as also do the Mandaya of eastern Mindanao, that the tides\nare caused by a giant crab going in and out of his hole in the sea.\n\n[116] The similarity of this to the biblical story of the Flood leads\nus to suppose that it has come from the neighboring Christianized or\nMohammedanized people and has been worked by the Bukidnon into the\nmould of their own thought. However, the flood story is sometimes\nfound in such a guise that it cannot be accounted for by Christian\ninfluence. See for example, _The Flood Story_ as told in the folk-lore\nof the Igorot tribe, on p. 102.\n\n[117] This celestial myth accounts for a number of constellations which\nare of great importance to the Bukidnon. Magbangal appears in the sky\nin almost dipper shape, the handle being formed by his one remaining\narm. To the west and nearly above him is a V-shaped constellation which\nis believed to be the jaw of one of the pigs which he killed. Still\nfarther to the west appears the hill on which he hunted, while\nthree groups of stars which toward dawn seem to be following him are\nsaid to be his hatchet, the bamboo pole in which he carried water,\nand his large pet lizard. It is the appearance and position of these\nconstellations in the sky that show the Bukidnon when it is the time\nto clear land for the yearly crops and to plant the grain; and since\nthis knowledge is of the utmost importance to the people, they feel\nthat Magbangal does them a lasting service. The hero Lafaang of a\nBorneo myth, who is represented by the constellation Orion, lost his\narm while trying to cut down a tree in a manner different from that\nprescribed by his celestial wife, the constellation Pegasen. See Hose\nand McDougall, _Pagan Tribes of Borneo_, Vol. II, p. 141.\n\n[118] Long knives.\n\n[119] Cloth is dyed in various colors by boiling it in water in which\ndifferent kinds of leaves or roots have been steeped. But to produce\na bluish-black shade the fabric is partly buried in mud until the\ndesired color is obtained.\n\n[120] Monkeys are numerous throughout the Philippines, and it is\ndoubtless their human appearance and actions that have caused the\ndifferent tribes to try to account for their origin from man. Here\nwe have the most likely way that the Bukidnon can see for their coming.\n\n[121] This is one of a series of tales dealing with mythical heroes\nof former times whose acts of prowess are still recounted by Bukidnon\nwarriors.\n\n[122] A heavy padded hemp coat with a kilt which is supposed to turn\nspears. Over the shoulder is worn a sash in which are a few peculiar\nstones and charms which are believed to protect its wearer. Warriors\nwho have taken thirty human lives are permitted to wear a peculiar\ncrown-shaped headdress with upstanding points.\n\n[123] See note 1, p. 23.\n\n[124] This is a good example of the way in which people at a certain\nstage try to account for their surroundings. Nearly all consider\nthemselves  the original people. We find the Bagobo no exception\nto this. In this tale, which is evidently very old, they account\nfor themselves and their neighbors, and then, to meet present needs,\nthey adapt the story to include the white people whom they have known\nfor not more than two hundred years.\n\n[125] These are evil spirits who have power to injure people. They\nare ugly to look at and go about eating anything, even dead persons. A\nyoung Bagobo described his idea of a buso as follows: \"He has a long\nbody, long feet and neck, curly hair, and black face, flat nose,\nand one big red or yellow eye. He has big feet and fingers, but\nsmall arms, and his two big teeth are long and pointed. Like a dog,\nhe goes about eating anything, even dead persons.\" Cole, _Wild Tribes\nof Davao District_, Field Museum Nat. Hist., Vol. XII, No. 2, p. 107.\n\n[126] This is evidently an old tale in which the story-teller\nintroduces modern ideas.\n\n[127] Here, as is often the case, an origin story has been added to\na tale with which it has no logical connection.\n\n[128] This story is well known among the Bilaan, who are one of\nthe tribes least influenced by the Spaniards, and yet it bears so\nmany incidents similar to biblical accounts that there is a strong\nsuggestion of Christian influence. It is possible that these ideas\ncame through the Mohammedan Moro.\n\n[129] The most powerful of the spirits and the one to whom the people\nresort in times of danger.\n\n[130] A similar story is found in British North Borneo. See Evans,\n_Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute_, 1913, p. 423.\n\n[131] Melu, Fiuweigh, Diwata, and Saweigh.\n\n[132] Buswit.\n\n[133] An origin story of a very different type from those of the\nBukidnon and Bagobo. While the others show foreign influence, this\nappears to be typically primitive.\n\n[134] The omen bird of the Mandaya. It is believed to be a messenger\nfrom the spirit world which, by its calls, warns the people of danger\nor promises them success. If the coo of this bird comes from the\nright side, it is a good sign, but if it is on the left, in back,\nor in front, it is a bad sign, and the Mandaya knows that he must\nchange his plans.\n\n[135] The crab was called Tambanokano.\n\n[136] An eclipse of the moon. This belief in a monster swallowing the\nmoon and the wild efforts to frighten it away are very widespread. It\nis found among the Batak of Palawan and in other parts of Malaysia\nas well as in the South Sea, Mongol, Chinese, Siamese, and Hindoo\nmythology. Even in Peru we find the belief that an evil spirit in\nthe form of a beast was eating the moon, and that in order to scare\nit the people shouted and yelled and beat their dogs to make them\nadd to the noise. See Karlson, _Journal of Religious Psychology,_\nNovember, 1914, p. 164.\n\n[137] First recorded by Emerson B. Christie.\n\n[138] A brass box having three compartments, one for lime, one for\nthe nut, and another for the betel-leaf, which is used in preparing\nthe nut for chewing.\n\n[139] The Subanun have adopted the Moro dress, which consists\nof long trousers and a coat. The tale shows strong Moro influence\nthroughout. Seven is a mystic and magical number among the Malay. It\nis constantly used in divination and magical practices and repeatedly\noccurs in their folk-lore. Skeat explains its importance by referring\nto the seven souls which each mortal is supposed to possess. See Skeat,\n_Malay Magic_, p. 50.\n\n[140] No tales illustrate to better advantage the persistence of old\nstories and beliefs than do these of the Moro. They are permeated with\nincidents very similar to those still found among the pagan tribes of\nthe Archipelago, while associated with these are the spirits and demons\nof Hindu mythology. Finally we find the semi-historical events recorded\nby the Mohammedanized Malay, the ancestors of the tellers of the tales.\n\n[141] First recorded by N.M. Saleeby.\n\n[142] Those great birds are doubtless derived from Indian literature\nin which the fabulous bird garuda played such an important part.\n\n[143] A common name in Malay and Sumatran tales.\n\n[144] Probably Solomon of the Old Testament, who is a great historic\nfigure among the Malay and who plays an important part in their\nromances.\n\n[145] See note 1, p. 28.\n\n[146] In this case of a semi-historic being, whose father was said to\nbe the brother of the earthquake and thunder, we have an interesting\nblending of mythological and historical facts.\n\n[147] Among Malay people the sultan is the supreme ruler of a district,\nwhile petty rulers are known as datos.\n\n[148] Here, as in the Tinguian lore, we find heroes conversing with\nanimals and commanding the forces of nature to come to their aid.\n\n[149] This tale told by the Ilocano is well known among both the\nChristianized and the wild tribes of the Philippines, and also in\nBorneo and Java. However, the Ilocano is the only version, so far as\nknown, which has the explanatory element: the reason is given here why\nmonkeys do not eat meat. The turtle is accredited with extraordinary\nsagacity and cunning. It is another example of the type of tale showing\nthe victory of the weak and cunning over the strong but stupid. See\n\"The Turtle and the Lizard,\" p. 86.\n\n[150] All the events here given represent present-day occurrences,\nand the story appears to have been invented purely to amuse.\n\n[151] The headman of the town.\n\n[152] Here we have an excellent illustration of how a story brought in\nby the Spaniards has been worked over into Philippine setting. This\nis doubtless the classical story of Midas, but since the ass is\npractically unknown in the Philippines, horns (probably carabao\nhorns) have been substituted for the ass's ears, which grew on Midas'\nhead. Likewise the bamboo, which grows in abundance, takes the place\nof the reeds in the original tale.\n\n[153] A common fancy in Malay legends is the supernatural origin of\na child in some vegetable, usually a bamboo. See note 2, p. 99.\n\n[154] A bird something like a hawk.\n\n[155] See note 1, p. 134.\n\n[156] This is undoubtedly a worked-over story, probably brought in\nfrom Europe. Kings, queens, palaces, etc., were, of course, unknown\nto the people before the advent of the Spaniards.\n\n[157] A long knife.\n\n[158] The fermented juice of the cocoanut.\n\n[159] This tale bears a striking resemblance to Grimm's \"The Table,\nthe Ass, and the Stick,\" _Fairy Tales_.\n\n[160] These Visayan tales reflect old beliefs covered with a veneer\nof European ideas. The Visayan still holds to many of the old\nsuperstitions, not because he has reasoned them out for himself,\nbut because his ancestors believed them and transmitted them to him\nin such stories as these.\n\n[161] A very old explanatory tale. In a slightly varying form it is\nfound in other parts of the Islands.\n\n[162] Here we have an old type of tale explaining where monkeys came\nfrom. See note 2, p. 130.\n\n[163] The blow-gun is a Malayan weapon, which is used extensively in\nthe Philippines. Among certain wild tribes poisoned darts are blown\nthrough it, but among the Christianized tribes a clay pellet is used.\n\n[164] See note 1, p. 197.\n\n[165] A Spanish coin worth half a cent.","title":"Philippine Folk Tales","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":48986}