{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_13393/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_13393","id":"gutenberg_13393","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13393","summary":null,"tags":["Category: History - Modern (1750+)","Category: Journals","Category: Literature - Other","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Notes and Queries","Questions and answers -- Periodicals"],"text":"NOTES AND QUERIES:\n\nA MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,\nGENEALOGISTS, ETC.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\"When found, make a note of.\"--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNo. 41.]\nSATURDAY, AUGUST 10, 1850.\n[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *{161}\n\nCONTENTS.\n\nNOTES:\n  Sir William Gascoigne, by Edward Foss\n  An old Guy, by Dr. Bell\n  Folk Lore:--Folk Lore of South Northamptonshire,\n    No. 2  Mice, Snakes, Poultry, Crows, Owls, Cuckoos,\n    &c.\n  Minor Notes:--Hon. A. Erskine--Gloves--Punishment\n    of Death by Burning--India Rubber\n\nQUERIES:\n  The \"Bar\" of Michael Angelo, by S.W. Singer\n  Annotated Copies of Bishop Andrewes' Works\n  Minor Queries:--Robert Innes, a Grub Street Poet--Sicilian\n    Vespers--One Bell--Treasure Trove--Poeta\n    Anglicus--Hornbooks--Ben Jonson, or Ben Johnson--MS. Book\n    of Prayers belonging to Queen Catherine\n    Parr--Waltheolf--De Combre Family--Ilda--\"De\n    Male qu\u00e6sitis\"--Westminster Abbey--Haberdasher--Martinet--\n    \"Querela Cantabrigiensis\"--Long Lonkin\n\nREPLIES:\n  Treatise of Equivocation\n  Boethius' Consolations of Philosophy, by C.H. Cooper\n  Etymological Queries answered, by Albert Way\n  Replies to Minor Queries:--Solingen--Blackguard--The\n    Three Dukes--Bonny Dundee--Was Quarles\n    pensioned?--Collar of Esses--The Story of the\n    Three Men and their Bag of Money--Will. Robertson\n    of Murton--Long Meg of Westminster--Churchwardens'\n    Accounts of St. Antholin's--The Plant\n    \"H\u00e6mony\"--Mildew in Books--The Carpenter's\n    Maggot--Martello Towers--Highland Kilts--Derivation\n    of Penny--Scarf--Smoke-money--Common,\n    Mutual, and Reciprocal--Juice Cups--Curfew--Derivation\n    of Totnes, &c.\n\nMISCELLANEOUS:\n  Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c\n  Books and Odd Volumes Wanted\n  Notices to Correspondents\n  Advertisements\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNOTES.\n\nSIR WILLIAM GASCOIGNE.\n\nAlthough you and I no doubt unite in the admiration, which all our\nfellow-countrymen profess, and some of them feel, for our immortal bard,\nyet I do not think that our zeal as Shakspearians will extend so far as\nto receive him as an unquestionable authority for the facts introduced\ninto his historical plays. The utmost, I apprehend, that we should admit\nis, that they represent the tradition of the time in which he wrote, and\neven that admission we should modify by the allowance, to which every\npoet is entitled, of certain changes adopted for dramatic effect, and\nwith the object of enhancing our interest in the character he is\ndelineating.\n\nTwo facts in his Second Part of _Henry IV_, always referred to in\nconnection with each other, notwithstanding the ingenious remarks on\nthem made by Mr. Tyler in his _History of Henry V._, are still accepted,\nand principally by general readers, on Shakspeare's authority, as\nundoubtedly true. The one is the incident of Prince Henry's committal to\nprison by Chief Justice Gascoigne; and the other is the magnanimous\nconduct of the Prince on his accession to the throne, in continuing the\nChief Justice in the office, which he had shown himself so well able to\nsupport.\n\nThe first I have no desire to controvert, especially as it has been\nselected as one of the illustrations of our history in the House of\nLords. Frequent allusion is made to it in the play. Falstaff's page says\nto his master, on seeing the Chief Justice:\n\n    \"Sir, here comes the nobleman that committed the prince for\n    striking him about Bardolph.\"\n\nAnd Falstaff in the same scene thus addresses Gascoigne:\n\n    \"For the box of the ear that the prince gave you,--he gave it\n    like a rude prince, and you took it like a sensible lord. I have\n    checked him for it, and the young lion repents.\"\n\nAnd Gascoigne, when Henry refers to the incident in these words:\n\n  \"How might a prince of my great hopes forget\n  So great indignities you laid upon me?\n  What! rate, rebuke, and roughly send to prison\n  The immediate heir of England! Was this easy?\n  May this be wash'd in Lethe, and forgotten?\"\n\nthus justifies himself to the king:\n\n  \"I then did use the person of your father;\n  The image of his power lay then in me:\n  And in the administration of his law,\n  Whiles I was busy for the commonwealth,\n  Your highness pleased to forget my place,--\n  The majesty and power of law and justice,\n  The image of the king whom I presented,--\n  And, struck me in my very seat of judgment;\n  Whereon, as an offender to your father,\n  I gave bold way to my authority,\n  And did commit you.\" {162}\n\nNow this is a relation that we are well content, although unsupported by\ncontemporaneous authority, to receive on tradition; because in the\nnature of the circumstances we cannot expect to find any authentic\nevidence of the occurrence. But we should never think of citing these\npassages as fixing the fact of the _blow_, as chronicled by Hall, in\nopposition to the milder representation of the story as told by Sir\nThomas Elliott in \"The Governour.\" The bard makes that selection between\nthe two versions which best suits the scene he is depicting.\n\nWe cannot, however, be so easily satisfied with the second fact,--the\nreappointment of Gascoigne,--thus asserted by Shakspeare when making\nHenry say:\n\n  \"You did commit me;\n  For which, I do commit into your hand\n  The unstain'd sword that you have us'd to bear;\n  With this remembrance,--that you use the same\n  With the like bold, just, and impartial spirit,\n  As you have done 'gainst me.\"\n\nWe require better evidence for this than tradition, because, if true,\nbetter evidence can be adduced. A noble writer has very recently\ndeclared that he can \"prove to demonstration that Sir William Gascoigne\nsurvived Henry IV. several years, _and actually filled the office of\nChief Justice of the King's Bench under Henry V_.\" As to the first of\nthese points he implicitly follows Mr. Tyler's history, who proves that\nGascoigne died in December 1419, in the seventh year of the fifth\nHenry's reign; but as to the second point, deserting his authority and\nomitting the dates introduced in it, he entirely fails in supporting his\nassertion. The assertion, however, having been made in so recent a work,\nit becomes important to investigate its truth.\n\nThe only fact that gives an apparent authenticity to the story is that\nGascoigne was summoned to the first parliament of Henry V. as \"Chief\nJustice of our Lord the King.\" When we recollect, however, that this\nsummons was dated on March 22, 1413, the day following the king's\naccession, we must see that his Majesty could have had little more time\nthan to command a parliament to be summoned; that the officer who made\nout the writs would naturally direct them to those peers, judges, and\nothers who were summoned to the preceding parliament; and that the\nproper title of Gascoigne was Chief Justice until he was actually\nsuperseded. This evidence, therefore, is anything but conclusive, and in\nfact gives very little assistance in deciding the point at issue.\n\nIt is well known that Sir William Hankford was Gascoigne's successor as\nChief Justice of the King's Bench, and the real question is, when he\nbecame so. Dugdale states that the date of his patent was January 29,\n1414, ten months after King Henry's accession; and if this were so, the\npresumption would follow that Gascoigne continued Chief Justice till\nthat time. Let us see whether facts support this presumption.\n\nNow, Hankford was a Judge of the Common Pleas at the end of the previous\nreign; but he was omitted when his brethren of that court received their\nnew patents from Henry V., which were not issued till May 2, a day or\ntwo before Easter Term. And yet we find the name of Hankford in the\nYear-book reports of both that and Trinity Term; and we find it, not as\nacting in the Common Pleas, but as ruling in the King's Bench.\n\nFurther, although Gascoigne was summoned to the first parliament on\nMarch 22, yet on its meeting on May 15, he was not present;--added to\nwhich, his usual position, as first named legal trier of petitions, was\nfilled by Sir William Hankford, placed too in precedence of Sir William\nThirning, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.\n\nThese facts, so contradictory to Dugdale's date, rendered it necessary\nto refer to the roll. This, by the kindness of Mr. Duffus Hardy (who\ncertainly can never be called the \"streict-laced\" gaoler of the records,\nalluded to in your fourth number, Vol. i., p. 60.), has been inspected;\nand the result is that the date of Hankford's appointment, instead of\nbeing _January_ 29, 1414, as stated by Dugdale, turns out to be _March_\n29, 1413; just eight days after King Henry's accession, and ten days\nprevious to his coronation.\n\nThe peculiar period chosen for this act, and its precipitancy in\ncontrast with the delay in issuing the new patents to the other judges,\ntend strongly, I am afraid, to deprive us of the \"flattering unction\" of\nsupposing that it resulted from Gascoigne's choice, rather than Henry's\nmandate. Nor is the royal warrant of November 1414, 2 Henry V. (twenty\nmonths afterwards), granting him four bucks and four does yearly, during\nhis life, out of the forest of Pontefract, a sufficient proof of favour\nto countervail the impression created by his early removal.\n\nWith these facts before us, King Henry's supposed generosity in\nrenominating Gascoigne can no longer be credited. But, even presuming\nthat none of these facts had been discovered, I must own myself\nsurprised that any one could maintain that Gascoigne was ever Chief\nJustice to Hen. V., with two existing records before him, both\ncontaining conclusive proof to the contrary.\n\nThe first is the entry on the Issue Roll of July, 1413, of a payment\nmade of an arrear of Gascoigne's salary and pension, in which he is\ncalled \"_late_ Chief Justice of the Bench of _Lord Henry, father of the\npresent King_.\"\n\nThe second is the inscription on his monument in Harwood Church in\nYorkshire, where he is described as \"_nuper_ capit. justio. de banco\nHen. _nuper_ regis angli\u00e6 _quarti_.\"\n\nI think I may fairly ask whether it is possible to suppose that in\neither of these records, particularly {163} the latter, he would have\nbeen docked his title, had he ever been Chief Justice of the reigning\nking?\n\nAllow me to take this opportunity of thanking L.B.L. for his extracts\nfrom the Hospitaller's Survey (Vol. ii., p. 123.), which are most\ninteresting, and, to use a modern word, very _suggestive_.\n\nEdward Foss.\n\nStreet-End House, near Canterbury.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nAN OLD GUY?\n\nNo one would at present think of any other answer to a Query as to the\nmeaning of this term than that the phrase originated with the scarecrows\nand stuffed apings of humanity with which the rising generation enlivens\nour streets on every fifth of November, and dins in our ears the cry,\n\"Please to remember the guy,\" and that it alludes to the Christian name\nof the culprit, Guido. Have, however, any of your readers met this\ntitle, or any allusion to it, in any writer previously to 1605? and may\nits attribution to the supposed framer of the Gunpowder Plot only have\nbeen the accidental appropriation of an earlier term of popular\nreproach, and which had become so since the conversion of the nation to\nChristianity? This naturally heaped contumely and insult upon every\nthing relating to the Druids, and the heathen superstitions of the\nearlier inhabitants.\n\nAmongst others, _Guy_ was a term by which, no doubt, the Druids were\nvery early designated, and is cognate, with the Italian _Guido_ and our\nown _Guide_, to the Latin _cuidare_, which would give it great\nappropriativeness when applied to the offices of teachers and leaders,\nwith which these lordly flamens were invested. Narrowly connected with\ntheir rites, the term has descended to the present day, as is decidedly\nshown in the French name of the mistletoe, _le Gui_, and as denoting the\npriesthood. The common cry of the children at Christmas in France, _au\ngui l'an neuf_, marks the winter solstice, and their most solemn\nfestival; so _ai-guil-lac_, as the name of new year's gifts, so\nnecessary and expensive to a Frenchman, which they particularly bear in\nthe diocese of Chartres, can only be explained by referring it to the\nsame origin. In the French vocabulary at present this word, as I have\nbefore observed, is restricted to the mistletoe, the _viscum album_ of\nLinn\u00e6us: but in Germany we have pretty much the same conversion of a\nfavourite druidical plant, the trefoil, or shamrock, and the cinquefoil;\nboth of them go in Bavaria and many other parts of Germany under the\nname of _Truten-fuss_, or Druid's foot, and are thought potent charms in\nguarding fields and cattle from harm; but there too, as with us,\npossibly the oldest title of guy, the term Druid, has grown into a name\nof the greatest disgrace: \"_Trute, Trute, Saudreck_,\" \"Druid, Druid, sow\ndirt,\" is an insulting phrase reserved for the highest ebullitions of a\npeasant's rage in Schwaben and Franken.\n\nWhilst on the subject of the mistletoe, I cannot forbear to mark the\ncoincidences that run through the popular notions of a country in all\nages. Pliny, in his very exact account of the druidical rites, tells us,\nwhen the archdruid mounted the oak to cut the sacred parasite with a\ngolden pruning-hook, two other priests stood below to catch it in a\nwhite linen cloth, extremely cautious lest it should fall to earth. One\nis almost tempted to fancy that Shakspeare was describing a similar\nscene when he makes Hecate say\n\n  \"Upon the corner of the moon,\n  There hangs a vap'rous drop profound,\n  I'll catch it ere it come to ground.\"\n\nIn a very excellent note to Dr. Giles' translation of Richard of\nCirencester, p. 432., he adduces the opinion of Dr. Daubeny, of Oxford,\nthat as the mistletoe is now so rarely found in Europe on oaks, it had\nbeen exterminated with the other druidical rites on the introduction of\nChristianity. I am not sufficiently botanist to determine how far it is\npossible to destroy the natural habitat of a plant propagated by\nextrinsic means, and should be more inclined to account for the\ndifference then and now by supposing that the Druids may have known the\nsecret of inoculating a desirable oak with the seeds where birds had not\ndone so, and practised it when necessary.\n\nP.S. Since writing the above, I recollect that the Latin verse,\n\n  \"_Ad viscum Druid\u00e6_: Druid\u00e6 clamare solebant,\"\n\nis frequently quoted from Ovid, sometimes, and that recently, specifying\nthe Fasti. I need not tell you that it is not to be found there, and I\nwish to inquire if any of the numerous readers of your valuable\npublication can say where I can meet with it; if classical, it is\nanother remarkable evidence of the endurance of popular customs to the\npresent day. In the following quotation from Keyssler's Treatise _de\nVisco_, the Anklopferleinstag would be also a noisy demonstration dating\nfrom druidical times, at a period of the year not far removed from the\nbeginning of November.\n\n    \"In superiori Germani\u00e6 parte, Marchionatu Onolsbacensi\n    comprehensa, cujus inol\u00e6 plurimas Gentilismi reliquias retinent,\n    regio ipsa multis Druidum vestigiis abundat, tempore adventus\n    Christi, sive media Hyeme (am Anklopferleinstag), vulgus per\n    vias et pagos currit malleisque pulsat fores et fenestras\n    indesinenter clamans _Gutheyl! Gutheyl!_ Quod quidem non salutem\n    per Christi adventum partam indicat, quasi diceres: Gut Heyl;\n    bona salus; multo minus fictitam Sanctam G\u00fcnthildem, quam\n    rustici illius tractus miris fabulis ac nugis celebrant, sed\n    nomen ipsum visci est.\" {164}\n\nThe present popular and only German name of the mistletoe, the parent of\nour English denomination, is _Mistel_, which is evidently only\n_Meist-heyl_ (most heal, or healing), the superlative of the above\n_Gut-heyl_, and both wonderfully agreeing with the name which Pliny says\nit bore in his time, _Omnia sanans_.\n\nWilliam Bell, Ph.D.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nFOLK LORE.\n\n_Folk Lore of South Northamptonshire._--No. 2.\n\n_Mice._--A sudden influx of mice into a house, hitherto free from their\nravages, denotes approaching mortality among its inhabitants. A mouse\nrunning over a person is considered to be an infallible sign of death,\nas is also the squeaking of one behind the bed of an invalid, or the\nappearance or apparition of a white mouse running across the room. To\nmeet with a shrew-mouse, in going a journey, is reckoned ominous of\nevil. The country people have an idea that the harvest-mouse is unable\nto cross a path which has been trod by man. Whenever they attempt, they\nare immediately, as my informant expressed it, \"struck dead.\" This, they\nsay, accounts for the numbers which on a summer's evening may be found\nlying dead on the verge of the field footpaths, without any external\nwound or apparent cause for their demise.\n\n_Snakes._--There is a very prevalent belief that a snake can never die\ntill the sun is down. Cut or hack it as you will, it will never die till\nsunset. This idea has evidently its source in the amazing vitality\ncommon to the species.\n\n_Poultry._--The crowing of a hen bodes evil, and is frequently followed\nby the death of some member of the family. When, therefore, Dame Partlet\nthus experiments upon the note of her mate, she pays her head as the\nprice of her temerity, a complete severance of the offending member\nbeing supposed to be the only way of averting the threatened calamity.\nNo house, it is said, can thrive whose hens are addicted to this kind of\namusement. Hence the old proverb often quoted in this district:\n\n  \"A whistling woman and a crowing hen,\n  Is neither fit for God nor men.\"\n\nAccording to Pluquet, the Normans have a similar belief, and a saying\nsingularly like the English one:\n\n    \"Un Poule qui chante le coq, et une fille qui siffle, portent\n    malheur dans la maison.\"\n\nBefore the death of a farmer his poultry frequently go to roost at\nnoon-day, instead of at the usual time. When the cock struts up to the\ndoor and sounds his clarion on the threshold, the housewife is warned\nthat she may soon expect a stranger. In what is technically termed\n\"setting a hen,\" care is taken that the nest be composed of an odd\nnumber of eggs. If even, the chickens would not prosper. Each egg is\nalways marked with a little black cross, ostensibly for the purpose of\ndistinguishing them from the others, but also supposed to be\ninstrumental in producing good chickens, and preventing any attack from\nthe weasel or other farm-yard marauders. The last egg the hen lays is\ncarefully preserved, its possession being supposed to operate as a charm\nupon the well-doing of the poultry. In some cases, though less commonly,\nthe one laid on Good Friday is preserved, from the same reason. When a\nbaby is first taken out to see its friends, it is customary for them to\ngive it an egg: this, if preserved, is held to be a source of good\nfortune to the future man. (Vide _Brand_, ii. p. 48.) The first egg laid\nby a pullet is usually secured by the shepherd, in order to present to\nhis sweetheart,--the luckiest gift, it is believed, he can give her.\n\n_Crows._--To see a crow flying alone is a token of bad luck. An odd one,\nperched in the path of the observer, is a sign of wrath.\n\n_Owls._--The ominous screech of this, the most ominous of all birds, is\nstill heard with alarm; and he remains with us, as in Chaucer's days,\n\n  \"The oule eke that of deth the bode bringeth.\"\n\nWhen, as sometimes happens, he exchanges the darkness of his ivy bush\nfor the rays of the sun at noon-day, his presence is looked upon as\nindicative of bad luck to the beholder. Hence it not infrequently\nhappens that a mortal is as much scared by one of these occasional\nflights as the small bird denizens of the tree on which he may happen to\nalight.\n\n_Cuckoos._--When the cry of the cuckoo is heard for the first time in\nthe season, it is customary to turn the money in the pocket, and wish.\nIf within the bounds of reason, it is sure to be fulfilled. In reference\nto the pecuniary idea respecting the cuckoo, the children sing,\n\n  \"Cuckoo, cuckoo, cherry tree\n  Catch a penny and give it to me.\"\n\n_Robins and Wrens._--The robin is considered a sacred bird: to kill one\nis little less than sacrilege, and its eggs are free from the destroying\nhand of the bird-nester. It is asserted that the respect shown to it by\nman is joined in by the animals of the wood. The weasel and wild cat, it\nis said, will neither molest it, nor eat it when killed. The high favour\nin which this bird is held is usually attributed to the ballad of _The\nBabes in the Wood_. Few, however, among the peasantry of this district\nhave even heard of it; and, however much that beautiful tale may have\ntended to popularise the belief, it is evident that we must trace the\norigin to a more remote source. One cause for the veneration in which it\nis held may be the superstition which represents him as the medium\nthrough which mankind are warned of approaching death. {165} Before the\ndeath of a person, a robin is believed, in many instances, to tap thrice\nat the window of the room in which he or she may be. The wren is also a\nbird which superstition protects from injury; but it is by no means\ntreated with such reverence as the robin. The praises of both are sung\nin the old couplet:--\n\n  \"The robin and the wren,\n  Be God A'mighty's cock and hen.\"\n\n_Pigeons._--No one, it is believed, can die on pigeons' feathers. In the\nnorthern parts of the county, the same thing is said of game\nfeathers,--a superstition also current in Kent.--_Ingolsby Legends_,\nThird Series, p. 133.\n\n_Wasps._--The first wasp seen in the season should always be killed. By\nso doing you secure to yourself good luck and freedom from enemies\nthroughout the year.\n\n_Bees._--The superstitious ceremonies and observances attached to these\nanimals appear to be current throughout the kingdom, and by no means\nsuffer any diminution in this county. Among others of less common\noccurrence, we have the belief that they will not thrive in a\nquarrelsome fammily.\n\nThe wild, or, as we term him, the _humble bee_, is not without a share\nof the superstitions which pertain to his more civilised brethren. The\nentrance of one into a cottage is deemed a certain sign of death.\n\n_Spiders._--The small spiders called \"money spinners\" prognosticate good\nluck; in order to propitiate which, they must be thrown over the left\nshoulder.\n\nT.Y.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nMinor Notes\n\n_The Hon. A. Erskine._--In J. Reed's Copy of _Boswell's and Hon. A.\nErskine's Correspondence_, 12mo. 1763, was the following note in Reed's\nautograph:--\n\n    \"The Hon. A. Erskine was fourth son of the fifth Earl of Kelley.\n    Mr. Boswell told me the 30th of May, 1794, that A.E., having\n    spent all his property, in a fit of despair threw himself from a\n    rock into the sea last winter, and was drowned. His body was\n    found five days after, when it appeared it was a deliberate act,\n    as he had filled his pockets with stones.\"\n\n_Gloves._--The question of F.E. (Vol. i., p. 366.), \"Why are gloves not\nworn before royalty?\" having hitherto received no answer, may probably\nbe as difficult of solution as another custom in which a glove figures\nas a token of defiance. Perhaps, however, covered hands, as well as a\ncovered head, may have been considered discourteous. Indeed, we learn\nfrown Cobarruvias, in his _Tesoro_, that it was so considered in\nSpain:--\n\n    \"ENGUANTADO. El que entra con Guantes adonde se le ha de tener a\n    descortesia. El que sirve no los ha de tener delante de su\n    Senor: ni Vasallo, sea quien fuere, delante de su Rey.\" Fo. 453.\n    b. ed. 1611.\n\nThe use of gloves must be of very high antiquity. In the Middle Ages the\npriest who celebrated mass always, I believe, wore them during that\nceremony; but it was just the contrary in courts of justice, where the\npresiding judge, as well as the criminal, was not allowed to cover his\nhands. It was anciently a popular saying, that three kingdoms must\ncontribute to the formation of a good glove:--Spain to prepare the\nleather, France to cut them out, and England to sow them.\n\nI think the etymology of the word _glove_ is in far from a satisfactory\nstate. It is a good subject for some of your learned philological\ncorrespondents, to whom I beg leave to recommend its elucidation.\n\nS.W. Singer.\n\nMickleham, July 26. 1850.\n\n_Punishment of Death by Burning_ (Vol. ii., pp. 6, 50, 90.).--Your\ncorrespondent E.S.S.W. gives an account of a woman burnt for the murder\nof her husband in 1783, and asks whether there is any other instance of\nthe kind in the latter part of the last century. I cannot positively\nanswer this Query, but I will state a circumstance that occurred to\nmyself about the year 1788. Passing in a hackney-coach up the Old Bailey\nto West Smithfield, I saw the unquenched embers of a fire opposite\nNewgate; on my alighting I asked the coachman \"What was that fire in the\nOld Bailey, over which the wheel of your coach passed?\" \"Oh, sir,\" he\nreplied, \"they have been burning a woman for murdering her husband.\"\nWhether he spoke the truth or not I do not know, but I received it at\nthe time as truth, and remember the impression it made on me.\n\nIt is, perhaps, as well to state that there were some fifteen to twenty\npersons standing around the smouldering embers at the time I passed.\n\nSenex.\n\n_India Rubber_ is now so cheap and common, that it seems worth while to\nmake a note of the following passage in the _Monthly Review_ for Feb.\n1772. It occurs at p. 71., in the article on \"A familiar Introduction to\nthe Theory and Practice of Perspective, by Joseph Priestly, LL.D.\nF.R.S., 8vo. 5s., boards. Johnson.\"\n\n    \"Our readers, perhaps, who employ themselves in the art of\n    drawing, will be pleased with a transcript of the following\n    advertisement:--'I have seen, says Dr. Priestly, a substance,\n    excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the\n    marks of a black lead pencil. It must, therefore, be of singular\n    use to those who practise drawing. It is sold by Mr. Nairne,\n    mathematical instrument-maker, opposite the Royal Exchange. He\n    sells a cubical piece, of about half an inch, for three\n    shillings; and, he says, it will last several years.'\"\n\nN.B.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *{166}\n\n\nQUERIES\n\nTHE \"BAR\" OF MICHAEL ANGELO.\n\nIn that delightful volume, _In Memoriam_, in which Mr. Tenyson has so\nnobly and pathetically enshrined the memory of his friend, Arthur\nHallam, the following passage occurs, pp. 126, 127.:--\n\n  \"To these conclusions, when we saw\n  The God within him light his face,\n  And seem to lift the form, and glow\n   In azure orbits heavenly-wise;\n   And over those ethereal eyes\n  _The bar of Michael Angelo_.\"\n\nTo what does this allude? In the fine profile portrait by Julio\nBonasoni, Michael Angelo appears to have had a protuberant brow; and\nCondivi says, in his very interesting and detailed account of his\nperson, that his forehead was square, and that, seen in profile (\"quasi\navanza il naso\"), it projected almost beyond the nose. It is remarkable\nthat the same spirit pervades these verses which we find in the Platonic\nbreathings of the _Rime_ of the great artist; but we are most forcibly\nreminded of the poet of Vaucluse. The grief of the poet for the loss of\nhis friend has however had a happier effect on his mind than the more\nimpassioned nature of that of the lover of Laura produced: yet a kindred\nfeeling, of spiritual communion with the lost one, pervades both poets;\nand this might have been the motto of Mr. Tenyson's volume:--\n\n  \"Levommi il mio pensiero in parte ov' era\n  Quello eh' io cerco, e non ritrovo in terra;\n  ... in questa spera\n  Sarai ancor meco, s' el desir non erra.\"\n\nFoscolo has remarked that \"when a great poet describes his own heart,\nhis picture of _Love_ will draw tears from the eyes of every sensitive\nmortal in every age.\" And no one can read these effusions of deepfelt\nvirtuous affection without emotions of a happy tendency.\n\nS.W. SINGER.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nANNOTATED COPIES OF BISHOP ANDREWES' WORKS.\n\nActing on a suggestion given in previous number, I beg to state that I\nshall be much obliged by the use of any annotated copies of the\nfollowing works of Bp. Andrewes, which I am engaged in taking through\nthe press:--_Tortura Torti; Responsio ad Apolog. Cordius Bellarmini;\nOpuscula Posthuma; Two Answers to Cardinal Perron, &c.; Preces Privit\u00e6_.\n\nJAMES BLISS.\n\nOgburne St. Andrew, near Marlborough.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nMinor Queries.\n\n_Robert Innes, a Grub Street Poet._--Is there anything known respecting\na strange \"madcap,\" one Robert Innes, who, according to a printed\nbroadside now before me, was a pauper in St. Peter's Hospital, 1787? He\nwas in the habit of penning doggrel ballads and hawking them about for\nsale. Some of them have a degree of humour, and are, to a certain\nextent, valuable at the present time for their notices of passing\nevents. In one of these now rare effusions, he styles himself \"R. Innes,\nO.P.,\" and in explanation gives the following lines:--\n\n  \"Some put unto their name A.M.,\n    And others put a D. and D.,\n  If 'tis no harm to mimick them,\n    I adds unto my name O.P.\n\n  \"Master of Arts, sure I am not,\n    No Doctor, no Divine I be\n  But OAKUM PICKING is my lot,\n    Of the same clay are we all three.\"\n\nThe \"works\" of this \"rogue and vagabond,\" now in my possession, were\ngiven me by the late Mr. Catnach of Seven Dials.\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT.\n\n_The Sicilian Vespers._--In what English work can a full and correct\nnarrative of this event be found?\n\nC.H. COOPER.\n\nCambridge, July 29. 1850.\n\n_One Bell._--Can any of your readers favour me with a reference to some\nauthority for the following, which may be found in Southey's _Book of\nthe Church_ (vol. ii. p. 121.)?\n\n    \"Somerset pretended that one bell in a steeple was sufficient\n    for summoning the people to prayer; and the country was thus in\n    danger of losing its best music.\"\n\nWhat follows is so beautiful and appropriate, that I may perhaps be\nexcused for lengthening my quotation:\n\n    \"--a music, hallowed by all circumstances, which, according\n    equally with social exultation and with solitary pensiveness,\n    though it falls upon many an unheeding ear, never fails to find\n    some hearts which it exhilarates, and some which it softens.\"\n\nIt is a curious fact, that in many towers there may be often found a\nsolitary _black-letter Bell_ (if I may so call it), evidently of\nante-Reformation date, making one of the peal.\n\nH.T.E.\n\n_Treasure Trove._--The prejudicial effect which the law of _Treasure\nTrove_, as it now exists in this country, has been found to exercise\nupon the preservation of objects of archaeological interest, especially\nif such articles happen to be formed of either of the precious metals,\nis just now exciting the attention of the antiquarian world. Any notes\nupon the state of this law upon the Continent, any references to\ninstances of valuable \"finds\" which have been lost to archaeological\ninvestigation through the operation of this law, or to cases in which\nthe decisions of the courts have been given upon questions of this law;\nin short, any hints {167} or information upon any points connected with\nthe subject of _Treasure Trove_ will be thankfully received by,\n\nEFFESSA.\n\n_Poeta Anglicus._--The gloss on the Prooemium to the _Constitutions of\nClement V._, col. iv. \"Corp. Jur. Can.\" t. iii. Lugd. 1671, has the\nfollowing remark:--\n\n    \"Et dicitur a _Pap\u00e6_, quod est, interjectio admirantis, et vere\n    admirabilis: quia vices Dei in terris gerit. Inde dixit ille\n    Anglicus in poetria nova: _Papa stupor mundi._ Et circa fin.,\n    _Qui maxima rerum, nec Deus es nec homo, quasi neuter es inter\n    utrumque_.\"\n\nWho is the Anglicus Poeta? What is the name of his poem?\n\nJ.B.\n\n_Hornbooks._--Can either of your numerous intelligent readers give me an\naccount of the hornbooks from which our ancestors learned their letters?\nIf so, I shall feel especially obliged for the information.\n\nJOHN TIMBS.\n\n_Ben Jonson, or Ben Johnson._--Among some papers I possess of the Digby\nfamily, I have an autograph poem on _The Picture of the Minde of the\nLady Venetia Digby_, by Ben \"Johnson.\" Is this the same as Ben \"Jonson?\"\nand if so, how comes it the \"h\" has been dropped from his name? Or was\nthere some other Ben \"Johnson,\" a poet of that period?\n\nN.A.B.\n\n_MS. Book of Prayers belonging to Queen Catherine Parr._--In vol. ix. of\nthe _Gentleman's Magazine_ is a description of a MS. book of prayers,\nbound in silver, which probably belonged to Queen Catherine Parr. Can\nyou or any of your numerous readers inform me in whose possession the\nvolume is _now_?\n\nJ.L.W.\n\n_Waltheof--De Combre Family--Ilda._--In _Waltheof, or the Siege of\nYork_, an historical drama published at York, 1832, one of the _dramatis\nperson\u00e6_, Judith, the niece of the Conqueror, and daughter of the\nCountess of Albemarle, is made to say,--\n\n  \"When gallant _Waltheof, as his country's champion_,\n  On bus'ness of high import and high matters,\n  _Oft at my royal uncle's court appeared_,\n\n  ...\n\n  \"We married privately.\n  Two years and more have passed since this has happened,\n  And one sweet pledge of love has crowned our vows.\"\n\nNow I am anxious to know,\n\n1. Whether there be any historical authority for Waltheof being sent as\nenvoy to William? and, if so, on what mission?\n\n2. Is it not the more correct account, that the Conqueror gave his niece\nJudith in marriage to Waltheof _after_ the surrender of the city, [at\nthe same time that he conferred other honours upon him, out of respect\nfor his brave defence of the city; creating him, first, Earl of\nNorthhampton and Huntingdon, and afterwards Earl of Northumberland, A.D.\n1070.] And if so, as Waltheof could certainly not have had any \"pledge\nof love\" _before_ the siege of York; so neither is it probable that he\nhad any issue at all by Judith, as in the same year, 1070, he was\nbeheaded by William, for supposed participation in a conspiracy at York.\n\nThe above drama is said to be \"by a descendant of one of the _dramatis\nperson\u00e6_,\" viz. of \"De Combre, one of William's generals;\" being written\nby Rev. Thomas Comber, of Oswaldkirk, Yorkshire. This De Combre is\nrepresented as having married _Ilda_, a daughter of King Harold, and\nsister of _Edgar_. Can any of your correspondents furnish me with\ninformation as to the origin and antiquity of this family of Comber? I\nlearn from the present representatives of this family, that they have no\nrecorded pedigree which goes higher than the reign of Henry VI., but\nthat the family tradition has always been, that their ancestor came over\nfrom Normandy with William, and married Ilda, daughter of Harold. It\nseems that the name of Ilda is at this very day borne by one of the\nfamily. In the _Memoirs of Dr. Thomas Comber, Dean of Durham_, this De\nCombre is said to have had the manor of Barkham, in Sussex, given to him\nby the Conqueror. What family had King Harold II.? Had he any daughter\nIlda? and, if so, is there any record or mention of her husband's name?\n\nT.E.L.L.\n\n19th July, 1850.\n\n_\"De male qu\u00e6sitis,\" &c._--Spelman's striking argument, that spoliated\nchurch property is seldom enjoyed for more than three generations, seems\nbut a special application of a general principle,--\n\n  \"De male qu\u00e6sitis gaudet non tertius h\u00e6raes.\"\n\nCan any of your readers tell me who is the author of the above verse? I\nfind it quoted as \"an adage\" by John Gadsbury, in his work _On the\nDoctrine of Nativities_, 1658.\n\nR.P.\n\n_Westminster Abbey._--The late Sir Harry Englefield is known to have had\naccess to some of the original fabric accounts of this venerable\nstructure. Can any of your readers inform me whether he published the\ninformation he may have obtained from those documents; and, if so, where\nit may be found?\n\nJ.BT.\n\n_Haberdasher--Martinet._--Can any of your correspondents suggest an\netymology for the word _haberdasher_? I ought, perhaps, to say that I am\nacquainted with the derivations propounded by Mr. Richardson, but\nconsider them all unsatisfactory. While on the subject, I would also ask\nif Mr. Richardson's _Dictionary_ is considered the best {168} source\nextant of information on English etymology, because I cannot help\nthinking that it has very many faults and deficiencies. The very word,\nfor instance, on the derivation of which your valuable correspondent MR.\nFORBES offered a suggestion in No. 38., viz. _Martinet_, I had in vain\nsought for in Mr. Richardson's _Dictionary_, at least in his quarto\nedition, 1887.\n\nPRISCIAN.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\"_Querela Cantabrigiensis_.\"--Is anything known of the authorship of the\n_Querela Cantabrigiensis: or, a Remonstrance by way of Apologie for the\nbanished Members of the late flourishing University of Cambridge. By\nsome of the said Sufferers. Anno Dom. 1647_? This seems a favourable\ntime for inserting this Query, as there is a chance of _a second series\nof \"The Universities' Complaint\"_ making its appearance before the year\nis out.\n\nJ.M.B.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n_Long Lonkin._--Can any of your readers give me a clue to the\npersonality of Long Lonkin, the hero of a moss-trooping ballad popular\nin Cumberland, which commences--\n\n  \"The Lord said to his ladie,\n     As he mounted his horse,\n  Beware of Long Lonkin\n     That lies in the moss.\"\n\nAnd goes on to tell how Long Lonkin crept in at \"one little window\"\nwhich was left unfastened, and was counselled by the wicked maiden to--\n\n  \"Prick the babe in the cradle\"\n\nas the only means of bringing down the poor mother, whom he wished to\nkill.\n\nAre there any other traditions of him, and can he have any connection\nwith the name bestowed by children on the middle finger, in the\nfollowing elegant rhyme?--\n\n  \"Tom Thumbkin,\n  Will Wilkins,\n  Long Lonkin,\" &c.?\n\nThis I had always supposed merely to refer to the length of the finger,\nbut the coincidence of names is curious.\n\nSELEUCUS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nREPLIES.\n\nTREATISE OF EQUIVOCATION.\n\nI can now inform you that the MS. _Treatise of Equivocation_, about\nwhich J.M. inquired (Vol. i., p. 263.), is preserved in the Bodleian\nLibrary (Laud, _Miscellaneous MSS. 655_.). Dodd, in his _Church History_\n(vol. ii. pp. 381. 428.), under the names Blackwell and Francis Tresham,\nmentions the work by its second title, _A Treatise against Lying and\nfraudulent Dissimulation_, and states that the MS. is in the Bodleian.\nThrough the kindness of Dr. Baudinel, I have seen the tract; and as\nthere is a certain historical interest attached to it, some information\non the subject may be acceptable to your readers. But it may be as well\nfirst to give the account of its production at the trial of Guy Fawkes\nand the conspirators, Jan. 27, 1606. (See _State Trials_, vol. ii. col.\n180.) After Coke had introduced under the seventh head of his speech, as\nthe fourth means for carrying on the plot, \"their perfidious and\nperjurious equivocating,\" there follows:--\n\n    \"And here was showed a Book, written not long before the Queen's\n    death, at what time Thomas Winter was employed into Spain,\n    entituled, 'A Treatise of Equivocation,' which book being seen\n    and allowed by Garnet, the superior of the Jesuits, and\n    Blackwell, the Archpriest of England, in the beginning thereof\n    Garnet with his own hand put out those words in the title of\n    'Equivocation,' and made it thus; 'A Treatise against Lying and\n    fraudulent Dissimulation.' ... And in the end thereof, Blackwell\n    besprinkles it with his blessing, saying, 'Tractatus iste valde\n    doctus, et vere pius et Catholicus est. Certe S. Scripturarum,\n    patrum, doctorum, scholasticorum, canonistarum, et optimarum\n    rationum pr\u00e6sidiis plenissime firmat \u00e6quitatem \u00e6quivocationis;\n    ideoque dignissimus est qui typis propagetur, ad consolationem\n    afflictorum Catholicorum, et omnium piorum instructionem.'\"\n\nCoke referred to it again at Garnet's trial, March 28, 1606 (_State\nTrials_, vol. ii. p. 234.); and the importance attached to the discovery\nof the work may be judged of by Morton's _Full Satisfaction_, 1606: a\nvery large part of which is occupied in discussing it.\n\nThe copy in the Bodleian is the one which was produced at the trial. It\nis a small quarto in a vellum cover, on the outside of which is written,\non the front side, in a later hand, \"Blackwell de Equivocatione, &c.;\"\non the other side, in Sir E. Coke's hand, \"Equivocations.\" It consists\nof sixty-six pages in all; i.e. two leaves at the beginning originally\nleft blank, and not numbered; sixty-one pages numbered continuously, and\nfifty-nine of them written on: p. 61., that is, the fly-leaf at the end,\ncontains Blackwell's imprimatur as described by Coke. On the first\nfly-leaf, at the beginning, is the following memorandum:--\n\n    \"This booke, contening 61 pages, I founde in a chamber in the\n    Inner Temple, wherein Sr Thomas Tresham used to lye, and whiche\n    he obteyned for his two younger sonnes. This 5 of December,\n    1605.\" EDW. COKE.\n\n  \"Os quod mentitur occidit animam.\"\n\nIt may be enough to remind the reader, that after Nov. 5, 1605, Coke,\nbeing Attorney-General, was engaged in prosecuting the discovery of the\nplot and seeking for evidence. Francis Tresham, to whom the authorship\nis attributed by Dodd (vol. ii. p. 427, 428.), was a son of Sir Thomas\nTresham; his connection with Garnet and the plot is well known. Sir T.\nTresham died Sept. 11, 1605. (Dodd, vol. ii. p. 58.) Francis had been\ncommitted {169} to prison, and died Nov. 20, 1605; and Coke found this\nin searching his chambers a fortnight after. The title originally stood\nthus:--\n\n    \"A TREATISE OF EQUIVOCATION, _wherein is largely discussed the\n    question_, whether a Catholicke or any other person before a\n    Magistrate being demaunded uppon his oath whether a Prieste were\n    in such a place, may (notwithstanding his perfect knowledge to\n    the contrary), without Perjury, and securely in conscience\n    answere, No: with this secreat meaning reserved in his minde,\n    That he was not there so that any man is bound to detect it.\"\n\nThe words in small capitals and Italics occupying the first two lines\nare crossed out, and \"whe-,\" the first syllable of whether, re-written\nat the beginning of line 3. At the end of this title, interlined by\nanother hand, follow the words \"_newly, overseer ... ignorants_;\" but\nthese words are also struck through and re-written on the preceding\nleaf, on which, written by the same hand by which the interlineation was\nmade (Garnet's, as it would seem), the title stands,--\n\n    \"A Treatise _of_ against Lying and fraudulent Dissimulation.\n    Newly overseen by the Authour, and published for the defence of\n    Innocency and for the Instruction of Ignorants.\"\n\nThe \"_of_\", in Italics, is struck out. The MS. has other corrections\nthroughout in the same (Garnet's) hand; and was evidently prepared for\nthe press, as Blackwell's imprimatur implies.\n\nI have to apologise for some incorrect dates in my last communication.\n\nJ.B.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBOETHIUS' CONSOLATIONS OF PHILOSOPHY.\n\nThe celebrated treatise _De Consolatione Philosophi\u00e6_, was translated\ninto English verse by John Walton, otherwise called Johannes Capellanus,\nin the year 1410. A beautiful manuscript on parchment, of this\ntranslation, is preserved in the British Museum (_Harl. MS._ 43.). Other\ncopies are amongst the archives of Lincoln Cathedral, Baliol College,\n&c. It was printed in the Monastery of Tavestok in 1525, a copy of which\nimpression is of the utmost rarity. There is an English prose\ntranslation by \"George Colvil, alias Coldewell,\" printed by John Cawood,\n4to. 1556. And again, _Boethius' Five Bookes of Philosophicall Comfort_,\ntranslated by J.T., and printed at London in 12mo., 1609.\n\nViscount Preston's translation was _first_ printed in 8vo., 1695. The\nedition of 1712, mentioned by your correspondent, was the _second_.\nBoethius was again translated by W. Causton in 1730, and with notes and\nillustrations, by the Rev. P. Ridpath, 8vo., 1785. The latter is, I\nbelieve, an excellent translation; it is accompanied by a Life of\nBoethius, drawn up with great care and accuracy. In 1789 a translation\nby R. Duncan appeared at Edinburgh; and in 1792, an anonymous\ntranslation was printed in London. The latter is said to be a miserable\nperformance.\n\nKing Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version, with an English translation and\nnotes, by J.S. Cardale, was printed at London, in 8vo., 1829.\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT.\n\n_Queen Elizabeth's Translation of Boethius_ (Vol. ii., p. 56.).--One of\nJARLTZBERG'S inquiries is, \"Has Queen Elizabeth's work (which she\nexecuted during her captivity before she ascended the throne) been\nprinted?\" Certainly not: if it had been, it would have been well known.\nMay we venture to anticipate an affirmative reply to another parallel\nquestion--Does Queen Elizabeth's translation of _Boethius_ exist in\nmanuscript? But where did JARLTZBERG learn that it was \"executed during\nher captivity before she ascended the throne?\" We know that she made\nsuch a translation when she was sixty years of age, that is, in October\nand November, 1593, (see Nichols's _Progresses, &c., of Queen\nElizabeth_, vol. iii. p. 564., and the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for\nFebruary last, p. 143.), and it is a very interesting proof of the\ncontinuance of her learned studies at that advanced period of her life;\nand, as the curious document which records this fact is unnoticed in the\nlast edition of _Royal and Noble Authors_ by Mr. Park, it is probably a\nmisapprehension that the same task had engaged some of the hours of her\ncaptivity; or rather is it not one of those dove-tailing conjectures in\nwhich some of our most popular lady-biographers have recently exhibited\nsuch extravagant and misplaced ingenuity?\n\nJOHN GOUGH NICHOLS.\n\n_Boethius' Consolations of Philosophy_ (Vol. ii., p. 56.).--JARLTZBERG\nis wrong in supposing that Richard Viscount Preston's translation\nappeared _first_ in 1712. I have now before me an edition in 8vo.\n\"London: printed by J.D. for Awnsham and John Churchill, at the Black\nSwan, in Paternoster row; and Francis Hildyard, bookseller in York,\nMDCXCV.\" Horace Walpole, in his _Royal and Noble Authors_, states that\nthe publication in 1712 was the \"_second_ edition corrected;\" and Mr.\nPark says in a note, that the first edition was in 1695, 8vo.\n\nC.H. COOPER\n\nCambridge, June 24. 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nETYMOLOGICAL QUERIES ANSWERED.\n\nJ. MN. (Vol. ii., p. 153.) has propounded a dozen of most recondite and\npuzzling archaisms, upon which I have to offer a few notes.\n\n\"_Rykelot_, a magpie?\"--The popular and provincial names of animals\ndeserve more careful notice than they have received from glossarists. I\nneed scarcely observe how frequently personal names were derived from\nthose of birds. In the {170} Hundred Rolls we find a \"Richard Rikelot\"\nin Huntingdonshire (vol. ii. p. 626.). I know not what has led to the\nsupposition that this name denotes the magpie. It may possibly be traced\nto the same root as that of a cognate species, the _cornix frugivora;\nRoeck_, Germ., according to Gesner; Friesic, _roek_; Ang.-S. _hroc_, the\nrook: but I am at a loss to discover anything similar in old French to\nexplain the occurrence of the termination, which seems to be a popular\nor familiar diminutive, a Gallicism, analogous to _partlot_.\n\n\"_Wrusum or Wursum._\"--The latter is the correct reading. Trotter\nBrockett includes the word amongst Northern Provincialisms.--\"_Wursum_,\npus, particularly when foul.\" Jamieson is inclined to derive the word\n_woursom_ or _worsum_, used in the same sense by Douglas, in his\ntranslation of Virgil, and by other North Country writers, from Ang.-S.\n_Wyr_, pus, and _sum_, as denoting quality.\n\n\"_Sabraz._\"--This term has perplexed me much in preparing notes on the\nportion of the _Promptorium_ I have now in hand. In the Harl. MS. 221.\nis found \"Sabrace, _sabracia_, Comm.\" The authority cited, the\n_Commentarius Curialium_, is still unknown to me; and I have failed in\nsearching for the word _sabracia_, which is not found in Ducange, or\nother glossaries of debased Latinity. Mr. Halliwell gives \"_Sabras_,\nsalve, plaster;\" but he cites no authority. It appears, however, rather\nto signify a tonic or astringent solution than a salve. I have hitherto\nfound it only in the following passage (_Sloane MS_. 73., f. 211., late\nxv. sec.) in a recipe for making \"cheuerel lether of perchemyne.\" The\ndirections are, that it be \"basked to and fro\" in a hot solution of\n\"alome roche;--aftir take xelkis of eyren and breke hem smale in a\ndisch, as thou woldist make therof a caudel, and put these to thyn alome\nwater, and chaufe it; thanne take it doun fro the fier, and put it in\nthe cornetrey; thanne tak thi lether and basche it wel in this _sabras_,\nto it be wel drunken up into the lether.\" A little flour is then to be\nadded, the mixture heated, and the \"perchemyn well basked therein, and\nth't that saberas be wel drunken up into the lether;\" and if it enters\nnot well into the leather, \"lay it abroad in a good long vessel that be\nscheld, the fleschside upward, and poure thi _sabrace_ al abouen the\nlether, and rubbe it wel yn.\" It is further recommended to \"late the\nlether ligge so still al a nyzt in his owen _sabras_.\"\n\n\"_I-menbred_, a girdle i-menbred.\" (Thus, in old French, \"menbrer,\n_membrer_,\" &c., Roquefort). Charpentier gives similar use of the Latin\nword,--\"Membrare, instruere, ornare, Gall. garnir;\" citing a French\ndocument, dated 1352: \"Item, unam zonam de serico _Membratam_ de argento\net esmandis;\" and another of 1366: \"Duas zonas de serico, argento\nstofatas et _Membratas_.\" The term was thus used also in England, as in\nthe inventory of valuables belonging to Edward I. in 1300 (_Liber\nGarderob\u00e6_, p. 347.):--\"Una zona, cum cathenis argenti annell' cum targ'\net membris argenti.\" It might be supposed from this expression, that the\n_membra_ were, strictly speaking, the transverse bars of metals, or\n_cloux_, Fr., by which the girdle was divided into several compartments,\nthe intervening spaces being filled by chased ornaments of goldsmiths'\nwork, and occasionally by armorial scutcheons, \"_targie_.\"\n\nBut enough for the present. I should esteem it a favour if your\ncorrespondent would inform me where these curious terms are found, as\nthe context would greatly facilitate their elucidation.\n\nALBERT WAY.\n\nWonham, Reigate, August 3.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nReplies to Minor Queries.\n\n_Solingen_ (Vol. ii., p. 135.).--Will you allow me to state, for the\ninformation of T.S. LAWRENCE, who inquires who S_a_lingen, the sword\ncutler, was,--that S_o_lingen is the name of a small town near\nElberfeld, in Westphalia; a sort of Sheffield for the whole of that part\nof Germany. Immense quantities of cutlery of all sorts are made there,\nand many knives are, I was told, made there, stamped with English names,\nand imported into England as true British ware,--being equally good with\nours, and, of course, cheaper. Solingen is still, and has been for\ncenturies, renowned for its sword blades. You cannot ride through the\ntown without meeting a troop or two of girls with a load of sword blades\non their heads.\n\nMay I suggest to your inquirer JARLTZBERG that the derivation of\n_blackguard_ is as likely to be _blagarode_, the Russian for _nobleman_,\nas many words are to be descended from their reputed parents.\n\nC.B.M.\n\nP.C.S.S. believes that a little research would have enabled MR. LAWRENCE\n(Vol. ii., p. 135.) to ascertain that _Solingen_ (not S_a_lingen) was\nnot the name of a sword cutler, but of a place in Prussian Westphalia,\nlong celebrated for the fabrication of that weapon, as well as of\nfencing-foils. Of the latter instrument P.C.S.S. has several pairs in\nhis possession, all marked with the inscription \"In Solingen.\" That the\nSolingen manufactory still flourishes there, is stated in Murray's\n_Handbook for Northern Germany_, p. 373.\n\nP.C.S.S.\n\n_Blackguard_ (Vol. ii., p. 134.).--In the second vol. of B. Jonson's\nworks by Gifford, page 169., there is the following note on this word:--\n\n    \"In all great houses, but particularly in the royal residences,\n    there were a number of mean, dirty dependants, whose office it\n    was to attend the wool-yard, sculleries, &c.; of these the most\n    forlorn wretches seem to have been selected to carry coals to\n    the kitchens, halls, &c. To this smutty regiment, who attended\n    the {171} progresses, and rode in the carts with the pots and\n    kettles, the people in derision gave the name of _black_-guards\"\n\nI find also the following in Butlerts _Hudibras_, part 3.:--\n\n  \"Thou art some paltry, _blackguard_ sprite,\n  Condemn'd to drudgery in the night;\n  Thou hast no work to do in the house,\n  Nor halfpenny to drop in shoes.\"\n\nAREDJID KOOEZ.\n\n_The Three Dukes_ (Vol. ii., p. 9.).--Perhaps a note which I have just\nstumbled upon, in a MS. account of the Griffin family, may furnish some\nclue as to \"the Dukes who killed the Beadell.\"\n\n    \"Edward Griffin was probably the same person, to whom a pardon\n    was granted, April 11. 1671, for the death of Peter Werriel; in\n    the like manner as _was granted to the Duke of Albemarle and\n    the_ Duke of Monmouth.\"\n\nAt all events, both casualties occurred in the same spring, and a\nreference to the gazettes of the day would perhaps set the question at\nrest.\n\nBRAYBROOKE.\n\nAudley End.\n\n_Bonny Dundee_ (Vol. ii., p. 134.) is the name attached to one of the\nmost beautiful of the Scotch melodies. The song is said to be very old.\nThe words, which I recollect to have heard sung to it more than half a\ncentury ago, began:\n\n  \"'O, whar gat ye that hauers-meal bannock,\n     My bonny young lassie, now tell it to me?'\n   'I got it frae a sodger laddie,\n     Between Saint Johnstone and bonnie Dundee.\"\n\nIt is clear that it is to the town, not the man (though from the\nportraits of him he was very handsome), that the epithet applies. My\nversion of the song differs from that given in Cromek's Burns, and also\nfrom Allan Cuningham's; and I am disposed to think my memory at fault\nfrom the so near recurrence of the word \"bonnie\" in the stanza.\n\nNeither the date of the birth of Viscount Dundee, nor his age at the\ntime of his death, is mentioned by the Scottish Peerage writers,\nCrawford, Douglas, or Wood.\n\nF.R.S.L. and E.\n\n_Was Quarles pensioned?_ (Vol. i., p. 201.).--I believe that no reply\nhas been made to this Query. The following passage, transcribed from the\n\"Epistle Dedicatory\" to the surreptitious edition of Quarles's _Judgment\nand Mercy_, affords a slight negative proof to the contrary:\n\n    \"And being so usefull, I dare not doubt your patronage of this\n    _child_, which survives a _father_ whose utmost abilities were\n    (till death darkened that great light in his soule) sacrificed\n    to your service.\"\n\nNow if Charles had conferred a pension on Quarles, is it not exceedingly\nprobable that the publisher and dedicator, Richard Royston, would have\nrecalled so honourable a circumstance to the memory of his \"most\ngratious sovereign King Charles\" in this \"Epistle Dedicatory,\" when he\nhad so excellent an opportunity of doing so?\n\nT.M.B.\n\n_Collar of Esses_ (Vol. ii., p. 140.).--MR. J.G. NICHOLS, in his reply\nto the Query of [Greek: phi]., says, that \"the judges\" are among those\nwho are _now_ privileged to wear these collars. Allow me to suggest to\nhim that the privilege among them is limited to the _chiefs_ of the\nthree courts. The other judges certainly now never wear them, and I am\nunaware that they ever did so. I have a large, though by no means a\nperfect collection of legal portraits, and there is not one puisne judge\nor baron so distinguished. The earliest legal worthy who is represented\nwith this collar is in the reign of Henry VIII., and it adorns not a\nchief justice, but a chancellor, viz. Sir Thomas More; and he is the\nonly chancellor upon whose shoulders it appears. This collar is formed\nby continuous Esses, without any ornament between them. It is united in\nthe front by two portcullises, with a rose pendant. The print is from\nHolbein's picture, and presents him as chancellor, with the purse. The\nfirst chief justice wearing the collar is Sir James Dyer, Ch.C.P. in the\nreign of Elizabeth. The only difference between it and Sir Thomas More's\nis, that the rose is placed between the portcullises. I have another, in\na later period of the same reign, of Sir Christopher Wray, Ch.K.B., in\nwhich the Esses are alternated with ornamental knots. I am not aware of\nany portrait of a chief baron before Sir Thomas Bury, in the first year\nof George I.; so that I am uncertain whether the collar was previously\nworn by that functionary.\n\nIt is curious that during the Commonwealth the Collar of Esses was worn\nby John Glynne, the Chief Justice of the Upper Bench, with a difference;\nthat difference being a quatrefoil, instead of the knot, between each S;\nand a large jewel, surrounded by smaller ones, being substituted for the\nportcullises and rose.\n\nThese facts may, I hope, be of some use to MR. J.G. NICHOLS in the\nvolume I am glad to see that he contemplates. I hope he will not forget\nto answer the other Query of [Greek: phi]., \"Under what circumstances,\nand at what dates, was the privilege of wearing these collars reduced to\nits present limitation?\"\n\nEDWARD FOSS.\n\n_The Story of the three Men and their Bag of Money_ (Vol. ii., p.\n132.).--In _Tales, and quicke Answers, very mery, and pleasant to rede_,\nis the following, with the title \"Howe Demosthenes defended a Mayde:\"--\n\n    \"There were two men on a time, the whiche lefte a great somme of\n    money in kepyng with a maiden, on this condition, that she\n    shulde nat delyuer hit agayne, except they came bothe to gether\n    for hit. Nat lang {172} after one of them cam to hir mornyngly\n    arrayde, and sayde that his felowe was deed, and so required the\n    money, and she delyuered it to hem. Shortly came the tother man,\n    and required to have the moneye that was lefte with her in\n    kepyng. The maiden was than so sorrowfull, both for lacke of the\n    money, and for one to defend her cause, that she thought to\n    hange her selfe. But Demosthenes, that excellent oratour, spake\n    for her and sayd: 'Sir, this mayden is redy to quite her\n    fidelitie, and to deliuer agayne the money that was lefte with\n    her in kepyng, so that thou wylt brynge thy felowe with thee to\n    receyue it.' But that he coude not do.\"\n\nThis is the 69th tale in the collection. I cite from the reprint which\nappeared in 1831, under the title of _The Hundred Merry Tales: or\nShakspeare's Jest Book_.\n\nC.H. COOPER\n\nCambridge, July 29. 1850.\n\n\nThe story of _the three men and their bag of money_ (Vol. ii., p. 132.)\nis here stated to be \"in the Notes to _Rogers's Italy_\": but it is in\nthe _body_ of the work, as a distinct story, headed, \"The Bag of Gold.\"\n\nROBERT SNOW.\n\n\n_Will. Robertson of Murton_ (Vol. ii., p. 155.) is stated by Douglas in\nhis _Baronage_, p. 413., to be descended in the fourth decree from\nAlexander Robertson, fifth baron of Strowan. The pedigree of Robertson\nof Strowan is given in the same vol.\n\nF.R.S.L. and E.\n\n\n_Long Meg of Westminster._--I am not quite of DR. RIMBAULT'S opinion,\nthat Long Meg of Westminster is a fictitious personage. I believe her to\nhave been as much a real wonton as Moll Cutpurse was a century later.\n\nIf the large stone shown as Long Meg's grave had been anywhere else\nwithin the walls of Westminster Abbey than where it is, I should have\nhad great dockets about the Westminster tradition. But Long Meg, there\nis reason to believe from the numerous allusions to her in the\nElizabethan dramatists, was a heroine after the Reformation, and her\nburial, therefore, in the cloisters, where few people of wealth or good\nreputation were buried between 1538 and 1638, seems to me a common\noccurrence. Had Islip or Esteney buried her among the abbots in the\ncloister, I could then have joined in DR. RIMBAULT'S surprise. I have\naltered the passage, however, to \"marking, the grave, _it is said_.\"\nThis will meet, I trust, DR. RIMBAULT'S objection, though I have Gifford\nto support me in the passage as it at present stands:\n\n    \"There is a penny story-book of this tremendous virago\n    [Westminster Meg], who performed many wonderful exploits about\n    the time that Jack the Giant Killer flourished. She was buried,\n    as all the world knows, in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey,\n    where a huge stone is still pointed out to the Whitsuntide\n    visitors as her gravestone.\"\n\n--Gifford's _Ben Jonson_, viii. 78.\n\nLet me add, that I am much obliged to DR. RIMBAULT, as well as to other\ncorrespondents, for corrections and still more valuable additions to my\nbook, printed in \"NOTES AND QUERIES.\"\n\nPETER CUNNINGHAM\n\n\n_The Churchwardens' Accounts of St. Antholin's_ (Vol. i., pp. 180,\n260.).--In my additions to Mr. Cunningham's _Handbook for London_, I\nnoticed two folio volumes of churchwardens' accounts, belonging to the\nparish of St. Antholin's, that had _accidentally_ got away from the\ncustody of their proper guardians. This notice roused from his slunbers\none of the said guardians, the present overseer of the parish, W.C.,\nJunior, who stated in your journal of February 23. that\n\n    \"The churchwardens' accounts are in good preservation, and\n    present (in an unbroken series) the parish expenditure for\n    nearly three centuries.\"\n\nThe worthy overseer also wishes to impress your readers with a belief\nthat I had been misled by Thorpe's _Catalogue_, and that the books to\nwhich I referred were merely _extracts_. In justice to myself, I\ntherefore give the entries in Thorpe's _Catalogue verbatim as they\noccur_. Your readers will then be better able to judge which is the\n\"true\" Dromio:--\n\n    \"The Churchwardens' Accounts from 1615 to 1752 of the Parish of\n    St. Antholin's, London. Folio, 3l. 3s.\n\n    \"This curious and interesting volume appears to have been kept\n    purposely for the various clergymen to write their receipts for\n    preaching the morning lectures at the above church for nearly a\n    century and a half. It contains the autographs of many eminent\n    divines; among others, John Goodwin, R. Pearson, J. Berriman, J.\n    Withers, J. Cooksey, R. Vann, T. Shepperd. W. Scott, R. Chambre,\n    J. Todd, Lilly Butler, J. Botham, C. Evans, T. Clarke, J.\n    Williams, J. Povey, J. Hotchkis, W. Stringfellow, W. Pott, C.\n    Bancroft, R. Clarke, W. Gearing, and many others.\"\n\n    \"The Chuchwarden and Overseers of the Parish of St. Antholin's\n    in London, Accounts from 1638 to 1700 inclusive. Folio, 3l. 3s.\n\n    \"An interesting record of the expenses of this parish for\n    sixty-four years. It commences with the gifts of various sacks\n    of coals, faggots, &c., to the poor, receipts for flesh\n    licences, collections, interest money, the Lady Martaine's\n    gifts, Sir W. Craven's gifts, the Merchant Tailors' Company's\n    gifts, Mercers' ditto, the Company of Ironmongers _forty\n    fagots_, the Company of Mercers a load of charcoal, the gift of\n    the late King James seven loads of Newcastle coals,--_this royal\n    bequest appears to have been annual gift for ever. Query, if now\n    in payment?_ ANNUAL gifts of Lady Coventry for putting out two\n    poor children born in this parish. Lady Martin's, and many\n    others, are annual gifts, which ought to be forthcoming to the\n    parish at this time.\"\n\nThis last note contains some Queries which I should be glad to see\nanswered.\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT. {173}\n\n_The Plant \"Haemony\"_ (Vol. ii. p. 88. and p. 141.).--The mystical\nmeaning of \"Haemony\" is evolved by Coleridge in a passage which occurs\nin his _Statesman's Manual_, appendix B., and which cannot fail to\ninterest the readers of _Comus_.\n\n    \"It is found in the study of the Old and New Testament, if only\n    it be combined with a spiritual partaking of the Redeemer's\n    blood, of which, mysterious as the symbol may be, the\n    sacramental wine is no mere or arbitrary _memento_. This is the\n    only certain, and this is the universal, preventive of all\n    debasing superstitions; this is the true haemony ([Greek:\n    haima], blood, [Greek: oinos], wine), which our Milton has\n    beautifully allegorised in a passage strangely overlooked by all\n    his commentators. Bear in mind, reader! the character of a\n    militant Christian, and the results (in this life and in the\n    next) of the redemption by the blood of Christ, and so peruse\n    the passage.\"\n\nT.M.B.\n\n\n_Mildew in Books_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--Your correspondent B. suggests\nthat \"any hints as to the cause or remedy of _mildew in books_ will be\nmost acceptable\". I venture therefore an opinion that the cause is to be\nfound in the defective bleaching and manufacture of the rags from which\nthe paper is made and the careless or intentional admixture of linen\nwith cotton rags. The comparatively modern method of bleaching with\noxymuriate of lime, or chlorine in substance, with the ad-libitum and\nunacknowledged admixture of gypsum (to give weight and firmness to the\npaper) are, I believe, the true causes of the defects in question, which\nare to be found more in modern books and prints than in those of an\nearlier date, and do not arise from damp, as the term \"_mildew_\" might\nseem to imply, although the same appearance no doubt arises from that\ncause alone in the older paper. But paper made and bleached by the\nprocesses I have mentioned will become covered with brown spots, however\ndry it may be kept.\n\nI have a folio edition of _La Armeria Real de Madrid_, printed at Paris,\nwithout date, but subsequently to 1838 by the preface. The paper is very\nstout and fine, and was free from blemish when I purchased it three\nyears ago, but at present it is covered with brown patches, and the\nbeauty of the work destroyed, although it has been kept in a very dry\nroom.\n\nFor such defects I should be equally delighted with B. to discover a\nremedy; but I fear that so long as our paper manufacturers study\nexpedition and economy in preference to quality, the case is hopeless.\nThe ashes left after the combustion of a sheet of paper clearly indicate\nthe amount of modern sophistication, and greatly exceed those of more\nancient paper. In fact, some paper may now be classed, with more\npropriety, among mineral than vegetable productions. Mildew, arising\nfrom damp in old books, may be arrested, if not removed, by exposure to\nlight, air, and a dry atmosphere.\n\nHENRY WILKINSON.\n\n\n_The Carpenter's Maggot_ (Vol. ii., p. 104.).--The ancient tune known as\nthe _Carpenter's Maggot_, and until lately played at the annual dinner\nof the Livery of the Carpenters' Company, may be found at p. 258. of the\nfirst volume of a rare work entitled _The Dancing Master_, sm. obl.\n1721. The same volume contains a choice assemblage of \"Maggots\", i.e.\nBarker's Maggot, Cary's Maggot, Draper's Maggot, Hill's Maggot,\nHuntington's Maggot, M. Coppinger's Maggot, &c.\n\nThe word Maggot, from the French _Magot_, means a whim, or a fancy. The\nbird \"magpie\", originally \"maggoty-pie,\" was so called on account of its\nwhimsical drollery. \"A maggoty-pated fellow\" is often used to imply a\n_whimsical_ man.\n\nI do not trace the word, as applied to a tune, earlier than the end of\nthe seventeenth century. Before that time, tunes of a similar\ndescription were termed _Fancies_.\n\nIf your correspondent F.T.P. wishes to have a copy of the tune from my\nvolume, he is quite welcome. I append my London address to this Reply,\nin order that he may favour me with a communication.\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT.\n\n3. Augustus Square, Park Village East.\n\n\n_Martello Towers_ (Vol. ii., p. 9. and p. 110.).--The interesting\naccount of Le Tellier's defence in Corsica, shows clearly what first\ndrew the attention of our government to these forts but E.V.'s queries\ndo not yet seem satisfactorily answered. The late Duke of Richmond, it\nis said, gave the plan of the first erected along the British Channel.\nBut as to their name and origin I apprehend that (as in the case of\nCharles Martel, whose blows also fell so numberless and effectual on the\nheads of enemies, Vol. i., p. 86.) the old Frank word _martel_ is much\nmore likely to have originated the name than any _locality_, town, or\ntower, in either Spain or Corsica and the following extract from Dr.\nRobertson's _Life of Charles V._ (bk. c. p. 452., 8vo. ed.) should not\nbe passed over in their history:--\n\n    \"The commerce of the Mediterranean was greatly interrupted by\n    his cruisers (viz. Haseen Aga's, about 1541), and such frequent\n    alarms given to the coast of Spain, that there was a necessity\n    of erecting watch towers at proper distances, and of keeping\n    guards constantly on foot, in order to descry the approach of\n    his squadrons, and to protect the inhabitants from his\n    descents.\"\n\nThe doctor then gives marginal reference to _Jovii Hist_. L. 40. p. 266.\nfor authority. I have not Jovius, nor access to him here but I would be\nobliged by learning whether he gives any and what more specific account\nof these towers, or how they were called.\n\nLAMBDA. {174}\n\n_Highland Kilts._--I have waited a \"reasonable time\" to learn a little\nabout _kilts_ from your correspondents; but seeing that no one has yet\nentered the arena, I forward an additional glove to cast before any\nmember of the Scottish societies luxuriating in London. It is from a\nwork written by one of themselves, hight Dr. Macculloch, who, in his\n_Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland_ (vol. i. p. 176.), gives a\nwhole chapter on northern attire, which is well worth attention. To be\nsure, he is rather merciless on some of Sandy's present likings, showing\nthem to be of no standing as to time; and he declares that the kilt\nresembles the loricated skirts of the Roman tunica, only just as much as\nMacedon does Monmouth. I will not mention how he laughs at the groups of\nmasquerading Highlanders; but will proceed to lay an extract before you,\nwhich may incite inquiry and reply:\n\n    \"A few enthusiasts have amused themselves with deriving the\n    Highland kilt from one of the dresses of the Romans, to which\n    the resemblance is sufficiently vague. These worthy antiquaries\n    forget the anger they feel at the bare notion that the Romans\n    ever interfered with the Highlanders....\"\n\n    \"The Roman theory of the kilt is, indeed, demolished at one\n    blow, by the fact, that this article of dress in an independent\n    form, or the philibeg, (feala beg), is of very modern\n    introduction, and, what is still worse, that it was the\n    invention of an Englishman. It was first introduced at Tyndrum\n    about a century past, (_this was published in_ 1824), by\n    Rawlinson, the superintendent or agent for the lead mines; who,\n    finding his labourers encumbered with their belted plaids,\n    taught them to separate the two into the present form.\"\n\n[Greek: S]\n\n_Derivation of Penny._--Not from the Celtic _Pen_, but from the German\n_Pfennig_, _pf_ being softened into _p_, as in _pfau, peacock_, and _ig_\ninto _y_, as in _hereig, hearty_.\n\nB.H.K.\n\n\n_Scarf_ (Vol. ii, p. 126.).--The custom of the Church for many\ncenturies, which is the authority for the wearing of the scarf, or\nstole, sanctions the use of it by all orders of the clergy now existing\nin the Church of England, but with certain distinctions in the manner of\nwearing it. By deacons it is worn, as in ancient times, over the left\nshoulder only, hanging down before and behind; by priests, over both\nshoulders, hanging down in front only, and was formerly crossed on the\nbreast and passed through the girdle at the waist; bishops have always\nworn it over both shoulders, and not crossed. It was once considered in\nsome sort as a mark of authority, and as peculiarly appropriate to\npreachers; thus the sub-deacon wore no stole, because he had no\nauthority to preach the Gospel in public. So in the Roman Catholic\nChurch at the present day, when a number of clergymen are assembled\ntogether, except on a few extraordinary occasions, no person wears the\nstole but the presiding or principal clergyman, and the person who\npreaches or officiates. The stole was originally a linen handkerchief\nused for wiping the face, but being afterwards made of embroidered silk\nand other rich materials, it was retained as a decoration. Previous to\nthe Reformation, the stole was one of the vestments used in the\ncelebration of the Holy Eucharist, and consequently, in preaching also,\nbut not at vespers or the ordinary services. The authorities for these\nstatements are Paley's _Gothic Architecture_, the Oxford _Manual for\nBrasses, Popular Tracts illustrating the Prayer-book_, No. 2., and _An\nExplanation of the Construction, &c., of a Catholic Church_.\n\nArun.\n\n\n_Smoke-money_ (Vol. ii., p. 120.).--It may _contribute_ to answering\nB.'s Query, to know that smoke-pennies are also yearly levied from most\nof the inhabitants of the New Forest, and understood by them to be an\nindication for their right of cutting peat in the waste of the forest.\n\nLambda.\n\n\n_Common, Mutual, Reciprocal._--1. What is equally related to A., B.,\n(C., &c.), is _common_ to them.\n\n2. What A. and B. entertain, feel, do, &c. towards one another, is said\nto be _mutual_.\n\n3. What A. entertains, feels, does, &c. to B. in return for the same\nentertained, felt, done, &c. by B. towards him, is said to be\n_reciprocal_. Thus:\n\n1. A., B., (C., &c.), have a _common_ friend X.\n\n2. A. and B. entertain a _mutual_ esteem for each other.\n\n3. B. has a regard for A., and A. has a _reciprocal_ regard for B.\n\nIn the passage quoted by Mr. Gatty (Vol. i., p. 440.), I think, with\ndeference to the eminent historian whom he cites, that _reciprocal_\nshould have been written instead of _mutual_.\n\nB.H.K.\n\n\n_Juice Cups._--Should no more satisfactory Reply to the Query of N.B.\n(Vol. ii., p. 89.) present itself, the following suggestions may be\nacceptable to him. Without pretending to _professional_ knowledge on the\npoint, I conceive that the use of an inverted cup in the centre of a\nfruit pie is two-fold. It answers the purpose of supporting the crust,\nwhich, being usually thin and light, has but little strength in itself,\nprobably less than that of a meat pie, while, by the shrinking of the\nfruit in baking it is left unsupported: and it further serves, not\nindeed as some good ladies seem to suppose, to increase the quantity of\njuice, but to keep a portion of it in reserve; so that the pie may not\nbecome too dry when a few spoonfuls of its more liquid contents have\nbeen taken out. {175} This, I conceive, it effects in the following\nmanner. It contains, when inserted, a considerable quantity of cold air.\nThis expands as the pie is heated in the oven, until it drives out from\nunder the cup all, or nearly all, of the fluid that has originally\ncollected under it; and then, continuing to expand, much of the air\nescapes through the air-holes of the pie into the oven. As the pie\ncools, the portion of air remaining under the cup, and which, while\nheated, was sufficient to fill it, contracts; and then the pressure of\nthe external atmosphere, entering through the air-holes of the pie, and\nacting upon the surface of the juice round about the cup, forces a\nportion of it into the cup, just on the same principle that water rises\ninto the chamber or cylinder of a pump when a partial vacuum is formed\nin it. Having once risen into the cup, the same law of hydrostatic\npressure keeps it there until the cup is raised sufficiently to admit\nair under its edge, when the juice of course escapes.\n\nJ.T.S.\n\n\n_Curfew_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--Your correspondent Naboc will find the\ninformation he seeks upon this subject in a valuable communication to\nthe _Journal of the British Arch\u00e6ological Association_, vol. iv. p. 133,\nby Mr. Syer Cuming. To Mr. C.'s list may be added, Charter House,\nLondon; Newport, S.W.; and Lowestoft, Suffolk.\n\nE.B. Price.\n\n\n_Derivation of Totnes._--From the Anglo-Saxon _toten_ or _totten_, to\nproject, to rise above, and _ness_ or _nes_, nose, (French _nez_, German\n_nase_, Latin _nasus_). Tooting, Tottenham, &c.\n\nB.H.K.\n\n\n_Dogs in Monuments._--S.S.S. (Vol. i., p. 405.) is informed that a dog,\nat the feet of monumental effigies of females, is as common as a lion\naccompanying male figures. It is most probable that the dog was meant to\nrepresent affection, fidelity, &c., just as the lion signified courage,\ngenerosity, &c. There are, however, some instances (Deerhurst,\nGloucestershire, Ingham, Norfolk) where the dog's _name_ is inscribed;\nand then it was doubtless the intention to give a favourite _pet_ the\nhonour of a monument, that of itself, as well as of its mistress, should\n\"witness live in brass.\"\n\nT.S. Lawrence.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMISCELLANEOUS.\n\nNOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.\n\nIt is long since the students of English Arch\u00e6ology received a more\nwelcome or valuable addition to their libraries than the recently\npublished _Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne, in Kent_, by\nCharles Roach Smith, F.S.A., _illustrated by_ F.W. Fairholt, F.S.A.\nOriginally intended to have been a volume confined to Richborough, of\nwhich the well-known collections of Mr. Rolfe were to form the basis, it\nhas been wisely extended to Reculver and Lymne, and now forms, both in\nits literary and pictorial illustrations of those highly interesting\nlocalities, a most valuable and instructlve Memorial.\n\nMessrs. Sotheby and Co. (3. Wellington Street, Strand) will sell on\nWednesday, the 21st, and following Day, a rare interesting and valuable\ncollection of Works, chiefly relating to the History of America,\nincluding an early edition of the Celebrated Letter of Columbus, some\ncurious Books relating to the Quakers and Brownists, &c.\n\nWe have received the following Catalogue:--John Petheram's (94. High\nHolborn) Catalogue (Part CXIV., No. 8. for 1850) of Old and New Books.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES\n\n_WANTED TO PURCHASE._\n\n\nACTIO IN HENRICUM GARNETUM, &c. London, 1607.\n\nA FRIENDLY ADVERTISEMENT TO THE PRETENDED CATHOLICS OF IRELAND, by\nChristopher Sibthorp, Knt., one of H.M. Justices of His Court of Chief\nPlace in Ireland. 1622. Dublin.\n\n\n_Odd Volumes._\n\nFarmer's Magazine and Monthly Journal of Proceedings affecting the\nAgricultural Interest (Old Series), 8vo. The Number for April, 1838.\n\nNew England Judged not by Man's but by the Spirit of the Lord: and the\nSumme sealed up of New England's Persecutions, &c. by George Bishope,\n8vo. From page 152 to the end.\n\nA Thousand Notable Things of Sundrie Sorts, whereof some are wonderfull,\nsome strang, some pleasant, &c. Printed by John Haviland, 12mo. From the\nbeginning to page 27, and pages 281 to 285.\n\nRump Songs. Title-page and Book II., page 193 to the end.\n\nThomas Lyte's Ancient Ballads and Songs, 12mo. 1827.\n\nLetters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to he\nsent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of NOTES AND QUERIES, 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNotices to Correspondents.\n\nVolume the First of Notes and Queries, _with Title-page and very copious\nIndex, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, and may be had, by\norder, of all Booksellers and Newsmen_.\n\n_The Monthly Part for July, being the second of Vol. II., is also now\nready, price 1s._\n\nNotes and Queries _may be procured by the Trade at noon on Friday; so\nthat our country Subscribers ought to experience no difficulty in\nreceiving it regularly. Many of the country Booksellers are, probably,\nnot yet aware of this arrangement, which enables them to receive Copies\nin their Saturday parcels._\n\nC.W.B. _will see in this latter Notice an answer to his Query._\n\nDe Baldoc's _Query in our next._\n\nPray Remember the Grotto. _Several Correspondents who have applied to us\nrespecting the origin of this now popular cry, are referred to_ No. 1.,\np. 5., _for a very probable explanation of it._\n\nB.M.E.H. _We believe a Life of St. Philip Neri, who founded the Order of\nthe Oratory in 1574, has been published by Richardson of Fleet Street._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *{176}\n\nTHE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for\nAUGUST Price 2s. 6d., Contains,\n\nWho wrote Shakspeare's Henry VIII.?\n\nContemporary Account of the Funeral of Amy Robsart.\n\nA Record of Rambouillet.\n\nMichael Drayton and Lodge; by J. Payne Collier, Esq., V.P.S.A.\n\nMemoir of Paul Louis Courier: by F. Harwell, Esq.\n\nGreat Literary Piracy in the Prayer-Book published by the Ecclesiastical\nHistory Society.\n\nThe True Principles of Church Restoration.\n\nMemoirs of Mr. Plumer Ward.\n\nThe Chronicle of Queen Jane.\n\nThe Duke of Cambridge at Hanover: a Letter of Elizabeth dowager\nLandgravine of Hesse Homburg to her brother King George the Fourth.\n\nHistory of Pottery: by Joseph Marryat (_with three Plates_).\n\nThe College Plate at Oxford (_with two Plates_).\n\nA full Report of the Meeting of the Arch\u00e6ological Institute at Oxford.\n\nWith Notes and Correspondence of the Month. Review of New Publications.\nHistorical Chronicle, and Obituary, including Memoirs of the Duke of\nCambridge, Sir Robert Peel, Miss Jane Porter, W. C. Townsend, Esq., Rev.\nWilliam Kirby, F.R.S., &c. &c.\n\nNichols and Son, 25. Parliament Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nJust published, 3s. each plain; 4s. tinted. Parts 15, and 16, of\n\nRELIQUES OF ANCIENT ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE,\nfrom Drawings by John Johnson,\nArchitect, F.S.A. Lithographed by Alfred Newman.\n\nContents:\n\nHedon Church, Yorkshire; Desborough, Northamptonshire; Molton,\nLincolnshire; Bingham, Notts; Billingborough, Lincolnshire; St John\nDevizes, Wiltshire; Aumsby, Lincolnshire; Terrington St. Clements,\nNorfolk.\n\nTo be completed in Twenty Parts.\n\nGeorge Bell, 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nJust published, No. 48., price 6s. (completing the work),\n\nGOTHIC ORNAMENTS, Drawn from existing Authorities. BY J.K. COLLING,\nArchitect. Containing four plain and two coloured plates, and Title and\nIndex to the second volume.\n\nVol. II. will be ready in a few days.\n\nGeorge Bell, 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNow ready, 600 pages, price 12s.\n\nA SYNOPSIS of AUTHORITIES on the DOCTRINE of BAPTISM. By J.A. Wickham,\nEsq. Edited by his son, the Rev. H.D. Wickham, M.A., Exeter College,\nOxford.\n\nGeorge Bell, 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPreparing for publication, in 2 vols. small 8vo.\n\nTHE FOLK-LORE of ENGLAND. By William J. Thoms, F.S.A., Secretary of the\nCamden Society, Editor of \"Early Prose Romances,\" \"Lays and Legends of\nall Nations,\" &c. One object of the present work is to furnish new\ncontributions to the History of our National Folk-Lore; and especially\nsome of the more striking Illustrations of the subject to be found in\nthe Writings of Jacob Grimm and other Continental Antiquaries.\n\nCommunications of inedited Legends, Notices of remarkable Customs and\npopular Observances, Rhyming Charms, &c. are earnestly solicited, and\nwill be thankfully acknowledged by the Editor. They may be addressed to\nthe care of Mr. Bell, Office of \"Notes and Queries,\" 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n_ENGLISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S PUBLICATIONS,_\n\nALL IN 8VO. BOARDS.\n\nCHRONICON RICARDI Divisiensis de Rebus Gestis Ricardi Primi Regis\nAngli\u00e6, curante Jo. Stevenson, 7s. 6d. 1838\n\nVENERABILIS BED\u00c6 Opera Historica Minora recensuit Jo. Stevenson, 10s.\n6d. 1841\n\nWILLELMI MALMESBIRIENSIS Monachi Gesta Regum Angelorum, atque Historia\nNovella, recensuit T.D. Hardy, 2 vols., 1l. 1s. 1840\n\nCODEX DIPLOMATICUS \u00c6vi Saxonici, opera J. M. Kemble, Vols. 111., IV.,\nV., Vl., 12s. each. 1845-48\n\nROGERI DE WENDOVER Chronica, sive Flores Historiarum, edidit H. O. Coxe,\n4 vols., 8vo., 2l. 8s. 1841-42\n\nAPPENDIX AD ROGER DE WENDOVER Flores Historiarum, 12s. 1844\n\nF. NICHOLAI TRIVETI, de Ordini Fratris Pr\u00e6dicatorum, Annales Sex Regum\nAngli\u00e6, &c., 1136-1307 recensult Thomas Hog, 12s. 1845\n\nADAMI MURIMUTHENSIS, Chronica sul Temporis, 1303-1346, cum eorundem\nContinuatione, A.D. 1380, recensuit T. Hog, 6s. 1846\n\nGESTA STEPHANI, Regis Anglorum, 6s. 1846\n\nCHRONICQUE DE LA TRA\u00cfSON et Mort de Richart Deux, Roy d'Angleterre, par\nB. Williams, 8vo., 12s. 1846\n\nFLORENTII WIGORNIENSIS Monachi, Chronicon ex Chronicis, ad fidem Codd.\nMS. edidit B. Thorpe, 2 vols. 1l. 1s. 1848-9\n\nCHRONICON WALTERI DE HEMINGBURGH, de Gestis Regum Angli\u00e6, ad fidem Codd.\nMS. recensult H. C. Hamilton, 2 vols. 1l. 1s. 1848-49\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTHE AGRICULTURE and RURAL ECONOMY of FRANCE, BELGIUM, and HOLLAND. By\nHenry Colman, Esq. 1 vol. 8vo., pp. 307, with illustrations, cloth, 8s.\n1848\n\nTHE AGRICULTURE and RURAL ECONOMY of GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND, from\nPersonal Observation. By Henry Colman, Esq. 2 vols. large 8vo, with\nillustrations on wood and steel, cloth, 1l. 1s. 1849\n\nEUROPEAN LIFE and MANNERS, in Familiar Letters to Friends. BY Henry\nColman, Esq. 2 vols. post 8vo., pp. 792, cloth, 12s. 1849\n\nREMARKS on CHURCH ARCHITECTURE, with Two Hundred and Eighty\nIllustrations. By the Rev. J.L. PETIT, M.A., Author of the \"Remarks on\nArchitectural Character,\" 2 vols. 8vo. cloth, published at 1l. 15s.,\nred. to 21s.\n\nA HISTORY of ENGLAND under the ANGLO SAXON KINGS. Translated from the\nGerman of Dr. J.M. Lappenberg, by Benjamin Thorpe, F.S.A. with Additions\nand Corrections by the Author and the Translator. 2 vols. 8vo.,\nincluding several folding Genealogical Tables (pub. 21s.), cloth, 12s.,\nand in various bindings. 1845\n\nTHE ANCIENT EXCHEQUER OF ENGLAND; the Treasury, and Origin of the\npresent Management of the Exchequer and Treasury of Ireland with a\nCopious Index. By F.S. Thomas, Secretary of the Public Record Office.\n8vo., 174 closely printed pages, cloth, 10s. 1848\n\nA HISTORY OF THE STATE PAPER OFFICE, with a View of the Documents\ntherein deposited, By F.S. Thomas. 8vo., cloth, 4s. 1849\n\nCYCLOPS CHRISTIANUS: or, an Argument to disprove the supposed Antiquity\nof the Stonehenge, and other Megalithic Erections in England and\nBrittany. By A. Herbert, late of Merton College, and of the Inner\nTemple. 8vo., cloth, 6s. 1849\n\nA CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PORTRAITS. Just published. _Gratis and Post\nfree._ Also,\n\nA CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN ALL CLASSES OF LITERATURE. Part VIII. for 1850.\n_Gratis and Post free._\n\nJohn Petheram, 94. High Holborn.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPrinted by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New\nStreet Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and\npublished by George Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St.\nDunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet\nStreet aforesaid.--Saturday, August 10. 1850.","title":"Notes and Queries, Number 41, August 10, 1850","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":14357}