{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_13712/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_13712","id":"gutenberg_13712","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13712","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Encyclopedias/Dictionaries/Reference","Category: History - Other","Category: Journals","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Notes and Queries","Questions and answers -- Periodicals"],"text":"NOTES AND QUERIES:\n\nA MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,\nGENEALOGISTS, ETC.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\"When found, make a note of.\"--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNo. 27.] SATURDAY, MAY 4, 1850 [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d.\n\n       *       *       *       *       * {425}\n\n\nCONTENTS\n\nNOTES:--\n  The Mosquito Country. 425\n  Notes on Bacon and Jeremy Taylor. 427\n  Duke of Monmouth's Correspondence. 427\n  Poem by Parnell, by Peter Cunningham. 427\n  Early English and Early German Literature, by S. Hickson. 428\n  Folk Lore:--Charm for the Toothache--The Evil\n    Eye--Charms--Roasted Mouse. 429\n  The Anglo-Saxon Word \"Unl\u00e6d,\" by S.W. Singer. 430\n  Dr. Cosin's MSS.--Index to Baker's MSS., by J.E.B.\n    Mayor. 433\n  Arabic Numerals. 433\n  Roman Numerals. 434\n  Error in Hallam's History of Literature. 434\n  Notes from Cunningham's Handbook for London. 434\n  Anecdote of Charles I. 437\n\nQUERIES:--\n  The Maudelyne Grace, by E.F. Rimbault, LL.D. 437\n  \"Esquire\" and \"Gentleman\". 437\n  Five Queries (Lines by Suckling, &c.) 439\n  Queries proposed, No. I., by Belton Corney. 439\n  Minor Queries:--Elizabeth and Isabel--Howard Earl\n    of Surrey--Bulls called \"William\"--Bawn--Mutual--Versicle\n    and Response--Yeoman--Pusan--Iklynton Collar--Lord\n    Karinthen--Christian Captives--Ancient Churchyard\n    Customs--\"Rotten Row\" and \"Stockwell Street\". 439\n\nREPLIES:--\n  Early Statistics. 441\n  Byron's Lara. 443\n  Replies to Minor Queries:--Dr. Whichcot and Lord\n    Shaftesbury--Black Doll--Journal of Sir W.\n    Beeston--Shrew--Trunk Breeches--Queen's\n    Messengers--Dissenting Ministers--Ballad of the\n    Wars in France--Monody on Death of Sir J. Moore. 444\n\nIron Rails round St. Paul's. 446\n\nMISCELLANEOUS:--\n  Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 446\n  Books and Odd Volumes Wanted. 446\n  Notices to Correspondents. 446\n  Advertisements. 447\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTHE MOSQUITO COUNTRY.--ORIGIN OF THE NAME.--EARLY CONNECTION OF THE\nMOSQUITO INDIANS WITH THE ENGLISH.\n\nThe subject of the Mosquito country has lately acquired a general\ninterest. I am anxious to insert the following \"Notes and Queries\" in\nyour useful periodical, hoping thus to elicit additional information, or\nto assist other inquirers.\n\n1. As to the origin of the name. I believe it to be probably derived\nfrom an native name of a tribe of Indians in that part of America. The\nSpanish Central Americans speak of _Moscos_. Juarros, A Spanish Central\nAmerican author, in his _History of Guatemala_, names the Moscos among\nother Indians inhabiting the north-eastern corner of that tract of\ncountry now called _Mosquito_: and in the \"Mosquito Correspondence\" laid\nbefore Parliament in 1848, the inhabitants of Mosquito are called\n_Moscos_ in the Spanish state-papers.\n\nHow and when would _Mosco_ have become _Mosquito_? Was it a Spanish\nelongation of the name, or an English corruption? In the former case, it\nwould probably have been another name of the people: in the latter,\nprobably a name given to the part of the coast near which the Moscos\nlived.\n\nThe form _Mosquito_, or _Moskito_, or _Muskito_, (as the word is\nvariously spelt in our old books), is doubtless as old as the earliest\nEnglish intercourse with the Indians of the Mosquito coast; and that may\nbe as far back as about 1630: it is certainly as far back as 1650.\n\nIf the name came from the synonymous insect, would it have been given by\nthe Spaniards or the English? _Mosquito_ is the Spanish diminutive name\nof a fly: but what we call a mosquito, the Spaniards in Central America\ncall by another name, _sanchujo_. The Spaniards had very little\nconnexion at any time with the Mosquito Indians; and as mosquitoes are\nnot more abundant on their parts of the coast than on other parts, or in\nthe interior, where the Spaniards settled, there would have been no\nreason for their giving the name on account of insects. Nor, indeed,\nwould the English, who went to the coast from Jamaica, or other West\nIndia Islands, where mosquitoes are quite as abundant, have had any such\nreason either. At Bluefields where the writer has resided, which was one\nof the first places on the Mosquito coast frequented by English, and\nwhich derives its name from an old English buccaneer, there are no\nmosquitoes at all. At Grey Town, at the mouth of the river San Juan,\nthere are plenty; but not more than in Jamaica, or in the towns of the\ninterior state of Nicaragua. However names are not always given so as to\nbe argument-proof. {426}\n\nHow did the word _mosquito_ come into our language? From the Spanish,\nPortuguese, or Italian? How old is it with us? Todd adds the word\n_Muskitto_, or _Musquitto_, to Johnson's _Dictionary_; and gives an\nexample from Purchas's _Pilgrimage_ (1617), where the word is spelt more\nlike the Italian form:--\"They paint themselves to keep off the\nmuskitas.\"\n\nThere is a passage in Southey's _Omniana_ (vol. i. p. 21.) giving an\naccount of a curious custom among the Mozcas, a tribe of New Granada:\nhis authority is _Hist. del Nuevo Reyno de Granada_, l. i. c. 4. These\nare some way south of the other Moscos, but it is probably the same\nword.\n\nOne of the Virgin Islands in the West Indies has the name of Mosquito.\n\nSome \"Mosquito Kays\" are laid down on the chart off Cape Gracias \u00e0 Dios,\non the Mosquito coast; but these probably would have been named from the\nMosquito Indians of the continent. And these Mosquito Indians appear to\nhave spread themselves from Cape Gracias \u00e0 Dios.\n\nIt is stated, however, in Strangeways' _Account of the Mosquito Shore_,\n(not a work of authority), that these Mosquito Kays give the name to the\ncountry:--\n\n    \"This country, as is generally supposed, derives its name from a\n    clustre of small islands or banks situated near its coasts, and\n    called the _Mosquitos_.\"\n\nI should be glad if these Notes and Queries would bring assistance to\nsettle the origin of the name of the Mosquito country from some of your\ncorrespondents who are learned in the history of Spanish conquest and\nEnglish enterprise in that part of America, or who may have attended to\nthe languages of the American Indians.\n\n2. I propose to jot down a few Notes as to the early connexion between\nthe English and the Mosquito Indians, and shall be thankful for\nreferences to additional sources of information.\n\nI have read somewhere, that a Mosquito king, or prince, was brought to\nEngland in Charles I.'s reign by Richard Earl of Warwick, who had\ncommanded a ship in the West Indies; but I forget where I read it. I\nremember, however, that no authority was given for the statement. Can\nany of your readers give me information about this?\n\nDampier mentions a party of English who, about the year 1654, ascended\nthe Cape River (the mouth of which is at Cape Gracias \u00e0 Dios) to\nSegovia, a Spanish town in the interior; and another party of English\nand French who, after the year 1684, when he was in these parts, crossed\nfrom the Pacific to the Atlantic, descending the Cape River. (Harris's\n_Collection of Voyages_, vol. i. p. 92.) Are there any accounts of these\nexpeditions?\n\nDampier also speaks of a confederacy having been formed between a party\nof English under a Captain Wright and the San Blas Indians of Darien,\nwhich was brought about by Captain Wright's taking two San Blas boys to\nbe educated \"in the country of the Moskitoes,\" and afterwards faithfully\nrestoring them, and which opened to the English the way by land to the\nPacific Sea. (Harris, vol. i. p. 97.) Are there any accounts of English\ntravellers by this way, which would be in the very part of the isthmus\nof which Humboldt has lately recommended a careful survey? (See _Aspects\nof Nature_, Sabine's translation.)\n\nEsquemeling, in his _History of the Buccaneers_, of whom he was one,\nsays that in 1671 many of the Indians at Cape Gracias spoke English and\nFrench from their intercourse with the pirates. He gives a curious and\nnot very intelligible account of Cape Gracias, as an island of about\nthirty leagues round (formed, I suppose, by rivers and the sea),\ncontaining about 1600 or 1700 persons, who have no king; (this is quite\nat variance with all other accounts of the Mosquito Indians of Cape\nGracias); and having, he proceeds to say, no correspondence with the\nneighbouring islands. (I cannot explain this; there is certainly no\nisland ninety miles in circumference at sea near Cape Gracias.)\n\nA quarto volume published by Cadell in 1789, entitled _The Case of His\nMajesty's Subjects having Property in and lately established upon the\nMosquito Shore_, gives the fullest account of the early connexion\nbetween the Mosquito Indians and the English. The writer says that\nJeremy, king of the Mosquitos, in Charles II.'s reign, after formally\nceding his country to officers sent to him by the Governor of Jamaica to\nreceive the cession, went to Jamaica, and thence to England, where he\nwas generously received by Charles II., \"who had him often with him in\nhis private parties of pleasure, admired his activity, strength, and\nmanly accomplishments; and not only defrayed every expense, but loaded\nhim with presents.\" Is there any notice of this visit in any of our\nnumerous memoirs and diaries of Charles II.'s reign?\n\nA curious tract, printed in the sixth volume of Churchill's _Voyages_,\n\"The Mosquito Indian and his Golden River, being a familiar Description\nof the Mosquito Kingdom, &c., written in or about the Year 1699 by\nM.W.,\" from which Southey drew some touches of Indian manners for his\n\"Madoc,\" speaks of another King Jeremy, son of the previous one; who, it\nis said, esteemed himself a subject of the King of England, and had\nvisited the Duke of Albemarle in Jamaica. His father had been carried to\nEngland, and received from the King of England a crown and commission.\nThe writer of this account says that the Mosquito Indians generally\nesteem themselves English:--\n\n    \"And, indeed, they are extremely courteous to all Englishmen,\n    esteeming themselves to be such, although some Jamaica men have\n    very much abused them.\"\n\nI will conclude this communication, whose length will I hope be excused\nfor the newness of the subject, {427} by an amusing passage of a speech\nof Governor Johnstone in a debate in the House of Commons on the\nMosquito country in 1777:--\n\n    \"I see the noble lord [Lord North] now collects his knowledge by\n    piecemeal from those about him. While my hon. friend [some one\n    was whispering Lord North] now whispers the noble lord, will he\n    also tell him, and the more aged gentlemen of the House, before\n    we yield up our right to the Mosquito shore, that it is from\n    thence we receive the greatest part of our delicious turtle? May\n    I tell the younger part, before they give their consent, that it\n    is from thence comes the sarsaparilla to purify our\n    blood?\"--_Parl. Hist._ vol. xix. p. 54.\n\nC.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNOTES ON BACON AND JEREMY TAYLOR.\n\nIn his essay \"On Delays,\" Bacon quotes a \"common verse\" to this\neffect:--\"Occasion turneth a bald noddle after she hath presented her\nlocks in front, and no hold taken.\" As no reference is given, some\nreaders may be glad to see the original, which occurs in an epigram on\n[Greek: Kairos] (Brunck's _Analecta_, ii. 49.; Posidippi Epigr. 13. in\nJacob's _Anthol._ ii. 49.).\n\n  [Greek:\n  Hae de komae, ti kat' opsin; hupantiasanti labesthai,\n    nae Dia. Taxopithen d' eis ti phalakra pelei;\n  Ton gar apax ptaenoisi parathrexanta me possin\n    outis eth' himeiron draxetai exopithen.]\n\nIn Jermey Taylor's _Life of Christ_ (Pref. \u00a7 29. p. 23. Eden's edition),\nit is said that Mela and Solinus report of the Thracians that they\nbelieved in the resurrection of the dead. That passage of Mela referred\nto is, l. ii. c. ii. \u00a7 3., where see Tzschucke.\n\nIn the same work (Pref. \u00a7 20. p. 17.), \"\u00c6lian tells us of a nation who\nhad a law binding them to beat their parents to death with clubs when\nthey lived to a decrepit age.\" See \u00c6lian, _Var. Hist._ iv. 1. p. 330.\nGronov., who, however, says nothing of clubs.\n\nIn the next sentence, the statement, \"the Persian _magi_ mingled with\ntheir mothers and all their nearest relatives,\" is from Xanthus (Fragm.\n28., Didot), apud Clem. Alexandr. (Strom. iii. p. 431 A.). See Jacob's\n_Lect. Stob._ p. 144.; Bahr, _On Herodotus_, iii. 31.\n\nIn the same work (Part I. sect. viii. \u00a7 5. note _n_, p. 174.) is a\nquotation from Seneca, \"O quam contempta res est homo, nisi super humana\nse erexerit!\" which is plainly the original of the lines of Daniel, so\noften quoted by Coleridge (\"Epistle to the Countess of Cumberland\"):--\n\n  \"Unless above himself he can\n  Erect himself, now mean a thing is man!\"\n\nPerhaps some of your readers can supply the reference to the passage in\nSeneca; which is wanting in Mr. Eden's edition.\n\nIn Part III. sect. xv. \u00a7 19. p. 694. note _a_, of the _Life of Christ_,\nis a quotation from Strabo, lib. xv. _Add._ p. 713., Casaub.\n\nAs the two great writers on whom I have made these notes are now in\ncourse of publication, any notes which your correspondents can furnish\nupon them cannot fail to be welcome. Milton also, and Pope, are in the\nhands of competent editors, who, doubtless, would be glad to have their\nwork rendered more complete through the medium of \"NOTES AND QUERIES.\"\n\nJ.E.B. MAYOR\n\nMarlborough Coll., April 8.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nDUKE OF MONMOUTH'S CORRESPONDENCE.\n\nThomas Vernon, author of _Vernon's Reports_, was in early life private\nsecretary to the Duke of Monouth, and is supposed to have had a pretty\nlarge collection of Monmouth's correspondence. Vernon settled himself at\nHanbury Hall, in Worcestershire, where he built a fine house, and left a\nlarge estate. In course of time this passed to an heiress, who married\nMr. Cecil (the Earl of Exeter of Alfred Tennyson), and was divorced from\nhim. Lord Exeter sold or carried away the fine library, family plate,\nand nearly everything curious or valuable that was not an heirloom in\nthe Vernon family. He laid waste the extensive gardens, and sold the\nelaborate iron gates, which now adorn the avenue to Mere Hall in the\nimmediate neighbourhood. The divorc\u00e9e married a Mr. Phillips, and dying\nwithout surviving issue, the estates passed to a distant branch of her\nfamily. About ten years ago I made a careful search (by permission) at\nHanbury Hall for the supposed Monmouth MSS., but found none; and I\nascertained by inquiry that there were none at Enstone Hall, the seat of\nMr. Phillips's second wife and widow. The MSS. might have been carried\nto Burleigh, and a friend obtained for me a promise from the Marquis of\nExeter that search should be made for them there, but I have reason to\nbelieve that the matter was forgotten. Perhaps some of your\ncorrespondents may have the means of ascertaining whether there are such\nMSS. in Lord Exeter's library. I confess my doubt whether so cautious a\nman as Thomas Vernon would have retained in his possession a mass of\ncorrespondence that might have been fraught with danger to himself\npersonally; and, had it been in the Burleigh library, whether it could\nhave escaped notice. This, however, is to be noted. After Vernon's death\nthere was a dispute whether his MSS. were to pass to his heir-at-law or\nto his personal representatives, and the court ordered the MSS.\n(Reports) to be printed. This was done very incorrectly, and Lord Kenyon\nseems to have hinted that private reasons have been assigned for that,\nbut these could hardly have related to the Monmouth MSS.\n\nSCOTUS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPARNELL.\n\nThe following verses by Parnell are not included in any edition of his\npoems that I have seen. {428} They are printed in Steele's _Miscellany_\n(12mo. 1714), p. 63., and in the second edition of the same _Miscellany_\n(12mo. 1727), p. 51., with Parnell's name, and, what is more, on both\noccasions among other poems by the same author.\n\nTO A YOUNG LADY\n\n_On her Translation of the Story of Phoebus and Daphne, from Ovid._\n\n  In Phoebus, Wit (as Ovid said)\n    Enchanting Beauty woo'd;\n  In Daphne beauty coily fled,\n    While vainly Wit pursu'd.\n\n  But when you trace what Ovid writ,\n    A diff'rent turn we view;\n  Beauty no longer flies from Wit,\n    Since both are join'd in you.\n\n  Your lines the wond'rous change impart,\n    From whence our laurels spring;\n  In numbers fram'd to please the heart,\n    And merit what they sing.\n\n  Methinks thy poet's gentle shade\n    Its wreath presents to thee;\n  What Daphne owes you as a Maid,\n    She pays you as a Tree.\n\nThe charming poem by the same author, beginning--\n\n  \"My days have been so wond'rous free,\"\n\nhas the additional fourth stanza,--\n\n  \"An eager hope within my breast,\n    Does ev'ry doubt controul,\n  And charming Nancy stands confest\n    The fav'rite of my soul.\"\n\nCan any of your readers supply the name of the \"young lady\" who\ntranslated the story of Phoebus and Daphne?\n\nC.P.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nEARLY ENGLISH AND EARLY GERMAN LITERATURE.--\"NEWS\" AND \"NOISE.\"\n\nI am anxious to put a question as to the communication that may have\ntaken place between the English and German tongues previous to the\nsixteenth century. Possibly the materials for answering it may not\nexist; but it appears to me that it is of great importance, in an\netymological point of view, that the extent of such communication, and\nthe influence it has had upon our language, should be ascertained. In\nturning over the leaves of the _Shakspeare Society's Papers_, vol. i.,\nsome time ago, my attention was attracted by a \"Song in praise of his\nMistress,\" by John Heywood, the dramatist. I was immediately struck by\nthe great resemblance it presented to another poem on the same subject\nby a German writer, whose real or assumed name, I do not know which, was\n\"Muscanbl\u00fct,\" and which poem is to be found in _Der Clara H\u00e4tzlerin\nLiederbuch_, a collection made by a nun of Augsburg in 1471. The\nfollowing are passages for comparison:--\n\n  \"Fyrst was her skyn,\n  Whith, smoth, and thyn,\n  And every vayne\n  So blewe sene playne;\n  Her golden heare\n  To see her weare,\n  Her werying gere,\n  Alas! I fere\n  To tell all to you\n  I shall undo you.\n\n  \"Her eye so rollyng,\n  Ech harte conterollyng;\n  Her nose not long,\n  Nor stode not wrong;\n  Her finger typs\n  So clene she clyps;\n  Her rosy lyps,\n  Her chekes gossyps,\"\n\n  &c. &c.\n\n_S.S. Papers_, vol. i. p. 72\n\n  \"Ir m\u00fcndlin rott\n  Uss senender nott\n  Mir helffen kan,\n  Das mir kain man\n  Mit nichten kan p\u00fcssen.\n\n  O liechte kel,\n  Wie vein, wie gel\n  Ist dir dein har,\n  Dein \u00e4uglin clar,\n  Zartt fraw, lass mich an sehen.\n  Und tu mir kund\n  Uss rottem mund, &c.\n\n  Dein \u00e4rmlin weisz\n  Mit gantzem fleisz\n  Geschnitzet sein,\n  Die hennde dein\n  Gar hofelich gezieret,\n  Dem leib ist ran,\n  Gar wolgetan\n  Sind dir dein prust,\"\n  &c. &c.\n\n_Clara H\u00e4tzlerin Liederbuch_, p. 111.\n\nIn all this there is certainly nothing to warrant the conclusion that\nthe German poem was the original of Heywood's song; but, considering\nthat the latter was produced so near to the same age as the former, that\nis, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, and considering that the\nolder German poetical literature had already passed its culminating\npoint, while ours was upon the ascending scale, there is likeness\nenough, both in manner and measure, to excite the suspicion of direct or\nindirect communication.\n\nThe etymology of the word \"news,\" on which you have recently had some\nnotes, is a case in illustration of the importance of this point. I have\nnever had the least doubt that this word is derived immediately from the\nGerman. It is, in fact, \"das Neue\" in the genitive case; the German\nphrase \"Was giebt's Neues?\" giving the exact sense of our \"What is the\nnews?\" This will appear {429} even stronger if we go back to the date of\nthe first use of the word in England. Possibly about the same time, or\nnot much earlier, we find in his same collection of Clara H\u00e4tzlerin, the\nword spelt \"new\" and rhyming to \"triu.\"\n\n  \"Empfach mich uff das New\n  In deines hertzen triu.\"\n\nThe genitive of this would be \"newes,\" thus spelt and probably\npronounced the same as in England. That the word is not derived from the\nEnglish adjective \"new\"--that it is not of English manufacture at all--I\nfeel well assured: in that case the \"_s_\" would be the sign of the\nplural: and we should have, as the Germans have, either extant or\nobsolete, also \"the new.\" The English language, however, has never dealt\nin these abstractions, except in its higher poetry; though some recent\ntranslators from the German have disregarded the difference in this\nrespect between the powers of the two languages. \"News\" is a noun\nsingular, and as such must have been adopted bodily into the language;\nthe form of the genitive case, commonly used in conversation, not being\nunderstood, but being taken for an integral part of the word, as\nformerly the Koran was called \"_The Alcoran_.\"\n\n\"Noise,\" again, is evidently of the same derivation, though from a\ndialect from which the modern German pronunciation of the diphthong is\nderived. Richardson, in his _English Dictionary_, assumes it to be of\nthe same derivation as \"noxious\" and \"noisome;\" but there is no process\nknown to the English language by which it could be manufactured without\nmaking a plural noun of it. In short, the two words are identical;\n\"news\" retaining its primitive, and \"noise\" adopting a consequential\nmeaning.\n\nSAMUEL HICKSON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nFOLK LORE.\n\n_Charm for the Toothache._--A reverend friend, very conversant in the\npopular customs and superstitions of Ireland, and who has seen the charm\nmentioned in pp. 293, 349, and 397, given by a Roman Catholic priest in\nthe north-west of Ireland, has kindly furnished me with the genuine\nversion, and the form in which it was written, which are as follows:--\n\n  \"As Peter sat on a marble stone,\n   The Lord came to him all alone;\n   'Peter, what makes thee sit there?'\n  'My Lord, I am troubled with the toothache.'\n  'Peter arise, and go home;\n  And you, and whosoever for my sake\n   Shall keep these words in memory,\n  Shall never be troubled with the toothache.'\"\n\nT.J.\n\n\n_Charms._--_The Evil Eye._--Going one day into a cottage in the village\nof Catterick, in Yorkshire, I observed hung up behind the door a\nponderous necklace of \"lucky stones,\" i.e. stones with a hole through\nthem. On hinting an inquiry as to their use, I found the good lady of\nthe house disposed to shuffle off any explanation; but by a little\nimportunity I discovered that they had the credit of being able to\npreserve the house and its inhabitants from the baneful influence of the\n\"evil eye.\" \"Why, Nanny,\" said I, \"you surely don't believe in witches\nnow-a-days?\" \"No! I don't say 'at I do; but certainly i' former times\nthere _was_ wizzards an' buzzards, and them sort o' things.\" \"Well,\"\nsaid I, laughing, \"but you surely don't think there are any now?\" \"No! I\ndon't say at ther' are; but I _do_ believe in a _yevil_ eye.\" After a\nlittle time I extracted from poor Nanny more particulars on the subject,\nas viz.:--how that there was a woman in the village whom she strongly\nsuspected of being able to look with an evil eye; how, further, a\nneighbour's daughter, against whom the old lady in question had a grudge\nowing to some love affair, had suddenly fallen into a sort of pining\nsickness, of which the doctors could make nothing at all; and how the\npoor thing fell away without any accountable cause, and finally died,\nnobody knew why; but how it was her (Nanny's) strong belief that she had\npined away in consequence of a glance from the evil eye. Finally, I got\nfrom her an account of how any one who chose could themselves obtain the\npower of the evil eye, and the receipt was, as nearly as I can\nrecollect, as follows:--\n\n    \"Ye gang out ov' a night--ivery night, while ye find nine\n    toads--an' when ye've gitten t' nine toads, ye hang 'em up ov' a\n    string, an' ye make a hole and buries t' toads i't hole--and as\n    't toads pines away, so 't person pines away 'at you've looked\n    upon wiv a yevil eye, an' they pine and pine away while they\n    die, without ony disease at all!\"\n\nI do not know if this is the orthodox creed respecting the mode of\ngaining the power of the evil eye, but it is at all events a genuine\npiece of Folk Lore.\n\nThe above will corroborate an old story rife in Yorkshire, of an\nignorant person, who, being asked if he ever said his prayers, repeated\nas follows:--\n\n  \"From witches and wizards and long-tail'd buzzards,\n   And creeping things that run in hedge-bottoms,\n       Good lord, deliver us.\"\n\nMARGARET GATTY.\n\nEcclesfield, April 24. 1850.\n\n\n_Charms._--I beg to represent to the correspondents of the \"NOTES AND\nQUERIES,\" especially to the clergy and medical men resident in the\ncountry, that notices of the superstitious practices still prevalent, or\nrecently prevalent, in different parts of the kingdom, for the cure of\ndiseases, are highly instructive and even valuable, on many accounts.\nIndependently of their arch\u00e6ological {430} interest as illustrations of\nthe mode of thinking and acting of past times, they become really\nvaluable to the philosophical physician, as throwing light on the\nnatural history of diseases. The prescribers and practisers of such\n\"charms,\" as well as the lookers-on, have all unquestionable evidence of\nthe _efficacy_ of the prescriptions, in a great many cases: that is to\nsay, the diseases for which the charms are prescribed _are cured_; and,\naccording to the mode of reasoning prevalent with prescribers, orthodox\nand heterodox, they must be cured by them,--_post hoc ergo propter hoc_.\nUnhappily for the scientific study of diseases, the universal\ninterference of ART _in an active form_ renders it difficult to meet\nwith _pure specimens_ of corporeal maladies; and, consequently, it is\noften difficult to say whether it is nature or art that must be credited\nfor the event. This is a positive misfortune, in a scientific point of\nview. Now, as there can be no question as to the non-efficiency of\n_charms_ in a material or physical point of view (their action through\nthe imagination is a distinct and important subject of inquiry), it\nfollows that every disease getting well in the practice of the charmer,\nis curable and cured by Nature. A faithful list of such cases could not\nfail to be most useful to the scientific inquirer, and to the progress\nof truth; and it is therefore that I am desirous of calling the\nattention of your correspondents to the subject. As a general rule, it\nwill be found that the diseases in which charms have obtained most fame\nas curative are those of long duration, not dangerous, yet not at all,\nor very slightly, benefited by ordinary medicines. In such cases, of\ncourse, there is not room for the display of an imaginary\nagency:--\"For,\" as Crabbe says,--and I hope your medical readers will\npardon the irreverence--\n\n  \"For NATURE then has time to work _her_ way;\n  And doing nothing often has prevailed,\n  When ten physicians have prescribed, and failed.\"\n\nThe notice in your last Number respecting the cure of hooping-cough, is\na capital example of what has just been stated; and I doubt not but many\nof your correspondents could supply numerous prescriptions equally\nscientific and equally effective. On a future occasion, I will myself\nfurnish you with some; but as I have already trespassed so far on your\nspace, I will conclude by naming a few diseases in which the charmers\nmay be expected to charm most wisely and well. They will all be found to\ncome within the category of the diseases characterised above:--Epilepsy,\nSt. Vitus's Dance (_Chorea_), Hysteria, Toothache, Warts, Ague, Mild\nSkin-diseases, Tic Douloureux, Jaundice, Asthma, Bleeding from the Nose,\nSt. Anthony's Fire or The Rose (_Erysipelas_), King's Evil (_Scrofula_),\nMumps, Rheutmatic Pains, &c., &c.\n\nEMDEE.\n\nApril 25. 1850.\n\n\n_Roasted Mouse._--I have often heard my father say, that when he had the\nmeasles, his nurse gave him a roasted mouse to cure him.\n\nSCOTUS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTHE ANGLO-SAXON WORD \"UNLAED.\"\n\nA long etymological disquisition may seem a trifling matter; but what a\nclear insight into historic truth, into the manners, the customs, and\nthe possessions of people of former ages, is sometimes obtained by the\naccurate definition of even a single word. A pertinent instance will be\nfound in the true etymon of _Brytenwealda_, given by Mr. Kemble in his\nchapter \"On the Growth of the kingly Power.\" (_Saxons in Engl._ B. II.\nc. 1.) Upon this consideration I must rest for this somewhat lengthy\ninvestigation.\n\nThe word UNLAED, as far as we at present know, occurs only five times in\nAnglo-Saxon; three of which are in the legend of Andreas in the Vercelli\nMS., which legend was first printed, under the auspices of the Record\nCommission, by Mr. Thorpe; but the Report to which the poetry of the\nVercelli MS. was attached has, for reasons with which I am unacquainted,\nnever been made public. In 1840, James Grimm, \"feeling (as Mr. Kemble\nsays) that this was a wrong done to the world of letters at large,\"\npublished it at Cassell, together with the Legend of Elene, or the\nFinding of the Cross, with an Introduction and very copious notes. In\n1844, it was printed for the Aelfric Society by Mr. Kemble, accompanied\nby a translation, in which the passages are thus given.--\n\n  \"Such was the people's\n  peaceless token,\n  the suffering of the _wretched_.\"\n      l. 57-9.\n\n  \"When they of _savage spirits_\n  believed in the might,\"\n      l. 283-4.\n\n  \"Ye are _rude_,\n  of poor thoughts.\"\n\nThe fifth instance of the occurrence of the word is in a passage cited\nby Wanley, Catal. p. 134., {431} from a homily occurring in a MS. in\nCorpus Christi College, s. 14.:--\n\n    \"Men \u00f0a leo\u00e7es can hep re3\u00fe se hal3a se[~s] Io[~hs] \u00feaep re\n    Hael. eode ofen \u00feone bupnan the Ledpoc hatte, on in[=e]n aenne\n    p[.y]ptun. Tha piste se unlaesde iudas se \u00fee hune to dea\u00fee\n    beleaped haefde.\"\n\nIn Grimm's _Elucidations to Andreas_ he thus notices it:--\n\n    \"Unlaed, miser, improbus, infelix. (A. 142. 744. _Judith_, 134,\n    43.). A rare adjective never occurring in Beowulf, Coedmon, or\n    the Cod. Exon., and belonging to those which only appear in\n    conjunction with _un_. Thus, also, the Goth. unleds, pauper,\n    miser; and the O.H.G. unl\u00e2t (Graff, 2. 166.); we nowhere find a\n    l\u00eads, laed, l\u00e2t, as an antithesis. It must have signified\n    _dives, felix_; and its root is wholly obscure.\"\n\nIn all the Anglo-Saxon examples of unlaed, the sense appears to be\n_wretched_, _miserable_; in the Gothic it is uniformly _poor_[1]: but\n_poverty_ and _wretchedness_ are nearly allied. L\u00ead, or laed, would\nevidently therefore signify _rich_, and by inference _happy_. Now we\nhave abundant examples of the use of the word ledes in old English; not\nonly for _people_, but for _riches_, _goods_, _movable property_. Lond\nand lede, or ledes, or lith, frequently occur unequivocally in this\nlatter sense, thus:--\n\n  \"He was the first of Inglond that gaf God his tithe\n  Of isshue of bestes, of londes, or of _lithe_.\"\n\n  _P. Plouhm_.\n\n  \"I bed hem bothe lond and _lede_,\n  To have his douhter in worthlie wede,\n  And spouse here with my ring.\"\n\n  _K. of Tars_, 124.\n\n  \"For to have lond or _lede_,\n  Or _other riches_, so God me spede!\n  Yt ys to muche for me.\"\n\n  _Sir Cleges_, 409.\n\n  \"Who schall us now geve londes or _lythe_,\n  Hawkys, or houndes, or stedys stithe,\n  As he was wont to do.\"\n\n  _Le B. Florence of Rome_, 841.\n\n  \"No asked he lond or _lithe_,\n  Bot that maiden bright.\"\n\n  _Sir Tristrem_, xlviii.\n\nIn \"William and the Werwolf\" the cowherd and his wife resolve to leave\nWilliam\n\n               \"Al here godis\n  Londes and _ludes_ as ether after her lif dawes.\"\n\n  p. 4\n\nIn this poem, _ludes_ and _ledes_ are used indiscriminately, but most\nfrequently in the sense of men, people. Sir Frederick Madden has shown,\nfrom the equivalent words in the French original of Robert of Brunne,\n\"that he always uses the word in the meaning of _possessions_, whether\nconsisting of tenements, rents, fees, &c.;\" in short, _wealth_.\n\nIf, therefore, the word has this sense in old English, we might expect\nto find it in Anglo-Saxon, and I think it is quite clear that we have it\nat least in one instance. In the _Ancient Laws and Institutes of\nEngland_, vol. i. p. 184., an oath is given, in which the following\npassage occurs:\n\n  \"Do spa to lane\n  beo \u00fe\u00e9 he \u00feinum\n  I leat me be minum\n  ne 3ypne le \u00feines\n  ne laedes ne landes\n  ne sac ne socne\n  ne \u00feu mines ne \u00feeapst\n  ne mint ic \u00fee nan \u00feio3.\"\n\nMr. Thorpe has not translated the word, nor is it noticed in his\nGlossary; but I think there can be no doubt that it should be rendered\nby _goods_, _chattels_, or _wealth_, i.e., movable property.\n\nThis will be even more obvious from an extract given by Bishop\nNicholson, in the preface to Wilkin's _Leges Saxonic\u00e6_ p. vii. It is\npart of the oath of a Scotish baron of much later date, and the sense\nhere is unequivocal:--\n\n    \"I becom zour man my liege king in land, _lith_[2], life and\n    lim, warldly honour, homage, fealty, and leawty, against all\n    that live and die.\"\n\nNumerous examples are to be found in the M.H. German, of which I will\ncite a few:\n\n  \"Ir habt doch zu iuwere hant\n  Beidin _liute_ unde lant.\"\n\n  _Tristr._ 13934.\n\n  \"Und bevelhet ir _liute_ unde lant.\"\n\n  _Iwein._ 2889. {432}\n\n  \"Ich teile ir _liute_ unde lant.\"\n\n  _Id._ 7714.\n\nAnd in the old translation of the _Liber Dialogorum_ of St. Gregory,\nprinted in the cloister of S. Ulrich at Augspurg in 1473:--\n\n    \"In der Statt waren hoch T\u00fcren und sch\u00f6ne He\u00fcser von Silber und\n    Gold, und aller Hand _le\u00fct_, und die Frawen und Man na\u00ffgten im\n    alle.\"\n\nLastly, Jo. Morsheim in his _Untreuer Frawen_:--\n\n  \"Das was mein Herr gar gerne h\u00f6rt,\n  Und ob es _Leut_ und Land bethort.\"\n\nNow, when we recollect the state of the people in those times, the\nserf-like vassalage, the _H\u00f6rigkeit_ or _Leibeigenthum_, which\nprevailed, we cannot be surprised that a word which signified\n_possessions_ should designate also the _people_. It must still,\nhowever, be quite uncertain which is the secondary sense.\n\nThe root of the word, as Grimm justly remarks, is very obscure; and yet\nit seems to me that he himself has indirectly pointed it out:--\n\n    \"Goth. liudan[3] (crescere); O.H.G. liotan (sometimes unorganic,\n    hliotan); O.H.G. liut (populus); A.-S. l\u00eb\u00f3\u00f0; O.N. li\u00f3\u00f0: Goth.\n    lauths -is (homo), ju33alauths -dis (adolescens); O.H.G. sumar\n    -lota (virgulta palmitis, i.e. qui una \u00e6state creverunt, _Gl.\n    Rhb._ 926'b, Jun. 242.); M.H.G. corrupted into sumer -late (M.S.\n    i. 124'b. 2. 161'a. virga herba). It is doubtful whether ludja\n    (facies), O.H.G. andlutti, is to be reckoned among\n    them.\"--_Deutsche Gram._ ii. 21. For this last see Diefenbach,\n    _Vergl. Gram. der Goth. Spr._ i. 242.\n\nIn his _Erlauterungen zu Elene_, p. 166., Grimm further remarks:--\n\n    \"The verb is leo\u00f0an, lea\u00f0, lu\u00f0on (crescere), O.S. lio\u00f0an, l\u00f4\u00f0,\n    lu\u00f0un. Lelu\u00f0on (_C\u00e6dm._ 93. 28.) is creverunt, pullulant; and\n    3elo\u00f0en (ap. Hickes, p. 135. note) onustus, but rather cretus.\n    Elene, 1227. 3elo\u00f0en un\u00f0ep le\u00e1pum (cretus sub foliis).\"\n\nIt has been surmised that LEDE was connected with the O.N.\nhl\u00fft[4]--which not only signified _sors, portio_, but _res\nconsistentia_--and the A.-S. hlet, hlyt, lot, portion, inheritance:\nthus, in the A.-S. Psal. xxx. 18., on han\u00f0um \u00f0inum hl\u00fft m\u00edn, _my\nheritage is in thy hands_. Notker's version is: M\u00edn l\u00f4z ist in d\u00ednen\nhanden. I have since found that Kindlinger (_Geschichte der Deutchen\nH\u00f6rigkeit_) has made an attempt to derive it from _Lied, Lit_, which in\nDutch, Flemish, and Low German, still signify a _limb_; I think,\nunsuccessfully.\n\nRay, in his _Gloss. Northanymbr._, has \"unlead, nomen opprobrii;\" but he\ngives a false derivation: Grose, in his _Provincial Glossary_, \"unleed\nor unlead, a general name for any crawling venomous creature, as a toad,\n&c. It is sometimes ascribed to a man, and then it denotes a sly wicked\nfellow, that in a manner creeps to do mischief. See Mr. Nicholson's\nCatalogue.\"\n\nIn the 2d edition of Mr. Brockett's _Glossary_, we have: \"Unletes,\ndisplacers or destroyers of the farmer's produce.\"\n\nThis provincial preservation of a word of such rare occurrence in\nAnglo-Saxon, and of which no example has yet been found in old English,\nis a remarkable circumstance. The word has evidently signified, like the\nGothic, in the first place _poor_; then _wretched_, _miserable_; and\nhence, perhaps, its opprobrious sense of _mischievous_ or _wicked_.\n\n    \"In those rude times when wealth or movable property consisted\n    almost entirely of living money, in which debts were contracted\n    and paid, and for which land was given in mortgage or sold; it\n    is quite certain that the serfs were transferred with the land,\n    the lord considering them as so much live-stock, or part of his\n    _chattels_.\"\n\nA vestige of this feeling with regard to dependants remains in the use\nof the word _Man_ (which formerly had the same sense as _lede_). We\nstill speak of \"a general and his men,\" and use the expression \"our\nmen.\" But, happily for the masses of mankind, few vestiges of serfdom\nand slavery, and those in a mitigated form, now virtually exist.\n\nS.W. SINGER.\n\nApril 16. 1850.\n\n    [Footnote 1: It occurs many times in the Moeso-Gothic version of\n    the Gospels for [Greek: ptochos]. From the Glossaries, it\n    appears that iungalauths is used three times for [Greek:\n    neaniskos], a young man; therefore lauths or lauds would signify\n    simply _man_; and the plural, laudeis, would be _people_. See\n    this established by the analogy of vairths, or O.H.G. virahi,\n    also signifying people. Grimm's _Deutsche Gram._ iii. 472.,\n    note. \"Es konnte zwar _unl\u00eads_ (pauper) aber auch _unl\u00eaths_\n    heissen.\"--_D. Gr._ 225.]\n\n    [Footnote 2: Sir F. Palgrave has given this extract in the\n    Appendix to his _Rise and Progress of the English Commonwealth_,\n    p. ccccvii., where, by an error of the press, or of\n    transcription, the word stands _lich_. It may be as well to\n    remark, that the corresponding word in Latin formulas of the\n    same kind is \"catallis,\" _i.e. chattels_. A passage in Havelok,\n    v. 2515., will clearly demonstrate that _lith_ was at least one\n    kind of _chattel_, and equivalent to _fe_ (fee).\n\n      \"Thanne he was ded that Sathanas\n        Sket was seysed al that his was,\n      In the King's hand il del,\n        _Lond_ and _lith_, and other _catel_,\n      And the King ful sone it yaf\n      Ubbe in the hond with a fayr staf,\n      And seyde, 'Her ich sayse the\n      In al the _lond_ in al the _fe_.'\"]\n\n    [Footnote 3: The author of _Tripartita seu de Analogia\n    Linguacum_, under the words \"Leute\" and \"Barn,\" says:--\"Respice\n    Ebr. Id. Ebr. ledah, partus, proles est. Ebr. lad, led, gigno.\"\n    A remarkable coincidence at least with Grimm's derivation of\n    l\u00e9\u00f4d from the Goth. liudan, crescere.]\n\n    [Footnote 4: Thus, Anthon, _Teutschen Landwirthschaft_, Th. i.\n    p. 61.:--\"Das Land eines jeden Dorfes, einer jeden Germarkung\n    war wirklich getheilt und, wie es sehr wahrscheinlich, alsdan\n    verlost worden. Daher nannte man dasjenige, was zu einem\n    Grunst\u00fcke an \u00c4kern, Wiesen geh\u00f6rte, ein _Los_ (Sors). Das\n    Burgundische Gesetz redet ausfdr\u00fccklich vom Lande das man in\n    _Lose_ erhalten hat (Terra _sortis_ titulo acquisita, Tit. i. \u00a7\n    1.)\" Schmeller, in his _Bayrishces Wort. B._ v. _Lud-aigen_,\n    also points to the connection of _Lud_ with hluz-hlut, sors,\n    portio; but he rather inclines to derive it from the Low-Latin,\n    ALLODIUM. It appears to me that the converse of this is most\n    likely to have been the case, and that this very word LEDS or\n    L\u00c6DS is likely to furnish a more satisfactory etymology of\n    ALLODIUM than has hitherto been offered.]\n\n       *       *       *       *       * {433}\n\nBP. COSIN'S MSS.--INDEX TO BAKER'S MSS.\n\nYour correspondent \"J. SANSOM\" (No. 19. p. 303.) may perhaps find some\nunpublished remains of Bp. Cosin in Baker's MSS.; from the excellent\nindex to which (Cambridge, 1848, p. 57.) I transcribe the following\nnotices, premising that of the volumes of the MSS. the first\ntwenty-three are in the British Museum, and the remainder in the\nUniversity Library, (not, as Mr. Carlyle says in a note in, I think, the\n3d vol. of his _Letters. &c. of Cromwell_ in the library of Trin.\nColl.).\n\n    \"Cosin, Bp.--\n      Notes of, in his Common Prayer, edit. 1636, xx. 175.\n      Benefactions to See of Durham, xxx. 377-380.\n      Conference with Abp. of Trebisond, xx. 178.\n      Diary in Paris, 1651, xxxvi. 329.\n      Intended donation for a Senate-House, xxx. 454.\n      Letters to Peter Gunning, principally concerning\n        the authority of the Apocrypha, vi. 174-180.\n        230-238.\n      Manual of Devotion, xxxvi. 338.\"\n\nAs the editors of the Index to Baker's MSS. invite corrections from\nthose who use the MSS., you will perhaps be willing to print the\nfollowing additions and corrections, which may be of use in case a new\nedition of the Index should be required:--\n\n    Preface, p. vii. _add_, in _Thoresby Correspondence_, one or two\n    of Baker's _Letters_ have been printed, others have appeared in\n    Nichols's _Literary Anecdotes_.\n\n    Index, p. 2. Altars, suppression of, in Ely Diocese, 1550, xxx.\n    213. Printed in the _British Magazine_, Oct. 1849, p. 401.\n\n    P. 5. Babraham, Hullier, Vicar of, burnt for heresy. _Brit.\n    Mag._ Nov. 1849, p. 543.\n\n    P. 13. Bucer incepts as Dr. of Divinty, 1549, xxiv. 114. See Dr.\n    Lamb's _Documents from MSS. C.C.C.C._ p. 153.\n\n    Appointed to lecture by Edw. VI., 1549, xxx. 370. See Dr. Lamb,\n    p. 152.\n\n    Letter of University to Edw., recommending his family to care,\n    x. 396. Dr. Lamb, p. 154.\n\n    P. 14. Buckingham, Dr. Eglisham's account of his poisoning James\n    I., xxxii. 149-153. See _Hurl. Misc._\n\n    Buckmaster's Letter concerning the King's Divorce, x. 243. This\n    is printed in _Burnet_, vol. iii. lib. 1. collect. No. 16., from\n    a copy sent by Baker, but more fully in Dr. Lamb, p. 23., and in\n    Cooper's _Annals_.\n\n    P. 25. Renunciation of the Pope, 1535. See Ant. Harmer,\n    _Specimen_, p. 163.\n\n    P. 51. Cowel, Dr., charge against, and defence of his\n    Antisanderus. _Brit. Mag._ Aug. 1849, p. 184.\n\n    Cranmer, extract from C.C.C. MS. concerning. _Brit. Mag._ Aug.\n    1849, p. 169, _seq_.\n\n    Cranmer, life of, xxxi. 1-3. _Brit. Mag._ Aug. 1849, p. 165.\n\n    P. 57. Convocation, subscribers to the judgment of, xxxi. 9.\n    _British Magazine_, Sept. 1849, p. 317.\n\n    P. 68. Ely, Altars, suppression of, 1550, xxx. 213. _Brit. Mag._\n    Oct. 1849, p. 401.\n\n    P. 77. Several of the papers relating to Bishop Fisher will be\n    found in Dr. Hymers' edition of _The Funeral Sermon on Lady\n    Margaret_.\n\n    P. 80. Gloucester, Abbey of, &c., a Poem by Malvern, v. 285-7.\n    _Brit. Mag._ xxi. 377.; Caius Coll. MSS. No. 391. art 13.\n\n    Goodman, Declaration concerning the articles in his book.\n    Strype's _Annals_, I. i. 184.\n\n    P. 89. Henry VII., Letter to Lady Margaret, xix. 262. See Dr.\n    Hymers, as above, p. 160.\n\n    P. 91. Henry VIII., Letter to, giving an account of the death of\n    Wyngfield, &c. See Sir H. Ellis, _Ser. III._ No. 134.\n\n    P. 94. Humphrey, Bishop, Account, &c., xxxv. 1-19. Rend xxvi.\n    1-19.\n\n    Humphrey, Bishop, Images and Relics, &c., xxx. 133-4. _Brit.\n    Mag._ Sept. 1849, p. 300.\n\n    P. 121-2. Lady Margaret. Several of the articles relating to\n    Lady Margaret have been printed by Dr. Hymers (_ut sup_.).\n\n    P. 137. Pole Card. Oratio Johannis Stoyks, &c., v. 310-312. Dr.\n    Lamb, p. 177.\n\n    P. 143. Redman, Dr., Particulars of, xxxii. 495.--_Brit. Mag._\n    Oct. 1849, p. 402.\n\n    P. 151. Spelman's Proposition concerning the Saxon Lecture, &c.\n    Sir H. Ellis _Letters of Eminent Literary Men_, Camd. Soc. No.\n    59.\n\n    P. 169. Noy's Will, xxxvi. 375., read 379.\n\nMany of the articles relating to Cambridge in the MSS. have been printed\nby Mr. Cooper in his _Annals of Cambridge_: some relating to Cromwell\nare to be found in Mr. Carlyle's work; and several, besides those which\nI have named, are contained in Dr. Lamb's _Documents_.\n\nJ.E.B. MAYOR.\n\nMarlborough Coll., March 30.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nARABIC NUMERALS AND CIPHER.\n\nWill you suffer me to add some further remarks on the subject of the\nArabic numerals and cipher; as neither the querists nor respondents seem\nto have duly appreciated the immense importance of the step taken by\nintroducing the use of a cipher. I would commence with observing, that\nwe know of no people tolerably advanced in civilisation, whose system of\nnotation had made such little progress, beyond that of the mere savage,\nas the Romans. The rudest savages could make upright scratches on the\nface of a rock, and set them in a row, to signify units; and as the\ncircumstance of having ten fingers has led the people of every nation to\ngive a distinct name to the number ten and its multiples, the savage\nwould have taken but a little step when he invented such a mode of\nexpressing tens as crossing his scratches, thus X. His ideas, however,\nenlarge, and he makes three scratches, thus [C with square sides], to\nexpress 100. Generations of such vagabonds as founded Rome pass away,\nand at length some one discovers that, by using but half the figure for\nX, the number 5 may be conjectured to be meant. Another calculator\nfollows {434} up this discovery, and by employing [C with square sides],\nhalf the figure used for 100, he expresses 50. At length the rude man\nprocured a better knife, with which he was enabled to give a more\ngraceful form to his [C with square sides], by rounding it into C; then\ntwo such, turned different ways, with a distinguishing cut between them,\nmade CD, to express a thousand; and as, by that time, the alphabet was\nintroduced, they recognised the similarity of the form at which they had\nthus arrived to the first letter of _Mille_, and called it M, or 1000.\nThe half of this DC was adopted by a ready analogy for 500. With that\ndiscovery the invention of the Romans stopped, though they had recourse\nto various awkward expedients for making these forms express somewhat\nhigher numbers. On the other hand, the Hebrews seem to have been\nprovided with an alphabet as soon as they were to constitute a nation;\nand they were taught to use the successive letters of that alphabet to\nexpress the first ten numerals. In this way b and c might denote 2 and 3\njust as well as those figures; and numbers might thus be expressed by\nsingle letters to the end of the alphabet, but no further. They were\ntaught, however, and the Greeks learnt from them, to use the letters\nwhich follow the ninth as indications of so many tens; and those which\nfollow the eighteenth as indicative of hundreds. This process was\nexceedingly superior to the Roman; but at the end of the alphabet it\nrequired supplementary signs. In this way bdecba might have expressed\n245321 as concisely as our figures; but if 320 were to be taken from\nthis sum, the removal of the equivalent letters cb would leave bdea, or\napparently no more than 2451. The invention of a cipher at once\nbeautifully simplified the notation, and facilitated its indefinite\nextension. It was then no longer necessary to have one character for\nunits and another for as many tens. The substitution of 00 for cb, so as\nto write bdeooa, kept the d in its place, and therefore still indicating\n40,000. It was thus that 27, 207, and 270 were made distinguishable at\nonce, without needing separate letters for tens and hundreds; and new\nsigns to express millions and their multiples became unnecessary.\n\nI have been induced to trespass on your columns with this extended\nnotice of the difficulty which was never solved by either the Hebrews or\nGreeks, from understanding your correspondent \"T.S.D.\" p. 367, to say\nthat \"the mode of obviating it would suggest itself at once.\" As to the\noriginal query,--whence came the invention of the cipher, which was felt\nto be so valuable as to be entitled to give its name to all the process\nof arithmetic?--\"T.S.D.\" has given the querist his best clue in sending\nhim to Mr. Strachey's Bija Ganita, and to Sir E. Colebrooke's Algebra of\nthe Hindus, from the Sanscrit of Brahmegupta. Perhaps a few sentences\nmay sufficiently point out where the difficulty lies. In the beginning\nof the sixth century, the celebrated Boethius described the present\nsystem as an invention of the Pythagoreans, meaning, probably, to\nexpress some indistinct notion of its coming from the east. The figures\nin MS. copies of Boethius are the same as our own for 1, 8, and 9; the\nsame, but inverted, for 2 and 5; and are not without vestiges of\nresemblance in the remaining figures. In the ninth century we come to\nthe Arabian Al Sephadi, and derive some information from him; but his\nfigures have attracted most notice, because though nearly all of them\nare different from those found in Boethius, they are the same as occur\nin Planudes, a Greek monk of the fourteenth century, who says of his own\nunits, \"These nine characters are Indian,\" and adds, \"they have a tenth\ncharacter called [Greek: tziphra], which they express by an 0, and which\ndenotes the absence of any number.\" The date of Boethius is obviously\ntoo early for the supposition of an Arabic origin; but it is doubted\nwhether the figures are of his time, as the copyists of a work in MS.\nwere wont to use the characters of their own age in letters, and might\ndo so in the case of figures also.\n\nH.W.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nROMAN NUMERALS.\n\nThere are several points connected with the subject of numerals that are\nimportant in the history of practical arithmetic, to which neither\nscientific men nor antiquaries have paid much attention. Yet if the\nprincipal questions were brought in a definite form before the\ncontributors to the \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" I feel quite sure that a not\ninconsiderable number of them will be able to contribute each his\nportion to the solution of what may till now be considered as almost a\nmystery. With your permission, I will propose a few queries relating to\nthe subject,\n\n1. When did the abacus, or the \"tabel\" referred to in my former letters,\ncease to be used as calculating instruments?\n\nThe last printed work in which the _abacal_ practice was given for the\npurposes of tuition that I have been able to discover, is a 12mo.\nedition, by Andrew Mellis, of Dee's _Robert Recorde_, 1682.\n\n2. When did the method of _recording results_ in Roman numerals cease to\nbe used in mercantile account-books? Do any ledgers or other\naccount-books, of ancient dates, exist in the archives of the City\nCompanies, or in the office of the City Chamberlain? If there do, these\nwould go far towards settling the question.\n\n3. When in the public offices of the Government? It is probable that\ncriteria will be found in many of them, which are inaccessible to the\npublic generally.\n\n4. When in the household-books of royalty and nobility? This is a class\nof MSS. to which I have paid next to no attention; and, possibly, had\nthe query been in my mind through life, many fragments {435} tending\ntowards the solution that have passed me unnoticed would have saved me\nfrom the necessity of troubling your correspondents. The latest that I\nremember to have particularly noticed is that of Charles I. in the\nFitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge; but I shall not be surprised to find\nthat the system was continued down to George I., or later still.\nConservatism is displayed in its perfection in the tenacious adherence\nof official underlings to established forms and venerable routine.\n\nT.S.D.\n\nShooter's Hill, April 8.\n\n    [Our correspondent will find some curious notices of early dates\n    of Arabic numerals, from the Rev. Edmund Venables, Rev. W.\n    Gunner, and Mr. Ouvry, in the March number of the _Arch\u00e6ological\n    Journal_, p. 75-76.; and the same number also contains, at p.\n    85., some very interesting remarks by the Rev. Joseph Hunter,\n    illustrative of the subject, and instancing a warrant from Hugh\n    le Despenseer to Bonefez de Peruche and his partners, merchants\n    of a company, to pay forty pounds, dated Feb. 4, 19 Edward II.,\n    i.e. 1325, in which the date of the year is expressed in Roman\n    numerals; and on the dorso, written by one of the Italian\n    merchants to whom the warrant was addressed, the date of the\n    payment, Feb. 1325. in Arabic numerals, of which Mr. Hunter\n    exhibited a fac-simile at a meeting of the Institute.]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n_Arabic Numerals._--In the lists of works which treat of Arabic\nNumerals, the following have not been noticed, although they contain a\nreview of what has been written on their introduction into this part of\nEurope:--_Arch\u00e6ologia_, vols. x. xiii.; _Bibliotheca Literaria_, Nos. 8.\nand 10., including Huetiana on this subject; and Morant's _Colchester_,\nb. iii. p. 28.\n\nT.J.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nERROR IN HALLAM'S HISTORY OF LITERATURE.\n\nIf Mr. Hallam's accuracy _in parvis_ could be fairly judged by the\nfollowing instance, and that given by your correspondent \"CANTAB.\" (No.\n4, p. 51.), I fear much could not be said for it. The following passage\nis from Mr. Hallam's account of Campanella and his disciple Adami. My\nreference is to the first edition of Mr. Hallam's work; but the passage\nstands unaltered in the second. I believe these to be rare instances of\ninaccuracy.\n\n    \"Tobias Adami, ... who dedicated to the philosophers of Germany\n    _his own Prodromus Philosophi\u00e6 Instauratio_, prefixed to his\n    _edition_ of Campanella's _Compendium de Rerum Natur\u00e6_,\n    published at Frankfort in 1617. Most of the other writings of\n    the master seem to have preceded _this edition_, for Adami\n    enumerates them in _his Prodromus_.\"--_Hist. of Literature_,\n    iii. 149.\n\nThe title is not _Prodromus Philosophi\u00e6 Instauratio_, which is not\nsense; but _Prodromus Philosophi\u00e6 Instaurand\u00e6_ (Forerunner of a\nphilosophy to be constructed). This _Prodromus_ is a treatise of\nCampanella's, not, as Mr. Hallam says, of Adami. Adami published the\n_Prodromus_ for Campanella, who was in prison; and he wrote a preface,\nin which he gives a list of other writings of Campanella, which he\nproposes to publish afterwards. What Mr. Hallam calls an \"edition,\" was\nthe first publication.\n\nMere accident enabled me to detect these errors. I am not a\nbibliographer and do not know a ten-thousandth part of what Mr. Hallam\nknows. I extract this note from my common-place book, and send it to\nyou, hoping to elicit the opinions of some of your learned\ncorrespondents on the general accuracy in biography and bibliography of\nMr. Hallam's _History of Literature_. Has Mr. Bolton Corney, if I may\nventure to name him, examined the work? His notes and opinion would be\nparticularly valuable.\n\nAs a few inaccuracies such as this may occur in any work of large scope\nproceeding from the most learned of men, and be accidentally detected by\nan ignoramus, so a more extensive impeachment of Mr. Hallam's accuracy\nwould make a very trifling deduction from his great claims to respect\nand well-established fame. I believe I rightly understand the spirit in\nwhich you desire your periodical to be the medium for emending valuable\nworks, when I thus guard myself against the appearance of disrespect to\na great ornament of literature.\n\nC.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNOTES FROM CUNNINGHAM'S HANDBOOK FOR LONDON.\n\nWe have already shown pretty clearly, how high is the opinion we\nentertain of the value of our able contributor Mr. Peter Cunningham's\namusing _Handbook for London_, by the insertion of numerous Notes _upon_\nhis first edition. We will now give our readers an opportunity of\njudging how much the second edition, which is just published, has been\nimproved through the further researches of that gentleman, by giving\nthem a few Notes _from_ it, consisting entirely of new matter, and very\ncurious withal. When we add that the work is now enriched by a very\ncopious Index of Names, it will readily be seen how much the value and\nutility of the book has been increased.\n\n_Hanover Square._--\"The statue of William Pitt, by Sir Francis Chantrey,\nset up in the year 1831, is of bronze, and cost 7000l. I was present at\nits erection with Sir Francis Chantrey and my father, who was Chantrey's\nassistant. The statue was placed on its pedestal between seven and eight\nin the morning, and while the workmen were away at their breakfasts, a\nrope was thrown round the neck of the figure, and a vigorous attempt\nmade by several sturdy Reformers to pull it down. When word of what they\nwere about was brought to my father, he exclaimed, with a smile {436}\nupon his face, 'The cramps are leaded, and they may pull to doomsday.'\nThe cramps are the iron bolts fastening the statue to the pedestal. The\nattempt was soon abandoned.\"\n\n_Hyde Park Corner._--\"There were cottages here in 1655; and the middle\nof the reign of George II. till the erection of Apsely House, the small\nentrance gateway was flanked on its east site by a poor tenement known\nas 'Allen's stall.' Allen, whose wife kept a moveable apple-stall at the\npark entrance, was recognised by George II. as an old soldier at the\nbattle of Dettingen, and asked (so pleased was the King at meeting the\nveteran) 'what he could do for him.' Allen, after some hesitation, asked\nfor a piece of ground for a permanent apple-stall at Hyde Park Corner,\nand a grant was made to him of a piece of ground which his children\nafterwards sold to Apsley, Lord Bathurst. Mr. Crace has a careful\ndrawing of the Hyde Park Corner, showing Allen's stall and the Hercules'\nPillars.\"\n\n_Pall Mall._--\"Mr. Fox told Mr. Rogers, that Sydenham was sitting at his\nwindow looking on the Mall, with his pipe in his mouth and a silver\ntankard before him, when a fellow made a snatch at the tankard, and ran\noff with it. Nor was he overtaken, said Fox, before he got among the\nbushes in Bond Street, and there they lost him.\"\n\n_Lansdowne House._--\"The iron bars at the two ends of Lansdowne Passage\n(a near cut from Curzon Street to Hay Hill) were put up late in the last\ncentury, in consequence of a mounted highwayman, who had committed a\nrobbery in Piccadilly, having escaped from his pursuers through this\nnarrow passage by riding his horse up the steps. This anecdote was told\nby the late Thomas Grenville to Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis. It occurred\nwhile George Grenville was Minister, the robber passing his residence in\nBolton Street full gallop.\"\n\n_Newcastle House._--\"The old and expensive custom of 'vails-giving,'\nreceived its death-glow at Newcastle House. Sir Timothy Waldo, on his\nway from the Duke's dinner table to his carriage, put a crown into the\nhand of the cook, who returned it, saying: 'Sir, I do not take silver.'\n'Don't you, indeed?' said Sir Timothy, putting it in his pocket; 'then I\ndo not give gold.' Hanway's 'Eight Letters to the Duke of ----,' had\ntheir origin in Sir Timothy's complaint.\"\n\n_Red Lion Square._--\"The benevolent Jonas Hanway, the traveller, lived\nand died (1786) in a house in Red Lion Square, the principal rooms of\nwhich he decorated with paintings and emblematical devices, 'in a\nstyle,' says his biographer, 'peculiar to himself.' 'I found,' he used\nto say, when speaking of these ornaments, 'that my countrymen and women\nwere not _au fait_ in the art of conversation, and that instead of\nrecurring to their cards, when the discourse began to flag, the minutes\nbetween the time of assembling and the placing the card-tables are spent\nin an irksome suspense. To relieve this vacuum in social intercourse and\nprevent cards from engrossing the whole of my visitors' minds, I have\npresented them with objects the most attractive I could imagine--and\nwhen that fails there are the cards.' Hanway was the first man who\nventured to walk the streets of London with an umbrella over his head.\nAfter carrying one near thirty years, he saw them come into general\nuse.\"\n\n_Downing Street._--\"Baron Bothmar's house was part of the forfeited\nproperty of Lee, Lord Lichfield, who retired with James II., to whom he\nwas Master of the Horse. At the beginning of the present century there\nwas no other official residence in the street than the house which\nbelonged, by right of office, to the First Lord of the Treasury, but by\ndegrees one house was bought after another: first the Foreign Office,\nincreased afterwards by three other houses; then the Colonial Office;\nthen the house in the north corner, which was the Judge Advocate's,\nsince added to the Colonial Office; then a house for the Chancellor of\nthe Exchequer; and lastly, a whole row of lodging-houses, chiefly for\nScotch and Irish members.\"\n\n_Whitehall._--\"King Charles I. was executed on a scaffold erected in\nfront of the Banqueting House, towards the park. The warrant directs\nthat he should be executed 'in the open street before Whitehall.' Lord\nLeicester tells us in his Journal, that he was 'beheaded at Whitehall\nGate.' Dugdale, in his _Diary_, that he was 'beheaded at the gate of\nWhitehall;' and a single sheet of the time reserved in the British\nMuseum, that 'the King was beheaded at Whitehall Gate.' There cannot,\ntherefore, be a doubt that the scaffold was erected in front of the\nbuilding facing the present Horse Guards. We now come to the next point\nwhich has excited some discussion. It appears from Herbert's minute\naccount of the King's last moments, that 'the King was led all along the\ngalleries and Banqueting House, and there was a passage _broken through\nthe wall_, by which the king passed unto the scaffold.' This seems\nparticular enough, and leads, it is said, to a conclusion that the\nscaffold was erected on the north side. Where the passage was broken\nthrough, one thing is certain, the scaffold was erected on the west\nside, or, in other words, 'in the open street,' now called Whitehall;\nand that the King, as Ludlow relates in his Memoirs, 'was conducted to\nthe scaffold out of the window of the Banqueting House.' Ludlow, who\ntells us this, was one of the regicides, and what he states, simply and\nstraightforwardly, is confirmed by any engraving of the execution,\npublished at Amsterdam in the same year, and by the following memorandum\nof Vertue's on the copy of Terasson's large engraving of the Banqueting\nHouse, preserved in the library of the Society of Antiquaries:--'It is,\naccording to the truest reports, said that out of this window King\nCharles went upon the scaffold to be beheaded, the window-frame being\ntaken out purposely to make the passage on to the scaffold, which is\nequal to the landing-place of the hall within side.' The window marked\nby Vertue belonged to a small building abutting from the north side of\nthe present Banqueting House. From this window, then the King stept upon\nthe scaffold.\"\n\nWe shall probably next week indulge in a few QUERIES which have\nsuggested themselves to us, and to which Mr. Cunningham will perhaps be\ngood enough to reply.\n\n       *       *       *       *       * {437}\n\nANECDOTE OF CHARLES I.\n\nI have great pleasure in forwarding to you an anecdote of the captivity\nof Charles I., which I think will be considered interesting to your\nreaders. Of its authenticity there can be no doubt. I extract it from a\nsmall paper book, purchased some fifty years since, at Newport, in the\nIsle of Wight, which contains the history of a family named Douglas, for\nsome years resident in that town, written by the last representative,\nEliza Douglas, at the sale of whose effects it came into my\ngrandfather's hands. There are many curious particulars in it besides\nthe anecdote I have sent you; especially an account of the writer's\ngreat-great-grandfather (the husband of the heroine of this tale), who\n\"traded abroad, and was took into Turkey as a slave,\" and there gained\nthe affections of his master's daughter, after the most approved\nold-ballad fashion; though, alas! it was not to her love that he owed\nhis liberty, but (dreadful bathos!) to his skill in \"cooking fowls, &c.\n&c. in the English taste;\" which, on a certain occasion, when some\nEnglish merchants came to dine with his master, \"so pleased the company,\nthat they offered to redeem him, which was accepted; and when freed he\ncame home to England, and lived in London to an advanced age; so old\nthat they fed him with a tea-spoon.\"\n\nAfter his death his wife married again; and it was during this second\nmarriage that the interview with King Charles took place.\n\n    \"My mother's great-grandmother, when a-breeding with her\n    daughter, Mary Craige, which was at y'e time of _King Charles_\n    being a _prisoner_ in _Carisbrook Castle_, she longed to kiss\n    the King's _hand_; and when he was brought to Newport to be\n    carried off, she being acquainted with the gentleman's\n    housekeeper, where the King was coming to stay, till orders for\n    him to leave the island, she went to the housekeeper, told her\n    what she wanted, and they contrived for her to come the morning\n    he was to go away. So up she got, and dressed herself, and set\n    off to call her midwife, and going along, the first and second\n    guard stopped her and asked her where she was going; she told\n    them 'to call her midwife,' which she did. They went to this\n    lady, and she went and acquainted his Majesty with the affair;\n    he desired she may come up to him, and she said, when she came\n    into the room, his Majesty seemed to appear as if he had been at\n    _prayers_. He rose up and came to her, who fell on her knees\n    before him; he took her up by the arm himself, and put his\n    _cheek_ to her, and she said she gave him a good hearty smack on\n    his cheek. His Majesty then said, 'Pray God bless you, and that\n    you go withal.' She then went down stairs to wait and see the\n    King take coach; she got so close that she saw a gentleman in\n    it; and when the King stept into the coach, he said, 'Pray, Sir,\n    what is your name?' he replied, 'I am Col. Pride.' 'Not\n    miscalled,' says the King. Then Pride says, 'Drive on,\n    coachman.'\"\n\nE.V.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nQUERIES.\n\nTHE MAUDELEYNE GRACE.\n\nThe rector of Slimbridge, in the diocese of Gloucester, is bound to pay\nten pounds a year to Magdalen College, for \"choir music on the top of\nthe College tower on May-day.\" (See Rudder's _Gloucestershire_.) Some\nyears ago a prospectus was issued, announcing as in preparation, \"The\nMaudeleyne Grace, including the Hymnus Eucharisticus, with the music by\nDr. Rogers, as sung every year on May Morning, on the Tower of Magdalene\nCollege, Oxford, in Latin and English. With an Historical Introduction\nby William Henry Black.\" Can any of your readers inform me whether this\ninteresting work ever made its appearance? I am inclined to think it did\nnot, and have an indistinct recollection that the _original_ MS. of the\n\"Grace\" was lost through the carelessness of the lithographer who was\nentrusted with it for the purpose of making a fac-simile.\n\nWhilst making some researches in the library of Christ Church, Oxford, I\naccidentally met with what appears to me to be the _first draft_ of the\n\"Grace\" in question. It commences \"_Te Deum Patrem colimus_,\" and has\nthe following note:--\"This Hymn is sung every day in Magdalen College\nHall, Oxon, dinner and supper throughout the year for the after grace,\nby the chaplains, clarkes, and choristers there. Composed by Benjamin\nRogers, Doctor of Musique of the University of Oxon, 1685.\" It is\nentered in a folio volume, with this note on the fly-leaf,--\"Ben Rogers,\nhis book, Aug. 18. 1673, and presented me by Mr. John Playford,\nStationer in the Temple, London.\" The Latin Grace, _Te Deum Patrem\ncolimus_, is popularly supposed to be the _Hymnus Eucharisticus_ written\nby Dr. Nathaniel Ingelo, and sung at the civic feast at Guildhall on the\n5th July, 1660, while the king and the other royal personages were at\ndinner; but this is a mistake, for the words of Ingelo's hymn, very\ndifferent from the Magdalen hymn, still exist, and are to be found in\nWood's collection in the Ashmolean Museum. The music, too, of the _Te\nDeum_ is in a grand religious style, and not of a festal character.\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\"ESQUIRE\" AND \"GENTLEMAN.\"\n\nThe custom of addressing almost every man above the rank of an artizan\nor a huckster as \"Esquire,\" seems now to be settled as a matter of\nordinary politeness and courtesy; whilst the degradation of the\ngentleman into the \"Gent,\" has caused this term, as the title of a\nsocial class, to have fallen into total disuse. Originally, they were\nterms that had their respective meanings as much as Duke, Knight,\nYeoman, or Hind; but now they simply mean courtesy or contempt towards\n{438} the person to whom they are applied,--with the exception, indeed,\nof certain combinations of circumstances under which the word\n\"Gentleman\" is applied _as a character_.\n\nIt would be an interesting occupation to trace the mutations of meaning\nwhich these words have undergone, and the circumstances which gave rise\nto the successive applications of them. The subject has been often\ntouched upon more or less slightly; but I know of no work in which it is\ndiscussed fully, though, indeed, there may be such. Of course, many of\nyour readers are men whose pursuits have lain in other directions than\nsocial customs, social language, and social tastes; and, as one of them,\nI may be permitted to ask either where a full discussion can be found,\nor that some of your correspondents will furnish through your medium a\nclear and tolerably full exposition of the question. I believe it would\nbe of general and public interest.\n\nWe naturally expect, that in _official correspondence_, the public\nboards, through their proper officers, would be very precise in\nassigning to every person his proper title, in the address of a letter.\nYet nothing can be more negligent and capricious than the way in which\nthis is done. I have held an appointment in the public service, which is\ngenerally considered to carry with it the title of \"Esquire,\" (but\nreally whether it do or not, I am unable to tell), and have at different\ntimes had a good deal of official correspondence, sometimes mere\nroutine, and sometimes involving topics of a critical character. From my\nown experience I am led to think that no definite rule exists, and that\nthe temper of the moment will dictate the style of address. For\ninstance, in matter-of-course business, or in any correspondence that\nwas agreeable to official persons, I was addressed as \"Esq.;\" but if the\ncorrespondence took a turn that was unpleasant, it was \"Mr. ----;\" and\non one occasion I received a note addressed with my name denuded of all\ntitle whatever, even of the office I filled. The note, I hardly need\nsay, was \"full of fire and fury;\" and yet, in less than half an hour, I\nreceived a second (the writer having discovered his mistake), opening\nwith \"My dear Sir,\" and superscribed with the \"Esquire\" at full length.\nThis, I think, proves the capriciousness of men in public stations in\ntheir assignment of titles of this kind.\n\nI certainly expected to find, however, in the \"List of the Fellows of\nthe Society of Antiquaries,\" due attention paid to this circumstance.\nThe one just circulated was therefore referred to, and it would seem to\nbe as full of anomalies as a \"Court Guide\" or a \"Royal Blue Book.\" We\nhave, indeed, the Knights and Baronets duly titled, and the Peers, lay\nand spiritual, sufficiently distinguished both by capitals and mode of\ninsertion. All those who have no other title (as D.D. or F.R.S.)\nrecognised by the Society, are courteously designated by the affix\n\"Esq.\" In this, it will be strange indeed if _all_ be entitled to the\nappellation in its legitimate sense; or, in other words, if the\nprinciple of courtesy does not supersede, amongst the otherwise untitled\nmass of Fellows, the principle of social rank. To this in itself, as the\ndistinction of \"Gent\" after a man's name has become derogatory, there\ncannot be the least objection; for antiquarianism does not palliate\nrudeness or offensive language.\n\nAt the same time, the adoption of this principle should surely be\nuniform, and invidious distinctions should not be made. The title\n\"Esq.,\" should not be given to one man, and left out in designating\nanother whose social position is precisely the same. For instance, we\nfind in this list \"----, M.D.,\" and \"----, Esq., M.D.,\" employed to\ndesignate two different Doctors in Medicine. We find \"----, F.R.S.\" and\n\"----, Esq., F.R.S.\" to designate two Fellows of the Society of\nAntiquaries, who are also Fellows of the Royal. We see one or two D.D.'s\ndeprived of their titles of \"Rev.,\" and, as if to make amends (in point\nof quantity at least), we have one Fellow with titles at each end of his\nname that seem incompatible with each other, viz., \"Rev. ----, Esq.\"\n\nAnomalies like these can only be the result of sheer carelessness, or of\nthe ignorance of some clerk employed to make out the list without\nadequate instructions given to him. It has, in my hearing, been held up\nas a specimen of invidious distinction to gratify some petty dislike;\nbut this notion is simply absurd, and deserves no notice. At the same\ntime, it betokens a carelessness that it is desirable to avoid.\n\nAs a mere question of _dignity_, it appears to me to savour too much of\nClapham-Common or Hampstead-Heath grandeur, to add much to our\nrespectability or worldly importance. It would, indeed, be more\n\"dignified\" to drop, in the lists, all use of \"Esq.\" under any\ncircumstances; or, if this be objected to, to at least treat \"M.A.,\"\n\"D.D.,\" \"F.R.S.\" as higher titles, in which the \"Esq.\" may properly be\nmerged, and thus leave the appellation to designate the absence of any\nhigher literary or scientific title.\n\nA good deal of this is irrelevant to the primary object of my letter;\nbut certainly not altogether irrelevant to the dignity of the highest\nEnglish representative body of arch\u00e6ology, the Society of Antiquaries. I\nhope, at least, that this irrelevancy will give neither pain nor offence\nto any one, for nothing could be further from my wish or intention than\nsuch an effect. I have only wished to illustrate the necessity for an\naccurate description of what are really the original, subsequent, and\npresent significations of the words \"Esquire\" and \"Gentleman,\" and to\nurge that either some definite rule should be adopted as to their use in\nofficial {439} and semi-official cases, or else that they should be\ndiscontinued altogether.\n\nBROWN RAPPEE.\n\nApril 18.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nFIVE QUERIES.\n\n1. _Lines by Sir John Suckling._--Is Sir John Suckling, or Owen Feltham,\nthe real author of the poem whose first verse runs thus:\n\n  \"When, dearest, I but think on thee,\n  Methinks all things that lovely be\n  Are present, and my soul delighted;\n  For beauties that from worth arise,\n  Are like the grace of deities,\n  Still present with us though unsighted.\"\n\nI find it in the twelfth edition of Feltham's Works, 1709, p. 593., with\nthe following title:\n\n    \"This ensuing copy of the late Printer hath been pleased to\n    honour, by mistaking it among those of the most ingenious and\n    too early lost, Sir John Suckling.\"\n\nI find it also in the edition of Suckling's Works published at Dublin,\n1766. As I feel interested in all that relates to Suckling, I shall be\nglad to have the authorship of this short poem rightly assigned.\n\n2. What is the origin and exact meaning of the phrase \"Sleeveless\nerrand\"? It is mentioned as late even as the last century, by Swift, in\nhis poem entitled _Reasons for not building at Drapier's Hill_:\n\n  \"Who send my mind as I believe, less\n  Than others do on errands sleeveless.\"\n\n3. What is the origin and derivation of the word \"Trianon,\" the name of\nthe two palaces, Le Grand and Le Petit, at Versailles? and why was it\napplied to them?\n\n4. What is the correct blazon of the arms of _Godin_; with crest and\nmotto? I have seen an imperfect drawing of the arms, Party per fess, a\ngoblet transpierced with a dagger.\n\n5. Whose is the line,\n\n  \"With upward finger pointing to the sky.\"\n\nI have heard it generally referred to Goldsmith, but cannot find it.\n\nHENRY KERSLEY.\n\nCorpus Christi Hall, Maidstone, April 15. 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nQUERIES PROPOSED, NO. I.\n\nThe non-appearance of my name as a querist has been rather fortuitous,\nand it shall now be made evident that I am neither so rich in materials,\nnor so proud in spirit, as to decline such assistance as may be derived\nfrom the information and courtesy of other contributors to the \"Notes\nand Queries.\"\n\n1. Did the following critical remarks on Shakspere, by Edward Phillips,\nappear _verbatim_ in the _Thesaurus_ of J. Buchlerus, 1669?\n\nThe Bodleian library has the London edition of 1636; and the British\nMuseum that of 1652. Wood cites an edition of 1669. I transcribe from\nthat of 1679.\n\n    \"Hoc seculo [sc. temporibus Elizabetha regin\u00e6 et Jacobi regis]\n    floruerunt--Gulielmus Shacsperus, qui pr\u00e6ter opera dramatica,\n    duo poematia _Lucreti\u00e6 stuprum \u00e0 Tarquinio_, et _Amores Veneris\n    in Adonidem_, lyrica carmina nonnulla composuit; videtur fuisse,\n    siquis alius, re ver\u00e2 poeta natus. Samuel Daniel non obseurus\n    hujus \u00e6tatis poeta, etc....\n\n    Ex eis qui dramatic\u00e8 scripserunt, primas sibi vendicant\n    Shacsperus, Jonsonus et Fletcherus, quorum hic facund\u00e2 et polita\n    quadam familiaritate sermonis, ille erudito judicio et usu\n    veterum authorum, alter nativa quadam et poetica sublimitate\n    ingenii excelluisse videntur. Ante hos in hoc genere poeseos\n    apud nos eminuit nemo. Pauci quidem antea scripserunt, at parum\n    foeliciter; hos autem tanquam duces itineris plurimi saltem\n    \u00e6mulati sunt, inter quos pr\u00e6ter Sherleium, proximum \u00e0 supra\n    memorato triumviratu. Suclingium, Randolphium, Davenantium et\n    Carturitium--enumerandi veniunt Ric. Bromeus, Tho. Heivodus,\"\n    etc.\n\n2. What are the contents of a work entitled, [Old German script:\nSchaubune Englischer und Fran\u00dfofischer Com\u00e6dianten], printed before\n1671?\n\nThis work is recorded, but without a date, in the _Historia literaria_\nof Simon Paulli, which was printed at Strasbourg in 1671. A statement of\nits contents would be very acceptable to myself, and to other admirers\nof our early dramatic literature.\n\n3. Who is the fortunate possessor of the _Lives and characters of the\nEnglish dramatick poets_ with the marginal marks of Garrick?\n\nThe copy in question was sold with the unreserved books of Garrick in\n1823, No. 1269. It contained this note:\n\n    \"All the plays marked thus * in this catalogue, I bought of\n    Dodsley. Those marked thus O, I have added to the collection\n    since. D.G.\"\n\nEach of the above queries would have admitted further remarks, but I\nwish to set an example of obedience to the recent editorial injunction\non brevity.\n\nBOLTON CORNEY.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nMINOR QUERIES.\n\n_Elizabeth and Isabel._--\"A.C.\" inquires whether these names are not\nvaried forms of the same name, and if so, what is the common origin of\nthe two? Camden, in his _Remains_, has--\n\n    \"ELIZABETH, _Heb._ Peace of the Lord, or quiet rest of the Lord,\n    the which England has found verified in the most honoured name\n    of our late sovereign. Mantuan, playing with it maketh it\n    Eliza-bella; and of Isabel he says 'The same with Elizabeth, if\n    the Spaniards do not mistake, which always translate Elizabeth\n    into Isabel, and the French into Isabeau.'\" {440}\n\n\n_Howard, Earl of Surrey._--Dr. Percy is said, in Watt's _Bibliotheca\nBritannica_, to have prepared an edition of the poems of the Earl of\nSurrey, the whole impression of which was consumed in the fire which\ntook place in Mr. Nicholl's premises in 1808. Can any of your readers\nsay whether Dr. Percy had a copy of the sheets, and whether he had\nprefixed thereto any life of the Earl of Surrey? or did Sir Egerton\nBrydges ever print any account of Surrey amongst his numerous issues\nfrom the Lee or other presses?\n\nG.\n\n\n_Bulls called William._--In looking into the notes in my Provincial\nGlossary, I find that bulls are in Somersetshire invariably called\n_William_. Is this peculiar to that county?\n\nC.W.B.\n\n\n_Bawn.--Mutual._--In vol. iii. p. 506. of Hallam's _Constitutional\nHistory of England_, there occurs the following passage in reference to\nthe colonisation of Ulster in 1612, after Tyrone's rebellion:\n\n    \"Those who received 2000 acres were bound within four years to\n    build a castle and bawn, or strong court-yard; the second class\n    within two years to build a stone or brick house, with a bawn;\n    the third class a bawn only.\"\n\nWhat was the bawn, which was equally indispensable to the grantee of\n2000, 1500, or 1000 acres? Richardson variously describes the term as\nalmost any kind of dwelling, or \"an enclosure of walls to keep cattle\nfrom being stolen at night;\" in fact, a court-yard. This, however,\nconveys a very unsatisfactory idea, unless I am justified in supposing\nthat a court-yard was insisted upon, even when a house could not be\nbuilt, as insuring a future residential settlement, and thereby warding\noff the evils of absenteeism.\n\nAt page 514. of the same volume, I read,--\n\n    \"Wentworth had so balanced the protestant and recusant parties,\n    employed so skilfully the resources of fair promises and\n    intimidation, that he procured six subsidies to be granted\n    before a prorogation, without any _mutual_ concession from the\n    crown.\"\n\nWill Dr. Kennedy, or any other strict verbal critic, sanction this use\nof the word \"mutual?\"\n\nALFRED GATTY.\n\nApril 6. 1850.\n\n    [It is obvious, from the following lines from Swift's poem, _The\n    Grand Question debated whether Hamilton's Bawn should be turned\n    into a Barrack or Malt-house_, 1729, that a Bawn was there used\n    to signify a building, and not an inclosure:--\n\n      \"This _Hamilton's bawn_, while it sticks in my hand,\n      I lose by the house what I get by the land;\n      But how to dispose of it to the best bidder,\n      For a barrack or malt-house, we now must consider.\"\n\n    And in a foot-note on _Hamilton's bawn_, in the original\n    edition, it is described as \"a large old house, two miles from\n    Sir Arthur Acheson's seat.\"]\n\n\n_Versicle and Response._--What is the meaning of the following versicle\nand its response, which occur in both Morning and Evening Prayer?\n\n  \"Give peace in our time, O Lord,\n  Because there is none other that fighteth for us\n  but only thou, O God!\"\n\nSurely the \"because\" &c. is a _non sequitur_!\n\nALFRED GATTY.\n\nApril 6. 1850.\n\n    [In Palmer's _Origines Liturgice_, vol. i. p. 241. (2d edit.),\n    we find the following note on the response, \"_Quia_ non est\n    alius,\" &c.:--\"Brev. Eboracens. fol. 264.; Brev. Sarisb. fol.\n    85.\" Bishop Lloyd remarks on this verse and response as\n    follows:--\"I do not know what Burnet means by stating that this\n    response was made in the year 1549, on the occasion of political\n    occurrences, for this answer is found in all the foreign\n    breviaries, in the Salisbury primer, and in the primer of Hen.\n    VIII. See Burnet's _Hist. Ref._ p. ii. b. 1. anno 1549.\"]\n\n\n_Yeoman._--This word, the origin of which Dr. Johnson says is much\ndoubted, in the general acceptation of it meaning signifies a small\nfarmer; though several authorities quoted by Johnson tend to show it\nalso signifies a certain description of servants, and that it is applied\nalso to soldiers, as Yeoman of the Guard. It is not, however, confined\nto soldiers, for we hear of Yeoman of the Chamber; Yeoman of the Robes;\nYeoman of the Pantry; Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod.\n\nI should be glad if any of your readers can give an explanation of the\nword as used in the latter instances.\n\nP.R.A.\n\n\n_Pusan.--Iklynton Collar._--Among the royal orders issued on the\noccasion of the marriage of Henry VI., contained in the fifth volume of\nRymer's _F\u00e6dera_, p. 142., occurs the following:--\n\n    \"We wol and charge you, that ye deliver unto oure trusty and\n    well-beloved Squier, John Merston, keeper of our Jewell, a\n    _Pusan_ of golde, called _Iklynton colar_, garnished with iv\n    Rubies, &c., &c.\"\n\nWhat is the meaning and derivation of this word _Pusan_, and why called\n_Iklynton collar_?\n\nE.V.\n\n\n_Who was Lord Karinthon, murdered 1665?_--Can any of your readers inform\nme who was the English lord, murdered in France by his Flemish valet, in\nMarch, 1665, as stated in the following passage of Gui Patin's\n_Letters_, tom. iii. p. 519., ed. 1846:--\n\n    \"Hier, ce 18 Mars, je vis sur le pont Notre Dame, men\u00e9 \u00e0 la\n    Gr\u00e8ve, un certain m\u00e9chant malheureux coquin, natif de Flandre,\n    qui avoit poignard\u00e9 son ma\u00eetre dans Pontoise; c'\u00e9toit un\n    seigneur anglois, doint il vouloit avoir la bourse.... Ce\n    seigneur anglois qui fut poignard\u00e9 dans son lit avoit nom de\n    Milord Karinthon.... Dans le testament de ce bon mais malheureux\n    ma\u00eetre il se trouve qui'il donnoit \u00e0 ce pendard de valet 20,000\n    livres.\"\n\nC. {441}\n\n\n_Christian Captives._--Where can any information be obtained respecting\nthe Christian captives taken by the Barbary pirates--the subscriptions\nraised for their relief, by briefs, &c., and what became of the funds?\n\nR.W.B.\n\n\n_Ancient Churchyard Customs._--In an article in _The Ecclesiologist_ on\nchurchyards and churchyard crosses,--but not having the volume by me, I\nam unable to give an exact reference,--it is stated,\n\n    \"In them (churchyards) prayers are not now commonly poured forth\n    to God nor are doles distributed to His poor; the epitsphium is\n    no longer delivered from the steps of the churchyard cross, nor\n    does the solemn lamprophoria symbolize the life of the\n    deceased.\"\n\nI shall be much obliged for a fuller account of these ancient customs,\nmore particularly of the last two, and for notes of any allusions to\nthem in old books. I may say the same with reference to the following\nextract from the _Handbook of English Ecclesiology_, p. 190.:\n\n    \"Under this head may also be mentioned the _Funa'l_ or\n    _Deadlight_, which was lighted in some churchyards at night.\"\n\nSTOKE.\n\n\n_\"Rotten Row\" and \"Stockwell\" Street._--\"R.R.,\" of Glasgow, inquires the\netymology of these names, which, occurring both in Scotland and in\nEngland, and at a time when the countries were almost always at war,\nwould scarcely have been copied by the one from the other. He rejects,\nas of course, the etymology of the former from its passing by the\nbuildings which were old and \"rotten;\" neither does he favour the belief\nthat the original word was \"Routine\" Row, so called from the processions\nof the church passing in that direction.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nREPLIES.\n\nEARLY STATISTICS.--CHART, KENT.\n\n(No. 21. p. 329.)\n\nThe Registrar-General, in his Eighth Report, enters at length into the\ncauses which have brought about the variations in the number of\nmarriages, and consequently, as I need scarcely say, of births. In\ncomparing the marriage returns since 1754, which are given in the\nreport, with the history of events since that period, he certainly makes\nit clear, to use his own words, that \"The marriage returns in England\npoint out periods of prosperity little less distinctly than the funds\nmeasure the hopes and fears of the money-market.\" (p. 26. 8vo. edit.)\n\nAnd that\n\n    \"The great fluctuations in the marriages of England are the\n    results of peace after war, abundance after dearth, high wages\n    after want of employment, speculation after languid enterprise,\n    confidence after distrust, national triumphs after national\n    disasters.\" (p. 27.)\n\nDuring the civil wars, the diminishing influences indicated in the\nreverse of this statement were at work with an intensity unequalled in\nany other period of our modern history, so that there can be no doubt\nthat our then \"unhappy divisions\" did most materially retard the\nnumerical increase of the population, as well as the progress of science\nand the useful arts. Such is the inevitable consequence of war: of civil\nwar in a tenfold degree. And our parish register books, all of which I\ndoubt not show similar facts, place this in the most unfavourable light;\nfor, through the spread of nonconformity, the unsettled state of the\ntimes, and the substitution during the protectorate of the registration\nof births which might or might not be communicated to the elected parish\nregister, for that of baptisms which the parish priest would both\ncelebrate and register, the names of very many of those born into the\nworld would be altogether omitted from these records. It may be\ninteresting to show the effects of some of these causes by the subjoined\nextracts from the registers themselves, which I transcribe from the\n_Chronicon Mirabile_ of the late Sir Cuthbert Sharpe.--(Vide pp. 17. 18.\n22. 23. 70. 121. and 156.)\n\n    _Staindrop, Durham._--\"1644. From this time to 1646, through\n    want of a Minister, and carelessness of ye Cleark, during ye\n    wars, much of ye Register is lost, only here and there a name\n    registered.\"\n\n    \"1652. June 14. Mem. From this time till August there was noe\n    Minister, soe that ye children were carried to other parishes to\n    be baptized.\"\n\n    _St. Helen's Aukland, Durham_, A.D. 1633.--\"Mr. John Vaux, our\n    minister, was suspended.... Mr. Robert Cowper, of Durham, served\n    in his place, and left out divers christenings unrecorded, and\n    regestered others disorderly.\"\n\n    _Gainford, Durham._--\"Courteous Reader, this is to let thee\n    understand that many children were left unrecorded or\n    redgestered, but the reason and cause was this; some would and\n    some would not, being of a fickle condition, as the time was\n    then; this being their end and aim, to save a groate from the\n    poor Clarke, so they would rather have them unredgestered--but\n    now ... it is their design to have them redgestered.\"\n\n    _Lowestoft, Suffolk_, 1644 ... \"For some time following there\n    was in this Town neither Minister nor Clarke, but the\n    inhabitants were inforced to procure now one and then another to\n    baptize their children, by which means there was no Register\n    kept, only those few hereafter mentioned weare by myself\n    baptized in those intervalls when I enjoyed my freedom.\"\n\n    _Hexham, Northumberland_, c. 1655.--\"Note y't Mr. Will. Lister,\n    Minister of S't. John Lees in those distracted times, did both\n    marry and baptize all that made ther application to him, for\n    w'ch he was sometimes severely threatened by y'e souldiers, and\n    had once a cockt pistoll held to his breest, &c., so y't its no\n    wond'r y't y'e {442} Registers for these times are so imperfect,\n    and besides, they are extremely confused.\"\n\nIn the Preface to the _Enumeration Abstract of the Census of_ 1841, pp.\n34-37., your correspondent will find information and statistics relative\nto the estimated population of England and Wales, 1570-1750, compiled\nfrom the parish registers, and--\n\n    \"calculated on the supposition, that the registered baptisms,\n    burials, and marriages, on an average of three years, in 1570,\n    1600, 1630, 1670, 1700, and 1750, bore the same proportion to\n    the actual population as in the year 1801.\"\n\nFrom the Table, pp. 36, 37, it appears, that whilst the population\n(estimated) in the thirty years 1600-1630 increased upwards of 16\npercent., in the forty years 1630-1670 it increased a mere trifle over 3\nper cent. only. In no fewer than twenty English counties, the\npopulation, estimated as before, was absolutely less in 1670 than in\n1630; and in Kent, the county in which Chart is situate, the decrease is\nstriking: population of Kent in 1630, 189,212; in 1670, 167,398; in\n1700, 157,833; in 1750, 181,267; and in 1801, the enumerated population\nwas 307,624.\n\nYour correspondent might also find it useful to consult Sir William\nPetty's _Political Arithmetic_, the various documents compiled at the\ndifferent censuses, and the Reports of the Registrar-General.\n\nARUN.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPARISH REGISTER STATISTICS.--CHART, KENT.\n\nYour correspondent \"E.R.J.H.\" (No. 21. p. 330.) inquires whether any\ngeneral statistical returns, compiled from our early parish registers,\nhave been published. It must be a matter of regret to all who are\nacquainted with the value of these national records--which for extent\nand antiquity are unequalled in any other country--that this question\ncannot be answered affirmatively. By the exertions of the late Mr.\nRickman, their importance, in a statistical point of view, has been\nshown, but only to a very limited extent. In 1801, being entrusted with\nthe duty of collecting and arranging the returns of the first actual\nenumeration of the population, he obtained from the clergyman of each\nparish a statement of the number of baptisms and burials recorded in the\nregister book in every tenth year from 1700, and of marriages in every\nconsecutive year from 1754, when the Marriage Act of George II. took\neffect. The results were published with the census returns of 1801; but,\ninstead of each parish being separately shown, only the totals of the\nhundreds and similar county divisions, and of a few principal towns,\nwere given. In subsequent \"Parish Register Abstracts\" down to that of\n1841, the same meagre information has been afforded by an adherence to\nthis generalising system.\n\nIn 1836, with a view of forming an estimate of the probable population\nfor England and Wales at certain periods anterior to 1801, Mr. Rickman,\nacting upon the result of inquiries previously made respecting the\ncondition and earliest date of the register books in every parish,\napplied to the clergy for returns of the number of baptisms, burials,\nand marriages registered in three years at six irregular periods, viz.\nA.D. 1570, 1600, 1630, 1670, 1700, and 1750. The clergy, with their\naccustomed readiness to aid in any useful investigation, responded very\ngenerally to the application, and Mr. Rickman obtained nearly 3000\nreturns of the earliest date required (1570), and nearly 4000 (from not\nmuch less than half the parishes of England) as far back as 1600; those\nfor the more recent periods being tolerably complete from all the\ncounties. The interesting details thus collected have not been\npublished; nor am I able to say where the original returns, if still\nextant, are deposited. In pursuance of this design, however, Mr. Rickman\nproceeded with these materials to calculate the probable population of\nthe several counties on the supposition that the registered baptisms,\n&c., in 1570, 1600, and at the other assigned periods, bore the same\nproportion to the actual population as in 1801. The numerical results\nare embodied in a table which appears in the _Census Enumeration\nAbstract_ for 1841 (Preface, pp. 36, 37.), and it is stated that there\nis reason for supposing the estimate arrived at to be an approximation\nto the truth.\n\nDuring the Civil Wars and the Protectorate, few parochial registers were\nkept with any degree of accuracy; indeed, in many parishes they are\naltogether defective at that period, owing to the temporary expulsion of\nthe clergy from their benefices. It is not improbable, therefore, that\nthe remarkable decrease of baptismal entries in the register book of\nChart next Sutton Valence may have arisen partly from imperfect\nregistration, as well as from the other causes suggested. But the\ntrifling increase observable after the Restoration undoubtedly points to\nthe conclusion arrived at by your corespondent--that a great diminution\nhad taken place in the population of the parish: and Mr. Rickman's\nestimate above referred to gives a result for the entire county, which,\nif it does not fully establish the supposed decrease, shows at least\nthat the registers of other Kentish parishes were affected in a similar\nmanner. The following is the estimated population of Kent, deduced from\nthe baptisms, burials, and marriages, by Mr. Rickman:--\n\nA.D.       Population\n1570        136,710\n1600        161,236\n1630        189,212\n1670        167,398\n1700        157,833\n1750        181,267\n\nThe population enumerated in 1801 was 307,624, which had increased to\n548,337 in 1841.\n\nApplying the average of England to the parish {443} of Chart, the 120\nbaptisms in the years 1640-1659, if representing the actual births,\nwould indicate a population of about 200 during that period; while the\n246 entries in the previous twenty years would give upwards of 400\ninhabitants. According to the several censuses, Chart contained 381\npersons in 1801, and 424, 500, 610, 604, respectively, at the subsequent\ndecades.\n\nWhile on the subject of parish registers, I may add, that a scheme has\nbeen propounded by the Rev. E. Wyatt Edgell, in a paper read before the\nStatistical Society, for transcribing and printing in a convenient form\nthe whole of the extant parish register books of England and Wales, thus\nconcentrating those valuable records, and preserving, before it is too\nlate, their contents from the effects of time and accidental injuries.\nThe want of funds to defray the cost of copying and printing is the one\ngreat difficulty of the plan.\n\nJAMES T. HAMMACK.\n\nApril 2.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nEARLY STATISTICS.--PARISH REGISTERS.\n\nIn reference to the observations of your correspondent \"E.R.J.H.,\" he\nwill find, upon closer examination, that no comparison approaching to\naccuracy can be made between the population of any place at different\nperiods of the seventeenth century, founded upon the entries in parish\nregisters of baptisms, births, or marriages. In 1653 the ecclesiastical\nregisters ceased to contain much of the information they had before\ngiven. In that year was passed, \"An Act how Marriages shall be\nsolemnised and registered, and also for a Register of Births and\nBurials;\" which first introduced registers of births and not of\nbaptisms. The Act treated marriage as a civil contract, to be solemnised\nbefore a justice of the peace; and it directed that, for the entry of\nall marriages, and \"of all births of children, and burial of all sorts\nof people, within every parish,\" the rated inhabitants should choose \"an\nhonest and able person to be called 'The Parish Register,'\" sworn before\nand approved by a neighbouring magistrate. Until after the Restoration,\nthis Act was found practicable; and in many parishes these books\n(distinct from the clergyman's register of baptisms, &c., celebrated in\nthe church) continue to be fairly preserved. In such parishes, and in no\nothers, a correct comparative estimate of the population may be formed.\n\nThe value of the parochial registers for statistical and historical\npurposes cannot be overrated; and yet their great loss in very recent\ntimes is beyond all doubt. It was given in evidence before the committee\non registration, that out of seventy or eighty parishes for which\nBridges made collections a century since, thirteen of the old registers\nhave been lost, and three accidentally burnt. On a comparison of the\ndates of the Sussex registers, seen by Sir W. Burrell between 1770 and\n1780, and of those returned as the earliest in the population returns of\n1831, the old registers, in no less than twenty-nine parishes, had in\nthe interval disappeared; whilst, during the same half-century, nineteen\nold registers had found their way back to the proper repository. On\nsearching the MSS. in Skelton Castle, in Cleveland, a few years since,\nthe first register of that parish was discovered, and has been restored.\n\nThese changes show how great the danger is to which the old registers\nare exposed; and in many instances it saves time and trouble to search\nthe Bishop's transcripts before searching the original registers.\n\nWM. DURRANT COOPER.\n\n81. Guildford Street, March 25. 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBYRON'S LARA.\n\nI cannot agree with your able corespondent \"C.B.\" (No. 20. p. 324., and\nNo. 17. p. 262.), that Ezzelin in \"Lara\" is Seyd of the \"Corsair.\" My\ninterpretation of both tales is as follows:--Lara and Ezzelin both lived\nin youth where they afterwards met, viz. in a midland county of\nEngland--time about the fourteenth century. Ezzelin was a kinsman, or,\nmore probably, a lover of Medora, whom Lara induced to fly with him, and\nwho shared his corsair life. When Lara had returned home, the midnight\nscene in the gallery arose from some Frankenstein creation of his own\nbad conscience; a \"horrible shadow,\" an \"unreal mockery.\" Kaled was\nGulnare disguised as a page; and when Lara met Ezzelin at Otho's house,\nEzzelin's indignation arose from his recollection of Medora's abduction.\nOtho favours Ezzelin in this quarrel; and, when Kaled looks down upon\nthe \"sudden strife,\" and becomes deeply moved, her agitation was from\nseeing in Ezzelin the champion of Medora, her own rival in the\naffections of Lara. Ezzelin is murdered, probably by the contrivance of\nKaled, who had before shown that she could lend a hand in such an\naffair. After this, Lara collects a band, like what David gathered to\nhimself in the cave of Adullam, and what follows suits the medi\u00e6val\nperiod of English history.\n\nI will briefly quote in support of this view. Otho shows that Lara and\nEzzelin had both sprung from one spot, when he says,\n\n  \"I pledge myself for thee, as not unknown,\n   Though like Count Lara now return'd alone\n   From other lands, almost a stranger grown.\"\n\nThe 9th section of canto 1. is a description of Byron himself at\nNewstead (the two poems are merely vehicles of their authors' own\nfeelings), with the celebrated skull, since made into a drinking cup,\nbeside him. The succeeding section is a picture {444} of \"our own dear\nlake.\" That Medora was a gentlewoman, and not from the slave-market, is\nshown by Conrad's appreciation of her in the 12th section of the first\ncanto of the \"Corsair;\" and why not formerly beloved by Ezzelin, and\nthus alluded to by him in the quarrel scene?\n\n  \"And deem'st thou me unknown too? Gaze again!\n   At least thy memory was not given in vain,\n   Oh! never canst thou cancel half _her_ debt,\n   Eternity forbids thee to forget.\"\n\nThe accents, muttered in a foreign tongue by Lara, on recovering from\nhis swoon in the gallery,--\n\n               \"And meant to meet an ear\n  That hears him not--alas! that cannot hear\"--\n\nwere addressed, I think, to Medora; and I am only the more disposed to\nthis opinion by their effect on Kaled. (See canto 1. sec. 14.)\n\nI quite agree with \"EMDEE\" in esteeming \"Lara\" a magnificent poem.\n\nA.G.\n\nEcclesfield, March 18, 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nREPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.\n\n_Dr. Whichcot and Lord Shaftesbury._--Your correspondent \"C.\" (No. 24.\np. 382.) will find in the _Alumni Etonenses_, by Harwood, printed at\nBirmingham by Pearson, and by Caddell, jun., and Davies, Strand, 1797,\nat p. 46. in the account of Whichcot, under the head of \"Provosts of\nKing's College,\" the following passage:--\"A volume of his sermons was\npublished in 1628, from copies taken in short-hand as they were\ndelivered from the pulpit, with a preface by Lord Shaftesbury.\" In a MS.\naccount of the provosts it is stated, \"the first volume of his\ndiscourses, published by Lord Shaftesbury, 1698;\" and that one of his\nbrothers was alive in 1749, at Finchley, aged 96.\n\nA letter from Lord Lauderdale to Dr. Whichcot is in MS. Harl. 7045. p.\n473. I take the figures from a printed, but not published, account of\nsome of the proceedings relating to Dr. Whichcot's deprivation of his\nprovostship at the Restoration, in which Lord Lauderdale says, \"For I\ntook an opportunity, in the presence of my Lord Chamberlain, your\nChancellor, to acquaint his Majesty with those excellent endowments with\nwhich God hath blesst you, and which render you so worthie of the place\nyou enjoy, (which the King heard very graciously); afterwards he spoke\nwith my Lord Chamberlain about your concerns, and he and I are both of\nopinion there is no fear as to your concerns.\" Was Shaftesbury ever\nChancellor of Cambridge? or who was the Lord Chamberlain who at that\ntime was Chancellor of the university? I have no means of referring to\nany University History as to these points.\n\nCOLL. REGAL. SOCIUS.\n\n\n_Black Doll at Old Store Shops._--I asked you some time since the origin\nof the Black Doll at Old Store Shops; but you did not insert my Query,\nwhich curiously enough has since been alluded to by _Punch_, as a\nmystery only known to, or capable of being interpreted by, the editor of\n\"Notes and Queries.\"\n\nA.C.\n\n    [We are obliged to our correspondent and also to our witty\n    contemporary for this testimony to our omniscience, and show our\n    sense of their kindness by giving them two explanations. The\n    first is, the story which has been told of its originating with\n    a person who kept a house for the sale of toys and rags in\n    Norton Falgate some century since, to whom an old woman brought\n    a large bundle of rags for sale, with a desire that it might\n    remain unopened until she could call again to see it weighed.\n    Several weeks having elapsed without her re-appearance, the\n    ragman opened the bundle, and finding in it a _black doll_\n    neatly dressed, with a pair of gold ear-rings, hung it over his\n    door, for the purpose of its being owned by the woman who had\n    left it. The plan succeeded, and the woman, who had by means of\n    the black doll recovered her bundle of rags, presented it to the\n    dealer; and the story becoming known, the black doll was adopted\n    as the favourite sign of this class of shopkeepers. Such is the\n    romance of the black doll; the reality, we believe, will be\n    found in the fact, that cast-off clothes having been formerly\n    purchased by dealers in large quantities, for the purpose of\n    being resold to merchants, to be exchanged by them in traffic\n    with the uncivilised tribes, who, it is known, will barter any\n    thing for articles of finery,--a black doll, gaily dressed out,\n    was adopted as the sign of such dealers in old apparel.]\n\n\n_Journal of Sir William Beeston._--In reply to the inquiry of \"C.\" (No.\n25. p. 400), I can state that a journal of Sir William Beeston is now\npreserved in the British Museum (MS. Add. 12,424.), and was presented to\nthe national collection in 1842, by Charles Edward Long, Esq. It is a\nfolio volume, entirely autograph, and extends from Dec. 10, 1671, when\nBeeston was in command of the Assistance frigate in the West Indies, to\nJuly 21, 1673; then from July 6 to September 6, 1680, in a voyage from\nPort Royal to London; and from December 19, 1692, to March 9, 1692-3, in\nreturning from Portsmouth to Jamaica; and, lastly, from April 25 to June\n28, 1702, in coming home from Jamaica to England. By a note written by\nMr. Long on the fly-leaf of the volume, it appears that Sir William\nBeeston was baptized in Dec. 2, 1636, at Titchfield, co. Hants, and was\nthe second son of William Beeston, of Posbrooke, the same parish, by\nElizabeth, daughter of Arthur Bromfield. (See _Visit. C. 19. Coll.\nArm._) His elder brother, Henry, was Master of Winchester, and Warden of\nNew College; and his daughter and heir Jane married, first, Sir Thomas\nModyford, Bart., and, secondly, Charles Long, to whom she was a second\nwife. To this may be added, that Sir William received the honour of\nknighthood at Kensington, October 30, 1692, and was Governor of Jamaica\nfrom 1693 till 1700. In the Add. MS. {445} 12,430. is contained a\nnarrative, by Sir William Beeston, of the descent by the French on\nJamaica, in June, 1694; as also the copy of a Journal kept by Col.\nWilliam Beeston from his first coming to Jamaica, 1655-1680.\n\nM.\n\n\n_Shrew_ (No. 24. p. 381.).--I know not whether it will at all help the\ninquiry of \"W.R.F.\" to remind him that the local Dorsetshire name of the\nshrew-mouse is \"_shocrop_\" or \"_shrocrop_.\" The latter is the word given\nin Mr. Barnes's excellent _Glossary_, but I have just applied for its\nname to two labourers, and their pronunciation of it is clearly the\nformer.\n\nI should be glad to hear any conjecture as to the final syllable. The\nonly _folk-lore_ connected with it in this part of the country seems to\nbe that long ago reported by Pennant and others, viz. \"Cats will kill,\nbut not eat it.\"\n\nC.W.B.\n\n\n_Trunck Breeches._--\"X.Y.Z.\" (No. 24. p. 384) will also find the\nfollowing in Dryden's _Translation of Perseus_:--\n\n  \"There on the walls by Polynotu's hand,\n  The conquered Medians in _trunk_-breeches stand.\"\n\nCertainly a very free translation. See the original, Sat. 3. _Trunck_ is\nfrom the Latin _truncus_, cut short, maimed, imperfect. In the preface\nto _Johnson's Dictionary_ we have the following:--\n\n  \"The examples are too often injudicious _truncated_.\"\n\nVide also _Shaw, Museum Liverianum_, or rather examples given in\n_Richardson's Dictionary_. Shaw, in speaking of the feathers of certain\nbirds, says,\n\n    \"They appear as if cut off transversely towards their ends with\n    scissors. This is a mode of termination which in the language of\n    natural history is called _truncated_.\"\n\nThe word _trunck-hose_ is often met with.\n\nWREDJID KOOEZ.\n\n\n_Queen's Messengers._--\"J.U.G.G.,\" who inquires about Queen's messengers\n(No. 12. p. 186.), will, I think, find some such information as he wants\nin a parliamentary paper about King's messengers, printed by the House\nof Commons in 1845 or 1846, on the motion of Mr. Warburton. Something, I\nthink, also occurs on the subject in the Report of the Commons'\nCommittee of 1844 on the Opening of Letters in the Post-office. I am\nunable to refer to either of these documents at present.\n\nC.\n\n\n_Dissenting Ministers_ (No. 24. p. 383.).--The verses representing the\ndistinctive characteristics of many ministers, by allegorical\nresemblance to _flowers_, were written by the lady whose paternal name\nis given by your correspondent. She married the Rev. Joseph Brooksbank.\nI think it quite improbable that those verses were ever published. It\nseems that two of the three names mentioned in your description of this\n\"nosegay\" are erroneous. The first is indisputable, RICHARD WINTER, a\nman of distinguished excellence, who died in 1799. \"Hugh Washington\" is\ncertainly a mistake for HUGH WORTHINGTON; but for \"James Jouyce\" I can\noffer no conjecture.\n\nJ.P.S.\n\n\n_Ballad of \"The Wars in France\"_ (No. 20. p. 318.).--Your correspondent\n\"NEMO\" will find two versions of the ballad commencing,\n\n  \"As our king lay musing on his bed,\"\n\nin appendices 20 and 21 to Sir Harris Nicolas's _History of the Battle\nof Agincourt_, 2nd edit. They are not, I believe, in the first edition.\nI have a copy of the ballad myself, which I took down a few years ago,\ntogether with the quaint air to which it is sung, from the lips of an\nold miner in Derbyshire. My copy does not differ very much from the\nfirst of those given by Sir H. Nicolas.\n\nC.W.G.\n\n    [\"J.W.\" (Norwich), and \"A.R.\" (Kenilworth), have each kindly\n    sent us a copy of the ballad. \"F.M.\" informs us that it exists\n    as a broadside, printed and sold in Aldermary Church-yard, Bow\n    Lane, London, under the title of \"King Henry V., his Conquest of\n    France, in Revenge for the Affront offered him by the French\n    King, in sending him (instead of the tribute due) a ton of\n    tennis balls.\" And, lastly, the \"Rev. J.R. WREFORD\" has called\n    our attention to the fact that it is printed in the collection\n    of _Ancient Poems, Ballads, and Songs of the Peasantry of\n    England_, edited by Mr. Dixon for the Percy Society in 1846.\n\n    Mr. Dixon's version was taken down from the singing of an\n    eccentric character, known as the \"Skipton Minstrel,\" and who\n    used to sing it to the tune of \"_The Bold Pedlar and Robin\n    Hood_.\"]\n\n\n_Monody on the Death of Sir John Moore_ (No. 20. p. 320.).--This Query\nhas brought us a number of communications from \"A.G.,\" \"J.R.W.,\"\n\"G.W.B.,\" \"R.S.,\" and \"The Rev. L. COOPER,\" who writes as follows:--\n\n    \"The undoubted author is the late Rev. Charles Wolfe, a young\n    Irishman, curate of Donoughmore, diocese of Armagh, who died\n    1823, in the 32nd year of his age. His _Life and Remains_ were\n    edited by the Archdeacon of Clogher; and a _fifth_ edition of\n    the vol., which is an 8vo., was published in 1832 by Hamilton,\n    Adams, and Co., Paternoster Row. At the 25th page of the Memoir\n    there is the narration of an interesting discussion between Lord\n    Byron, Shelley, and others, as to the most perfect ode that had\n    ever been produced. Shelley contended for Coleridge's on\n    Switzerland; others named Campbell's Hohenlinden and Lord\n    Byron's Invocation in Manfred. But Lord Byron left the\n    dinner-table before the cloth was removed, and returned with a\n    magazine, from which he read this monody, which just then\n    appeared anonymously. After he had read it, he repeated the\n    third stanza, and pronounced it perfect, and especially the\n    lines:-- {446}\n\n      \"'But he lay like a warrior taking his rest,\n          With his martial cloak around him.'\n\n    \"'I should have taken the whole,' said Shelley, 'for a rough\n    sketch of Campbell's.'\n\n    \"'No,' replied Lord Byron, 'Campbell would have claimed it, had\n    it been his.'\n\n    \"The Memoir contains the fullest details on the subject of the\n    authorship, Mr. Wolfe's claim to which was also fully\n    established by the Rev. Dr. Miller, late Fellow of Trinity,\n    Dublin, and author of _Lectures on the Philosophy of Modern\n    History_.\"\n\n    [With regard to the French translation, professing to be a\n    monody on Lally Tollendal, and to be found in the Appendix to\n    his Memoirs, it was only a clever hoax from the ready pen of\n    Father Prout, and first appears in Bentley's _Miscellany_. No\n    greater proof of the inconvenience of faceti\u00e6 of this peculiar\n    nature can be required than the circumstance, that the\n    _fiction_, after a time, gets mistaken for a fact: and, as we\n    learn in the present case, the translation has been quoted in a\n    French newspaper as if it was really what it pretends to be.]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nIRON RAILINGS ROUND ST. PAUL'S.\n\nAs the removal of the iron railing which surrounds St. Paul's Churchyard\nis now said to be in contemplation, P.C.S.S. imagines that it may not be\nunacceptable to the readers of \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" if he transcribes\nthe following account of it from _Hasted's Kent_, vol. ii. p. 382, which\nis to be found in his description of the parish of Lamberhurst:--\n\n    \"It was called _Gloucester Furnace_ in honour of the Duke of\n    Gloucester, Queen Anne's son, who, in the year 1698, visited it\n    from Tunbridge Wells. The _iron rails_ round St. Paul's\n    Churchyard, in London, were cast at this furnace. They compose\n    the most magnificent balustrade, perhaps, in the universe, being\n    of the height of five feet six inches, in which there are, at\n    intervals, seven iron gates of beautiful workmanship, which,\n    together with the rails, weigh two hundred tons and eighty-one\n    pounds; the whole of which cost 6d. per pound, and with other\n    charges, amounted to the sum of 11,202_l._ 0_s._ 6_d._\"\n\nP.C.S.S.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMISCELLANEOUS.\n\nNOTES ON BOOKS, CATALOGUES, SALES, ETC.\n\nIf there was any ground, and we are inclined to believe there was, for\nthe objection urged by the judicious few against that interesting series\nof illustrations of English history, Lodge's _Illustrious Portraits_,\nnamely, that in engraving the portraits selected, truth had often times\nbeen sacrificed to effect; so that one had a better picture, though a\nless faithful copy,--such an objection cannot be urged against a work to\nwhich our attention has just been directed, Harding's _Historical\nPortraits_. In this endeavour to bring before us the men of past time,\neach \"in his habit as he lived,\" the scrupulous accuracy with which Mr.\nHarding copies an old portrait has been well seconded by the engravers,\nso that this work is unrivalled for the fidelity with which it exhibits,\nas by a Daguerrotype, copies in little of some very curious portraits of\nold-world worthies. The collection is limited in extent; but, as it\ncontains plates of individuals of whom no other engraving exists, will\nbe a treasure to illustrators of Clarendon, Granger, &c. Among the most\ninteresting subjects are _Henry VIII._ and _Charles V._, from the\nremarkable picture formerly at Strawberry Hill; _Sir Robert Dudley_, son\nof Elizabeth's favourite; _Lord Russel of Thornhaugh_, from the picture\nat Woburn; _Speaker Lenthall_; and the remarkable portrait of _Henry\nCarey Viscount Falkland_, dressed in white, painted by Van Somer, which\nsuggested to Horace Walpole his _Castle of Otranto_.\n\nMessrs. Sotheby and Co. will sell on Thursday next, a small but superb\ncollection of drawings by modern artists; and on the following Monday\nwill commence a six days' sale of the third portion of the important\nstock of prints of Messrs. Smith; comprising some of the works of the\nmost eminent engravers of the continental and English schools, including\na matchless collection of the works of the Master of Fontainebleau,\nengraver's proofs of book plates, and a few fine drawings.\n\nWe have received the following Catalogues:--J. Peteram's (94. High\nHolborn) Catalogue, Part CXI., No. 5. for 1850 of Old and New Books; and\nJ. Miller's (43. Chandos Street) Catalogue No. 5. for 1850 of Books Old\nand New.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES\n\nWANTED TO PURCHASE.\n\n(_In continuation of Lists in former Nos._)\n\nARNOT'S PHYSICS.--The gentleman who has a copy of this to dispose of, is\nrequested to send his address.\n\nJOLDERVY'S COLLECTION OF ENGLISH EPITAPHS, or any other.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS.\n\n_Although we have this week again enlarged_ NOTES AND QUERIES _from 16\nto 24 pages, in fulfilment of our promise to do so when the number and\nextent of our communications called for it, we have been compelled to\nomit many Notes, Queries, and Replies of great interest._\n\n_Our attention has been called by more than one of our earliest\ncontributors to the inconvenience of the single initial, which they had\noriginally adopted, being assumed by subsequent correspondents, who\nprobably had no idea that the_ A., B., _or_ C., _by which they thought\nto distinguish their communications, was already in use. Will our\nfriends avoid this in future by prefixing another letter or two to their\nfavourite_ A., B., _or_ C.\n\n_Errata._.--No. 25. p. 398. col. 2. line 44., for \"L.D.\" read \"L.R.\"; No\n26. p. 416. col. 2. line 52., for \"Beattie\" read \"Bentley\"; and the\nLatin Epigram, p. 422., should commence \"Long\u00e8\" instead of \"Longi,\" and\nbe subscribed \"T.D.\" instead of \"W. (1).\"\n\n       *       *       *       *       * {447}\n\nNEW WORKS.\n\nI. SOUTHEY'S LIFE and CORRESPONDENCE. Edited by his Son. Vol. IV. with\nPortrait of Miss Tyler, and Landscape. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d.\n\nII. ESSAYS SELECTED from CONTRIBUTIONS to the EDINBURGH REVIEW. By HENRY\nROGERS. 2 vols. 8vo. 24s.\n\nIII. A HISTORY of the ROMANS under the EMPIRE. By the Rev. CHARLES\nMERIVALE, B.D. Vols. I. and II. 8vo. 28s.\n\nIV. CRITICAL HISTORY of the LANGUAGE and LITERATURE of ANCIENT GREECE.\nBy Colonel WILLIAM MURE, M.P., of Caldwell. 3 vols. 8vo. 36s.\n\nV. Col. CHESNEY'S EXPEDITION to SURVEY the EUPHRATES and TIGRIS. With\nPlates and Woodcuts. Vols. I. and II. royal 8vo. Map, 63s.--Atlas of\nCharts, &c., 31s. 6d.\n\nVI. Mr. S. LAING'S NOTES of a TRAVELLER, 2nd Series:--On the SOCIAL and\nPOLITICAL STATE of the EUROPEAN PEOPLE in 1848 and 1849. 8vo. 14s.\n\nVII. Mr. W. C. TOWNSEND'S COLLECTION of MODERN STATE TRIALS. Revised and\nillustrated with Essays and Notes. 2 vols. 8vo. 30s.\n\nVIII. BANFIELD and WELD'S STATISTICAL COMPANION for 1850. Corrected and\nextended to the Present Time. Fcp. 8vo. 5s.\n\nIX. PRACTICAL HORSEMANSHIP. By HARRY HIEOVER. With 2 Plates--\"Going like\nWorkmen,\" and \"Going like Muffs.\" Fcap. 8vo. 5s.\n\nX. Mr. C. F. CLIFFE'S BOOK of NORTH WALES: a Guide for Tourists. With\nlarge Map and Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.\n\nXI. The MABINOGION. With Translations and Notes, by Lady CHARLOTTE\nGUEST. 3 vols. royal 8vo. with Facsimiles and Woodcuts, 3l.; calf, 3l.\n12s.; or in 7 Parts, 2l. 16s. sd.\n\nXII. JAMES MONTGOMERY'S POETICAL WORKS. New Edition, complete In One\nVolume, with Portrait and Vignette. Square crown 8vo., 10s. 6d.;\nmorocco, 21s.\n\nXIII. ALETHEIA; or, the Doom of Mythology: with other Poems. By WILLIAM\nCHARLES KENT. Fcap. 8vo. 7s. 6d.\n\nXIV. The EARLY CONFLICTS of CHRISTIANITY. By the Rev. Dr. W.I. KIP, M.A.\nAuthor of \"The Christmas Holydays in Rome.\" Fcp. 8vo. 5s.\n\nXV. A VOLUME OF SERMONS. By the Rev. JOSEPH SORTAIN, A.B., Minister of\nNorth-street Chapel, Brighton. 8vo. 12s.\n\nXVI. LOUDON'S ENCYCLOP\u00c6DIA of GARDENING. New Edition (1850), corrected\nand improved by Mrs. LOUDON, with 1000 Woodcuts. 8vo. 50s.\n\nAlso, part I. 5s. To be completed in 10 Monthly parts, 5s. each.\n\nXVII. Dr. REECES'S MEDICAL GUIDE. New Edition (1850), with Additions,\nrevised and corrected by the Author's Son. 8vo. 12s.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNEARLY READY.\n\nXVIII. Mr. A.K. JOHNSTON'S NEW DICTIONARY of DESCRIPTIVE and PHYSICAL\nGEOGRAPHY, forming a complete General Gazetteer. 8vo. (In May.)\n\nXIX. GOD and MAN. By the Rev. ROBERT MONTGOMERY, M.A., Author of \"The\nChristian Life,\" &c. 8vo.\n\nXX. LETTERS on HAPPINESS. By the Authoress of \"Letters to my Unknown\nFriends,\" &c Fcap. 8vo.\n\nXXI. HEALTH, DISEASE, and REMEDY FAMILIARLY and PRACTICALLY CONSIDERED\nin RELATION to the BLOOD. By Dr. GEORGE MOORE, Author of \"The Power of\nthe Soul over the Body,\" &c. Post 8vo.\n\nLondon: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN and LONGMANS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNEW BOOKS.\n\nI. A HISTORY of POTTERY and PORCELAIN, in the 16th, 17th, and 18th\nCenturies. By JOSEPH MARRYAT, Esq. Coloured Plates and Woodcuts. 8vo.\n(Just ready.)\n\nII. LIFE of ROBERT PLUMER WARD, Esq. With Selections from his Political\nand Literary Correspondence, Diaries, and Unpublished Remains. By the\nHon. EDMUND PHIPPS. Portrait. 2 vols. 8vo. (Next week.)\n\nIII. HANDBOOK of LONDON, Past and Present. By PETER CUNNINGHAM, F.S.A. A\nNew Edition, thoroughly revised, with an INDEX OF NAMES. One Volume.\nPost 8vo. 16s.\n\nIV. LIVES of VICE-ADMIRAL SIR C.V. PENROSE, K.C.B., and CAPT. JAMES\nTREVENEN. By their Nephew, Rev. JOHN PENROSE, M.A. Portraits. 8vo. 10s.\n6d.\n\nV. NINEVEH and its REMAINS; being a Narrative of Researches and\nDiscoveries amidst the Ruins of Assyria. With an Account of the Chaldeau\nChristians of Kurdistan; the Yezidis, or Devil-worshippers, and an\nInquiry into the Manners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians. By AUSTEN H.\nLAYARD, D.C.L. FOURTH EDITION. With 100 Plates and Woodcuts. 2 vols.\n8vo. 36s.\n\nVI. LIVES of the CHIEF JUSTICES of ENGLAND. From the Norman Conquest to\nthe Death of Lord Mansfield. By the Right Hon. LORD CHIEF JUSTICE\nCAMPBELL. 2 vols. 8vo., 30s.\n\nVII. HORACE. A NEW EDITION, beautifully printed, and illustrated by\nEngravings of Coins, Gems, Bas-reliefs, Statues, &c., taken chiefly from\nthe Antique. Edited, with a LIFE, BY Rev. H.H. MILMAN, Dean of St.\nPaul's. With 300 Vignettes. Crown 8vo.\n\n\"Not a page can be opened where the eye does not light upon some antique\ngem. Mythology, history, art, manners, topography, have all their\nfitting representatives. It is the highest praise to say, that the\ndesigns throughout add to the pleasure with which Horace is read. Many\nof them carry us back to the very portraitures from which the old poets\ndrew their inspirations.\"--_Classical Museum._\n\nJOHN MURRAY: Albemarle Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNUMISMATICS.--Mr. C.R. TAYLOR respectfully invites the attention of\nCollectors and others to his extensive Stock of ANCIENT and MODERN COINS\nand MEDALS, which will be found to be generally fine in condition, at\nprices unusually moderate. This collection includes a magnificent\nspecimen of the famous Decadrachm, or Medallion of Syracuse: the\nextremely rare Fifty-shilling piece and other Coins of Cromwell; many\nfine Proofs and Pattern Pieces of great rarity and interest; also, some\nchoice Cabinets, Numismatic works, &c. orders, however small, punctually\nattended to. Articles forwarded to any part of the Country for\ninspection, and every information desired promptly furnished,. Coins,\n&c., bought, sold, or exchanged; and Commissions faithfully executed.\nAddress, 2. Tavistock Street, Covent Garden.\n\n       *       *       *       *       * {448}\n\nENGLISH HISTORICAL PORTRAITS.\n\nTHIS SERIES OF PORTRAITS, ILLUSTRATIVE OF ENGLISH HISTORY, is engraved\nfrom highly-finished Drawings of ORIGINAL PICTURES, existing in various\nGalleries and Family Collections throughout the country, made with\nscrupulous accuracy by Mr. G.P. HARDING: the greater portion never\nhaving been previously engraved.\n\nM.M. HOLLOWAY, having purchased the whole of the impressions and plates,\nnow offers the Sets in a Folio Volume, bound in cloth, and including\nBiographical Letter-press to each subject, at the greatly reduced price\nof _\u00a3_2 12s. 6d., and _\u00a3_4 4s. 0d., for Proofs before Letters, of which\nbut 18 copies remain.\n\nThe Collection consists of the following Portraits:--\n\nKING HENRY VIII. and the EMPEROR CHARLES V., from the Original, formerly\nin the Strawberry Hill Gallery.\n\nQUEEN KATHARINE OF ARRAGON, from a Miniature by HOLBEIN, in the\npossession of the Duke of Buccleugh.\n\nSIR ANTHONY BROWNE, K.G., from the Original in the possession of Thomas\nBaylis, Esq., F.S.A.\n\nANTHONY BROWNE, VISCOUNT MONTAGUE, K.G., from the Collection of the\nMarquess of Exeter.\n\nEDWARD VERE, EARL OF OXFORD, from the Original Picture in the Collection\nof the Duke of Portland.\n\nSIR WILLIAM RUSSELL, BARON THORNHAUGH, LORD DEPUTY OF IRELAND, from the\nOriginal Picture in the Collection of the Duke of Bedford.\n\nWILLIAM CAMDEN, CLARENCEUX KING OF ARMS, from the Picture in the\npossession of the Earl of Clarendon.\n\nSIR ANTHONY SHIRLEY, AMBASSADOR FROM THE COURT OF PERSIA TO JAMES I.,\nfrom the Original Miniature by Peter Oliver.\n\nHENRY CAREY, LORD FALKLAND, LORD DEPUTY OF IRELAND, from the Original by\nVANSOMER, formerly in the Strawberry Hill Collection.\n\nSIR ROBERT DUDLEY, SON OF THE EARL OF LEICESTER, from the Original\nMiniature by N. HILLIARD, in the possession of Lord De l'Isle and\nDudley.\n\nTHE RIGHT HON. WILLIAM LENTHALL, SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, from a\nMiniature by J. COOPER, in the possession of R.S. Holford, Esq.\n\nMARGARET CAVENDISH, DUCHESS OF NEWCASTLE, from the Original Picture in\nthe Collection of F. Vernon Wentworth, Esq.\n\nSIR THOMAS BROWNE, M.D., of NORWICH, from an Original Picture in the\nCollege of Physicians, London.\n\nSIR CHARLES SCARBOROUGH, M.D., PHYSICIAN TO CHARLES II., JAMES II., and\nWILLIAM III., from the Original Picture in the Barber-Surgeons' Hall.\n\nFLORA MACDONALD, from the Original by A. RAMSAY, 1749, in the Picture\nGallery, Oxford.\n\nM.M. HOLLOWAY, 25. BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nOriginally published at 6l. 6s., now re-issued by WASHBOURNE, New Bridge\nStreet, in 12 vols. 8vo., at 3l. 3s.\n\nTHE COMPLETE WORKS OF VENERABLE BEDE,\n\nCollected and edited by the Rev. Dr. GILES, comprising the COMMENTARY ON\nHOLY SCRIPTURE, ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, HOMILIES, TRACTS, LETTERS,\nPOEMS, LIFE, &c. &c., in Latin and English.--Also,\n\nTHE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS AND LIFE OF BEDE,\n\nPublished at 3l. 3s., may, for a short period, be had at 1l. 11s. 6d.,\nin 6 vols. 8vo., cloth, lettered Contents.\n\nIt is intended to raise the price of these immediately on the disposal\nof a moiety of the small Stock now on hand.\n\n\"A new edition of Bede's Works is now published by Dr. Giles, who has\nmade a discovery amongst the MS. treasures which can scarcely fail of\npresenting the venerable Anglo-Saxon's Homilies in a far more\ntrustworthy form than the press has hitherto produced them.\"--_Soames's\nEdition of Mosheim's Note_, vol. ii. p 142.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPREPARING FOR PUBLICATION,\n\nWith the Sanction of the Society of Arts, and the Committee of the\nAncient and Medi\u00e6val Exhibition,\n\nA Description of the Works of Ancient and Medi\u00e6val Art\n\nCOLLECTED AT THE SOCIETY OF ARTS IN 1850; WITH HISTORICAL INTRODUCTIONS\nON THE VARIOUS ARTS, AND NOTICES OF THE ARTISTS.\n\nBy AUGUSTUS W. FRANKS, Honorary Secretary.\n\nThe Work will be handsomely printed in super-royal 8vo., and will be\namply illustrated with Wood Engravings by P.H. DE LA MOTTE.\n\nA LARGE PAPER EDITION will be printed if a sufficient number of\nSubscribers be obtained beforehand.\n\nGEORGE BELL, 186. FLEET STREET.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPrinted by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New\nStreet Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and\npublished by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St.\nDunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet\nStreet aforesaid.--Saturday, May 4. 1850.","title":"Notes and Queries, Number 27, May 4, 1850","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":21314}