{"collection":"scripture-revelation","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_15784/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_15784","id":"gutenberg_15784","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15784","summary":null,"tags":["Bible -- Chronology","Category: History - Ancient","History, Ancient -- Chronology"],"text":"Produced by Robert Shimmin, Keith Edkins and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team.\n\n\n\n\n\nTHE\nCHRONOLOGY\nOF\nANCIENT KINGDOMS\nAMENDED.\n\nTo which is Prefix'd,\n_A _SHORT CHRONICLE_ from the First\nMemory of Things in _Europe_, to the Conquest\nof _Persia_ by _Alexander_ the Great._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBy Sir _ISAAC NEWTON_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n_LONDON_:\n\nPrinted for J. TONSON in the _Strand_, and J. OSBORN\nand T. LONGMAN in _Pater-noster Row_.\n\nMDCCXXVIII.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTO THE\n\nQUEEN.\n\nMADAM,\n\n_As I could never hope to write any thing my self, worthy to be laid before\nYOUR MAJESTY; I think it a very great happiness, that it should be my lot\nto usher into the world, under Your Sacred Name, the last work of as great\na Genius as any Age ever produced: an Offering of such value in its self,\nas to be in no danger of suffering from the meanness of the hand that\npresents it._\n\n_The impartial and universal encouragement which YOUR MAJESTY has always\ngiven to Arts and Sciences, entitles You to the best returns the learned\nworld is able to make: And the many extraordinary Honours YOUR MAJESTY\nvouchsafed the Author of the following sheets, give You a just right to his\nProductions. These, above the rest, lay the most particular claim to Your\nRoyal Protection; For the _Chronology_ had never appeared in its present\nForm without YOUR MAJESTY's Influence; and the _Short Chronicle_, which\nprecedes it, is entirely owing to the Commands with which You were pleased\nto honour him, out of your singular Care for the education of the Royal\nIssue, and earnest desire to form their minds betimes, and lead them early\ninto the knowledge of Truth._\n\n_The Author has himself acquainted the Publick, that the following Treatise\nwas the fruit of his vacant hours, and the relief he sometimes had recourse\nto, when tired with his other studies. What an Idea does it raise of His\nabilities, to find that a Work of such labour and learning, as would have\nbeen a sufficient employment and glory for the whole life of another, was\nto him diversion only, and amusement! The Subject is in its nature\nincapable of that demonstration upon which his other writings are founded,\nbut his usual accuracy and judiciousness are here no less observable; And\nat the same time that he supports his suggestions, with all the authorities\nand proofs that the whole compass of Science can furnish, he offers them\nwith the greatest caution; And by a Modesty, that was natural to Him and\nalways accompanies such superior talents, sets a becoming example to\nothers, not to be too presumptuous in matters so remote and dark. Tho' the\nSubject be only _Chronology_, yet, as the mind of the Author abounded with\nthe most extensive variety of Knowledge, he frequently intersperses\nObservations of a different kind; and occasionally instills principles of\nVirtue and Humanity, which seem to have been always uppermost in his heart,\nand, as they were the Constant Rule of his actions, appear Remarkably in\nall his writings._\n\n_Here YOUR MAJESTY will see _Astronomy_, and a just Observation on the\ncourse of Nature, assisting other parts of Learning to illustrate\nAntiquity; and a Penetration and Sagacity peculiar to the great Author,\ndispelling that Mist, with which Fable and Error had darkened it; and will\nwith pleasure contemplate the first dawnings of Your favourite Arts and\nSciences, the noblest and most beneficial of which He alone carried farther\nin a few years, than all the most Learned who went before him, had been\nable to do in many Ages. Here too, MADAM, You will observe, that an\nAbhorrence of Idolatry and Persecution (the very essence and foundation of\nthat Religion, which makes so bright a part of YOUR MAJESTY's character)\nwas one of the _earliest Laws_ of the Divine Legislator, the _Morality of\nthe first Ages, and the primitive Religion of both Jews and Christians_;\nand, as the Author adds, _ought to be the standing Religion of all Nations;\nit being for the honour of God, and good of Mankind_. Nor will YOUR MAJESTY\nbe displeased to find his sentiments so agreeable to Your own, whilst he\ncondemns _all oppression_; and every kind of _cruelty, even to brute\nbeasts_; and, with so much warmth, inculcates _Mercy_, _Charity_, and the\nindispensable duty of _doing good_, and promoting the general _welfare of\nmankind_: Those great ends, for which Government was first instituted, and\nto which alone it is administred in this happy Nation, under a KING, who\ndistinguished himself early in opposition to the Tyranny which threatned\n_Europe_, and chuses to reign in the hearts of his subjects; Who, by his\ninnate Benevolence, and Paternal Affection to his People, establishes and\nconfirms all their Liberties; and, by his Valour and Magnanimity, guards\nand defends them._\n\n_That Sincerity and Openness of mind, which is the darling quality of this\nNation, is become more conspicuous, by being placed upon the Throne; And we\nsee, with Pride, OUR SOVEREIGN the most eminent for a Virtue, by which our\ncountry is so desirous to be distinguished. A Prince, whose views and heart\nare above all the mean arts of Disguise, is far out of the reach of any\ntemptation to Introduce Blindness and Ignorance. And, as HIS MAJESTY is, by\nhis incessant personal cares, dispensing Happiness at home, and Peace\nabroad; You, MADAM, lead us on by Your great Example to the most noble use\nof that Quiet and Ease, which we enjoy under His Administration, whilst all\nYour hours of leisure are employed in cultivating in Your Self That\nLearning, which You so warmly patronize in Others._\n\n_YOUR MAJESTY does not think the instructive Pursuit, an entertainment\nbelow Your exalted Station; and are Your Self a proof, that the abstruser\nparts of it are not beyond the reach of Your Sex. Nor does this Study end\nin barren speculation; It discovers itself in a steady attachment to true\nReligion; in Liberality, Beneficence, and all those amiable Virtues, which\nincrease and heighten the Felicities of a Throne, at the same time that\nthey bless All around it. Thus, MADAM, to enjoy, together with the highest\nstate of publick Splendor and Dignity all the retired Pleasures and\ndomestick Blessings of private life; is the perfection of human Wisdom, as\nwell as Happiness._\n\n_The good Effects of this Love of knowledge, will not stop with the present\nAge; It will diffuse its Influence with advantage to late Posterity: And\nwhat may we not anticipate in our minds for the Generations to come under a\nRoyal Progeny, so descended, so educated, and formed by such Patterns!_\n\n_The glorious Prospect gives us abundant reason to hope, that Liberty and\nLearning will be perpetuated together; and that the bright Examples of\nVirtue and Wisdom, set in this Reign by the Royal Patrons of Both, will be\ntransmitted with the Scepter to their Posterity, till this and the other\nWorks of Sir ISAAC NEWTON shall be forgot, and Time it self be no more:\nWhich is the most sincere and ardent wish of_\n\n_MADAM,_\n\nMay it please YOUR MAJESTY,\n\nYOUR MAJESTY's most obedient and most dutiful subject and servant,\n\n_John Conduitt_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTHE CONTENTS.\n\n_A Short Chronicle from the first Memory of Things in         page 1\n_Europe_, to the Conquest of _Persia_ by _Alexander_ the\nGreat._\n\nThe Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended.\n\nChap. I. _Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the_         p. 43\nGreeks_._\n\nChap. II. _Of the Empire of_ Egypt_._                         p. 191\n\nChap. III. _Of the_ Assyrian _Empire._                        p. 265\n\nChap. IV. _Of the two Contemporary Empires of the             p. 294\n_Babylonians_ and _Medes_._\n\nChap. V. _A Description of the Temple of _Solomon_._          p. 332\n\nChap. VI. _Of the Empire of the _Persians_._                  p. 347\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nAdvertisement.\n\n_Tho' _The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended_, was writ by the Author\nmany years since; yet he lately revis'd it, and was actually preparing it\nfor the Press at the time of his death. But _The Short Chronicle_ was never\nintended to be made public, and therefore was not so lately corrected by\nhim. To this the Reader must impute it, if he shall find any places where\n_the Short Chronicle_ does not accurately agree with the Dates assigned in\nthe larger Piece. The Sixth Chapter was not copied out with the other Five,\nwhich makes it doubtful whether he intended to print it: but being found\namong his Papers, and evidently appearing to be a Continuation of the same\nWork, and (as such) abridg'd in _the Short Chronicle_; it was thought\nproper to be added._\n\n_Had the _Great Author_ himself liv'd to publish this Work, there would\nhave been no occasion for this Advertisement; But as it is, the Reader is\ndesired to allow for such imperfections as are inseparable from Posthumous\nPieces; and, in so great a number of proper names, to excuse some errors of\nthe Press that have escaped._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nA SHORT\n\nCHRONICLE\n\nFROM THE\nFirst Memory of Things in _Europe_,\nTO THE\nConquest of _Persia_ by _Alexander_ the Great.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nThe INTRODUCTION.\n\nThe _Greek_ Antiquities are full of Poetical Fictions, because the _Greeks_\nwrote nothing in Prose, before the Conquest of _Asia_ by _Cyrus_ the\n_Persian_. Then _Pherecydes Scyrius_ and _Cadmus Milesius_ introduced the\nwriting in Prose. _Pherecydes Atheniensis_, about the end of the Reign of\n_Darius Hystaspis_, wrote of Antiquities, and digested his work by\nGenealogies, and was reckoned one of the best Genealogers. _Epimenides_ the\nHistorian proceeded also by Genealogies; and _Hellanicus_, who was twelve\nyears older than _Herodotus_, digested his History by the Ages or\nSuccessions of the Priestesses of _Juno Argiva_. Others digested theirs by\nthe Kings of the _Laced\u00e6monians_, or Archons of _Athens_. _Hippias_ the\n_Elean_, about thirty years before the fall of the _Persian_ Empire,\npublished a breviary or list of the Olympic Victors; and about ten years\nbefore the fall thereof, _Ephorus_ the disciple of _Isocrates_ formed a\nChronological History of _Greece_, beginning with the return of the\n_Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and ending with the siege of _Perinthus_,\nin the twentieth year of _Philip_ the father of _Alexander_ the great: But\nhe digested things by Generations, and the reckoning by Olympiads was not\nyet in use, nor doth it appear that the Reigns of Kings were yet set down\nby numbers of years. The _Arundelian_ marbles were composed sixty years\nafter the death of _Alexander_ the great (_An._ 4. _Olymp._ 128.) and yet\nmention not the Olympiads: But in the next Olympiad, _Tim\u00e6us Siculus_\npublished an history in several books down to his own times, according to\nthe Olympiads, comparing the Ephori, the Kings of _Sparta_, the Archons of\n_Athens_, and the Priestesses of _Argos_, with the Olympic Victors, so as\nto make the Olympiads, and the Genealogies and Successions of Kings,\nArchons, and Priestesses, and poetical histories suit with one another,\naccording to the best of his judgment. And where he left off, _Polybius_\nbegan and carried on the history.\n\nSo then a little after the death of _Alexander_ the great, they began to\nset down the Generations, Reigns and Successions, in numbers of years, and\nby putting Reigns and Successions equipollent to Generations, and three\nGenerations to an hundred or an hundred and twenty years (as appears by\ntheir Chronology) they have made the Antiquities of _Greece_ three or four\nhundred years older than the truth. And this was the original of the\nTechnical Chronology of the _Greeks_. _Eratosthenes_ wrote about an hundred\nyears after the death of _Alexander_ the great: He was followed by\n_Apollodorus_, and these two have been followed ever since by Chronologers.\n\nBut how uncertain their Chronology is, and how doubtful it was reputed by\nthe _Greeks_ of those times, may be understood by these passages of\n_Plutarch_. _Some reckon_, saith he, [1] Lycurgus _contemporary to\n_Iphitus_, and to have been his companion in ordering the Olympic\nfestivals: amongst whom was _Aristotle_ the Philosopher, arguing from the\nOlympic Disc, which had the name of _Lycurgus_ upon it. Others supputing\nthe times by the succession of the Kings of the _Laced\u00e6monians_, as\n_Eratosthenes_ and _Apollodorus_, affirm that he was not a few years older\nthan the first Olympiad._ First _Aristotle_ and some others made him as old\nas the first Olympiad; then _Eratosthenes_, _Apollodorus_, and some others\nmade him above an hundred years older: and in another place _Plutarch_ [2]\ntells us: _The congress of _Solon_ with _Croesus_, some think they can\nconfute by Chronology. But an history so illustrious, and verified by so\nmany witnesses, and (which is more) so agreeable to the manners of _Solon_,\nand so worthy of the greatness of his mind and of his wisdom, I cannot\npersuade my self to reject because of some Chronological Canons, as they\ncall them: which hundreds of authors correcting, have not yet been able to\nconstitute any thing certain, in which they could agree among themselves,\nabout repugnancies_. It seems the Chronologers had made the Legislature of\n_Solon_ too ancient to consist with that Congress.\n\nFor reconciling such repugnancies, Chronologers have sometimes doubled the\npersons of men. So when the Poets had changed _Io_ the daughter of\n_Inachus_ into the _Egyptian Isis_, Chronologers made her husband _Osiris_\nor _Bacchus_ and his mistress _Ariadne_ as old as _Io_, and so feigned that\nthere were two _Ariadnes_, one the mistress of _Bacchus_, and the other the\nmistress of _Theseus_, and two _Minos's_ their fathers, and a younger _Io_\nthe daughter of _Jasus_, writing _Jasus_ corruptly for _Inachus_. And so\nthey have made two _Pandions_, and two _Erechtheus's_, giving the name of\n_Erechthonius_ to the first; _Homer_ calls the first, _Erechtheus_: and by\nsuch corruptions they have exceedingly perplexed Ancient History.\n\nAnd as for the Chronology of the _Latines_, that is still more uncertain.\n_Plutarch_ represents great uncertainties in the Originals of _Rome_: and\nso doth _Servius_. The old records of the _Latines_ were burnt by the\n_Gauls_, sixty and four years before the death of _Alexander_ the great;\nand _Quintus Fabius Pictor_, the oldest historian of the _Latines_, lived\nan hundred years later than that King.\n\nIn Sacred History, the _Assyrian_ Empire began with _Pul_ and\n_Tiglathpilaser_, and lasted about 170 years. And accordingly _Herodotus_\nhath made _Semiramis_ only five generations, or about 166 years older than\n_Nitocris_, the mother of the last King of _Babylon_. But _Ctesias_ hath\nmade _Semiramis_ 1500 years older than _Nitocris_, and feigned a long\nseries of Kings of _Assyria_, whose names are not _Assyrian_, nor have any\naffinity with the _Assyrian_ names in Scripture.\n\nThe Priests of _Egypt_ told _Herodotus_, that _Menes_ built _Memphis_ and\nthe sumptuous temple of _Vulcan_, in that City: and that _Rhampsinitus_,\n_Moeris_, _Asychis_ and _Psammiticus_ added magnificent porticos to that\ntemple. And it is not likely that _Memphis_ could be famous, before\n_Homer_'s days who doth not mention it, or that a temple could be above two\nor three hundred years in building. The Reign of _Psammiticus_ began about\n655 years before Christ, and I place the founding of this temple by _Menes_\nabout 257 years earlier: but the Priests of _Egypt_ had so magnified their\nAntiquities before the days of _Herodotus_, as to tell him that from\n_Menes_ to _Moeris_ (who reigned 200 years before _Psammiticus_) there were\n330 Kings, whose Reigns took up as many Ages, that is eleven thousand\nyears, and had filled up the interval with feigned Kings, who had done\nnothing. And before the days of _Diodorus Siculus_ they had raised their\nAntiquities so much higher, as to place six, eight, or ten new Reigns of\nKings between those Kings, whom they had represented to _Herodotus_ to\nsucceed one another immediately.\n\nIn the Kingdom of _Sicyon_, Chronologers have split _Apis Epaphus_ or\n_Epopeus_ into two Kings, whom they call _Apis_ and _Epopeus_, and between\nthem have inserted eleven or twelve feigned names of Kings who did nothing,\nand thereby they have made its Founder _\u00c6gialeus_, three hundred years\nolder than his brother _Phoroneus_. Some have made the Kings of _Germany_\nas old as the Flood: and yet before the use of letters, the names and\nactions of men could scarce be remembred above eighty or an hundred years\nafter their deaths: and therefore I admit no Chronology of things done in\n_Europe_, above eighty years before _Cadmus_ brought letters into _Europe_;\nnone, of things done in _Germany_, before the rise of the _Roman_ Empire.\n\nNow since _Eratosthenes_ and _Apollodorus_ computed the times by the Reigns\nof the Kings of _Sparta_, and (as appears by their Chronology still\nfollowed) have made the seventeen Reigns of these Kings in both Races,\nbetween the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ and the Battel\nof _Thermopyl\u00e6_, take up _622_ years, which is after the rate of 36\u00bd years\nto a Reign, and yet a Race of seventeen Kings of that length is no where to\nbe met with in all true History, and Kings at a moderate reckoning Reign\nbut 18 or 20 years a-piece one with another: I have stated the time of the\nreturn of the _Heraclides_ by the last way of reckoning, placing it about\n340 years before the Battel of _Thermopyl\u00e6_. And making the Taking of\n_Troy_ eighty years older than that Return, according to _Thucydides_, and\nthe _Argonautic_ Expedition a Generation older than the _Trojan_ War, and\nthe Wars of _Sesostris_ in _Thrace_ and death of _Ino_ the daughter of\n_Cadmus_ a Generation older than that Expedition: I have drawn up the\nfollowing Chronological Table, so as to make Chronology suit with the\nCourse of Nature, with Astronomy, with Sacred History, with _Herodotus_ the\nFather of History, and with it self; without the many repugnancies\ncomplained of by _Plutarch_. I do not pretend to be exact to a year: there\nmay be Errors of five or ten years, and sometimes twenty, and not much\nabove.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nA SHORT\n\nCHRONICLE\n\nFROM THE\n_First Memory of things in _Europe_ to\nthe Conquest of _Persia_ by _Alexander_\nthe great._\n\n_The Times are set down in years before Christ._\n\nThe _Canaanites_ who fled from _Joshua_, retired in great numbers into\n_Egypt_, and there conquered _Timaus_, _Thamus_, or _Thammuz_ King of the\nlower _Egypt_, and reigned there under their Kings _Salatis_, _Boeon_,\n_Apachnas_, _Apophis_, _Janias_, _Assis_, &c. untill the days of _Eli_ and\n_Samuel_. They fed on flesh, and sacrificed men after the manner of the\n_Phoenicians_, and were called Shepherds by the _Egyptians_, who lived only\non the fruits of the earth, and abominated flesh-eaters. The upper parts of\n_Egypt_ were in those days under many Kings, Reigning at _Coptos_,\n_Thebes_, _This_, _Elephantis_, and other Places, which by conquering one\nanother grew by degrees into one Kingdom, over which _Misphragmuthosis_\nReigned in the days of _Eli_.\n\nIn the year before Christ 1125 _Mephres_ Reigned over the upper _Egypt_\nfrom _Syene_ to _Heliopolis_, and his Successor _Misphragmuthosis_ made a\nlasting war upon the Shepherds soon after, and caused many of them to fly\ninto _Palestine_, _Idum\u00e6a_, _Syria_, and _Libya_; and under _Lelex_,\n_\u00c6zeus_, _Inachus_, _Pelasgus_, _\u00c6olus_ the first, _Cecrops_, and other\nCaptains, into _Greece_. Before those days _Greece_ and all _Europe_ was\npeopled by wandring _Cimmerians_, and _Scythians_ from the backside of the\n_Euxine Sea_, who lived a rambling wild sort of life, like the _Tartars_ in\nthe northern parts of _Asia_. Of their Race was _Ogyges_, in whose days\nthese _Egyptian_ strangers came into _Greece_. The rest of the Shepherds\nwere shut up by _Misphragmuthosis_, in a part of the lower _Egypt_ called\n_Abaris_ or _Pelusium_.\n\nIn the year 1100 the _Philistims_, strengthned by the access of the\nShepherds, conquer _Israel_, and take the Ark. _Samuel_ judges _Israel_.\n\n1085. _H\u00e6mon_ the son of _Pelasgus_ Reigns in _Thessaly_.\n\n1080. _Lycaon_ the son of _Pelasgus_ builds _Lycosura_; _Phoroneus_ the son\nof _Inachus_, _Phoronicum_, afterwards called _Argos_; _\u00c6gialeus_ the\nbrother of _Phoroneus_ and son of _Inachus_, _\u00c6gialeum_, afterwards called\n_Sicyon_: and these were the oldest towns in _Peloponnesus_. 'Till then\nthey built only single houses scattered up and down in the fields. About\nthe same time _Cecrops_ built _Cecropia_ in _Attica_, afterwards called\n_Athens_; and _Eleusine_, the son of _Ogyges_, built _Eleusis_. And these\ntowns gave a beginning to the Kingdoms of the _Arcadians_, _Argives_,\n_Sicyons_, _Athenians_, _Eleusinians_, &c. _Deucalion_ flourishes.\n\n1070. _Amosis_, or _Tethmosis_, the successor of _Misphragmuthosis_,\nabolishes the _Phoenician_ custom in _Heliopolis_ of sacrificing men, and\ndrives the Shepherds out of _Abaris_. By their access the _Philistims_\nbecome so numerous, as to bring into the field against _Saul_ 30000\nchariots, 6000 horsemen, and people as the sand on the sea shore for\nmultitude. _Abas_, the father of _Acrisius_ and _Proetus_, comes from\n_Egypt_.\n\n1069. _Saul_ is made King of _Israel_, and by the hand of _Jonathan_ gets a\ngreat victory over the _Philistims_. _Eurotas_ the son of _Lelex_, and\n_Laced\u00e6mon_ who married _Sparta_ the daughter of _Eurotas_, Reign in\n_Laconia_, and build _Sparta_.\n\n1060. _Samuel_ dies.\n\n1059. _David_ made King.\n\n1048. The _Edomites_ are conquered and dispersed by _David_, and some of\nthem fly into _Egypt_ with their young King _Hadad_. Others fly to the\n_Persian Gulph_ with their Commander _Oannes_; and others from the _Red\nSea_ to the coast of the _Mediterranean_, and fortify _Azoth_ against\n_David_, and take _Zidon_; and the _Zidonians_ who fled from them build\n_Tyre_ and _Aradus_, and make _Abibalus_ King of _Tyre_. These _Edomites_\ncarry to all places their Arts and Sciences; amongst which were their\nNavigation, Astronomy, and Letters; for in _Idum\u00e6a_ they had Constellations\nand Letters before the days of _Job_, who mentions them: and there _Moses_\nlearnt to write the Law in a book. These _Edomites_ who fled to the\n_Mediterranean_, translating the word _Erythr\u00e6a_ into that of _Phoenicia_,\ngive the name of _Phoenicians_ to themselves, and that of _Phoenicia_ to\nall the sea-coasts of _Palestine_ from _Azoth_ to _Zidon_. And hence came\nthe tradition of the _Persians_, and of the _Phoenicians_ themselves,\nmentioned by _Herodotus_, that the _Phoenicians_ came originally from the\n_Red Sea_, and presently undertook long voyages on the _Mediterranean_.\n\n1047. _Acrisius_ marries _Eurydice_, the daughter of _Laced\u00e6mon_ and\n_Sparta_. The _Phoenician_ mariners who fled from the _Red Sea_, being used\nto long voyages for the sake of traffic, begin the like voyages on the\n_Mediterranean_ from _Zidon_; and sailing as far as _Greece_, carry away\n_Io_ the daughter of _Inachus_, who with other _Grecian_ women came to\ntheir ships to buy their merchandize. The _Greek Seas_ begin to be infested\nwith Pyrates.\n\n1046. The _Syrians_ of _Zobah_ and _Damascus_ are conquered by _David_.\n_Nyctimus_, the son of _Lycaon_, reigns in _Arcadia_. _Deucalion_ still\nalive.\n\n1045. Many of the _Phoenicians_ and _Syrians_ fleeing from _Zidon_ and from\n_David_, come under the conduct of _Cadmus_, _Cilix_, _Phoenix_,\n_Membliarius_, _Nycteus_, _Thasus_, _Atymnus_, and other Captains, into\n_Asia minor_, _Crete_, _Greece_, and _Libya_; and introduce Letters, Music,\nPoetry, the _Octaeteris_, Metals and their Fabrication, and other Arts,\nSciences and Customs of the _Phoenicians_. At this time _Cranaus_ the\nsuccessor of _Cecrops_ Reigned in _Attica_, and in his Reign and the\nbeginning of the Reign of _Nyctimus_, the _Greeks_ place the flood of\n_Deucalion_. This flood was succeeded by four Ages or Generations of men,\nin the first of which _Chiron_ the son of _Saturn_ and _Philyra_ was born,\nand the last of which according to _Hesiod_ ended with the _Trojan_ War;\nand so places the Destruction of _Troy_ four Generations or about 140 years\nlater than that flood, and the coming of _Cadmus_, reckoning with the\nancients three Generations to an hundred years. With these _Phoenicians_\ncame a sort of men skilled in the Religious Mysteries, Arts, and Sciences\nof _Phoenicia_, and settled in several places under the names of _Curetes_,\n_Corybantes_, _Telchines_, and _Id\u00e6i Dactyli_.\n\n1043. Hellen, the son of _Deucalion_, and father of _\u00c6olus_, _Xuthus_, and\n_Dorus_, flourishes.\n\n1035. _Erectheus_ Reigns in _Attica_. _\u00c6thlius_, the grandson of\n_Deucalion_ and father of _Endymion_, builds _Elis_. The _Id\u00e6i Dactyli_\nfind out Iron in mount _Ida_ in _Crete_, and work it into armour and iron\ntools, and thereby give a beginning to the trades of smiths and armourers\nin _Europe_; and by singing and dancing in their armour, and keeping time\nby striking upon one another's armour with their swords, they bring in\nMusic and Poetry; and at the same time they nurse up the _Cretan Jupiter_\nin a cave of the same mountain, dancing about him in their armour.\n\n1034. _Ammon_ Reigns in _Egypt_. He conquered _Libya_, and reduced that\npeople from a wandering savage life to a civil one, and taught them to lay\nup the fruits of the earth; and from him _Libya_ and the desert above it\nwere anciently called _Ammonia_. He was the first that built long and tall\nships with sails, and had a fleet of such ships on the _Red Sea_, and\nanother on the _Mediterranean_ at _Irasa_ in _Libya_. 'Till then they used\nsmall and round vessels of burden, invented on the _Red Sea_, and kept\nwithin sight of the shore. For enabling them to cross the seas without\nseeing the shore, the _Egyptians_ began in his days to observe the Stars:\nand from this beginning Astronomy and Sailing had their rise. Hitherto the\nLunisolar year had been in use: but this year being of an uncertain length,\nand so, unfit for Astronomy, in his days and in the days of his sons and\ngrandsons, by observing the Heliacal Risings and Setting of the Stars, they\nfound the length of the Solar year, and made it consist of five days more\nthan the twelve calendar months of the old Lunisolar year. _Creusa_ the\ndaughter of _Erechtheus_ marries _Xuthus_ the son of _Hellen_. _Erechtheus_\nhaving first celebrated the _Panathen\u00e6a_ joins horses to a chariot.\n_\u00c6gina_, the daughter of _Asopus_, and mother of _\u00c6acus_, born.\n\n1030. _Ceres_ a woman of _Sicily_, in seeking her daughter who was stolen,\ncomes into _Attica_, and there teaches the _Greeks_ to sow corn; for which\nBenefaction she was Deified after death. She first taught the Art to\n_Triptolemus_ the young son of _Celeus_ King of _Eleusis_.\n\n1028. _Oenotrus_ the youngest son of _Lycaon_, the _Janus_ of the\n_Latines_, led the first Colony of _Greeks_ into _Italy_, and there taught\nthem to build houses. _Perseus_ born.\n\n1020. _Arcas_, the son of _Callisto_ and grandson of _Lycaon_, and\n_Eumelus_ the first King of _Achaia_, receive bread-corn from\n_Triptolemus_.\n\n1019. _Solomon_ Reigns, and marries the daughter of _Ammon_, and by means\nof this affinity is supplied with horses from _Egypt_; and his merchants\nalso bring horses from thence for all the Kings of the _Hittites_ and\n_Syrians_: for horses came originally from _Libya_; and thence _Neptune_\nwas called _Equestris_. _Tantalus_ King of _Phrygia_ steals _Ganimede_ the\nson of _Tros_ King of _Troas_.\n\n1017. _Solomon_ by the assistance of the _Tyrians_ and _Aradians_, who had\nmariners among them acquainted with the _Red Sea_, sets out a fleet upon\nthat sea. Those assistants build new cities in the _Persian Gulph_, called\n_Tyre_ and _Aradus_.\n\n1015. The Temple of _Solomon_ is founded. _Minos_ Reigns in _Crete_\nexpelling his father _Asterius_, who flees into _Italy_, and becomes the\n_Saturn_ of the _Latines_. _Ammon_ takes _Gezer_ from the _Canaanites_, and\ngives it to his daughter, _Solomon's_ wife.\n\n1014. _Ammon_ places _Cepheus_ at _Joppa_.\n\n1010. _Sesac_ in the Reign of his father _Ammon_ invades _Arabia Foelix_,\nand sets up pillars at the mouth of the _Red Sea_. _Apis_, _Epaphus_ or\n_Epopeus_, the son of _Phroroneus_, and _Nycteus_ King of _Boeotia_, slain.\n_Lycus_ inherits the Kingdom of his brother _Nycteus_. _\u00c6tolus_ the son of\n_Endymion_ flies into the Country of the _Curetes_ in _Achaia_, and calls\nit _\u00c6tolia_; and of _Pronoe_ the daughter of _Phorbas_ begets _Pleuron_ and\n_Calydon_, who built cities in _\u00c6tolia_ called by their own names.\n_Antiopa_ the daughter of _Nycteus_ is sent home to _Lycus_ by _Lamedon_\nthe successor of _Apis_, and in the way brings forth _Amphion_ and\n_Zethus_.\n\n1008. _Sesac_, in the Reign of his father _Ammon_, invades _Afric_ and\n_Spain_, and sets up pillars in all his conquests, and particularly at the\nmouth of the _Mediterranean_, and returns home by the coast of _Gaul_ and\n_Italy_.\n\n1007. _Ceres_ being dead _Eumolpus_ institutes her Mysteries in _Eleusine_.\nThe Mysteries of _Rhea_ are instituted in _Phrygia_, in the city _Cybele_.\nAbout this time Temples begin to be built in _Greece_. _Hyagnis_ the\n_Phrygian_ invents the pipe. After the example of the common-council of the\nfive Lords of the _Philistims_, the _Greeks_ set up the _Amphictyonic_\nCouncil, first at _Thermopyl\u00e6_, by the influence of _Amphictyon_ the son of\n_Deucalion_; and a few years after at _Delphi_ by the influence of\n_Acrisius_. Among the cites, whose deputies met at _Thermopyl\u00e6_, I do not\nfind _Athens_, and therefore doubt whether _Amphictyon_ was King of that\ncity. If he was the son of _Deucalion_ and brother of _Hellen_, he and\n_Cranaus_ might Reign together in several parts of _Attica_. But I meet\nwith a later _Amphictyon_ who entertained the great _Bacchus_. This Council\nworshipped _Ceres_, and therefore was instituted after her death.\n\n1006. _Minos_ prepares a fleet, clears the _Greek_ seas of Pyrates, and\nsends Colonies to the Islands of the _Greeks_, some of which were not\ninhabited before. _Cecrops_ II. Reigns in _Attica_. _Caucon_ teaches the\nMysteries of _Ceres_ in _Messene_.\n\n1005. _Andromeda_ carried away from _Joppa_ by _Perseus_. _Pandion_ the\nbrother of _Cecrops_ II. Reigns in _Attica_. _Car_, the son of _Phoroneus_,\nbuilds a Temple to _Ceres_.\n\n1002. _Sesac_ Reigns in _Egypt_ and adorns _Thebes_, dedicating it to his\nfather _Ammon_ by the name of _No-Ammon_ or _Ammon-No_, that is the people\nor city of _Ammon_: whence the _Greeks_ called it _Diospolis_, the city of\n_Jupiter_. _Sesac_ also erected Temples and Oracles to his father in\n_Thebes_, _Ammonia_, and _Ethiopia_, and thereby caused his father to be\nworshipped as a God in those countries, and I think also in _Arabia\nFoelix_: and this was the original of the worship of _Jupiter Ammon_, and\nthe first mention of Oracles that I meet with in Prophane History. War\nbetween _Pandion_ and _Labdacus_ the grandson of _Cadmus_.\n\n994. _\u00c6geus_ Reigns in _Attica_.\n\n993. _Pelops_ the son of _Tantalus_ comes into _Peloponnesus_, marries\n_Hippodamia_ the granddaughter of _Acrisius_, takes _\u00c6tolia_ from _\u00c6tolus_\nthe son of _Endymion_, and by his riches grows potent.\n\n990. _Amphion_ and _Zethus_ slay _Lycus_, put _Laius_ the son of _Labdacus_\nto flight, and Reign in _Thebes_, and wall the city about.\n\n989. _D\u00e6dalus_ and his nephew _Talus_ invent the saw, the turning-lath, the\nwimble, the chip-ax, and other instruments of Carpenters and Joyners, and\nthereby give a beginning to those Arts in _Europe_. _D\u00e6dalus_ also invented\nthe making of Statues with their feet asunder, as if they walked.\n\n988. _Minos_ makes war upon the _Athenians_, for killing his son\n_Androgeus_. _\u00c6acus_ flourishes.\n\n987. _D\u00e6dalus_ kills his nephew _Talus_, and flies to _Minos_. A Priestess\nof _Jupiter Ammon_, being brought by _Phoenician_ merchants into _Greece_,\nsets up the Oracle of _Jupiter_ at _Dodona_. This gives a beginning to\nOracles in _Greece_: and by their dictates, the Worship of the Dead is\nevery where introduced.\n\n983. _Sisyphus_, the son of _\u00c6olus_ and grandson of _Hellen_, Reigns in\n_Corinth_, and some say that he built that city.\n\n980. _Laius_ recovers the Kingdom of _Thebes_. _Athamas_, the brother of\n_Sisyphus_ and father of _Phrixus_ and _Helle_, marries _Ino_ the daughter\nof _Cadmus_.\n\n979. _Rehoboam_ Reigns. _Thoas_ is sent from _Crete_ to _Lemnos_, Reigns\nthere in the city _Hephoestia_, and works in copper and iron.\n\n978. _Alcmena_ born of _Electryo_ the son of _Perseus_ and _Andromeda_, and\nof _Lysidice_ the daughter of _Pelops_.\n\n974. _Sesac_ spoils the Temple, and invades _Syria_ and _Persia_, setting\nup pillars in many places. _Jeroboam_, becoming subject to _Sesac_, sets up\nthe worship of the _Egyptian_ Gods in _Israel_.\n\n971. _Sesac_ invades _India_, and returns with triumph the next year but\none: whence _Trieterica Bacchi_. He sets up pillars on two mountains at the\nmouth of the river _Ganges_.\n\n968. _Theseus_ Reigns, having overcome the _Minotaur_, and soon after\nunites the twelve cities of _Attica_ under one government. _Sesac_, having\ncarried on his victories to _Mount Caucasus_, leaves his nephew\n_Prometheus_ there, and _\u00c6etes_ in _Colchis_.\n\n967. _Sesac_, passing over the _Hellespont_ conquers _Thrace_, kills\n_Lycurgus_ King thereof, and gives his Kingdom and one of his singing-women\nto _Oeagrus_ the father of _Orpheus_. _Sesac_ had in his army _Ethiopians_\ncommanded by _Pan_, and _Libyan_ women commanded by _Myrina_ or _Minerva_.\nIt was the custom of the _Ethiopians_ to dance when they were entring into\na battel, and from their skipping they were painted with goats feet in the\nform of Satyrs.\n\n966. _Thoas_, being made King of _Cyprus_ by _Sesac_, goes thither with his\nwife _Calycopis_, and leaves his daughter _Hypsipyle_ in _Lemnos_.\n\n965. _Sesac_ is baffled by the _Greeks_ and _Scythians_, loses many of his\nwomen with their Queen _Minerva_, composes the war, is received by\n_Amphiction_ at a feast, buries _Ariadne_, goes back through _Asia_ and\n_Syria_ into _Egypt_, with innumerable captives, among whom was _Tithonus_,\nthe son of _Laomedon_ King of _Troy_; and leaves his _Libyan Amazons_,\nunder _Marthesia_ and _Lampeto_, the successors of _Minerva_, at the river\n_Thermodon_. He left also in _Colchos_ Geographical Tables of all his\nconquests: And thence Geography had its rise. His singing-women were\ncelebrated in _Thrace_ by the name of the Muses. And the daughters of\n_Pierus_ a _Thracian_, imitating them, were celebrated by the same name.\n\n964. _Minos_, making war upon _Cocalus_ King of _Sicily_, is slain by him.\nHe was eminent for his Dominion, his Laws and his Justice: upon his\nsepulchre visited by _Pythagoras_, was this inscription, [Greek: TOU DIOS]\nthe Sepulchre of _Jupiter_. _Danaus_ with his daughters flying from his\nbrother _Egyptus_ (that is from _Sesac_) comes into _Greece_. _Sesac_ using\nthe advice of his Secretary _Thoth_, distributes _Egypt_ into xxxvi\n_Nomes_, and in every _Nome_ erects a Temple, and appoints the several\nGods, Festivals and Religions of the several _Nomes_. The Temples were the\nsepulchres of his great men, where they were to be buried and worshipped\nafter death, each in his own Temple, with ceremonies and festivals\nappointed by him; while He and his Queen, by the names of _Osiris_ and\n_Isis_, were to be worshipped in all _Egypt_. These were the Temples seen\nand described by _Lucian_ eleven hundred years after, to be of one and the\nsame age: and this was the original of the several _Nomes_ of _Egypt_, and\nof the several Gods and several Religions of those _Nomes_. _Sesac_ divided\nalso the land of _Egypt_ by measure amongst his soldiers, and thence\n_Geometry_ had its rise. _Hercules_ and _Eurystheus_ born.\n\n963. _Amphictyon_ brings the twelve Gods of _Egypt_ into _Greece_, and\nthese are the _Dii magni majorum gentium_, to whom the Earth and Planets\nand Elements are dedicated.\n\n962. _Phryxus_ and _Helle_ fly from their stepmother _Ino_ the daughter of\n_Cadmus_. _Helle_ is drowned in the _Hellespont_, so named from her, but\n_Phryxus_ arrived at _Colchos_.\n\n960. The war between the _Lapith\u00e6_ and the people of _Thessaly_ called\n_Centaurs_.\n\n958. _Oedipus_ kills his father _Laius_. _Sthenelus_ the son of _Perseus_\nReigns in _Mycene_.\n\n956. _Sesac_ is slain by his brother _Japetus_, who after death was deified\nin _Afric_ by the name of _Neptune_, and called _Typhon_ by the\n_Egyptians_. _Orus_ Reigns and routs the _Libyans_, who under the conduct\nof _Japetus_, and his Son _Ant\u00e6us_ or _Atlas_, invaded _Egypt_. _Sesac_\nfrom his making the river _Nile_ useful, by cutting channels from it to all\nthe cities of _Egypt_, was called by its names, _Sihor_ or _Siris_, _Nilus_\nand _Egyptus_. The _Greeks_ hearing the _Egyptians_ lament, _O Siris_ and\n_Bou Siris_, called him _Osiris_ and _Busiris_. The _Arabians_ from his\ngreat acts called him _Bacchus_, that is, the Great. The _Phrygians_ called\nhim _Ma-fors_ or _Mavors_, the valiant, and by contraction _Mars_. Because\nhe set up pillars in all his conquests, and his army in his father's Reign\nfought against the _Africans_ with clubs, he is painted with pillars and a\nclub: and this is that _Hercules_ who, according to _Cicero_, was born upon\nthe _Nile_, and according to _Eudoxus_, was slain by _Typhon_; and\naccording to _Diodorus_, was an _Egyptian_, and went over a great part of\nthe world, and set up the pillars in _Afric_. He seems to be also the\n_Belus_ who, according to _Diodorus_, led a Colony of _Egyptians_ to\n_Babylon_, and there instituted Priests called _Chaldeans_, who were free\nfrom taxes, and observed the stars, as in _Egypt_. Hitherto _Judah_ and\n_Israel_ laboured under great vexations, but henceforward _Asa_ King of\n_Judah_ had peace ten years.\n\n947. The _Ethiopians_ invade _Egypt_, and drown _Orus_ in the _Nile_.\nThereupon _Bubaste_ the sister of _Orus_ kills herself, by falling from the\ntop of an house, and their mother _Isis_ or _Astr\u00e6a_ goes mad: and thus\nended the Reign of the Gods of _Egypt_.\n\n946. _Zerah_ the _Ethiopian_ is overthrown by _Asa_. The people of the\nlower _Egypt_ make _Osarsiphus_ their King, and call in two hundred\nthousand _Jews_ and _Phoenicians_ against the _Ethiopians_. _Menes_ or\n_Amenophis_ the young son of _Zerah_ and _Cissia_ Reigns.\n\n944. The _Ethiopians_, under _Amenophis_, retire from the lower _Egypt_ and\nfortify _Memphis_ against _Osarsiphus_. And by these wars and the\n_Argonautic_ expedition, the great Empire of _Egypt_ breaks in pieces.\n_Eurystheus_ the son of _Sthenelus_ Reigns in _Mycen\u00e6_.\n\n943. _Evander_ and his mother _Carmenta_ carry Letters into _Italy_.\n\n942. _Orpheus_ Deifies the son of _Semele_ by the name of _Bacchus_, and\nappoints his Ceremonies.\n\n940. The great men of _Greece_, hearing of the civil wars and distractions\nof _Egypt_, resolve to send an embassy to the nations, upon the _Euxine_\nand _Mediterranean_ Seas, subject to that Empire, and for that end order\nthe building of the ship _Argo_.\n\n939. The ship _Argo_ is built after the pattern of the long ship in which\n_Danaus_ came into _Greece_: and this was the first long ship built by the\n_Greeks_. _Chiron_, who was born in the Golden Age, forms the\nConstellations for the use of the _Argonauts_; and places the Solstitial\nand Equinoctial Points in the fifteenth degrees or middles of the\nConstellations of _Cancer_, _Chel\u00e6_, _Capricorn_, and _Aries_. _Meton_ in\nthe year of _Nabonassar_ 316, observed the Summer Solstice in the eighth\ndegree of _Cancer_, and therefore the Solstice had then gone back seven\ndegrees. It goes back one degree in about seventytwo years, and seven\ndegrees in about 504 years. Count these years back from the year of\n_Nabonassar_ 316, and they will place the _Argonautic_ expedition about 936\nyears before _Christ_. _Gingris_ the son of _Thoas_ slain, and Deified by\nthe name of _Adonis_.\n\n938. _Theseus_, being fifty years old, steals _Helena_ then seven years\nold. _Pirithous_ the son of _Ixion_, endeavouring to steal _Persephone_ the\ndaughter of _Orcus_ King of the _Molossians_, is slain by the Dog of\n_Orcus_; and his companion _Theseus_ is taken and imprisoned. _Helena_ is\nset at liberty by her brothers.\n\n937. The _Argonautic_ expedition. _Prometheus_ leaves _Mount Caucasus_,\nbeing set at liberty by _Hercules_. _Laomedon_ King of _Troy_ is slain by\n_Hercules_. _Priam_ succeeds him. _Talus_ a brazen man, of the Brazen Age,\nthe son of _Minos_, is slain by the _Argonauts_. _\u00c6sculapius_ and\n_Hercules_ were _Argonauts_, and _Hippocrates_ was the eighteenth from\n_\u00c6sculapius_ by the father's side, and the nineteenth from _Hercules_ by\nthe mother's side; and because these generations, being noted in history,\nwere most probably by the chief of the family, and for the most part by the\neldest sons; we may reckon 28 or at the most 30 years to a generation: and\nthus the seventeen intervals by the father's side and eighteen by the\nmother's, will at a middle reckoning amount unto about 507 years; which\nbeing counted backwards from the beginning of the _Peloponnesian_ war, at\nwhich time _Hippocrates_ began to flourish, will reach up to the time where\nwe have placed the _Argonautic_ expedition.\n\n936. _Theseus_ is set at liberty by _Hercules_.\n\n934. The hunting of the _Calydonian_ boar slain by _Meleager_.\n\n930. _Amenophis_, with an army out of _Ethiopia_ and _Thebais_, invades the\nlower _Egypt_, conquers _Osarsiphus_, and drives out the _Jews_ and\n_Canaanites_: and this is reckoned the second expulsion of the Shepherds.\n_Calycopis_ dies, and is Deified by _Thoas_ with Temples at _Paphos_ and\n_Amathus_ in _Cyprus_, and at _Byblus_ in _Syria_, and with Priests and\nsacred Rites, and becomes the _Venus_ of the ancients, and the _Dea Cypria_\nand _Dea Syria_. And from these and other places where Temples were erected\nto her, she was also called _Paphia_, _Amathusia_, _Byblia_, _Cytherea_,\n_Salaminia_, _Cnidia_, _Erycina_, _Idalia_, &c. And her three waiting-women\nbecame the three Graces.\n\n928. The war of the seven Captains against _Thebes_.\n\n927. _Hercules_ and _\u00c6sculapius_ are Deified. _Eurystheus_ drives the\n_Heraclides_ out of _Peloponnesus_. He is slain by _Hyllus_ the son of\n_Hercules_. _Atreus_ the son of _Pelops_ succeeds him in the Kingdom of\n_Mycen\u00e6_. _Menestheus_, the great grandson of _Erechtheus_, Reigns at\n_Athens_.\n\n925. _Theseus_ is slain, being cast down from a rock.\n\n924. _Hyllus_ invading _Peloponnesus_ is slain by _Echemus_.\n\n919. _Atreus_ dies. _Agamemnon_ Reigns. In the absence of _Menelaus_, who\nwent to look after what his father _Atreus_ had left to him, _Paris_ steals\n_Helena_.\n\n918. The second war against _Thebes_.\n\n912. _Thoas_, King of _Cyprus_ and part of _Phoenicia_ dies; and for making\narmour for the Kings of _Egypt_; is Deified with a sumptuous Temple at\n_Memphis_ by the name of _Baal Canaan_, _Vulcan_. This Temple was said to\nbe built by _Menes_, the first King of _Egypt_ who reigned next after the\nGods, that is, by _Menoph_ or _Amenophis_ who reigned next after the death\nof _Osiris_, _Isis_, _Orus_, _Bubaste_ and _Thoth_. The city, _Memphis_ was\nalso said to be built by _Menes_; he began to build it when he fortified it\nagainst _Osarsiphus_. And from him it was called _Menoph_, _Moph_, _Noph_,\n&c; and is to this day called _Menuf_ by the _Arabians_. And therefore\n_Menes_ who built the city and temple Was _Menoph_ or _Amenophis_. The\nPriests of _Egypt_ at length made this temple above a thousand years older\nthen _Amenophis_, and some of them five or ten thousand years older: but it\ncould not be above two or three hundred years older than the Reign of\n_Psammiticus_ who finished it, and died 614 years before _Christ_. When\n_Menoph_ or _Menes_ built the city, he built a bridge there over the\n_Nile_: a work too great to be older than the Monarchy of _Egypt_.\n\n909. _Amenophis_, called _Memnon_ by the _Greeks_, built the _Memnonia_ at\n_Susa_, whilst _Egypt_ was under the government of _Proteus_ his Viceroy.\n\n904. _Troy_ taken. _Amenophis_ was still at _Susa_; the _Greeks_ feigning\nthat he came from thence to the _Trojan_ war.\n\n903. _Demophoon_, the son of _Theseus_ by _Phoedra_ the daughter of\n_Minos_, Reigns at _Athens_.\n\n901. _Amenophis_ builds small Pyramids in _Cochome_.\n\n896. _Ulysses_ leaves _Calypso_ in the Island _Ogygie_ (perhaps _Cadis_ or\n_Cales_.) She was the daughter of _Atlas_, according to _Homer_. The\nancients at length feigned that this Island, (which from _Atlas_ they\ncalled _Atlantis_) had been as big as all _Europe_, _Africa_ and _Asia_,\nbut was sunk into the Sea.\n\n895. _Teucer_ builds _Salamis_ in _Cyprus_. _Hadad_ or _Benhadad_ King of\n_Syria_ dies, and is Deified at _Damascus_ with a Temple and Ceremonies.\n\n887. _Amenophis_ dies, and is succeeded by his son _Ramesses_ or\n_Rhampsinitus_, who builds the western Portico of the Temple of _Vulcan_.\nThe _Egyptians_ dedicated to _Osiris_, _Isis_, _Orus_ senior, _Typhon_, and\n_Nephthe_ the sister and wife of _Typhon_, the five days added by the\n_Egyptians_ to the twelve Calendar months of the old Luni-solar year, and\nsaid that they were added when these five Princes were born. They were\ntherefore added in the Reign of _Ammon_ the father of these five Princes:\nbut this year was scarce brought into common use before the Reign of\n_Amenophis_: for in his Temple or Sepulchre at _Abydus_, they placed a\nCircle of 365 cubits in compass, covered on the upper side with a plate of\ngold, and divided into 365 equal parts, to represent all the days of the\nyear; every part having the day of the year, and the Heliacal Risings and\nSettings of the Stars on that day, noted upon it. And this Circle remained\nthere 'till _Cambyses_ spoiled the temples of _Egypt_: and from this\nmonument I collect that it was _Amenophis_ who established this year,\nfixing the beginning thereof to one of the four Cardinal Points of the\nheavens. For had not the beginning thereof been now fixed, the Heliacal\nRisings and Settings of the Stars could not have been noted upon the days\nthereof. The Priests of _Egypt_ therefore in the Reign of _Amenophis_\ncontinued to observe the Heliacal Risings and Settings of the Stars upon\nevery day. And when by the Sun's Meridional Altitudes they had found the\nSolstices and Equinoxes according to the Sun's mean motion, his Equation\nbeing not yet known, they fixed the beginning of this year to the Vernal\nEquinox, and in memory thereof erected this monument. Now this year being\ncarried into _Chald\u00e6a_, the _Chald\u00e6ans_ began their year of _Nabonassar_ on\nthe same _Thoth_ with the _Egyptians_, and made it of the same length. And\nthe _Thoth_ of the first year of _Nabonassar_ fell upon the 26th day of\n_February_: which was 33 days and five hours before the Vernal Equinox,\naccording to the Sun's mean motion. And the _Thoth_ of this year moves\nbackwards 33 days and five hours in 137 years, and therefore fell upon the\nVernal Equinox 137 years before the _\u00c6ra_ of _Nabonassar_ began; that is,\n884 years before _Christ_. And if it began upon the day next after the\nVernal Equinox, it might begin three or four years earlier; and there we\nmay place the death of this King. The _Greeks_ feigned that he was the Son\nof _Tithonus_, and therefore he was born after the return of _Sesac_ into\n_Egypt_, with _Tithonus_ and other captives, and so might be about 70 or 75\nyears old at his death.\n\n883. _Dido_ builds _Carthage_, and the _Phoenicians_ begin presently after\nto sail as far as to the _Straights Mouth_, and beyond. _\u00c6neas_ was still\nalive, according to _Virgil_.\n\n870. _Hesiod_ flourishes. He hath told us himself that he lived in the age\nnext after the wars of _Thebes_ and _Troy_, and that this age should end\nwhen the men then living grew hoary and dropt into the grave; and therefore\nit was but of an ordinary length: and _Herodotus_ has told us that _Hesiod_\nand _Homer_ were but 400 years older than himself. Whence it follows that\nthe destruction of _Troy_ was not older than we have represented it.\n\n860. _Moeris_ Reigns in _Egypt_. He adorned _Memphis_, and translated the\nseat of his Empire thither from _Thebes_. There he built the famous\nLabyrinth, and the northern portico of the Temple of _Vulcan_, and dug the\ngreat Lake called the Lake of _Moeris_, and upon the bottom of it built two\ngreat Pyramids of brick: and these things being not mentioned by _Homer_ or\n_Hesiod_, were unknown to them, and done after their days. _Moeris_ wrote\nalso a book of Geometry.\n\n852. _Hazael_ the successor of _Hadad_ at _Damascus_ dies and is Deified,\nas was _Hadad_ before: and these Gods, together with _Arathes_ the wife of\n_Hadad_, were worshipt in their Sepulchres or Temples, 'till the days of\n_Josephus_ the _Jew_; and the _Syrians_ boasted their antiquity, not\nknowing, saith _Josephus_, that they were novel.\n\n844. The _\u00c6olic_ Migration. _Boeotia_, formerly called _Cadmeis_, is seized\nby the _Boeotians_.\n\n838. _Cheops_ Reigns in _Egypt_. He built the greatest Pyramid for his\nsepulchre, and forbad the worship of the former Kings; intending to have\nbeen worshipped himself.\n\n825. The _Heraclides_, after three Generations, or an hundred years,\nreckoned from their former expedition, return into _Peloponnesus_.\nHenceforward, to the end of the first _Messenian_ war, reigned ten Kings of\n_Sparta_ by one Race, and nine by another; ten of _Messene_, and nine of\n_Arcadia_: which, by reckoning (according to the ordinary course of nature)\nabout twenty years to a Reign, one Reign with another, will take up about\n190 years. And the seven Reigns more in one of the two Races of the Kings\nof _Sparta_, and eight in the other, to the battle at _Thermopyl\u00e6_; may\ntake up 150 years more: and so place the return of the _Heraclides_, about\n820 years before _Christ_.\n\n824. _Cephren_ Reigns in _Egypt_, and builds another great Pyramid.\n\n808. _Mycerinus_ Reigns there, and begins the third great Pyramid. He shut\nup the body of his daughter in a hollow ox, and caused her to be worshipped\ndaily with odours.\n\n804. The war, between the _Athenians_ and _Spartans_, in which _Codrus_,\nKing of the _Athenians_, is slain.\n\n801. _Nitocris_, the sister of _Mycerinus_, succeeds him, and finishes the\nthird great Pyramid.\n\n794. The _Ionic_ Migration, under the conduct of the sons of _Codrus_.\n\n790. _Pul_ founds the _Assyrian_ Empire.\n\n788. _Asychis_ Reigns in _Egypt_, and builds the eastern Portico of the\nTemple of _Vulcan_ very splendidly; and a large Pyramid of brick, made of\nmud dug out of the Lake of _Moeris_. _Egypt_ breaks into several Kingdoms.\n_Gnephactus_ and _Bocchoris_ Reign successively in the upper _Egypt_;\n_Stephanathis_; _Necepsos_ and _Nechus_, at _Sais_; _Anysis_ or _Amosis_,\nat _Anysis_ or _Hanes_; and _Tacellotis_, at _Bubaste_.\n\n776. _Iphitus_ restores the Olympiads. And from this _\u00c6ra_ the Olympiads\nare now reckoned. _Gnephactus_ Reigns at _Memphis_.\n\n772. _Necepsos_ and _Petosiris_ invent Astrology in _Egypt_.\n\n760. _Semiramis_ begins to flourish; _Sanchoniatho_ writes.\n\n751. _Sabacon_ the _Ethiopian_, invades _Egypt_, now divided into various\nKingdoms, burns _Bocchoris_, slays _Nechus_, and makes _Anysis_ fly.\n\n747. _Pul_, King of _Assyria_, dies, and is succeeded at _Nineveh_ by\n_Tiglathpilasser_, and at _Babylon_ by _Nabonassar_. The _Egyptians_, who\nfled from _Sabacon_, carry their Astrology and Astronomy to _Babylon_, and\nfound the _\u00c6ra_ of _Nabonassar_ in _Egyptian_ years.\n\n740. _Tiglathpilasser_, King of _Assyria_, takes _Damascus_, and captivates\nthe _Syrians_.\n\n729. _Tiglathpilasser_ is succeeded by _Salmanasser_.\n\n721. _Salmanasser_, King of _Assyria_, carries the Ten Tribes into\ncaptivity.\n\n719. _Sennacherib_ Reigns over _Assyria_. _Archias_ the son of _Evagetus_,\nof the stock of _Hercules_, leads a Colony from _Corinth_ into _Sicily_,\nand builds _Syracuse_.\n\n717. _Tirhakah_ Reigns in _Ethiopia_.\n\n714. _Sennacherib_ is put to flight by the _Ethiopians_ and _Egyptians_,\nwith great slaughter.\n\n711. The _Medes_ revolt from the _Assyrians_. _Sennacherib_ slain.\n_Asserhadon_ succeeds him. This is that _Asserhadon-Pul_, or\n_Sardanapalus_, the son of _Anacyndaraxis_, or _Sennacherib_, who built\n_Tarsus_ and _Anchiale_ in one day.\n\n710. _Lycurgus_, brings the poems of _Homer_ out of _Asia_ into _Greece_.\n\n708. _Lycurgus_, becomes tutor to _Charillus_ or _Charilaus_, the young\nKing of _Sparta_. _Aristotle_ makes _Lycurgus_ as old as _Iphitus_, because\nhis name was upon the Olympic Disc. But the Disc was one of the five games\ncalled the _Quinquertium_, and the _Quinquertium_ was first instituted upon\nthe eighteenth Olympiad. _Socrates_ and _Thucydides_ made the institutions\nof _Lycurgus_ about 300 years older than the end of the _Peloponnesian_\nwar, that is, 705 years before _Christ_.\n\n701. _Sabacon_, after a Reign of 50 years, relinquishes _Egypt_ to his son\n_Sevechus_ or _Sethon_, who becomes Priest of _Vulcan_, and neglects\nmilitary affairs.\n\n698. _Manasseh_ Reigns.\n\n697. The _Corinthians_ begin first of any men to build ships with three\norders of oars, called _Triremes_. Hitherto the _Greeks_ had used long\nvessels of fifty oars.\n\n687. _Tirhakah_ Reigns in _Egypt_.\n\n681. _Asserhadon_ invades _Babylon_.\n\n673. The _Jews_ conquered by _Asserhadon_, and _Manasseh_ carried captive\nto _Babylon_.\n\n671. _Asserbadon_ invades _Egypt_. The government of _Egypt_ committed to\ntwelve princes.\n\n668. The western nations of _Syria_, _Phoenicia_ and _Egypt_, revolt from\nthe _Assyrians_. _Asserhadon_ dies, and is succeeded by _Saosduchinus_.\n_Manasseh_ returns from Captivity.\n\n658. _Phraortes_ Reigns in _Media_. The _Prytanes_ Reign in _Corinth_,\nexpelling their Kings.\n\n657. The _Corinthians_ overcome the _Corcyreans_ at sea: and this was the\noldest sea fight.\n\n655. _Psammiticus_ becomes King of all _Egypt_, by conquering the other\neleven Kings with whom he had already reigned fifteen years: he reigned\nabout 39 years more. Henceforward the _Ionians_ had access into _Egypt_;\nand thence came the _Ionian_ Philosophy, Astronomy and Geometry.\n\n652. The first _Messenian_ war begins: it lasted twenty years.\n\n647. _Charops_, the first decennial Archon of the _Athenians_. Some of\nthese Archons might dye before the end of the ten years, and the remainder\nof the ten years be supplied by a new Archon. And hence the seven decennial\nArchons might not take up above forty or fifty years. _Saosduchinus_ King\nof _Assyria_ dies, and is succeeded by _Chyniladon_.\n\n640. _Josiah_ Reigns in _Jud\u00e6a_.\n\n636. _Phraortes_> King of the _Medes_, is slain in a war against the\n_Assyrians_. _Astyages_ succeeds him.\n\n635. The _Scythians_ invade the _Medes_ and _Assyrians_.\n\n633. _Battus_ builds _Cyrene_, where _Irasa_, the city of _Ant\u00e6us_, had\nstood.\n\n627. _Rome_ is built.\n\n625. _Nabopolassar_ revolts from the King of _Assyria_, and Reigns over\n_Babylon_. _Phalantus_ leads the _Parthenians_ into _Italy_, and builds\n_Tarentum._\n\n617. _Psammiticus_ dies. _Nechaoh_ reigns in _Egypt_.\n\n611. _Cyaxeres_ Reigns over the _Medes_.\n\n610. The Princes of the _Scythians_ slain in a feast by _Cyaxeres_.\n\n609. _Josiah_ slain. _Cyaxeres_ and _Nebuchadnezzar_ overthrow _Nineveh_,\nand, by sharing the _Assyrian_ Empire, grow great.\n\n607. _Creon_ the first annual Archon of the _Athenians_. The second\n_Messenian_ war begins. _Cyaxeres_ makes the _Scythians_ retire beyond\n_Colchos_ and _Iberia_, and seizes the _Assyrian_ Provinces of _Armenia_,\n_Pontus_ and _Cappadocia_.\n\n606. _Nebuchadnezzar_ invades _Syria_ and _Jud\u00e6a_.\n\n604. _Nabopolassar_ dies, and is succeeded by his Son _Nebuchadnezzar_, who\nhad already Reigned two years with his father.\n\n600. _Darius_ the _Mede_, the son of _Cyaxeres,_ is born.\n\n599. _Cyrus_ is born of _Mandane_, the Sister of _Cyaxeres_, and daughter\nof _Astyages_.\n\n596. _Susiana_ and _Elam_ conquered by _Nebuchadnezzar_. _Caranus_ and\n_Perdiccas_ fly from _Phidon_, and found the Kingdom of _Macedon_. _Phidon_\nintroduces Weights and Measures, and the Coining of Silver Money.\n\n590. _Cyaxeres_ makes war upon _Alyattes_ King of _Lydia_.\n\n588. The Temple of _Solomon_ is burnt by _Nebuchadnezzar_. The _Messenians_\nbeing conquered, fly into _Sicily_, and build _Messana_.\n\n585. In the sixth year of the _Lydian_ war, a total Eclipse of the Sun,\npredicted by _Thales_, _May_ the 28th, puts an end to a Battel between the\n_Medes_ and _Lydians_: Whereupon they make Peace, and ratify it by a\nmarriage between _Darius Medus_ the son of _Cyaxeres_, and _Ariene_ the\ndaughter of _Alyattes_.\n\n584. _Phidon_ presides in the 49th Olympiad.\n\n580. _Phidon_ is overthrown. Two men chosen by lot, out of the city _Elis_,\nto preside in the Olympic Games.\n\n572. _Draco_ is Archon of the _Athenians_, and makes laws for them.\n\n568. The _Amphictions_ make war upon the _Cirrheans_, by the advice of\n_Solon_, and take _Cirrha_. _Clisthenes_, _Alcm\u00e6on_ and _Eurolicus_\ncommanded the forces of the _Amphictions_, and were contemporary to\n_Phidon_. For _Leocides_ the son of _Phidon_, and _Megacles_ the son of\n_Alcm\u00e6on,_ at one and the same time, courted _Agarista_ the daughter of\n_Clisthenes_.\n\n569. _Nebuchadnezzar_ invades _Egypt_. _Darius_ the _Mede_ Reigns.\n\n562. _Solon_, being Archon of the _Athenians_, makes laws for them.\n\n557. _Periander_ dies, and _Corinth_ becomes free from Tyrants.\n\n555. _Nabonadius_ Reigns at _Babylon_. His Mother _Nitocris_ adorns and\nfortifies that City.\n\n550. _Pisistratus_ becomes Tyrant at _Athens._ The Conference between\n_Croesus_ and _Solon_.\n\n549. _Solon_ dies, _Hegestratus_ being Archon of _Athens_.\n\n544. _Sardes_ is taken by _Cyrus_. _Darius_ the _Mede_ recoins the _Lydian_\nmoney into _Darics_.\n\n538. _Babylon_ is taken by _Cyrus_.\n\n536. _Cyrus_ overcomes _Darius_ the _Mede_, and translates the Empire to\nthe _Persians_. The _Jews_ return from Captivity, and found the second\nTemple.\n\n529. _Cyrus_ dies. _Cambyses_ Reigns,\n\n521. _Darius_ the son of _Hystaspes_ Reigns. The _Magi_ are slain. The\nvarious Religions of the several Nations of _Persia_, which consisted in\nthe worship of their ancient Kings, are abolished; and by the influence of\n_Hystaspes_ and _Zoroaster_, the worship of One God, at Altars, without\nTemples is set up in all _Persia_.\n\n520. The second Temple is built at _Jerusalem_ by the command of _Darius_.\n\n515. The second Temple is finished and dedicated.\n\n513. _Harmodius_ and _Aristogiton_, slay _Hipparchus_ the son of\n_Pisistratus_, Tyrant of the _Athenians._\n\n508. The Kings of the _Romans_ expelled, and Consuls erected.\n\n491. The Battle of _Marathon_.\n\n485. _Xerxes_ Reigns.\n\n480. The Passage of _Xerxes_ over the _Hellespont_ into _Greece_, and\nBattles of _Thermopyl\u00e6_ and _Salamis_.\n\n464. _Artaxerxes Longimanus_ Reigns.\n\n457. _Ezra_ returns into _Jud\u00e6a_. _Johanan_ the father of _Jaddua_ was now\ngrown up, having a chamber in the Temple.\n\n444. _Nehemiah_ returns into _Jud\u00e6a_. _Herodotus_ writes.\n\n431. The _Peloponnesian_ war begins.\n\n428. _Nehemiah_ drives away _Manasseh_ the brother of _Jaddua_, because he\nhad married _Nicaso_ the daughter of _Sanballat_.\n\n424. _Darius Nothus_ Reigns.\n\n422. _Sanballat_ builds a Temple in _Mount Gerizim_ and makes his\nson-in-law _Manasseh_ the first High-Priest thereof.\n\n412. Hitherto the Priests and Levites were numbered, and written in the\nChronicles of the _Jews_, before the death of _Nehemiah_: at which time\neither _Johanan_ or _Jaddua_ was High-Priest, And here Ends the Sacred\nHistory of the _Jews_.\n\n405. _Artaxerxes Mnemon_ Reigns. The end of the _Peloponnesian_ war.\n\n359. _Artaxerxes Ochus_ Reigns.\n\n338. _Arogus_ Reigns.\n\n336. _Darius Codomannus_ Reigns.\n\n332. The _Persian_ Empire conquered by _Alexander_ the great.\n\n331. _Darius Codomannus_, the last King of _Persia_, slain.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTHE\n\nCHRONOLOGY\n\nOF ANCIENT KINGDOMS AMENDED.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nCHAP. I.\n\n_Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the _Greeks_._\n\nAll Nations, before they began to keep exact accounts of Time, have been\nprone to raise their Antiquities; and this humour has been promoted, by the\nContentions between Nations about their Originals. _Herodotus_ [3] tells\nus, that the Priests of _Egypt_ reckoned from the Reign of _Menes_ to that\nof _Sethon_, who put _Sennacherib_ to flight, three hundred forty and one\nGenerations of men, and as many Priests of _Vulcan_, and as many Kings of\n_Egypt_: and that three hundred Generations make ten thousand years; _for_,\nsaith he, _three Generations of men make an hundred years_: and the\nremaining forty and one Generations make 1340 years: and so the whole time\nfrom the Reign of _Menes_ to that of _Sethon_ was 11340 years. And by this\nway of reckoning, and allotting longer Reigns to the Gods of _Egypt_ than\nto the Kings which followed them, _Herodotus_ tells us from the Priests of\n_Egypt_, that from _Pan_ to _Amosis_ were 15000 years, and from _Hercules_\nto _Amosis_ 17000 years. So also the _Chald\u00e6ans_ boasted of their\nAntiquity; for _Callisthenes_, the Disciple of _Aristotle_, sent\nAstronomical Observations from _Babylon_ to _Greece_, said to be of 1903\nyears standing before the times of _Alexander_ the great. And the\n_Chald\u00e6ans_ boasted further, that they had observed the Stars 473000 years;\nand there were others who made the Kingdoms of _Assyria_, _Media_ and\n_Damascus_, much older than the truth.\n\nSome of the _Greeks_ called the times before the Reign of _Ogyges_,\nUnknown, because they had No History of them; those between his flood and\nthe beginning of the Olympiads, Fabulous, because their History was much\nmixed with Poetical Fables: and those after the beginning of the Olympiads,\nHistorical, because their History was free from such Fables. The fabulous\nAges wanted a good Chronology, and so also did the Historical, for the\nfirst 60 or 70 Olympiads.\n\nThe _Europeans_, had no Chronology before the times of the _Persian_\nEmpire: and whatsoever Chronology they now have of ancienter times, hath\nbeen framed since, by reasoning and conjecture. In the beginning of that\nMonarchy, _Acusilaus_ made _Phoroneus_ as old as _Ogyges_ and his flood,\nand that flood 1020 years older than the first Olympiad; which is above 680\nyears older than the truth: and to make out this reckoning his followers\nhave encreased the Reigns of Kings in length and number. _Plutarch_ [4]\ntells us that the Philosophers anciently delivered their Opinions in Verse,\nas _Orpheus_, _Hesiod_, _Parmenides_, _Xenophanes_, _Empedocles_, _Thales_;\nbut afterwards left off the use of Verses; and that _Aristarchus_,\n_Timocharis_, _Aristillus_, _Hipparchus_, did not make Astronomy the more\ncontemptible by describing it in Prose; after _Eudoxus_, _Hesiod_, and\n_Thales_ had wrote of it in Verse. _Solon_ wrote [5] in Verse, and all the\nSeven Wise Men were addicted to Poetry, as _Anaximenes_ [6] affirmed. 'Till\nthose days the _Greeks_ wrote only in Verse, and while they did so there\ncould be no Chronology, nor any other History, than such as was mixed with\npoetical fancies. _Pliny_, [7] in reckoning up the Inventors of things,\ntells us, _that _Pherecydes Syrius_ taught to compose discourses in Prose\nin the Reign of _Cyrus_, and _Cadmus Milesius_ to write History._ And in\n[8] another place he saith _that _Cadmus Milesius_ was the first that wrote\nin Prose_. _Josephus_ tells us [9] that _Cadmus Milesius_ and _Acusilaus_\nwere but a little before the expedition of the _Persians_ against the\n_Greeks_: and _Suidas_ [10] calls _Acusilaus_ a most ancient Historian, and\nsaith that _he wrote Genealogies out of tables of brass, which his father,\nas was reported, found in a corner of his house_. Who hid them there may be\ndoubted: For the _Greeks_ [11] had no publick table or inscription older\nthan the Laws of _Draco_. _Pherecydes Atheniensis_, in the Reign of _Darius\nHystaspis_, or soon after, wrote of the Antiquities and ancient Genealogies\nof the _Athenians_, in ten books; and was one of the first _European_\nwriters of this kind, and one of the best; whence he had the name of\n_Genealogus_; and by _Dionysius [12] Halicarnassensis_ is said to be second\nto none of the Genealogers. _Epimenides_, not the Philosopher, but an\nHistorian, wrote also of the ancient Genealogies: and _Hellanicus_, who was\ntwelve years older than _Herodotus_, digested his History by the Ages or\nSuccessions of the Priestesses of _Juno Argiva_. Others digested theirs by\nthose of the Archons of _Athens_, or Kings of the _Laced\u00e6monians_.\n_Hippias_ the _Elean_ published a Breviary of the Olympiads, supported by\nno certain arguments, as _Plutarch_ [13] tells us: he lived in the 105th\nOlympiad, and was derided by _Plato_ for his Ignorance. This Breviary seems\nto have contained nothing more than a short account of the Victors in every\nOlympiad. Then [14] _Ephorus_, the disciple of _Isocrates_, formed a\nChronological History of _Greece_, beginning with the Return of the\n_Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and ending with the Siege of _Perinthus_,\nin the twentieth year of _Philip_ the father of _Alexander_ the great, that\nis, eleven years before the fall of the _Persian_ Empire: but [15] he\ndigested things by Generations, and the reckoning by the Olympiads, or by\nany other _\u00c6ra_, was not yet in use among the _Greeks_. The _Arundelian_\nMarbles were composed sixty years after the death of _Alexander_ the great\n(_An._ 4. _Olymp._ 128.) and yet mention not the Olympiads, nor any other\nstanding _\u00c6ra_, but reckon backwards from the time then present. But\nChronology was now reduced to a reckoning by Years; and in the next\nOlympiad _Tim\u00e6us Siculus_ improved it: for he wrote a History in Several\nbooks, down to his own times, according to the Olympiads; comparing the\n_Ephori_, the Kings of _Sparta_, the Archons of _Athens_, and the\nPriestesses of _Argos_ with the Olympic Victors, so as to make the\nOlympiads, and the Genealogies and Successions of Kings and Priestesses,\nand the Poetical Histories suit with one another, according to the best of\nhis judgment: and where he left off, _Polybius_ began, and carried on the\nHistory. _Eratosthenes_ wrote above an hundred years after the death of\n_Alexander_ the great: He was followed by _Apollodorus_; and these two have\nbeen followed ever since by Chronologers.\n\nBut how uncertain their Chronology is, and how doubtful it was reputed by\nthe _Greeks_ of those times, may be understood by these passages of\n_Plutarch_. _Some reckon _Lycurgus__, saith he, [16] _contemporary to\n_Iphitus_, and to have been his companion in ordering the Olympic\nfestivals, amongst whom was _Aristotle_ the Philosopher; arguing from the\nOlympic Disc, which had the name of _Lycurgus_ upon it. Others supputing\nthe times by the Kings of _Laced\u00e6mon_, as _Eratosthenes_ and _Apollodorus_,\naffirm that he was not a few years older than the first Olympiad._ He began\nto flourish in the 17th or 18th Olympiad, and at length _Aristotle_ made\nhim as old as the first Olympiad; and so did _Epaminondas_, as he is cited\nby _\u00c6lian_ and _Plutarch_: and then _Eratosthenes_, _Apollodorus_, and\ntheir followers, made him above an hundred years older.\n\nAnd in another place _Plutarch_ [17] tells us: _The Congress of _Solon_\nwith _Croesus_, some think they can confute by Chronology. But a History so\nillustrious, and verified by so many witnesses, and which is more, so\nagreeable to the manners of _Solon_, and worthy of the greatness of his\nmind, and of his wisdom, I cannot persuade my self to reject because of\nsome Chronological Canons, as they call them, which hundreds of authors\ncorrecting, have not yet been able to constitute any thing certain, in\nwhich they could agree amongst themselves, about repugnancies._\n\nAs for the Chronology of the _Latines_, that is still more uncertain.\n_Plutarch_ [18] represents great uncertainties in the Originals of _Rome_,\nand so doth _Servius_ [19]. The old Records of the _Latines_ were burnt\n[20] by the _Gauls_, an hundred and twenty years after the Regifuge, and\nsixty-four years before the death of _Alexander_ the great: and _Quintus\nFabius Pictor_, [21] the oldest Historian of the _Latines_, lived an\nhundred years later than that King, and took almost all things from\n_Diocles Peparethius_, a _Greek_. The Chronologers of _Gallia_, _Spain_,\n_Germany_, _Scythia_, _Swedeland_, _Britain_ and _Ireland_ are of a date\nstill later; for _Scythia_ beyond the _Danube_ had no letters, 'till\n_Ulphilas_ their Bishop formed them; which was about six hundred years\nafter the death of _Alexander_ the great: and _Germany_ had none 'till it\nreceived them, from the western Empire of the _Latines_, above seven\nhundred years after the death of that King. The _Hunns_, had none in the\ndays of _Procopius_, who flourished 850 years after the death of that King:\nand _Sweden_ and _Norway_ received them still later. And things said to be\ndone above one or two hundred years before the use of letters, are of\nlittle credit.\n\n_Diodorus_, [22] in the beginning of his History tells us, that he did not\ndefine by any certain space the times preceding the _Trojan_ War, because\nhe had no certain foundation to rely upon: but from the _Trojan_ war,\naccording to the reckoning of _Apollodorus_, whom he followed, there were\neighty years to the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_; and\nthat from that Period to the first Olympiad, there were three hundred and\ntwenty eight years, computing the times from the Kings of the\n_Laced\u00e6monians_. _Apollodorus_ followed _Eratosthenes_, and both of them\nfollowed _Thucydides_, in reckoning eighty years from the _Trojan_ war to\nthe Return of the _Heraclides_: but in reckoning 328 years from that Return\nto the first Olympiad, _Diodorus_ tells us, that the times were computed\nfrom the Kings of the _Laced\u00e6monians_; and _Plutarch_ [23] tells us, that\n_Apollodorus_, _Eratosthenes_ and others followed that computation: and\nsince this reckoning is still received by Chronologers, and was gathered by\ncomputing the times from the Kings of the _Laced\u00e6monians_, that is from\ntheir number, let us re-examin that Computation.\n\nThe _Egyptians_ reckoned the Reigns of Kings equipollent to Generations of\nmen, and three Generations to an hundred years, as above; and so did the\n_Greeks_ and _Latines_: and accordingly they have made their Kings Reign\none with another thirty and three years a-piece, and above. For they make\nthe seven Kings of _Rome_ who preceded the Consuls to have Reigned 244\nyears, which is 35 years a-piece: and the first twelve Kings of _Sicyon_,\n_\u00c6gialeus_, _Europs_, &c. to have Reigned 529 years, which is 44 years\na-piece: and the first eight Kings of _Argos_, _Inachus_, _Phoroneus_, &c.\nto have Reigned 371 years, which is above 46 years a-piece: and between the\nReturn of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and the end of the first\n_Messenian_ war, the ten Kings of _Sparta_ in one Race; _Eurysthenes_,\n_Agis_, _Echestratus_, _Labotas_, _Doryagus_, _Agesilaus_, _Archelaus_,\n_Teleclus_, _Alcamenes_, and _Polydorus_: the nine in the other Race;\n_Procles_, _Sous_, _Eurypon_, _Prytanis_, _Eunomus_, _Polydectes_,\n_Charilaus_, _Nicander_, _Theopompus_: the ten Kings of _Messene_;\n_Cresphontes_, _Epytus_, _Glaucus_, _Isthmius_, _Dotadas_, _Sibotas_,\n_Phintas_, _Antiochus_, _Euphaes_, _Aristodemus_: and the nine of\n_Arcadia_; _Cypselus_, _Ol\u00e6as_, _Buchalion_, _Phialus_, _Simus_, _Pompus_,\n_\u00c6gineta_, _Polymnestor_, _\u00c6chmis_, according to Chronologers, took up 379\nyears: which is 38 years a-piece to the ten Kings, and 42 years a-piece to\nthe nine. And the five Kings of the Race of _Eurysthenes_, between the end\nof the first _Messenian_ war, and the beginning of the Reign of _Darius\nHystaspis_; _Eurycrates_, _Anaxander_, _Eurycrates II_, _Leon_,\n_Anaxandrides_, Reigned 202 years, which is above 40 years a-piece.\n\nThus the _Greek_ Chronologers, who follow _Tim\u00e6us_ and _Eratosthenes_, have\nmade the Kings of their several Cities, who lived before the times of the\n_Persian_ Empire, to Reign about 35 or 40 years a-piece, one with another;\nwhich is a length so much beyond the course of nature, as is not to be\ncredited. For by the ordinary course of nature Kings Reign, one with\nanother, about eighteen or twenty years a-piece: and if in some instances\nthey Reign, one with another, five or six years longer, in others they\nReign as much shorter: eighteen or twenty years is a medium. So the\neighteen Kings of _Judah_ who succeeded _Solomon_, Reigned 390 years, which\nis one with another 22 years a-piece. The fifteen Kings of _Israel_ after\n_Solomon_, Reigned 259 years, which is 17\u00bc years a-piece. The eighteen\nKings of _Babylon_, _Nabonassar_ &c. Reigned 209 years, which is 11-2/3\nyears a-piece. The ten Kings of _Persia_; _Cyrus_, _Cambyses_, &c. Reigned\n208 years, which is almost 21 years a piece. The sixteen Successors of\n_Alexander_ the great, and of his brother and son in _Syria_; _Seleucus_,\n_Antiochus Soter_, &c. Reigned 244 years, after the breaking of that\nMonarchy into various Kingdoms, which is 15\u00bc years a-piece. The eleven\nKings of _Egypt_; _Ptolom\u00e6us Lagi_, &c. Reigned 277 years, counted from the\nsame Period, which is 25 years a-piece. The eight in _Macedonia_;\n_Cassander_, &c. Reigned 138 years, which is 17\u00bc years a-piece. The thirty\nKings of _England_; _William_ the Conqueror, _William Rufus_, &c. Reigned\n648 years, which is 21\u00bd years a-piece. The first twenty four Kings of\n_France_; _Pharamundus_, &c. Reigned 458 years, which is 19 years a-piece:\nthe next twenty four Kings of _France_; _Ludovicus Balbus_, &c. 451 years,\nwhich is 18\u00be years a-piece: the next fifteen, _Philip Valesius_, &c. 315\nyears, which is 21 years a-piece: and all the sixty three Kings of\n_France_, 1224 years, which is 19\u00bd years a-piece. Generations from father\nto son, may be reckoned one with another at about 33 or 34 years a-piece,\nor about three Generations to an hundred years: but if the reckoning\nproceed by the eldest sons, they are shorter, so that three of them may be\nreckoned at about 75 or 80 years: and the Reigns of Kings are still\nshorter, because Kings are succeeded not only by their eldest sons, but\nsometimes by their brothers, and sometimes they are slain or deposed; and\nsucceeded by others of an equal or greater age, especially in elective or\nturbulent Kingdoms. In the later Ages, since Chronology hath been exact,\nthere is scarce an instance to be found of ten Kings Reigning any where in\ncontinual Succession above 260 years: but _Tim\u00e6us_ and his followers, and I\nthink also some of his Predecessors, after the example of the _Egyptians_,\nhave taken the Reigns of Kings for Generations, and reckoned three\nGenerations to an hundred, and sometimes to an hundred and twenty years;\nand founded the Technical Chronology of the _Greeks_ upon this way of\nreckoning. Let the reckoning be reduced to the course of nature, by putting\nthe Reigns of Kings one with another, at about eighteen or twenty years\na-piece: and the ten Kings of _Sparta_ by one Race, the nine by another\nRace, the ten Kings of _Messene_, and the nine of _Arcadia_, above\nmentioned, between the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and\nthe end of the first _Messenian_ war, will scarce take up above 180 or 190\nyears: whereas according to Chronologers they took up 379 years.\n\nFor confirming this reckoning, I may add another argument. _Euryleon_ the\nson of _\u00c6geus_, [24] commanded the main body of the _Messenians_ in the\nfifth year of the first _Messenian_ war, and was in the fifth Generation\nfrom _Oiolicus_ the son _Theras_, the brother-in-law of _Aristodemus_, and\ntutor to his sons _Eurysthenes_ and _Procles_, as _Pausanias_ [25] relates:\nand by consequence, from the return of the _Heraclides_, which was in the\ndays of _Theras_, to the battle which was in the fifth year of this war,\nthere were six Generations, which, as I conceive, being for the most part\nby the eldest sons, will scarce exceed thirty years to a Generation; and so\nmay amount unto 170 or 180 years. That war lasted 19 or 20 years: add the\nlast 15 years, and there will be about 190 years to the end of that war:\nwhereas the followers of _Tim\u00e6us_ make it about 379 years, which is above\nsixty years to a Generation.\n\nBy these arguments, Chronologers have lengthned the time, between the\nreturn of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ and the first _Messenian_\nwar, adding to it about 190 years: and they have also lengthned the time,\nbetween that war and the rise of the _Persian_ Empire. For in the Race of\nthe _Spartan_ Kings, descended from _Eurysthenes_; after _Polydorus_,\nreigned [26] these Kings, _Eurycrates_, _Anaxander_, _Eurycratides_,\n_Leon_, _Anaxandrides_, _Clomenes_, _Leonidas_, &c. And in the other Race\ndescended from _Procles_; after _Theopompus_, reigned [27] these,\n_Anaxandrides_, _Archidemus_, _Anaxileus_, _Leutychides_, _Hippocratides_,\n_Ariston_, _Demaratus_, _Leutychides_ II. &c. according to _Herodotus_.\nThese Kings reigned 'till the sixth year of _Xerxes_, in which _Leonidas_\nwas slain by the _Persians_ at _Thermopyl\u00e6_; and _Leutychides_ II. soon\nafter, flying from _Sparta_ to _Tegea_, died there. The seven Reigns of the\nKings of _Sparta_, which follow _Polydorus_, being added to the ten Reigns\nabove mentioned, which began with that of _Eurysthenes_; make up seventeen\nReigns of Kings, between the return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_\nand the sixth year of _Xerxes_: and the eight Reigns following\n_Theopompus_, being added to the nine Reigns above mentioned, which began\nwith that of _Procles_, make up also seventeen Reigns: and these seventeen\nReigns, at twenty years a-piece one with another, amount unto three hundred\nand forty years. Count these 340 years upwards from the sixth year of\n_Xerxes_, and one or two years more for the war of the _Heraclides_, and\nReign of _Aristodemus_, the father of _Eurysthenes_ and _Procles_; and they\nwill place the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, 159 years\nafter the death of _Solomon_, and 46 years before the first Olympiad, in\nwhich _Cor\u00e6bus_ was victor. But the followers of _Tim\u00e6us_ have placed this\nReturn two hundred and eighty years earlier. Now this being the computation\nupon which the _Greeks_, as you have heard from _Diodorus_ and _Plutarch_,\nhave founded the Chronology of their Kingdoms, which were ancienter than\nthe _Persian_ Empire; that Chronology is to be rectified, by shortening the\ntimes which preceded the death of _Cyrus_, in the proportion of almost two\nto one; for the times which follow the death of _Cyrus_ are not much amiss.\n\nThe Artificial Chronologers, have made _Lycurgus_, the legislator, as old\nas _Iphitus_, the restorer of the Olympiads; and _Iphitus_, an hundred and\ntwelve years, older than the first Olympiad: and, to help out the\nHypothesis, they have feigned twenty eight Olympiads older than the first\nOlympiad, wherein _Cor\u00e6bus_ was victor. But these things were feigned,\nafter the days of _Thucydides_ and _Plato_: for _Socrates_ died three years\nafter the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, and _Plato_ [28] introduceth him\nsaying, that _the institutions of _Lycurgus_ were but of three hundred\nyears standing, or not much more_. And [29] _Thucydides_, in the reading\nfollowed by _Stephanus_, saith, that _the _Laced\u00e6monians_, had from ancient\ntimes used good laws, and been free from tyranny; and that from the time\nthat they had used one and the same administration of their commonwealth,\nto the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, there were three hundred years and a\nfew more_. Count three hundred years back from the end of the\n_Peloponnesian_ war, and they will place the Legislature of _Lycurgus_ upon\nthe 19th Olympiad. And, according to _Socrates_, it might be upon the 22d\nor 23d. _Athen\u00e6us_ [30] tells us out of ancient authors (_Hellanicus_,\n_Sosimus_ and _Hieronymus_) that _Lycurgus_ the Legislator, was\ncontemporary to _Terpander_ the Musician; and that _Terpander_ was the\nfirst man who got the victory in the _Carnea_, in a solemnity of music\ninstituted in those festivals in the 26th Olympiad. He overcame four times\nin those _Pythic_ games, and therefore lived at least 'till the 29th\nOlympiad: and beginning to flourish in the days of _Lycurgus_, it is not\nlikely that _Lycurgus_ began to flourish, much before the 18th Olympiad.\nThe name of _Lycurgus_ being on the Olympic Disc, _Aristotle_ concluded\nthence, that _Lycurgus_ was the companion of _Iphitus_, in restoring the\nOlympic games: and this argument might be the ground of the opinion of\nChronologers, that _Lycurgus_ and _Iphitus_ were contemporary. But\n_Iphitus_ did not restore all the Olympic games. He [31] restored indeed\nthe Racing in the first Olympiad, _Cor\u00e6bus_ being victor. In the 14th\nOlympiad, the double _stadium_ was added, _Hyp\u00e6nus_ being victor. And in\nthe 18th Olympiad the _Quinquertium_ and Wrestling were added, _Lampus_ and\n_Eurybatus_, two _Spartans_, being victors: And the Disc was one of the\ngames of the _Quinquertium_. [32] _Pausanias_ tells us that there were\nthree Discs kept in the Olympic treasury at _Altis_: these therefore having\nthe name of _Lycurgus_ upon them, shew that they were given by him, at the\ninstitution of the _Quinquertium_, in the 18th Olympiad. Now _Polydectes_\nKing of _Sparta_, being slain before the birth of his son _Charillus_ or\n_Charilaus_, left the Kingdom to _Lycurgus_ his brother; and _Lycurgus_,\nupon the birth of _Charillus_, became tutor to the child; and after about\neight months travelled into _Crete_ and _Asia_, till the child grew up, and\nbrought back with him the poems of _Homer_; and soon after published his\nlaws, suppose upon the 22d or 23d Olympiad; for he was then growing old:\nand _Terpander_ was a Lyric Poet, and began to flourish about this time;\nfor [33] he imitated _Orpheus_ and _Homer_, and sung _Homer's_ verses and\nhis own, and wrote the laws of _Lycurgus_ in verse, and was victor in the\n_Pythic_ games in the 26th Olympiad, as above. He was the first who\ndistinguished the modes of Lyric music by several names. _Ardalus_ and\n_Clonas_ soon after did the like for wind music: and from henceforward, by\nthe encouragement of the _Pythic_ games, now instituted, several eminent\nMusicians and Poets flourished in _Greece_: as _Archilochus_, _Eumelus\nCorinthius_, _Polymnestus_, _Thaletas_, _Xenodemus_, _Xenocritus_,\n_Sacadas_, _Tyrt\u00e6us_, _Tlesilla_, _Rhianus_, _Alcman_, _Arion_,\n_Stesichorus_, _Mimnermnus_, _Alc\u00e6us_, _Sappho_, _Theognis_, _Anacreon_,\n_Ibycus_, _Simonides_, _\u00c6schylus_, _Pindar_, by whom the Music and Poetry\nof the _Greeks_ were brought to perfection.\n\n_Lycurgus_, published his laws in the Reign of _Agesilaus_, the son and\nsuccessor of _Doryagus_, in the Race of the Kings of _Sparta_ descended\nfrom _Eurysthenes_. From the Return of the _Heraclides_ into\n_Peloponnesus_, to the end of the Reign of _Agesilaus_, there were six\nReigns: and from the same Return to the end of the Reign of _Polydectes_,\nin the Race of the _Spartan_ Kings descended from _Procles_, there were\nalso six Reigns: and these Reigns, at twenty years a-piece one with\nanother, amount unto 120 years; besides the short Reign of _Aristodemus_,\nthe father of _Eurysthenes_ and _Procles_, which might amount to a year or\ntwo: for _Aristodemus_ came to the crown, as [34] _Herodotus_ and the\n_Laced\u00e6monians_ themselves affirmed. The times of the deaths of _Agesilaus_\nand _Polydectes_ are not certainly known: but it may be presumed that\n_Lycurgus_ did not meddle with the Olympic games before he came to the\nKingdom; and therefore _Polydectes_ died in the beginning of the 18th\nOlympiad, or but a very little before. If it may be supposed that the 20th\nOlympiad was in, or very near to the middle time between the deaths of the\ntwo Kings _Polydectes_ and _Agesilaus_, and from thence be counted upwards\nthe aforesaid 120 years, and one year more for the Reign of _Aristodemus_;\nthe reckoning will place the Return of the _Heraclides_, about 45 years\nbefore the beginning of the Olympiads.\n\n_Iphitus_, who restored the Olympic games, [35] was descended from\n_Oxylus_, the son of _H\u00e6mon_, the son of _Thoas_, the son of _Andr\u00e6mon_:\n_Hercules_ and _Andr\u00e6mon_ married two sisters: _Thoas_ warred at _Troy_:\n_Oxylus_ returned into _Peloponnesus_ with the _Heraclides_. In this return\nhe commanded the body of the _\u00c6tolians_, and recovered _Elea_; [36] from\nwhence his ancestor _\u00c6tolus_, the son of _Endymion_, the son of _Aethlius_,\nhad been driven by _Salmoneus_ the grandson of _Hellen_. By the friendship\nof the _Heraclides_, _Oxylus_ had the care of the Olympic Temple committed\nto him: and the _Heraclides_, for his service done them, granted further\nupon oath that the country of the _Eleans_ should be free from invasions,\nand be defended by them from all armed force: And when the _Eleans_ were\nthus consecrated, _Oxylus_ restored the Olympic games: and after they had\nbeen again intermitted, _Iphitus_ their King [37] restored them, and made\nthem quadrennial. _Iphitus_ is by some reckoned the son of _H\u00e6mon_, by\nothers the son of _Praxonidas_, the son of _H\u00e6mon_: but _H\u00e6mon_ being the\nfather of _Oxylus_, I would reckon _Iphitus_ the son of _Praxonidas_, the\nson of _Oxylus_, the son of _H\u00e6mon_. And by this reckoning the Return of\nthe _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ will be two Generations by the eldest\nsons, or about 52 years, before the Olympiads.\n\n_Pausanias_ [38] represents that _Melas_ the son of _Antissus_, of the\nposterity of _Gonussa_ the daughter of _Sicyon_, was not above six\nGenerations older than _Cypselus_ King of _Corinth_; and that he was\ncontemporary to _Aletes_, who returned with the _Heraclides_ into\n_Peloponnesus_. The Reign of _Cypselus_ began _An._ 2, Olymp. 31, according\nto Chronologers; and six Generations, at about 30 years to a Generation,\namount unto 180 years. Count those years backwards from _An._ 2, Olymp. 31,\nand they will place the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ 58\nyears before the first Olympiad. But it might not be so early, if the Reign\nof _Cypselus_ began three or four Olympiads later; for he reigned before\nthe _Persian_ Empire began.\n\n_Hercules_ the _Argonaut_ was the father of _Hyllus_; the father of\n_Cleodius_; the father of _Aristomachus_; the father of _Temenus_,\n_Cresphontes_, and _Aristodemus_, who led the _Heraclides_ into\n_Peloponnesus_ and _Eurystheus_, who was of the same age with _Hercules_,\nwas slain in the first attempt of the _Heraclides_ to return: _Hyllus_ was\nslain in the second attempt, _Cleodius_ in the third attempt,\n_Aristomachus_ in the fourth attempt, and _Aristodemus_ died as soon as\nthey were returned, and left the Kingdom of _Sparta_ to his sons\n_Eurysthenes_ and _Procles_. Whence their Return was four Generations later\nthan the _Argonautic_ expedition: And these Generations were short ones,\nbeing by the chief of the family, and suit with the reckoning of\n_Thucydides_ and the Ancients, that the taking of _Troy_ was about 75 or\neighty years before the return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_; and\nthe _Argonautic_ expedition one Generation earlier than the taking of\n_Troy_. Count therefore eighty years backward from the Return of the\n_Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ to the _Trojan_ war, and the taking of\n_Troy_ will be about 76 years after the death of _Solomon_: And the\n_Argonautic_ expedition, which was one Generation earlier, will be about 43\nyears after it. From the taking of _Troy_ to the Return of the\n_Heraclides_, could scarce be more than eighty years, because _Orestes_ the\nson of _Agamemnon_ was a youth at the taking of _Troy_, and his sons\n_Penthilus_ and _Tisamenus_ lived till the Return of the _Heraclides_.\n\n_\u00c6sculapius_ and _Hercules_ were _Argonauts_, and _Hippocrates_ was the\neighteenth inclusively by the father's side from _\u00c6sculapius_, and the\nnineteenth from _Hercules_ by the mother's side: and because these\nGenerations, being taken notice of by writers, were most probably by the\nprincipal of the family, and so for the most part by the eldest sons; we\nmay reckon about 28 or at the most about 30 years to a Generation. And thus\nthe seventeen intervals by the father's side, and eighteen by the mother's,\nwill at a middle reckoning amount unto about 507 years: which counted\nbackwards from the beginning of the _Peloponnesian_ war, at which time\n_Hippocrates_ began to flourish, will reach up to the 43d year after the\ndeath of _Solomon_, and there place the _Argonautic_ expedition.\n\nWhen the _Romans_ conquered the _Carthaginians_, the Archives of _Carthage_\ncame into their hands: And thence _Appian_, in his history of the _Punic_\nwars, tells in round numbers that _Carthage_ stood seven hundred years: and\n[39] _Solinus_ adds the odd number of years in these words: _Adrymeto atque\nCarthagini author est a Tyro populus. Urbem istam, ut Cato in Oratione\nSenatoria autumat; cum rex Hiarbas rerum in Libya potiretur, Elissa mulier\nextruxit, domo Phoenix & Carthadam dixit, quod Phoenicum ore exprimit\ncivitatem novam; mox sermone verso Carthago dicta est, qu\u00e6 post annos\nseptingentos triginta septem exciditur quam fuerat extructa_. _Elissa_ was\n_Dido_, and _Carthage_ was destroyed in the Consulship of _Lentulus_ and\n_Mummius_, in the year of the _Julian Period_ 4568; from whence count\nbackwards _737_ years, and the _Enc\u00e6nia_ or Dedication of the City, will\nfall upon the 16th year of _Pygmalion_, the brother of _Dido_, and King of\n_Tyre_. She fled in the seventh year of _Pygmalion_, but the _\u00c6ra_ of the\nCity began with its _Enc\u00e6nia_. Now _Virgil_, and his Scholiast _Servius_,\nwho might have some things from the archives of _Tyre_ and _Cyprus_, as\nwell as from those of _Carthage_, relate that _Teucer_ came from the war of\n_Troy_ to _Cyprus_, in the days of _Dido_, a little before the Reign of her\nbrother _Pygmalion_; and, in conjunction with her father, seized _Cyprus_,\nand ejected _Cinyras_: and the Marbles say that _Teucer_ came to _Cyprus_\nseven years after the destruction of _Troy_, and built _Salamis_; and\n_Apollodorus_, that _Cinyras_ married _Metharme_ the daughter of\n_Pygmalion_, and built _Paphos_. Therefore, if the _Romans_, in the days of\n_Augustus_, followed not altogether the artificial Chronology of\n_Eratosthenes_, but had these things from the records of _Carthage_,\n_Cyprus_, or _Tyre_; the arrival of _Teucer_ at _Cyprus_ will be in the\nReign of the predecessor of _Pygmalion_: and by consequence the destruction\nof _Troy_, about 76 years later than the death of _Solomon_.\n\n_Dionysius Halicarnassensis_ [40] tells us, that in the time of the\n_Trojan_ war, _Latinus_ was King of the _Aborigines_ in _Italy_, and that\nin the sixteenth Age after that war, _Romulus_ built _Rome_. By Ages he\nmeans Reigns of Kings: for after _Latinus_ he names sixteen Kings of the\n_Latines_, the last of which was _Numitor_, in whose days _Romulus_ built\n_Rome_: for _Romulus_ was contemporary to _Numitor_, and after him\n_Dionysius_ and others reckon six Kings more over _Rome_, to the beginning\nof the Consuls. Now these twenty and two Reigns, at about 18 years to a\nReign one with another, for many of these Kings were slain, took up 396\nyears; which counted back from the consulship of _Junius Brutus_ and\n_Valerius Publicola_, the two first Consuls, place the _Trojan_ war about\n78 years after the death of _Solomon_.\n\nThe expedition of _Sesostris_ was one Generation earlier than the\n_Argonautic_ expedition: for in his return back into _Egypt_ he left\n_\u00c6etes_ in _Colchis_, and _\u00c6etes_ reigned there 'till the _Argonautic_\nexpedition; and _Prometheus_ was left by _Sesostris_ with a body of men at\n_Mount Caucasus_, to guard that pass, and after thirty years was released\nby _Hercules_ the _Argonaut_: and _Phlyas_ and _Eumedon_, the sons of the\ngreat _Bacchus_, so the Poets call _Sesostris_, and of _Ariadne_ the\ndaughter of _Minos_, were _Argonauts_. At the return of _Sesostris_ into\n_Egypt_, his brother _Danaus_ fled from him into _Greece_ with his fifty\ndaughters, in a long ship; after the pattern of which the ship _Argo_ was\nbuilt: and _Argus_, the son of _Danaus_, was the master-builder thereof.\n_Nauplius_ the _Argonaut_ was born in _Greece_, of _Amymone_, one of the\ndaughters of _Danaus_, and of _Neptune_, the brother and admiral of\n_Sesostris_: And two others of the daughters of _Danaus_ married\n_Archander_ and _Archilites_, the sons of _Ach\u00e6us_, the son of _Creusa_,\nthe daughter of _Erechtheus_ King of _Athens_: and therefore the daughters\nof _Danaus_ were three Generations younger than _Erechtheus_; and by\nconsequence contemporary to _Theseus_ the son of _\u00c6geus_, the adopted son\nof _Pandion_, the son of _Erechtheus_. _Theseus_, in the time of the\n_Argonautic_ expedition, was of about 50 years of age, and so was born\nabout the 33d year of _Solomon_: for he stole _Helena_ [41] just before\nthat expedition, being then 50 years old, and she but seven, or as some say\nten. _Pirithous_ the son of _Ixion_ helped _Theseus_ to steal _Helena_, and\nthen [42] _Theseus_ went with _Pirithous_ to steal _Persephone_, the\ndaughter of _Aidoneus_, or _Orcus_, King of the _Molossians_, and was taken\nin the action: and whilst he lay in prison, _Castor_ and _Pollux_ returning\nfrom the _Argonautic_ expedition, released their sister _Helena_, and\ncaptivated _\u00c6thra_ the mother of _Theseus_. Now the daughters of _Danaus_\nbeing contemporary to _Theseus_, and some of their sons being _Argonauts_,\n_Danaus_ with his daughters fled from his brother _Sesostris_ into _Greece_\nabout one Generation before the _Argonautic_ expedition; and therefore\n_Sesostris_ returned into _Egypt_ in the Reign of _Rehoboam_. He came out\nof _Egypt_ in the fifth year of _Rehoboam_, [43] and spent nine years in\nthat expedition, against the Eastern Nations and _Greece_; and therefore\nreturned back into _Egypt_, in the fourteenth year of _Rehoboam_. _Sesac_\nand _Sesostris_ were therefore Kings of all _Egypt_, at one and the same\ntime: and they agree not only in the time, but also in their actions and\nconquests. God gave _Sesac_ [Hebrew: mmlkvt h'rtsvt] _the Kingdoms of the\nlands_, 2 Chron. xii. Where _Herodotus_ describes the expedition of\n_Sesostris_, _Josephus_ [44] tells us that he described the expedition of\n_Sesac_, and attributed his actions to _Sesostris_, erring only in the name\nof the King. Corruptions of names are frequent in history; _Sesostris_ was\notherwise called _Sesochris_, _Sesochis_, _Sesoosis_, _Sethosis_,\n_Sesonchis_, _Sesonchosis_. Take away the _Greek_ termination, and the\nnames become _Sesost_, _Sesoch_, _Sesoos_, _Sethos_, _Sesonch_: which names\ndiffer very little from _Sesach_. _Sesonchis_ and _Sesach_ differ no more\nthan _Memphis_ and _Moph_, two names of the same city. _Josephus_ [45]\ntells us also, from _Manetho_, that _Sethosis_ was the brother of _Armais_,\nand that these brothers were otherwise called _\u00c6gyptus_ and _Danaus_; and\nthat upon the return of _Sethosis_ or _\u00c6gyptus_, from his great conquests\ninto _Egypt_, _Armais_ or _Danaus_ fled from him into _Greece_.\n\n_Egypt_ was at first divided into many small Kingdoms, like other nations;\nand grew into one monarchy by degrees: and the father of _Solomon's_ Queen,\nwas the first King of _Egypt_, who came into _Phoenicia_ with an Army: but\nhe only took _Gezir_, and gave it to his daughter. _Sesac_, the next King,\ncame out of _Egypt_ with an army of _Libyans_, _Troglodites_ and\n_Ethiopians_, 2 Chron. xii. 3. and therefore was then King of all those\ncountries; and we do not read in Scripture, that any former King of\n_Egypt_; who Reigned over all those nations, came out of _Egypt_ with a\ngreat army to conquer other countries. The sacred history of the\n_Israelites_, from the days of _Abraham_ to the days of _Solomon_, admits\nof no such conqueror. _Sesostris_ reigned over all the same nations of the\n_Libyans_, _Troglodites_ and _Ethiopians_, and came out of _Egypt_ with a\ngreat army to conquer other Kingdoms. The Shepherds reigned long in the\nlower part of _Egypt_, and were expelled thence, just before the building\nof _Jerusalem_ and the Temple; according to _Manetho_; and whilst they\nReigned in the lower part of _Egypt_, the upper part thereof was under\nother Kings: and while _Egypt_ was divided into several Kingdoms, there was\nno room for any such King of all _Egypt_ as _Sesostris_; and no historian\nmakes him later than _Sesac_: and therefore he was one and the same King of\n_Egypt_ with _Sesac_. This is no new opinion: _Josephus_ discovered it when\nhe affirmed that _Herodotus_ erred, in ascribing the actions of _Sesac_ to\n_Sesostris_, and that the error was only in the name of the King: for this\nis as much as to say, that the true name of him who did those things\ndescribed by _Herodotus_, was _Sesac_; and that _Herodotus_ erred only in\ncalling him _Sesostris_; or that he was called _Sesostris_ by a corruption\nof his name. Our great Chronologer, _Sir John Marsham_, was also of opinion\nthat _Sesostris_ was _Sesac_: and if this be granted, it is then most\ncertain, that _Sesostris_ came out of _Egypt_ in the fifth year of\n_Rehoboam_ to invade the nations, and returned back into _Egypt_ in the\n14th year of that King; and that _Danaus_ then flying from his brother,\ncame into _Greece_ within a year or two after: and the _Argonautic_\nexpedition being one Generation later than that invasion, and than the\ncoming of _Danaus_ into _Greece_, was certainly about 40 or 45 years later\nthan the death of _Solomon_. _Prometheus_ stay'd on _Mount Caucasus_ [46]\nthirty years, and then was released by _Hercules_: and therefore the\n_Argonautic_ expedition was thirty years after _Prometheus_ had been left\non _Mount Caucasus_ by _Sesostris_, that is, about 44 years after the death\nof _Solomon_.\n\nAll nations, before the just length of the Solar year was known, reckoned\nmonths by the course of the moon; and years by the [47] returns of winter\nand summer, spring and autumn: and in making Calendars for their Festivals,\nreckoned thirty days to a Lunar month, and twelve Lunar months to a year;\ntaking the nearest round numbers: whence came the division of the Ecliptic\ninto 360 degrees. So in the time of _Noah_'s flood, when the Moon could not\nbe seen, _Noah_ reckoned thirty days to a month: but if the Moon appeared a\nday or two before the end of the month, [48] they began the next month with\nthe first day of her appearing: and this was done generally, 'till the\n_Egyptians_ of _Thebais_ found the length of the Solar year. So [49]\n_Diodorus_ tells us that _the _Egyptians_ of _Thebais_ use no intercalary\nmonths, nor subduct any days_ [from the month] _as is done by most of the\n_Greeks__. And [50] _Cicero_, _est consuetudo Siculorum c\u00e6terorumque\nGr\u00e6corum, quod suos dies mensesque congruere volunt cum Solis Lun\u00e6que\nratione, ut nonnumquam siquid discrepet, eximant unum aliquem diem aut\nsummum biduum ex mense_ [civili dierum triginta] _quos illi_ [Greek:\nexairesimous] _dies nominant_. And _Proclus_, upon _Hesiod_'s [Greek:\ntriakas] mentions the same thing. And [51] _Geminus_: [Greek: Prothesis gar\n\u00ean tois archaiois, tous men m\u00eanas agein kata sel\u00ean\u00ean, tous de eniautous\nkath' h\u00ealion. To gar hypo t\u00f4n nom\u00f4n, kai t\u00f4n chr\u00easm\u00f4n parangellomenon, to\nthyein kata g', \u00eagoun ta patria, m\u00eanas, h\u00eameras, eniautous: touto dielabon\napantes hoi Hell\u00eanes t\u00f4i tous men heniautous symph\u00f4n\u00f4s agein t\u00f4i h\u00eali\u00f4i;\ntas de h\u00eameras kai tous m\u00eanas t\u00eai sel\u00ean\u00ea. esti de to men kath' h\u00ealion agein\ntous eniautous, to peri tas autas h\u00f4ras tou eniautou tas autas thysias tois\ntheois epiteleithai, kai t\u00ean men earin\u00ean thysian dia pantos kata to ear\nsynteleithai; t\u00ean de therin\u00ean, kata to theros; homoi\u00f4s de kai kata tous\nloipous kairous tou etous tas autas thysias piptein. Touto gar hypelabon\npros\u00eanes, kai kecharismenon einai tois theois. Touto d' all\u00f4s ouk an\ndynaito genesthai, ei m\u00ea hai tropai, kai hai is\u00eameriai peri tous autous\ntopous gignointo. To de kata sel\u00ean\u00ean agein tas h\u00eameras, toiouton esti; to\nakolouth\u00f4s tois t\u00eas sel\u00ean\u00eas ph\u00f4tismois tas pros\u00eagorias t\u00f4n h\u00eamer\u00f4n\nginesthai. apo gar t\u00f4n t\u00eas sel\u00ean\u00eas ph\u00f4tism\u00f4n hai pros\u00eagoriai t\u00f4n h\u00eamer\u00f4n\nkat\u00f4nomasth\u00easan. En h\u00eai men gar h\u00eamerai nea h\u00ea sel\u00ean\u00ea phainetai, kata\nsynaloiph\u00ean neom\u00eania pros\u00eagoreuth\u00ea; en h\u00eai de h\u00eamerai t\u00ean deuteran phasin\npoieitai, deuteran pros\u00eagoreusan; t\u00ean de kata meson tou m\u00eanos ginomen\u00ean\nphasin t\u00eas sel\u00ean\u00eas, apo autou tou symbainontos dichom\u00eanian ekalesan. kai\nkatholou de pasas tas h\u00eameras apo t\u00f4n t\u00eas sel\u00ean\u00eas ph\u00f4tismat\u00f4n pros\u00f4nomasan.\nhothen kai t\u00ean triakost\u00ean tou m\u00eanos h\u00eameran eschat\u00ean ousan apo autou tou\nsymbainontos triakada ekalesan.] _Propositum enim fuit veteribus, menses\nquidem agere secundum Lunam, annos vero secundum Solem. Quod enim a legibus\n& Oraculis pr\u00e6cipiebatur, ut sacrificarent secundum tria, videlicet patria,\nmenses, dies, annos; hoc ita distincte faciebant universi Gr\u00e6ci, ut annos\nagerent congruenter cum Sole, dies vero & menses cum Luna. Porro secundum\nSolem annos agere, est circa easdem tempestates anni eadem sacrificia Diis\nperfici, & vernum sacrificium semper in vere consummari, \u00e6stivum autem in\n\u00e6state: similiter & in reliquis anni temporibus eadem sacrificia cadere.\nHoc enim putabant acceptum & gratum esse Diis. Hoc autem aliter fieri non\nposset nisi conversiones solstitiales & \u00e6quinoctia in iisdem Zodiaci locis\nfierent. Secundum Lunam vero dies agere est tale ut congruant cum Lun\u00e6\nilluminationibus appellationes dierum. Nam a Lun\u00e6 illuminationibus\nappellationes dierum sunt denominat\u00e6. In qua enim die Luna apparet nova, ea\nper Synaloephen, seu compositionem [Greek: neom\u00eania] id est, Novilunium\nappellatur. In qua vero die secundam facit apparitionem, eam secundam Lunam\nvocarunt. Apparitionem Lun\u00e6 qu\u00e6 circa medium mensis fit, ab ipso eventu\n[Greek: dichom\u00eanian], id est medietatem mensis nominarunt. Ac summatim,\nomnes dies a Lun\u00e6 illuminationibus denominarunt. Unde etiam tricesimam\nmensis diem, cum ultima sit, ab ipso eventu [Greek: triakada] vocarunt_.\n\nThe ancient Calendar year of the _Greeks_ consisted therefore of twelve\nLunar months, and every month of thirty days: and these years and months\nthey corrected from time to time, by the courses of the Sun and Moon,\nomitting a day or two in the month, as often as they found the month too\nlong for the course of the Moon; and adding a month to the year, as often\nas they found the twelve Lunar months too short for the return of the four\nseasons. _Cleobulus_, [52] one of the seven wise men of _Greece_, alluded\nto this year of the _Greeks_, in his Parable of one father who had twelve\nsons, each of which had thirty daughters half white and half black: and\n_Thales_ [53] called the last day of the month [Greek: triakada], the\nthirtieth: and _Solon_ counted the ten last days of the month backward from\nthe thirtieth, calling that day [Greek: en\u00ean kai nean], the old and the\nnew, or the last day of the old month and the first day of the new: for he\nintroduced months of 29 and 30 days alternately, making the thirtieth day\nof every other month to be the first day of the next month.\n\nTo the twelve Lunar months [54] the ancient _Greeks_ added a thirteenth,\nevery other year, which made their _Dieteris_; and because this reckoning\nmade their year too long by a month in eight years, they omitted an\nintercalary month once in eight years, which made their _Octaeteris_, one\nhalf of which was their _Tetraeteris_: And these Periods seem to have been\nalmost as old as the religions of _Greece_, being used in divers of their\n_Sacra_. The [55] _Octaeteris_ was the _Annus magnus_ of _Cadmus_ and\n_Minos_, and seems to have been brought into _Greece_ and _Crete_ by the\n_Phoenicians_, who came thither with _Cadmus_ and _Europa_, and to have\ncontinued 'till after the days of _Herodotus_: for in counting the length\nof seventy years [56], he reckons thirty days to a Lunar month, and twelve\nsuch months, or 360 days, to the ordinary year, without the intercalary\nmonths, and 25 such months to the _Dieteris_: and according to the number\nof days in the Calendar year of the _Greeks_, _Demetrius Phalereus_ had 360\nStatues erected to him by the _Athenians_. But the _Greeks_, _Cleostratus_,\n_Harpalus_, and others, to make their months agree better with the course\nof the Moon, in the times of the _Persian_ Empire, varied the manner of\nintercaling the three months in the _Octaeteris_; and _Meton_ found out the\nCycle of intercaling seven months in nineteen years.\n\nThe Ancient year of the _Latines_ was also Luni-solar; for _Plutarch_ [57]\ntells us, that the year of _Numa_ consisted of twelve Lunar months, with\nintercalary months to make up what the twelve Lunar months wanted of the\nSolar year. The Ancient year of the _Egyptians_ was also Luni-solar, and\ncontinued to be so 'till the days of _Hyperion_, or _Osiris_, a King of\n_Egypt_, the father of _Helius_ and _Selene_, or _Orus_ and _Bubaste_: For\nthe _Israelites_ brought this year out of _Egypt_; and _Diodorus_ tells\n[58] us that _Ouranus_ the father of _Hyperion_ used this year, and [59]\nthat in the Temple of _Osiris_ the Priests appointed thereunto filled 360\nMilk Bowls every day: I think he means one Bowl every day, in all 360, to\ncount the number of days in the Calendar year, and thereby to find out the\ndifference between this and the true Solar year: for the year of 360 days\nwas the year, to the end of which they added five days.\n\nThat the _Israelites_ used the Luni-solar year is beyond question. Their\nmonths began with their new Moons. Their first month was called _Abib_,\nfrom the earing of Corn in that month. Their Passover was kept upon the\nfourteenth day of the first month, the Moon being then in the full: and if\nthe Corn was not then ripe enough for offering the first Fruits, the\nFestival was put off, by adding an intercalary month to the end of the\nyear; and the harvest was got in before the Pentecost, and the other Fruits\ngathered before the Feast of the seventh month.\n\n_Simplicius_ in his commentary [60] on the first of _Aristotle_'s _Physical\nAcroasis_, tells us, that _some begin the year upon the Summer Solstice, as\nthe People of _Attica_; or upon the Autumnal Equinox, as the People of\n_Asia_; or in Winter, as the _Romans_; or about the Vernal Equinox, as the\n_Arabians_ and People of _Damascus_: and the month began, according to\nsome, upon the Full Moon, or upon the New._ The years of all these Nations\nwere therefore Luni-solar, and kept to the four Seasons: and the _Roman_\nyear began at first in Spring, as I seem to gather from the Names of their\nMonths, _Quintilis_, _Sextilis_, _September_, _October_, _November_,\n_December_: and the beginning was afterwards removed to Winter. The ancient\ncivil year of the _Assyrians_ and _Babylonians_ was also Luni-solar: for\nthis year was also used by the _Samaritans_, who came from several parts of\nthe _Assyrian_ Empire; and the _Jews_ who came from _Babylon_ called the\nmonths of their Luni-solar year after the Names of the months of the\n_Babylonian_ year: and _Berosus_ [61] tells us that the _Babylonians_\ncelebrated the Feast _Sac\u00e6a_ upon the 16th day of the month _Lous_, which\nwas a Lunar month of the _Macedonians_, and kept to one and the same Season\nof the year: and the _Arabians_, a Nation who peopled _Babylon_, use Lunar\nmonths to this day. _Suidas_ [62] tells us, that the _Sarus_ of the\n_Chaldeans_ contains 222 Lunar months, which are eighteen years, consisting\neach of twelve Lunar months, besides six intercalary months: and when [63]\n_Cyrus_ cut the River _Gindus_ into 360 Channels, he seems to have alluded\nunto the number of days in the Calendar year of the _Medes_ and _Persians_:\nand the Emperor _Julian_ [64] writes, _For when all other People, that I\nmay say it in one word, accommodate their months to the course of the Moon,\nwe alone with the _Egyptians_ measure the days of the year by the course of\nthe Sun._\n\nAt length the _Egyptians_, for the sake of Navigation, applied themselves\nto observe the Stars; and by their Heliacal Risings and Settings found the\ntrue Solar year to be five days longer than the Calendar year, and\ntherefore added five days to the twelve Calendar months; making the Solar\nyear to consist of twelve months and five days. _Strabo_ [65] and [66]\n_Diodorus_ ascribe this invention to the _Egyptians_ of _Thebes_. _The\n_Theban_ Priests_, saith _Strabo_, _are above others said to be Astronomers\nand Philosophers. They invented the reckoning of days not by the course of\nthe Moon, but by the course of the Sun. To twelve months each of thirty\ndays they add yearly five days._ In memory of this Emendation of the year\nthey dedicated the [67] five additional days to _Osiris_, _Isis_, _Orus_\nsenior, _Typhon_, and _Nephthe_ the wife of _Typhon_, feigning that those\ndays were added to the year when these five Princes were born, that is, in\nthe Reign of _Ouranus_, or _Ammon_, the father of _Sesac_: and in [68] the\nSepulchre of _Amenophis_, who Reigned soon after, they placed a Golden\nCircle of 365 cubits in compass, and divided it into 365 equal parts, to\nrepresent all the days in the year, and noted upon each part the Heliacal\nRisings and Settings of the Stars on that day; which Circle remained there\n'till the invasion of _Egypt_ by _Cambyses_ King of _Persia_. 'Till the\nReign of _Ouranus_, the father of _Hyperion_, and grandfather of _Helius_\nand _Selene_, the _Egyptians_ used the old Lunisolar year: but in his\nReign, that is, in the Reign of _Ammon_, the father of _Osiris_ or _Sesac_,\nand grandfather of _Orus_ and _Bubaste_, the _Thebans_ began to apply\nthemselves to Navigation and Astronomy, and by the Heliacal Risings and\nSettings of the Stars determined the length of the Solar year; and to the\nold Calendar year added five days, and dedicated them to his five children\nabove mentioned, as their birth days: and in the Reign of _Amenophis_, when\nby further Observations they had sufficiently determined the time of the\nSolstices, they might place the beginning of this new year upon the Vernal\nEquinox. This year being at length propagated into _Chald\u00e6a_, gave occasion\nto the year of _Nabonassar_; for the years of _Nabonassar_ and those of\n_Egypt_ began on one and the same day, called by them _Thoth_, and were\nequal and in all respects the same: and the first year of _Nabonassar_\nbegan on the 26th day of _February_ of the old _Roman_ year, seven hundred\nforty and seven years before the Vulgar _\u00c6ra_ of _Christ_, and thirty and\nthree days and five hours before the Vernal Equinox, according to the Sun's\nmean motion; for it is not likely that the Equation of the Sun's motion\nshould be known in the infancy of Astronomy. Now reckoning that the year of\n365 days wants five hours and 49 minutes of the Equinoctial year; the\nbeginning of this year will move backwards thirty and three days and five\nhours in 137 years: and by consequence this year began at first in _Egypt_\nupon the Vernal Equinox, according to the Sun's mean motion, 137 years\nbefore the _\u00c6ra_ of _Nabonassar_ began; that is, in the year of the\n_Julian_ Period 3830, or 96 years after the death of _Solomon_: and if it\nbegan upon the next day after the Vernal Equinox, it might begin four years\nearlier; and about that time ended the Reign of _Amenophis_: for he came\nnot from _Susa_ to the _Trojan_ war, but died afterwards in _Egypt_. This\nyear was received by the _Persian_ Empire from the _Babylonian_; and the\n_Greeks_ also used it in the _\u00c6ra Philipp\u00e6a_, dated from the Death of\n_Alexander_ the great; and _Julius C\u00e6sar_ corrected it, by adding a day in\nevery four years, and made it the year of the _Romans_.\n\n_Syncellus_ tells us, that the five days were added to the old year by the\nlast King of the Shepherds: and the difference in time between the Reign of\nthis King, and that of _Ammon_, is but small; for the Reign of the\nShepherds ended but one Generation, or two, before _Ammon_ began to add\nthose days. But the Shepherds minded not Arts and Sciences.\n\nThe first month of the Luni-solar year, by reason of the Intercalary month,\nbegan sometimes a week or a fortnight before the Equinox or Solstice, and\nsometimes as much after it. And this year gave occasion to the first\nAstronomers, who formed the _Asterisms_, to place the Equinoxes and\nSolstices in the middles of the Constellations of _Aries_, _Cancer_,\n_Chel\u00e6_, and _Capricorn_. _Achilles Tatius_ [69] tells us, that _some\nantiently placed the Solstice in the beginning of _Cancer_, others in the\neighth degree of _Cancer_, others about the twelfth degree, and others\nabout the fifteenth degree thereof._ This variety of opinions proceeded\nfrom the precession of the Equinox, then not known to the _Greeks_. When\nthe Sphere was first formed, the Solstice was in the fifteenth degree or\nmiddle of the Constellation of _Cancer_: then it came into the twelfth,\neighth, fourth, and first degree successively. _Eudoxus_, who flourished\nabout sixty years after _Meton_, and an hundred years before _Aratus_, in\ndescribing the Sphere of the Ancients, placed the Solstices and Equinoxes\nin the middles of the Constellations of _Aries_, _Cancer_, _Chel\u00e6_, and\n_Capricorn_, as is affirmed by [70] _Hipparchus Bithynus_; and appears also\nby the Description of the Equinoctial and Tropical Circles in _Aratus_,\n[71] who copied after _Eudoxus_; and by the positions of the _Colures_ of\nthe Equinoxes and Solstices, which in the Sphere of _Eudoxus_, described by\n_Hipparchus_, went through the middles of those Constellations. For\n_Hipparchus_ tells us, that _Eudoxus_ drew the _Colure_ of the Solstices,\nthrough the middle of the _great Bear_, and the middle of _Cancer_, and the\nneck of _Hydrus_, and the Star between the Poop and Mast of _Argo_, and the\nTayl of the _South Fish_, and through the middle of _Capricorn_, and of\n_Sagitta_, and through the neck and right wing of the _Swan_, and the left\nhand of _Cepheus_; and that he drew the Equinoctial _Colure_, through the\nleft hand of _Arctophylax_, and along the middle of his Body, and cross the\nmiddle of _Chel\u00e6_, and through the right hand and fore-knee of the\n_Centaur_, and through the flexure of _Eridanus_ and head of _Cetus_, and\nthe back of _Aries_ a-cross, and through the head and right hand of\n_Perseus_.\n\nNow _Chiron_ delineated [Greek: sch\u00eamata olympou] the _Asterisms_, as the\nancient Author of _Gigantomachia_, cited by [72] _Clemens Alexandrinus_\ninforms us: for _Chiron_ was a practical Astronomer, as may be there\nunderstood also of his daughter _Hippo_: and _Mus\u00e6us_, the son of\n_Eumolpus_ and master of _Orpheus_, and one of the _Argonauts_, [73] made a\nSphere, and is reputed the first among the _Greeks_ who made one: and the\nSphere it self shews that it was delineated in the time of the _Argonautic_\nexpedition; for that expedition is delineated in the _Asterisms_, together\nwith several other ancienter Histories of the _Greeks_, and without any\nthing later. There's the golden _RAM_, the ensign of the Vessel in which\n_Phryxus_ fled to _Colchis_; the _BULL_ with brazen hoofs tamed by _Jason_;\nand the _TWINS_, _CASTOR_ and _POLLUX_, two of the _Argonauts_, with the\n_SWAN_ of _Leda_ their mother. There's the Ship _ARGO_, and _HYDRUS_ the\nwatchful Dragon; with _Medea_'s _CUP_, and a _RAVEN_ upon its Carcass, the\nSymbol of Death. There's _CHIRON_ the master of _Jason_, with his _ALTAR_\nand _SACRIFICE_. There's the _Argonaut_ _HERCULES_ with his _DART_ and\n_VULTURE_ falling down; and the _DRAGON_, _CRAB_ and _LION_, whom he slew;\nand the _HARP_ of the _Argonaut_ _Orpheus_. All these relate to the\n_Argonauts_. There's _ORION_ the son of _Neptune_, or as some say, the\ngrandson of _Minos_, with his _DOGS_, and _HARE_, and _RIVER_, and\n_SCORPION_. There's the story of _Perseus_ in the Constellations of\n_PERSEUS_, _ANDROMEDA_, _CEPHEUS_, _CASSIOPEA_ and _CETUS_: That of\n_Callisto_, and her son _Arcas_, in _URSA MAJOR_ and _ARCTOPHYLAX_: That of\n_Icareus_ and his daughter _Erigone_ in _BOOTES_, _PLAUSTRUM_ and _VIRGO_.\n_URSA MINOR_ relates to one of the Nurses of _Jupiter_, _AURIGA_ to\n_Erechthonius_, _OPHIUCHUS_ to _Phorbas_, _SAGITTARIUS_ to _Crolus_ the son\nof the Nurse of the Muses, _CAPRICORN_ to _Pan_, and _AQUARIUS_ to\n_Ganimede_. There's _Ariadne_'s _CROWN_, _Bellerophon_'s _HORSE_,\n_Neptune_'s _DOLPHIN_, _Ganimede_'s _EAGLE_, _Jupiter_'s _GOAT_ with her\n_KIDS_, _Bacchus_'s _ASSES_, and the _FISHES_ of _Venus_ and _Cupid_, and\ntheir Parent the _SOUTH FISH_. These with _DELTOTON_, are the old\nConstellations mentioned by _Aratus_: and they all relate to the\n_Argonauts_ and their Contemporaries, and to Persons one or two Generations\nolder: and nothing later than that Expedition was delineated there\nOriginally. _ANTINOUS_ and _COMA BERENICES_ are novel. The Sphere seems\ntherefore to have been formed by _Chiron_ and _Mus\u00e6us_, for the use of the\n_Argonauts_: for the Ship _Argo_ was the first long ship built by the\n_Greeks_. Hitherto they had used round vessels of burden, and kept within\nsight of the shore; and now, upon an Embassy to several Princes upon the\ncoasts of the _Euxine_ and _Mediterranean_ Seas, [74] by the dictates of\nthe Oracle, and consent of the Princes of _Greece_, the Flower of _Greece_\nwere to sail with Expedition through the deep, in a long Ship with Sails,\nand guide their Ship by the Stars. The People of the Island _Corcyra_ [75]\nattributed the invention of the Sphere to _Nausicaa_, the daughter of\n_Alcinous_, King of the _Pheaces_ in that Island: and it's most probable\nthat she had it from the _Argonauts_, who [76] in their return home sailed\nto that Island, and made some stay there with her father. So then in the\ntime of the _Argonautic_ Expedition, the Cardinal points of the Equinoxes\nand Solstices were in the middles of the Constellations of _Aries_,\n_Cancer_, _Chel\u00e6_, and _Capricorn_.\n\nIn the end of the year of our Lord 1689 the Star called _Prima Arietis_ was\nin [Aries]. 28\u00b0. 51'. 00\", with North Latitude 7\u00b0. 8'. 58\". And the Star\ncalled _ultima caud\u00e6 Arietis_ was in [Taurus]. 19\u00b0. 3'. 42\", with North\nLatitude 2\u00b0. 34'. 5\". And the _Colurus \u00c6quinoctiorum_ passing through the\npoint in the middle between those two Stars did then cut the Ecliptic in\n[Taurus]. 6\u00b0. 44': and by this reckoning the Equinox in the end of the year\n1689 was gone back 36\u00b0. 44'. since the _Argonautic_ Expedition: Supposing\nthat the said _Colure_ passed through the middle of the Constellation of\n_Aries_, according to the delineation of the Ancients. The Equinox goes\nback fifty seconds in one year, and one degree in seventy and two years,\nand by consequence 36\u00b0. 44'. in 2645 years, which counted back from the end\nof the year of our Lord 1689, or beginning of the year 1690, will place the\n_Argonautic_ Expedition about 25 years after the Death of _Solomon_: but it\nis not necessary that the middle of the Constellation of _Aries_ should be\nexactly in the middle between the two Stars called _prima Arietis_ and\n_ultima Caud\u00e6_: and it may be better to fix the Cardinal points by the\nStars, through which the _Colures_ passed in the primitive Sphere,\naccording to the description of _Eudoxus_ above recited. By the _Colure_ of\nthe Equinoxes, I mean a great Circle passing through the Poles of the\nEquator, and cutting the Ecliptic in the Equinoxes in an Angle of 66\u00bd\ndegrees, the complement of the Sun's greatest Declination; and by the\n_Colure_ of the Solstices I mean a great Circle passing through the same\nPoles, and cutting the Ecliptic at right Angles in the Solstices: and by\nthe Primitive Sphere, that which was in use before the motions of the\nEquinoxes and Solstices were known: now the _Colures_ passed through the\nfollowing Stars according to _Eudoxus_.\n\nIn the back of _Aries_ is a Star of the sixth magnitude, marked [nu] by\n_Bayer_: in the end of the year 1689, and beginning of the year 1690, its\nLongitude was [Taurus]. 9\u00b0. 38'. 45\", and North Latitude 6\u00b0. 7'. 56\": and\nthe _Colurus \u00c6quinoctiorum_ drawn though it, according to _Eudoxus_, cuts\nthe Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 6\u00b0. 58'. 57\". In the head of _Cetus_ are two\nStars of the fourth Magnitude, called [nu] and [xi] by _Bayer_: in the end\nof the year 1689 their Longitudes were [Taurus]. 4\u00b0. 3'. 9\". and [Taurus].\n3\u00b0. 7'. 37\", and their South Latitudes 9\u00b0. 12'. 26\". and 5\u00b0. 53'. 7\"; and\nthe _Colurus \u00c6quinoctiorum_ passing in the mid way between them, cuts the\nEcliptic in [Taurus]. 6\u00b0. 58'. 51\". In the extreme flexure of _Eridanus_,\nrightly delineated, is a Star of the fourth Magnitude, of late referred to\nthe breast of _Cetus_, and called [rho] by _Bayer_; it is the only Star in\n_Eridanus_ through which this _Colure_ can pass; its Longitude, in the end\nof the year 1689, was [Aries]. 25\u00b0. 22'. 10\". and South Latitude 25\u00b0. 15'.\n50\". and the _Colurus \u00c6quinoctiorum_ passing through it, cuts the Ecliptic\nin [Taurus]. 7\u00b0. 12'. 40\". In the head of _Perseus_, rightly delineated, is\na Star of the fourth Magnitude, called [tau] by _Bayer_; the Longitude of\nthis Star, in the end of the year 1689, was [Taurus]. 23\u00b0. 25'. 30\", and\nNorth Latitude 34\u00b0. 20'. 12\": and the _Colurus \u00c6quinoctiorum_ passing\nthrough it, cuts the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 6\u00b0. 18'. 57\". In the right hand\nof _Perseus_, rightly delineated, is a Star of the fourth Magnitude, called\n[eta] by _Bayer_; its Longitude in the end of the year 1689, was [Taurus].\n24\u00b0. 25'. 27\", and North Latitude 37\u00b0. 26'. 50\": and the _Colurus\n\u00c6quinoctiorum_ passing through it cuts the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 4\u00b0. 56'.\n40\": and the fifth part of the summ of the places in which these five\n_Colures_ cut the Ecliptic, is [Taurus]. 6\u00b0. 29'. 15\": and therefore the\nGreat Circle which in the Primitive Sphere according to _Eudoxus_, and by\nconsequence in the time of the _Argonautic_ Expedition, was the _Colurus\n\u00c6quinoctiorum_ passing through the Stars above described; did in the end of\nthe year 1689, cut the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 6\u00b0. 29'. 15\": as nearly as we\nhave been able to determin by the Observations of the Ancients, which were\nbut coarse.\n\nIn the middle of _Cancer_ is the _South Asellus_, a Star of the fourth\nMagnitude, called by _Bayer_ [delta]; its Longitude in the end of the year\n1689, was [Leo]. 4\u00b0. 23'. 40\". In the neck of _Hydrus_, rightly delineated,\nis a Star of the fourth Magnitude, called [delta] by _Bayer_; its Longitude\nin the end of the year 1689, was [Leo]. 5\u00b0. 59'. 3\". Between the poop and\nmast of the Ship _Argo_ is a Star of the third Magnitude, called [iota] by\n_Bayer_; its Longitude in the end of that year, was [Leo]. 7\u00b0. 5'. 31\". In\n_Sagitta_ is a Star of the sixth Magnitude, called [theta] by _Bayer_; its\nLongitude in the end of the same year 1689, was [Aquarius]. 6\u00b0. 29'. 53\".\nIn the middle of _Capricorn_ is a Star of the fifth Magnitude, called [eta]\nby _Bayer_; its Longitude in the end of the same year was [Aquarius]. 8\u00b0.\n25'. 55\": and the fifth part of the summ of the three first Longitudes, and\nof the complements of the two last to 180 Degrees; is [Leo]. 6\u00b0. 28'. 46\".\nThis is the new Longitude of the old _Colurus Solstitiorum_ passing through\nthese Stars. The same _Colurus_ passes also in the middle between the Stars\n[eta] and [kappa], of the fourth and fifth Magnitudes, in the neck of the\n_Swan_; being distant from each about a Degree: it passeth also by the Star\n[kappa], of the fourth Magnitude, in the right wing of the _Swan_; and by\nthe Star [omicron], of the fifth Magnitude, in the left hand of _Cepheus_,\nrightly delineated; and by the Stars in the tail of the _South-Fish_; and\nis at right angles with the _Colurus \u00c6quinoctiorum_ found above: and so it\nhath all the characters, of the _Colurus Solstitiorum_ rightly drawn.\n\nThe two _Colures_ therefore, which in the time of the _Argonautic_\nExpedition cut the Ecliptic in the Cardinal Points, did in the end of the\nyear 1689 cut it in [Taurus]. 6\u00b0. 29'; [Leo]. 6\u00b0. 29'; [Scorpio]. 6\u00b0. 29';\nand [Aquarius]. 6\u00b0. 29'; that is, at the distance of 1 Sign, 6 Degrees and\n29 Minutes from the Cardinal Points of _Chiron_; as nearly as we have been\nable to determin from the coarse observations of the Ancients: and\ntherefore the Cardinal Points, in the time between that Expedition and the\nend of the year 1689, have gone back from those _Colures_ one Sign, 6\nDegrees and 29 Minutes; which, after the rate of 72 years to a Degree,\nanswers to 2627 years. Count those years backwards from the end of the year\n1689, or beginning of the year 1690, and the reckoning will place the\n_Argonautic_ Expedition, about 43 years after the death of _Solomon_.\n\nBy the same method the place of any Star in the Primitive Sphere may\nreadily be found, counting backwards one Sign, 6\u00b0. 29'. from the Longitude\nwhich it had in the end of the year of our Lord 1689. So the Longitude of\nthe first Star of _Aries_ in the end of the year 1689 was [Aries]. 28\u00b0.\n51'. as above: count backward 1 Sign, 6\u00b0. 29'. and its Longitude, counted\nfrom the Equinox in the middle of the Constellation of _Aries_, in the time\nof the _Argonautic_ expedition, will be [Pisces]. 22\u00b0. 22': and by the same\nway of arguing, the Longitude of the _Lucida Pleiadum_ in the time of the\n_Argonautic_ Expedition will be [Aries]. 19\u00b0. 26'. 8\": and the Longitude of\n_Arcturus_ [Virgo]. 13\u00b0. 24'. 52\": and so of any other Stars.\n\nAfter the _Argonautic_ Expedition we hear no more of Astronomy 'till the\ndays of _Thales_: He [77] revived Astronomy, and wrote a book of the\nTropics and Equinoxes, and predicted Eclipses; and _Pliny_ [78] tells us,\nthat he determined the _Occasus Matutinus_ of the _Pleiades_ to be upon the\n25th day after the Autumnal Equinox: and thence [79] _Petavius_ computes\nthe Longitude of the _Pleiades_ in [Aries]. 23\u00b0. 53': and by consequence\nthe _Lucida Pleiadum_ had, since the _Argonautic_ Expedition, moved from\nthe Equinox 4\u00b0. 26'. 52\": and this motion, after the rate of 72 years to a\nDegree, answers to 320 years: count these years back from the time in which\n_Thales_ was a young man fit to apply himself to Astronomical Studies, that\nis from about the 41st Olympiad, and the reckoning will place the\n_Argonautic_ Expedition about 44 years after the death of _Solomon_, as\nabove: and in the days of _Thales_, the Solstices and Equinoxes, by this\nreckoning, will have been in the middle of the eleventh Degrees of the\nSigns. But _Thales_, in publishing his book about the Tropics and\nEquinoxes, might lean a little to the opinion of former Astronomers, so as\nto place them in the twelfth Degrees of the Signs.\n\n_Meton_ and _Euctemon_, [80] in order to publish the Lunar Cycle of\nnineteen years, observed the Summer Solstice in the year of _Nabonassar_\n316, the year before the _Peloponnesian_ war began; and _Columella_ [81]\ntells us that they placed it in the eighth Degree of _Cancer_, which is at\nleast seven Degrees backwarder than at first. Now the Equinox, after the\nrate of a Degree in Seventy and two years, goes backwards seven Degrees in\n504 years: count backwards those years from the 316th year of _Nabonassar_,\nand the _Argonautic_ Expedition will fall upon the 44th year after the\ndeath of _Solomon_, or thereabout, as above. And thus you see the truth of\nwhat we cited above out of _Achilles Tatius_; viz. that some anciently\nplaced the Solstice in the eighth Degree of _Cancer_, others about the\ntwelfth Degree, and others about the fifteenth Degree thereof.\n\n_Hipparchus_ the great Astronomer, comparing his own Observations with\nthose of former Astronomers, concluded first of any man, that the Equinoxes\nhad a motion backwards in respect of the fixt Stars: and his opinion was,\nthat they went backwards one Degree in about an hundred years. He made his\nobservations of the Equinoxes between the years of _Nabonassar_ 586 and\n618: the middle year is 602, which is 286 years after the aforesaid\nobservation of _Meton_ and _Euctemon_; and in these years the Equinox must\nhave gone backwards four degrees, and so have been in the fourth Degree of\n_Aries_ in the days of _Hipparchus_, and by consequence have then gone back\neleven Degrees since the _Argonautic_ Expedition; that is, in 1090 years,\naccording to the Chronology of the ancient _Greeks_ then in use: and this\nis after the rate of about 99 years, or in the next round number an hundred\nyears to a Degree, as was then stated by _Hipparchus_. But it really went\nback a Degree in seventy and two years, and eleven Degrees in 792 years:\ncount these 792 years backward from the year of _Nabonassar,_ 602, the year\nfrom which we counted the 286 years, and the reckoning will place the\n_Argonautic_ Expedition about 43 years after the death of _Solomon_. The\n_Greeks_ have therefore made the _Argonautic_ Expedition about three\nhundred years ancienter than the truth, and thereby given occasion to the\nopinion of the great _Hipparchus_, that the Equinox went backward after the\nrate of only a Degree in an hundred years.\n\n_Hesiod_ tells us that sixty days after the winter Solstice the Star\n_Arcturus_ rose just at Sunset: and thence it follows that _Hesiod_\nflourished about an hundred years after the death of _Solomon_, or in the\nGeneration or Age next after the _Trojan_ war, as _Hesiod_ himself\ndeclares.\n\nFrom all these circumstances, grounded upon the coarse observations of the\nancient Astronomers, we may reckon it certain that the _Argonautic_\nExpedition was not earlier than the Reign of _Solomon_: and if these\nAstronomical arguments be added to the former arguments taken from the mean\nlength of the Reigns of Kings, according to the course of nature; from them\nall we may safely conclude that the _Argonautic_ Expedition was after the\ndeath of _Solomon_, and most probably that it was about 43 years after it.\n\nThe _Trojan_ War was one Generation later than that Expedition, as was said\nabove, several Captains of the _Greeks_ in that war being sons of the\n_Argonauts_: and the ancient _Greeks_ reckoned _Memnon_ or _Amenophis_,\nKing of _Egypt_, to have Reigned in the times of that war, feigning him to\nbe the son of _Tithonus_ the elder brother of _Priam_, and in the end of\nthat war to have come from _Susa_ to the assistance of _Priam_. _Amenophis_\nwas therefore of the same age with the elder children of _Priam_, and was\nwith his army at _Susa_ in the last year of that war: and after he had\nthere finished the _Memnonia_, he might return into _Egypt_, and adorn it\nwith Buildings, and Obelisks, and Statues, and die there about 90 or 95\nyears after the death of _Solomon_; when he had determined and settled the\nbeginning of the new _Egyptian_ year of 365 days upon the Vernal Equinox,\nso as to deserve the Monument above-mentioned in memory thereof.\n\n_Rehoboam_ was born in the last year of King _David_, being 41 years old at\nthe Death of _Solomon_, 1 _Kings_ xiv. 21. and therefore his father\n_Solomon_ was probably born in the 18th year of King _David's_ Reign, or\nbefore: and two or three years before his Birth, _David_ besieged _Rabbah_\nthe Metropolis of the _Ammonites_, and committed adultery with _Bathsheba_:\nand the year before this siege began, _David_ vanquished the _Ammonites_,\nand their Confederates the _Syrians_ of _Zobah_, and _Rehob_, and _Ishtob_,\nand _Maacah_, and _Damascus_, and extended his Dominion over all these\nNations as far as to the entring in of _Hamath_ and the River _Euphrates_:\nand before this war began he smote _Moab_, and _Ammon_, and _Edom_, and\nmade the _Edomites_ fly, some of them into _Egypt_ with their King _Hadad_,\nthen a little child; and others to the _Philistims_, where they fortified\n_Azoth_ against _Israel_; and others, I think, to the _Persian Gulph_, and\nother places whither they could escape: and before this he had several\nBattles with the _Philistims_: and all this was after the eighth year of\nhis Reign, in which he came from _Hebron_ to _Jerusalem_. We cannot err\ntherefore above two or three years, if we place this Victory over _Edom_ in\nthe eleventh or twelfth year of his Reign; and that over _Ammon_ and the\n_Syrians_ in the fourteenth. After the flight of _Edom_, the King of _Edom_\ngrew up, and married _Tahaphenes_ or _Daphnis_, the sister of _Pharaoh_'s\nQueen, and before the Death of _David_ had by her a son called _Genubah_,\nand this son was brought up among the children of _Pharaoh_: and among\nthese children was the chief or _first born of her mother's children_, whom\n_Solomon_ married in the beginning of his Reign; and her _little sister\nwho_ at that time _had no breasts_, and her _brother who_ then _sucked the\nbreasts of his mother_, _Cant._ vi. 9. and viii. 1, 8: and of about the\nsame Age with these children was _Sesac_ or _Sesostris_; for he became King\nof _Egypt_ in the Reign of _Solomon_, 1 _Kings_ xi. 40; and before he began\nto Reign he warred under his father, and whilst he was very young,\nconquered _Arabia_, _Troglodytica_ and _Libya_, and then invaded\n_Ethiopia_; and succeeding his father Reigned 'till the fifth year of\n_Asa_: and therefore he was of about the same age with the children of\n_Pharaoh_ above-mentioned; and might be one of them, and be born near the\nend of _David_'s Reign, and be about 46 years old when he came out of\n_Egypt_ with a great Army to invade the East: and by reason of his great\nConquests, he was celebrated in several Nations by several Names. The\n_Chald\u00e6ans_ called him _Belus_, which in their Language signified _the\nLord_: the _Arabians_ called him _Bacchus_, which in their Language\nsignified _the great_: the _Phrygians_ and _Thracians_ called him\n_Ma-fors_, _Mavors_, _Mars_, which signified _the valiant_: and thence the\n_Amazons_, whom he carried from _Thrace_ and left at _Thermodon_, called\nthemselves the daughters of _Mars_. The _Egyptians_ before his Reign called\nhim their _Hero_ or _Hercules_; and after his death, by reason of his great\nworks done to the River _Nile_, dedicated that River to him, and Deified\nhim by its names _Sihor_, _Nilus_ and _\u00c6gyptus_; and the _Greeks_ hearing\nthem lament _0 Sihor, Bou Sihor_, called him _Osiris_ and _Busiris_.\n_Arrian_ [82] tells us that the _Arabians_ worshipped, only two Gods,\n_Coelus_ and _Dionysus_; and that they worshipped _Dionysus_ for the glory\nof leading his Army into _India_. The _Dionysus_ of the _Arabians_ was\n_Bacchus_, and all agree that _Bacchus_ was the same King of _Egypt_ with\n_Osiris_: and the _Coelus_, or _Uranus_, or _Jupiter Uranius_ of the\n_Arabians_, I take to be the same King of _Egypt_ with His father _Ammon_,\naccording to the Poet:\n\n  _Quamvis \u00c6thiopum populis, Arabumque beatis_\n  _Gentibus, atque Indis unus sit Jupiter Ammon._\n\nI place the end of the Reign of _Sesac_ upon the fifth year of _Asa_,\nbecause in that year _Asa_ became free from the Dominion of _Egypt_, so as\nto be able to fortify _Jud\u00e6a_, and raise that great Army with which he met\n_Zerah_, and routed him. _Osiris_ was therefore slain in the fifth year of\n_Asa_, by his brother _Japetus_, whom the _Egyptians_ called _Typhon_,\n_Python_, and _Neptune_: and then the _Libyans_, under _Japetus_ and his\nson _Atlas_, invaded _Egypt_, and raised that famous war between the Gods\nand Giants, from whence the _Nile_ had the name of _Eridanus_: but _Orus_\nthe son of _Osiris_, by the assistance of the _Ethiopians_, prevailed, and\nReigned 'till the 15th year of _Asa_: and then the _Ethiopians_ under\n_Zerah_ invaded _Egypt_, drowned _Orus_ in _Eridanus_, and were routed by\n_Asa_, so that _Zerah_ could not recover himself. _Zerah_ was succeeded by\n_Amenophis_, a youth of the Royal Family of the _Ethiopians_, and I think\nthe son of _Zerah_: but the People of the lower _Egypt_ revolted from him,\nand set up _Osarsiphus_ over them, and called to their assistance a great\nbody of men from _Phoenicia_, I think a part of the Army of _Asa_; and\nthereupon _Amenophis_, with the remains of his father's Army of\n_Ethiopians_, retired from the lower _Egypt_ to _Memphis_, and there turned\nthe River _Nile_ into a new channel, under a new bridge which he built\nbetween two Mountains; and at the same time he built and fortified that\nCity against _Osarsiphus_, calling it by his own name, _Amenoph_ or\n_Memphis_: and then he retired into _Ethiopia_, and stayed there thirteen\nyears; and then came back with a great Army, and subdued the lower _Egypt_,\nexpelling the People which had been called in from _Phoenicia_: and this I\ntake to be the second expulsion of the Shepherds. Dr. _Castel_ [83] tells\nus, that in _Coptic_ this City is called _Manphtha_; whence by contraction\ncame its Names _Moph_, _Noph_.\n\nWhile _Amenophis_ staid in _Ethiopia_, _Egypt_ was in its greatest\ndistraction: and then it was, as I conceive, that the _Greeks_ hearing\nthereof contrived the _Argonautic_ Expedition, and sent the flower of\n_Greece_ in the Ship _Argo_ to persuade the Nations upon the Sea Coasts of\nthe _Euxine_ and _Mediterranean Seas_ to revolt from _Egypt_, and set up\nfor themselves, as the _Libyans_, _Ethiopians_ and _Jews_ had done before.\nAnd this is a further argument for placing that Expedition about 43 years\nafter the Death of _Solomon_; this Period being in the middle of the\ndistraction of _Egypt_. _Amenophis_ might return from _Ethiopia_, and\nconquer the lower _Egypt_ about eight years after that Expedition, and\nhaving settled his Government over it, he might, for putting a stop to the\nrevolting of the eastern Nations, lead his Army into _Persia_, and leave\n_Proteus_ at _Memphis_ to govern _Egypt_ in his absence, and stay some time\nat _Susa_, and build the _Memnonia_, fortifying that City, as the\nMetropolis of his Dominion in those parts.\n\n_Androgeus_ the son of _Minos_, upon his overcoming in the _Athen\u00e6a_, or\nquadrennial Games at _Athens_ in his youth, was perfidiously slain out of\nenvy: and _Minos_ thereupon made war upon the _Athenians_, and compelled\nthem to send every eighth year to _Crete_ seven beardless Youths, and as\nmany young Virgins, to be given as a reward to him that should get the\nVictory in the like Games instituted in _Crete_ in honour of _Androgeus_.\nThese Games seem to have been celebrated in the beginning of the\n_Octaeteris_, and the _Athen\u00e6a_ in the beginning of the _Tetraeteris_, then\nbrought into _Crete_ and _Greece_ by the _Phoenicians_ and upon the third\npayment of the tribute of children, that is, about seventeen years after\nthe said war was at an end, and about nineteen or twenty years after the\ndeath of _Androgeus_, _Theseus_ became Victor, and returned from _Crete_\nwith _Ariadne_ the daughter of _Minos_; and coming to the Island _Naxus_ or\n_Dia_, [84] _Ariadne_ was there relinquished by him, and taken up by\n_Glaucus_, an _Egyptian_ Commander at Sea, and became the mistress of the\ngreat _Bacchus_, who at that time returned from _India_ in Triumph; and\n[85] by him she had two sons, _Phlyas_ and _Eumedon_, who were _Argonauts_.\nThis _Bacchus_ was caught in bed in _Phrygia_ with _Venus_ the mother of\n_\u00c6neas_, according [86] to _Homer_; just before he came over the\n_Hellespont_, and invaded _Thrace_; and he married _Ariadne_ the daughter\nof _Minos_, according to _Hesiod_ [87]: and therefore by the Testimony of\nboth _Homer_ and _Hesiod_, who wrote before the _Greeks_ and _Egyptians_\ncorrupted their Antiquities, this _Bacchus_ was one Generation older than\nthe _Argonauts_; and so being King of _Egypt_ at the same time with\n_Sesostris_, they must be one and the same King: for they agree also in\ntheir actions; _Bacchus_ invaded _India_ and _Greece_, and after he was\nrouted by the Army of _Perseus_, and the war was composed, the _Greeks_ did\nhim great honours, and built a Temple to him at _Argos_, and called it the\nTemple of the _Cresian Bacchus_, because _Ariadne_ was buried in it, as\n_Pausanias_ [88] relates. _Ariadne_ therefore died in the end of the war,\njust before the return of _Sesostris_ into _Egypt_, that is, in the 14th\nyear of _Rehoboam_: She was taken from _Naxus_ upon the return of _Bacchus_\nfrom _India_, and then became the Mistress of _Bacchus_, and accompanied\nhim in his Triumphs; and therefore the expedition of _Theseus_ to _Crete_,\nand the death of his father _\u00c6geus_, was about nine or ten years after the\ndeath of _Solomon_. _Theseus_ was then a beardless young man, suppose about\n19 or 20 years old, and _Androgeus_ was slain about twenty years before,\nbeing then about 20 or 22 years old; and his father _Minos_ might be about\n25 years older, and so be born about the middle of _David_'s Reign, and be\nabout 70 years old when he pursued _D\u00e6dalus_ into _Sicily_: and _Europa_\nand her brother _Cadmus_ might come into _Europe_, two or three years\nbefore the birth of _Minos_.\n\n_Justin_, in his 18th book, tells us: _A rege Ascaloniorum expugnati\nSidonii navibus appulsi Tyron urbem ante annum * * Trojan\u00e6 cladis\ncondiderunt_ And _Strabo_, [89] that _Aradus was built by the men who fled\nfrom _Zidon__. Hence [90] _Isaiah_ calls _Tyre_ _the daughter of _Zidon_,\nthe inhabitants of the Isle whom the Merchants of _Zidon_ have\nreplenished_: and [91] _Solomon_ in the beginning of his Reign calls the\nPeople of _Tyre_ _Zidonians_. _My Servants_, saith he, in a Message to\n_Hiram_ King of _Tyre_, _shall be with thy Servants, and unto thee will I\ngive hire for thy Servants according to all that thou desirest: for thou\nknowest that there is not among us any that can skill to hew timber like\nthe _Zidonians__. The new Inhabitants of _Tyre_ had not yet lost the name\nof _Zidonians_, nor had the old Inhabitants, if there were any considerable\nnumber of them, gained the reputation of the new ones for skill in hewing\nof timber, as they would have done had navigation been long in use at\n_Tyre_. The Artificers who came from _Zidon_ were not dead, and the flight\nof the _Zidonians_ was in the Reign of _David_, and by consequence in the\nbeginning of the Reign of _Abibalus_ the father of _Hiram_, and the first\nKing of _Tyre_ mentioned in History. _David_ in the twelfth year of his\nReign conquered _Edom_, as above, and made some of the _Edomites_, and\nchiefly the Merchants and Seamen, fly from the _Red Sea_ to the\n_Philistims_ upon the _Mediterranean_, where they fortified _Azoth_. For\n[92] _Stephanus_ tells us: [Greek: Taut\u00ean ektisen heis t\u00f4n epanelthont\u00f4n\nap' Erythras thalass\u00eas Pheugad\u00f4n]: _One of the Fugitives from the Red Sea\nbuilt_ Azoth: that is, a Prince of _Edom_, who fled from _David_, fortified\n_Azoth_ for the _Philistims_ against him. The _Philistims_ were now grown\nvery strong, by the access of the _Edomites_ and Shepherds, and by their\nassistance invaded and took _Zidon_, that being a town very convenient for\nthe Merchants who fled from the _Red Sea_: and then did the _Zidonians_ fly\nby Sea to _Tyre_ and _Aradus_, and to other havens in _Asia Minor_,\n_Greece_, and _Libya_, with which, by means of their trade, they had been\nacquainted before; the great wars and victories of _David_ their enemy,\nprompting them to fly by Sea: for [93] they went with a great multitude,\nnot to seek _Europa_ as was pretended, but to seek new Seats, and therefore\nfled from their enemies: and when some of them fled under _Cadmus_ and his\nbrothers to _Cilicia_, _Asia minor_, and _Greece_; others fled under other\nCommanders to seek new Seats in _Libya_, and there built many walled towns,\nas _Nonnus_ [94] affirms: and their leader was also there called _Cadmus_,\nwhich word signifies an eastern man, and his wife was called _Sithonis_ a\n_Zidonian_. Many from those Cities went afterwards with the great _Bacchus_\nin his Armies: and by these things, the taking of _Zidon_, and the flight\nof the _Zidonians_ under _Abibalus_, _Cadmus_, _Cilix_, _Thasus_,\n_Membliarius_, _Atymnus_, and other Captains, to _Tyre_, _Aradus_,\n_Cilicia_, _Rhodes_, _Caria_, _Bithynia_, _Phrygia_, _Calliste_, _Thasus_,\n_Samothrace_, _Crete_, _Greece_ and _Libya_, and the building of _Tyre_ and\n_Thebes_, and beginning of the Reigns of _Abibalus_ and _Cadmus_ over those\nCities, are fixed upon the fifteenth or sixteenth year of _David_'s Reign,\nor thereabout. By means of these Colonies of _Phoenicians_, the people of\n_Caria_ learnt sea-affairs, in such small vessels with oars as were then in\nuse, and began to frequent the _Greek Seas_, and people some of the Islands\ntherein, before the Reign of _Minos_: for _Cadmus_, in coming to _Greece_,\narrived first at _Rhodes_, an Island upon the borders of _Caria_, and left\nthere a Colony of _Phoenicians_, who sacrificed men to _Saturn_, and the\n_Telchines_ being repulsed by _Phoroneus_, retired from _Argos_ to _Rhodes_\nwith _Phorbas_, who purged the Island from Serpents; and _Triopas_, the son\nof _Phorbas_, carried a Colony from _Rhodes_ to _Caria_, and there\npossessed himself of a promontory, thence called _Triopium_: and by this\nand such like Colonies _Caria_ was furnished with Shipping and Seamen, and\ncalled [95] _Phoenice_. _Strabo_ and _Herodotus_ [96] tell us, that the\n_Cares_ were called _Leleges_, and became subject to _Minos_, and lived\nfirst in the Islands of the _Greek Seas_, and went thence into _Caria_, a\ncountry possest before by some of the _Leleges_ and _Pelasgi_: whence it's\nprobable that when _Lelex_ and _Pelasgus_ came first into _Greece_ to seek\nnew Seats, they left part of their Colonies in _Caria_ and the neighbouring\nIslands.\n\nThe _Zidonians_ being still possessed of the trade of the _Mediterranean_,\nas far westward as _Greece_ and _Libya_, and the trade of the _Red Sea_\nbeing richer; the _Tyrians_ traded on the _Red Sea_ in conjunction with\n_Solomon_ and the Kings of _Judah_, 'till after the _Trojan_ war; and so\nalso did the Merchants of _Aradus_, _Arvad_, or _Arpad_: for in the\n_Persian Gulph_ [97] were two Islands called _Tyre_ and _Aradus_, which had\nTemples like the _Phoenician_; and therefore the _Tyrians_ and _Aradians_\nsailed thither, and beyond, to the Coasts of _India_, while the _Zidonians_\nfrequented the _Mediterranean_: and hence it is that _Homer_ celebrates\n_Zidon_, and makes no mention of _Tyre_. But at length, [98] in the Reign\nof _Jehoram_ King of _Judah_, _Edom_ revolted from the Dominion of _Judah_,\nand made themselves a King; and the trade of _Judah_ and _Tyre_ upon the\n_Red Sea_ being thereby interrupted, the _Tyrians_ built ships for\nmerchandise upon the _Mediterranean_, and began there to make long Voyages\nto places not yet frequented by the _Zidonians_; some of them going to the\ncoasts of _Afric_ beyond the _Syrtes_, and building _Adrymetum_,\n_Carthage_, _Leptis_, _Utica_, and _Capsa_; and others going to the Coasts\nof _Spain_, and building _Carteia_, _Gades_ and _Tartessus_; and others\ngoing further to the _Fortunate Islands_, and to _Britain_ and _Thule_.\n_Jehoram_ Reigned eight years, and the two last years was sick in his\nbowels, and before that sickness _Edom_ revolted, because of _Jehoram_'s\nwicked Reign: if we place that revolt about the middle of the first six\nyears, it will fall upon the fifth year of _Pygmalion_ King of _Tyre_, and\nso was about twelve or fifteen years after the taking of _Troy_: and then,\nby reason of this revolt, the _Tyrians_ retired from the _Red Sea_, and\nbegan long Voyages upon the _Mediterranean_; for in the seventh year of\n_Pygmalion_, his Sister _Dido_ sailed to the Coast of _Afric_ beyond the\n_Syrtes_, and there built _Carthage_. This retiring of the _Tyrians_ from\nthe _Red Sea_ to make long Voyages on the _Mediterranean_, together with\nthe flight of the _Edomites_ from _David_ to the _Philistims_, gave\noccasion to the tradition both of the ancient _Persians_, and of the\n_Phoenicians_ themselves, that the _Phoenicians_ came originally from the\n_Red Sea_ to the coasts of the _Mediterranean_, and presently undertook\nlong Voyages, as _Herodotus_ [99] relates: for _Herodotus_, in the\nbeginning of his first book, relates that the _Phoenicians_ coming from the\n_Red Sea_ to the _Mediterranean_, and beginning to make long Voyages with\n_Egyptian_ and _Assyrian_ wares, among other places came to _Argos_, and\nhaving sold their wares, seized and carried away into _Egypt_ some of the\n_Grecian_ women who came to buy them; and amongst those women was _Io_ the\ndaughter of _Inachus_. The _Phoenicians_ therefore came from the _Red Sea_,\nin the days of _Io_ and her brother _Phoroneus_ King of _Argos_, and by\nconsequence at that time when _David_ conquered the _Edomites_, and made\nthem fly every way from the _Red Sea_; some into _Egypt_ with their young\nKing, and others to the _Philistims_ their next neighbours and the enemies\nof _David_. And this flight gave occasion to the _Philistims_ to call many\nplaces _Erythra_, in memory of their being _Erythreans_ or _Edomites_, and\nof their coming from the _Erythrean_ Sea; for _Erythra_ was the name of a\nCity in _Ionia_, of another in _Libya_, of another in _Locris_, of another\nin _Boeotia_, of another in _Cyprus_, of another in _\u00c6tolia_, of another in\n_Asia_ near _Chius_; and _Erythia Acra_ was a promontory in _Libya_, and\n_Erythr\u00e6um_ a promontory in _Crete_, and _Erythros_ a place near _Tybur_,\nand _Erythini_ a City or Country in _Paphlagonia_: and the name _Erythea_\nor _Erythr\u00e6_ was given to the Island _Gades_, peopled by _Phoenicians_. So\n_Solinus_, [100] _In capite B\u00e6tic\u00e6 insula a continenti septingentis\npassibus memoratur quam Tyrii a rubro mari profecti Erytheam, Poeni sua\nlingua Gadir, id est sepem nominarunt._ And _Pliny_, [101] concerning a\nlittle Island near it; _Erythia dicta est quoniam Tyrii Aborigines eorum,\norti ab Erythr\u00e6o mari ferebantur._ Among the _Phoenicians_ who came with\n_Cadmus_ into _Greece_, there were [102] _Arabians_, and [103] _Erythreans_\nor Inhabitants of the _Red Sea_, that is _Edomites_; and in _Thrace_ there\nsettled a People who were circumcised and called _Odomantes_, that is, as\nsome think, _Edomites_. _Edom_, _Erythra_ and _Phoenicia_ are names of the\nsame signification, the words denoting a red colour: which makes it\nprobable that the _Erythreans_ who fled from _David_, settled in great\nnumbers in _Phoenicia_, that is, in all the Sea-coasts of _Syria_ from\n_Egypt_ to _Zidon_; and by calling themselves _Phoenicians_ in the language\nof _Syria_, instead of _Erythreans_, gave the name of _Phoenicia_ to all\nthat Sea-coast, and to that only. So _Strabo_: [104] [Greek: Hoi men gar\nkai tous Phoinikas, kai tous Sidonious tous kath' h\u00eamas apoikous einai t\u00f4n\nen t\u00f4i \u00d4kean\u00f4i phasi, prostithentes kai dia ti Phoinikes ekalounto, hoti\nkai h\u00ea thalatta erythra.] _Alii referunt Phoenices & Sidonios nostros esse\ncolonos eorum qui sunt in Oceano, addentes illos ideo vocari Phoenices\n_[puniceos]_ quod mare rubrum sit._\n\n_Strabo_ [105] mentioning the first men who left the Sea-coasts, and\nventured out into the deep, and undertook long Voyages, names _Bacchus_,\n_Hercules_, _Jason_, _Ulysses_ and _Menelaus_; and saith that the Dominion\nof _Minos_ over the Sea was celebrated, and the Navigation of the\n_Phoenicians_ who went beyond the Pillars of _Hercules_, and built Cities\nthere, and in the middle of the Sea-coasts of _Afric_, presently after the\nwar of _Troy_. These _Phoenicians_ [106] were the _Tyrians_, who at that\ntime built _Carthage_ in _Afric_, and _Carteia_ in _Spain_, and _Gades_ in\nthe Island of that name without the _Straights_; and gave the name of\n_Hercules_ to their chief Leader, because of his labours and success, and\nthat of _Heraclea_ to the city _Carteia_ which he built. So _Strabo_: [107]\n[Greek: Ekpleousin oun ek t\u00eas h\u00eameteras thalatt\u00eas eis t\u00ean ex\u00f4, dexion esti\ntouto; kai pros auto Kalp\u00ea [Kart\u00eaia]] [108] [Greek: polis en tettarakonta\nstadiois axiologos kai palaia, naustathmon pote genomen\u00ea t\u00f4n Ib\u00ear\u00f4n; enioi\nde kai \u00carakleous ktisma legousin aut\u00ean, h\u00f4n esti kai Timosthen\u00eas; hos Ph\u00easi\nkai \u00carakleian onomazesthai to palaion; deiknysthai te megan peribolon, kai\nne\u00f4soikous.] _Mons Calpe ad dextram est e nostro mari foras navigantibus, &\nad quadraginta inde stadia urbs Carteia vetusta ac memorabilis, olim statio\nnavibus Hispanorum. Hanc ab Hercule quidam conditam aiunt, inter quos est\nTimosthenes, qui eam antiquitus Heracleam fuisse appellatam refert,\nostendique adhuc magnum murorum circuitum & navalia._ This _Hercules_, in\nmemory of his building and Reigning over the City _Carteia_, they called\nalso _Melcartus_, the King of _Carteia_. _Bochart_ [109] writes, that\n_Carteia_ was at first called _Melcarteia_, from its founder _Melcartus_,\nand by an _Aph\u00e6resis_, _Carteia_; and that _Melcartus_ signifies _Melec\nKartha_, the King of the city, that is, saith he, of the city _Tyre_: but\nconsidering that no ancient Author tells us, that _Carteia_ was ever called\n_Melcarteia_, or that _Melcartus_ was King of _Tyre_; I had rather say that\n_Melcartus_, or _Melecartus_, had his name from being the Founder and\nGovernor or Prince of the city _Carteia_. Under _Melcartus_ the _Tyrians_\nsailed as far as _Tartessus_ or _Tarshish_, a place in the Western part of\n_Spain_, between the two mouths of the river _Boetis_, and there they [110]\nmet with much silver, which they purchased for trifles: they sailed also as\nfar as _Britain_ before the death of _Melcartus_; for [111] _Pliny_ tells\nus, _Plumbum ex Cassiteride insula primus apportavit Midacritus_: And\n_Bochart_ [112] observes that _Midacritus_ is a _Greek_ name corruptly\nwritten for _Melcartus_; _Britain_ being unknown to the _Greeks_ long after\nit was discovered by the _Phoenicians_. After the death of _Melcartus_,\nthey [113] built a Temple to him in the Island _Gades_, and adorned it with\nthe sculptures of the labours of _Hercules_, and of his _Hydra_, and the\nHorses to whom he threw _Diomedes_, King of the _Bistones_ in _Thrace_, to\nbe devoured. In this Temple was the golden Belt of _Teucer_, and the golden\nOlive of _Pygmalion_ bearing _Smaragdine_ fruit: and by these consecrated\ngifts of _Teucer_ and _Pygmalion_, you may know that it was built in their\ndays. _Pomponius_ derives it from the times of the _Trojan_ war; for\n_Teucer_, seven years after that war, according to the Marbles, arrived at\n_Cyprus_, being banished from home by his father _Telamon_, and there built\n_Salamis_: and he and his Posterity Reigned there 'till _Evagoras_, the\nlast of them, was conquered by the _Persians_, in the twelfth year of\n_Artaxerxes Mnemon_. Certainly this _Tyrian Hercules_ could be no older\nthan the _Trojan_ war, because the _Tyrians_ did not begin to navigate the\n_Mediterranean_ 'till after that war: for _Homer_ and _Hesiod_ knew nothing\nof this navigation, and the _Tyrian Hercules_ went to the coasts of\n_Spain_, and was buried in _Gades_: so _Arnobius_ [114]; _Tyrius Hercules\nsepultus in finibus Hispani\u00e6_: and _Mela_, speaking of the Temple of\n_Hercules_ in _Gades_, saith, _Cur sanctum sit ossa ejus ibi sepulta\nefficiunt_. _Carthage_ [115] paid tenths to this _Hercules_, and sent their\npayments yearly to _Tyre_: and thence it's probable that this _Hercules_\nwent to the coast of _Afric_, as well as to that of _Spain_, and by his\ndiscoveries prepared the way to _Dido_: _Orosius_ [116] and others tell us\nthat he built _Capsa_ there. _Josephus_ tells of an earlier _Hercules_, to\nwhom _Hiram_ built a Temple at _Tyre_: and perhaps there might be also an\nearlier _Hercules_ of _Tyre_, who set on foot their trade on the _Red Sea_\nin the days of _David_ or _Solomon_.\n\n_Tatian_, in his book against the _Greeks_, relates, that amongst the\n_Phoenicians_ flourished three ancient Historians, _Theodotus_,\n_Hysicrates_ and _Mochus_, _who all of them delivered in their histories,\ntranslated into _Greek_ by _Latus_, under which of the Kings happened the\nrapture of _Europa_; the voyage of _Menelaus_ into _Phoenicia_; and the\nleague and friendship between _Solomon_ and _Hiram_, when _Hiram_ gave his\ndaughter to _Solomon_, and furnished him with timber for building the\nTemple: and that the same is affirmed by _Menander_ of _Pergamus__.\n_Josephus_ [117] lets us know that the Annals of the _Tyrians_, from the\ndays of _Abibalus_ and _Hiram_, Kings of _Tyre_, were extant in his days;\nand that _Menander_ of _Pergamus_ translated them into _Greek_, and that\n_Hiram_'s friendship to _Solomon_, and assistance in building the Temple,\nwas mentioned in them; and that the Temple was founded in the eleventh year\nof _Hiram_: and by the testimony of _Menander_ and the ancient _Phoenician_\nhistorians, the rapture of _Europa_, and by consequence the coming of her\nbrother _Cadmus_ into _Greece_, happened within the time of the Reigns of\nthe Kings of _Tyre_ delivered in these histories; and therefore not before\nthe Reign of _Abibalus_, the first of them, nor before the Reign of King\n_David_ his contemporary. The voyage of _Menelaus_ might be after the\ndestruction of _Troy_. _Solomon_ therefore Reigned in the times between the\nraptures of _Europa_ and _Helena_, and _Europa_ and her brother _Cadmus_\nflourished in the days or _David_. _Minos_, the son of _Europa_, flourished\nin the Reign of _Solomon_, and part of the Reign of _Rehoboam_: and the\nchildren of _Minos_, namely _Androgeus_ his eldest son, _Deucalion_ his\nyoungest son and one of the _Argonauts_, _Ariadne_ the mistress of\n_Theseus_ and _Bacchus_, and _Ph\u00e6dra_ the wife of _Theseus_; flourished in\nthe latter end of _Solomon_, and in the Reigns of _Rehoboam_, _Abijah_ and\n_Asa_: and _Idomeneus_, the grandson of _Minos_, was at the war of _Troy_:\nand _Hiram_ succeeded his father _Abibalus_, in the three and twentieth\nyear of _David_: and _Abibalus_ might found the Kingdom of _Tyre_ about\nsixteen or eighteen years before, when _Zidon_ was taken by the\n_Philistims_; and the _Zidonians_ fled from thence, under the conduct of\n_Cadmus_ and other commanders, to seek new seats. Thus by the Annals of\n_Tyre_, and the ancient _Phoenician_ Historians who followed them,\n_Abibalus_, _Alymnus_, _Cadmus_, and _Europa_ fled from _Zidon_ about the\nsixteenth year of _David_'s Reign: and the _Argonautic_ Expedition being\nlater by about three Generations, will be about three hundred years later\nthan where the _Greeks_ have placed it.\n\nAfter Navigation in long ships with sails, and one order of oars, had been\npropagated from _Egypt_ to _Phoenicia_ and _Greece_, and thereby the\n_Zidonians_ had extended their trade to _Greece_, and carried it on about\nan hundred and fifty years; and then the _Tyrians_ being driven from the\n_Red Sea_ by the _Edomites_, had begun a new trade on the _Mediterranean_\nwith _Spain_, _Afric_, _Britain_, and other remote nations; they carried it\non about an hundred and sixty years; and then the _Corinthians_ began to\nimprove Navigation, by building bigger ships with three orders of oars,\ncalled _Triremes_. For [118] _Thucydides_ tells us that the _Corinthians_\nwere the first of the _Greeks_ who built such ships, and that a\nship-carpenter of _Corinth_ went thence to _Samos_, about 300 years before\nthe end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, and built also four ships for the\n_Samians_; and that 260 years before the end of that war, that is, about\nthe 29th Olympiad, there was a fight at sea between the _Corinthians_ and\nthe _Corcyreans_ which was the oldest sea-fight mentioned in history.\n_Thucydides_ tells us further, that the first colony which the _Greeks_\nsent into _Sicily_, came from _Chalcis_ in _Euboea_, under the conduct of\n_Thucles_, and built _Naxus_; and the next year _Archias_ came from\n_Corinth_ with a colony, and built _Syracuse_; and that _Lamis_ came about\nthe same time into _Sicily_, with a colony from _Megara_ in _Achaia_, and\nlived first at _Trotilum_, and then at _Leontini_, and died at _Thapsus_\nnear _Syracuse_; and that after his death, this colony was invited by\n_Hyblo_ to _Megara_ in _Sicily_, and lived there 245 years, and was then\nexpelled by _Gelo_ King of _Sicily_. Now _Gelo_ flourished about 78 years\nbefore the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war: count backwards the 78 and the\n245 years, and about 12 years more for the Reign of _Lamis_ in _Sicily_,\nand the reckoning will place the building of _Syracuse_ about 335 years\nbefore the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, or in the tenth Olympiad; and\nabout that time _Eusebius_ and others place it: but it might be twenty or\nthirty years later, the antiquities of those days having been raised more\nor less by the _Greeks_. From the colonies henceforward sent into _Italy_\nand _Sicily_ came the name of _Gr\u00e6cia magna_.\n\n_Thucydides_ [119] tells us further, that the _Greeks_ began to come into\n_Sicily_ almost three hundred years after the _Siculi_ had invaded that\nIsland with an army out of _Italy_: suppose it 280 years after, and the\nbuilding of _Syracuse_ 310 years before the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war;\nand that invasion of _Sicily_ by the _Siculi_ will be 590 years before the\nend of that war, that is, in the 27th year of _Solomon_'s Reign, or\nthereabout. _Hellanicus_ [120] tells us, that it was in the third\nGeneration before the _Trojan_ war; and in the 26th year of the Priesthood\nof _Alcinoe_, Priestess of _Juno Argiva_: and _Philistius_ of _Syracuse_,\nthat it was 80 years before the _Trojan_ war: whence it follows that the\n_Trojan_ war and _Argonautic_ Expedition were later than the days of\n_Solomon_ and _Rehoboam_, and could not be much earlier than where we have\nplaced them.\n\nThe Kingdom of _Macedon_ [121] was founded by _Caranus_ and _Perdiccas_,\nwho being of the Race of _Temenus_ King of _Argos_, fled from _Argos_ in\nthe Reign of _Phidon_ the brother of _Caranus_. _Temenus_ was one of the\nthree brothers who led the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and shared the\nconquest among themselves: he obtained _Argos_; and after him, and his son\n_Cisus_, the Kingdom of _Argos_ became divided among the posterity of\n_Temenus_, until _Phidon_ reunited it, expelling his kindred. _Phidon_ grew\npotent, appointed weights and measures in _Peloponnesus_, and coined silver\nmoney; and removing the _Pis\u00e6ans_ and _Eleans_, presided in the Olympic\ngames; but was soon after subdued by the _Eleans_ and _Spartans_.\n_Herodotus_ [122] reckons that _Perdiccas_ was the first King of _Macedon_;\nlater writers, as _Livy_, _Pausanias_ and _Suidas_, make _Caranus_ the\nfirst King: _Justin_ calls _Perdiccas_ the Sucessor of _Caranus_; and\n_Solinus_ saith that _Perdiccas_ succeeded _Caranus_; and was the first\nthat obtained the name of King. It's probable that _Caranus_ and\n_Perdiccas_ were contemporaries, and fled about the same time from\n_Phidon_, and at first erected small principalities in _Macedonia_, which,\nafter the death of _Caranus_, became one under _Perdiccas_. _Herodotus_\n[123] tells us, that after _Perdiccas_ Reigned _Ar\u00e6us_, or _Arg\u00e6us_,\n_Philip_, _\u00c6ropus_, _Alcetas_, _Amyntas_, and _Alexander_, successively.\n_Alexander_ was contemporary to _Xerxes_ King of _Persia_, and died _An._\n4. Olymp. 79, and was succeeded by _Perdiccas_, and he by his son\n_Archelaus_: and _Thucydides_ [124] tells us that there were eight Kings of\n_Macedon_ before this _Archelaus_: now by reckoning above forty years\na-piece to these Kings, Chronologers have made _Phidon_ and _Caranus_ older\nthan the Olympiads; whereas if we should reckon their Reigns at about 18 or\n20 years a-piece one with another, the first seven Reigns counted backwards\nfrom the death of this _Alexander_, will place the dominion of _Phidon_,\nand the beginning of the Kingdom of _Macedon_ under _Perdiccas_ and\n_Caranus_, upon the 46th or 47th Olympiad, or thereabout. It could scarce\nbe earlier, because _Leocides_ the son of _Phidon_, and _Megacles_ the son\nof _Alcm\u00e6on_, at one and the same time courted _Agarista_, the daughter of\n_Clisthenes_ King of _Sicyon_, as _Herodotus_ [125] tells us; and the\n_Amphictyons_, by the advice of _Solon_, made _Alcm\u00e6on_, and _Clisthenes_,\nand _Eurolycus_ King of _Thessaly_, commanders of their army, in their war\nagainst _Cirrha_; and the _Cirrheans_ were conquered _An._ 2. Olymp. 47.\naccording to the Marbles. _Phidon_ therefore and his brother _Caranus_ were\ncontemporary to _Solon_, _Alcm\u00e6on_, _Clisthenes_, and _Eurolycus_, and\nflourished about the 48th and 49th Olympiads. They were also contemporary\nin their later days to _Croesus_; for _Solon_ conversed with _Croesus_, and\n_Alcm\u00e6on_ entertained and conducted the messengers whom _Croesus_ sent to\nconsult the Oracle at _Delphi_, _An._ 1. Olymp. 56. according to the\nMarbles, and was sent for by _Croesus_, and rewarded with much riches.\n\nBut the times set down in the Marbles before the _Persian_ Empire began,\nbeing collected by reckoning the Reigns of Kings equipollent to\nGenerations, and three Generations to an hundred years or above; and the\nReigns of Kings, one with another, being shorter in the proportion of about\nfour to seven; the Chronology set down in the Marbles, until the Conquest\nof _Media_ by _Cyrus_, _An._ 4, Olymp. 60, will approach the truth much\nnearer, by shortening the times before that Conquest in the proportion of\nfour to seven. So the _Cirrheans_ were conquered _An._ 2, Olymp. 47,\naccording to the Marbles, that is 54 years before the Conquest of _Media_;\nand these years being shortened in the proportion of four to seven, become\n31 years; which subducted from _An._ 4, Olymp. 60, place the Conquest of\n_Cirrha_ upon _An._ 1, Olymp. 53: and, by the like correction of the\nMarbles, _Alcm\u00e6on_ entertained and conducted the messengers whom _Croesus_\nsent to consult the Oracle at _Delphi_, _An._ 1, Olymp. 58; that is, four\nyears before the Conquest of _Sardes_ by _Cyrus_: and the Tyranny of\n_Pisistratus_, which by the Marbles began at _Athens_, _An._ 4, Olymp. 54,\nby the like correction began _An._ 3, Olymp. 57; and by consequence _Solon_\ndied _An._ 4, Olymp. 57. This method may be used alone, where other\narguments are wanting; but where they are not wanting, the best arguments\nare to be preferred.\n\n_Iphitus_ [126] presided both in the Temple of _Jupiter Olympius_, and in\nthe Olympic Games, and so did his Successors 'till the 26th Olympiad; and\nso long the victors were rewarded with a _Tripos_: but then the _Pis\u00e6ans_\ngetting above the _Eleans_, began to preside, and rewarded the victors with\na Crown, and instituted the _Carnea_ to _Apollo_; and continued to preside\n'till _Phidon_ interrupted them, that is, 'till about the time of the 49th\nOlympiad: for [127] in the 48th Olympiad the _Eleans_ entered the country\nof the _Pis\u00e6ans_, suspecting their designs, but were prevailed upon to\nreturn home quietly; afterwards the _Pis\u00e6ans_ confederated with several\nother _Greek_ nations, and made war upon the _Eleans_, and in the end were\nbeaten: in this war I conceive it was that _Phidon_ presided, suppose in\nthe 49th Olympiad; for [128] in the 50th Olympiad, for putting an end to\nthe contentions between the Kings about presiding, two men were chosen by\nlot out of the city _Elis_ to preside, and their number in the 65th\nOlympiad was increased to nine, and afterwards to ten; and these judges\nwere called _Hellenodic\u00e6_, judges for or in the name of _Greece_.\n_Pausanias_ tells us, that the _Eleans_ called in _Phidon_ and together\nwith him celebrated the 8th Olympiad; he should have said the 49th\nOlympiad; but _Herodotus_ tells us, that _Phidon_ removed the _Eleans_; and\nboth might be true: the _Eleans_ might call in _Phidon_ against the\n_Pis\u00e6ans_, and upon overcoming be refused presiding in the Olympic games by\n_Phidon_, and confederate with the _Spartans_, and by their assistance\noverthrow the Kingdom of _Phidon_, and recover their ancient right of\npresiding in the games.\n\n_Strabo_ [129] tells us that _Phidon_ was the tenth from _Temenus_; not the\ntenth King, for between _Cisus_ and _Phidon_ they Reigned not, but the\ntenth from father to son, including _Temenus_. If 27 years be reckoned to a\nGeneration by the eldest sons, the nine intervals will amount unto 243\nyears, which counted back from the 48th Olympiad, in which _Phidon_\nflourished, will place the Return of the _Heraclides_ about fifty years\nbefore the beginning of the Olympiads, as above. But Chronologers reckon\nabout 515 years from the Return of the _Heraclides_ to the 48th Olympiad,\nand account _Phidon_ the seventh from _Temenus_; which is after the rate of\n85 years to a Generation, and therefore not to be admitted.\n\n_Cyrus_ took _Babylon_, according to _Ptolomy_'s Canon, nine years before\nhis death, _An. Nabonass._ 209, _An._ 2, Olymp. 60: and he took _Sardes_ a\nlittle before, namely _An._ 1, Olymp. 59, as _Scaliger_ collects from\n_Sosicrates_: _Croesus_ was then King of _Sardes_, and Reigned fourteen\nyears, and therefore began to Reign _An._ 3, Olymp. 55. After _Solon_ had\nmade laws for the _Athenians_, he obliged them upon oath to observe those\nlaws 'till he returned from his travels; and then travelled ten years,\ngoing to _Egypt_ and _Cyprus_, and visiting _Thales_ of _Miletus_: and upon\nHis Return to _Athens_, _Pisistratus_ began to affect the Tyranny of that\ncity, which made _Solon_ travel a second time; and now he was invited by\n_Croesus_ to _Sardes_; and _Croesus_, before _Solon_ visited him, had\nsubdued all _Asia Minor_, as far as to the River _Halys_; and therefore he\nreceived that visit towards the latter part of his Reign; and we may place\nit upon the ninth year thereof, _An._ 3, Olymp. 57: and the legislature of\n_Solon_ twelve years earlier, _An._ 3, Olymp. 54: and that of _Draco_ still\nten years earlier, _An._ 1, Olymp. 52. After _Solon_ had visited _Croesus_,\nhe went into _Cilicia_ and some other places, and died [130] in his\ntravels: and this was in the second year of the Tyranny of _Pisistratus_.\n_Comias_ was Archon when _Solon_ returned from his first travels to\n_Athens_; and the next year _Hegestratus_ was Archon, and _Solon_ died\nbefore the end of the year, _An._ 3, Olymp. 57, as above: and by this\nreckoning the objection of _Plutarch_ above mentioned is removed.\n\nWe have now shewed that the _Phoenicians_ of _Zidon_, under the conduct of\n_Cadmus_ and other captains, flying from their enemies, came into _Greece_,\nwith letters and other arts, about the sixteenth year of King _David_'s\nReign; that _Europa_ the sister of _Cadmus_, fled some days before him from\n_Zidon_ and came to _Crete_, and there became the mother of _Minos_, about\nthe 18th or 20th year of _David_'s Reign; that _Sesostris_ and the great\n_Bacchus_, and by consequence also _Osiris_, were one and the same King of\n_Egypt_ with _Sesac_, and came out of _Egypt_ in the fifth year of\n_Rehoboam_ to invade the nations, and died 25 years after _Solomon_; that\nthe _Argonautic_ expedition was about 43 years after the death of\n_Solomon_; that _Troy_ was taken about 76 or 78 years after the death of\n_Solomon_; that the _Phoenicians_ of _Tyre_ were driven from the _Red Sea_\nby the _Edomites_, about 87 years after the death of _Solomon_, and within\ntwo or three years began to make long voyages upon the _Mediterranean_,\nsailing to _Spain_, and beyond, under a commander whom for his industry,\nconduct, and discoveries, they honoured with the names of _Melcartus_ and\n_Hercules_; that the return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ was\nabout 158 years after the death of _Solomon_; that _Lycurgus_ the\nLegislator Reigned at _Sparta_, and gave the three Discs to the Olympic\ntreasury, _An._ 1, Olymp. 18, or 273 years after the death of _Solomon_,\nthe _Quinquertium_ being at that time added to the Olympic Games; that the\n_Greeks_ began soon after to build _Triremes_, and to send Colonies into\n_Sicily_ and _Italy_, which gave the name of _Gr\u00e6cia magna_ to those\ncountries; that the first _Messenian_ war ended about 350 years after the\ndeath of _Solomon_, _An._ 1, Olymp. 37; that _Phidon_ was contemporary to\n_Solon_, and presided in the Olympic Games in the 49th Olympiad, that is,\n397 years after the death of _Solomon_; that _Draco_ was Archon, and made\nhis laws, _An._ 1, Olymp. 52; and _Solon_, _An._ 3, Olymp. 54; and that\n_Solon_ visited _Croesus_ _Ann._ 3, Olymp. 57, or 433 years after the death\nof _Solomon_; and _Sardes_ was taken by _Cyrus_ 438 years, and _Babylon_ by\n_Cyrus_ 443 years, and _Echatane_ by _Cyrus_ 445 years after the death of\n_Solomon_: and these periods being settled, they become a foundation for\nbuilding the Chronology of the antient times upon them; and nothing more\nremains for settling such a Chronology, than to make these Periods a little\nexacter, if it can be, and to shew how the rest of the Antiquities of\n_Greece_, _Egypt_, _Assyria_, _Chald\u00e6a_, and _Media_ may suit therewith.\n\nWhilst _Bacchus_ made his expedition into _India_, _Theseus_ left _Ariadne_\nin the Island _Naxus_ or _Dia_, as above, and succeeded his father _\u00c6geus_\nat _Athens_; and upon the Return of _Bacchus_ from _India_, _Ariadne_\nbecame his mistress, and accompanied him in his triumphs; and this was\nabout ten years after the death of _Solomon_: and from that time reigned\neight Kings in _Athens_, viz. _Theseus_, _Menestheus_, _Demophoon_,\n_Oxyntes_, _Aphidas_, _Thym\u00e6tes_, _Melanthus_, and _Codrus_; these Kings,\nat 19 years a-piece one with another, might take up about 152 years, and\nend about 44 years before the Olympiads: then Reigned twelve Archons for\nlife, which at 14 or 15 years a-piece, the State being unstable, might take\nup about 174 years, and end _An._ 2, Olymp. 33: then reigned seven\ndecennial Archons, which are usually reckoned at seventy years; but some of\nthem dying in their Regency, they might not take up above forty years, and\nso end about _An._ 2, Olymp. 43, about which time began the Second\n_Messenian_ war: these decennial Archons were followed by the annual\nArchons, amongst whom were the Legislators _Draco_ and _Solon_. Soon after\nthe death of _Codrus_, his second Son _Neleus_, not bearing the Reign of\nhis lame brother _Medon_ at _Athens_, retired into _Asia_, and was followed\nby his younger brothers _Androcles_ and _Cyaretus_, and many others: these\nhad the name of _Ionians_, from _Ion_ the son of _Xuthus_, who commanded\nthe army of the _Athenians_ at the death of _Erechtheus_, and gave the name\nof _Ionia_ to the country which they invaded: and about 20 or 25 years\nafter the death of _Codrus_, these new Colonies, being now Lords of\n_Ionia_, set up over themselves a common Council called _Panionium_, and\ncomposed of Counsellors sent from twelve of their cities, _Miletus_,\n_Myus_, _Priene_, _Ephesus_, _Colophon_, _Lebedus_, _Teos_, _Clazomen\u00e6_,\n_Phoc\u00e6a_, _Samos_, _Chios_, and _Erythr\u00e6a_: and this was the _Ionic_\nMigration.\n\n[131] When the _Greeks_ and _Latines_ were forming their Technical\nChronology, there were great disputes about the Antiquity of _Rome_: the\n_Greeks_ made it much older than the Olympiads: some of them said it was\nbuilt by _\u00c6neas_; others, by _Romus_, the son or grandson of _\u00c6neas_;\nothers, by _Romus_, the son or grandson of _Latinus_ King of the\n_Aborigines_; others, by _Romus_ the son of _Ulysses_, or of _Ascanius_, or\nof _Italus_: and some of the _Latines_ at first fell in with the opinion of\nthe _Greeks_, saying that it was built by _Romulus_, the son or grandson of\n_\u00c6neas_. _Tim\u00e6us Siculus_ represented it built by _Romulus_, the grandson\nof _\u00c6neas_, above an hundred years before the Olympiads; and so did\n_N\u00e6vius_ the Poet, who was twenty years older than _Ennius_, and served in\nthe first _Punic_ war, and wrote the history of that war. Hitherto nothing\ncertain was agreed upon, but about 140 or 150 years after the death of\n_Alexander the Great_, they began to say that _Rome_ was built a second\ntime by _Romulus_, in the fifteenth Age after the destruction of _Troy_: by\nAges they meant Reigns of the Kings of the _Latines_ at _Alba_, and\nreckoned the first fourteen Reigns at about 432 years, and the following\nReigns of the seven Kings of _Rome_ at 244 years, both which numbers made\nup the time of about 676 years from the taking of _Troy_, according to\nthese Chronologers; but are much too long for the course of nature: and by\nthis reckoning they placed the building of _Rome_ upon the sixth or seventh\nOlympiad; _Varro_ placed it on the first year of the Seventh Olympiad, and\nwas therein generally followed by the _Romans_; but this can scarce be\nreconciled to the course of nature: for I do not meet with any instance in\nall history, since Chronology was certain, wherein seven Kings, most of\nwhom were slain, Reigned 244 years in continual Succession. The fourteen\nReigns of the Kings of the _Latines_, at twenty years a-piece one with\nanother, amount unto 280 years, and these years counted from the taking of\n_Troy_ end in the 38th Olympiad: and the Seven Reigns of the Kings of\n_Rome_, four or five of them being slain and one deposed, may at a moderate\nreckoning amount to fifteen or sixteen years a-piece one with another: let\nthem be reckoned at seventeen years a-piece, and they will amount unto 119\nyears; which being counted backwards from the Regifuge, end also in the\n38th Olympiad: and by these two reckonings _Rome_ was built in the 38th\nOlympiad, or thereabout. The 280 years and the 119 years together make up\n399 years; and the same number of years arises by counting the twenty and\none Reigns at nineteen years a-piece: and this being the whole time between\nthe taking of _Troy_ and the Regifuge, let these years be counted backward\nfrom the Regifuge, _An._ 1, Olymp. 68, and they will place the taking of\n_Troy_ about 74 years after the death of _Solomon_.\n\nWhen _Sesostris_ returned from _Thrace_ into _Egypt_, he left _\u00c6etes_ with\npart of his army in _Colchis_, to guard that pass; and _Phryxus_ and his\nsister _Helle_ fled from _Ino_, the daughter of _Cadmus_, to _\u00c6etes_ soon\nafter, in a ship whose ensign was a golden ram: _Ino_ was therefore alive\nin the fourteenth year of _Rehoboam_, the year in which _Sesostris_\nreturned into _Egypt_; and by consequence her father _Cadmus_ flourished in\nthe Reign of _David_, and not before. _Cadmus_ was the father of\n_Polydorus_, the father of _Labdacus_, the father of _Laius_, the father of\n_Oedipus_, the father of _Eteocles_ and _Polynices_ who slew one another in\ntheir youth, in the war of the seven Captains at _Thebes_, about ten or\ntwelve years after the _Argonautic_ Expedition: and _Thersander_, the son\nof _Polynices_, warred at _Troy_. These Generations being by the eldest\nsons who married young, if they be reckoned at about twenty and four years\nto a Generation, will place the birth of _Polydorus_ upon the 18th year of\n_David_'s Reign, or thereabout: and thus _Cadmus_ might be a young man, not\nyet married, when he came first into _Greece_. At his first coming he\nsail'd to _Rhodes_, and thence to _Samothrace_, an Island near _Thrace_ on\nthe north side of _Lemnos_, and there married _Harmonia_, the sister of\n_Jasius_ and _Dardanus_, which gave occasion to the _Samothracian_\nmysteries: and _Polydorus_ might be their son, born a year or two after\ntheir coming; and his sister _Europa_ might be then a young woman, in the\nflower of her age. These Generations cannot well be shorter; and therefore\n_Cadmus_, and his son _Polydorus_, were not younger than we have reckoned\nthem: nor can they be much longer, without making _Polydorus_ too old to be\nborn in _Europe_, and to be the son of _Harmonia_ the sister of _Jasius_.\n_Labdacus_ was therefore born in the end of _David_'s Reign, _Laius_ in the\n24th year of _Solomon_'s, and _Oedipus_ in the seventh of _Rehoboam_'s, or\nthereabout: unless you had rather say, that _Polydorus_ was born at\n_Zidon_, before his father came into _Europe_; but his name _Polydorus_ is\nin the language of _Greece_.\n\n_Polydorus_ married _Nycteis_, the daughter of _Nycteus_ a native of\n_Greece_, and dying young, left his Kingdom and young son _Labdacus_ under\nthe administration of _Nycteus_. Then _Epopeus_ King of _\u00c6gialus_,\nafterwards called _Sicyon_, stole _Antiope_ the daughter of _Nycteus_,\n[132] and _Nycteus_ thereupon made war upon him, and in a battle wherein\n_Nycteus_ overcame, both were wounded and died soon after. _Nycteus_ left\nthe tuition of _Labdacus_, and administration of the Kingdom, to his\nbrother _Lycus_; and _Epopeus_ or, as _Hyginus_ [133] calls him, _Epaphus_\nthe _Sicyonian_, left his Kingdom to _Lamedon_, who presently ended the\nwar, by sending home _Antiope_: and she, in returning home, brought forth\n_Amphion_ and _Zethus_. _Labdacus_ being grown up received the Kingdom from\n_Lycus_, and soon after dying left it again to his administration, for his\nyoung son _Laius_. When _Amphion_ and _Zethus_ were about twenty years old,\nat the instigation of their mother _Antiope_, they killed _Lycus_, and made\n_Laius_ flee to _Pelops_, and seized the city _Thebes_, and compassed it\nwith a wall; and _Amphion_ married _Niobe_ the sister of _Pelops_, and by\nher had several children, amongst whom was _Chloris_, the mother of\n_Periclymenus_ the _Argonaut_. _Pelops_ was the father of _Plisthenes_,\n_Atreus_, and _Thyestes_; and _Agamemnon_ and _Menelaus_, the adopted sons\nof _Atreus_, warred at _Troy_. _\u00c6gisthus_, the son of _Thyestes_, slew\n_Agamemnon_ the year after the taking of _Troy_; and _Atreus_ died just\nbefore _Paris_ stole _Helena_, which, according to [134] _Homer_, was\ntwenty years before the taking of _Troy_. _Deucalion_ the son of _Minos_,\n[135] was an _Argonaut_; and _Talus_ another son of _Minos_, was slain by\nthe _Argonauts_; and _Idomeneus_ and _Meriones_ the grandsons of _Minos_\nwere at the _Trojan_ war. All these things confirm the ages of _Cadmus_ and\n_Europa_, and their posterity, above assigned, and place the death of\n_Epopeus_ or _Epaphus_ King of _Sicyon_, and birth of _Amphion_ and\n_Zethus_, upon the tenth year of _Solomon_; and the taking of _Thebes_ by\n_Amphion_ and _Zethus_, and the flight of _Laius_ to _Pelops_, upon the\nthirtieth year of that King, or thereabout. _Amphion_ might marry the\nsister of _Pelops_, the same year, and _Pelops_ come into _Greece_ three or\nfour years before that flight, or about the 26th year of _Solomon_.\n\n[Sidenode p: Hygin. Fab. 14.]\n\nIn the days of _Erechtheus_ King of _Athens_, and _Celeus_ King of\n_Eleusis_, _Ceres_ came into _Attica_; and educated _Triptolemus_ the son\nof _Celeus_, and taught him to sow corn. She [136] lay with _Jasion_, or\n_Jasius_, the brother of _Harmonia_ the wife of _Cadmus_; and presently\nafter her death _Erechtheus_ was slain, in a war between the _Athenians_\nand _Eleusinians_; and, for the benefaction of bringing tillage into\n_Greece_, the _Eleusinia Sacra_ were instituted to her [137] with\n_Egyptian_ ceremonies, by _Celeus_ and _Eumolpus_; and a Sepulchre or\nTemple was erected to her in _Eleusine_, and in this Temple the families of\n_Celeus_ and _Eumolpus_ became her Priests: and this Temple, and that which\n_Eurydice_ erected to her daughter _Danae_, by the name of _Juno Argiva_,\nare the first instances that I meet with in _Greece_ of Deifying the dead,\nwith Temples, and Sacred Rites, and Sacrifices, and Initiations, and a\nsuccession of Priests to perform them. Now by this history it is manifest\nthat _Erechtheus_, _Celeus_, _Eumolpus_, _Ceres_, _Jasius_, _Cadmus_,\n_Harmonia_, _Asterius_, and _Dardanus_ the brother of _Jasius_, and one of\nthe founders of the Kingdom of _Troy_, were all contemporary to one\nanother, and flourished in their youth, when _Cadmus_ came first into\n_Europe_. _Erechtheus_ could not be much older, because his daughter\n_Procris_ convers'd with _Minos_ King of _Crete_; and his grandson\n_Thespis_ had fifty daughters, who lay with _Hercules_; and his daughter\n_Orithyia_ was the mother of _Calais_ and _Zetes_, two of the _Argonauts_\nin their youth; and his son _Orneus_ [138] was the father of _Peteos_ the\nfather of _Menestheus_, who warred at _Troy_: nor much younger, because his\nsecond son _Pandion_, who with the _Metionides_ deposed his elder brother\n_Cecrops_, was the father of _\u00c6geus_, the father of _Theseus_; and\n_Metion_, another of his sons, was the father of _Eupalamus_, the father of\n_D\u00e6dalus_, who was older than _Theseus_; and his daughter _Creusa_ married\n_Xuthus_, the son of _Hellen_, and by him had two sons, _Ach\u00e6us_ and _Ion_;\nand _Ion_ commanded the army of the _Athenians_ against the _Eleusinians_,\nin the battle in which his grandfather _Erechtheus_ was slain: and this was\njust before the institution of the _Eleusinia Sacra_, and before the Reign\nof _Pandion_ the father of _\u00c6geus_. _Erechtheus_ being an _Egyptian_\nprocured corn from _Egypt_, and for that benefaction was made King of\n_Athens_; and near the beginning of his Reign _Ceres_ came into _Attica_\nfrom _Sicily_, in quest of her daughter _Proserpina_. We cannot err much if\nwe make _Hellen_ contemporary to the Reign of _Saul_, and to that of\n_David_ at _Hebron_; and place the beginning of the Reign of _Erechtheus_\nin the 25th year, the coming of _Ceres_ into _Attica_ in the 30th year, and\nthe dispersion of corn by _Triptolemus_ about the 40th year of _David_'s\nReign; and the death of _Ceres_ and _Erechtheus_, and institution of the\n_Eleusinia Sacra_, between the tenth and fifteenth year of _Solomon_.\n\n_Teucer_, _Dardanus_, _Erichthonius_, _Tros_, _Ilus_, _Laomedon_, and\n_Priamus_ Reigned successively at _Troy_; and their Reigns, at about twenty\nyears a-piece one with another, amount unto an hundred and forty years:\nwhich counted back from the taking of _Troy_, place the beginning of the\nReign of _Teucer_ about the fifteenth year of the Reign of King _David_;\nand that of _Dardanus_, in the days of _Ceres_, who lay with _Jasius_ the\nbrother of _Dardanus_: whereas Chronologers reckon that the six last of\nthese Kings Reigned 296 years, which is after the rate of 49-1/3 years\na-piece one with another; and that they began their Reign in the days of\n_Moses_. _Dardanus_ married the daughter of _Teucer_, the Son of\n_Scamander_, and succeeded him: whence _Teucer_ was of about the same age\nwith _David_.\n\nUpon the return of _Sesostris_ into _Egypt_, his brother _Danaus_ not only\nattempted his life, as above, but also commanded his daughters, who were\nfifty in number and had married the sons of _Sesostris_, to slay their\nhusbands; and then fled with his daughters from _Egypt_, in a long ship of\nfifty oars. This Flight was in the fourteenth year of _Rehoboam_. _Danaus_\ncame first to _Lindus_, a town in _Rhodes_, and there built a Temple, and\nerected a Statue to _Minerva_, and lost three of his daughters by a plague\nwhich raged there; and then sailed thence with the rest of his daughters to\n_Argos_. He came to _Argos_ therefore in the fifteenth or sixteenth year of\n_Rehoboam_: and at length contending there with _Gelanor_ the brother of\n_Eurystheus_ for the crown of _Argos_, was chosen by the people, and\nReigned at _Argos_, while _Eurystheus_ Reigned at _Mycen\u00e6_; and\n_Eurystheus_ was born [139] the same year with _Hercules_. _Gelanor_ and\n_Eurystheus_ were the sons of _Sthenelus_, by _Nicippe_ the daughter of\n_Pelops_; and _Sthenelus_ was the son of _Perseus_, and Reigned at _Argos_,\nand _Danaus_, who succeeded him at _Argos_, was succeeded there by his son\nin law _Lynceus_, and he by his son _Abas_; that _Abas_ who is commonly,\nbut erroneously, reputed the father of _Acrisius_ and _Pr\u00e6tus_. In the time\nof the _Argonautic_ expedition _Castor_ and _Pollux_ were beardless young\nmen, and their sisters _Helena_ and _Clytemnestra_ were children, and their\nwives _Phoebe_ and _Ilaira_ were also very young: all these, with the\n_Argonauts_ _Lynceus_ and _Idas_, were the grandchildren of _Gorgophone_,\nthe daughter of _Perseus_, the son of _Danae_, the daughter of _Acrisius_\nand _Eurydice_; and _Perieres_ and _Oebalus_, the husbands of _Gorgophone_,\nwere the sons of _Cynortes_, the son of _Amyclas_, the brother of\n_Eurydice_. _Mestor_ or _Mastor_, the brother of _Sthenelus_, married\n_Lysidice_, another of the daughters of _Pelops_: and _Pelops_ married\n_Hippodamia_, the daughter of _Evarete_, the daughter of _Acrisius_.\n_Alcmena_, the mother of _Hercules_, was the daughter of _Electryo_; and\n_Sthenelus_, _Mestor_ and _Electryo_ were brothers of _Gorgophone_, and\nsons of _Perseus_ and _Andromeda_: and the _Argonaut_ _\u00c6sculapius_ was the\ngrandson of _Leucippus_ and _Phlegia_, and _Leucippus_ was the son of\n_Perieres_, the grandson of _Amyclas_ the brother of _Eurydice_, and\n_Amyclas_ and _Eurydice_ were the children of _Laced\u00e6mon_ and _Sparta_: and\n_Capaneus_, one of the seven Captains against _Thebes_, was the husband of\n_Euadne_ the daughter of _Iphis_, the son of _Elector_, the son of\n_Anaxagoras_, the son of _Megapenthes_, the son of _Pr\u00e6tus_ the brother of\n_Acrisius_. Now from these Generations it may be gathered that _Perseus_,\n_Perieres_ and _Anaxagoras_ were of about the same age with _Minos_,\n_Pelops_, _\u00c6geus_ and _Sesac_; and that _Acrisius_, _Pr\u00e6tus_, _Eurydice_,\nand _Amyclas_, being two little Generations older, were of about the same\nage with King _David_ and _Erechtheus_; and that the Temple of _Juno\nArgiva_ was built about the same time with the Temple of _Solomon_; the\nsame being built by _Eurydice_ to her daughter _Danae_, as above; or as\nsome say, by _Pirasus_ or _Piranthus_, the son or successor of _Argus_, and\ngreat grandson of _Phoroneus_: for the first Priestess of that Goddess was\n_Callithea_ the daughter of _Piranthus_; _Callithea_ was succeeded by\n_Alcinoe_, about three Generations before the taking of _Troy_, that is\nabout the middle of _Solomon_'s Reign: in her Priesthood the _Siculi_\npassed out of _Italy_ into _Sicily_: afterwards _Hypermnestra_ the daughter\nof _Danaus_ became Priestess of this Goddess, and she flourished in the\ntimes next before the _Argonautic_ expedition: and _Admeta_, the daughter\nof _Eurystheus_, was Priestess of this _Juno_ about the times of the\n_Trojan_ war. _Andromeda_ the wife of _Perseus_, was the daughter of\n_Cepheus_ an _Egyptian_, the son of _Belus_, according to [140]\n_Herodotus_; and the _Egyptian_ _Belus_ was _Ammon_: _Perseus_ took her\nfrom _Joppa_, where _Cepheus_, I think a kinsman of _Solomon_'s Queen,\nresided in the days of _Solomon_. _Acrisius_ and _Pr\u00e6tus_ were the sons of\n_Abas_: but this _Abas_ was not the same man with _Abas_ the grandson of\n_Danaus_, but a much older Prince, who built _Ab\u00e6a_ in _Phocis_, and might\nbe the Prince from whom the island _Euboea_ [141] was anciently called\n_Abantis_, and the people thereof _Abantes_: for _Apollonius Rhodius_ [142]\ntells us, that the _Argonaut_ _Canthus_ was the son of _Canethus_, and that\n_Canethus_ was of the posterity of _Abas_; and the Commentator upon\n_Apollonius_ tells us further, that from this _Abas_ the inhabitants of\n_Euboea_ were anciently called _Abantes_. This _Abas_ therefore flourished\nthree or four Generations before the _Argonautic_ expedition, and so might\nbe the father of _Acrisius_: the ancestors of _Acrisius_ were accounted\n_Egyptians_ by the _Greeks_, and they might come from _Egypt_ under _Abas_\ninto _Euboea_, and from thence into _Peloponnesus_. I do not reckon\n_Phorbas_ and his son _Triopas_ among the Kings of _Argos_, because they\nfled from that Kingdom to the Island _Rhodes_; nor do I reckon _Crotopus_\namong them, because because he went from _Argos_, and built a new city for\nhimself in _Megaris_, as [143] _Conon_ relates.\n\nWe said that _Pelops_ came into _Greece_ about the 26th year of _Solomon_:\nhe [144] came thither in the days of _Acrisius_, and in those of\n_Endymion_, and of his sons, and took _\u00c6tolia_ from _Aetolus_. _Endymion_\nwas the son of _A\u00ebthlius_, the son of _Protogenia_, the sister of _Hellen_,\nand daughter of _Deucalion_: _Phrixus_ and _Helle_, the children of\n_Athamus_, the brother of _Sisyphus_ and Son of _\u00c6olus_, the son of\n_Hellen_, fled from their stepmother _Ino_, the daughter of _Cadmus_, to\n_\u00c6etes_ in _Colchis_, presently after the return of _Sesostris_ into\n_Egypt_: and _Jason_ the _Argonaut_ was the son of _\u00c6son_, the son of\n_Cretheus_, the son of _\u00c6olus_, the son of _Hellen_: and _Calyce_ was the\nwife of _A\u00ebthlius_, and mother of _Endymion_, and daughter of _\u00c6olus_, and\nsister of _Cretheus_, _Sisyphus_ and _Athamas_: and by these circumstances\n_Cretheus_, _Sisyphus_ and _Athamas_ flourished in the latter part of the\nReign of _Solomon_, and in the Reign of _Rehoboam_: _A\u00ebthlius_, _\u00c6olus_,\n_Xuthus_, _Dorus_, _Tantalus_, and _Danae_ were contemporary to\n_Erechtheus_, _Jasius_ and _Cadmus_; and _Hellen_ was about one, and\n_Deucalion_ about two Generations older than _Erechtheus_. They could not\nbe much older, because _Xuthus_ the youngest son of _Hellen_ [145] married\n_Creusa_ the daughter of _Erechtheus_; nor could they be much younger,\nbecause _Cephalus_ the son of _Deioneus_, the son of _\u00c6olus_, the eldest\nson of _Hellen_, [146] married _Procris_ the daughter of _Erechtheus_; and\n_Procris_ fled from her husband to _Minos_. Upon the death of _Hellen_, his\nyoungest son _Xuthus_ [147] was expelled _Thessaly_ by his brothers _\u00c6olus_\nand _Dorus_, and fled to _Erechtheus_, and married _Creusa_ the daughter of\n_Erechtheus_; by whom he had two sons, _Ach\u00e6us_ and _Ion_, the youngest of\nwhich grew up before the death of _Erechtheus_, and commanded the army of\nthe _Athenians_, in the war in which _Erechtheus_ was slain: and therefore\n_Hellen_ died about one Generation before _Erechtheus_.\n\n_Sisyphus_ therefore built _Corinth_ about the latter end of the Reign of\n_Solomon_, or the beginning of the Reign of _Rehoboam_. Upon the flight of\n_Phrixus_ and _Helle_, their father _Athamas_, a little King in _Boeotia_,\nwent distracted and slew his son _Learchus_; and his wife _Ino_ threw her\nself into the sea, together with her other son _Melicertus_; and thereupon\n_Sisyphus_ instituted the _Isthmia_ at _Corinth_ to his nephew\n_Melicertus_. This was presently after _Sesostris_ had left _\u00c6etes_ in\n_Colchis_, I think in the fifteenth or sixteenth year of _Rehoboam_: so\nthat _Athamas_, the son of _\u00c6olus_ and grandson of _Hellen_, and _Ino_ the\ndaughter of _Cadmus_, flourished 'till about the sixteenth year of\n_Rehoboam_. _Sisyphus_ and his successors _Ornytion_, _Thoas_, _Demophon_,\n_Propodas_, _Doridas_, and _Hyanthidas_ Reigned successively at _Corinth_,\n'till the return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_: then Reigned the\n_Heraclides_, _Aletes_, _Ixion_, _Agelas_, _Prumnis_, _Bacchis_, _Agelas\nII_, _Eudamus_, _Aristodemus_, and _Telestes_ successively about 170 years,\nand then _Corinth_ was governed by _Prytanes_ or annual Archons about 42\nyears, and after them by _Cypselus_ and _Periander_ about 48 years more.\n\n_Celeus_ King of _Eleusis_, who was contemporary to _Erechtheus_, [148] was\nthe son of _Rharus_, the son of _Cranaus_, the successor of _Cecrops_; and\nin the Reign of _Cranaus_, _Deucalion_ fled with his sons _Hellen_ and\n_Amphictyon_ from the flood which then overflowed _Thessaly_, and was\ncalled _Deucalion_'s flood: they fled into _Attica_, and there _Deucalion_\ndied soon after; and _Pausanias_ tells us that his Sepulchre was to be seen\nnear _Athens_. His eldest son _Hellen_ succeeded him in _Thessaly_, and his\nother son _Amphictyon_ married the daughter of _Cranaus_, and Reigning at\n_Thermopyl\u00e6_, erected there the _Amphictyonic_ Council; and _Acrisius_ soon\nafter erected the like Council at _Delphi_. This I conceive was done when\n_Amphictyon_ and _Acrisius_ were aged, and fit to be Counsellors; suppose\nin the latter half of the Reign of _David_, and beginning of the Reign of\n_Solomon_; and soon after, suppose about the middle of the Reign of\n_Solomon_, did _Phemono\u00eb_ become the first Priestess of _Apollo_ at\n_Delphi_, and gave Oracles in hexameter verse: and then was _Acrisius_\nslain accidentally by his grandson _Perseus_. The Council of _Thermopyl\u00e6_\nincluded twelve nations of the _Greeks_, without _Attica_, and therefore\n_Amphictyon_ did not then Reign at _Athens_: he might endeavour to succeed\n_Cranaus_, his wife's father, and be prevented by _Erechtheus_.\n\nBetween the Reigns of _Cranaus_ and _Erechtheus_, Chronologers place also\n_Erichthonius_, and his son _Pandion_; but I take this _Erichthonius_ and\nthis his son _Pandion_, to be the same with _Erechtheus_ and his son and\nsuccessor _Pandion_, the names being only repeated with a little variation\nin the list of the Kings of _Attica_: for _Erichthonius_, he that was the\nson of the Earth, nursed up by _Minerva_, is by _Homer_ called\n_Erechtheus_; and _Themistius_ [149] tells us, that it was _Erechtheus_\nthat first joyned a chariot to horses; and _Plato_ [150] alluding to the\nstory of _Erichthonius_ in a basket, saith, _The people of magnanimous\n_Erechtheus_ is beautiful, but it behoves us to behold him taken out_:\n_Erechtheus_ therefore immediately succeeded _Cranaus_, while _Amphictyon_\nReigned at _Thermopyl\u00e6_. In the Reign of _Cranaus_ the Poets place the\nflood of _Deucalion_, and therefore the death of _Deucalion_, and the Reign\nof his sons _Hellen_ and _Amphictyon_, in _Thessaly_ and _Thermpoly\u00e6_, was\nbut a few years, suppose eight or ten, before the Reign of _Erechtheus_.\n\nThe first Kings of _Arcadia_ were successively _Pelasgus_, _Lycaon_,\n_Nyctimus_, _Arcas_, _Clitor_, _\u00c6pytus_, _Aleus_, _Lycurgus_, _Echemus_,\n_Agapenor_, _Hippothous_, _\u00c6pytus_ II, _Cypselus_, _Ol\u00e6as_, &c. Under\n_Cypselus_ the _Heraclides_ returned into _Peloponnesus_, as above:\n_Agapenor_ was one of those who courted _Helena_; he courted her before he\nreigned, and afterwards he went to the war at _Troy_, and thence to\n_Cyprus_, and there built _Paphos_. _Echemus_ slew _Hyllus_ the son of\n_Hercules._ _Lycurgus_, _Cepheus_, and _Auge_, were [151] the children of\n_Aleus_, the son of _Aphidas_, the son of _Arcas_, the son of _Callisto_,\nthe daughter of _Lycaon_: _Auge_ lay with _Hercules_, and _Anc\u00e6us_ the son\nof _Lycurgus_ was an _Argonaut_, and his uncle _Cepheus_ was his Governour\nin that Expedition; and _Lycurgus_ stay'd at home, to look after his aged\nfather _Aleus_, who might be born about 75 years before that Expedition;\nand his grandfather _Arcas_ might be born about the end of the Reign of\n_Saul_, and _Lycaon_ the grandfather of _Arcas_ might be then alive, and\ndye before the middle of _David_'s Reign; and His youngest son _Oenotrus_,\nthe _Janus_ of the _Latines_, might grow up, and lead a colony into _Italy_\nbefore the Reign of _Solomon_. _Arcas_ received [152] bread-corn from\n_Triptolemus_, and taught his people to make bread of it; and so did\n_Eumelus_, the first King of a region afterwards called _Achaia_: and\ntherefore _Arcas_ and _Eumelus_ were contemporary to _Triptolemus_, and to\nhis old father _Celeus_, and to _Erechtheus_ King of _Athens_; and\n_Callisto_ to _Rharus_, and her father _Lycaon_ to _Cranaus_: but _Lycaon_\ndied before _Cranaus_, so as to leave room for _Deucalion_'s flood between\ntheir deaths. The eleven Kings of _Arcadia_, between this Flood and the\nReturn of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, that is, between the Reigns\nof _Lycaon_ and _Cypselus_, after the rate of about twenty years to a Reign\none with another, took up about 220 years; and these years counted back\nfrom the Return of the _Heraclides_, place the Flood of _Deucalion_ upon\nthe fourteenth year of _David_'s Reign, or thereabout.\n\n_Herodotus_ [153] tells us, that the _Phoenicians_ who came with _Cadmus_\nbrought many doctrines into _Greece_: for amongst those _Phoenicians_ were\na sort of men called _Curetes_, who were skilled in the Arts and Sciences\nof _Phoenicia_, above other men, and [154] settled some in _Phrygia_, where\nthey were called _Corybantes_; some in _Crete_, where they were called\n_Id\u00e6i Dactyli_; some in _Rhodes_, where they were called _Telchines_; some\nin _Samothrace_, where they were called _Cabiri_; some in _Euboea_, where,\nbefore the invention of iron, they wrought in copper, in a city thence\ncalled _Chalcis_ some in _Lemnos_, where they assisted _Vulcan_; and some\nin _Imbrus_, and other places: and a considerable number of them settled in\n_\u00c6tolia_, which was thence called the country of the _Curetes_; until\n_\u00c6tolus_ the son of _Endymion_, having slain _Apis_ King of _Sicyon_, fled\nthither, and by the assistance of his father invaded it, and from his own\nname called it _\u00c6tolia_: and by the assistance of these artificers,\n_Cadmus_ found out gold in the mountain _Pang\u00e6us_ in _Thrace_, and copper\nat _Thebes_; whence copper ore is still called _Cadmia_. Where they settled\nthey wrought first in copper, 'till iron was invented, and then in iron;\nand when they had made themselves armour, they danced in it at the\nsacrifices with tumult and clamour, and bells, and pipes, and drums, and\nswords, with which they struck upon one another's armour, in musical times,\nappearing seized with a divine fury; and this is reckoned the original of\nmusic in _Greece:_ so _Solinus_ [155] _Studium musicum inde coeptum cum\nId\u00e6i Dactyli modulos crepitu & tinnitu \u00e6ris deprehensos in versificum\nordinem transtulissent_: and [156] _Isidorus_, _Studium musicum ab Id\u00e6is\nDactylis coeptum_. _Apollo_ and the Muses were two Generations later.\n_Clemens_ [157] calls the _Id\u00e6i Dactyli_ barbarous, that is strangers; and\nsaith, that they reputed the first wise men, to whom both the letters which\nthey call _Ephesian_, and the invention of musical rhymes are referred: it\nseems that when the _Phoenician_ letters, ascribed to _Cadmus_, were\nbrought into _Greece_, they were at the same time brought into _Phrygia_\nand _Crete_, by the _Curetes_; who settled in those countries, and called\nthem _Ephesian_, from the city _Ephesus_, where they were first taught. The\n_Curetes_, by their manufacturing copper and iron, and making swords, and\narmour, and edged tools for hewing and carving of wood, brought into\n_Europe_ a new way of fighting; and gave _Minos_ an opportunity of building\na Fleet, and gaining the dominion of the seas; and set on foot the trades\nof Smiths and Carpenters in _Greece_, which are the foundation of manual\ntrades: the [158] fleet of _Minos_ was without sails, and _D\u00e6dalus_ fled\nfrom him by adding sails to his vessel; and therefore ships with sails were\nnot used by the _Greeks_ before the flight of _D\u00e6dalus_, and death of\n_Minos_, who was slain in pursuing him to _Sicily_, in the Reign of\n_Rehoboam_. _D\u00e6dalus_ and his nephew _Talus_, in the latter part of the\nReign of _Solomon_, invented the chip-ax, and saw, and wimble, and\nperpendicular, and compass, and turning-lath, and glew, and the potter's\nwheel; and his father _Eupalamus_ invented the anchor: and these things\ngave a beginning to manual Arts and Trades in _Europe_.\n\nThe [159] _Curetes_, who thus introduced Letters, and Music, and Poetry,\nand Dancing, and Arts, and attended on the Sacrifices, were no less active\nabout religious institutions, and for their skill and knowledge and\nmystical practices, were accounted wise men and conjurers by the vulgar. In\n_Phrygia_ their mysteries were about _Rhea_, called _Magna Mater_, and from\nthe places where she was worshipped, _Cybele_, _Berecynthia_,\n_Pessinuntia_, _Dindymene_, _Mygdonia_, and _Id\u00e6a Phrygia_: and in _Crete_,\nand the _Terra Curetum_, they were about _Jupiter Olympius_, the son of the\n_Cretan Rhea_: they represented, [160] that when _Jupiter_ was born in\n_Crete_, his mother _Rhea_ caused him to be educated in a cave in mount\n_Ida_, under their care and tuition; and [161] that they danced about him\nin armour, with great noise, that his father _Saturn_ might not hear him\ncry; and when he was grown up, assisted him in conquering his father, and\nhis father's friends; and in memory of these things instituted their\nmysteries. _Bochart_ [162] brings them from _Palestine_, and thinks that\nthey had the name of _Curetes_ from the people among the _Philistims_\ncalled _Crethim_, or _Cerethites_: _Ezek._ xxv. 16. _Zeph._ ii. 5. 1 _Sam._\nxxx. 14, for the _Philistims_ conquered _Zidon_, and mixed with the\n_Zidonians_.\n\nThe two first Kings of _Crete_, who reigned after the coming of the\n_Curetes_, were _Asterius_ and _Minos_; and _Europa_ was the Queen of\n_Asterius_, and mother of _Minos_; and the _Id\u00e6an Curetes_ were her\ncountrymen, and came with her and her brother _Alymnus_ into _Crete_, and\ndwelt in the _Id\u00e6an_ cave in her Reign, and there educated _Jupiter_, and\nfound out iron, and made armour: and therefore these three, _Asterius_,\n_Europa_, and _Minos_, must be the _Saturn_, _Rhea_ and _Jupiter_ of the\n_Cretans_. _Minos_ is usually called the son of _Jupiter_; but this is in\nrelation to the fable, that _Jupiter_ in the shape of a bull, the Ensign of\nthe Ship, carried away _Europa_ from _Zidon_: for the _Phoenicians_, upon\ntheir first coming into _Greece_, gave the name of _Jao-pater_, _Jupiter_,\nto every King: and thus both _Minos_ and his father were _Jupiters_.\n_Echemenes_, an ancient author cited by _Athen\u00e6us_, [163] said that _Minos_\nwas that _Jupiter_ who committed the rape upon _Ganimede_; though others\nsaid more truly that it was _Tantalus_: _Minos_ alone was that _Jupiter_\nwho was most famous among the _Greeks_ for Dominion and Justice, being the\ngreatest King in all _Greece_ in those days, and the only legislator.\n_Plutarch_ [164] tells us, that the people of _Naxus_, contrary to what\nothers write, pretended that there were two _Minos's_, and two _Ariadnes_;\nand that the first _Ariadne_ married _Bacchus_, and the last was carried\naway by _Theseus_: but [165] _Homer_, _Hesiod_, _Thucydides_, _Herodotus_,\nand _Strabo_, knew but of one _Minos_; and _Homer_ describes him to be the\nson of _Jupiter_ and _Europa_, and the brother of _Rhadamanthus_ and\n_Sarpedon_, and the father of _Deucalion_ the _Argonaut_, and grandfather\nof _Idomeneus_ who warred at _Troy_, and that he was the legislator of\nHell: _Herodotus_ [166] makes _Minos_ and _Rhadamanthus_ the sons of\n_Europa_, contemporary to _\u00c6geus_: and [167] _Apollodorus_ and _Hyginus_\nsay, that _Minos_, the father of _Androgeus_, _Ariadne_ and _Ph\u00e6dra_, was\nthe son of _Jupiter_ and _Europa_, and brother of _Rhadamanthus_ and\n_Sarpedon_.\n\n_Lucian_ [168] lets us know that _Europa_ the mother of _Minos_ was\nworshipped by the name of _Rhea_, the form of a woman sitting in a chariot\ndrawn by lions, with a drum in her hand, and a _Corona turrita_ on her\nhead, like _Astarte_ and _Isis_; and the _Cretans_ [169] anciently shewed\nthe house where this _Rhea_ lived: and [170] _Apollonius Rhodius_ tells us,\nthat _Saturn_, while he Reigned over the _Titans_ in _Olympus_, a mountain\nin _Crete_, and _Jupiter_ was educated by the _Curetes_ in the _Cretan_\ncave, deceived _Rhea_, and of _Philyra_ begot _Chiron_: and therefore the\n_Cretan Saturn_ and _Rhea_, were but one Generation older than _Chiron_,\nand by consequence not older than _Asterius_ and _Europa_, the parents of\n_Minos_; for _Chiron_ lived 'till after the _Argonautic_ Expedition, and\nhad two grandsons in that Expedition, and _Europa_ came into _Crete_ above\nan hundred years before that Expedition: _Lucian_ [171] tells us, that the\n_Cretans_ did not only relate, that _Jupiter_ was born and buried among\nthem, but also shewed his sepulchre: and _Porphyry_ [172] tells us, that\n_Pythagoras_ went down into the _Id\u00e6an_ cave, to see sepulchre: and\n_Cicero_, [173] in numbering three _Jupiters_, saith, that the third was\nthe _Cretan Jupiter_, _Saturn_'s son, whose sepulchre was shewed in\n_Crete_: and the Scholiast upon _Callimachus_ [174] lets us know, that this\nwas the sepulchre of _Minos_: his words are, [Greek: En Kr\u00eat\u00ea epi t\u00f4i\ntaph\u00f4i tou Min\u00f4os epegegrapto, MIN\u00d4OS TOU DIOS TAPHOS. t\u00f4i chron\u00f4i de tou\nMin\u00f4os ap\u00ealeiphth\u00ea, h\u00f4ste perileiphth\u00eanai, DIOS TAPHOS. ek toutou oun\nechein legousi Kr\u00eates ton taphon tou Dios.] _In _Crete_ upon the Sepulchre\nof _Minos_ was written _Minois Jovis sepulchrum_: but in time _Minois_ wore\nout so that there remained only, _Jovis sepulchrum_, and thence the\n_Cretans_ called it the Sepulchre of _Jupiter__. By _Saturn_, _Cicero_, who\nwas a _Latine_, understood the _Saturn_ so called by the _Latines_: for\nwhen _Saturn_ was expelled his Kingdom he fled from _Crete_ by sea, to\n_Italy_; and this the Poets exprest by saying, that _Jupiter_ cast him down\nto _Tartarus_, that is, into the Sea: and because he lay hid in _Italy_,\nthe _Latines_ called him _Saturn_; and _Italy_, _Saturnia_, and _Latium_,\nand themselves _Latines_: so [175] _Cyprian_; _Antrum Jovis in Creta\nvisitur, & sepulchrum ejus ostenditur: & ab eo Saturnum fugatum esse\nmanifestum est: unde Latium de latebra ejus nomen accepit: hic literas\nimprimere, hic signare nummos in Italia primus instituit, unde \u00e6rarium\nSaturni vocatur; & rusticitatis hic cultor fuit, inde falcem ferens senex\npingitur:_ and _Minutius Felix_; _Saturnus Creta profugus, Italiam metu\nfilii s\u00e6vientis accesserat, & Jani susceptus hospitio, rudes illos homines\n& agrestes multa docuit, ut Gr\u00e6culus & politus, literas imprimere, nummos\nsignare, instrumenta conficere: itaque latebram suam, quod tuto latuisset,\nvocari maluit Latium, & urbem Saturniam de suo nomine. * * Ejus filius\nJupiter Cret\u00e6 excluso parente regnavit, illic obiit, illic filios habuit;\nadhuc antrum Jovis visitur, & sepulchrum ejus ostenditur, & ipsis sacris\nsuis humanitatis arguitur_: and _Tertullian_; [176] _Quantum rerum\nargumenta docent, nusquam invenio fideliora quam apud ipsam Italiam, in qua\nSaturnus post multas expeditiones, postque Attica hospitia consedit,\nexceptus ab Jano, vel Jane ut Salii volunt. Mons quem incoluerat Saturnius\ndictus: civitas quam depalaverat Saturnia usque nunc est. Tota denique\nItalia post Oenotriam Saturnia cognominabatur. Ab ipso primum tabul\u00e6, &\nimagine signatus nummus, & inde \u00e6rario pr\u00e6sidet_. By _Saturn_'s carrying\nletters into _Italy_, and coyning money, and teaching agriculture, and\nmaking instruments, and building a town, you may know that he fled from\n_Crete_, after letters, and the coyning of money, and manual arts were\nbrought into _Europe_ by the _Phoenicians_; and from _Attica_, after\nagriculture was brought into _Greece_ by _Ceres_; and so could not be older\nthan _Asterius_, and _Europa_, and her brother _Cadmus_: and by _Italy_'s\nbeing called _Oenotria_, before it was called _Saturnia_, you may know that\nhe came into _Italy_ after _Oenotrus_, and so was not older than the sons\nof _Lycaon_. _Oenotrus_ carried the first colony of the _Greeks_ into\n_Italy_, _Saturn_ the second, and _Evander_ the third; and the _Latines_\nknow nothing older in _Italy_ than _Janus_ and _Saturn_: and therefore\n_Oenotrus_ was the _Janus_ of the _Latines_, and _Saturn_ was contemporary\nto the sons of _Lycaon_, and by consequence also to _Celeus_, _Erechtheus_,\n_Ceres_, and _Asterius_: for _Ceres_ educated _Triptolemus_ the son of\n_Celeus_, in the Reign of _Erechtheus_, and then taught him to plow and sow\ncorn: _Arcas_ the son of _Callisto_, and grandson of _Lycaon_, received\ncorn from _Triptolemus_, and taught his people to make bread of it; and\n_Procris_, the daughter of _Erechtheus_, fled to _Minos_ the son of\n_Asterius_. In memory of _Saturn_'s coming into _Italy_ by sea, the\n_Latines_ coined their first money with his head on one side, and a ship on\nthe other. _Macrobius_ [177] tells us, that when _Saturn_ was dead, _Janus_\nerected an Altar to him, with sacred rites as to a God, and instituted the\n_Saturnalia_, and that humane sacrifices were offered to him; 'till\n_Hercules_ driving the cattle of _Geryon_ through _Italy_, abolished that\ncustom: by the human sacrifices you may know that _Janus_ was of the race\nof _Lycaon_; which character agrees to _Oenotrus_. _Dionysius\nHalicarnassensis_ tells us further, that _Oenotrus_ having found in the\nwestern parts of _Italy_ a large region fit for pasturage and tillage, but\nyet for the most part uninhabited, and where it was inhabited, peopled but\nthinly; in a certain part of it, purged from the _Barbarians_, he built\ntowns little and numerous, in the mountains; which manner of building was\nfamiliar to the ancients: and this was the Original of Towns in _Italy_.\n\n_Pausanias_ [178] tells us that _the people of _Elis_, who were best\nskilled in Antiquities, related this to have been the Original of the\nOlympic Games: that _Saturn_ Reigned first and had a Temple built to him in\n_Olympia_ by the men of the Golden Age; and that when _Jupiter_ was newly\nborn, his mother _Rhea_ recommended him to the care of the _Id\u00e6i Dactyli_,\nwho were also called _Curetes_: that afterwards five of them, called\n_Hercules_, _Poeonius_, _Epimedes_, _Jasius_, and _Ida_, came from _Ida_, a\nmountain in _Crete_, into _Elis_; and _Hercules_, called also _Hercules\nId\u00e6us_, being the oldest of them, in memory of the war between _Saturn_ and\n_Jupiter_, instituted the game of racing, and that the victor should be\nrewarded with a crown of olive_; and there erected an altar to _Jupiter\nOlympius_, and called these games Olympic: and that some of the _Eleans_\nsaid, _that _Jupiter_ contended here with _Saturn_ for the Kingdom; others\nthat _Hercules Id\u00e6us_ instituted these games in memory of their victory\nover the _Titans__: for the people of _Arcadia_ [179] had a tradition, that\nthe Giants fought with the Gods in the valley of _Bathos_, near the river\n_Alpheus_ and the fountain _Olympias_. [180] Before the Reign of\n_Asterius_, his father _Teutamus_ came into _Crete_ with a colony from\n_Olympia_; and upon the flight of _Asterius_, some of his friends might\nretire with him into their own country, and be pursued and beaten there by\nthe _Id\u00e6an Hercules_: the _Eleans_ said also that _Clymenus_ the grandson\nof the _Id\u00e6an Hercules_, about fifty years after _Deucalion_'s flood,\ncoming from _Crete_, celebrated these games again in _Olympia_, and erected\nthere an altar to _Juno Olympia_, that is, to _Europa_, and another to this\n_Hercules_ and the rest of the _Curetes_; and Reigned in _Elis_ 'till he\nwas expelled by _Endymion_, [181] who thereupon celebrated these games\nagain: and so did _Pelops_, who expelled _\u00c6tolus_ the son of _Endymion_;\nand so also did _Hercules_ the son of _Alcmena_, and _Atreus_ the son of\n_Pelops_, and _Oxylus_: they might be celebrated originally in triumph for\nvictories, first by _Hercules Id\u00e6us_, upon the conquest of _Saturn_ and the\n_Titans_, and then by _Clymenus_, upon his coming to Reign in the _Terra\nCuretum_; then by _Endymion_, upon his conquering _Clymenus_; and\nafterwards by _Pelops_, upon his conquering _\u00c6tolus_; and by _Hercules_,\nupon his killing _Augeas_; and by _Atreus_, upon his repelling the\n_Heraclides_; and by _Oxylus_, upon the return of the _Heraclides_ into\n_Peloponnesus_. This _Jupiter_, to whom they were instituted, had a Temple\nand Altar erected to him in _Olympia_, where the games were celebrated, and\nfrom the place was called _Jupiter Olympius_: _Olympia_ was a place upon\nthe confines of _Pisa_, near the river _Alpheus_.\n\nIn the [182] Island _Thasus_, where _Cadmus_ left his brother _Thasus_, the\n_Phoenicians_ built a Temple to _Hercules Olympius_, that _Hercules_, whom\n_Cicero_ [183] calls _ex Id\u00e6is Dactylis; cui inferias afferunt_. When the\nmysteries of _Ceres_ were instituted in _Eleusis_, there were other\nmysteries instituted to her and her daughter and daughter's husband, in the\nIsland _Samothrace_, by the _Phoenician_ names of _Dii Cabiri Axieros_,\n_Axiokersa_, and _Axiokerses_, that is, the great Gods _Ceres_,\n_Proserpina_ and _Pluto_: for [184] _Jasius_ a _Samothracian_, whose sister\nmarried _Cadmus_, was familiar with _Ceres_; and _Cadmus_ and _Jasius_ were\nboth of them instituted in these mysteries. _Jasius_ was the brother of\n_Dardanus_, and married _Cybele_ the daughter of _Meones_ King of\n_Phrygia_, and by her had _Corybas_; and after his death, _Dardanus_,\n_Cybele_ and _Corybas_ went into _Phrygia_, and carried thither the\nmysteries of the mother of the Gods, and _Cybele_ called the goddess after\nher own name, and _Corybas_ called her priests _Corybantes_: thus\n_Diodorus_; but _Dionysius_ saith [185] that _Dardanus_ instituted the\n_Samothracian_ mysteries, and that his wife _Chryses_ learnt them in\n_Arcadia_, and that _Id\u00e6us_ the son of _Dardanus_ instituted afterwards the\nmysteries of the mother of the gods in _Phrygia_: this _Phrygian_ Goddess\nwas drawn in a chariot by lions, and had a _corona turrita_ on her head,\nand a drum in her hand, like the _Phoenician_ Goddess _Astarte_, and the\n_Corybantes_ danced in armour at her sacrifices in a furious manner, like\nthe _Id\u00e6i Dactyli_; and _Lucian_ [186] tells us that she was the _Cretan\nRhea_, that is, _Europa_ the mother of _Minos_: and thus the _Phoenicians_\nintroduced the practice of Deifying dead men and women among the _Greeks_\nand _Phrygians_; for I meet with no instance of Deifying dead men and women\nin _Greece_, before the coming of _Cadmus_ and _Europa_ from _Zidon_.\n\nFrom these originals it came into fashion among the _Greeks_, [Greek:\nkterizein], _parentare_, to celebrate the funerals of dead parents with\nfestivals and invocations and sacrifices offered to their ghosts, and to\nerect magnificent sepulchres in the form of temples, with altars and\nstatues, to persons of renown; and there to honour them publickly with\nsacrifices and invocations: every man might do it to his ancestors; and the\ncities of _Greece_ did it to all the eminent _Greeks_: as to _Europa_ the\nsister, to _Alymnus_ the brother, and to _Minos_ and _Rhadamanthus_ the\nnephews of _Cadmus_; to his daughter _Ino_, and her son _Melicertus_; to\n_Bacchus_ the son of his daughter _Semele_, _Aristarchus_ the husband of\nhis daughter _Autonoe_, and _Jasius_ the brother of his wife _Harmonia_; to\n_Hercules_ a _Theban_, and his mother _Alcmena_; to _Danae_ the daughter of\n_Acrisius_; to _\u00c6sculapius_ and _Polemocrates_ the son of _Machaon_, to\n_Pandion_ and _Theseus_ Kings of _Athens_, _Hippolytus_ the son of\n_Theseus_, _Pan_ the son of _Penelope_, _Proserpina_, _Triptolemus_,\n_Celeus_, _Trophonius_, _Castor_, _Pollux_, _Helena_, _Menelaus_,\n_Agamemnon_, _Amphiaraus_ and his son _Amphilochus_, _Hector_ and\n_Alexandra_ the son and daughter of _Priam_, _Phoroneus_, _Orpheus_,\n_Protesilaus_, _Achilles_ and his mother _Thetis_, _Ajax_, _Arcas_,\n_Idomeneus_, _Meriones_, _\u00c6acus_, _Melampus_, _Britomartis_, _Adrastus_,\n_Iolaus_, and divers others. They Deified their dead in divers manners,\naccording to their abilities and circumstances, and the merits of the\nperson; some only in private families, as houshold Gods or _Dii P\u00e6nates_;\nothers by erecting gravestones to them in publick, to be used as altars for\nannual sacrifices; others, by building also to them sepulchres in the form\nof houses or temples; and some by appointing mysteries, and ceremonies, and\nset sacrifices, and festivals, and initiations, and a succession of priests\nfor performing those institutions in the temples, and handing them down to\nposterity. Altars might begin to be erected in _Europe_ a little before the\ndays of _Cadmus_, for sacrificing to the old God or Gods of the Colonies,\nbut Temples began in the days of _Solomon_; for [187] _\u00c6acus_ the son of\n_\u00c6gina_, who was two Generations older than the _Trojan_ war, is by some\nreputed one of the first who built a Temple in _Greece_. Oracles came first\nfrom _Egypt_ into _Greece_ about the same time, as also did the custom of\nforming the images of the Gods with their legs bound up in the shape of the\n_Egyptian_ mummies: for Idolatry began in _Chald\u00e6a_ and _Egypt_, and spread\nthence into _Phoenicia_ and the neighbouring countries, long before it came\ninto _Europe_; and the _Pelasgians_ propagated it in _Greece_, by the\ndictates of the Oracles. The countries upon the _Tigris_ and the _Nile_\nbeing exceeding fertile, were first frequented by mankind, and grew first\ninto Kingdoms, and therefore began first to adore their dead Kings and\nQueens: hence came the Gods of _Laban_, the Gods and Goddesses called\n_Baalim_ and _Ashtaroth_ by the _Canaanites_, the D\u00e6mons or Ghosts to whom\nthey sacrificed, and the _Moloch_ to whom they offered their children in\nthe days of _Moses_ and the Judges. Every City set up the worship of its\nown Founder and Kings, and by alliances and conquests they spread this\nworship, and at length the _Phoenicians_ and _Egyptians_ brought into\n_Europe_ the practice of Deifying the dead. The Kingdom of the lower\n_Egypt_ began to worship their Kings before the days of _Moses_; and to\nthis worship the second commandment is opposed: when the Shepherds invaded\nthe lower _Egypt_, they checked this worship of the old _Egyptians_, and\nspread that of their own Kings: and at length the _Egyptians_ of _Coptos_\nand _Thebais_, under _Misphragmuthosis_ and _Amosis_, expelling the\nShepherds, checked the worship of the Gods of the Shepherds, and Deifying\ntheir own Kings and Princes, propagated the worship of twelve of them into\ntheir conquests; and made them more universal than the false Gods of any\nother nation had been before, so as to be called, _Dii magni majorum\ngentium_. _Sesostris_ conquered _Thrace_, and _Amphictyon_ the son of\n_Prometheus_ brought the twelve Gods from _Thrace_ into _Greece_:\n_Herodotus_ [188] tells us that they came from _Egypt_; and by the names of\nthe cities of _Egypt_ dedicated to many of these Gods, you may know that\nthey were of an _Egyptian_ original: and the _Egyptians_, according to\n_Diodorus_, [189] usually represented, that after their _Saturn_ and\n_Rhea_, Reigned _Jupiter_ and _Juno_, the parents of _Osiris_ and _Isis_,\nthe parents of _Orus_ and _Bubaste_.\n\nBy all this it may be understood, that as the _Egyptians_ who Deified their\nKings, began their monarchy with the Reign of their Gods and Heroes,\nreckoning _Menes_ the first man who reigned after their Gods; so the\n_Cretans_ had the Ages of their Gods and Heroes, calling the first four\nAges of their Deified Kings and Princes, the Golden, Silver, Brazen, and\nIron Ages. _Hesiod_ [190] describing these four Ages of the Gods and\nDemi-Gods of _Greece_, represents them to be four Generations of men, each\nof which ended when the men then living grew old and dropt into the grave,\nand tells us that the fourth ended with the wars of _Thebes_ and _Troy_:\nand so many Generations there were, from the coming of the _Phoenicians_\nand _Curetes_ with _Cadmus_ and _Europa_ into _Greece_ unto the destruction\nof _Troy_. _Apollonius Rhodius_ saith that when the _Argonauts_ came to\n_Crete_, they slew _Talus_ a brazen man, who remained of those that were of\nthe Brazen Age, and guarded that pass: _Talus_ was reputed [191] the son of\n_Minos_, and therefore the sons of _Minos_ lived in the Brazen Age, and\n_Minos_ Reigned in the Silver Age: it was the Silver Age of the _Greeks_ in\nwhich they began to plow and sow Corn, and _Ceres_, that taught them to do\nit, flourished in the Reign of _Celeus_ and _Erechtheus_ and _Minos_.\nMythologists tell us that the last woman with whom _Jupiter_ lay, was\n_Alcmena_; and thereby they seem to put an end to the Reign of _Jupiter_\namong mortals, that is to the Silver Age, when _Alcmena_ was with child of\n_Hercules_; who therefore was born about the eighth or tenth year of\n_Rehoboam's_ Reign, and was about 34 years old at the time of the\n_Argonautic_ expedition. _Chiron_ was begot by _Saturn_ of _Philyra_ in the\nGolden Age, when _Jupiter_ was a child in the _Cretan_ cave, as above; and\nthis was in the Reign of _Asterius_ King of _Crete_: and therefore\n_Asterius_ Reigned in _Crete_ in the Golden Age; and the Silver Age began\nwhen _Chiron_ was a child: if _Chiron_ was born about the 35th year of\n_David_'s Reign, he will be born in the Reign of _Asterius_, when _Jupiter_\nwas a child in the _Cretan_ cave, and be about 88 years old in the time of\nthe _Argonautic_ expedition, when he invented the Asterisms; and this is\nwithin the reach of nature. The Golden Age therefore falls in with the\nReign of _Asterius_, and the Silver Age with that of _Minos_; and to make\nthese Ages much longer than ordinary generations, is to make _Chiron_ live\nmuch longer than according to the course of nature. This fable of the four\nAges seems to have been made by the _Curetes_ in the fourth Age, in memory\nof the first four Ages of their coming into _Europe_, as into a new world;\nand in honour of their country-woman _Europa_, and her husband _Asterius_\nthe _Saturn_ of the _Latines_, and of her son _Minos_ the _Cretan Jupiter_\nand grandson _Deucalion_, who Reigned 'till the _Argonautic_ expedition,\nand is sometimes reckoned among the _Argonauts_, and of their great\ngrandson _Idomeneus_ who warred at _Troy_. _Hesiod_ tells us that he\nhimself lived in the fifth Age, the Age next after the taking of _Troy_,\nand therefore he flourished within thirty or thirty five years after it:\nand _Homer_ was of about the same Age; for he [192] lived sometime with\n_Mentor_ in _Ithaca_, and there learnt of him many things concerning\n_Ulysses_, with whom _Mentor_ had been personally acquainted: now\n_Herodotus_, the oldest Historian of the _Greeks_ now extant, [193] tells\nus that _Hesiod_ and _Homer_ were not above four hundred years older than\nhimself, and therefore they flourished within 110 or 120 years after the\ndeath of _Solomon_; and according to my reckoning the taking of _Troy_ was\nbut one Generation earlier.\n\nMythologists tell us, that _Niobe_ the daughter of _Phoroneus_ was the\nfirst woman with whom _Jupiter_ lay, and that of her he begat _Argus_, who\nsucceeded _Phoroneus_ in the Kingdom of _Argos_, and gave his name to that\ncity; and therefore _Argus_ was born in the beginning of the Silver Age:\nunless you had rather say that by _Jupiter_ they might here mean\n_Asterius_; for the _Phoenicians_ gave the name of _Jupiter_ to every King,\nfrom the time of their first coming into _Greece_ with _Cadmus_ and\n_Europa_, until the invasion of _Greece_ by _Sesostris_, and the birth of\n_Hercules_, and particularly to the fathers of _Minos_, _Pelops_,\n_Laced\u00e6mon_, _\u00c6acus_, and _Perseus_.\n\nThe four first Ages succeeded the flood of _Deucalion_; and some tell us\nthat _Deucalion_ was the son of _Prometheus_, the son of _Japetus_, and\nbrother of _Atlas_: but this was another _Deucalion_; for _Japetus_ the\nfather of _Prometheus_, _Epimetheus,_ and _Atlas_, was an _Egyptian_, the\nbrother of _Osiris_, and flourished two generations after the flood of\n_Deucalion_.\n\nI have now carried up the Chronology of the _Greeks_ as high as to the\nfirst use of letters, the first plowing and sowing of corn, the first\nmanufacturing of copper and iron, the beginning of the trades of Smiths,\nCarpenters, Joyners, Turners, Brick-makers, Stone-cutters, and Potters, in\n_Europe_; the first walling of cities about, the first building of Temples,\nand the original of Oracles in _Greece_; the beginning of navigation by the\nStars in long ships with sails; the erecting of the _Amphictyonic_ Council;\nthe first Ages of _Greece_, called the Golden, Silver, Brazen and Iron\nAges, and the flood of _Deucalion_ which immediately preceded them. Those\nAges could not be earlier than the invention and use of the four metals in\n_Greece_, from whence they had their names; and the flood of _Ogyges_ could\nnot be much above two or three ages earlier than that of _Deucalion_: for\namong such wandering people as were then in _Europe_, there could be no\nmemory of things done above three or four ages before the first use of\nletters: and the expulsion of the Shepherds out of _Egypt_, which gave the\nfirst occasion to the coming of people from _Egypt_ into _Greece_, and to\nthe building of houses and villages in _Greece_, was scarce earlier than\nthe days of _Eli_ and _Samuel_; for _Manetho_ tells us, that when they were\nforced to quit _Abaris_ and retire out of _Egypt_, they went through the\nwilderness into _Jud\u00e6a_ and built _Jerusalem_: I do not think, with\n_Manetho,_ that they were the _Israelites_ under _Moses_, but rather\nbelieve that they were _Canaanites_; and upon leaving _Abaris_ mingled with\nthe _Philistims_ their next neighbours: though some of them might assist\n_David_ and _Solomon_ in building _Jerusalem_ and the Temple.\n\n_Saul_ was made King [194], that he might rescue _Israel_ out of the hand\nof the _Philistims_, who opressed them; and in the second year of his\nReign, the _Philistims_ brought into the field against him _thirty thousand\nchariots, and six thousand horsemen, and people as the sand which is on the\nsea shore for multitude_: the _Canaanites_ had their horses from _Egypt_;\nand yet in the days of _Moses_ all the chariots of _Egypt_, with which\n_Pharaoh_ pursued _Israel_ were but six hundred, _Exod._ xiv. 7. From the\ngreat army of the _Philistims_ against _Saul_, and the great number of\ntheir horses, I seem to gather that the Shepherds had newly relinquished\n_Egypt_; and joyned them: the Shepherds might be beaten and driven out of\nthe greatest part of _Egypt_, and shut up in _Abaris_ by _Misphragmuthosis_\nin the latter end of the days of _Eli_; and some of them fly to the\n_Philistims_, and strengthen them against _Israel_, in the last year of\n_Eli_; and from the _Philistims_ some of the Shepherds might go to _Zidon_,\nand from _Zidon_, by sea to _Asia minor_ and _Greece_: and afterwards, in\nthe beginning of the Reign of _Saul_, the Shepherds who still remained in\n_Egypt_ might be forced by _Tethmosis_ or _Amosis_ the son of\n_Misphragmuthosis_, to leave _Abaris_, and retire in very great numbers to\nthe _Philistims_; and upon these occasions several of them, as _Pelasgus_,\n_Inachus_, _Lelex_, _Cecrops_, and _Abas_, might come with their people by\nsea from _Egypt_ to _Zidon_ and _Cyprus_, and thence to _Asia minor_ and\n_Greece_, in the days of _Eli_, _Samuel_ and _Saul_, and thereby begin to\nopen a commerce by sea between _Zidon_ and _Greece_, before the revolt of\n_Edom_ from _Jud\u00e6a_, and the final coming of the _Phoenicians_ from the\n_Red Sea_.\n\n_Pelasgus_ Reigned in _Arcadia_, and was the father of _Lycaon_, according\nto _Pherecydes Atheniensis_, and _Lycaon_ died just before the flood of\n_Deucalion_; and therefore his father _Pelasgus_ might come into _Greece_\nabout two Generations before _Cadmus_, or in the latter end of the days of\n_Eli_: _Lycaon_ sacrificed children, and therefore his father might come\nwith his people from the Shepherds in _Egypt_, and perhaps from the regions\nof _Heliopolis_, where they sacrificed men, 'till _Amosis_ abolished that\ncustom. _Misphragmuthosis_ the father of _Amosis_, drove the Shepherds out\nof a great part of _Egypt_, and shut the remainder up in _Abaris_: and then\ngreat numbers might escape to _Greece_; some from the regions of\n_Heliopolis_ under _Pelasgus_, and others from _Memphis_ and other places,\nunder other Captains: and hence it might come to pass that the _Pelasgians_\nwere at the first very numerous in _Greece_, and spake a different language\nfrom the _Greek_, and were the ringleaders in bringing into _Greece_ the\nworship of the dead.\n\n_Inachus_ is called the son of _Oceanus_, perhaps because he came to\n_Greece_ by sea: he might come with his people to _Argos_ from _Egypt_ in\nthe days of _Eli_, and seat himself upon the river _Inachus_, so named from\nhim, and leave his territories to his sons _Phoroneus_, _\u00c6gialeus_, and\n_Phegeus_, in the days of _Samuel_: for _Car_ the son of _Phoroneus_ built\na Temple to _Ceres_ in _Megara_, and therefore was contemporary to\n_Erechtheus_. _Phoroneus_ Reigned at _Argos_, and _Aegialeus_ at _Sicyon_,\nand founded those Kingdoms; and yet _\u00c6gialeus_ is made above five hundred\nyears older than _Phoroneus_ by some Chronologers: but [195] _Acusilaus_,\n[196] _Anticlides_ and [197] _Plato_, accounted _Phoroneus_ the oldest King\nin _Greece_, and [198] _Apollodorus_ tells us, _\u00c6gialeus_ was the brother\nof _Phoroneus_. _\u00c6gialeus_ died without issue, and after him Reigned\n_Europs_, _Telchin_, _Apis_, _Lamedon_, _Sicyon_, _Polybus_, _Adrastus_,\nand _Agamemnon_, _&c._ and _Sicyon_ gave his name to the Kingdom:\n_Herodotus_ [199] saith that _Apis_ in the _Greek_ Tongue is _Epaphus_; and\n_Hyginus_, [200] that _Epaphus_ the _Sicyonian_ got _Antiopa_ with child:\nbut the later _Greeks_ have made two men of the two names _Apis_ and\n_Epaphus_ or _Epopeus_, and between them inserted twelve feigned Kings of\n_Sicyon_, who made no wars, nor did any thing memorable, and yet Reigned\nfive hundred and twenty years, which is, one with another, above forty and\nthree years a-piece. If these feigned Kings be rejected, and the two Kings\n_Apis_ and _Epopeus_ be reunited; _\u00c6gialeus_ will become contemporary to\nhis brother _Phoroneus_, as he ought to be; for _Apis_ or _Epopeus_, and\n_Nycteus_ the guardian of _Labdacus_, were slain in battle about the tenth\nyear of _Solomon_, as above; and the first four Kings of _Sicyon_,\n_\u00c6gialeus_, _Europs_, _Telchin_, _Apis_, after the rate of about twenty\nyears to a Reign, take up about eighty years; and these years counted\nupwards from the tenth year of _Solomon_, place the beginning of the Reign\nof _\u00c6gialeus_ upon the twelfth year of _Samuel_, or thereabout: and about\nthat time began the Reign of _Phoroneus_ at _Argos_; _Apollodorus_ [201]\ncalls _Adrastus_ King of _Argos_; but _Homer_ [202] tells us, that he\nReigned first at _Sicyon_: he was in the first war against _Thebes_. Some\nplace _Janiscus_ and _Ph\u00e6stus_ between _Polybus_ and _Adrastus_, but\nwithout any certainty.\n\n_Lelex_ might come with his people into _Laconia_ in the days of _Eli_, and\nleave his territories to his sons _Myles_, _Eurotas_, _Cleson_, and\n_Polycaon_ in the days of _Samuel_. _Myles_ set up a quern, or handmill to\ngrind corn, and is reputed the first among the _Greeks_ who did so: but he\nflourished before _Triptolemus_, and seems to have had his corn and\nartificers from _Egypt_. _Eurotas_ the brother, or as some say the son of\n_Myles_, built _Sparta_, and called it after the name of his daughter\n_Sparta_, the wife of _Laced\u00e6mon_, and mother of _Eurydice_. _Cleson_ was\nthe father of _Pylas_ the father of _Sciron_, who married the daughter of\n_Pandion_ the son of _Erechtheus_, and contended with _Nisus_ the son of\n_Pandion_ and brother of _\u00c6geus_, for the Kingdom; and _\u00c6acus_ adjudged it\nto _Nisus_. _Polycaon_ invaded _Messene_, then peopled only by villages,\ncalled it _Messene_ after the name of his wife, and built cities therein.\n\n_Cecrops_ came from _Sais_ in _Egypt_ to _Cyprus_, and thence into\n_Attica_: and he might do this in the days of _Samuel_, and marry _Agraule_\nthe daughter of _Act\u00e6us_, and succeed him in _Attica_ soon after, and leave\nhis Kingdom to _Cranaus_ in the Reign of _Saul_, or in the beginning of the\nReign of _David_: for the flood of _Deucalion_ happened in the Reign of\n_Cranaus_.\n\nOf about the same age with _Pelasgus_, _Inachus_, _Lelex_, and _Act\u00e6us_,\nwas _Ogyges_: he Reigned in _Boeotia_, and some of his people were\n_Leleges_: and either he or his son _Eleusis_ built the city _Eleusis_ in\n_Attica_, that is, they built a few houses of clay, which in time grew into\na city. _Acusilaus_ wrote that _Phoroneus_ was older than _Ogyges_, and\nthat _Ogyges_ flourished 1020 years before the first Olympiad, as above;\nbut _Acusilaus_ was an _Argive_, and feigned these things in honour of his\ncountry: to call things _Ogygian_ has been a phrase among the ancient\n_Greeks_, to signify that they are as old as the first memory of things;\nand so high we have now carried up the Chronology of the _Greeks_.\n_Inachus_ might be as old as _Ogyges_, but _Acusilaus_ and his followers\nmade them seven hundred years older than the truth; and Chronologers, to\nmake out this reckoning, have lengthened the races of the Kings of _Argos_\nand _Sicyon_, and changed several contemporary Princes of _Argos_ into\nsuccessive Kings, and inserted many feigned Kings into the race of the\nKings of _Sicyon_.\n\n_Inachus_ had several sons, who Reigned in several parts of _Peloponnesus_,\nand there built Towns; as _Phoroneus_, who built _Phoronicum_, afterwards\ncalled _Argos_, from _Argus_ his grandson; _\u00c6gialeus_, who built _\u00c6gialea_,\nafterwards called _Sicyon_, from _Sicyon_ the grandson of _Erechtheus_;\n_Phegeus_, who built _Phegea_, afterwards called _Psophis_, from _Psophis_\nthe daughter of _Lycaon_: and these were the oldest towns in _Peloponnesus_\nthen _Sisyphus_, the son of _\u00c6olus_ and grandson of _Hellen_, built\n_Ephyra_, afterwards called _Corinth_; and _A\u00ebthlius_, the son of _\u00c6olus_,\nbuilt _Elis_: and before them _Cecrops_ built _Cecropia_, the cittadel of\n_Athens_; and _Lycaon_ built _Lycosura_, reckoned by some the oldest town\nin _Arcadia_; and his sons, who were at least four and twenty in number,\nbuilt each of them a town; except the youngest, called _Oenotrus_, who grew\nup after his father's death, and sailed into _Italy_ with his people, and\nthere set on foot the building of towns, and became the _Janus_ of the\n_Latines_. _Phoroneus_ had also several children and grand-children, who\nReigned in several places, and built new towns, as _Car_, _Apis_, &c. and\n_H\u00e6mon_, the son of _Pelasgus_, Reigned in _H\u00e6monia_, afterwards called\n_Thessaly_, and built towns there. This division and subdivision has made\ngreat confusion in the history of the first Kingdoms of _Peloponnesus_, and\nthereby given occasion to the vain-glorious _Greeks_, to make those\nkingdoms much older than they really were: but by all the reckonings\nabovementioned, the first civilizing of the _Greeks_, and teaching them to\ndwell in houses and towns, and the oldest towns in _Europe_, could scarce\nbe above two or three Generations older than the coming of _Cadmus_ from\n_Zidon_ into _Greece_; and might most probably be occasioned by the\nexpulsion of the Shepherds out of _Egypt_ in the days of _Eli_ and\n_Samuel_, and their flying into _Greece_ in considerable numbers: but it's\ndifficult to set right the Genealogies and Chronology of the Fabulous Ages\nof the _Greeks_, and I leave these things to be further examined.\n\nBefore the _Phoenicians_ introduced the Deifying of dead men, the _Greeks_\nhad a Council of Elders in every town for the government thereof, and a\nplace where the elders and people worshipped their God with Sacrifices: and\nwhen many of those towns, for their common safety, united under a common\nCouncil, they erected a _Prytaneum_ or Court in one of the towns, where the\nCouncil and People met at certain times, to consult their common safety,\nand worship their common God with sacrifices, and to buy and sell: the\ntowns where these Councils met, the _Greeks_ called [Greek: d\u00eamoi], peoples\nor communities, or Corporation Towns: and at length, when many of these\n[Greek: d\u00eamoi] for their common safety united by consent under one common\nCouncil, they erected a _Prytaneum_ in one of the [Greek: d\u00eamoi] for the\ncommon Council and People to meet in, and to consult and worship in, and\nfeast, and buy, and sell; and this [Greek: d\u00eamos] they walled about for its\nsafety, and called [Greek: t\u00ean polin] the city: and this I take to have\nbeen the original of Villages, Market-Towns, Cities, common Councils,\nVestal Temples, Feasts and Fairs, in _Europe_: the _Prytaneum_, [Greek:\npyros tameion], was a Court with a place of worship, and a perpetual fire\nkept therein upon an Altar for sacrificing: from the word [Greek: Hestia]\nfire, came the name _Vesta_, which at length the people turned into a\nGoddess, and so became fire-worshippers like the ancient _Persians_: and\nwhen these Councils made war upon their neighbours, they had a general\ncommander to lead their armies, and he became their King.\n\nSo _Thucydides_ [203] tells us, that _under_ Cecrops _and the ancient\nKings, untill _Theseus_; _Attica_ was always inhabited city by city, each\nhaving Magistrates and _Prytanea_: neither did they consult the King, when\nthere was no fear of danger, but each apart administred their own\ncommon-wealth, and had their own Council, and even sometimes made war, as\nthe _Eleusinians_ with _Eumolpus_ did against _Erechtheus_: but when\n_Theseus_, a prudent and potent man obtained the Kingdom, he took away the\nCourts and Magistrates of the other cities, and made them all meet in one\nCouncil and _Prytaneum_ at _Athens__. _Polemon_, as he is cited by [204]\n_Strabo_, tells us, _that in this body of _Attica_, there were 170 _[Greek:\nd\u00eamoi]_, one of which was _Eleusis__: and _Philochorus_ [205] relates, that\n_when _Attica_ was infested by sea and land by the _Cares_ and _Boeoti_,\n_Cecrops_ the first of any man reduced the multitude, _that is the 170\ntowns_, into twelve cities, whose names were _Cecropia_, _Tetrapolis_,\n_Epacria_, _Decelia_, _Eleusis_, _Aphydna_, _Thoricus_, _Brauron_,\n_Cytherus_, _Sphettus_, _Cephissia_, and _Phalerus_; and that _Theseus_\ncontracted those twelve cities into one, which was _Athens__.\n\nThe original of the Kingdom of the _Argives_ was much after the same\nmanner: for _Pausanias_ [206] tells us, _that _Phoroneus_ the son of\n_Inachus_ was the first who gathered into one community the _Argives_, who\n'till then were scattered, and lived every where apart, and the place where\nthey were first assembled was called _Phoronicum_, the city of\n_Phoroneus__: and _Strabo_ [207] observes, _that _Homer_ calls all the\nplaces which he reckons up in _Peloponnesus_, a few excepted, not cities\nbut regions, because each of them consisted of a convention of many_\n[Greek: d\u00eamoi], _free towns, out of which afterward noble cities were built\nand frequented: so the _Argives_ composed _Mantin\u00e6a_ in _Arcadia_ out of\nfive towns, and _Tegea_ out of nine; and out of so many was _Her\u00e6a_ built\nby _Cleombrotus_, or by _Cleonymus_: so also _\u00c6gium_ was built out of seven\nor eight towns, _Patr\u00e6_: out of seven, and _Dyme_ out of eight; and so\n_Elis_ was erected by the conflux of many towns into one city._\n\n_Pausanias_ [208] tells us, that the _Arcadians_ accounted _Pelasgus_ the\nfirst man, and that he was their first King; and _taught the ignorant\npeople to built houses, for defending themselves from heat, and cold, and\nrain; and to make them garments of skins; and instead of herbs and roots,\nwhich were sometimes noxious, to eat the acorns of the beech tree_; and\nthat his son _Lycaon_ built the oldest city in all _Greece_: he tells us\nalso, that in the days of _Lelex_ the _Spartans_ lived in villages apart.\nThe _Greeks_ therefore began to build houses and villages in the days of\n_Pelasgus_ the father of _Lycaon_, and in the days of _Lelex_ the father of\n_Myles_, and by consequence about two or three Generations before the Flood\nof _Deucalion_, and the coming of _Cadmus_; 'till then [209] they lived in\nwoods and caves of the earth. The first houses were of clay, 'till the\nbrothers _Euryalus_ and _Hyperbius_ taught them to harden the clay into\nbricks, and to build therewith. In the days of _Ogyges_, _Pelasgus_,\n_\u00c6zeus_, _Inachus_ and _Lelex_, they began to build houses and villages of\nclay, _Doxius_ the son of _Coelus_ teaching them to do it; and in the days\nof _Lycaon_, _Phoroneus_, _\u00c6gialeus_, _Phegeus_, _Eurotas_, _Myles_,\n_Polycaon_, and _Cecrops_, and their sons, to assemble the villages into\n[Greek: d\u00eamoi], and the [Greek: d\u00eamoi] into cities.\n\nWhen _Oenotrus_ the son of _Lycaon_ carried a Colony into _Italy_, _he_\n[210] _found that country for the most part uninhabited; and where it was\ninhabited, peopled but thinly: and seizing a part of it, he built towns in\nthe mountains, little and numerous_, as above: these towns were without\nwalls; but after this Colony grew numerous, and began to want room, _they\nexpelled the _Siculi_, compassed many cities with walls, and became possest\nof all the territory between the two rivers _Liris_ and _Tibre__: and it is\nto be understood that those cities had their Councils and _Prytanea_ after\nthe manner of the _Greeks_: for _Dionysius_ [211] tells us, that the new\nKingdom of _Rome_, as _Romulus_ left it, consisted of thirty Courts or\nCouncils, in thirty towns, each with the sacred fire kept in the\n_Prytaneum_ of the Court, for the Senators who met there to perform Sacred\nRites, after the manner of the _Greeks_: _but when _Numa_ the successor of\n_Romulus_ Reigned, he leaving the several fires in their own Courts,\ninstituted one common to them all at _Rome__: whence _Rome_ was not a\ncompleat city before the days of _Numa_.\n\nWhen navigation was so far improved that the _Phoenicians_ began to leave\nthe sea-shore, and sail through the _Mediterranean_ by the help of the\nstars, it may be presumed that they began to discover the islands of the\n_Mediterranean_, and for the sake of trafic to sail as far as _Greece_: and\nthis was not long before they carried away _Io_ the daughter of _Inachus_,\nfrom _Argos_. The _Cares_ first infested the _Greek_ seas with piracy, and\nthen _Minos_ the son of _Europa_ got up a potent fleet, and sent out\nColonies: for _Diodorus_ [212] tells us, that the _Cyclades_ islands, those\nnear _Crete_, were at first desolate and uninhabited; but _Minos_ having a\npotent fleet, sent many Colonies out of _Crete_, and peopled many of them;\nand particularly that the island _Carpathus_ was first seized by the\nsoldiers of _Minos_: _Syme_ lay waste and desolate 'till _Triops_ came\nthither with a Colony under _Chthonius_: _Strongyle_ or _Naxus_ was first\ninhabited by the _Thracians_ in the days of _Boreas_, a little before the\n_Argonautic_ Expedition: _Samsos_ was, at first desert, and inhabited only\nby a great multitude of terrible wild beasts, 'till _Macareus_ peopled it,\nas he did also the islands _Chius_ and _Cos_. _Lesbos_ lay waste and\ndesolate 'till _Xanthus_ sailed thither with a Colony: _Tenedos_ lay\ndesolate 'till _Tennes_, a little before the _Trojan_ war, sailed thither\nfrom _Troas_. _Arist\u00e6us_, who married _Autonoe_ the daughter of _Cadmus_,\ncarried a Colony from _Thebes_ into _C\u00e6a_, an island not inhabited before:\nthe island _Rhodes_ was at first called _Ophiusa_, being full of serpents,\nbefore _Phorbas_, a Prince of _Argos_, went thither, and made it habitable\nby destroying the serpents, which was about the end of _Solomon_'s Reign;\nin memory of which he is delineated in the heavens in the Constellation of\n_Ophiuchus_. The discovery of this and some other islands made a report\nthat they rose out of the Sea: _in Asia Delos emersit, & Hiera, & Anaphe, &\nRhodus_, saith [213] _Ammianus_: and [214] _Pliny_; _clar\u00e6 jampridem\ninsul\u00e6, Delos & Rhodos memori\u00e6 produntur enat\u00e6, postea minores, ultra Melon\nAnaphe, inter Lemnum & Hellespontum Nea, inter Lebedum & Teon Halone_, &c.\n\n_Diodorus_ [215] tells us also, that the seven islands called _\u00c6olides_,\nbetween _Italy_ and _Sicily_, were desert and uninhabited 'till _Lipparus_\nand _\u00c6olus_, a little before the _Trojan_ war, went thither from _Italy_,\nand peopled them: and that _Malta_ and _Gaulus_ or _Gaudus_ on the other\nside of _Sicily_, were first peopled by _Phoenicians_; and so was _Madera_\nwithout the _Straits_: and _Homer_ writes that _Ulysses_ found the Island\n_Ogygia_ covered with wood, and uninhabited, except by _Calypso_ and her\nmaids, who lived in a cave without houses; and it is not likely that _Great\nBritain_ and _Ireland_ could be peopled before navigation was propagated\nbeyond the _Straits_.\n\nThe _Sicaneans_ were reputed the first inhabitants of _Sicily_, they built\nlittle Villages or Towns upon hills, and every Town had its own King; and\nby this means they spread over the country, before they formed themselves\ninto larger governments with a common King: _Philistus_ [216] saith that\n_they were transplanted into _Sicily_ from the River _Sicanus_ in _Spain__;\nand _Dionysius_ [217], that _they were a _Spanish_ people who fled from the\n_Ligures_ in _Italy__; he means the _Ligures_ [218] who opposed _Hercules_\nwhen he returned from his expedition against _Geryon_ in _Spain_, and\nendeavoured to pass the _Alps_ out of _Gaul_ into _Italy_. _Hercules_ that\nyear got into _Italy_, and made some conquests there, and founded the city\n_Croton_; and [219] after winter, upon the arrival of his fleet from\n_Erythra_ in _Spain_, sailed to _Sicily_, and there left the _Sicani_: for\n_it was his custom to recruit his army with conquered people, and after\nthey had assisted him in making new conquests to reward them with new\nseats_: this was the _Egyptian Hercules_, who had a potent fleet, and in\nthe days of _Solomon_ sailed to the _Straits_, and according to his custom\nset up pillars there, and conquered _Geryon_, and returned back by _Italy_\nand _Sicily_ to _Egypt_, and was by the ancient _Gauls_ called _Ogmius_,\nand by _Egyptians_ [220] _Nilus_: for _Erythra_ and the country of _Geryon_\nwere without the _Straits_. _Dionysius_ [221] represents this _Hercules_\ncontemporary to _Evander_.\n\nThe first inhabitants of _Crete_, according to _Diodorus_ [222] were called\n_Eteocretans_; but whence they were, and how they came thither, is not said\nin history: then sailed thither a Colony of _Pelasgians_ from _Greece_; and\nsoon after _Teutamus_, the grandfather of _Minos_, carried thither a Colony\nof _Dorians_ from _Laconia_, and from the territory of _Olympia_ in\n_Peloponnesus_: and these several Colonies spake several languages, and fed\non the spontaeous fruits of the earth, and lived quietly in caves and huts,\n'till the invention of iron tools, in the days of _Asterius_ the son of\n_Teutamus_; and at length were reduced into one Kingdom, and one People, by\n_Minos_, who was their first law-giver, and built many towns and ships, and\nintroduced plowing and sowing, and in whose days the _Curetes_ conquered\nhis father's friends in _Crete_ and _Peloponnesus_. The _Curetes_ [223]\nsacrificed children to _Saturn_ and according to _Bochart_ [224] were\n_Philistims_; and _Eusebius_ faith that _Crete_ had its name from _Cres_,\none of the _Curetes_ who nursed up _Jupiter_: but whatever was the original\nof the island, it seems to have been peopled by Colonies which spake\ndifferent languages, 'till the days of _Asterius_ and _Minos_; and might\ncome thither two or three Generations before, and not above, for want of\nnavigation in those seas.\n\nThe island _Cyprus_ was discovered by the _Phoenicians_ not long before;\nfor _Eratosthenes_ [225] tells us, _that _Cyprus_ was at first so overgrown\nwith wood that it could not be tilled, and that they first cut down the\nwood for the melting of copper and silver, and afterwards when they began\nto sail safely upon the _Mediterranean__, that is, presently after the\n_Trojan_ war, _they built ships and even navies of it: and when they could\nnot thus destroy the wood, they gave every man leave to cut down what wood\nhe pleased, and to possess all the ground which he cleared of wood_. So\nalso _Europe_ at first abounded very much with woods, one of which, called\nthe _Hercinian_, took up a great part of _Germany_, being full nine days\njourney broad, and above forty long, in _Julius C\u00e6sar_'s days: and yet the\n_Europeans_ had been cutting down their woods, to make room for mankind,\never since the invention of iron tools, in the days of _Asterius_ and\n_Minos_.\n\nAll these footsteps there are of the first peopling of _Europe_, and its\nIslands, by sea; before those days it seems to have been thinly peopled\nfrom the northern coast of the _Euxine-sea_ by _Scythians_ descended from\n_Japhet_, who wandered without houses, and sheltered themselves from rain\nand wild beasts in thickets and caves of the earth; such as were the caves\nin mount _Ida_ in _Crete_, in which _Minos_ was educated and buried; the\ncave of _Cacus_, and the _Catacombs_ in _Italy_ near _Rome_ and _Naples_,\nafterwards turned into burying-places; the _Syringes_ and many other caves\nin the sides of the mountains of _Egypt_; the caves of the _Troglodites_\nbetween _Egypt_ and the _Red Sea_, and those of the _Phaurusii_ in _Afric_,\nmentioned by [226] _Strabo_; and the caves, and thickets, and rocks, and\nhigh places, and pits, in which the _Israelites_ hid themselves from the\n_Philistims_ in the days of _Saul_, 1 _Sam._ xiii. 6. But of the state of\nmankind in _Europe_ in those days there is now no history remaining.\n\nThe antiquities of _Libya_ were not much older than those of _Europe_; for\n_Diodorus_ [227] tells us, that _Uranus_ the father of _Hyperion_, and\ngrandfather of _Helius_ and _Selene_, that is _Ammon_ the father of\n_Sesac_, _was their first common King, and caused the people, who 'till\nthen wandered up and down, to dwell in towns_: and _Herodotus_ [228] tells\nus, that all _Media_ was peopled by [Greek: d\u00eamoi], towns without walls,\n'till they revolted from the _Assyrians_, which was about 267 years after\nthe death of _Solomon_: and that after that revolt they set up a King over\nthem, and built _Ecbatane_ with walls for his seat, the first town which\nthey walled about; and about 72 years after the death of _Solomon_,\n_Benhadad_ King of _Syria_ [229] had two and thirty Kings in his army\nagainst _Ahab_: and when _Joshuah_ conquered the land of _Canaan_, every\ncity of the _Canaanites_ had its own King, like the cities of _Europe_,\nbefore they conquered one another; and one of those Kings, _Adonibezek_,\nthe King of _Bezek_ had conquered seventy other Kings a little before,\n_Judg._ i. 7. and therefore towns began to be built in that land not many\nages before the days of _Joshuah_: for the Patriarchs wandred there in\ntents, and fed their flocks where-ever they pleased, the fields of\n_Phoenicia_ not being yet fully appropriated, for want of people. The\ncountries first inhabited by mankind, were in those days so thinly peopled,\nthat [230] four Kings from the coasts of _Shinar_ and _Elam_ invaded and\nspoiled the _Rephaims_, and the inhabitants of the countries of _Moab_,\n_Ammon_, _Edom_, and the Kingdoms of _Sodom_, _Gomorrah_, _Admah_ and\n_Zeboim_; and yet were pursued and beaten by _Abraham_ with an armed force\nof only 318 men, the whole force which _Abraham_ and the princes with him\ncould raise: and _Egypt_ was so thinly peopled before the birth of _Moses_,\nthat _Pharaoh_ said of the _Israelites_; [231] _behold the people of the\nchildren of _Israel_ are more and mightier than we_: and to prevent their\nmultiplying and growing too strong, he caused their male children to be\ndrowned.\n\nThese footsteps there are of the first peopling of the earth by mankind,\nnot long before the days of _Abraham_; and of the overspreading it with\nvillages, towns and cities, and their growing into Kingdoms, first Smaller\nand then greater, until the rise of the Monarchies of _Egypt_, _Assyria_,\n_Babylon_, _Media_, _Persia_, _Greece_, and _Rome_, the first great Empires\non this side _India_. _Abraham_ was the fifth from _Peleg_, and all mankind\nlived together in _Chaldea_ under the Government of _Noah_ and his sons,\nuntill the days of _Peleg_: so long they were of one language, one society,\nand one religion: and then they divided the earth, being perhaps, disturbed\nby the rebellion of _Nimrod_, and forced to leave off building the tower of\n_Babel_: and from thence they spread themselves into the several countries\nwhich fell to their shares, carrying along with them the laws, customs and\nreligion, under which they had 'till those days been educated and governed,\nby _Noah_, and his sons and grandsons: and these laws were handed down to\n_Abraham_, _Melchizedek_, and _Job_, and their contemporaries, and for some\ntime were observed by the judges of the eastern countries: so _Job_ [232]\ntells us, that adultery was _an heinous crime, yea an iniquity to be\npunished by the judges_: and of idolatry he [233] saith, _If I beheld the\nsun when it shined, or the moon walking in brightness, and my heart hath\nbeen secretly inticed, or my mouth hath kissed my hand, this also were an\niniquity to be punished by the judge: for I should have denied the God that\nis above_: and there being no dispute between _Job_ and his friends about\nthese matters, it may be presumed that they also with their countrymen were\nof the same religion. _Melchizedek_ was a Priest of the most high God, and\n_Abraham_ voluntarily paid tythes to him; which he would scarce have done\nhad they not been of one and the same religion. The first inhabitants of\nthe land of _Canaan_ seem also to have been originally of the same\nreligion, and to have continued in it 'till the death of _Noah_, and the\ndays of _Abraham_; for _Jerusalem_ was anciently [234] called _Jebus_, and\nits people _Jebusites_, and _Melchizedek_ was their Priest and King: these\nnations revolted therefore after the days of _Melchizedek_ to the worship\nof false Gods; as did also the posterity of _Ismael_, _Esau_, _Moab_,\n_Ammon_, and that of _Abraham_ by _Keturah_: and the _Israelites_\nthemselves were very apt to revolt: and one reason why _Terah_ went from\n_Ur_ of the _Chaldees_ to _Haran_ in his way to the land of _Canaan_; and\nwhy _Abraham_ afterward left _Haran_, and went into the land of _Canaan_,\nmight be to avoid the worship of false Gods, which in their days began in\n_Chaldea_, and spread every way from thence; but did not yet reach into the\nland of _Canaan_. Several of the laws and precepts in which this primitive\nreligion consisted are mentioned in the book of _Job_, chap. i. ver. 5, and\nchap, xxxi, _viz._ _not to blaspheme God, nor to worship the Sun or Moon,\nnor to kill, nor steal, nor to commit adultery, nor trust in riches, nor\noppress the poor or fatherless, nor curse your enemies, nor rejoyce at\ntheir misfortunes: but to be friendly, and hospitable and merciful, and to\nrelieve the poor and needy, and to set up Judges_. This was the morality\nand religion of the first ages, still called by the _Jews_, _The precepts\nof the sons of _Noah__: this was the religion of _Moses_ and the Prophets,\ncomprehended in the two great commandments, of _loving the Lord our God\nwith all our heart and soul and mind, and our neighbour as our selves_:\nthis was the religion enjoyned by _Moses_ to the uncircumcised stranger\nwithin the gates of _Israel_, as well as to the _Israelites_: and this is\nthe primitive religion of both _Jews_ and _Christians_, and ought to be the\nstanding religion of all nations, it being for the honour of God, and good\nof mankind: and _Moses_ adds the precept of _being merciful even to brute\nbeasts, so as not to suck out their blood, nor to cut off their flesh alive\nwith the blood in it, nor to kill them for the sake of their blood, nor to\nstrangle them; but in killing them for food, to let out their blood and\nspill it upon the ground_, _Gen._ ix. 4, and _Levit_. xvii. 12, 13. This\nlaw was ancienter than the days of _Moses_, being given to _Noah_ and his\nsons long before the days of _Abraham_: and therefore when the Apostles and\nElders in the Council at _Jerusalem_ declared that the Gentiles were not\nobliged to be circumcised and keep the law of _Moses_, they excepted this\nlaw of _abstaining from blood, and things strangled_ as being an earlier\nlaw of God, imposed not on the sons of _Abraham_ only, but on all nations,\nwhile they lived together in _Shinar_ under the dominion of _Noah_: and of\nthe same kind is the law of _abstaining from meats offered to Idols or\nfalse Gods, and from fornication_. So then, _the believing that the world\nwas framed by one supreme God, and is governed by him; and the loving and\nworshipping him, and honouring our parents, and loving our neighbour as our\nselves, and being merciful even to brute beasts_, is the oldest of all\nreligions: and the Original of letters, agriculture, navigation, music,\narts and sciences, metals, smiths and carpenters, towns and houses, was not\nolder in _Europe_ than the days of _Eli_, _Samuel_ and _David_; and before\nthose days the earth was so thinly peopled, and so overgrown with woods,\nthat mankind could not be much older than is represented in Scripture.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nCHAP. II\n\n_Of the Empire of _Egypt_._\n\nThe _Egyptians_ anciently boasted of a very great and lasting Empire under\ntheir Kings _Ammon_, _Osiris_, _Bacchus_, _Sesostris_, _Hercules_,\n_Memnon_, &c. reaching eastward to the _Indies_, and westward to the\n_Atlantic Ocean_; and out of vanity have made this monarchy some thousands\nof years older than the world: let us now try to rectify the Chronology of\n_Egypt_; by comparing the affairs of _Egypt_ with the synchronizing affairs\nof the _Greeks_ and _Hebrews_.\n\n_Bacchus_ the conqueror loved two women, _Venus_ and _Ariadne_: _Venus_ was\nthe mistress of _Anchises_ and _Cinyras_, and mother of _\u00c6neas_, who all\nlived 'till the destruction of _Troy_; and the sons of _Bacchus_ and\n_Ariadne_ were _Argonauts_; as above: and therefore the great _Bacchus_\nflourished but one Generation before the _Argonautic_ expedition. This\n_Bacchus_ [235] was potent at sea, conquered eastward as far as _India_\nreturned in triumph, brought his army over the _Hellespont_; conquered\n_Thrace_, left music, dancing and poetry there; killed _Lycurgus_ King of\n_Thrace_, and _Pentheus_ the grandson of _Cadmus_; gave the Kingdom of\n_Lycurgus_ to _Tharops_; and one of his minstrells, called by the _Greeks_\n_Calliope_, to _Oeagrus_ the son of _Tharops_; and of _Oeagrus_ and\n_Calliope_ was born _Orpheus_, who sailed with the _Argonauts_: this\n_Bacchus_ was therefore contemporary to _Sesostris_; and both being Kings\nof _Egypt_, and potent at sea, and great conquerors, and carrying on their\nconquests into _India_ and _Thrace_, they must be one and the same man.\n\nThe antient _Greeks_, who made the fables of the Gods, related that _Io_\nthe daughter of _Inachus_ was carried into _Egypt_; and there became the\n_Egyptian Isis_; and that _Apis_ the son of _Phoroneus_ after death became\nthe God _Serapis_; and some said that _Epaphus_ was the son of _Io_:\n_Serapis_ and _Epaphus_ are _Osiris_, and therefore _Isis_ and _Osiris_, in\nthe opinion of the ancient _Greeks_ who made the fables of the Gods, were\nnot above two or three Generations older than the _Argonautic_ expedition.\n_Dic\u00e6archus_, as he is cited by the scholiast upon _Apollonius_, [236]\nrepresents them two Generations older than _Sesostris_, saying that after\n_Orus_ the son of _Osiris_ and _Isis_, Reigned _Sesonchosis_. He seems to\nhave followed the opinion of the people of _Naxus_, who made _Bacchus_ two\nGenerations older than _Theseus_, and for that end feigned two _Minos's_\nand two _Ariadnes_; for by the consent of all antiquity _Osiris_ and\n_Bacchus_ were one and the same King of _Egypt_: this is affirmed by the\n_Egyptians_, as well as by the _Greeks_; and some of the antient\nMythologists, as _Eumolpus_ and _Orpheus_, [237] called _Osiris_ by the\nnames of _Dionysus_ and _Sirius_. _Osiris_ was King of all _Egypt_, and a\ngreat conqueror, and came over the _Hellespont_ in the days of\n_Triptolemus_, and subdued _Thrace_, and there killed _Lycurgus_; and\ntherefore his expedition falls in with that of the great _Bacchus_.\n_Osiris_, _Bacchus_ and _Sesostris_ lived about the same time, and by the\nrelation of historians were all of them Kings of all _Egypt_, and Reigned\nat _Thebes_, and adorned that city, and were very potent by land and sea:\nall three were great conquerors, and carried on their conquests by land\nthrough _Asia_ as far as _India_: all three came over the _Hellespont_ and\nwere there in danger of losing their army: all three conquered _Thrace_,\nand there put a stop to their victories, and returned back from thence into\n_Egypt_: all three left pillars with inscriptions in their conquests: and\ntherefore all three must be one and the same King of _Egypt_; and this King\ncan be no other than _Sesac_. All _Egypt_, including _Thebais_, _Ethiopia_\nand _Libya_, had no common King before the expulsion of the Shepherds who\nReigned in the lower _Egypt_; no Conqueror of _Syria_, _India_, _Asia\nminor_ and _Thrace_, before _Sesac_; and the sacred history admits of no\n_Egyptian_ conqueror of _Palestine_ before this King.\n\n_Thym\u00e6tes_ [238] who was contemporary to _Orpheus_, and wrote a poesy\ncalled _Phrygia_, of the actions of _Bacchus_ in very old language and\ncharacter, said that _Bacchus_ had _Libyan_ women in his army, amongst whom\nwas _Minerva_ a woman born in _Libya_, near the river _Triton,_ and that\n_Bacchus_ commanded the men and _Minerva_ the women. _Diodorus_ [239] calls\nher _Myrina_, and saith that she was Queen of the _Amazons_ in _Libya_, and\nthere conquered the _Atlantides_ and _Gorgons_, and then made a league with\n_Orus_ the son of _Isis_, sent to her by his father _Osiris_ or _Bacchus_\nfor that purpose, and passing through _Egypt_ subdued the _Arabians_, and\n_Syria_ and _Cilicia_, and came through _Phrygia_, _viz._ in the army of\n_Bacchus_ to the _Mediterranean_; but palling over into _Europe_, was slain\nwith many of her women by the _Thracians_ and _Scythians_, under the\nconduct of _Sipylus_ a _Scythian_, and _Mopsus_ a _Thracian_ whom\n_Lycurgus_ King of _Thrace_ had banished. This was that _Lycurgus_ who\nopposed the passage of _Bacchus_ over the _Hellespont_, and was soon after\nconquered by him, and slain: but afterwards _Bacchus_ met with a repulse\nfrom the _Greeks_, under the conduct of _Perseus_, who slew many of his\nwomen, as _Pausanias_ [240] relates, and was assisted by the _Scythians_\nand _Thracians_ under the conduct of _Sipylus_ and _Mopsus_; which\nrepulses, together with a revolt of his brother _Danaus_ in _Egypt_; put a\nstop to his victories: and in returning home he left part of his men in\n_Colchis_ and at _Mount Caucasus_, under _\u00c6etes_ and _Prometheus_; and his\nwomen upon the river _Thermodon_ near _Colchis_, under their new Queens\n_Marthesia_ and _Lampeto_: for _Diodorus_ [241] speaking of the _Amazons_\nwho were seated at _Thermodon_, saith, that they dwelt originally in\n_Libya_, and there Reigned over the _Atlantides_, and invading their\nneighbours conquered as far as _Europe_: and _Ammianus_, [242] that the\nancient _Amazons_ breaking through many nations, attack'd the _Athenians_,\nand there receiving a great slaughter retired to _Thermodon_: and _Justin_,\n[243] that these _Amazons_ had at first, he means at their first coming to\n_Thermodon_, two Queens who called themselves daughters of _Mars_; and that\nthey conquered part of _Europe_, and some cities of _Asia_, _viz._ in the\nReign of _Minerva_, and then sent back part of their army with a great\nbooty, under their said new Queens; and that _Marthesia_ being afterwards\nslain, was succeeded by her daughter _Orithya_, and she by _Penthesilea_;\nand that _Theseus_ captivated and married _Antiope_ the sister of\n_Orithya_. _Hercules_ made war upon the _Amazons_, and in the Reign of\n_Orithya_ and _Penthesilea_ they came to the _Trojan_ war: whence the first\nwars of the _Amazons_ in _Europe_ and _Asia_, and their settling at\n_Thermodon_, were but one Generation before those actions of _Hercules_ and\n_Theseus_, and but two before the _Trojan_ war, and so fell in with the\nexpedition of _Sesostris_: and since they warred in the days of _Isis_ and\nher son _Orus_, and were a part of the army of _Bacchus_ or _Osiris_, we\nhave here a further argument for making _Osiris_ and _Bacchus_ contemporary\nto _Sesostris_, and all three one and the same King with _Sesac_.\n\nThe _Greeks_ reckon _Osiris_ and _Bacchus_ to be sons of _Jupiter_, and the\n_Egyptian_ name of _Jupiter_ is _Ammon_. _Manetho_ in his 11th and 12th\n_Dynasties_, as he is cited by _Africanus_ and _Eusebius_ names these four\nKings of _Egypt_, as reigning in order; _Ammenemes_, _Gesongeses_ or\n_Sesonchoris_ the son of _Ammenemes_, _Ammenemes_ who was slain by his\nEunuchs, and _Sesostris_ who subdued all _Asia_ and part of _Europe_.\n_Gesongeses_ and _Sesonchoris_ are corruptly written for _Sesonchosis_; and\nthe two first of these four Kings, _Ammenemes_ and _Sesonchosis_, are the\nsame with the two last, _Ammenemes_ and _Sesostris_, that is, with _Ammon_\nand _Sesac_; for _Diodorus_ saith [244] that _Osiris_ built in _Thebes_ a\nmagnificent temple to his parents _Jupiter_ and _Juno_, and two other\ntemples to _Jupiter_, a larger to _Jupiter Uranius_, and a less to his\nfather _Jupiter Ammon_ who reigned in that city: and [245] _Thym\u00e6tes_\nabovementioned, who was contemporary to _Orpheus_, wrote expresly that the\nfather of _Bacchus_ was _Ammon_, a King Reigning over part of _Libya_, that\nis, a King of _Egypt_ Reigning over all that part of _Libya_, anciently\ncalled _Ammonia_. _Stephanus_ [246] saith [Greek: Pasa h\u00ea Liby\u00ea hout\u00f4s\nekaleito apo Amm\u00f4nos;] _All _Libya_ was anciently called _Ammonia_ from\n_Ammon__: this is that King of _Egypt_ from whom _Thebes_ was called\n_No-Ammon_, and _Ammon-no_ the city of _Ammon_, and by the _Greeks\nDiospolis_, the city of _Jupiter Ammon_: _Sesostris_ built it sumptuously,\nand called it by his father's name, and from the same King the [247] River\ncalled _Ammon_, the people called _Ammonii_, and the [248] promontory\n_Ammonium_ in _Arabia f\u00e6lix_ had their names.\n\nThe lower part of _Egypt_ being yearly overflowed by the _Nile_, was scarce\ninhabited before the invention of corn, which made it useful: and the King,\nwho by this invention first peopled it and Reigned over it, perhaps the\nKing of the city _Mesir_ where _Memphis_ was afterwards built, seems to\nhave been worshipped by his subjects after death, in the ox or calf, for\nthis benefaction: for this city stood in the most convenient place to\npeople the lower _Egypt_, and from its being composed of two parts seated\non each side of the river _Nile_, might give the name of _Mizraim_ to its\nfounder and people; unless you had rather refer the word to the double\npeople, those above the _Delta_, and those within it: and this I take to be\nthe state of the lower _Egypt_, 'till the Shepherds or _Phoenicians_ who\nfled from _Joshuah_ conquered it, and being afterwards conquered by the\n_Ethiopians_, fled into _Afric_ and other places: for there was a tradition\nthat some of them fled into _Afric_; and St. _Austin_ [249] confirms this,\nby telling us that the common people of _Afric_ being asked who they were,\nreplied _Chanani_, that is, _Canaanites_. _Interrogati rustici nostri_,\nsaith he, _quid sint, Punice respondentes Chanani, corrupta scilicet voce\nsicut in talibus solet, quid aliud respondent quam Chanaan\u00e6i?_ _Procopius_\nalso [250] tells us of two pillars in the west of _Afric_, with\ninscriptions signifying that the people were _Canaanites_ who fled from\n_Joshuah_: and _Eusebius_ [251] tells us, that these _Canaanites_ flying\nfrom the sons of _Israel_, built _Tripolis_ in _Afric_; and the _Jerusalem\nGemara_, [252] that the _Gergesites_ fled from _Joshua_, going into\n_Afric_: and _Procopius_ relates their flight in this manner. [Greek: Epei\nde h\u00eamas ho t\u00eas historias logos entauth' \u00eagagen. epanankes eipein an\u00f4then,\nhothen te ta Maurousi\u00f4n ethn\u00ea es Liby\u00ean \u00ealthe, kai hop\u00f4s \u00f4ik\u00easanto. Epeid\u00ea\nHebraioi ex Aigyptou anech\u00f4r\u00easan, kai anchi t\u00f4n Palaistin\u00eas hori\u00f4n\negenonto; M\u00f4s\u00eas men sophos an\u00ear, hos autos t\u00eas hodou h\u00eag\u00easato, thn\u00easkei.\ndiadechetai de t\u00ean h\u00eagemonian I\u00easous ho tou Nau\u00ea pais; hos es te t\u00ean\nPalaistin\u00ean ton le\u00f4n touton eis\u00eagage; kai aret\u00ean en t\u00f4i polem\u00f4i kreiss\u00f4 h\u00ea\nkata anthr\u00f4pou physin epideixamenos, t\u00ean ch\u00f4ran esche; kai ta ethn\u00ea hapanta\nkatastrepsamenos, tas poleis eupet\u00f4s parest\u00easato, anik\u00eatos te pantapasin\nedoxen einai. tote de h\u00ea epithalassia ch\u00f4ra, ek Sid\u00f4nos mechri t\u00f4n Aigyptou\nhori\u00f4n, Phoinik\u00ea xympasa \u00f4nomazeto. basileus de eis to palaion ephest\u00eakei;\nh\u00f4sper hapasin h\u00f4molog\u00eatai, hoi Phoinik\u00f4n ta archaiotata anegrapsanto.\nentauth' \u00f4k\u00eanto ethn\u00ea polyanthr\u00f4potata, Gergesaioi te kai Iebousaioi, kai\nalla atta onomata echonta, hois d\u00ea auta h\u00ea t\u00f4n Hebrai\u00f4n historia kalei.\nhoutos ho laos epei amachon ti chr\u00eama ton ep\u00ealyt\u00ean strat\u00eagon eidon; ex\n\u00eath\u00f4n t\u00f4n patri\u00f4n exanastantes, ep' Aigypton homorou ous\u00eas ech\u00f4r\u00easan. entha\nch\u00f4ron oudena sphisin hikanon enoik\u00easasthai heurontes, epei en Aigypt\u00f4\npolyanthr\u00f4pia ek palaiou \u00ean; es Liby\u00ean mechri st\u00eal\u00f4n t\u00f4n H\u00earakleous eschon;\nentautha te kai es eme t\u00eai Phoinik\u00f4n ph\u00f4n\u00eai chr\u00f4menoi \u00f4ik\u00eantai]. _Quando ad\nMauros nos historia deduxit, congruens nos exponere unde orta gens in\nAfrica sedes fixerit. Quo tempore egressi \u00c6gypto Hebr\u00e6i jam prope Palestin\u00e6\nfines venerant, mortuus ibi Moses, vir sapiens, dux itineris. Successor\nimperii factus Jesus Nav\u00e6 filius intra Pal\u00e6stinam duxit popularium agmen; &\nvirtute usus supra humanum modum, terram occupavit, gentibusque excisis\nurbes ditionis su\u00e6 fecit, & invicti famam tulit. Maritima ora qu\u00e6 a Sidone\nad \u00c6gypti limitem extenditur, nomen habet Phoenices. Rex unus _[Hebr\u00e6is]_\nimperabat ut omnes qui res Phoenicias scripsere consentiunt. In eo tractatu\nnumeros\u00e6 gentes erant, Gerges\u00e6i, Jebus\u00e6i, quosque aliis nominibus Hebr\u00e6orum\nannales memorant. Hi homines ut impares se venienti imperatori videre,\nderelicto patri\u00e6 solo ad finitimam primum venere \u00c6gyptum, sed ibi capacem\ntant\u00e6 multitudinis locum non reperientes, erat enim \u00c6gyptus ab antiquo\nfoecunda populis, in Africam profecti, multis conditis urbibus, omnem eam\nHerculis columnas usque, obtinuerunt: ubi ad meam \u00e6tatem sermone Phoenicio\nutentes habitant_. By the language and extreme poverty of the _Moors_,\ndescribed also by _Procopius_ and by their being unacquainted with\nmerchandise and sea-affairs, you may know that they were _Canaanites_\noriginally, and peopled _Afric_ before the _Tyrian_ merchants came thither.\nThese _Canaanites_ coming from the East, pitched their tents in great\nnumbers in the lower _Egypt_, in the Reign of _Timaus_, as [253] _Manetho_\nwrites, and easily seized the country, and fortifying _Pelusium_, then\ncalled _Abaris_, they erected a Kingdom there, and Reigned long under their\nown Kings, _Salatis_, _Boeon_, _Apachnas_, _Apophis_, _Janias_, _Assis_,\nand others successively: and in the mean time the upper part of _Egypt_\ncalled _Thebais_, and according to [254] _Herodotus_, _\u00c6gyptus_, and in\nScripture the land of _Pathros_, was under other Kings, Reigning perhaps at\n_Coptos_, and _Thebes_, and _This_, and _Syene_, and [255] _Pathros_, and\n_Elephantis_, and _Heracleopolis_, and _Mesir_, and other great cities,\n'till they conquered one another, or were conquered by the _Ethiopians_:\nfor cities grew great in those days, by being the seats of Kingdoms: but at\nlength one of these Kingdoms conquered the rest, and made a lasting war\nupon the Shepherds, and in the Reign of its King _Misphragmuthosis_, and\nhis son _Amosis_, called also _Tethmosis_, _Tuthmosis_, and _Thomosis_,\ndrove them out of _Egypt_, and made them fly into _Afric_ and _Syria_, and\nother places, and united all _Egypt_ into one Monarchy; and under their\nnext Kings, _Ammon_ and _Sesac_, enlarged it into a great Empire. This\nconquering people worshipped not the Kings of the Shepherds whom they\nconquered and expelled, but [256] abolished their religion of sacrificing\nmen, and after the manner of those ages Deified their own Kings, who\nfounded their new Dominion, beginning the history of their Empire with the\nReign and great acts of their Gods and Heroes: whence their Gods _Ammon_\nand _Rhea_, or _Uranus_ and _Tit\u00e6a_; _Osiris_ and _Isis_; _Orus_ and\n_Bubaste_: and their Secretary _Thoth_, and Generals _Hercules_ and _Pan_;\nand Admiral _Japetus_, _Neptune_, or _Typhon_; were all of them _Thebans_,\nand flourished after the expulsion of the Shepherds. _Homer_ places\n_Thebes_ in _Ethiopia_, and the _Ethiopians_ reported that [257] the\n_Egyptians_ were a colony drawn out of them by _Osiris_, and that thence it\ncame to pass that most of the laws of _Egypt_ were the same with those of\n_Ethiopia_, and that the _Egyptians_ learnt from the _Ethiopians_ the\ncustom of Deifying their Kings.\n\nWhen _Joseph_ entertained his brethren in _Egypt_, they did eat at a table\nby themselves, and he did eat at another table by himself; and the\n_Egyptians_ who did eat with him were at another table,  _because the\n_Egyptians_ might not eat bread with the _Hebrews_; for that was an\nabomination to the _Egyptians__, _Gen._ xliii. 32. These _Egyptians_ who\ndid eat with _Joseph_ were of the Court of _Pharaoh_; and therefore\n_Pharaoh_ and his Court were at this time not Shepherds but genuine\n_Egyptians_; and these _Egyptians_ abominated eating bread with the\n_Hebrews_, at one and the same table: and of these _Egyptians_ and their\nfellow-subjects, it is said a little after, that _every Shepherd is an\nabomination to the _Egyptians__: _Egypt_ at this time was therefore under\nthe government of the genuine _Egyptians_, and not under that of the\nShepherds.\n\nAfter the descent of _Jacob_ and his sons into _Egypt_, _Joseph_ lived 70\nyears, and so long continued in favour with the Kings of _Egypt_: and 64\nyears after his death _Moses_ was born: and between the death of _Joseph_\nand the birth of _Moses_, _there arose up a new King over _Egypt_, which\nknew not _Joseph__, _Exod._ i. 8. But this King of _Egypt_ was not one of\nthe Shepherds; for he is called _Pharaoh_, _Exod._ i. 11, 22: and _Moses_\ntold his successor, that if the people of _Israel_ should sacrifice in the\nland of _Egypt_, _they should sacrifice the abomination of the _Egyptians_\nbefore their eyes, and the _Egyptians_ would stone them_, _Exod._ viii. 26.\nthat is, they should sacrifice sheep or oxen, contrary to the religion of\n_Egypt_. The Shepherds therefore did not Reign over _Egypt_ while _Israel_\nwas there, but either were driven out of _Egypt_ before _Israel_ went down\nthither, or did not enter into _Egypt_ 'till after _Moses_ had brought\n_Israel_ from thence: and the latter must be true, if they were driven out\nof _Egypt_ a little before the building of the temple of _Solomon_, as\n_Manetho_ affirms.\n\n_Diodorus_ [258] saith in his 40th book, _that in _Egypt_ there were\nformerly multitudes of strangers of several nations, who used foreign rites\nand ceremonies in worshipping the Gods, for which they were expelled\n_Egypt_; and under _Danaus_, _Cadmus_, and other skilful commanders, after\ngreat hardships, came into _Greece_, and other places; but the greatest\npart of them came into _Jud\u00e6a_, not far from _Egypt_, a country then\nuninhabited and desert, being conducted thither by one _Moses_, a wise and\nvaliant man, who after he had possest himself of the country, among other\nthings built _Jerusalem_, and the Temple._ _Diodorus_ here mistakes the\noriginal of the _Israelites_, as _Manetho_ had done before, confounding\ntheir flight into the wilderness under the conduct of _Moses_, with the\nflight of the Shepherds from _Misphragmuthosis_, and his son _Amosis_, into\n_Phoenicia_ and _Afric_; and not knowing that _Jud\u00e6a_ was inhabited by\n_Canaanites_, before the _Israelites_ under _Moses_ came thither: but\nhowever, he lets us know that the Shepherds were expelled _Egypt_ by\n_Amosis_, a little before the building of _Jerusalem_ and the Temple, and\nthat after several hardships several of them came into _Greece_, and other\nplaces, under the conduct of _Cadmus_, and other Captains, but the most of\nthem Settled in _Phoenicia_ next _Egypt_. We may reckon therefore that the\nexpulsion of the Shepherds by the Kings of _Thebais_, was the occasion that\nthe _Philistims_ were so numerous in the days of _Saul_; and that so many\nmen came in those times with colonies out of _Egypt_ and _Phoenicia_ into\n_Greece_; as _Lelex_, _Inachus_, _Pelasgus_, _\u00c6zeus_, _Cecrops_,\n_\u00c6gialeus_, _Cadmus_, _Phoenix_, _Membliarius_, _Alymnus_, _Abas_,\n_Erechtheus_, _Peteos_, _Phorbas_, in the days of _Eli_, _Samuel_, _Saul_\nand _David_: some of them fled in the days of _Eli_, from\n_Misphragmuthosis_, who conquered part of the lower _Egypt_; others retired\nfrom his Successor _Amosis_ into _Phoenicia_, and _Arabia Petr\u00e6a_, and\nthere mixed with the old inhabitants; who not long after being conquered by\n_David_, fled from him and the _Philistims_ by sea, under the conduct of\n_Cadmus_ and other Captains, into _Asia Minor_, _Greece_, and _Libya_, to\nseek new seats, and there built towns, erected Kingdoms, and set on foot\nthe worship of the dead: and some of those who remained in _Jud\u00e6a_ might\nassist _David_ and _Solomon_, in building _Jerusalem_ and the Temple. Among\nthe foreign rites used by the strangers in _Egypt_, in worshipping the\nGods, was the sacrificing of men; for _Amosis_ abolished that custom at\n_Heliopolis_: and therefore those strangers were _Canaanites_, such as fled\nfrom _Joshua_; for the _Canaanites_ gave their seed, that is, their\nchildren, to _Moloch_, _and burnt their sons and their daughters in the\nfire to their Gods_, _Deut._ xii. 31. _Manetho_ calls them _Phoenician_\nstrangers.\n\nAfter _Amosis_ had expelled the Shepherds, and extended his dominion over\nall _Egypt_, his son and Successor _Ammenemes_ or _Ammon_, by much greater\nconquests laid the foundation of the _Egyptian_ Empire: for by the\nassistance of his young son _Sesostris_, whom he brought up to hunting and\nother laborious exercises, he conquered _Arabia_, _Troglodytica_, and\n_Libya_: and from him all _Libya_ was anciently called _Ammonia_: and after\nhis death, in the temples erected to him at _Thebes_, and in _Ammonia_ and\nat _Meroe_ in _Ethiopia_, they set up Oracles to him, and made the people\nworship him as the God that acted in them: and these are the oldest Oracles\nmentioned in history; the _Greeks_ therein imitating the _Egyptians_: for\nthe [259] Oracle at _Dodona_ was the oldest in _Greece_, and was set up by\nan _Egyptian_ woman, after the example of the Oracle of _Jupiter Ammon_ at\n_Thebes_.\n\nIn the days of _Ammon_ a body of the _Edomites_ fled from _David_ into\n_Egypt_, with their young King _Hadad_, as above; and carried thither their\nskill in navigation: and this seems to have given occasion to the\n_Egyptians_ to build a fleet on the _Red Sea_ near _Coptos_, and might\ningratiate _Hadad_ with _Pharaoh_: for the _Midianites_ and _Ishmaelites_,\nwho bordered upon the _Red Sea_, near _Mount Horeb_ on the south-side of\n_Edom_, were merchants from the days of _Jacob_ the Patriarch, _Gen._\nxxxvii. 28, 36. and by their merchandise the _Midianites_ abounded with\ngold in the days of _Moses_, _Numb._ xxxi. 50, 51, 52. and in the days of\nthe judges of _Israel_, _because they were _Ishmaelites__, _Judg._ viii 24.\nThe _Ishmaelites_ therefore in those days grew rich by merchandise; they\ncarried their merchandise on camels through _Petra_ to _Rhinocolura_, and\nthence to _Egypt_: and this trafic at length came into the hands of\n_David_, by his conquering the _Edomites_, and gaining the ports of the\n_Red Sea_ called _Eloth_ and _Ezion-Geber_, as may be understood by the\n3000 talents of gold of _Ophir_, which _David_ gave to the Temple, 1\n_Chron._ xxix. 4. The _Egyptians_ having the art of making linen-cloth,\nthey began about this time to build long Ships with sails, in their port on\nthose Seas near _Coptos_, and having learnt the skill of the _Edomites_,\nthey began now to observe the positions of the Stars, and the length of the\nSolar Year, for enabling them to know the position of the Stars at any\ntime, and to sail by them at all times, without sight of the shoar: and\nthis gave a beginning to Astronomy and Navigation: for hitherto they had\ngone only by the shoar with oars, in round vessels of burden, first\ninvented on that shallow sea by the posterity of _Abraham_, and in passing\nfrom island to island guided themselves by the sight of the islands in the\nday time, or by the sight of some of the Stars in the night. Their old year\nwas the Lunisolar year, derived from _Noah_ to all his posterity, 'till\nthose days, and consisted of twelve months, each of thirty days, according\nto their calendar: and to the end of this calendar-year they now added five\ndays, and thereby made up the Solar year of twelve months and five days, or\n365 days.\n\nThe ancient _Egyptians_ feigned [260] that _Rhea_ lay secretly with\n_Saturn_, and _Sol_ prayed that she might bring forth neither in any month,\nnor in the year; and that _Mercury_ playing at dice with _Luna_, overcame,\nand took from the Lunar year the 72d part of every day, and thereof\ncomposed five days, and added them to the year of 360 days, that she might\nbring forth in them; and that the _Egyptians_ celebrated those days as the\nbirth-days of _Rhea_'s five children, _Osiris_, _Orus_ senior, _Typhon_,\n_Isis_, and _Nephthe_ the wife of _Typhon_: and therefore, according to the\nopinion of the ancient _Egyptians_, the five days were added to the\nLunisolar calendar-year, in the Reign of _Saturn_ and _Rhea_, the parents\nof _Osiris_, _Isis_, and _Typhon_; that is, in the Reign of _Ammon_ and\n_Tit\u00e6a_, the parents of the _Titans_; or in the latter half of the Reign of\n_David_, when those _Titans_ were born, and by consequence soon after the\nflight of the _Edomites_ from _David_ into _Egypt_: but the Solstices not\nbeing yet settled, the beginning of this new year might not be fixed to the\nVernal Equinox before the Reign of _Amenophis_ the successor of _Orus_\njunior, the Son of _Osiris_ and _Isis_.\n\nWhen the _Edomites_ fled from _David_ with their young King _Hadad_ into\n_Egypt_, it is probable that they carried thither also the use of letters:\nfor letters were then in use among the posterity of _Abraham_ in _Arabia\nPetr\u00e6a_, and upon the borders of the _Red Sea_, the Law being written there\nby _Moses_ in a book, and in tables of stone, long before: for _Moses_\nmarrying the daughter of the prince of _Midian_, and dwelling with him\nforty years, learnt them among the _Midianites_: and _Job_, who lived [261]\namong their neighbours the _Edomites_, mentions the writing down or words,\nas there in use in his days, _Job._ xix. 23, 24. and there is no instance\nof letters for writing down sounds, being in use before the days of\n_David_, in any other nation besides the posterity of _Abraham_. The\n_Egyptians_ ascribed this invention to _Thoth_, the secretary of _Osiris_;\nand therefore Letters began to be in use in _Egypt_ in the days of _Thoth_,\nthat is, a little after the flight of the _Edomites_ from _David_, or about\nthe time that _Cadmus_ brought them into _Europe_.\n\n_Helladius_ [262] tells us, that a man called _Oes_, who appeared in the\n_Red Sea_ with the tail of a fish, so they painted a sea-man, taught\nAstronomy and Letters: and _Hyginus_, [263] that _Euhadnes_, who came out\nof the Sea in _Chald\u00e6a_, taught the _Chald\u00e6ans_ Astrology the first of any\nman; he means Astronomy: and _Alexander Polyhistor_ [264] tells us from\n_Berosus_, that _Oannes_ taught the _Chald\u00e6ans_ Letters, Mathematicks,\nArts, Agriculture, Cohabitation in Cities, and the Construction of Temples;\nand that several such men came thither successively. _Oes_, _Euhadnes_, and\n_Oannes_, seem to be the same name a little varied by corruption; and this\nname seems to have been given in common to several sea-men, who came\nthither from time to time, and by consequence were merchants, and\nfrequented those seas with their merchandise, or else fled from their\nenemies: so that Letters, Astronomy, Architecture and Agriculture, came\ninto _Chald\u00e6a_ by sea, and were carried thither by sea-men, who frequented\nthe _Persian Gulph_, and came thither from time to time, after all those\nthings were practised in other countries whence they came, and by\nconsequence in the days of _Ammon_ and _Sesac_, _David_ and _Solomon_, and\ntheir successors, or not long before. The _Chald\u00e6ans_ indeed made _Oannes_\nolder than the flood of _Xisuthrus_, but the _Egyptians_ made _Osiris_ as\nold, and I make them contemporary.\n\nThe _Red Sea_ had its name not from its colour, but from _Edom_ and\n_Erythra_, the names of _Esau_, which signify that colour: and some [265]\ntell us, that King _Erythra_, meaning _Esau_, invented the vessels,\n_rates_, in which they navigated that Sea, and was buried in an island\nthereof near the _Persian Gulph_: whence it follows, that the _Edomites_\nnavigated that Sea from the days of _Esau_; and there is no need that the\noldest _Oannes_ should be older. There were boats upon rivers before, such\nas were the boats which carried the Patriarchs over _Euphrates_ and\n_Jordan_, and the first nations over many other rivers, for peopling the\nearth, seeking new seats, and invading one another's territories: and after\nthe example of such vessels, _Ishhmael_ and _Midian_ the sons of _Abraham_,\nand _Esau_ his grandson, might build larger vessels to go to the islands\nupon the _Red Sea_, in searching for new seats, and by degrees learn to\nnavigate that sea, as far as to the _Persian Gulph_: for ships were as old,\neven upon the _Mediterranean_, as the days of _Jacob_, _Gen._ xlix. 13.\n_Judg._ v. 17. but it is probable that the merchants of that sea were not\nforward to discover their Arts and Sciences, upon which their trade\ndepended: it seems therefore that Letters and Astronomy, and the trade of\nCarpenters, were invented by the merchants of the _Red Sea_, for writing\ndown their merchandise, and keeping their accounts, and guiding their ships\nin the night by the Stars, and building ships; and that they were\npropagated from _Arabia Petr\u00e6a_ into _Egypt_, _Chald\u00e6a_, _Syria_, _Asia\nminor_, and _Europe_, much about one and the same time; the time in which\n_David_ conquered and dispersed those merchants: for we hear nothing of\nLetters before the days of _David_, except among the posterity of\n_Abraham_; nothing of Astronomy, before the _Egyptians_ under _Ammon_ and\n_Sesac_ applied themselves to that study, except the Constellations\nmentioned by _Job_, who lived in _Arabia Petr\u00e6a_ among the merchants;\nnothing of the trade of Carpenters, or good Architecture, before _Solomon_\nsent to _Hiram_ King of _Tyre_, to supply him with such Artificers, saying\nthat _there were none in _Israel_ who could skill to hew timber like the\n_Zidonians__.\n\n_Diodorus_ [266] tells us, _that the _Egyptians_ sent many colonies out of\n_Egypt_ into other countries; and that _Belus_, the son of _Neptune_ and\n_Libya_, carried colonies thence into _Babylonia_, and seating himself on\n_Euphrates_, instituted priests free from taxes and publick expences, after\nthe manner of _Egypt_, who were called _Chald\u00e6ans_, and who after the\nmanner of _Egypt_, might observe the Stars_: and _Pausanias_ [267] tells\nus, _that the _Belus_ of the _Babylonians_ had his name from _Belus_ an\n_Egyptian_, the son of _Libya__: and _Apollodorus_; [268] _that _Belus_ the\nson of _Neptune_ and _Libya_, and King of _Egypt_, was the father of\n_\u00c6gyptus_ and _Danaus__, that is, _Ammon_: he tells us also, _that\n_Busiris_ the son of _Neptune_ and _Lisianassa_ _[Libyanassa]_ the daughter\nof _Epaphus_, was King of _Egypt__; and _Eusebius_ calls this King,\n__Busiris_ the son of _Neptune_, and of _Libya_ the daughter of _Epaphus__.\nBy these things the later _Egyptians_ seem to have made two _Belus's_, the\none the father of _Osiris_, _Isis_, and _Neptune_, the other the son of\n_Neptune_, and father of _\u00c6gyptus_ and _Danaus_: and hence came the opinion\nof the people of _Naxus_, that there were two _Minos's_ and two _Ariadnes_,\nthe one two Generations older than the other; which we have confuted. The\nfather of _\u00c6gyptus_ and _Danaus_ was the father of _Osiris_, _Isis_, and\n_Typhon_; and _Typhon_ was not the grandfather of _Neptune_, but _Neptune_\nhimself.\n\n_Sesostris_ being brought up to hard labour by his father _Ammon_, warred\nfirst under his father, being the Hero or _Hercules_ of the _Egyptians_\nduring his father's Reign, and afterward their King: under his father,\nwhilst he was very young, he invaded and conquered _Troglodytica_, and\nthereby secured the harbour of the _Red Sea_, near _Coptos_ in _Egypt_, and\nthen he invaded _Ethiopia_, and carried on his conquest southward, as far\nas to the region bearing cinnamon: and his father by the assistance of the\n_Edomites_ having built a fleet on the _Red Sea_, he put to sea, and\ncoasted _Arabia F\u00e6lix_, going to the _Persian Gulph_ and beyond, and in\nthose countries set up Columns with inscriptions denoting his conquests;\nand particularly he Set up a Pillar at _Dira_, a promontory in the straits\nof the _Red Sea_, next _Ethiopia_, and two Pillars in _India_, on the\nmountains near the mouth of the rivers _Ganges_; so [269] _Dionysius_:\n\n  [Greek: Entha te kai st\u00ealai, Th\u00eabaigeneos Dionysou]\n  [Greek: Hestasin pymatoio para rhoon \u00d4keanoio,]\n  [Greek: Ind\u00f4n hystatioisin en ouresin; entha te Gang\u00eas]\n  [Greek: Leukon hydor Nyssaion epi platam\u00f4na kylindei.]\n\n  _Ubi etiamnum column\u00e6 Thebis geniti Bacchi_\n  _Stant extremi juxta fluxum Oceani_\n  _Indorum ultimis in montibus: ubi & Ganges_\n  _Claram aquam Nyss\u00e6am ad planitiem devolvit_.\n\nAfter these things he invaded _Libya_, and fought the _Africans_ with\nclubs, and thence is painted with a club in his hand: so [270] _Hyginus_;\n_Afri & \u00c6gyptii primum fustibus dimicaverunt, postea Belus Neptuni filius\ngladio belligeratus est, unde bellum dictum est_: and after the conquest of\n_Libya_, by which _Egypt_ was furnished with horses, and furnished\n_Solomon_ and his friends; he prepared a fleet on the _Mediterranean_, and\nwent on westward upon the coast of _Afric_, to search those countries, as\nfar as to the Ocean and island _Erythra_ or _Gades_ in _Spain_; as\n_Macrobius_ [271] informs us from _Panyasis_ and _Pherecydes_: and there he\nconquered _Geryon_, and at the mouth of the _Straits_ set up the famous\nPillars.\n\n  [272] _Venit ad occasum mundique extrema Sesostris._\n\nThen he returned through _Spain_ and the southern coasts of _France_ and\n_Italy_, with the cattel of _Geryon_, his fleet attending him by sea, and\nleft in _Sicily_ the _Sicani_, a people which he had brought from _Spain_:\nand after his father's death he built Temples to him in his conquests;\nwhence it came to pass, that _Jupiter Ammon_ was worshipped in _Ammonia_,\nand _Ethiopia_, and _Arabia_, and as far as _India_, according to the [273]\nPoet:\n\n  _Quamvis \u00c6thiopum populis, Arabumque beatis_\n  _Gentibus, atque Indis unus sit Jupiter Ammon_.\n\nThe _Arabians_ worshipped only two Gods, _Coelus_, otherwise called\n_Ouranus_, or _Jupiter Uranius_, and _Bacchus_: and these were _Jupiter\nAmmon_ and _Sesac_, as above: and so also the people of _Meroe_ above\n_Egypt_ [274] worshipped no other Gods but _Jupiter_ and _Bacchus_, and had\nan Oracle of _Jupiter_, and these two Gods were _Jupiter Ammon_ and\n_Osiris_, according to the language of _Egypt_.\n\nAt length _Sesostris_, in the fifth year of _Rehoboam_, came out of _Egypt_\nwith a great army of _Libyans_, _Troglodytes_ and _Ethiopians_, and spoiled\nthe Temple, and reduced _Jud\u00e6a_ into servitude, and went on conquering,\nfirst eastward toward _India_, which he invaded, and then westward as far\nas _Thrace_: for _God had given him the kingdoms of the countries_, 2\n_Chron._ xii. 2, 3, 8. In [275] this Expedition he spent nine years,\nsetting up pillars with inscriptions in all his conquests, some of which\nremained in _Syria_ 'till the days of _Herodotus_. He was accompanied with\nhis son _Orus_, or _Apollo_, and with some singing women, called _the\nMuses_, one of which, called _Calliope_, was the mother of _Orpheus_ an\n_Argonaut_: and the two tops of the mountain _Parnassus_, which were very\nhigh, were dedicated [276] the one to this _Bacchus_, and the other to his\nson _Apollo_: whence _Lucan_; [277]\n\n          _Parnassus gemino petit \u00e6thera colle,_\n  _Mons Phoebo, Bromioque sacer._\n\nIn the fourteenth year of _Rehoboam_ he returned back into _Egypt_; leaving\n_\u00c6etes_ in _Colchis_, and his nephew _Prometheus_ at mount _Caucasus_, with\npart of his army, to defend his conquests from the _Scythians_. _Apollonius\nRhodius_ [278] and his scholiast tell us, that _Sesonchosis_ King of all\n_Egypt_, that is _Sesac_, invading all _Asia_, and a great part of\n_Europe_, peopled many cities which he took; and that _\u00c6a_, the Metropolis\nof _Colchis_, _remained stable ever since his days with the posterity of\nthose _Egyptians_ which he placed there, and that they preserved pillars or\ntables in which all the journies and the bounds of sea and land were\ndescribed, for the use of them that were to go any whither_: these tables\ntherefore gave a beginning to Geography.\n\n_Sesostris_ upon his returning home [279] divided _Egypt_ by measure\namongst the _Egyptians_; and this gave a beginning to Surveying and\nGeometry: and [280] _Jamblicus_ derives this division of _Egypt_, and\nbeginning of Geometry, from the Age of the Gods of _Egypt_. _Sesostris_\nalso [281] divided _Egypt_ into 36 _Nomes_ or Counties, and dug a canal\nfrom the _Nile_ to the head city of every _Nome_, and with the earth dug\nout of it, he caused the ground of the city to be raised higher, and built\na Temple in every city for the worship of the _Nome_, and in the Temples\nset up Oracles, some of which remained 'till the days of _Herodotus_: and\nby this means the _Egyptians_ of every _Nome_ were induced to worship the\ngreat men of the Kingdom, to whom the _Nome_, the City, and the Temple or\nSepulchre of the God, was dedicated: for every Temple had its proper God,\nand modes of worship, and annual festivals, at which the Council and People\nof the _Nome_ met at certain times to sacrifice, and regulate the affairs\nof the _Nome_, and administer justice, and buy and sell; but _Sesac_ and\nhis Queen, by the names of _Osiris_ and _Isis_, were worshipped in all\n_Egypt_: and because _Sesac_, to render the _Nile_ more useful, dug\nchannels from it to all the capital cities of _Egypt_; that river was\nconsecrated to him, and he was called by its names, _\u00c6gyptus_, _Siris_,\n_Nilus_. _Dionysius_ [282] tells us, that the _Nile_ was called _Siris_ by\nthe _Ethiopians_, and _Nilus_ by the people of _Siene_. From the word\n_Nahal_, which signifies a torrent, that river was called _Nilus_; and\n_Dionysius_ [283] tells us, that _Nilus_ was that King who cut _Egypt_ into\ncanals, to make the river useful: in Scripture the river is called\n_Schichor_, or _Sihor_, and thence the _Greeks_ formed the words _Siris_,\n_Sirius_, _Ser-Apis_, _O-Siris_; but _Plutarch_ [284] tells us, that the\nsyllable _O_, put before the word _Siris_ by the _Greeks_, made it scarce\nintelligible to the _Egyptians_.\n\nI have now told you the original of the _Nomes_ of _Egypt_ and of the\nReligions and Temples of the _Nomes_, and of the Cities built there by the\nGods, and called by their names: whence _Diodorus_ [285] tells us, that _of\nall the Provinces of the World, there were in _Egypt_ only many cities\nbuilt by the ancient Gods, as by _Jupiter_, _Sol_, _Hermes_, _Apollo_,\n_Pan_, _Eilithyia_, and, many others_: and _Lucian_ [286] an _Assyrian_,\nwho had travelled into _Phoenicia_ and _Egypt_, tells us, that _the Temples\nof _Egypt_ were very old, those in _Phoenicia_ built by _Cinyras_ as old,\nand those in _Assyria_ almost as old as the former, but not altogether so\nold_: which shews that the Monarchy of _Assyria_ rose up after the Monarchy\nof _Egypt_; as is represented in Scripture; and that the Temples of _Egypt_\nthen standing, were those built by _Sesostris_, about the same time that\nthe Temples of _Phoenicia_ and _Cyprus_ were built by _Cinyras_,\n_Benhadad_, and _Hiram_. This was not the first original of Idolatry, but\nonly the erecting of much more sumptuous Temples than formerly to the\nfounders of new Kingdoms: for Temples at first were very small;\n\n  _Jupiter angusta vix totus stabat in \u00e6de._\n      _Ovid. Fast._ l. 1.\n\nAltars were at first erected without Temples, and this custom continued in\n_Persia_ 'till after the days of _Herodotus_: in _Phoenicia_ they had\nAltars with little houses for eating the sacrifices much earlier, and these\nthey called High Places: such was the High Place where _Samuel_ entertained\n_Saul_; such was the House of _Dagon_ at _Ashdod_, into which the\n_Philistims_ brought the Ark; and the House of _Baal_, in which _Jehu_ slew\nthe Prophets of _Baal_; and such were the High Places of the _Canaanites_\nwhich _Moses_ commanded _Israel_ to destroy: he [287] commanded _Israel_ to\ndestroy the Altars, Images, High Places, and Groves of the _Canaanites_,\nbut made no mention of their Temples, as he would have done had there been\nany in those days. I meet with no mention of sumptuous Temples before the\ndays of _Solomon_: new Kingdoms begun then to build Sepulchres to their\nFounders in the form of Sumptuous Temples; and such Temples _Hiram_ built\nin _Tyre_, _Sesac_ in all _Egypt_, and _Benhadad_ in _Damascus_.\n\nFor when _David_ [288] smote _Hadad Ezer_ King of _Zobah_, and slew the\n_Syrians_ of _Damascus_ who came to assist him, _Rezon_ _the son of\n_Eliadah_ fled from his lord _Hadad-Ezer_, and gathered men unto him and\nbecame Captain over a band, and Reigned in _Damascus_, over _Syria__: he is\ncalled _Hezion_, 1 _King._ xv. 18. and his successors mentioned in history\nwere _Tabrimon_, _Hadad_ or _Ben-hadad_, _Benhadad_ II. _Hazael_,\n_Benhadad_ III. * * and _Rezin_ the son of _Tabeah_. _Syria_ became subject\nto _Egypt_ in the days of _Tabrimon_, and recovered her liberty under\n_Benhadad_ I; and in the days of _Benhadad_ III, until the reign of the\nlast _Rezin_, they became subject to _Israel_: and in the ninth year of\n_Hoshea_ King of _Judah_, _Tiglath-pileser_ King of _Assyria_ captivated\nthe _Syrians_, and put an end to their Kingdom: now _Josephus_ [289] tells\nus, that _the _Syrians_ 'till his days worshipped both _Adar__, that is\n_Hadad_ or _Benhadad_, _and his successor _Hazael_ as Gods, for their\nbenefactions, and for building Temples by which they adorned the city of\n_Damascus_: for_, saith he, _they daily celebrate solemnities in honour of\nthese Kings, and boast their antiquity, not knowing that they are novel,\nand lived not above eleven hundred years ago_. It seems these Kings built\nsumptuous Sepulchres for themselves, and were worshipped therein. _Justin_\n[290] calls the first of these two Kings _Damascus_, saying that _the city\nhad its name from him, and that the _Syrians_ in honour of him worshipped\nhis wife _Arathes_ as a Goddess, using her Sepulchre for a Temple_.\n\nAnother instance we have in the Kingdom of _Byblus_. In the [291] Reign of\n_Minos_ King of _Crete_, when _Rhadamanthus_ the brother of _Minos_ carried\ncolonies from _Crete_ to the _Greek_ islands, and gave the islands to his\ncaptains, he gave _Lemnos_ to _Thoas_, or _Theias_, or _Thoantes_, the\nfather of _Hypsipyle_, a _Cretan_ worker in metals, and by consequence a\ndisciple of the _Id\u00e6i Dactyli_, and perhaps a _Phoenician_: for the _Id\u00e6i\nDactyli_, and _Telchines_, and _Corybantes_ brought their Arts and Sciences\nfrom _Phoenicia_: and [292] _Suidas_ saith, that he was descended from\n_Pharnaces_ King of _Cyprus_; _Apollodorus_, [293] that he was the son of\n_Sandochus_ a _Syrian_; and _Apollonius Rhodius_, [294] that __Hypsipyle_\ngave _Jason_ the purple cloak which the _Graces_ made for _Bacchus_, who\ngave it to his son _Thoas__, the father of _Hypsipyle_, and King of\n_Lemnos_: _Thoas_ married [295] _Calycopis_, the mother of _\u00c6neas_, and\ndaughter of _Otreus_ King of _Phrygia_, and for his skill on the harp was\ncalled _Cinyras_, and was said to be exceedingly beloved by _Apollo_ or\n_Orus_: the great _Bacchus_ loved his wife, and being caught in bed with\nher in _Phrygia_ appeased him with wine, and composed the matter by making\nhim King of _Byblus_ and _Cyprus_; and then came over the _Hellespont_ with\nhis army, and conquered _Thrace:_ and to these things the poets allude, in\nfeigning that _Vulcan_ fell from heaven into _Lemnos_, and that _Bacchus_\n[296] appeased him with wine, and reduced him back into heaven: he fell\nfrom the heaven of the _Cretan_ Gods, when he went from _Crete_ to _Lemnos_\nto work in metals, and was reduced back into heaven when _Bacchus_ made him\nKing of _Cyprus_ and _Byblus_: he Reigned there 'till a very great age,\nliving to the times of the _Trojan_ war, and becoming exceeding rich: and\nafter the death of his wife _Calycopis_, [297] he built Temples to her at\n_Paphos_ and _Amathus_, in _Cyprus_; and at _Byblus_ in _Syria_, and\ninstituted Priests to her with Sacred Rites and lustful _Orgia_; whence she\nbecame the _Dea Cypria_, and the _Dea Syria_: and from Temples erected to\nher in these and other places, she was also called _Paphia_, _Amathusia_,\n_Byblia_, _Cytherea_ _Salaminia_, _Cnidia_, _Erycina_, _Idalia_. _Fama\ntradit a Cinyra sacratum vetustissimum Paphi\u00e6 Veneris templum, Deamque\nipsam conceptam mari huc appulsam_: _Tacit. Hist._ l. 2. c. 3. From her\nsailing from _Phrygia_ to the island _Cythera_, and from thence to be Queen\nof _Cyprus_, she was said by the _Cyprians_, to be born of the froth of the\nsea, and was painted sailing upon a shell. _Cinyras_ Deified also his son\n_Gingris_, by the name of _Adonis_; and for assisting the _Egyptians_ with\narmour, it is probable that he himself was Deified by his friends the\n_Egyptians_, by the name of _Baal-Canaan_, or _Vulcan_: for _Vulcan_ was\ncelebrated principally by the _Egyptians_, and was a King according to\n_Homer_, and Reigned in _Lemnos_; and _Cinyras_ was an inventor of arts,\n[298] and found out copper in _Cyprus_, and the smiths hammer, and anvil,\nand tongs, and laver; and imployed workmen in making armour, and other\nthings of brass and iron, and was the only King celebrated in history for\nworking in metals, and was King of _Lemnos_, and the husband of _Venus_;\nall which are the characters of _Vulcan_: and the _Egyptians_ about the\ntime of the death of _Cinyras_, _viz._ in the Reign of their King\n_Amenophis_, built a very sumptuous Temple at _Memphis_ to _Vulcan_, and\nnear it a smaller Temple to _Venus Hospita_; not an _Egyptian_ woman but a\nforeigner, not _Helena_ but _Vulcan's Venus_: for [299] _Herodotus_ tells\nus, that the region round about this Temple was inhabited by _Tyrian\nPhoenicians_, and that [300] _Cambyses_ going into this Temple at\n_Memphis_, very much derided the statue of _Vulcan_ for its littleness;\n_For_, saith he, _this statue is most like those Gods which the\n_Phoenicians_ call _Pat\u00e6ci_, and carry about in the fore part of their\nShips in the form of Pygmies_: and [301] _Bochart_ saith of this _Venus\nHospita_, _Phoeniciam Venerem in \u00c6gypto pro peregrina habitam._\n\nAs the _Egyptians_, _Phoenicians_ and _Syrians_ in those days Deified their\nKings and Princes, so upon their coming into _Asia minor_ and _Greece_,\nthey taught those nations to do the like, as hath been shewed above. In\nthose days the writing of the _Thebans_ and _Ethiopians_ was in\nhieroglyphicks; and this way of writing seems to have spread into the lower\n_Egypt_ before the days of _Moses_: for thence came the worship of their\nGods in the various shapes of Birds, Beasts, and Fishes, forbidden in the\nsecond commandment. Now this emblematical way of writing gave occasion to\nthe _Thebans_ and _Ethiopians_, who in the days of _Samuel_, _David_,\n_Solomon_, and _Rehoboam_ conquered _Egypt_, and the nations round about,\nand erected a great Empire, to represent and signify their conquering Kings\nand Princes, not by writing down their names, but by making various\nhieroglyphical figures; as by painting _Ammon_ with Ram's horns, to signify\nthe King who conquered _Libya_, a country abounding with sheep; his father\n_Amosis_ with a Scithe, to signify that King who conquered the lower\n_Egypt_, a country abounding with corn; his Son _Osiris_ by an Ox, because\nhe taught the conquered nations to plow with oxen; _Bacchus_ with Bulls\nhorns for the same reason, and with Grapes because he taught the nations to\nplant vines, and upon a Tiger because he subdued _India_; _Orus_ the son of\n_Osiris_ with a Harp, to signify the Prince who was eminently skilled on\nthat instrument; _Jupiter_ upon an Eagle to signify the sublimity of his\ndominion, and with a Thunderbolt to represent him a warrior; _Venus_ in a\nChariot drawn with two Doves, to represent her amorous and lustful;\n_Neptune_ with a Trident, to signify the commander of a fleet composed of\nthree Squadrons; _\u00c6geon_, a Giant, with 50 heads, and an hundred hands, to\nsignify _Neptune_ with his men in a ship of fifty oars; _Thoth_ with a\nDog's head and wings at his cap and feet, and a _Caduceus_ writhen about\nwith two Serpents, to signify a man of craft, and an embassador who\nreconciled two contending nations; _Pan_ with a Pipe and the legs of a\nGoat, to signify a man delighted in piping and dancing; and _Hercules_ with\nPillars and a Club, because _Sesostris_ set up pillars in all his\nconquests, and fought against the _Libyans_ with clubs: this is that\n_Hercules_ who, according to [302] _Eudoxus_, was slain by _Typhon_; and\naccording to _Ptolom\u00e6us Heph\u00e6stion_ [303] was called _Nilus_, and who\nconquered _Geryon_ with his three sons in _Spain_, and set up the famous\npillars at the mouth of the _Straits_: for _Diodorus_ [304] mentioning\nthree _Hercules_'s, the _Egyptian_, the _Tyrian_, and the son of _Alcmena_,\nsaith that _the oldest flourished among the _Egyptians_, and having\nconquered a great part of the world, set up the pillars in _Afric__: and\n_Vas\u00e6us_, [305] that _Osiris_, called also _Dionysius_, _came into _Spain_\nand conquered _Geryon_, and was the first who brought Idolatry into\n_Spain__. _Strabo_ [306] tells us, that the _Ethiopians_ called _Megabars_\nfought with clubs: and some of the _Greeks_ [307] did so 'till the times of\nthe _Trojan_ war. Now from this hieroglyphical way of writing it came to\npass, that upon the division of _Egypt_ into _Nomes_ by _Sesostris_, the\ngreat men of the Kingdom to whom the _Nomes_ were dedicated, were\nrepresented in their Sepulchers or Temples of the _Nomes_, by various\nhieroglyphicks; as by an _Ox_, a _Cat_, a _Dog_, a _Cebus_, a _Goat_, a\n_Lyon_, a _Scarab\u00e6us_, an _Ichneumon_, a _Crocodile_, an _Hippopotamus_, an\n_Oxyrinchus_, an _Ibis_, a _Crow_, a _Hawk,_ a _Leek_, and were worshipped\nby the _Nomes_ in the shape of these creatures.\n\nThe [308] _Atlantides_, a people upon mount _Atlas_ conquered by the\n_Egyptians_ in the Reign of _Ammon_, related that _Uranus_ was their first\nKing, and reduced them from a savage course of life, and caused them to\ndwell in towns and cities, and lay up and use the fruits of the earth, and\nthat he reigned over a great part of the world, and by his wife _Tit\u00e6a_ had\neighteen children, among which were _Hyperion_ and _Basilea_ the parents of\n_Helius_ and _Selene_; that the brothers of _Hyperion_ slew him, and\ndrowned his son _Helius_, the _Phaeton_ of the ancients, in the _Nile_, and\ndivided his Kingdom amongst themselves; and the country bordering upon the\nOcean fell to the lot of _Atlas_, from whom the people were called\n_Atlantides_. By _Uranus_ or _Jupiter Uranius_, _Hyperion_, _Basilea_,\n_Helius_ and _Selene_, I understand _Jupiter Ammon_, _Osiris_, _Isis_,\n_Orus_ and _Bubaste_; and by the sharing of the Kingdom of _Hyperion_\namongst his brothers the _Titans_, I understand the division of the earth\namong the Gods mentioned in the Poem of _Solon_.\n\nFor _Solon_ having travelled into _Egypt_, and conversed with the Priests\nof _Sais_; about their antiquities, wrote a Poem of what he had learnt, but\ndid not finish it; [309] and this Poem fell into the hands of _Plato_ who\nrelates out of it, that at the mouth of the _Straits_ near _Hercules_'s\nPillars there was an Island called _Atlantis_, the people of which, nine\nthousand years before the days of _Solon_, reigned over _Libya_ as far as\n_Egypt_; and over _Europe_ as far as the _Tyrrhene_ sea; and all this force\ncollected into one body invaded _Egypt_ and _Greece_, and whatever was\ncontained within the Pillars of _Hercules_, but was resisted and stopt by\nthe _Athenians_ and other _Greeks_, and thereby the rest of the nations not\nyet conquered were preserved: he saith also that in those days the Gods,\nhaving finished their conquests, divided the whole earth amongst\nthemselves, partly into larger, partly into smaller portions, and\ninstituted Temples and Sacred Rites to themselves; and that the Island\n_Atlantis_ fell to the lot of _Neptune_, who made his eldest Son _Atlas_\nKing of the whole Island, a part of which was called _Gadir_; and that _in\nthe history of the said wars mention was made of _Cecrops_, _Erechtheus_,\n_Erichthonius_, and others before _Theseus_, and also of the women who\nwarred with the men, and of the habit and statue of _Minerva_, the study of\nwar in those days being common to men and women_. By all these\ncircumstances it is manifest that these Gods were the _Dii magni majorum\ngentium_, and lived between the age of _Cecrops_ and _Theseus_; and that\nthe wars which _Sesostris_ with his brother _Neptune_ made upon the nations\nby land and sea, and the resistance he met with in _Greece_, and the\nfollowing invasion of _Egypt_ by _Neptune_, are here described; and how the\ncaptains of _Sesostris_ shared his conquests amongst themselves, as the\ncaptains of _Alexander_ the great did his conquests long after, and\ninstituting Temples and Priests and sacred Rites to themselves, caused the\nnations to worship them after death as Gods: and that the Island _Gadir_ or\n_Gades_, with all _Libya_, fell to the lot of him who after death was\nDeified by the name of _Neptune_. The time therefore when these things were\ndone is by _Solon_ limited to the age of _Neptune_, the father of _Atlas_;\nfor _Homer_ tells us, that _Ulysses_ presently after the _Trojan_ war found\n_Calypso_ the daughter of _Atlas_ in the _Ogygian_ Island, perhaps _Gadir_;\nand therefore it was but two Generations before the _Trojan_ war. This is\nthat _Neptune_, who with _Apollo_ or _Orus_ fortified _Troy_ with a wall,\nin the Reign of _Laomedon_ the father of _Priamus_, and left many natural\nchildren in _Greece_, some of which were _Argonauts_, and others were\ncontemporary to the _Argonauts_; and therefore he flourished but one\nGeneration before the _Argonautic_ expedition, and by consequence about 400\nyears before _Solon_ went into _Egypt_: but the Priests of _Egypt_ in those\n400 years had magnified the stories and antiquity of their Gods so\nexceedingly, as to make them nine thousand years older than _Solon_, and\nthe Island _Atlantis_ bigger than all _Afric_ and _Asia_ together, and full\nof people; and because in the days of _Solon_ this great Island did not\nappear, they pretended that it was sunk into the sea with all its people:\nthus great was the vanity of the Priests of _Egypt_ in magnifying their\nantiquities.\n\nThe _Cretans_ [310] affirmed that _Neptune was the man who set out a fleet,\nhaving obtained this Pr\u00e6fecture of _his father_ Saturn; whence posterity\nreckoned things done in the sea to be under his government, and mariners\nhonoured him with sacrifices_: the invention of tall Ships with sails [311]\nis also ascribed to him. He was first worshipped in _Africa_, as\n_Herodotus_ [312] affirms, and therefore Reigned over that province: for\nhis eldest son _Atlas_, who succeeded him, was not only Lord of the Island\n_Atlantis_, but also Reigned over a great part of _Afric_, giving his name\nto the people called _Atlantii_, and to the mountain _Atlas_, and the\n_Atlantic Ocean_. The [313] outmost parts of the earth and promontories,\nand whatever bordered upon the sea and was washed by it, the _Egyptians_\ncalled _Neptys_; and on the coasts of _Marmorica_ and _Cyrene_, _Bochart_\nand _Arius Montanus_ place the _Naphthuhim_, a people sprung from\n_Mizraim_, _Gen._ x. 13; and thence _Neptune_ and his wife _Neptys_ might\nhave their names, the words _Neptune_, _Neptys_ and _Naphthuhim_,\nsignifying the King, Queen, and people of the sea-coasts. The _Greeks_ tell\nus that _Japetus_ was the father of _Atlas_, and _Bochart_ derives\n_Japetus_ and _Neptune_ from the same original: he and his son _Atlas_ are\ncelebrated in the ancient fables for making war upon the Gods of _Egypt_;\nas when _Lucian_ [314] saith that _Corinth_ being full of fables, tells the\nfight of _Sol_ and _Neptune_, that is, of _Apollo_ and _Python_, or _Orus_\nand _Typhon_; and where _Agatharcides_ [315] relates how the Gods of\n_Egypt_ fled from the Giants, 'till the _Titans_ came in and saved them by\nputting _Neptune_ to flight; and where _Hyginus_ [316] tells the war\nbetween the Gods of _\u00c6gypt_, and the _Titans_ commanded by _Atlas_.\n\nThe _Titans_ are the posterity of _Tit\u00e6a_, some of whom under _Hercules_\nassisted the Gods, others under _Neptune_ and _Atlas_ warred against them:\n_for which reason_, saith _Plutarch_, [317] _the Priests of _Egypt_\nabominated the sea, and had _Neptune_ in no honour_. By _Hercules_, I\nunderstand here the general of the forces of _Thebais_ and _Ethiopia_ whom\nthe Gods or great men of _Egypt_ called to their assistance, against the\nGiants or great men of _Libya_, who had slain _Osiris_ and invaded _Egypt_:\nfor _Diodorus_ [318] saith that _when _Osiris_ made his expedition over the\nworld, he left his kinsman _Hercules_ general of his forces over all his\ndominions, and _Ant\u00e6us_ governor of _Libya_ and _Ethiopia__. _Ant\u00e6us_\nReigned over all _Afric_ to the _Atlantic Ocean_, and built _Tingis_ or\n_Tangieres_: _Pindar_ [319] tells us that he Reigned at _Irasa_ a town of\n_Libya_, where _Cyrene_ was afterwards built: he invaded _Egypt_ and\n_Thebais_; for he was beaten by _Hercules_ and the _Egyptians_ near _Ant\u00e6a_\nor _Ant\u00e6opolis_, a town of _Thebais_; and _Diodorus_ [320] tells us that\n_this town had its name from _Ant\u00e6us_, whom _Hercules_ slew in the days of\n_Osiris__. _Hercules_ overthrew him several times, and every time he grew\nstronger by recruits from _Libya_, his mother earth; but _Hercules_\nintercepted his recruits, and at length slew him. In these wars _Hercules_\ntook the _Libyan_ world from _Atlas_, and made _Atlas_ pay tribute out of\nhis golden orchard, the Kingdom of _Afric_. _Ant\u00e6us_ and _Atlas_ were both\nof them sons of _Neptune_ both of them Reigned over all _Libya_ and\n_Afric_, between _Mount Atlas_ and the _Mediterranean_ to the very Ocean;\nboth of them invaded _Egypt_, and contended with _Hercules_ in the wars of\nthe Gods, and therefore they are but two names of one and the same man; and\neven the name _Atlas_ in the oblique cases seems to have been compounded of\nthe name _Ant\u00e6eus_ and some other word, perhaps the word _Atal_, cursed,\nput before it: the invasion of _Egypt_ by _Ant\u00e6us_, _Ovid_ hath relation\nunto, where he makes _Hercules_ say,\n\n          _S\u00e6voque alimenta parentis_\n  _Ant\u00e6o eripui_.\n\nThis war was at length composed by the intervention of _Mercury_, who in\nmemory thereof was said to reconcile two contending serpents, by casting\nhis Ambassador's rod between them: and thus much concerning the ancient\nstate of _Egypt_, _Libya_, and _Greece_, described by _Solon_.\n\nThe mythology of the _Cretans_ differed in some things from that of _Egypt_\nand _Libya_: for in the _Cretan_ mythology, _Coelus_ and _Terra_, or\n_Uranus_ and _Tit\u00e6a_ were the parents of _Saturn_ and _Rhea_, and _Saturn_\nand _Rhea_ were the parents of _Jupiter_ and _Juno_; and _Hyperion_,\n_Japetus_ and the _Titans_ were one Generation older than _Jupiter_; and\n_Saturn_ was expelled his Kingdom and castrated by his son _Jupiter_: which\nfable hath no place in the mythology of _Egypt_.\n\nDuring the Reign of _Sesac_, _Jeroboam_ being in subjection to _Egypt_; set\nup the Gods of _Egypt_ in _Dan_ and _Bethel_; and _Israel was without the\ntrue God, and without a teaching Priest and without law: and in those times\nthere was no peace to him that went out, nor to him that came in, but great\nvexations were upon all the inhabitants of the countries; and nation was\ndestroyed of nation, and city of city: for God did vex them with all\nadversity_. 2 _Chron_. xv. 3, 5, 6. But in the fifth year of _Asa_ the land\nof _Judah_ became quiet from war, and from thence had quiet ten years; and\n_Asa_ took away the altars of strange Gods, and brake down the Images, and\nbuilt the fenced cities of _Judah_ with walls and towers and gates and\nbars, having rest on every side, and got up an army of 580000 men, with\nwhich in the fifteenth year of his Reign he met _Zerah_ the _Ethiopian_,\nwho came out against him with an army of a thousand thousand _Ethiopians_\nand _Libyans_: the way of the _Libyans_ was through _Egypt_, and therefore\n_Zerah_ was now Lord of _Egypt_: they fought at _Mareshah_ near _Gerar_,\nbetween _Egypt_ and _Jud\u00e6a_, and _Zerah_ was beaten, so that he could not\nrecover himself: and from all this I seem to gather that _Osiris_ was slain\nin the fifth year of _Asa_, and thereupon _Egypt_ fell into civil wars,\nbeing invaded by the _Libyans_, and defended by the _Ethiopians_ for a\ntime; and after ten years more being invaded by the _Ethiopians_, who slew\n_Orus_ the son and successor of _Osiris_, drowning him in the _Nile_, and\nseized his Kingdom. By these civil wars of _Egypt_, the land of _Judah_ had\nrest ten years. _Osiris_ or _Sesostris_ reigned long, _Manetho_ saith 48\nyears; and by this reckoning he began to Reign about the 17th year of\n_Solomon_; and _Orus_ his son was drowned in the 15th year of _Asa_: for\n_Pliny_ [321] tells us, _\u00c6gyptiorum bellis attrita est \u00c6thiopia, vicissim\nimperitando serviendoque, clara & potens etiam usque ad Trojana bella\nMemnone regnante_. _Ethiopia_, served _Egypt_ 'till the death of\n_Sesostris_, and no longer; for _Herodotus_ [322] tells us that _he alone\nenjoyed the Empire of _Ethiopia__: then the _Ethiopians_ became free, and\nafter ten years became Lords of _Egypt_ and _Libya_, under _Zerah_ and\n_Amenophis_.\n\nWhen _Asa_ by his victory over _Zerah_ became safe from _Egypt_, he\nassembled all the people, and they offered sacrifices out of the spoils,\nand entered into a covenant upon oath to seek the Lord; and in lieu of the\nvessels taken away by _Sesac_, _he brought into the house of God the things\nthat his father had dedicated, and that he himself had dedicated, Silver\nand Gold, and Vessels_. 2 _Chron._ xv.\n\nWhen _Zerah_ was beaten, so that he could not recover himself, the people\n[323] of the lower _Egypt_ revolted from the _Ethiopians_, and called in to\ntheir assistance two hundred thousand _Jews_ and _Canaanites_; and under\nthe conduct of one _Osarsiphus_, a Priest of _Egypt_, called _Usorthon_,\n_Osorchon_, _Osorchor_, and _Hercules \u00c6gyptius_ by _Manetho_, caused the\n_Ethiopians_ now under _Memnon_ to retire to _Memphis_: and there _Memnon_\nturned the river _Nile_ into a new channel, built a bridge over it and\nfortified that pass, and then went back into _Ethiopia_: but after thirteen\nyears, he and his young son _Ramesses_ came down with an army from\n_Ethiopia_, conquered the lower _Egypt_, and drove out the _Jews_ and\n_Phoenicians_; and this action the _Egyptian_ writers and their followers\ncall the second expulsion of the Shepherds, taking _Osarsiphus_ for\n_Moses_.\n\n_Tithonus_ a beautiful youth, the elder brother of _Priamus_, went into\n_Ethiopia_, being carried thither among many captives by _Sesostris_: and\nthe _Greeks_, before the days of _Hesiod_, feigned that _Memnon_ was his\nson: _Memnon_ therefore, in the opinion of those ancient _Greeks_, was one\nGeneration younger than _Tithonus_, and was born after the return of\n_Sesostris_ into _Egypt_: suppose about 16 or 20 years after the death of\n_Solomon_. He is said to have lived very long, and so might die about 95\nyears after _Solomon_, as we reckoned above: his mother, called _Cissia_ by\n_\u00c6schylus_, in a statue erected to her in _Egypt_, [324] was represented as\nthe daughter, the wife, and the mother of a King, and therefore he was the\nson of a King; which makes it probable that _Zerah_, whom he succeeded in\nthe Kingdom of _Ethiopia_, was his father.\n\nHistorians [325] agree that _Menes_ Reigned in _Egypt_ next after the Gods,\nand turned the river into a new channel, and built a bridge over it, and\nbuilt _Memphis_ and the magnificent Temple of _Vulcan_: he built _Memphis_\nover-against the place where _Grand Cairo_ now stands, called by the\n_Arabian_ historians _Mesir_: he built only the body of the Temple of\n_Vulcan_, and his successors _Ramesses_ or _Rhampsinitus_, _Moeris_,\n_Asychis_, and _Psammiticus_ built the western, northern eastern, and\nsouthern portico's thereof: _Psammiticus_, who built the last portico of\nthis Temple, Reigned three hundred years after the victory of _Asa_ over\n_Zerah_, and it is not likely that this Temple could be above three hundred\nyears in building, or that any _Menes_ could be King of all _Egypt_ before\nthe expulsion of the Shepherds. The last of the Gods of _Egypt_ was _Orus_,\nwith his mother _Isis_, and sister _Bubaste_, and secretary _Thoth_, and\nunkle _Typhon_; and the King who reigned next after all their deaths, and\nturned the river and built a bridge over it, and built _Memphis_ and the\nTemple of _Vulcan_, was _Memnon_ or _Amenophis_, called by the _Egyptians_\n_Amenoph_; and therefore he is _Menes_: for the names _Amenoph_, or\n_Menoph_, and _Menes_ do not much differ; and from _Amenoph_ the city\n_Memphis_ built by _Menes_ had its _Egyptian_ names _Moph_, _Noph_,\n_Menoph_ or _Menuf_, as it is still called by the _Arabian_ historians: the\nnecessity of fortifying this place against _Osarsiphus_ gave occasion to\nthe building of it.\n\nIn the time of the revolt of the lower _Egypt_ under _Osarsiphus_, and the\nretirement of _Amenophis_ into _Ethiopia_, _Egypt_ being then in the\ngreatest distraction, the _Greeks_ built the ship _Argo_, and sent in it\nthe flower of _Greece_ to _\u00c6etes_ in _Colchis_, and to many other Princes\non the coasts of the _Euxine_ and _Mediterranean_ seas; and this ship was\nbuilt after the pattern of an _Egyptian_ ship with fifty oars, in which\n_Danaus_ with his fifty daughters a few years before fled from _Egypt_ into\n_Greece_, and was the first long ship with sails built by the _Greeks_: and\nsuch an improvement of navigation, with a design to send the flower of\n_Greece_ to many Princes upon the sea-coasts of the _Euxine_ and\n_Mediterranean_ seas, was too great an undertaking to be set on foot,\nwithout the concurrence of the Princes and States of _Greece_, and perhaps\nthe approbation of the _Amphictyonic_ Council; for it was done by the\ndictate of the Oracle. This Council met every half year upon state-affairs\nfor the welfare of _Greece_, and therefore knew of this expedition, and\nmight send the _Argonauts_ upon an embassy to the said Princes; and for\nconcealing their design might make the fable of the golden fleece, in\nrelation to the ship of _Phrixus_ whose ensign was a golden ram: and\nprobably their design was to notify the distraction of _Egypt_, and the\ninvasion thereof by the _Ethiopians_ and _Israelites_, to the said Princes,\nand to persuade them to take that opportunity to revolt from _Egypt_, and\nset up for themselves, and make a league with the _Greeks_: for the\n_Argonauts_ went through [326] the Kingdom of _Colchis_ by land to the\n_Armenians_, and through _Armenia_ to the _Medes_; which could not have\nbeen done if they had not made friendship with the nations through which\nthey passed: they visited also _Laomedon_ King of the _Trojans_, _Phineus_\nKing of the _Thracians_, _Cyzicus_ King of the _Doliones_, _Lycus_ King of\nthe _Mariandyni_, the coasts of _Mysia_ and _Taurica Chersonesus_, the\nnations upon the _Tanais_, the people about _Byzantium_, and the coasts of\n_Epirus_, _Corsica_, _Melita_, _Italy_, _Sicily_, _Sardinia_, and _Gallia_\nupon the _Mediterranean_; and from thence they [327] crossed the sea to\n_Afric_, and there conferred with _Euripylus_ King of _Cyrene_: and [328]\n_Strabo_ tells us that _in _Armenia_ and _Media_, and the neighbouring\nplaces, there were frequent monuments of the expedition of _Jason_; as also\nabout _Sinope_, and its sea-coasts, the _Propontis_ and the _Hellespont_,\nand in the _Mediterranean__: and a message by the flower of _Greece_ to so\nmany nations could be on no other account than state-policy; these nations\nhad been invaded by the _Egyptians_, but after this expedition we hear no\nmore of their continuing in subjection to _Egypt_.\n\nThe [329] _Egyptians_ originally lived on the fruits of the earth, and\nfared hardly, and abstained from animals, and therefore abominated\nShepherds: _Menes_ taught them to adorn their beds and tables with rich\nfurniture and carpets, and brought in amongst them a sumptuous, delicious\nand voluptuous way of life: and about a hundred years after his death,\n_Gnephacthus_ one of his successors cursed him for it, and to reduce the\nluxury of _Egypt_, caused the curse to be entered in the Temple of\n_Jupiter_ at _Thebes_; and by this curse the honour of _Menes_ was\ndiminished among the _Egyptians_.\n\nThe Kings of _Egypt_ who expelled the Shepherds and Succeeded them, Reigned\nI think first at _Coptos_, and then at _Thebes_, and then at _Memphis_. At\n_Coptos_ I place _Misphragmuthosis_ and _Amosis_ or _Thomosis_ who expelled\nthe Shepherds, and abolished their custom of sacrificing men, and extended\nthe _Coptic_ language, and the name of [Greek: Aia Koptou], _Aegyptus_, to\nthe conquest. Then _Thebes_ became the Royal City of _Ammon_, and from him\nwas called _No-Ammon,_ and his conquest on the west of _Egypt_ was called\n_Ammonia._ After him, in the same city of _Thebes_, Reigned _Osiris_,\n_Orus_, _Menes_ or _Amenophis_, and _Ramesses_: but _Memphis_ and her\nmiracles were not yet celebrated in _Greece_; for _Homer_ celebrates\n_Thebes_ as in its glory in his days, and makes no mention of _Memphis_.\nAfter _Menes_ had built _Memphis, Moeris_ the successor of _Ramesses_\nadorned it, and made it the seat of the Kingdom, and this was almost two\nGenerations after the _Trojan_ war. _Cinyras_, the _Vulcan_ who married\n_Venus_, and under the Kings of _Egypt_ Reigned over _Cyprus_ and part of\n_Phoenicia_, and made armour for those Kings, lived 'till the times of the\n_Trojan_ war: and upon his death _Menes_ or _Memnon_ might Deify him, and\nfound the famous Temple of _Vulcan_ in that city for his worship, but not\nlive to finish it. In a plain [330] not far from _Memphis_ are many small\nPyramids, said to be built by _Venephes_ or _Enephes_; and I suspect that\n_Venephes_ and _Enephes_ have been corruptly written for _Menephes_ or\n_Amenophis_, the letters _AM_ being almost worn out in some old manuscript:\nfor after the example of these Pyramids, the following Kings, _Moeris_ and\nhis successors, built others much larger. The plain in which they were\nbuilt was the burying-place of that city, as appears by the Mummies there\nfound; and therefore the Pyramids were the sepulchral monuments of the\nKings and Princes of that city: and by these and such like works the city\ngrew famous soon after the days of _Homer_; who therefore flourished in the\nReign of _Ramesses_.\n\n_Herodotus_ [331] is the oldest historian now extant who wrote of the\nantiquities of _Egypt_, and had what he wrote from the Priests of that\ncountry: and _Diodorus_, who wrote almost 400 years after him, and had his\nrelations also from the Priests of _Egypt_, placed many nameless Kings\nbetween those whom _Herodotus_ placed in continual succession. The Priests\nof _Egypt_ had therefore, between the days of _Herodotus_ and _Diodorus_,\nout of vanity, very much increased the number of their Kings: and what they\ndid after the days of _Herodotus_, they began to do before his days; for he\ntells us that they recited to him out of their books, the names of 330\nKings who Reigned after _Menes_, but did nothing memorable, except\n_Nitocris_ and _Moeris_ the last of them: all these Reigned at _Thebes_,\n'till _Moeris_ translated the seat of the Empire from _Thebes_ to\n_Memphis_. After _Moeris_ he reckons _Sesostris_, _Pheron_, _Proteus_,\n_Rhampsinitus_, _Cheops_, _Cephren_, _Mycerinus_, _Asychis_, _Anysis_,\n_Sabacon_, _Anysis_ again, _Sethon_, twelve contemporary Kings,\n_Psammitichus_, _Nechus_, _Psammis_, _Apries_, _Amasis_, and _Psammenitus_.\nThe _Egyptians_ had before the days of _Solon_ made their monarchy 9000\nyears old, and now they reckon'd to _Herodotus_ a succession of 330 Kings\nReigning so many Generations, that is about 11000 years, before\n_Sesostris_: but the Kings who Reigned long before _Sesostris_ might Reign\nover several little Kingdoms in several parts of _Egypt_, before the rise\nof their Monarchy; and by consequence before the days of _Eli_ and\n_Samuel_, and so are not under our consideration: and these names may have\nbeen multiplied by corruption; and some of them, as _Athothes_ or _Thoth_,\nthe secretary of _Osiris_; _Tosorthrus_ or _\u00c6sculapius_ a Physician who\ninvented building with square stones; and _Thuor_ or _Polybus_ the husband\nof _Alcandra_, were only Princes of _Egypt_. If with _Herodotus_ we omit\nthe names of those Kings who did nothing memorable, and consider only those\nwhose actions are recorded, and who left splendid monuments of their having\nReigned over _Egypt_, such as were Temples, Statues, Pyramids, Obelisks,\nand Palaces dedicated or ascribed to them, these Kings reduced into good\norder will give us all or almost all the Kings of _Egypt_, from the days of\nthe expulsion of the Shepherds and founding of the Monarchy, downwards to\nthe conquest of _Egypt_ by _Cambyses_: for _Sesostris_ Reigned in the Age\nof the Gods of _Egypt_: being Deified by the names of _Osiris_, _Hercules_\nand _Bacchus_, as above; and therefore _Menes_, _Nitocris_, and _Moeris_\nare to be placed after him; _Menes_ and his son _Ramesses_ Reigned next\nafter the Gods, and therefore _Nitocris_ and _Moeris_ Reigned after\n_Ramesses_: _Moeris_ is set down immediately before _Cheops_, three times\nin the Dynastys of the Kings of _Egypt_ composed by _Eratosthenes_, and\nonce in the Dynasties of _Manetho_; and in the same Dynasties _Nitocris_ is\nset after the builders of the three great Pyramids, and according to\n_Herodotus_ her brother Reigned before her, and was slain, and she revenged\nhis death; and according to _Syncellus_ she built the third great Pyramid;\nand the builders of the Pyramids Reigned at _Memphis_, and by consequence\nafter _Moeris_. Now from these things I gather that the Kings of _Egypt_\nmentioned by _Herodotus_ ought to be placed in this order; _Sesostris_,\n_Pheron_, _Proteus_, _Menes_, _Rhampsinitus_, _Moeris_, _Cheops_,\n_Cephren_, _Mycerinus_, _Nitocris_, _Asychis_, _Anysis_, _Sabacon_,\n_Anysis_ again, _Sethon_, twelve contemporary Kings, _Psammitichus_,\n_Nechus_, _Psammis_, _Apries_, _Amasis_, _Psammenitus_.\n\n_Pheron_ is by _Herodotus_ said to be the son and successor of _Sesostris_.\nHe was Deified by the name of _Orus_.\n\n_Proteus_ Reigned in the lower _Egypt_ when _Paris_ sailed thither; that is\nat the end of the _Trojan_ war, according to [332] _Herodotus_: and at that\ntime _Amenophis_ was King of _Egypt_ and _Ethiopia_: but in his absence\n_Proteus_ might be governor of some part of the lower _Egypt_ under him;\nfor _Homer_ places _Proteus_ upon the sea-coasts, and makes him a sea God,\nand calls him the servant of _Neptune_; and _Herodotus_ saith that he rose\nup from among the common people, and that _Proteus_ was his name translated\ninto _Greek_, and this name in _Greek_ signifies only a Prince or\nPresident. He succeeded _Pheron_, and was succeeded by _Rhampsinitus_\naccording to _Herodotus_; and so was contemporary to _Amenophis_.\n\n_Amenophis_ Reigned next after _Orus_ and _Isis_ the last of the Gods; he\nReigned at first over all _Egypt_, and then over _Memphis_ and the upper\nparts of _Egypt_; and by conquering _Osarsiphus_, who had revolted from\nhim, became King of all _Egypt_ again, about 51 years after the death of\n_Solomon_. He built _Memphis_ and ordered the worship of the Gods of\n_Egypt_, and built a Palace at _Abydus_, and the _Memnonia_ at _This_ and\n_Susa_, and the magnificent Temple of _Vulcan_ in _Memphis_; the building\nwith square stones being found out before by _Tosorthrus_, the _\u00c6sculapius_\nof _Egypt_: he is by corruption of his name called _Menes_, _Mines_,\n_Min\u00e6us_, _Mineus_, _Minies_, _Mnevis_, _Enephes_, _Venephes_,\n_Phamenophis_, _Osymanthyas_, _Osimandes_, _Ismandes_, _Imandes_, _Memnon_,\n_Arminon._\n\n_Amenophis_ was succeeded by his son, called by _Herodotus_,\n_Rhampsinitus_, and by others _Ramses_, _Ramises_, _Rameses_, _Ramesses_,\n[333] _Ramestes_, _Rhampses_, _Remphis_. Upon an Obelisk erected by this\nKing in _Heliopolis_, and sent to _Rome_ by the Emperor _Constantius_, was\nan inscription, interpreted by _Hermapion_ an _Egyptian_ Priest, expressing\nthat the King was long lived, and Reigned over a great part of the earth:\nand _Strabo_, [334] an eye-witness, tells us, that in the monuments of the\nKings of _Egypt_, above the _Memnonium_ were inscriptions upon Obelisks,\nexpressing the riches of the Kings, and their Reigning as far as _Scythia_,\n_Bactria_, _India_ and _Ionia_: and _Tacitus_ [335] tells us from an\ninscription seen at _Thebes_ by _C\u00e6sar Germanicus,_ and interpreted to him\nby the _Egyptian_ Priests, that this King _Ramesses_ had an army of 700000\nmen, and Reigned over _Libya_, _Ethiopia_, _Media_, _Persia_, _Bactria_,\n_Scythia_, _Armenia_, _Cappadocia_, _Bithynia_, and _Lycia_; whence the\nMonarchy of _Assyria_ was not yet risen. This King was very covetous, and a\ngreat collector of taxes, and one of the richest of all the Kings of\n_Egypt_, and built the western portico of the Temple of _Vulcan_.\n\n_Moeris_ inheriting the riches of _Ramesses_, built the northern portico of\nthat Temple more sumptuously, and made the Lake of _Moeris,_ with two great\nPyramids of brick in the midst of it: and for preserving the division of\n_Egypt_ into equal shares amongst the soldiers, this King wrote a book of\nsurveying, which gave a beginning to Geometry. He is called also _Maris_,\n_Myris_, _Meres_, _Marres_, _Smarres_; and more corruptly, by changing\n[Greek: M] into [Greek: A, T, B, S, YCH, L], &c. _Ayres_, _Tyris_,\n_Byires_, _Soris_, _Uchoreus_, _Lachares_, _Labaris_, &c.\n\n_Diodorus_ [336] places _Uchoreus_ between _Osymanduas_ and _Myris_, that\nis between _Amenophis_ and _Moeris_, and saith that he built _Memphis_, and\nfortified it to admiration with a mighty rampart of earth, and a broad and\ndeep trench, which was filled with the water of the _Nile_, and made there\na vast and deep Lake for receiving the water of the _Nile_ in the time of\nits overflowing, and built palaces in the city; and that this place was so\ncommodiously seated that most of the Kings who Reigned after him preferred\nit before _Thebes_, and removed the Court from thence to this place, so\nthat the magnificence of _Thebes_ from that time began to decrease, and\nthat of _Memphis_ to increase, 'till _Alexander_ King of _Macedon_ built\n_Alexandria_. These great works of _Uchoreus_ and those of _Moeris_ savour\nof one and the same genius, and were certainly done by one and the same\nKing, distinguished into two by a corruption of the name as above; for this\nLake of _Uchoreus_ was certainly the same with that of _Moeris_.\n\nAfter the example of the two brick Pyramids made by _Moeris_, the three\nnext Kings, _Cheops_, _Cephren_ and _Mycerinus_ built the three great\nPyramids at _Memphis_; and therefore Reigned in that city. _Cheops_ shut up\nthe Temples of the _Nomes_, and prohibited the worship of the Gods of\n_Egypt_, designing no doubt to have been worshipped himself after death: he\nis called also _Chembis_, _Chemmis_, _Chemnis_, _Phiops_, _Apathus_,\n_Apappus_, _Suphis_, _Saophis_, _Syphoas_, _Syphaosis_, _Soiphis_,\n_Syphuris_, _Anoiphis_, _Anoisis_: he built the biggest of the three great\nPyramids which stand together; and his brother _Cephren_ or _Cerpheres_\nbuilt the second, and his son _Mycerinus_ founded the third: this last King\nwas celebrated for clemency and justice; he shut up the dead body of his\ndaughter in a hollow ox, and caused her to be worshipped daily with odours:\nhe is called also _Cheres_, _Cherinus_, _Bicheres_, _Moscheres_,\n_Mencheres_. He died before the third Pyramid was finished, and his sister\nand successor _Nitocris_ finished it.\n\nThen Reigned _Asychis_, who built the eastern portico of the Temple of\n_Vulcan_ very splendidly, and among the small Pyramids a large Pyramid of\nbrick, made of mud dug out of the Lake of _Moeris_: and these are the Kings\nwho Reigned at _Memphis_, and spent their time in adorning that city, until\nthe _Ethiopians_ and the _Assyrians_ and others revolted, and _Egypt_ lost\nall her dominion abroad, and became again divided into several small\nKingdoms.\n\nOne of those Kingdoms was I think at _Memphis_, under _Gnephactus_, and his\nson and successor _Bocchoris_. _Africanus_ calls _Bocchoris_ a _Saite_; but\n_Sais_ at this time had other Kings: _Gnephactus_, otherwise called\n_Neochabis_ and _Technatis_, cursed _Menes_ for his luxury, and caused the\ncurse to be entered in the Temple of _Jupiter_ at _Thebes_; and therefore\nReigned over _Thebais_: and _Bocchoris_ sent in a wild bull upon the God\n_Mnevis_ which was worshipped at _Heliopolis_. Another of those Kingdoms\nwas at _Anysis_, or _Hanes_, _Isa._ xxx. 4. under its King _Anysis_ or\n_Amosis_; a third was at _Sais_, under _Stephanathis_, _Nechepsos_, and\n_Nechus_; and a fourth was at _Tanis_ or _Zoan_, under _Petubastes_,\n_Osorchon_ and _Psammis_: and _Egypt_ being weakened by this division, was\ninvaded and conquered by the _Ethiopians_ under _Sabacon_, who slew\n_Bocchoris_ and _Nechus_, and made _Anysis_ fly. The Olympiads began in the\nReign of _Petubastes_, and the _\u00c6ra_ of _Nabonassar_ in the 22d year of the\nReign of _Bocchoris_, according to _Africanus_; and therefore the division,\nof _Egypt_ into many Kingdoms began before the Olympiads, but not above the\nlength of two Kings Reigns before them.\n\nAfter the study of Astronomy was set on foot for the use of navigation, and\nthe _Egyptians_ by the Heliacal Risings and Settings of the Stars had\ndetermined the length of the Solar year of 365 days, and by other\nobservations had fixed the Solstices, and formed the fixt Stars into\nAsterisms, all which was done in the Reign of _Ammon_, _Sesac_, _Orus_, and\n_Memnon_; it may be presumed that they continued to observe the motions of\nthe Planets; for they called them after the names of their Gods; and\n_Nechepsos_ or _Nicepsos_ King of _Sais_, by the assistance of _Petosiris_\na Priest of _Egypt_, invented Astrology, grounding it upon the aspects of\nthe Planets, and the qualities of the men and women to whom they were\ndedicated: and in the beginning of the Reign of _Nabonassar_ King of\n_Babylon_, about which time the _Ethiopians_ under _Sabacon_ invaded\n_Egypt_, those _Egyptians_ who fled from him to _Babylon_, carried thither\nthe _Egyptian_ year of 365 days, and the study of Astronomy and Astrology,\nand founded the _\u00c6ra_ of _Nabonassar_; dating it from the first year of\nthat King's Reign, which was the 22d year _of Bocchoris_ as above, and\nbeginning the year on the same day with the _Egyptians_ for the sake of\ntheir calculations. So _Diodorus_ [337]: _they say that the _Chald\u00e6ans_ in\n_Babylon_, being Colonies of the _Egyptians_, became famous for Astrology,\nhaving learnt it from the Priests of _Egypt__: and _Hesti\u00e6us_, who wrote an\nhistory of _Egypt_, speaking of a disaster of the invaded _Egyptians_,\nsaith [338] that _the Priests who survived this disaster, taking with them\nthe _Sacra_ of _Jupiter Enyalius_, came to _Sennaar_ in _Babylonia__. From\nthe 15th year of _Asa_, in which _Zerah_ was beaten, and _Menes_ or\n_Amenophis_ began his Reign, to the beginning of the _\u00c6ra_ of _Nabonassar_,\nwere 200 years; and this interval of time allows room for about nine or ten\nReigns of Kings, at about twenty years to a Reign one with another; and so\nmany Reigns there were, according to the account set down above out of\n_Herodotus_; and therefore that account, as it is the oldest, and was\nreceived by _Herodotus_ from the Priests of _Thebes_, _Memphis_, and\n_Heliopolis_, three principal cities of _Egypt_, agrees also with the\ncourse of nature, and leaves no room for the Reigns of the many nameless\nKings which we have omitted. These omitted Kings Reigned before _Moeris_,\nand by consequence at _Thebes_; for _Moeris_ translated the seat of the\nEmpire from _Thebes_ to _Memphis_: they Reigned after _Ramesses_; for\n_Ramesses_ was the son and successor of _Menes_, who Reigned next after the\nGods. Now _Menes_ built the body of the Temple of _Vulcan_, _Ramesses_ the\nfirst portico, and _Moeris_ the second portico thereof; but the\n_Egyptians_, for making their Gods and Kingdom look ancient, have inserted\nbetween the builders of the first and second portico of this Temple, three\nhundred and thirty Kings of _Thebes_, and supposed that these Kings Reigned\neleven thousand years; as if any Temple could stand so long. This being a\nmanifest fiction, we have corrected it, by omitting those interposed Kings,\nwho did nothing, and placing _Moeris_ the builder of the second portico,\nnext after _Ramesses_ the builder of the first.\n\nIn the Dynasties of _Manetho_; _Sevechus_ is made the successor of\n_Sabacon_, being his son; and perhaps he is the _Sethon_ of _Herodotus_,\nwho became Priest of _Vulcan_, and neglected military discipline: for\n_Sabacon_ is that _So_ or _Sua_ with whom _Hoshea_ King of _Israel_\nconspired against the _Assyrians_, in the fourth year of _Hezekiah_, _Anno\nNabonass._ 24. _Herodotus_ tells us twice or thrice, that _Sabacon_ after a\nlong Reign of fifty years relinquished _Egypt_ voluntarily, and that\n_Anysis_ who fled from him, returned and Reigned again in the lower _Egypt_\nafter him, or rather with him: and that _Sethon_ Reigned after _Sabacon_,\nand went to _Pelusium_ against the army of _Sennacherib_, and was relieved\nwith a great multitude of mice, which eat the bow-strings of the\n_Assyrians_; in memory of which the statue of _Sethon_, seen by\n_Herodotus_, [339] was made with a Mouse in its hand. A Mouse was the\n_Egyptian_ symbol of destruction, and the Mouse in the hand of _Sethon_\nsignifies only that he overcame the _Assyrians_ with a great destruction.\nThe Scriptures inform us, that when _Sennacherib_ invaded _Jud\u00e6a_ and\nbesieged _Lachish_ and _Libnah_, which was in the 14th year of _Hezekiah_,\n_Anno Nabonass._ 34. the King of _Judah_ trusted upon _Pharaoh_ King of\n_Egypt_, that is upon _Sethon_, and that _Tirhakah_ King of _Ethiopia_ came\nout also to fight against _Sennacherib_, 2 _King._ xviii. 21. & xix. 9.\nwhich makes it probable, that when _Sennacherib_ heard of the Kings of\n_Egypt_ and _Ethiopia_ coming against him, he went from _Libnah_ towards\n_Pelusium_ to oppose them, and was there surprized and set upon in the\nnight by them both, and routed with as great a slaughter as if the\nbow-strings of the _Assyrians_ had been eaten by mice. Some think that the\n_Assyrians_ were smitten by lightning, or by a fiery wind which sometimes\ncomes from the southern parts of _Chald\u00e6a_. After this victory _Tirhakah_\nsucceeding _Sethon_, carried his arms westward through _Libya_ and _Afric_\nto the mouth of the _Straits_: but _Herodotus_ tells us, that the Priests\nof _Egypt_ reckoned _Sethon_ the last King of _Egypt_, who Reigned before\nthe division of _Egypt_ into twelve contemporary Kingdoms, and by\nconsequence before the invasion of _Egypt_ by the _Assyrians_.\n\nFor _Asserhadon_ King of _Assyria_, in the 68th year of _Nabonassar_, after\nhe had Reigned about thirty years over _Assyria_, invaded the Kingdom of\n_Babylon_, and then carried into captivity many people from _Babylon_, and\n_Cuthah_, and _Ava_, and _Hamath_, and _Sepharvaim_, placing them in the\nRegions of _Samaria_ and _Damascus_: and from thence they carried into\n_Babylonia_ and _Assyria_ the remainder of the people of _Israel_ and\n_Syria_, which had been left there by _Tiglath-pileser_. This captivity was\n65 years after the first year of _Ahaz_, _Isa_. vii. 1, 8. & 2. _King._ xv.\n37. & xvi. 5. and by consequence in the twentieth year of _Manasseh_, _Anno\nNabonass._ 69. and then _Tartan_ was sent by _Asserhadon_ with an army\nagainst _Ashdod_ or _Azoth_, a town at that time subject to _Jud\u00e6a_, 2\n_Chron._ xxvi. 6. and took it, _Isa._ xx. 1: and this post being secured,\nthe _Assyrians_ beat the _Jews_, and captivated _Manasseh_, and subdued\n_Jud\u00e6a_: and in these wars, _Isaiah_ was saw'd asunder by the command of\n_Manasseh_, for prophesying against him. Then the _Assyrians_ invaded and\nsubdued _Egypt_ and _Ethiopia_, and carried the _Egyptians_ and\n_Ethiopians_ into captivity, and thereby put an end to the Reign of the\n_Ethiopians_ over _Egypt_, _Isa._ vii. 18. & viii. 7. & x. 11, 12, & xix.\n23. & xx. 4. In this war the city _No-Ammon_ or _Thebes_, which had\nhitherto continued in a flourishing condition, was miserably wasted and led\ninto captivity, as is described by _Nahum_, chap. iii. ver. 8, 9, 10; for\n_Nahum_ wrote after the last invasion of _Jud\u00e6a_ by the _Assyrians_, chap.\ni. ver. 15; and therefore describes this captivity as fresh in memory: and\nthis and other following invasions of _Egypt_ under _Nebuchadnezzar_ and\n_Cambyses_, put an end to the glory of that city. _Asserhadon_ Reigned over\nthe _Egyptians_ and _Ethiopians_ three years, _Isa._ xx. 3, 4. that is\nuntil his death, which was in the year of _Nabonassar_ 81, and therefore\ninvaded _Egypt_, and put an end to the Reign of the _Ethiopians_ over the\n_Egyptians_, in the year of _Nabonassar_ 78; so that the _Ethiopians_ under\n_Sabacon_, and his successors _Sethon_ and _Tirhakah_, Reigned over _Egypt_\nabout 80 years: _Herodotus_ allots 50 years to _Sabacon_, and _Africanus_\nfourteen years to _Sethon_, and eighteen to _Tirhakah_.\n\nThe division of _Egypt_ into more Kingdoms than one, both before and after\nthe Reign of the _Ethiopians_, and the conquest of the _Egyptians_ by\n_Asserhadon_, the prophet _Isaiah_ [340] seems allude unto in these words:\n_I will set_, saith he, _the _Egyptians_ against the _Egyptians_, and they\nshall fight every one against his brother, and every one against his\nneighbour, city against city, and Kingdom against Kingdom, and the Spirit\nof _Egypt_ shall fail.--And the _Egyptians_ will I give over into the hand\nof a cruel Lord _[viz. _Asserhadon_]_ and a fierce King shall Reign over\nthem.--Surely the Princes of _Zoan_ _[Tanis]_ are fools, the counsel of the\nwise Councellors of _Pharaoh_ is become brutish: how long say ye unto\n_Pharaoh_, I am the son of the ancient Kings.--The Princes of _Zoan_ are be\ncome fools: the Princes of _Noph_ _[Memphis]_ are deceived,--even they that\nwere the stay of the tribes thereof.--In that day there shall be a high-way\nout of _Egypt_ into _Assyria_, and the _Egyptians_ shall serve the\n_Assyrians__.\n\nAfter the death of _Asserhadon_, _Egypt_ remained subject to twelve\ncontemporary Kings, who revolted from the _Assyrians_, and Reigned together\nfifteen years; including I think the three years of _Asserhadon_, because\nthe _Egyptians_ do not reckon him among their Kings. They [341] built the\nLabyrinth adjoining to the Lake of _Moeris_ which was a very magnificent\nstructure, with twelve Halls in it, for their Palaces: and then\n_Psammitichus_, who was one of the twelve, conquered all the rest. He built\nthe last Portico of the Temple of _Vulcan_, founded by _Menes_ about 260\nyears before, and Reigned 54 years, including the fifteen years of his\nReign with the twelve Kings. Then Reigned _Nechaoh_ or _Nechus_, 17 years;\n_Psammis_ six years; _Vaphres_, _Apries_, _Eraphius_, or _Hophra_, 25\nyears; _Amasis_ 44 years; and _Psammenitus_ six months, according to\n_Herodotus_. _Egypt_ was subdued by _Nebuchadnezzar_ in the last year but\none of _Hophra_, _Anno Nabonass._ 178, and remained in subjection to\n_Babylon_ forty years, _Jer._ xliv. 30. & _Ezek._ xxix. 12, 13, 14, 17, 19.\nthat is, almost all the Reign of _Amasis_, a plebeian set over _Egypt_ by\nthe conqueror: the forty years ended with the death of _Cyrus_; for he\nReigned over _Egypt_ and _Ethiopia_, according to _Xenophon_. At that time\ntherefore those nations recovered their liberty; but after four or five\nyears more they were invaded and conquered by _Cambyses_, _Anno Nabonass._\n223 or 224, and have almost ever since remained in servitude, as was\npredicted by the Prophets.\n\nThe Reigns of _Psammitichus_, _Nechus_, _Psammis_, _Apries_, _Amasis_, and\n_Psammenitus_, set down by _Herodotus_, amount unto 146\u00bd years: and so many\nyears there were from the 78th year of _Nabonassar_, in which the dominion\nof the _Ethiopians_ over _Egypt_ came to an end, unto the 224th year of\n_Nabonassar_, in which _Cambyses_ invaded _Egypt_, and put an end to that\nKingdom: which is an argument that _Herodotus_ was circumspect and faithful\nin his narrations, and has given us a good account of the antiquities of\n_Egypt_, so far as the Priests of _Egypt_ at _Thebes_, _Memphis_, and\n_Heliopolis_, and the _Carians_ and _Ionians_ inhabiting _Egypt_, were then\nable to inform him: for he consulted them all; and the _Cares_ and\n_Ionians_ had been in _Egypt_ from the time of the Reign of the twelve\ncontemporary Kings.\n\n_Pliny_ [342] tells us, that the _Egyptian_ Obelisks were of a sort of\nstone dug near _Syene_ in _Thebais_, and that the first Obelisk was made by\n_Mitres_, who Reigned in _Heliopolis_; that is, by _Mephres_ the\npredecessor of _Misphragmuthosis_; and that afterwards other Kings made\nothers: _Sochis_, that is _Sesochis_, or _Sesac_, four, each of 48 cubits\nin length; _Ramises_, that is _Ramesses_, two; _Smarres_, that is _Moeris_,\none of 48 cubits in length; _Eraphius_, or _Hophra_, one of 48; and\n_Nectabis_, or _Nectenabis_, one of 80. _Mephres_ therefore extended his\ndominion over all the upper _Egypt_, from _Syene_ to _Heliopolis_, and\nafter him, _Misphragmuthosis_ and _Amosis_, Reigned _Ammon_ and _Sesac_,\nwho erected the first great Empire in the world: and these four, _Amosis_,\n_Ammon_, _Sesac_, and _Orus_, Reigned in the four ages of the great Gods of\n_Egypt_; and _Amenophis_ was the _Menes_ who Reigned next after them: he\nwas Succeeded by _Ramesses_, and _Moeris_, and some time after by _Hophra_.\n\n_Diodorus_ [343] recites the same Kings of _Egypt_ with _Herodotus_, but in\na more confused order, and repeats some of them twice, or oftener, under\nvarious names, and omits others: his Kings are these; _Jupiter Ammon_ and\n_Juno_, _Osiris_ and _Isis_, _Horus_, _Menes_, _Busiris_ I, _Busiris_ II,\n_Osymanduas_, _Uchoreus_, _Myris_, _Sesoosis_ I, _Sesoosis_ II, _Amasis_,\n_Actisanes_, _Mendes_ or _Marrus_, _Proteus_, _Remphis_, _Chembis_,\n_Cephren_, _Mycerinus_ or _Cherinus_, _Gnephacthus_, _Bocchoris_,\n_Sabacon_, twelve contemporary Kings, _Psammitichus_, * * _Apries_,\n_Amasis_. Here I take _Sesoosis_ I, and _Sesoosis_ II, _Busiris_ I, and\n_Busiris_ II, to be the same Kings with _Osiris_ and _Orus_: also\n_Osymanduas_ to be the same with _Amenophis_ or _Menes_: also _Amasis_, and\n_Actisanes_, an _Ethiopian_ who conquered him, to be the same with _Anysis_\nand _Sabacon_ in _Herodotus_: and _Uchoreus_, _Mendes_, _Marrus_, and\n_Myris_, to be only several names of one and the same King. Whence the\ncatalogue of _Diodorus_ will be reduced to this: _Jupiter Ammon_ and\n_Juno_; _Osiris_, _Busiris_ or _Sesoosis_, and _Isis_; _Horus_, _Busiris_\nII, or _Sesoosis_ II; _Menes_, or _Osymanduas_; _Proteus_; _Remphis_ or\n_Ramesses_; _Uchoreus_, _Mendes_, _Marrus_, or _Myris_; _Chembis_ or\n_Cheops_; _Cephren_; _Mycerinus_; * * _Gnephacthus_; _Bocchoris_; _Amasis_,\nor _Anysis_; _Actisanes_, or _Sabacon_; * twelve contemporary Kings;\n_Psammitichus_; * * _Apries_; _Amasis_: to which, if in their proper places\nyou add _Nitocris_, _Asychis_, _Sethon_, _Nechus_, and _Psammis,_ you will\nhave the catalogue of _Herodotus_.\n\nThe Dynasties of _Manetho_ and _Eratosthenes_ seem to be filled with many\nsuch names of Kings as _Herodotus_ omitted: when it shall be made appear\nthat any of them Reigned in _Egypt_ after the expulsion of the Shepherds,\nand were different from the Kings described above, they may be inserted in\ntheir proper places.\n\n_Egypt_ was conquered by the _Ethiopians_ under _Sabacon_, about the\nbeginning of the _\u00c6ra_ of _Nabonassar_, or perhaps three or four years\nbefore, that is, about three hundred years before _Herodotus_ wrote his\nhistory; and about eighty years after that conquest, it was conquered again\nby the _Assyrians_ under _Asserhadon_: and the history of _Egypt_ set down\nby _Herodotus_ from the time of this last conquest, is right both as to the\nnumber, and order, and names of the Kings, and as to the length of their\nReigns: and therein he is now followed by historians, being the only author\nwho hath given us so good a history of _Egypt_, for that interval of time.\nIf his history of the earlier times be less accurate, it was because the\narchives of _Egypt_ had suffered much during the Reign of the _Ethiopians_\nand _Assyrians_: and it is not likely that the Priests of _Egypt_, who\nlived two or three hundred years after the days of _Herodotus_, could mend\nthe matter: on the contrary, after _Cambyses_ had carried away the records\nof _Egypt_, the Priests were daily feigning new Kings, to make their Gods\nand nation look ancient; as is manifest by comparing _Herodotus_ with\n_Diodorus Siculus_, and both of them with what _Plato_ relates out of the\nPoem of _Solon_: which Poem makes the wars of the great Gods of _Egypt_\nagainst the _Greeks_, to have been in the days of _Cecrops_, _Erechtheus_\nand _Erichthonius_, and a little before those of _Theseus_; these Gods at\nthat time instituting Temples and Sacred Rites to themselves. I have\ntherefore chosen to rely upon the stories related to _Herodotus_ by the\nPriests of _Egypt_ in those days, and corrected by the Poem of _Solon_, so\nas to make these Gods of _Egypt_ no older than _Cecrops_ and _Erechtheus_,\nand their successor _Menes_ no older than _Theseus_ and _Memnon_, and the\nTemple of _Vulcan_ not above 280 years in building: rather than to correct\n_Herodotus_ by _Manetho_, _Eratosthenes_, _Diodorus_, and others, who lived\nafter the Priests of _Egypt_ had corrupted their Antiquities much more than\nthey had done in the days of _Herodotus_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nCHAP. III.\n\n_Of the _ASSYRIAN_ Empire._\n\nAs the Gods or ancient Deified Kings and Princes of _Greece_, _Egypt_, and\n_Syria_ of _Damascus_, have been made much ancienter than the truth, so\nhave those of _Chald\u00e6a_ and _Assyria_: for _Diodorus_ [344] tells us, that\nwhen _Alexander_ the great was in _Asia_, the _Chald\u00e6ans_ reckoned 473000\nyears since they first began to observe the Stars; and _Ctesias_, and the\nancient _Greek_ and _Latin_ writers who copy from him, have made the\n_Assyrian_ Empire as old as _Noah_'s flood within 60 or 70 years, and tell\nus the names of all the Kings of _Assyria_ downwards, from _Belus_ and his\nfeigned son _Ninus_, to _Sardanapalus_ the last King of that Monarchy: but\nthe names of his Kings, except two or three, have no affinity with the\nnames of the _Assyrians_ mentioned in Scripture; for the _Assyrians_ were\nusually named after their Gods, _Bel_ or _Pul_; _Chaddon_, _Hadon_, _Adon_,\nor _Adonis_; _Melech_ or _Moloch_; _Atsur_ or _Assur_; _Nebo_; _Nergal_;\n_Merodach_: as in these names, _Pul_, _Tiglath-Pul-Assur_, _Salman-Assur_,\n_Adra-Melech_, _Shar-Assur_, _Assur-Hadon_, _Sardanapalus_ or\n_Assur-Hadon-Pul_, _Nabonassar_ or _Nebo-Adon-Assur_, _Bel Adon_,\n_Chiniladon_ or _Chen-El-Adon_, _Nebo-Pul-Assur_, _Nebo-Chaddon-Assur_,\n_Nebuzaradon_ or _Nebo-Assur-Adon_, _Nergal-Assur_, _Nergal-Shar-Assur_,\n_Labo-Assur-dach_, _Sheseb-Assur_, _Beltes-Assur_, _Evil-Merodach_,\n_Shamgar-Nebo_, _Rabsaris_ or _Rab-Assur_, _Nebo-Shashban_, _Mardocempad_\nor _Merodach-Empad_. Such were the _Assyrian_ names; but those in _Ctesias_\nare of another sort, except _Sardanapalus_, whose name he had met with in\n_Herodotus_. He makes _Semiramis_ as old as the first _Belus_; but\n_Herodotus_ tells us, that she was but five Generations older than the\nmother of _Labynetus_: he represents that the city _Ninus_ was founded by a\nman of the same name, and _Babylon_ by _Semiramis_; whereas either _Nimrod_\nor _Assur_ founded those and other cities, without giving his own name to\nany of them: he makes the _Assyrian_ Empire continue about 1360 years,\nwhereas _Herodotus_ tells us that it lasted only 500 years, and the numbers\nof _Herodotus_ concerning those ancient times are all of them too long: he\nmakes _Nineveh_ destroyed by the _Medes_ and _Babylonians_, three hundred\nyears before the Reign of _Astibares_ and _Nebuchadnezzar_ who destroyed\nit, and sets down the names of seven or eight feigned Kings of _Media_,\nbetween the destruction of _Nineveh_ and the Reigns of _Astibares_ and\n_Nebuchadnezzar_, as if the Empire of the _Medes_, erected upon the ruins\nof the _Assyrian_ Empire, had lasted 300 years, whereas it lasted but 72:\nand the true Empire of the _Assyrians_ described in Scripture, whose Kings\nwere _Pul_, _Tiglath-pilesar_, _Shalmaneser_, _Sennacherib_, _Asserhadon_,\n&c. he mentions not, tho' much nearer to his own times; which shews that he\nwas ignorant of the antiquities of the _Assyrians_. Yet something of truth\nthere is in the bottom of some of his stories, as there uses to be in\nRomances; as, that _Nineveh_ was destroyed by the _Medes_ and\n_Babylonians_; that _Sardanapalus_ was the last King of the _Assyrian_\nEmpire; and that _Astibares_ and _Astyages_ were Kings of the _Medes_: but\nhe has made all things too ancient, and out of vainglory taken too great a\nliberty in feigning names and stories to please his reader.\n\nWhen the _Jews_ were newly returned from the _Babylonian_ captivity, they\nconfessed their Sins in this manner, _Now therefore our God, ---- let not\nall the trouble seem little before thee that hath come upon us, on our\nKings, on our Princes, and on our Priests, and on our Prophets, and on our\nfathers, and on all thy people, since the time of the Kings of _Assyria_,\nunto this day_; _Nehem._ ix. 32. that is, since the time of the Kingdom of\n_Assyria_, or since the rise of that Empire; and therefore the _Assyrian_\nEmpire arose when the Kings of _Assyria_ began to afflict the inhabitants\nof _Palestine_; which was in the days of _Pul_: he and his successors\nafflicted _Israel_, and conquered the nations round about them; and upon\nthe ruin of many small and ancient Kingdoms erected their Empire,\nconquering the _Medes_ as well as other nations: but of these conquests\n_Ctesias_ knew not a word, no not so much as the names of the conquerors,\nor that there was an _Assyrian_ Empire then standing; for he supposes that\nthe _Medes_ Reigned at that time, and that the _Assyrian_ Empire was at an\nend above 250 years before it began.\n\nHowever we must allow that _Nimrod_ founded a Kingdom at _Babylon_, and\nperhaps extended it into _Assyria_: but this Kingdom was but of small\nextent, if compared with the Empires which rose up afterwards; being only\nwithin the fertile plains of _Chald\u00e6a_, _Chalonitis_ and _Assyria_, watered\nby the _Tigris_ and _Euphrates_: and if it had been greater, yet it was but\nof short continuance, it being the custom in those early ages for every\nfather to divide his territories amongst his sons. So _Noah_ was King of\nall the world, and _Cham_ was King of all _Afric_, and _Japhet_ of all\n_Europe_ and _Asia minor_; but they left no standing Kingdoms. After the\ndays of _Nimrod_, we hear no more of an _Assyrian_ Empire 'till the days of\n_Pul_. The four Kings who in the days of _Abraham_ invaded the southern\ncoast of _Canaan_ came from the countries where _Nimrod_ had Reigned, and\nperhaps were some of his posterity who had shared his conquests. In the\ntime of the Judges of _Israel_, _Mesopotamia_ was under its own King,\n_Judg._ iii. 8. and the King of _Zobah_ Reigned on both sides of the River\n_Euphrates_ 'till _David_ conquered him, 2 _Sam._ viii, and x. The Kingdoms\nof _Israel_, _Moab_, _Ammon_, _Edom_, _Philistia_, _Zidon_, _Damascus_, and\n_Hamath_ the great, continued subject to other Lords than the _Assyrians_\n'till the days of _Pul_ and his successors; and so did the house of _Eden_,\n_Amos_ i. 5. 2 _Kings_ xix. 12. and _Haran_ or _Carrh\u00e6_, _Gen._ xii. 2\n_Kings_ xix. 12. and _Sepharvaim_ in _Mesopotamia_, and _Calneh_ near\n_Bagdad_, _Gen._ x. 10, _Isa._ x. 9, 2 _Kings_ xvii. 31. _Sesac_ and\n_Memnon_ were great conquerors, and Reigned over _Chald\u00e6a_, _Assyria_, and\n_Persia_, but in their histories there is not a word of any opposition made\nto them by an _Assyrian_ Empire then standing: on the contrary, _Susiana_,\n_Media_, _Persia_, _Bactria_, _Armenia_, _Cappadocia_, &c. were conquered\nby them, and continued subject to the Kings of _Egypt_ 'till after the long\nReign of _Ramesses_ the son of _Memnon_, as above.\n\n_Homer_ mentions _Bacchus_ and _Memnon_ Kings of _Egypt_ and _Persia_, but\nknew nothing of an _Assyrian_ Empire. _Jonah_ prophesied when _Israel_ was\nin affliction under the King of _Syria_, and this was in the latter part of\nthe Reign of _Jehoahaz_, and first part of the Reign of _Joash_, Kings of\n_Israel_, and I think in the Reign of _Moeris_ the successor of _Ramesses_\nKing of _Egypt_, and about sixty years before the Reign of _Pul_; and\n_Nineveh_ was then a city of large extent, but full of pastures for cattle,\nso that it contained but about 120000 persons. It was not yet grown so\ngreat and potent as not to be terrified at the preaching of _Jonah_, and to\nfear being invaded by its neighbours and ruined within forty days: it had\nsome time before got free from the dominion of _Egypt_, and had got a King\nof its own; but its King was not yet called King of _Assyria_, but only\nKing of _Nineveh_, _Jonah_ iii. 6, 7. and his proclamation for a fast was\nnot published in several nations, nor in all _Assyria_, but only in\n_Nineveh_, and perhaps in the villages thereof; but soon after, when the\ndominion of _Nineveh_ was established at home, and exalted over all\n_Assyria_ properly so called, and this Kingdom began to make war upon the\nneighbouring nations, its Kings were no longer called Kings of _Nineveh_\nbut began to be called Kings of _Assyria_.\n\n_Amos_ prophesied in the Reign of _Jeroboam_ the Son of _Joash_ King of\n_Israel_, soon after _Jeroboam_ had subdued the Kingdoms of _Damascus_ and\n_Hamath_, that is, about ten or twenty years before the Reign of _Pul_: and\nhe [345] thus reproves _Israel_ for being lifted up by those conquests; _Ye\nwhich rejoyce in a thing of nought, which say, have we not taken to us\nhorns by our strength? But behold I will raise up against you a nation, O\nhouse of _Israel_, saith the Lord the God of Hosts, and they shall afflict\nyou from the entring in of _Hamath_ unto the river of the wilderness_. God\nhere threatens to raise up a nation against _Israel_; but what nation he\nnames not; that he conceals 'till the _Assyrians_ should appear and\ndiscover it. In the prophesies of _Isaiah_, _Jeremiah_, _Ezekiel_, _Hosea_,\n_Micah_, _Nahum_, _Zephaniah_ and _Zechariah_, which were written after the\nMonarchy grew up, it is openly named upon all occasions; but in this of\n_Amos_ not once, tho' the captivity of _Israel_ and _Syria_ be the subject\nof the prophesy, and that of _Israel_ be often threatned: he only saith in\ngeneral that _Syria_ should go into captivity unto _Kir_, and that\n_Israel_, notwithstanding her present greatness, should go into captivity\nbeyond _Damascus_; and that God would raise up a nation to afflict them:\nmeaning that he would raise up above them from a lower condition, a nation\nwhom they yet feared not: for so the _Hebrew_ word [Hebrew: mqm] signifies\nwhen applied to men, as in _Amos_ v. 2. 1 _Sam._ xii. 11. _Psal._ cxiii. 7.\n_Jer._ x. 20. l. 32. _Hab._ i. 6. _Zech._ xi. 16. As _Amos_ names not the\n_Assyrians_; at the writing of this prophecy they made no great figure in\nthe world, but were to be raised up against _Israel_, and by consequence\nrose up in the days of _Pul_ and his successors: for after _Jeroboam_ had\nconquered _Damascus_ and _Hamath_, his successor _Menahem_ destroyed\n_Tiphsah_ with its territories upon _Euphrates_, because they opened not to\nhim: and therefore _Israel_ continued in its greatness 'till _Pul_,\nprobably grown formidable by some victories, caused _Menahem_ to buy his\npeace. _Pul_ therefore Reigning presently after the prophesy of _Amos_, and\nbeing the first upon record who began to fulfill it, may be justly reckoned\nthe first conqueror and founder of this Empire. For _God stirred up the\nspirit of _Pul_, and the spirit of _Tiglath-pileser_ King of _Assyria__, 1\n_Chron._ v. 20.\n\nThe same Prophet _Amos_, in prophesying against _Israel_, threatned them in\nthis manner, with what had lately befallen other Kingdoms: _Pass ye_, [346]\nsaith he, _unto _Calneh_ and see, and from thence go ye to _Hamath_ the\ngreat, then go down to _Gath_ of the _Philistims_. Be they better than\nthese Kingdoms?_ These Kingdoms were not yet conquered by the _Assyrians_,\nexcept that of _Calneh_ or _Chalonitis_ upon _Tigris_, between _Babylon_\nand _Nineveh_. _Gath_ was newly vanquished [347] by _Uzziah_ King of\n_Judah_, and _Hamath_ [348] by _Jeroboam_ King of _Israel_: and while the\nProphet, in threatning _Israel_ with the _Assyrians_, instances in\ndesolations made by other nations, and mentions no other conquest of the\n_Assyrians_ than that of _Chalonitis_ near _Nineveh_; it argues that the\nKing of _Nineveh_ was now beginning his conquests, and had not yet made any\ngreat progress in that vast career of victories, which we read of a few\nyears after.\n\nFor about seven years after the captivity of the ten Tribes, when\n_Sennacherib_ warred in _Syria_, which was in the 16th Olympiad, he [349]\nsent this message to the King of _Judah_: _Behold, thou hast heard that the\nKings of _Assyria_ have done to all Lands by destroying them utterly, and\nshalt thou be delivered? Have the Gods of the nations delivered them which\nthe Gods of my fathers have destroyed, as _Gozan_ and _Haran_ and _Reseph_,\nand the children of _Eden_ which were in _[the Kingdom of] Thelasar_? Where\nis the King of _Hamath_, and the King of _Arpad_, and the King of the city\nof _Sepharvaim_, and of _Hena_ and _Ivah__? And _Isaiah_ [350] thus\nintroduceth the King of _Assyria_ boasting: _Are not my Princes altogether\nas Kings? Is not _Calno [or _Calneh_]_ as _Carchemish_? Is not _Hamath_ as\n_Arpad_? Is not _Samaria_ as _Damascus_? As my hand hath found the Kingdoms\nof the Idols, and whose graven Images did excel them of _Jerusalem_ and of\n_Samaria_; shall I not as I have done unto _Samaria_ and her Idols, so do\nto _Jerusalem_ and her Idols?_ All this desolation is recited as fresh in\nmemory to terrify the _Jews_, and these Kingdoms reach to the borders of\n_Assyria_, and to shew the largeness of the conquests they are called _all\nlands_, that is, all round about _Assyria_. It was the custom of the Kings\nof _Assyria_, for preventing the rebellion of people newly conquered, to\ncaptivate and transplant those of several countries into one another's\nlands, and intermix them variously: and thence it appears [351] that\n_Halah_, and _Habor_, and _Hara_, and _Gozan_, and the cities of the\n_Medes_ into which _Galilee_ and _Samaria_ were transplanted; and _Kir_\ninto which _Damascus_ was transplanted; and _Babylon_ and _Cuth_ or the\n_Susanchites_, and _Hamath_, and _Ava_, and _Sepharvaim_, and the\n_Dinaites_, and the _Apharsachites_, and the _Tarpelites_, and the\n_Archevites_, and the _Dehavites_, and the _Elamites_, or _Persians_, part\nof all which nations were led captive by _Asserhadon_ and his predecessors\ninto _Samaria_; were all of them conquered by the _Assyrians_ not long\nbefore.\n\nIn these conquests are involved on the west and south side of _Assyria_,\nthe Kingdoms of _Mesopotamia_, whose royal seats were _Haran_ or _Carrh\u00e6_,\nand _Carchemish_ or _Circutium_, and _Sepharvaim_, a city upon _Euphrates_,\nbetween _Babylon_ and _Nineveh_, called _Sippar\u00e6_ by _Berosus_, _Abydenus_,\nand _Polyhistor_, and _Sipphara_ by _Ptolomy_; and the Kingdoms of _Syria_\nseated at _Samaria_, _Damascus_, _Gath_, _Hamath_, _Arpad_, and _Reseph_, a\ncity placed by _Ptolomy_ near _Thapsacus_: on the south side and south east\nside were _Babylon_ and _Calneh_, or _Calno_, a city which was founded by\n_Nimrod_, where _Bagdad_ now stands, and gave the name of _Chalonitis_ to a\nlarge region under its government; and _Thelasar_ or _Talatha_, a city of\nthe children of _Eden_, placed by _Ptolomy_ in _Babylonia_, upon the common\nstream of _Tigris_ and _Euphrates_, which was therefore the river of\nParadise; and the _Archevites_ at _Areca_ or _Erech_, a city built by\n_Nimrod_ on the east side of _Pasitigris_, between _Apamia_ and the\n_Persian Gulph_; and the _Susanchites_ at _Cuth_, or _Susa_, the metropolis\nof _Susiana_: on the east were _Elymais_, and some cities of the _Medes_,\nand _Kir_, [352] a city and large region of _Media_, between _Elymais_, and\n_Assyria_, called _Kirene_ by the _Chaldee_ Paraphrast and _Latin_\nInterpreter, and _Carine_ by _Ptolomy_: on the north-east were _Habor_ or\n_Chaboras_, a mountainous region between _Assyria_ and _Media_; and the\n_Apharsachites_, or men of _Arrapachitis_, a region originally peopled by\n_Arphaxad_, and placed by _Ptolomy_ at the bottom of the mountains next\n_Assyria_: and on the north between _Assyria_ and the _Gordi\u00e6an_ mountains\nwas _Halah_ or _Chalach_, the metropolis of _Calachene_: and beyond these\nupon the _Caspian_ sea was _Gozan_, called _Gauzania_ by _Ptolomy_. Thus\ndid these new conquests extend every way from the province of _Assyria_ to\nconsiderable distances, and make up the great body of that Monarchy: so\nthat well might the King of _Assyria_ boast how his armies had destroyed\nall lands. All these nations [353] had 'till now their several Gods, and\neach accounted his God the God of his own land, and the defender thereof,\nagainst the Gods of the neighbouring countries, and particularly against\nthe Gods of _Assyria_; and therefore they were never 'till now united under\nthe _Assyrian_ Monarchy, especially since the King of _Assyria_ doth not\nboast of their being conquered by the _Assyrians_ oftner than once: but\nthese being small Kingdoms the King of _Assyria_ easily overflowed them:\n_Know ye not_, saith [354] _Sennacherib_ to the _Jews_, _what I and my\nfathers have done unto all the People of other lands?--for no God of any\nnation or kingdom was able to deliver his people out of mine hand, and out\nof the hand of my fathers: how much less shall your God deliver you out of\nmine hand?_ He and his fathers therefore, _Pul_, _Tiglath-pileser_, and\n_Shalmaneser_, were great conquerors, and with a current of victories had\nnewly overflowed all nations round about _Assyria_, and thereby set up this\nMonarchy.\n\nBetween the Reigns of _Jeroboam_ II, and his son _Zachariah_, there was an\ninterregnum of about ten or twelve years in the Kingdom of _Israel_: and\nthe prophet _Hosea_ [355] in the time of that interregnum, or soon after,\nmentions the King of _Assyria_ by the name of _Jareb_, and another\nconqueror by the name of _Shalman_; and perhaps _Shalman_ might be the\nfirst part of the name of _Shalmaneser_, and _Iareb_, or _Irib_, for it may\nbe read both ways, the last part of the name of his successor\n_Sennacherib_: but whoever these Princes were, it appears not that they\nReigned before _Shalmaneser_. _Pul_, or _Belus_, seems to be the first who\ncarried on his conquests beyond the province of _Assyria_: he conquered\n_Calneh_ with its territories in the Reign of _Jerboam_, _Amos_ i. 1. vi.\n2. & _Isa._ x. 8, 9. and invaded _Israel_ in the Reign of _Menahem_, 2\n_King._ xv. 19. but stayed not in the land, being bought off by _Menahem_\nfor a thousand talents of silver: in his Reign therefore the Kingdom of\n_Assyria_ was advanced on this side _Tigris_: for he was a great warrior,\nand seems to have conquered _Haran_, and _Carchemish_, and _Reseph_, and\n_Calneh_, and _Thelasar_, and might found or enlarge the city of _Babylon_,\nand build the old palace.\n\n_Herodotus_ tells us, that one of the gates of _Babylon_ was [356] called\nthe gate of _Semiramis_, and than she adorned the walls of the city, and\nthe Temple of _Belus_, and that she [357] was five Generations older than\n_Nitocris_ the mother of _Labynitus_, or _Nabonnedus_, the last King of\n_Babylon_; and therefore she flourished four Generations, or about 134\nyears, before _Nebuchadnezzar_ , and by consequence in the Reign of\n_Tiglath-pileser_ the successor of _Pul_: and the followers of _Ctesias_\ntell us, that she built _Babylon_, and was the widow of the son and\nsuccessor of _Belus_, the founder of the _Assyrian_ Empire; that is, the\nwidow of one of the sons of _Pul_: but [358] _Berosus_ a _Chald\u00e6an_ blames\nthe _Greeks_ for ascribing the building of _Babylon_ to _Semiramis_; and\nother authors ascribe the building of this city to _Belus_ himself, that is\nto _Pul_; so _Curtius_ [359] tells us; _Semiramis Babylonem condiderat, vel\nut plerique credidere Belus, cujus regia ostenditur_: and _Abydenus_, who\nhad his history from the ancient monuments of the _Chald\u00e6ans_, writes,\n[360] [Greek: Legetai B\u00ealon Babyl\u00f4na teichei peribalein; t\u00f4i chron\u00f4i de t\u00f4i\nikneumen\u00f4i aphanisth\u00eanai. teichisai de authis Nabouchodonosoron, to mechri\nt\u00eas Makedoni\u00f4n arch\u00eas diameinan eon chalkopylon.] _'Tis reported that\n_Belus_ compassed _Babylon_ with a wall, which in time was abolished: and\nthat _Nebuchadnezzar_ afterwards built a new wall with brazen gates, which\nstood 'till the time of the _Macedonian_ Empire_: and so _Dorotheas_ [361]\nan ancient Poet of _Sidon_;\n\n  [Greek: Archai\u00ea Babyl\u00f4n, Tyriou B\u00ealoio polisma.]\n  _The ancient city _Babylon_ built by the _Tyrian Belus__;\n\nThat is, by the _Syrian_ or _Assyrian_ _Belus_; the words _Tyrian_,\n_Syrian_, and _Assyrian_, being anciently used promiscuously for one\nanother: _Herennius_ [362] tells us, that it was built by the son of\n_Belus_; and this son might be _Nabonassar_. After the conquest of\n_Calneh_, _Thelasar_, and _Sippare_, _Belus_ might seize _Chald\u00e6a_, and\nbegin to build _Babylon_, and leave it to his younger son: for all the\nKings of _Babylon_ in the Canon of _Ptolemy_ are called _Assyrians_, and\n_Nabonassar_ is the first of them: and _Nebuchadnezzar_ [363] reckoned\nhimself descended from _Belus_, that is, from the _Assyrian_ _Pul_: and the\nbuilding of _Babylon_ is ascribed to the _Assyrians_ by [364] _Isaiah_:\n_Behold_, saith he, _the land of the _Chaldeans_: This people was not 'till\nthe _Assyrian_ founded it for them that dwell in the wilderness, _[that is,\nfor the _Arabians_.]_ They set up the towers thereof, they raised up the\npalaces thereof_. From all this it seems therefore that _Pul_ founded the\nwalls and the palaces of _Babylon_, and left the city with the province of\n_Chald\u00e6a_ to his younger son _Nabonassar_; and that _Nabonassar_ finished\nwhat his father began, and erected the Temple of _Jupiter Belus_ to his\nfather: and that _Semiramis_ lived in those days, and was the Queen of\n_Nabonassar_, because one of the gates of _Babylon_ was called the gate of\n_Semiramis_, as _Herodotus_ affirms: but whether she continued to Reign\nthere after her husband's death may be doubted.\n\n_Pul_ therefore was succeeded at _Nineveh_ by his elder son\n_Tiglath-pileser_, at the same time that he left _Babylon_ to his younger\nson _Nabonassar_. _Tiglath-pileser_, the second King of _Assyria_, warred\nin _Phoenicia_, and captivated _Galilee_ with the two Tribes and an half,\nin the days of _Pekah_ King of _Israel_, and placed them in _Halah_, and\n_Habor_, and _Hara_, and at the river _Gozan_, places lying on the western\nborders of _Media_, between _Assyria_ and the _Caspian_ sea, 2 _King._ xv.\n29, &: 1 _Chron._ v. 26. and about the fifth or sixth year of _Nabonassar_,\nhe came to the assistance of the King of _Judah_ against the Kings of\n_Israel_ and _Syria_, and overthrew the Kingdom of _Syria_, which had been\nseated at _Damascus_ ever since the days of King _David_, and carried away\nthe _Syrians_ to _Kir_ in _Media_, as _Amos_ had prophesied, and placed\nother nations in the regions of _Damascus_, 2 _King._ xv. 37, & xvi. 5, 9.\n_Amos_ i. 5. _Joseph. Antiq._ l. 9. c. 13. whence it seems that the _Medes_\nwere conquered before, and that the Empire of the _Assyrians_ was now grown\ngreat: for _the God of _Israel_ stirred up the spirit of _Pul_ King of\n_Assyria_, and the spirit of _Tiglath-pileser_ King of _Assyria__ to make\nwar, 1 _Chron._ v. 26.\n\n_Shalmaneser_ or _Salmanasser_, called _Enemessar_ by _Tobit_, invaded\n[365] all _Phoenicia_, took the city of _Samaria_, and captivated _Israel_,\nand placed them in _Chalach_ and _Chabor_, by the river _Gozan_, and in the\ncities of the _Medes_; and _Hosea_ [366] seems to say that he took\n_Arbela_: and his successor _Sennacherib_ said that his fathers had\nconquered also _Gozan_, and _Haran_ or _Carrh\u00e6_, and _Reseph_ or _Resen_,\nand the children of _Eden_, and _Arpad_ or the _Aradii_, 2 _King._ xix. 12.\n\n_Sennacherib_ the son of _Shalmaneser_ in the 14th year of _Hezekiah_\ninvaded _Phoenicia_, and took several cities of _Judah_, and attempted\n_Egypt_; and _Sethon_ or _Sevechus_ King of _Egypt_ and _Tirhakah_ King of\n_Ethiopia_ coming against him, he lost in one night 185000 men, as some say\nby a plague, or perhaps by lightning, or a fiery wind which blows sometimes\nin the neighbouring deserts, or rather by being surprised by _Sethon_ and\n_Tirhakah_: for the _Egyptians_ in memory of this action erected a statue\nto _Sethon_, holding in his hand a mouse, the _Egyptian_ symbol of\ndestruction. Upon this defeat _Sennacherib_ returned in haste to _Nineveh_,\nand [367] his Kingdom became troubled, so that _Tobit_ could not go into\n_Media_, the _Medes_ I think at this time revolting: and he was soon after\nslain by two of his sons who fled into _Armenia_, and his son _Asserhadon_\nsucceeded him. At that time did _Merodach Baladan_ or _Mardocempad_ King of\n_Babylon_ send an embassy to _Hezekiah_ King of _Judah_.\n\n_Asserhadon_, [368] called _Sarchedon_ by _Tobit_, _Asordan_ by the LXX,\nand _Assaradin_ in _Ptolomy_'s Canon, began his Reign at _Nineveh_, in the\nyear of _Nabonassar_ 42; and in the year 68 extended it over _Babylon_:\nthen he carried the remainder of the _Samaritans_ into captivity, and\npeopled _Samaria_ with captives brought from several parts of his Kingdom,\nthe _Dinaites_, the _Apharsachites_, the _Tarpelites_, the _Apharsites_,\nthe _Archevites_, the _Babylonians_, the _Susanchites_, the _Dehavites_,\nthe _Elamites_, _Ezra_ iv. 2, 9. and therefore he Reigned over all these\nnations. _Pekah_ and _Rezin_ Kings of _Samaria_ and _Damascus_, invaded\n_Jud\u00e6a_ in the first year of _Ahaz_, and within 65 years after, that is in\nthe 21st year of _Manasseh_, _Anno Nabonass._ 69, _Samaria_ by this\ncaptivity ceased to be a people, _Isa._ vii. 8. Then _Asserhadon_ invaded\n_Jud\u00e6a_, took _Azoth_, carried _Manasseh_ captive to _Babylon_, and [369]\ncaptivated also _Egypt_, _Thebais_, and _Ethiopia_ above _Thebais_: and by\nthis war he seems to have put an end to the Reign of the _Ethiopians_ over\n_Egypt_, in the year of _Nabonassar_ 77 or 78.\n\nIn the Reign of _Sennacherib_ and _Asserhadon_, the _Assyrian_ Empire seems\narrived at its greatness, being united under one Monarch, and containing\n_Assyria_, _Media_, _Apolloniatis_, _Susiana_, _Chald\u00e6a_, _Mesopotamia_,\n_Cilicia_, _Syria_, _Phoenicia_, _Egypt_, _Ethiopia_, and part of _Arabia_,\nand reaching eastward into _Elymais_, and _Par\u00e6tacene_, a province of the\n_Medes_: and if _Chalach_ and _Chabor_ be _Colchis_ and _Iberia_, as some\nthink, and as may seem probable from the circumcision used by those nations\n'till the days of _Herodotus_, we are also to add these two Provinces, with\nthe two _Armenia's_, _Pontus_ and _Cappadocia_, as far as to the river\n_Halys_: for [370] _Herodotus_ tells us, that the people of _Cappadocia_ as\nfar as to that river were called _Syrians_ by the _Greeks_, both before and\nafter the days or _Cyrus_, and that the _Assyrians_ were also called\n_Syrians_ by the _Greeks_.\n\nYet the _Medes_ revolted from the _Assyrians_ in the latter end of the\nReign of _Sennacherib_, I think upon the slaughter of his army near _Egypt_\nand his flight to _Nineveh_: for at that time the estate of _Sennacherib_\nwas troubled, so that _Tobit_ could not go into _Media_ as he had done\nbefore, _Tobit_ i. 15. and some time after, _Tobit_ advised his son to go\ninto _Media_ where he might expect peace, while _Nineveh_, according to the\nprophesy of _Jonah_, should be destroyed. _Ctesias_ wrote that _Arbaces_ a\n_Mede_ being admitted to see _Sardanapalus_ in his palace, and observing\nhis voluptuous life amongst women, revolted with the _Medes_, and in\nconjunction with _Belesis_ a _Babylonian_ overcame him, and caused him to\nset fire to his palace and burn himself: but he is contradicted by other\nauthors of better credit; for _Duris_ and [371] many others wrote that\n_Arbaces_ upon being admitted into the palace of _Sardanapalus_, and seeing\nhis effeminate life, slew himself; and _Cleitarchus_, that _Sardanapalus_\ndied of old age, after he had lost his dominion over _Syria_: he lost it by\nthe revolt of the western nations; and _Herodotus_ [372] tells us, that the\n_Medes_ revolted first, and defended their liberty by force of arms against\nthe _Assyrians_, without conquering them; and at their first revolting had\nno King, but after some time set up _Dejoces_ over them, and built\n_Ecbatane_ for his residence; and that _Dejoces_ Reigned only over _Media_,\nand had a peaceable Reign of 54 years, but his son and successor\n_Phraortes_ made war upon his neighbours, and conquered _Persia_; and that\nthe _Syrians_ also, and other western nations, at length revolted from the\n_Assyrians_, being encouraged thereunto by the example of the _Medes_; and\nthat after the revolt of the western nations, _Phraortes_ invaded the\n_Assyrians_, but was slain by them in that war, after he had Reigned twenty\nand two years. He was succeeded by _Astyages_.\n\nNow _Asserhadon_ seems to be the _Sardanapalus_ who died of old age after\nthe revolt of _Syria_, the name _Sardanapalus_ being derived from\n_Asserhadon-Pul_. _Sardanapalus_ was the [373] son of _Anacyndaraxis_,\n_Cyndaraxis_, or _Anabaxaris_, King of _Assyria_; and this name seems to\nhave been corruptly written for _Sennacherib_ the father of _Asserhadon_.\n_Sardanapalus_ built _Tarsus_ and _Anchiale_ in one day, and therefore\nReigned over _Cilicia_, before the revolt of the western nations: and if he\nbe the same King with _Asserhadon_, he was succeeded by _Saosduchinus_ in\nthe year of _Nabonassar_ 81; and by this revolution _Manasseh_ was set at\nliberty to return home and fortify _Jerusalem_: and the _Egyptians_ also,\nafter the _Assyrians_ had harrassed _Egypt_ and _Ethiopia_ three years,\n_Isa._ xx. 3, 4. were set at liberty, and continued under twelve\ncontemporary Kings of their own nation, as above. The _Assyrians_ invaded\nand conquered the _Egyptians_ the first of the three years, and Reigned\nover them two years more: and these two years are the interregnum which\n_Africanus_, from _Manetho_, places next before the twelve Kings. The\n_Scythians_ of _Touran_ or _Turquestan_ beyond the river _Oxus_ began in\nthose days to infest _Persia_, and by one of their inroads might give\noccasion to the revolt of the western nations.\n\nIn the year of _Nabonassar_ 101, _Saosduchinus_, after a Reign of twenty\nyears, was succeeded at _Babylon_ by _Chyniladon_, and I think at _Nineveh_\nalso, for I take _Chyniladon_ to be that _Nabuchodonosor_ who is mentioned\nin the book of _Judith_; for the history of that King suits best with these\ntimes: for there it is said that __Nabuchodonosor_ King of the _Assyrians_\nwho Reigned at _Nineveh_, that great city, in the twelfth year of his Reign\nmade war upon _Arphaxad_ King of the _Medes__, and was then left alone by a\ndefection of the auxiliary nations of _Cilicia_, _Damascus_, _Syria_,\n_Phoenicia_, _Moab_, _Ammon_, and _Egypt_; and without their help routed\nthe army of the _Medes_, and slew _Arphaxad_: and _Arphaxad_ is there said\nto have built _Ecbatane_ and therefore was either _Dejoces_, or his son\n_Phraortes_, who might finish the city founded by his father: and\n_Herodotus_ [374] tells the same story of a King of _Assyria_, who routed\nthe _Medes_, and slew their King _Phraortes_; and saith that in the time of\nthis war the _Assyrians_ were left alone by the defection of the auxiliary\nnations, being otherwise in good condition: _Arphaxad_ was therefore the\n_Phraortes_ of _Herodotus_, and by consequence was slain near the beginning\nof the Reign of _Josiah_: for this war was made after _Phoenicia_, _Moab_,\n_Ammon_, and _Egypt_ had been conquered and revolted, _Judith_ i. 7, 8, 9.\nand by consequence after the Reign of _Asserhadon_ who conquered them: it\nwas made when the _Jews_ were newly returned from captivity, _and the\nVessels and Altar and Temple were sanctified after the profanation_,\n_Judith_ iv. 3. that is soon after _Manasseh_ their King had been carried\ncaptive to _Babylon_ by _Asserhadon_; and upon the death of that King, or\nsome other change in the _Assyrian_ Empire, had been released with the\n_Jews_ from that captivity, and had repaired the Altar, and restored the\nsacrifices and worship of the Temple, 2 _Chron._ xxxiii. 11, 16. In the\n_Greek_ version of the book of _Judith_, chap. v. 18. it is said, that _the\nTemple of God was cast to the ground_; but this is not said in _Jerom_'s\nversion; and in the _Greek_ version, chap. iv. 3, and chap. xvi. 20, it is\nsaid, that _the vessels, and the altar, and the house were sanctified after\nthe prophanation_, and in both versions, chap. iv. 11, the Temple is\nrepresented standing.\n\nAfter this war _Nabuchodonosor_ King of _Assyria_, in the 13th year of his\nReign, according to the version of _Jerom_, sent his captain _Holofernes_\nwith a great army to avenge himself on all the west country; because they\nhad disobeyed his commandment: and _Holofernes_ went forth with an army of\n12000 horse, and 120000 foot of _Assyrians_, _Medes_ and _Persians_, and\nreduced _Cilicia_, _Mesopotamia_, and _Syria_, and _Damascus_, and part of\n_Arabia_, and _Ammon_, and _Edom_, and _Madian_, and then came against\n_Jud\u00e6a_: and this was done when the government was in the hands of the\nHigh-Priest and Antients of _Israel_, _Judith_ iv. 8. and vii. 23. and by\nconsequence not in the Reign of _Manasseh_ or _Amon_, but when _Josiah_ was\na child. In times of prosperity the children of _Israel_ were apt to go\nafter false Gods, and in times of affliction to repent and turn to the\nLord. So _Manasseh_ a very wicked King, being captivated by the\n_Assyrians_, repented; and being released from captivity restored the\nworship of the true God: So when we are told that _Josiah in the eighth\nyear of his Reign, while he was yet young, began to seek after the God of\n_David_ his father, and in the twelfth year of his Reign began to purge\n_Judah_ and _Jerusalem_ from Idolatry, and to destroy the High Places, and\nGroves, and Altars and Images of Baalim_, 2 _Chron_. xxxiv. 3. we may\nunderstand that these acts of religion were occasioned by impending\ndangers, and escapes from danger. When _Holofernes_ came against the\nwestern nations, and spoiled them, then were the _Jews_ terrified, and they\nfortified _Jud\u00e6a_, and _cryed unto God with great fervency, and humbled\nthemselves in sackcloth, and put ashes on their heads, and cried unto the\nGod of _Israel_ that he would not give their wives and their children and\ncities for a prey, and the Temple for a profanation: and the High-priest,\nand all the Priests put on sackcloth and ashes, and offered daily burnt\nofferings with vows and free gifts of the people_, _Judith_ iv. and then\nbegan _Josiah_ to seek after the God of his father _David_: and after\n_Judith_ had slain _Holofernes_, and the _Assyrians_ were fled, and the\n_Jews_ who pursued them were returned to _Jerusalem_, _they worshipped the\nLord, and offered burnt offerings and gifts, and continued feasting before\nthe sanctuary for the space of three months_, _Judith_ xvi. 18, and then\ndid _Josiah_ purge _Judah_ and _Jerusalem_ from Idolatry. Whence it seems\nto me that the eighth year of _Josiah_ fell in with the fourteenth or\nfifteenth of _Nabuchodonosor_, and that the twelfth year of\n_Nabuchodonosor_, in which _Phraortes_ was slain, was the fifth or sixth of\n_Josiah_. _Phraortes_ Reigned 22 years according to _Herodotus_, and\ntherefore succeeded his father _Dejoces_ about the 40th year of _Manasseh_,\n_Anno Nabonass._ 89, and was slain by the _Assyrians_, and succeeded by\n_Astyages_, _Anno Nabonass._ 111. _Dejoces_ Reigned 53 years according to\n_Herodotus_, and these years began in the 16th year of _Hezekiah_; which\nmakes it probable that the _Medes_ dated them from the time of their\nrevolt: and according to all this reckoning, the Reign of _Nabuchodonosor_\nfell in with that of _Chyniladon_; which makes it probable that they were\nbut two names of one and the same King.\n\nSoon after the death of _Phraortes_ [375] the _Scythians_ under _Madyes_ or\n_Medus_ invaded _Media_, and beat the _Medes_ in battle, _Anno Nabonass._\n113, and went thence towards _Egypt_, but were met in _Phoenicia_ by\n_Psammitichus_ and bought off, and returning Reigned over a great part of\n_Asia_: but in the end of about 28 years were expelled; many of their\nPrinces and commanders being slain in a feast by the _Medes_ under the\nconduct of _Cyaxeres_, the successor of _Astyages_, just before the\ndestruction of _Nineveh_, and the rest being soon after forced to retire.\n\nIn the year of _Nabonassar_ 123, [376] _Nabopolassar_ the commander of the\nforces of _Chyniladon_ the King of _Assyria_ in _Chald\u00e6a_ revolted from\nhim, and became King of _Babylon_; and _Chyniladon_ was either then, or\nsoon after, succeeded at _Nineveh_ by the last King of _Assyria_, called\n_Sarac_ by _Polyhistor_: and at length _Nebuchadnezzar_, the son of\n_Nabopolassar_, married _Amyite_ the daughter of _Astyages_ and sister of\n_Cyaxeres_; and by this marriage the two families having contracted\naffinity, they conspired against the _Assyrians_; and _Nabopolasser_ being\nnow grown old, and _Astyages_ being dead, their sons _Nebuchadnezzar_ and\n_Cyaxeres_ led the armies of the two nations against _Nineveh_, slew\n_Sarac_, destroyed the city, and shared the Kingdom of the _Assyrians_.\nThis victory the _Jews_ refer to the _Chald\u00e6ans_; the _Greeks_ to the\n_Medes_; _Tobit_, _Polyhistor_, _Josephus_, and _Ctesias_ to both. It gave\na beginning to the great successes of _Nebuchadnezzar_ and _Cyaxeres_, and\nlaid the foundation of the two collateral Empires of the _Babylonians_ and\n_Medes_; these being branches of the _Assyrian_ Empire: and thence the time\nof the fall of the _Assyrian_ Empire is determined, the conquerors being\nthen in their youth. In the Reign of _Josiah_, when _Zephaniah_ prophesied,\n_Nineveh_ and the Kingdom of _Assyria_ were standing, and their fall was\npredicted by that Prophet, _Zeph._ i. 1, and ii. 13. and in the end of his\nReign _Pharaoh Nechoh_ King of _Egypt_, the successor of _Psammitichus_,\nwent up against the King of _Assyria_ to the river _Euphrates_, to fight\nagainst _Carchemish_ or _Circutium_, and in his way thither slew _Josiah_,\n2 _Kings_ xxiii. 29. 2 _Chron._ xxxv. 20. and therefore the last King of\n_Assyria_ was not yet slain. But in the third and fourth year of\n_Jehoiakim_ the successor of _Josiah_, the two conquerors having taken\n_Nineveh_ and finished their war in _Assyria_, prosecuted their conquests\nwestward, and leading their forces against the King of _Egypt_, as an\ninvader of their right of conquest, they beat him at _Carchemish_, and\n[377] took from him whatever he had newly taken from the _Assyrians_: and\ntherefore we cannot err above a year or two, if we refer the destruction of\n_Nineveh_, and fall of the _Assyrian_ Empire, to the second year of\n_Jehoiakim_, _Anno Nabonass._ 140. The name of the last King _Sarac_ might\nperhaps be contracted from _Sarchedon_, as this name was from _Asserhadon_,\n_Asserhadon-Pul_, or _Sardanapalus_.\n\nWhile the _Assyrians_ Reigned at _Nineveh_, _Persia_ was divided into\nseveral Kingdoms; and amongst others there was a Kingdom of _Elam_, which\nflourished in the days of _Hezekiah_, _Manasseh_, _Josiah_, and _Jehoiakim_\nKings of _Judah_, and fell in the days of _Zedekiah_, _Jer._ xxv. 25, and\nxlix. 34, and _Ezek._ xxxii. 24. This Kingdom seems to have been potent,\nand to have had wars with the King of _Touran_ or _Scythia_ beyond the\nriver _Oxus_ with various success, and at length to have been subdued by\nthe _Medes_ and _Babylonians_, or one of them. For while _Nebuchadnezzar_\nwarred in the west, _Cyaxeres_ recovered the _Assyrian_ provinces of\n_Armenia_, _Pontus_, and _Cappadocia_, and then they went eastward against\nthe provinces of _Persia_ and _Parthia_. Whether the _Pischdadians_, whom\nthe _Persians_ reckon to have been their oldest Kings, were Kings of the\nKingdom of _Elam_, or of that of the _Assyrians_, and whether _Elam_ was\nconquered by the _Assyrians_ at the same time with _Babylonia_ and\n_Susiana_ in the Reign of _Asserhadon_, and soon after revolted, I leave to\nbe examined.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nCHAP. IV.\n\n_Of the two Contemporary Empires of the _Babylonians_ and _Medes_._\n\nBy the fall of the _Assyrian_ Empire the Kingdoms of the _Babylonians_ and\n_Medes_ grew great and potent. The Reigns of the Kings of _Babylon_ are\nstated in _Ptolemy's_ Canon: for understanding of which you are to note\nthat every King's Reign in that Canon began with the last _Thoth_ of his\npredecessor's Reign, as I gather by comparing the Reigns of the _Roman_\nEmperors in that Canon with their Reigns recorded in years, months, and\ndays, by other Authors: whence it appears from that Canon that _Asserhadon_\ndied in the year of _Nabonassar_ 81, _Saosduchinus_ his successor in the\nyear 101, _Chyniladon_ in the year 123, _Nabopolassar_ in the year 144, and\n_Nebuchadnezzar_ in the year 187. All these Kings, and some others\nmentioned in the Canon, Reigned successively over _Babylon_, and this last\nKing died in the 37th year of _Jechoniah_'s captivity, 2 _Kings_ xxv. 27.\nand therefore _Jechoniah_ was captivated in the 150th year of _Nabonassar_.\n\nThis captivity was in the eighth year of _Nebuchadnezzar_'s Reign, 2\n_Kings_ xxiv. 12. and eleventh of _Jehoiakim_'s: for the first year of\n_Nebuchadnezzar_'s Reign was the fourth of _Jehoiakim_'s, _Jer._ xxv. i.\nand _Jehoiakim_ Reigned eleven years before this captivity, 2 _Kings_\nxxiii. 36. 2 _Chron._ xxxvi. 5, and _Jechoniah_ three months, ending with\nthe captivity; and the tenth year of _Jechoniah_'s captivity, was the\neighteenth year of _Nebuchadnezzar_'s Reign, _Jer._ xxxii. 1. and the\neleventh year of _Zedekiah_, in which _Jerusalem_ was taken, was the\nnineteenth of _Nebuchadnezzar_, _Jer._ lii. 5, 12. and therefore\n_Nebuchadnezzar_ began his Reign in the year of _Nabonassar_ 142, that is,\ntwo years before the death of his father _Nabopolassar_, he being then made\nKing by his father; and _Jehoiakim_ succeeded his father _Josiah_ in the\nyear of _Nabonassar_ 139; and _Jerusalem_ was taken and the Temple burnt in\nthe year of _Nabonassar_ 160, about twenty years after the destruction of\n_Nineveh_.\n\nThe Reign of _Darius Hystaspis_ over _Persia_, by the Canon and the consent\nof all Chronologers, and by several Eclipses of the Moon, began in spring\nin the year of _Nabonassar_ 227: and _in the fourth year of King _Darius_,\nin the 4th day of the ninth month, which is the month _Chisleu_, when the\n_Jews_ had sent unto the house of God, saying, should I weep in the fifth\nmonth as I have done these so many years? the word of the Lord came unto\n_Zechariah_, saying, speak to all the people of the Land, and to the\nPriests, saying; when ye fasted and mourned in the fifth and seventh month\neven those seventy years, did ye at all fast unto me?_ _Zech._ vii. Count\nbackwards those seventy years in which they fasted in the fifth month for\nthe burning of the Temple, and in the seventh for the death of _Gedaliah_;\nand the burning of the Temple and death of _Gedaliah_, will fall upon the\nfifth and seventh _Jewish_ months, in the year of _Nabonassar_ 160, as\nabove.\n\nAs the _Chald\u00e6an_ Astronomers counted the Reigns of their Kings by the\nyears of _Nabonassar_, beginning with the month _Thoth_, so the _Jews_, as\ntheir Authors tell us, counted the Reigns of theirs by the years of\n_Moses_, beginning every year with the month _Nisan_: for if any King began\nhis Reign a few days before this month began, it was reckoned to him for a\nwhole year, and the beginning of this month was accounted the beginning of\nthe second year of his Reign; and according to this reckoning the first\nyear of _Jehojakim_ began with the month _Nisan_, _Anno Nabonass._ 139,\ntho' his Reign might not really begin 'till five or six months after; and\nthe fourth year of _Jehoiakim_, and first of _Nebuchadnezzar_, according to\nthe reckoning of the _Jews_, began with the month _Nisan_, _Anno Nabonass._\n142; and the first year of _Zedekiah_ and of _Jeconiah_'s captivity, and\nninth year of _Nebuchadnezzar_, began with the month _Nisan_, in the year\nof _Nabonassar_ 150; and the tenth year of _Zedekiah_, and 18th of\n_Nebuchadnezzar_, began with the month _Nisan_ in the year of _Nabonassar_\n159. Now in the ninth year of _Zedekiah_, _Nebuchadnezzar_ invaded _Jud\u00e6a_\nand the cities thereof and in the tenth month of that year, and tenth day\nof the month, he and his host besieged _Jerusalem_, 2 _Kings_ xxv. 1.\n_Jer._ xxxiv. 1, xxxix. 1, and lii. 4. From this time to the tenth month in\nthe second year of _Darius_ are just seventy years, and accordingly, _upon\nthe 24th day of the eleventh month of the second year of _Darius_, the word\nof the Lord came unto _Zechariah_,--and the Angel of the Lord said, Oh Lord\nof Hosts, how long wilt thou not have mercy on _Jerusalem_, and on the\ncities of _Judah_, against which thou hast had indignation, these\nthreescore and ten years_, _Zech._ i. 7, 12. So then the ninth year of\n_Zedekiah_, in which this indignation against _Jerusalem_ and the cities of\n_Judah_ began, commenced with the month _Nisan_ in the year of _Nabonassar_\n158; and the eleventh year of _Zedekiah_, and nineteenth of\n_Nebuchadnezzar_, in which the city was taken and the Temple burnt,\ncommenced with the month _Nisan_ in the year of _Nabonassar_ 160, as above.\n\nBy all these characters the years of _Jehoiakim_, _Zedekiah_, and\n_Nebuchadnezzar_, seem to be sufficiently determined, and thereby the\nChronology of the _Jews_ in the Old Testament is connected with that of\nlater times: for between the death of _Solomon_ and the ninth year of\n_Zedekiah_ wherein _Nebuchadnezzar_ invaded _Jud\u00e6a_, and began the Siege of\n_Jerusalem_, there were 390 years, as is manifest both by the prophesy of\n_Ezekiel_, chap. iv, and by summing up the years of the Kings of _Judah_;\nand from the ninth year of _Zedekiah_ inclusively to the vulgar _\u00c6ra_ of\n_Christ_, there were 590 years: and both these numbers, with half the Reign\nof _Solomon_, make up a thousand years.\n\nIn the [378] end of the Reign of _Josiah_, _Anno Nabonass._ 139, _Pharaoh\nNechoh_, the successor of _Psammitichus_, came with a great army out of\n_Egypt_ against the King of _Assyria_, and being denied passage through\n_Jud\u00e6a_, beat the _Jews_ at _Megiddo_ or _Magdolus_ before _Egypt_, slew\n_Josiah_ their King, marched to _Carchemish_ or _Circutium_, a town of\n_Mesopotamia_ upon _Euphrates_, and took it, possest himself of the cities\nof _Syria_, sent for _Jehoahaz_ the new King of _Judah_ to _Riblah_ or\n_Antioch_, deposed him there, made _Jehojakim_ King in the room of\n_Josiah_, and put the Kingdom of _Judah_ to tribute: but the King of\n_Assyria_ being in the mean time besieged and subdued, and _Nineveh_\ndestroyed by _Assuerus_ King of the _Medes_, and _Nebuchadnezzar_ King of\n_Babylon_, and the conquerors being thereby entitled to the countries\nbelonging to the King of _Assyria_, they led their victorious armies\nagainst the King of _Egypt_ who had seized part of them. For\n_Nebuchadnezzar_, assisted [379] by _Astibares_, that is, by _Astivares_,\n_Assuerus_, _Acksweres_, _Axeres_, or _Cy-Axeres_, King of the _Medes_, in\nthe [380] third year of _Jehoiakim_, came with an army of _Babylonians_,\n_Medes_, _Syrians_, _Moabites_ and _Ammonites_, to the number of 10000\nchariots, and 180000 foot, and 120000 horse, and laid waste _Samaria_,\n_Galilee_, _Scythopolis_, and the _Jews_ in _Galaaditis_, and besieged\n_Jerusalem_, and took King _Jehoiakim_ alive, and [381] bound him in chains\nfor a time, and carried to _Babylon_ _Daniel_ and others of the people, and\npart of what Gold and Silver and Brass they found in the Temple: and in\n[382] the fourth year of _Jehoiakim_, which was the twentieth of\n_Nabopolassar_, they routed the army of _Pharaoh Nechoh_ at _Carchemish_,\nand by pursuing the war took from the King of _Egypt_ whatever pertained to\nhim from the river of _Egypt_ to the river of _Euphrates_. This King of\n_Egypt_ is called by _Berosus_, [383] the _Satrapa_ of _Egypt_,\n_Coele-Syria_, and _Phoenicia_; and this victory over him put an end to his\nReign in _Coele-Syria_ and _Phoenicia_, which he had newly invaded, and\ngave a beginning to the Reign of _Nebuchadnezzar_ there: and by the\nconquests over _Assyria_ and _Syria_ the small Kingdom of _Babylon_ was\nerected into a potent Empire.\n\nWhilst _Nebuchadnezzar_ was acting in _Syria_, [384] his father\n_Nabopolassar_ died, having Reigned 21 years; and _Nebuchadnezzar_ upon the\nnews thereof, having ordered his affairs in _Syria_ returned to _Babylon_,\nleaving the captives and his army with his servants to follow him: and from\nhenceforward he applied himself sometimes to war, conquering _Sittacene_,\n_Susiana_, _Arabia_, _Edom_, _Egypt_, and some other countries; and\nsometimes to peace, adorning the Temple of _Belus_ with the spoils that he\nhad taken; and the city of _Babylon_ with magnificent walls and gates, and\nstately palaces and pensile gardens, as _Berosus_ relates; and amongst\nother things he cut the new rivers _Naarmalcha_ and _Pallacopas_ above\n_Babylon_ and built the city of _Teredon_.\n\n_Jud\u00e6a_ was now in servitude under the King of _Babylon_, being invaded and\nsubdued in the third and fourth years of _Jehoiakim_, _and _Jehoiakim_\nserved him three years, and then turned and rebelled_, 2 _King._ xxiv. 1.\nWhile _Nebuchadnezzar_ and the army of the _Chald\u00e6ans_ continued in\n_Syria_, _Jehojakim_ was under compulsion; after they returned to\n_Babylon_, _Jehojakim_ continued in fidelity three years, that is, during\nthe 7th, 8th and 9th years of his Reign, and rebelled in the tenth:\nwhereupon in the return or end of the year, that is in spring, he sent\n[385] and besieged _Jerusalem_, captivated _Jeconiah_ the son and successor\nof _Jehoiakim_, spoiled the Temple, and carried away to _Babylon_ the\nPrinces, craftsmen, smiths, and all that were fit for war: and, when none\nremained but the poorest of the people, made [386] _Zedekiah_ their King,\nand bound him upon oath to serve the King of _Babylon_: this was in spring\nin the end of the eleventh year of _Jehoiakim_, and beginning of the year\nof _Nabonassar_ 150.\n\n_Zedekiah_ notwithstanding his oath [387] revolted, and made a covenant\nwith the King of _Egypt_, and therefore _Nebuchadnezzar_ in the ninth year\nof _Zedekiah_ [388] invaded _Jud\u00e6a_ and the cities thereof, and in the\ntenth _Jewish_ month of that year besieged _Jerusalem_ again, and in the\neleventh year of _Zedekiah_, in the 4th and 5th months, after a siege of\none year and an half, took and burnt the City and Temple.\n\n_Nebuchadnezzar_ after he was made King by his father Reigned over\n_Phoenicia_ and _Coele-Syria_ 45 years, and [389] after the death of his\nfather 43 years, and [390] after the captivity of _Jeconiah_ 37; and then\nwas succeeded by his son _Evilmerodach_, called _Iluarodamus_ in\n_Ptolemy_'s Canon. _Jerome_ [391] tells us, that _Evilmerodach_ Reigned\nseven years in his father's life-time, while his father did eat grass with\noxen, and after his father's restoration was put in prison with _Jeconiah_\nKing of _Judah_ 'till the death of his father, and then succeeded in the\nThrone. In the fifth year of _Jeconiah_'s captivity, _Belshazzar_ was next\nin dignity to his father _Nebuchadnezzar_, and was designed to be his\nsuccessor, _Baruch_ i. 2, 10, 11, 12, 14, and therefore _Evilmerodach_ was\neven then in disgrace. Upon his coming to the Throne [392] he brought his\nfriend and companion _Jeconiah_ out of prison on the 27th day of the\ntwelfth month; so that _Nebuchadnezzar_ died in the end of winter, _Anno\nNabonass._ 187.\n\n_Evilmerodach_ Reigned two years after his father's death, and for his lust\nand evil manners was slain by his sister's husband _Neriglissar_, or\n_Nergalassar_, _Nabonass._ 189, according to the Canon.\n\n_Neriglissar_, in the name of his young son _Labosordachus_, or\n_Laboasserdach_, the grand-child of _Nebuchadnezzar_ by his daughter,\nReigned four years, according to the Canon and _Berosus_, including the\nshort Reign of _Laboasserdach_ alone: for _Laboasserdach_, according to\n_Berosus_ and _Josephus_, Reigned nine months after the death of his\nfather, and then for his evil manners was slain in a feast, by the\nconspiracy of his friends with _Nabonnedus_ a _Babylonian_, to whom by\nconsent they gave the Kingdom: but these nine months are not reckoned apart\nin the Canon.\n\n_Nabonnedus_ or _Nabonadius_, according to the Canon, began his Reign in\nthe year of _Nabonassar_ 193, Reigned seventeen years, and ended his Reign\nin the year of _Nabonassar_ 210, being then vanquished and _Babylon_ taken\nby _Cyrus_.\n\n_Herodotus_ calls this last King of _Babylon_, _Labynitus_, and says that\nhe was the son of a former _Labynitus_, and of _Nitocris_ an eminent Queen\nof _Babylon_: by the father he seems to understand that _Labynitus_, who,\nas he tells us, was King of _Babylon_ when the great Eclipse of the Sun\npredicted by _Thales_ put an end to the five years war between the _Medes_\nand _Lydians_; and this was the great _Nebuchadnezzar_. _Daniel_ [393]\ncalls the last King of _Babylon_, _Belshazzar_, and saith that\n_Nebuchadnezzar_ was his father: and _Josephus_ tells us, [394] that the\nlast King of _Babylon_ was called _Naboandel_ by the _Babylonians_, and\nReigned seventeen years; and therefore he is the same King of _Babylon_\nwith _Nabonnedus_ or _Labynitus_; and this is more agreeable to sacred writ\nthan to make _Nabonnedus_ a stranger to the royal line: for all _nations\nwere to serve _Nebuchadnezzar_ and his posterity, till the very time of his\nland should come, and many nations should serve themselves of him_, _Jer._\nxxvii. 7. _Belshazzar_ was born and lived in honour before the fifth year\nof _Jeconiah_'s captivity, which was the eleventh year of\n_Nebuchadnezzar_'s Reign; and therefore he was above 34 years old at the\ndeath of _Evilmerodach_, and so could be no other King than _Nabonnedus_:\nfor _Laboasserdach_ the grandson of _Nebuchadnezzar_ was a child when he\nReigned.\n\n_Herodotus_ [395] tells us, that there were two famous Queens of _Babylon_,\n_Semiramis_ and _Nitocris_; and that the latter was more skilful: she\nobserving that the Kingdom of the _Medes_, having subdued many cities, and\namong others _Nineveh_, was become great and potent, intercepted and\nfortified the passages out of _Media_ into _Babylonia_; and the river which\nbefore was straight, she made crooked with great windings, that it might be\nmore sedate and less apt to overflow: and on the side of the river above\n_Babylon_, in imitation of the Lake of _Moeris_ in _Egypt_, she dug a Lake\nevery way forty miles broad, to receive the water of the river, and keep it\nfor watering the land. She built also a bridge over the river in the middle\nof _Babylon_, turning the stream into the Lake 'till the bridge was built.\n_Philostratus_ saith, [396] that she made a bridge under the river two\nfathoms broad, meaning an arched vault over which the river flowed, and\nunder which they might walk cross the river: he calls her [Greek: M\u00eadeia],\na _Mede_.\n\n_Berosus_ tells us, that _Nebuchadnezzar_ built a pensile garden upon\narches, because his wife was a _Mede_ and delighted in mountainous\nprospects, such as abounded in _Media_, but were wanting in _Babylonia_:\nshe was _Amyite_ the daughter of _Astyages_, and sister of _Cyaxeres_,\nKings of the _Medes_. _Nebuchadnezzar_ married her upon a league between\nthe two families against the King of _Assyria_: but _Nitocris_ might be\nanother woman who in the Reign of her son _Labynitus_, a voluptuous and\nvicious King, took care of his affairs, and for securing his Kingdom\nagainst the _Medes_, did the works above mentioned. This is that Queen\nmentioned in _Daniel_, chap. v. ver. 10.\n\n_Josephus_ [397] relates out of the _Tyrian_ records, that in the Reign of\n_Ithobalus_ King of _Tyre_, that city was besieged by _Nebuchadnezzar_\nthirteen years together: in the end of that siege _Ithobalus_ their King\nwas slain, _Ezek._ xxviii. 8, 9, 10. and after him, according to the\n_Tyrian_ records, Reigned _Baal_ ten years, _Ecnibalus_ and _Chelbes_ one\nyear, _Abbarus_ three months, _Mytgonus_ and _Gerastratus_ six years,\n_Balatorus_ one year, _Merbalus_ four years, and _Iromus_ twenty years: and\nin the fourteenth year of _Iromus_, say the _Tyrian_ records, the Reign of\n_Cyrus_ began in _Babylonia_; therefore the siege of _Tyre_ began 48 years\nand some months before the Reign of _Cyrus_ in _Babylonia_: it began when\n_Jerusalem_ had been newly taken and burnt, with the Temple, _Ezek._ xxvi\nand by consequence after the eleventh year of _Jeconiah_'s captivity, or\n160th year of _Nabonassar_, and therefore the Reign of _Cyrus_ in\n_Babylonia_ began after the year of _Nabonassar_ 208: it ended before the\neight and twentieth year of _Jeconiah_'s captivity, or 176th year of\n_Nabonassar_, _Ezek._ xxix. 17. and therefore the Reign of _Cyrus_ in\n_Babylonia_ began before the year of _Nabonassar_ 211. By this argument the\nfirst year of _Cyrus_ in _Babylonia_ was one of the two intermediate years\n209, 210. _Cyrus_ invaded _Babylonia_ in the year of _Nabonassar_ 209;\n[398] _Babylon_ held out, and the next year was taken, _Jer._ li. 39, 57.\nby diverting the river _Euphrates_, and entring the city through the\nemptied channel, and by consequence after midsummer: for the river, by the\nmelting of the snow in _Armenia_, overflows yearly in the beginning of\nsummer, but in the heat of dimmer grows low. [399] _And that night was the\nKing of _Babylon_ slain, and _Darius_ the _Mede_, or King of the _Medes_,\ntook the Kingdom being about threescore and two years old_: so then\n_Babylon_ was taken a month or two after the summer solstice, in the year\nof _Nabonassar_ 210; as the Canon also represents.\n\nThe Kings of the _Medes_ before _Cyrus_ were _Dejoces_, _Phraortes_,\n_Astyages_, _Cyaxeres_, or _Cyaxares_, and _Darius_: the three first\nReigned before the Kingdom grew great, the two last were great conquerors,\nand erected the Empire; for _\u00c6schylus_, who flourished in the Reigns of\n_Darius Hystaspis_, and _Xerxes_, and died in the 76th Olympiad, introduces\n_Darius_ thus complaining of those who persuaded his son _Xerxes_ to invade\n_Greece_; [400]\n\n  [Greek: Toigar sphin ergon estin exeirgasmenon]\n  [Greek: Megiston, aieimn\u00easton hoion oudep\u00f4,]\n  [Greek: To d' asty Sous\u00f4n exekein\u00f4sen peson;]\n  [Greek: Ex houte tim\u00ean Zeus anax t\u00eand' \u00f4pasen]\n  [Greek: En andra pas\u00eas Asiados m\u00ealotrophou]\n  [Greek: Tagein, echonta sk\u00eaptron euthynt\u00earion]\n  [Greek: M\u00eados gar \u00ean ho pr\u00f4tos h\u00eagem\u00f4n stratou;]\n  [Greek: Allos d' ekeinou pais tod' ergon \u00eanyse;]\n  [Greek: Phrenes gar autou thymon oiakostrophoun.]\n  [Greek: Tritos d' ap' autou Kyros, eudaim\u00f4n an\u00ear,] &c.\n\n  _They have done a work_\n  _The greatest, and most memorable, such as never happen'd,_\n  _For it has emptied the falling _Sufa_:_\n  _From the time that King_ Jupiter _granted this honour,_\n  _That one man should Reign over all fruitful _Asia_,_\n  _Having the imperial Scepter._\n  _For he that first led the Army was a _Mede_;_\n  _The next, who was his son, finisht the work,_\n  _For prudence directed his soul;_\n  _The third was _Cyrus_, a happy man_, &c.\n\nThe Poet here attributes the founding of the _Medo-Persian_ Empire to the\ntwo immediate predecessors of _Cyrus_, the first of which was a _Mede_, and\nthe second was his son: the second was _Darius_ the _Mede_, the immediate\npredecessor of _Cyrus_, according to _Daniel_; and therefore the first was\nthe father of _Darius_, that is, _Achsuerus_, _Assuerus_, _Oxyares_,\n_Axeres_, Prince _Axeres_, or _Cy-Axeres_, the word _Cy_ signifying a\nPrince: for _Daniel_ tells us, that _Darius_ was the son of _Achsuerus_, or\n_Ahasuerus_, as the _Masoretes_ erroneously call him, of the seed of the\n_Medes_, that is, of the seed royal: this is that _Assuerus_ who together\nwith _Nebuchadnezzar_ took and destroyed _Nineveh_, according to _Tobit_:\nwhich action is by the _Greeks_ ascribed to _Cyaxeres_, and by _Eupolemus_\nto _Astibares_, a name perhaps corruptly written for _Assuerus_. By this\nvictory over the _Assyrians_, and subversion of their Empire seated at\n_Nineveh_, and the ensuing conquests of _Armenia_, _Cappadocia_ and\n_Persia_, he began to extend the Reign of one man over all _Asia_; and his\nson _Darius_ the _Mede_, by conquering the Kingdoms of _Lydia_ and\n_Babylon_, finished the work: and the third King was _Cyrus_, a happy man\nfor his great successes under and against _Darius_, and large and peaceable\ndominion in his own Reign.\n\n_Cyrus_ lived seventy years, according to _Cicero_, and Reigned nine years\nover _Babylon_, according to _Ptolemy_'s Canon, and therefore was 61 years\nold at the taking of _Babylon_; at which time _Darius_ the _Mede_ was 62\nyears old, according to _Daniel_: and therefore _Darius_ was two\nGenerations younger than _Astyages_, the grandfather of _Cyrus_: for\n_Astyages_, according to both [401] _Herodotus_ and _Xenophon_, gave his\ndaughter _Mandane_ to _Cambyses_ a Prince of _Persia_, and by them became\nthe grandfather of _Cyrus_; and _Cyaxeres_ was the son of _Astyages_,\naccording [402] to _Xenophon_, and gave his Daughter to _Cyrus_. This\ndaughter, [403] saith _Xenophon_, was reported to be very handsome, and\nused to play with _Cyrus_ when they were both children, and to say that she\nwould marry him: and therefore they were much of the same age. _Xenophon_\nsaith that _Cyrus_ married her after the taking of _Babylon_; but she was\nthen an old woman: it's more probable that he married her while she was\nyoung and handsome, and he a young man; and that because he was the\nbrother-in-law of _Darius_ the King, he led the armies of the Kingdom until\nhe revolted: so then _Astyages_, _Cyaxeres_ and _Darius_ Reigned\nsuccessively over the _Medes_; and _Cyrus_ was the grandson of _Astyages_,\nand married the sister of _Darius_, and succeeded him in the Throne.\n\n_Herodotus_ therefore [404] hath inverted the order of the Kings _Astyages_\nand _Cyaxeres_, making _Cyaxeres_ to be the son and successor of\n_Phraortes_, and the father and predecessor of _Astyages_ the father of\n_Mandane_, and grandfather of _Cyrus_, and telling us, that this _Astyages_\nmarried _Ariene_ the daughter of _Alyattes_ King of _Lydia_, and was at\nlength taken prisoner and deprived of his dominion by _Cyrus_: and\n_Pausanias_ hath copied after _Herodotus_, in telling us that _Astyages_\nthe son of _Cyaxeres_ Reigned in _Media_ in the days of _Alyattes_ King of\n_Lydia_. _Cyaxeres_ had a son who married _Ariene_ the daughter of\n_Alyattes_; but this son was not the father of _Mandane_, and grandfather\nof _Cyrus_, but of the same age with _Cyrus_: and his true name is\npreserved in the name of the _Darics_, which upon the conquest of _Croesus_\nby the conduct of his General _Cyrus_, he coyned out of the gold and silver\nof the conquered _Lydians_: his name was therefore _Darius_, as he is\ncalled by _Daniel_; for _Daniel_ tells us, that this _Darius_ was a _Mede_,\nand that his father's name was _Assuerus_, that is _Axeres_ or _Cyaxeres_,\nas above: considering therefore that _Cyaxeres_ Reigned long, and that no\nauthor mentions more Kings of _Media_ than one called _Astyages_, and that\n_\u00c6schylus_ who lived in those days knew but of two great Monarchs of\n_Media_ and _Persia_, the father and the son, older than _Cyrus_; it seems\nto me that _Astyages_, the father of _Mandane_ and grandfather of _Cyrus_,\nwas the father and predecessor of _Cyaxeres_; and that the son and\nsuccessor of _Cyaxeres_ was called _Darius_. _Cyaxeres_, [405] according to\n_Herodotus_, Reigned 40 years, and his successor 35, and _Cyrus_, according\nto _Xenophon_, seven: _Cyrus_ died _Anno Nabonass._ 219, according to the\nCanon, and therefore _Cyaxeres_ died _Anno Nabonass._ 177, and began his\nReign _Anno Nabonass._ 137, and his father _Astyages_ Reigned 26 years,\nbeginning his Reign at the death of _Phraortes_, who was slain by the\n_Assyrians_, _Anno Nabonass._ 111, as above.\n\nOf all the Kings of the _Medes_, _Cyaxeres_ was greatest warrior.\n_Herodotus_ [406] saith that he was much more valiant than his ancestors,\nand that he was the first who divided the Kingdom into provinces, and\nreduced the irregular and undisciplined forces of the _Medes_ into\ndiscipline and order: and therefore by the testimony of _Herodotus_ he was\nthat King of the _Medes_ whom _\u00c6schylus_ makes the first conqueror and\nfounder of the Empire; for _Herodotus_ represents him and his son to have\nbeen the two immediate predecessors of _Cyrus_, erring only in the name of\nthe son. _Astyages_ did nothing glorious: in the beginning of his Reign a\ngreat body of _Scythians_ commanded by _Madyes_, [407] invaded _Media_ and\n_Parthia_, as above, and Reigned there about 28 years; but at length his\nson _Cyaxeres_ circumvented and slew them in a feast, and made the rest fly\nto their brethren in _Parthia_; and immediately after, in conjunction with\n_Nebuchadnezzar_, invaded and subverted the Kingdom of _Assyria_, and\ndestroyed _Nineveh_.\n\nIn the fourth year of _Jehoiakim_, which the _Jews_ reckon to be the first\nof _Nebuchadnezzar_, dating his Reign from his being made King by his\nfather, or from the month _Nisan_ preceding, when the victors had newly\nshared the Empire of the _Assyrians_, and in prosecuting their victory were\ninvading _Syria_ and _Phoenicia_, and were ready to invade the nations\nround about; God [408] threatned that _he would take all the families of\nthe North, _that is, the armies of the _Medes_,_ and _Nebuchadnezzar_ the\nKing of _Babylon_, and bring them against _Jud\u00e6a_ and against the nations\nround about, and utterly destroy those nations, and make them an\nastonishment and lasting desolations, and cause them all to drink the\nwine-cup of his fury_; and in particular, he names _the Kings of _Judah_\nand _Egypt_, and those of _Edom_, and _Moab_, and _Ammon_, and _Tyre_, and\n_Zidon_, and the Isles of the Sea, and _Arabia_, and _Zimri_, and all the\nKings of _Elam_, and all the Kings of the _Medes_, and all the Kings of the\nNorth, and the King of _Sesac_; and that after seventy years, he would also\npunish the King of _Babylon__. Here, in numbering the nations which should\nsuffer, he omits the _Assyrians_ as fallen already, and names the Kings of\n_Elam_ or _Persia_, and _Sesac_ or _Susa_, as distinct from those of the\n_Medes_ and _Babylonians_; and therefore the _Persians_ were not yet\nsubdued by the _Medes_, nor the King of _Susa_ by the _Chald\u00e6ans_; and as\nby the punishment of the King of _Babylon_ he means the conquest of\n_Babylon_ by the _Medes_; so by the punishment of the _Medes_ he seems to\nmean the conquest of the _Medes_ by _Cyrus_.\n\nAfter this, in the beginning of the Reign of _Zedekiah_, that is, in the\nninth year of _Nebuchadnezzar,_ God threatned that _he would give the\nKingdoms of _Edom_, _Moab_, and _Ammon_, and _Tyre_ and _Zidon_, into the\nhand of _Nebuchadnezzar_ King of _Babylon_, and that all the nations should\nserve him, and his son, and his son's son until the very time of his land\nshould come, and many nations and great Kings should serve themselves of\nhim_, Jer. xxvii. And at the same time God thus predicted the approaching\nconquest of the _Persians_ by the _Medes_ and their confederates: _Behold_,\nsaith he, _I will break the bow of _Elam_, the chief of their might: and\nupon _Elam_ will I bring the four winds from the four quarters of heaven,\nand will scatter them towards all those winds, and there shall be no nation\nwhither the outcasts of _Elam_ shall not come: for I will cause _Elam_ to\nbe dismayed before their enemies, and before them that seek their life; and\nI will bring evil upon them, even my fierce anger, saith the Lord; and I\nwill send the sword after them 'till I have consumed them; and I will set\nmy throne in _Elam_, and will destroy from thence the King and the Princes,\nsaith the Lord: but it shall come to pass in the latter days, _viz. in the\nReign of _Cyrus_,_ that I will bring again the captivity of _Elam_, saith\nthe Lord._ Jer. xlix. 35, _&c._ The _Persians_ were therefore hitherto a\nfree nation under their own King, but soon after this were invaded,\nsubdued, captivated, and dispersed into the nations round about, and\ncontinued in servitude until the Reign of _Cyrus_: and since the _Medes_\nand _Chald\u00e6ans_ did not conquer the _Persians_ 'till after the ninth year\nof _Nebuchadnezzar_, it gives us occasion to enquire what that active\nwarrior _Cyaxeres_ was doing next after the taking of _Nineveh_.\n\nWhen _Cyaxeres_ expelled the _Scythians_, [409] some of them made their\npeace with him, and staid in _Media_, and presented to him daily some of\nthe venison which they took in hunting: but happening one day to catch\nnothing, _Cyaxeres_ in a passion treated them with opprobrious language:\nthis they resented, and soon after killed one of the children of the\n_Medes_, dressed it like venison, and presented it to _Cyaxeres_, and then\nfled to _Alyattes_ King of _Lydia_; whence followed a war of five years\nbetween the two Kings _Cyaxeres_ and _Alyattes_: and thence I gather that\nthe Kingdoms of the _Medes_ and _Lydians_ were now contiguous, and by\nconsequence that _Cyaxeres_, soon after the conquest of _Nineveh_, seized\nthe regions belonging to the _Assyrians_, as far as to the river _Halys_.\nIn the sixth year of this war, in the midst of a battel between the two\nKings, there was a total Eclipse of the Sun, predicted by _Thales_; [410]\nand this Eclipse fell upon the 28th of _May_, _Anno Nabonass._ 163, forty\nand seven years before the taking of _Babylon_, and put an end to the\nbattel: and thereupon the two Kings made peace by the mediation of\n_Nebuchadnezzar_ King of _Babylon_, and _Syennesis_ King of _Cilicia_; and\nthe peace was ratified by a marriage, between _Darius_ the son of\n_Cyaxeres_ and _Ariene_ the daughter of _Alyattes_: _Darius_ was therefore\nfifteen or sixteen years old at the time of this marriage; for he was 62\nyears old at the taking of _Babylon_.\n\nIn the eleventh year of _Zedekiah's_ Reign, the year in which\n_Nebuchadnezzar_ took _Jerusalem_ and destroyed the Temple, _Ezekiel_\ncomparing the Kingdoms of the East to trees in the garden of _Eden_, thus\nmentions their being conquered by the Kings of the _Medes_ and _Chald\u00e6ans:\nBehold_, saith he, _the_ Assyrian _was a Cedar in_ Lebanon _with fair\nbranches,--his height was exalted above all the trees of the field,--and\nunder his shadow dwelt all great nations,--not any tree in the garden of\nGod was like unto him in his beauty:--but I have delivered him into the\nhand of the mighty one of the heathen,--I made the nations to shake at the\nsound of his fall, when I cast him down to the grave with them that descend\ninto the pit: and all the trees of _Eden_, the choice and best of\n_Lebanon_, all that drink water, shall be comforted in the nether parts of\nthe earth: they also went down into the grave with him, unto them that be\nslain with the sword, and they that were his arm, that dwelt under his\nshadow in the midst of the heathen,_ Ezek. xxxi.\n\nThe next year _Ezekiel_, in another prophesy, thus enumerates the principal\nnations who had been subdued and slaughtered by the conquering sword of\n_Cyaxeres_ and _Nebuchadnezzar_. __Asthur_ is there and all her company,\n_viz. in _Hades_ or the lower parts of the earth, where the dead bodies lay\nburied_, his graves are about him; all of them slain, fallen by the sword,\nwhich caused their terrour in the land of the living. There is _Elam_, and\nall her multitude round about her grave, all of them slain, fallen by the\nsword, which are gone down uncircumcised into the nether parts of the\nearth, which caused their terrour in the land of the living: yet have they\nborn their shame with them that go down into the pit.--There is _Meshech_,\n_Tubal_, and all her multitude [411]; her graves are round about him: all\nof them uncircumcised, slain by the sword, though they caused their terrour\nin the land of the living.--There is _Edom_, her Kings, and all her\nPrinces, which with their might are laid by them that were slain by the\nsword.--There be the Princes of the North all of them, and all the\n_Zidonians_, which with their terrour are gone down with the slain_, Ezek.\nxxxii. Here by the Princes of the North I understand those on the north of\n_Jud\u00e6a_, and chiefly the Princes of _Armenia_ and _Cappadocia_, who fell in\nthe wars which _Cyaxeres_ made in reducing those countries after the taking\nof _Nineveh_. _Elam_ or _Persia_ was conquered by the _Medes_, and\n_Susiana_ by the _Babylonians_, after the ninth, and before the nineteenth\nyear of _Nebuchadnezzar_: and therefore we cannot err much if we place\nthese conquests in the twelfth or fourteenth year of _Nebuchadnezzar_: in\nthe nineteenth, twentieth, and one and twentieth year of this King, he\ninvaded and [412] conquered _Jud\u00e6a_, _Moab_, _Ammon_, _Edom_, the\n_Philistims_ and _Zidon_; and [413] the next year he besieged _Tyre_, and\nafter a siege of thirteen years he took it, in the 35th year of his Reign;\nand then he [414] invaded and conquered _Egypt_, _Ethiopia_ and _Libya_;\nand about eighteen or twenty years after the death of this King, _Darius_\nthe _Mede_ conquered the Kingdom of _Sardes_; and after five or six years\nmore he invaded and conquered the Empire of _Babylon_: and thereby finished\nthe work of propagating the _Medo-Persian_ Monarchy over all _Asia_, as\n_\u00c6schylus_ represents.\n\nNow this is that _Darius_ who coined a great number of pieces of pure gold\ncalled _Darics_, or _Stateres Darici:_ for _Suidas_, _Harpocration_, and\nthe Scholiast of _Aristophanes_> [415] tell us, that these were coined not\nby the father of _Xerxes_, but by an earlier _Darius_, by _Darius_ the\nfirst, by the first King of the _Medes_ and _Persians_ who coined gold\nmoney. They were stamped on one side with the effigies of an Archer, who\nwas crowned with a spiked crown, had a bow in his left hand, and an arrow\nin his right, and was cloathed with a long robe; I have seen one of them in\ngold, and another in silver: they were of the same weight and value with\nthe _Attic Stater_ or piece of gold money weighing two _Attic_ drachms.\n_Darius_ seems to have learnt the art and use of money from the conquered\nKingdom of the _Lydians_, and to have recoined their gold: for the _Medes_,\nbefore they conquered the _Lydians_, had no money. _Herodotus_ [416] tells\nus, that _when_ Croesus _was preparing to invade_ Cyrus, _a certain\n_Lydian_ called _Sandanis_ advised him, that he was preparing an expedition\nagainst a nation who were cloathed with leathern breeches, who eat not such\nvictuals as they would, but such as their barren country afforded; who\ndrank no wine, but water only, who eat no figs nor other good meat, who had\nnothing to lose, but might get much from the _Lydians__: _for the\n_Persians__, saith _Herodotus_, _before they conquered the _Lydians_, had\nnothing rich or valuable_: and [417] _Isaiah_ tells us, that _the _Medes_\nregarded not silver, nor delighted in gold_; but the _Lydians_ and\n_Phrygians_ were exceeding rich, even to a proverb: _Midas & Croesus_,\nsaith [418] _Pliny, infinitum possederant. Jam Cyrus devicta Asia_ [auri]\n_pondo xxxiv millia invenerat, pr\u00e6ter vasa aurea aurumque factum, & in eo\nfolia ac platanum vitemque. Qua victoria argenti quingenta millia\ntalentorum reportavit, & craterem Semiramidis cujus pondus quindecim\ntalentorum colligebat. Talentum autem \u00c6gyptium pondo octoginta capere Varro\ntradit._ What the conqueror did with all this gold and silver appears by\nthe _Darics_. The _Lydians_, according to [419] _Herodotus_, were the first\nwho coined gold and silver, and _Croesus_ coined gold monies in plenty,\ncalled _Croesei_; and it was not reasonable that the monies of the Kings of\n_Lydia_ should continue current after the overthrow of their Kingdom, and\ntherefore _Darius_ recoined it with his own effigies, but without altering\nthe current weight and value: he Reigned then from before the conquest of\n_Sardes_ 'till after the conquest of _Babylon_.\n\nAnd since the cup of _Semiramis_ was preserved 'till the conquest of\n_Croesus_ by _Darius_, it is not probable that she could be older than is\nrepresented by _Herodotus_.\n\nThis conquest of the Kingdom of _Lydia_ put the _Greeks_ into fear of the\n_Medes_: for _Theognis_, who lived at _Megara_ in the very times of these\nwars, writes thus, [420]\n\n  [Greek: Pin\u00f4men, charienta met' all\u00ealoisi legontes,]\n    [Greek: M\u00eaden ton M\u00ead\u00f4n deidiotes polemon.]\n\n  _Let us drink, talking pleasant things with one another,_\n    _Not fearing the war of the _Medes_._\n\nAnd again, [421]\n\n  [Greek: Autos de straton hybrist\u00ean M\u00ead\u00f4n aperyke]\n    [Greek: T\u00easde poleus, hina soi laoi en euphrosyn\u00eai]\n  [Greek: \u00caros eperchomenou kleitas pemp\u00f4s' hekatombas,]\n    [Greek: Terpomenoi kithar\u00ea kai erat\u00eai thali\u00eai,]\n  [Greek: Paian\u00f4nte chorois, iach\u00f4si te, son peri b\u00f4mon.]\n    [Greek: \u00ca gar eg\u00f4ge dedoik', aphradi\u00ean esor\u00f4n]\n  [Greek: Kai stasin Hell\u00ean\u00f4n laophthoron; alla sy Phoibe,]\n    [Greek: Hilaos h\u00eameter\u00ean t\u00eande phylasse polin.]\n\n  _Thou _Apollo_ drive away the injurious army of the _Medes__\n    _From this city, that the people may with joy_\n  _Send thee choice hecatombs in the spring,_\n    _Delighted with the harp and chearful feasting,_\n  _And chorus's of _Poeans_ and acclamations about thy altar_.\n    _For truly I am afraid, beholding the folly_\n  _And sedition of the _Greeks_, which corrupts the people: but thou\n      _Apollo_,_\n    _Being propitious, keep this our city._\n\nThe Poet tells us further that discord had destroyed _Magnesia_,\n_Colophon_, and _Smyrna_, cities of _Ionia_ and _Phrygia_, and would\ndestroy the _Greeks_; which is as much as to say that the _Medes_ had then\nconquered those cities.\n\nThe _Medes_ therefore Reigned 'till the taking of _Sardes_: and further,\naccording to _Xenophon_ and the Scriptures, they Reigned 'till the taking\nof _Babylon_: for _Xenophon_ [422] tells us, that after the taking of\n_Babylon_, _Cyrus_ went to the King of the _Medes_ at _Ecbatane_ and\nsucceeded him in the Kingdom: and _Jerom_, [423] _that _Babylon_ was taken\nby _Darius_ King of the _Medes_ and his kinsman _Cyrus__: and the\nScriptures tell us, that _Babylon_ was destroyed by _a nation out of the\nnorth_, _Jerem_. l. 3, 9, 41. by _the Kingdoms of _Ararat Minni, or\n_Armenia__, and _Ashchenez, or _Phrygia minor___, _Jer_. li. 27. by the\n_Medes_, _Isa._ xiii. 17, 19. _by the Kings of the _Medes_ and the captains\nand rulers thereof, and all the land of his dominion_, _Jer_. li. 11, 28.\nThe Kingdom of _Babylon_ was _numbred and finished and broken and given to\nthe _Medes_ and _Persians__, _Dan._ v. 26. 28. first to the _Medes_ under\n_Darius_, and then to the _Persians_ under _Cyrus_: for _Darius_ Reigned\nover _Babylon_ like a conqueror, not observing the laws of the\n_Babylonians_, but introducing the immutable laws of the conquering\nnations, the _Medes_ and _Persians_, _Dan._ vi. 8, 12, 15; and the _Medes_\nin his Reign are set before the _Persians_, _Dan._ ib. & v. 28, & viii. 20.\nas the _Persians_ were afterwards in the Reign of _Cyrus_ and his\nsuccessors set before the _Medes_, _Esther_ i. 3, 14, 18, 19. _Dan._ x. 1,\n20. and xi. 2. which shews that in the Reign of _Darius_ the _Medes_ were\nuppermost.\n\nYou may know also by the great number of provinces in the Kingdom of\n_Darius_, that he was King of the _Medes_ and _Persians_: for upon the\nconquest of _Babylon_, he set over the whole Kingdom an hundred and twenty\nPrinces, _Dan._ vi. 1. and afterwards when _Cambyses_ and _Darius\nHystaspis_ had added some new territories, the whole contained but 127\nprovinces.\n\nThe extent of the _Babylonian_ Empire was much the same with that of\n_Nineveh_ after the revolt of the _Medes_. _Berosus_ saith that\n_Nebuchadnezzar_ held _Egypt_, _Syria_, _Phoenicia_ and _Arabia_: and\n_Strabo_ adds _Arbela_ to the territories of _Babylon_; and saying that\n_Babylon_ was anciently the metropolis of _Assyria_, he thus describes the\nlimits of this _Assyrian_ Empire. _Contiguous_, [424] saith he, _to\n_Persia_ and _Susiana_ are the _Assyrians_: for so they call _Babylonia_,\nand the greatest part of the region about it: part of which is _Arturia_,\nwherein is _Ninus [_or_ Nineveh;]_ and _Apolloniatis_, and the _Elym\u00e6ans_,\nand the _Par\u00e6tac\u00e6_, and _Chalonitis_ by the mountain _Zagrus_, and the\nfields near _Ninus_, and _Dolomene_, and _Chalachene_, and _Chazene_, and\n_Adiabene_, and the nations of _Mesopotamia_ near the _Gordy\u00e6ans_, and the\n_Mygdones_ about _Nisibis_, unto _Zeugma_ upon _Euphrates_; and a large\nregion on this side _Euphrates_ inhabited by the _Arabians_ and _Syrians_\nproperly so called, as far as _Cilicia_ and _Phoenicia_ and _Libya_ and the\nsea of _Egypt_ and the _Sinus Issicus__: and a little after describing the\nextent of the _Babylonian_ region, he bounds it on the north, with the\n_Armenians_ and _Medes_ unto the mountain _Zagrus_; on the east side, with\n_Susa_ and _Elymais_ and _Par\u00e6tacene_, inclusively; on the south, with the\n_Persian Gulph_ and _Chald\u00e6a_; and on the west, with the _Arabes Scenit\u00e6_\nas far as _Adiabene_ and _Gordy\u00e6a_: afterwards speaking of _Susiana_ and\n_Sitacene_, a region between _Babylon_ and _Susa_, and of _Par\u00e6tacene_ and\n_Coss\u00e6a_ and _Elymais_, and of the _Sagapeni_ and _Siloceni_, two little\nadjoining Provinces, he concludes, [425] _and these are the nations which\ninhabit _Babylonia_ eastward: to the north are _Media_ and _Armenia_,\n_exclusively_, and westward are _Adiabene_ and _Mesopotamia_,\n_inclusively_; the greatest part of _Adiabene_ is plain, the same being\npart of _Babylonia_: in same places it borders on _Armenia_: for the\n_Medes_, _Armenians_ and _Babylonians_ warred frequently on one another_.\nThus far _Strabo_.\n\nWhen _Cyrus_ took _Babylon_, he changed the Kingdom into a Satrapy or\nProvince: whereby the bounds were long after known: and by this means\n_Herodotus_ [426] gives us an estimate of the bigness of this Monarchy in\nproportion to that of the _Persians_, telling us that _whilst every region\nover which the King of _Persia_ Reigned in his days, was distributed for\nthe nourishment of his army, besides the tributes, the _Babylonian_ region\nnourished him four months of the twelve in the year, and all the rest of\n_Asia_ eight: so the power of the region_, saith he, _is equivalent to the\nthird part of _Asia_, and its Principality, which the _Persians_ call a\n_Satrapy_, is far the best of all the Provinces_.\n\n_Babylon_ [427] was a square city of 120 furlongs, or 15 miles on every\nside, compassed first with a broad and deep ditch, and then with a wall\nfifty cubits thick, and two hundred high. _Euphrates_ flowed through the\nmiddle of it southward, a few leagues on this side _Tigris_: and in the\nmiddle of one half westward stood the King's new Palace, built by\n_Nebuchadnezzar_; and in the middle of the other half stood the Temple of\n_Belus_, with the old Palace between that Temple and the river: this old\nPalace was built by the _Assyrians_, according to [428] _Isaiah_, and by\nconsequence, by _Pul_ and his son _Nabonassar_, as above: _they founded the\ncity for the _Arabians_, and set up the towers thereof, and raised the\nPalaces thereof_: and at that time _Sabacon_ the _Ethiopian_ invaded\n_Egypt_, and made great multitudes of _Egyptians_ fly from him into\n_Chald\u00e6a_, and carry thither their Astronomy, and Astrology, and\nArchitecture, and the form of their year, which they preserved there in the\n_\u00c6ra_ of _Nabonassar_: for the practice of observing the Stars began in\n_Egypt_ in the days of _Ammon_, as above, and was propagated from thence in\nthe Reign of his son _Sesac_ into _Afric_, _Europe_, and _Asia_ by\nconquest; and then _Atlas_ formed the Sphere of the _Libyans_, and _Chiron_\nthat of the _Greeks_, and the _Chald\u00e6ans_ also made a Sphere of their own.\nBut Astrology was invented in _Egypt_ by _Nichepsos_, or _Necepsos_, one of\nthe Kings of the lower _Egypt_, and _Petosiris_ his Priest, a little before\nthe days of _Sabacon_, and propagated thence into _Chald\u00e6a_, where\n_Zoroaster_ the Legislator of the _Magi_ met with it: so _Paulinus_,\n\n  _Quique magos docuit mysteria vana Necepsos_:\n\nAnd _Diodorus_, [429] _they say that the _Chald\u00e6ans_ in _Babylonia_ are\ncolonies of the _Egyptians_, and being taught by the Priests of _Egypt_\nbecame famous for Astrology_. By the influence of the same colonies, the\nTemple of _Jupiter Belus_ in _Babylon_ seems to have been erected in the\nform of the _Egyptian_ Pyramids: for [430] this Temple was a solid Tower or\nPyramid a furlong square, and a furlong high, with seven retractions, which\nmade it appear like eight towers standing upon one another, and growing\nless and less to the top: and in the eighth tower was a Temple with a bed\nand a golden table, kept by a woman, after the manner of the _Egyptians_ in\nthe Temple of _Jupiter Ammon_ at _Thebes_; and above the Temple was a place\nfor observing the Stars: they went up to the top of it by steps on the\noutside, and the bottom was compassed with a court, and the court with a\nbuilding two furlongs in length on every side.\n\nThe _Babylonians_ were extreamly addicted to Sorcery, Inchantments,\nAstrology and Divinations, _Isa._ xlvii. 9, 12, 13. _Dan._ ii. 2, & v. 11.\nand to the worship of Idols, _Jer._ l. 2, 40. and to feasting, wine and\nwomen. _Nihil urbis ejus corruptius moribus, nec ad irritandas\nilliciendasque immodicas voluptates instructius. Liberos conjugesque cum\nhospitibus stupro coire, modo pretium flagitii detur, parentes maritique\npatiuntur. Convivales ludi tota Perside regibus purpuratisque cordi sunt:\nBabylonii maxime in vinum & qu\u00e6 ebrietatem sequuntur effusi sunt. F\u00e6minarum\nconvivia ineuntium in principio modestus est habitus; dein summa qu\u00e6que\namicula exuunt, paulatimque pudorem profanant: ad ultimum, honos auribus\nsit, ima corporum velamenta projiciunt. Nec meretricum hoc dedecus est, sed\nmatronarum virginumque, apud quas comitas habetur vulgati corporis\nvilitas._ _Q. Curtius_, lib. v. cap. 1. And this lewdness of their women,\ncoloured over with the name of civility, was encouraged even by their\nreligion: for it was the custom for their women once in their life to sit\nin the Temple of _Venus_ for the use of strangers; which Temple they called\n_Succoth Benoth_, the Temple of Women: and when any woman was once sat\nthere, she was not to depart 'till some stranger threw money into her\nbosom, took her away and lay with her; and the money being for sacred uses,\nshe was obliged to accept of it how little soever, and follow the stranger.\n\nThe _Persians_ being conquered by the _Medes_ about the middle of the Reign\nof _Zedekiah_, continued in subjection under them 'till the end of the\nReign of _Darius_ the _Mede_: and _Cyrus_, who was of the Royal Family of\nthe _Persians_, might be _Satrapa_ of _Persia_, and command a body of their\nforces under _Darius_; but was not yet an absolute and independant King:\nbut after the taking of _Babylon_, when he had a victorious army at his\ndevotion, and _Darius_ was returned from _Babylon_ into _Media_, he\nrevolted from _Darius_, in conjunction with the _Persians_ under him; [431]\nthey being incited thereunto by _Harpagus_ a _Mede_, whom _Xenophon_ calls\n_Artagerses_ and _Atabazus_, and who had assisted _Cyrus_ in conquering\n_Croesus_ and _Asia minor_, and had been injured by _Darius_. _Harpagus_\nwas sent by _Darius_ with an army against _Cyrus_, and in the midst of a\nbattel revolted with part of the army to _Cyrus_: _Darius_ got up a fresh\narmy, and the next year the two armies fought again: this last battel was\nfought at _Pasargad\u00e6_ in _Persia_, according to [432] _Strabo_; and there\n_Darius_ was beaten and taken Prisoner by _Cyrus_, and the Monarchy was by\nthis victory translated to the _Persians_. The last King of the _Medes_ is\nby _Xenophon_ called _Cyaxares_, and by _Herodotus_, _Astyages_ the father\nof _Mandane_: but these Kings were dead before, and _Daniel_ lets us know\nthat _Darius_ was the true name of the last King, and _Herodotus_, [433]\nthat the last King was conquered by _Cyrus_ in the manner above described;\nand the _Darics_ coined by the last King testify that his name was\n_Darius_.\n\nThis victory over _Darius_ was about two years after the taking of\n_Babylon_: for the Reign or _Nabonnedus_ the last King of the _Chaldees_,\nwhom _Josephus_ calls _Naboandel_ and _Belshazzar_, ended in the year of\n_Nabonassar_ 210, nine years before the death of _Cyrus_, according to the\nCanon: but after the translation of the Kingdom of the _Medes_ to the\n_Persians_, _Cyrus_ Reigned only seven years, according to [434]\n_Xenophon_; and spending the seven winter months yearly at _Babylon_, the\nthree spring months yearly at _Susa_, and the two Summer months at\n_Ecbatane_, he came the seventh time into _Persia_, and died there in the\nspring, and was buried at _Pasargadae_. By the Canon and the common consent\nof all Chronologers, he died in the year of _Nabonassar_ 219, and therefore\nconquered _Darius_ in the year of _Nabonassar_ 212, seventy and two years\nafter the destruction of _Nineveh_, and beat him the first time in the year\nof _Nabonassar_ 211, and revolted from him, and became King of the\n_Persians_, either the same year, or in the end of the year before. At his\ndeath he was seventy years old according to _Herodotus_, and therefore he\nwas born in the year of _Nabonassar_ 149, his mother _Mandane_ being the\nsister of _Cyaxeres_, at that time a young man, and also the sister of\n_Amyite_ the wife of _Nebuchadnezzar_, and his father _Cambyses_ being of\nthe old Royal Family of the _Persians_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nCHAP. V.\n\n_A Description of the _TEMPLE_ of _Solomon_._\n\n[435] The Temple of _Solomon_ being destroyed by the _Babylonians_, it may\nnot be amiss here to give a description of that edifice.\n\nThis [436] Temple looked eastward, and stood in a square area, called the\n_Separate Place_: and [437] before it stood the _Altar_, in the center of\nanother square area, called the _Inner Court_, or _Court of the Priests_:\nand these two square areas, being parted only by a marble rail, made an\narea 200 cubits long from west to east, and 100 cubits broad: this area was\ncompassed on the west with a wall, and [438] on the other three sides with\na pavement fifty cubits broad, upon which stood the buildings for the\nPriests, with cloysters under them: and the pavement was faced on the\ninside with a marble rail before the cloysters: the whole made an area 250\ncubits long from west to east, and 200 broad, and was compassed with an\noutward Court, called also the _Great Court_, or _Court of the People_,\n[439] which was an hundred cubits on every side; for there were but two\nCourts built by _Solomon_: and the outward Court was about four cubits\nlower than the inward, and was compassed on the west with a wall, and on\nthe other three sides [440] with a pavement fifty cubits broad, upon which\nstood the buildings for the People. All this was the [441] _Sanctuary_, and\nmade a square area 500 cubits long, and 500 broad, and was compassed with a\nwalk, called the _Mountain of the House_: and this walk being 50 cubits\nbroad, was compassed with a wall six cubits broad, and six high, and six\nhundred long on every side: and the cubit was about 21\u00bd, or almost 22\ninches of the _English_ foot, being the sacred cubit of the _Jews_, which\nwas an hand-breadth, or the sixth part of its length bigger than the common\ncubit.\n\nThe _Altar_ stood in the center of the whole; and in the buildings of [442]\nboth Courts over against the middle of the _Altar_, eastward, southward,\nand northward, were gates [443] 25 cubits broad between the buildings, and\n40 long; with porches of ten cubits more, looking towards the _Altar\nCourt_, which made the whole length of the gates fifty cubits cross the\npavements. Every gate had two doors, one at either [444] end, ten cubits\nwide, and twenty high, with posts and thresholds six cubits broad: within\nthe gates was an area 28 cubits long between the thresholds, and 13 cubits\nwide: and on either side of this area were three posts, each six cubits\nsquare, and twenty high, with arches five cubits wide between them: all\nwhich posts and arches filled the 28 cubits in length between the\nthresholds; and their breadth being added to the thirteen cubits, made the\nwhole breadth of the gates 25 cubits. These posts were hollow, and had\nrooms in them with narrow windows for the porters, and a step before them a\ncubit broad: and the walls of the porches being six cubits thick, were also\nhollow for several uses. [445] At the east gate of the _Peoples Court_,\ncalled the _King's gate_, [446] were six porters, at the south gate were\nfour, and at the north gate were four: the people [447] went in and out at\nthe south and north gates: the [448] east gate was opened only for the\nKing, and in this gate he ate the Sacrifices. There were also four gates or\ndoors in the western wall of the _Mountain of the House_: of these [449]\nthe most northern, called _Shallecheth_, or the _gate of the causey_, led\nto the King's palace, the valley between being filled up with a causey: the\nnext gate, called _Parbar_, led to the suburbs _Millo_: the third and\nfourth gates, called _Asuppim_, led the one to _Millo_, the other to the\ncity of _Jerusalem_, there being steps down into the valley and up again\ninto the city. At the gate _Shallecheth_ were four porters; at the other\nthree gates were six porters, two at each gate: the house of the porters\nwho had the charge of the north gate of the _People's Court_, had also the\ncharge of the gates _Shallecheth_ and _Parbar_: and the house of the\nporters who had the charge of the south gate of the _People s Court_, had\nalso the charge of the other two gates called _Asuppim_.\n\nThey came through the four western gates into the _Mountain of the House_,\nand [450] went up from the _Mountain of the House_, to the gates of the\n_People's Court_ by seven steps, and from the _People's Court_ to the gates\nof the _Priest's Court_ by eight steps: [451] and the arches in the sides\nof the gates of both courts led into cloysters [452] under a double\nbuilding, supported by three rows of marble pillars, which butted directly\nupon the middles of the square posts, ran along from thence upon the\npavements towards the corners of the Courts: the axes of the pillars in the\nmiddle row being eleven cubits distant from the axes of the pillars in the\nother two rows on either hand; and the building joining to the sides of the\ngates: the pillars were three cubits in diameter below, and their bases\nfour cubits and an half square. The gates and buildings of both Courts were\nalike, and [453] faced their Courts: the cloysters of all the buildings,\nand the porches of all the gates looking towards the _Altar_. The row of\npillars on the backsides of the cloysters adhered to marble walls, which\nbounded the cloysters and supported the buildings: [454] these buildings\nwere three stories high above the cloysters, and [455] were supported in\neach of those stories by a row of cedar beams, or pillars of cedar,\nstanding above the middle row of the marble pillars: the buildings on\neither side of every gate of the _People's Court_, being 187\u00bd cubits long,\nwere distinguished into five chambers on a floor, running in length from\nthe gates to the corners or the Courts: there [456] being in all thirty\nchambers in a story, where the People ate the Sacrifices, or thirty\nexhedras, each of which contained three chambers, a lower, a middle, and an\nupper: every exhedra was 37\u00bd cubits long, being supported by four pillars\nin each row, [457] whose bases were 4\u00bd cubits square, and the distances\nbetween their bases 6\u00bd cubits, and the distances between the axes of the\npillars eleven cubits: and where two [458] exhedras joyned, there the bases\nof their pillars joyned; the axes of those two pillars being only 4\u00bd cubits\ndistant from one another: and perhaps for strengthning the building, the\nspace between the axes of these two pillars in the front was filled up with\na marble column 4\u00bd cubits square, the two pillars standing half out on\neither side of the square column. At the ends of these buildings [459] in\nthe four corners of the _Peoples Court_, were little Courts fifty cubits\nsquare on the outside of their walls, and forty on the inside thereof, for\nstair-cases to the buildings, and kitchins to bake and boil the Sacrifices\nfor the People, the kitchin being thirty cubits broad, and the stair-case\nten. The buildings on either side of the gates of the _Priests Court_ were\nalso 37\u00bd cubits long, and contained each of them one great chamber in a\nstory, subdivided into smaller rooms, for the Great Officers of the Temple,\nand Princes of the Priests: and in the south-east and north-east corners of\nthis court, at the ends of the buildings, were kitchins and stair-cases for\nthe Great Officers; and perhaps rooms for laying up wood for the _Altar_.\n\nIn the eastern gate of the _Peoples Court_, sat a Court of Judicature,\ncomposed of 23 Elders. The eastern gate of the _Priests Court_, with the\nbuildings on either side, was for the High-Priest, and his deputy the\n_Sagan_, and for the _Sanhedrim_ or Supreme Court of Judicature, composed\nof seventy Elders. [460] The building or exhedra on the eastern side of the\nsouthern gate, was for the Priests who had the oversight of the charge of\nthe _Sanctuary_ with its treasuries: and these were, first, two\n_Catholikim_, who were High-Treasurers and Secretaries to the High-Priest,\nand examined, stated, and prepared all acts and accounts to be signed and\nsealed by him; then seven _Amarcholim_, who kept the keys of the seven\nlocks of every gate of the _Sanctuary_, and those also of the treasuries,\nand had the oversight, direction, and appointment of all things in the\n_Sanctuary_; then three or more _Gisbarim_, or Under-Treasurers, or\nReceivers, who kept the Holy Vessels, and the Publick Money, and received\nor disposed of such sums as were brought in for the service of the Temple,\nand accounted for the same. All these, with the High-Priest, composed the\nSupreme Council for managing the affairs of the Temple.\n\nThe Sacrifices [461] were killed on the northern side of the _Altar_, and\nflea'd, cut in pieces and salted in the northern gate of the Temple; and\ntherefore the building or exhedra on the eastern side of this gate, was for\nthe Priests who had the oversight of the charge of the _Altar_, and Daily\nService: and these Officers were, He that received money of the People for\npurchasing things for the Sacrifices, and gave out tickets for the same; He\nthat upon sight of the tickets delivered the wine, flower and oyl\npurchased; He that was over the lots, whereby every Priest attending on the\n_Altar_ had his duty assigned; He that upon sight of the tickets delivered\nout the doves and pigeons purchased; He that administred physic to the\nPriests attending; He that was over the waters; He that was over the times,\nand did the duty of a cryer, calling the Priests or Levites to attend in\ntheir ministeries; He that opened the gates in the morning to begin the\nservice, and shut them in the evening when the service was done, and for\nthat end received the keys of the _Amarcholim_, and returned them when he\nhad done his duty; He that visited the night-watches; He that by a Cymbal\ncalled the Levites to their stations for singing; He that appointed the\nHymns and set the Tune; and He that took care of the Shew-Bread: there were\nalso Officers who took care of the Perfume, the Veil, and the Wardrobe of\nthe Priests.\n\nThe exhedra on the western side of the south gate, and that on the western\nside of the north gate, were for the Princes of the four and twenty courses\nof the Priests, one exhedra for twelve of the Princes, [462] and the other\nexhedra for the other twelve: and upon the pavement on either side of the\n_Separate Place_ [463] were other buildings without cloysters, for the four\nand twenty courses of the Priests to eat the Sacrifices, and lay up their\ngarments and the most holy things: each pavement being 100 cubits long, and\n50 broad, had buildings on either side of it twenty cubits broad, with a\nwalk or alley ten cubits broad between them: the building which bordered\nupon the _Separate Place_ was an hundred cubits long, and that next the\n_Peoples Court_ but fifty, the other fifty cubits westward [464] being for\na stair-case and kitchin: these buildings [465] were three stories high,\nand the middle story was narrower in the front than the lower story, and\nthe upper story still narrower, to make room for galleries; for they had\ngalleries before them, and under the galleries were closets for laying up\nthe holy things, and the garments of the Priests, and these galleries were\ntowards the walk or alley, which ran between the buildings.\n\nThey went up from the _Priests Court_ to the Porch of the Temple by ten\nsteps: and the [466] House of the Temple was twenty cubits broad, and sixty\nlong within; or thirty broad, and seventy long, including the walls; or\nseventy cubits broad, and 90 long, including a building of\ntreasure-chambers which was twenty cubits broad on three sides of the\nHouse; and if the Porch be also included, the Temple was [467] an hundred\ncubits long. The treasure-chambers were built of cedar, between the wall of\nthe Temple, and another wall without: they were [468] built in two rows\nthree stories high, and opened door against door into a walk or gallery\nwhich ran along between them, and was five cubits broad in every story; So\nthat the breadth of the chambers on either side of the gallery, including\nthe breadth of the wall to which they adjoined, was ten cubits; and the\nwhole breadth of the gallery and chambers, and both walls, was five and\ntwenty cubits: the chambers [469] were five cubits broad in the lower\nstory, six broad in the middle story, and seven broad in the upper story;\nfor the wall of the Temple was built with retractions of a cubit, to rest\nthe timber upon. _Ezekiel_ represents the chambers a cubit narrower, and\nthe walls a cubit thicker than they were in _Solomon_'s Temple: there were\n[470] thirty chambers in a story, in all ninety chambers, and they were\nfive cubits high in every story. The [471] Porch of the Temple was 120\ncubits high, and its length from south to north equalled the breadth of the\nHouse: the House was three stories high, which made the height of the _Holy\nPlace_ three times thirty cubits, and that of the _Most Holy_ three times\ntwenty: the upper rooms were treasure-chambers; they [472] went up to the\nmiddle chamber by winding stairs in the southern shoulder of the House, and\nfrom the middle into the upper.\n\nSome time after this Temple was built, the _Jews_ [473] added a _New\nCourt_, on the eastern side of the _Priests Court_, before the _King's\ngate_, and therein built [474] a covert for the Sabbath: this Court was not\nmeasured by _Ezekiel_, but the dimensions thereof may be gathered from\nthose of the _Womens Court_, in the second Temple, built after the example\nthereof: for when _Nebuchadnezzar_ had destroyed the first Temple,\n_Zerubbabel_, by the commissions of _Cyrus_ and _Darius_, built another\nupon the same area, excepting the _Outward Court_, which was left open to\nthe _Gentiles_: and this Temple [475] was sixty cubits long, and sixty\nbroad, being only two stories in height, and having only one row of\ntreasure-chambers about it: and on either side of the _Priests Court_ were\ndouble buildings for the Priests, built upon three rows of marble pillars\nin the lower story, with a row of cedar beams or pillars in the stories\nabove: and the cloyster in the lower story looked towards the _Priests\nCourt_: and the _Separate Place_, and _Priests Court_, with their buildings\non the north and south sides, and the _Womens Court_, at the east end, took\nup an area three hundred cubits long, and two hundred broad, the _Altar_\nstanding in the center of the whole. The _Womens Court_ was so named,\nbecause the women came into it as well as the men: there were galleries for\nthe women, and the men worshipped upon the ground below: and in this state\nthe second Temple continued all the Reign of the _Persians_; but afterwards\nsuffered some alterations, especially in the days of _Herod_.\n\nThis description of the Temple being taken principally from _Ezekiel_'s\nVision thereof; and the ancient _Hebrew_ copy followed by the Seventy,\ndiffering in some readings from the copy followed by the editors of the\npresent _Hebrew_, I will here subjoin that part of the Vision which relates\nto the _Outward Court_, as I have deduced it from the present _Hebrew_, and\nthe version of the Seventy compared together.\n\nEzekiel chap. xl. ver. 5, &c.\n\n[476] _And behold a wall on the outside of the House round about_, at the\ndistance of fifty cubits from it, aabb: _and in the man's hand a measuring\nreed six cubits long by the cubit, and an hand-breadth: so he measured the\nbreadth of the building, _or wall_, one reed, and the height one reed.\n_[477]_ Then came he unto the gate _of the House_, which looketh towards\nthe east, and went up the seven steps thereof, _AB_, and measured the\nthreshold of the gate, _CD_, which was one reed broad, and the _Porters_\nlittle chamber, _EFG_, one reed long, and one reed broad; and the arched\npassage between the little chambers, _FH_, five cubits: and the second\nlittle chamber, _HIK_, a reed broad and a reed long; and the arched\npassage, _IL_, five cubits: and the third little chamber _LMN_, a reed long\nand a reed broad: and the threshold of the gate next the porch of the gate\nwithin, _OP_, one reed: and he measured the porch of the gate, _QR_, eight\ncubits; and the posts thereof _ST_, _st_, two cubits; and the porch of the\ngate, _QR_, was inward, _or toward the inward court_; and the little\nchambers, _EF_, _HI_, _LM_, _ef_, _hi_, _lm_, were _outward, or_ to the\neast; three on this side, and three on that side _of the gate_. There was\none measure of the three, and one measure of the posts on this side, and on\nthat side; and he measured the breadth of the door of the gate, _Cc_, or\n_Dd_, ten cubits; and the breadth of the gate _within between the little\nchambers, Ee or Ff_, thirteen cubits; and the limit, or margin, or step\nbefore the little chambers, _EM_, one cubit on this side, and the step,\n_em_, one cubit on the other side; and the little chambers, _EFG_, _HIK_,\n_LMN_, _efg_, _hik_, _lmn_, were six cubits _broad_ on this side, and six\ncubits _broad_ on that side: and he measured _the whole breadth of_ the\ngate, from the _further_ wall of one little chamber to the _further_ wall\nof another little chamber: the breadth, _Gg, or Kk, or Nn_, was twenty and\nfive cubits _through_; door, _FH_, against door, _fh_: and he measured the\nposts, _EF_, _HI_, and _LM_, _ef_, _hi_, and _lm_, twenty cubits _high_;\nand at the posts there were gates, _or arched passages, FH, IL, fh, il_,\nround about; and from the _eastern_ face of the gate at the entrance, _Cc_,\nto the _western_ face of the porch of the gate within, _Tt_, were fifty\ncubits: and there were narrow windows to the little chambers, and to the\nporch within the gate, round about, and likewise to the posts; even windows\nwere round about within: and upon each post were palm trees._\n\n_Then he brought me into the Outward Court, and lo there were chambers, and\na pavement with pillars upon it in the court round about, _[478]_ thirty\nchambers _in length_ upon the pavement, supported by the pillars, _ten\nchambers on every side, except the western_: and the pavement butted upon\nthe shoulders or sides of the gates below, _every gate having five chambers\nor exhedr\u00e6 on either side_. And he measured the breadth _of the Outward\nCourt_, from the fore-front of the lower-gate, to the fore-front of the\ninward court, an hundred cubits eastward._\n\n_Then he brought me northward, and there was a gate that looked towards the\nnorth; he measured the length thereof, and the breadth thereof, and the\nlittle chambers thereof, three on this side, and three on that side, and\nthe posts thereof, and the porch thereof, and it was according to the\nmeasures of the first gate; its length was fifty cubits, and its breadth\nwas five and twenty: and the windows thereof, and the porch and the\npalm-trees thereof _were_ according to the measures of the gate which\nlooked to the east, and they went up to it by seven steps: and its porch\nwas before them, _that is inward_. And there was a gate of the inward court\nover against _this_ gate of the north, as _in the gates_ to the eastward:\nand he measured from gate to gate an hundred cubits._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n_A Description of THE TEMPLE OF SOLOMON_\n\n[Illustration: _Plate_ I. _p. 346._]\n\nABCD. _The Separate Place in which stood the Temple._\n\nABEF. _The Court of y^{e} Priests._\n\nG. _The Altar._\n\nDHLKICEFD. _A Pavement compassing three sides of the foremention'd Courts,\nand upon which stood the Buildings for the Priests, with Cloysters under\nthem._\n\nMNOP. _The Court of the People._\n\nMQTSRN. _A Pavement compassing three sides of the Peoples Court, upon which\nstood the Buildings for the People, with Cloysters under them._\n\nUXYZ. _The Mountain of the House._\n\naabb._ A Wall enclosing the whole._\n\nc. _The Gate Shallecheth._\n\nd. _The Gate Parbar._\n\nef. _The two Gates Assupim._\n\ng. _The East Gate of the Peoples Court, call'd the Kings Gate._\n\nhh. _The North and South Gates of the same Court._\n\niiii. _The chambers over the Cloysters of the Peoples Court where the\nPeople ate the Sacrifices, 30 Chambers in each Story._\n\nkkkk. _Four little Courts serving for Stair Cases and Kitchins for the\nPeople._\n\nl. _The Eastern Gate of the Priests Court, over which sate the Sanhedrin._\n\nm. _The Southern Gate of the Priests Court._\n\nn. _The Northern Gate of the same Court, where the Sacrifices were flea'd\n&c._\n\nopqrst. _The Buildings over the Cloysters for the Priests, viz six large\nChambers (subdivided) in each Story, whereof _o_ and _p_ were for the High\nPriest and Sagan, _q_ for the Overseers of the Sanctuary and Treasury, _r_\nfor the Overseers of the Altar and Sacrifice and _s_ and _t_ for the\nPrinces of the twenty four Courses of Priests._\n\nuu. _Two Courts in which were Stair Cases and Kitchins for the Priests._\n\nx. _The House or Temple which (together with the Treasure Chambers _y_, and\nBuildings _zz_ on each side of the Separate Place) is more particularly\ndescrib'd on the second Plate._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n_A Description of the Inner Court & Buildings for the Priests in Solomons\nTemple._\n\n[Illustration: _Plate_ II. _p. 346._]\n\nABCD. _The Separate Place._\n\nABEF. _The Inner Court, or Court of the Priests, parted from the Separate\nPlace, and and Pavement on the other three sides, by a marble rail._\n\nG. _The Altar._\n\nHHH. _The East, South, & North Gates of the Priests Court._\n\nIII. _&c. The Cloysters supporting the Buildings for the Priests._\n\nKK. _Two Courts in which were Stair Cases and Kitchins for the Priests._\n\nL. _Ten Steps to the Porch of the Temple._\n\nM. _The Porch of the Temple._\n\nN. _The Holy Place._\n\nO. _The most Holy Place._\n\nPPPP. _Thirty Treasure-Chambers, in two rows, opening into a gallery, door\nagainst door, and compassing three sides of the Holy & most Holy Places._\n\nQ. _The Stairs leading to the Middle Chamber._\n\nRRRR. _&c. The buildings for the four and twenty Courses of Priests, upon\nthe Pavement on either side of the Separate Place, three Stories high\nwithout Cloysters, but the upper Stories narrower than the lower, to make\nroom for Galleries before them. There were 24 Chambers in each Story and\nthey opend into a walk or alley, _SS._ between the Buildings._\n\nTT. _Two Courts in which were Kitchins for the Priests of the twenty four\nCourses._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n_A Particular Description of one of the Gates of the Peoples Court, with\npart of the Cloyster adjoyning._\n\n[Illustration: _Plate_ III. _p. 346._]\n\nuw. _The inner margin of the Pavement compassing three sides of the Peoples\nCourt._\n\nxxx. _&c. The Pillars of the Cloyster supporting the Buildings for the\nPeople._\n\nyyyy. _Double Pillars where two Exhedr\u00e6 joyned, and whose interstices in\nthe front _zz_ were filled up with a square Column of Marble._\n\nNote _The preceding letters of this Plate refer to the description in pag.\n344 345._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nCHAP. VI.\n\n_Of the Empire of the _Persians_._\n\n_Cyrus_ having translated the Monarchy to the _Persians_, and Reigned seven\nyears, was succeeded by his son _Cambyses_, who Reigned seven years and\nfive months, and in the three last years of his Reign subdued _Egypt_: he\nwas succeeded by _Mardus_, or _Smerdis_ the _Magus_, who feigned himself to\nbe _Smerdis_ the brother of _Cambyses_.\n\n_Smerdis_ Reigned seven months, and in the eighth month being discovered,\nwas slain, with a great number of the _Magi_; so the _Persians_ called\ntheir Priests, and in memory of this kept an anniversary day, which they\ncalled, _The slaughter of the _Magi__. Then Reigned _Maraphus_ and\n_Artaphernes_ a few days, and after them _Darius_ the son of _Hystaspes_,\nthe son of _Arsamenes_, of the family of _Ach\u00e6menes_, a _Persian_, being\nchosen King by the neighing of his horse: before he Reigned his [479] name\nwas _Ochus_. He seems on this occasion to have reformed the constitution of\nthe _Magi_, making his father _Hystaspes_ their Master, or _Archimagus_;\nfor _Porphyrius_ tells us, [480] that _the _Magi_ were a sort of men so\nvenerable amongst the _Persians_, that _Darius_ the son of _Hystaspes_\nwrote on the monument of his father_, amongst other things, _that he had\nbeen the Master of the _Magi__. In this reformation of the _Magi_,\n_Hystaspes_ was assisted by _Zoroastres_: so _Agathias_; _The _Persians_ at\nthis day say simply that _Zoroastres_ lived under _Hystaspes__: and\n_Apuleius_; _Pythagoram, aiunt, inter captivos Cambys\u00e6 Regis _[ex \u00c6gypto\nBabylonem abductos]_ doctores habuisse Persarum Magos, & pr\u00e6cipue\nZoroastrem, omnis divini arcani Antistitem_. By _Zoroastres_'s conversing\nat _Babylon_ he seems to have borrowed his skill from the _Chald\u00e6ans_; for\nhe was skilled in Astronomy, and used their year: so _Q. Curtius_; [481]\n_Magi proximi patrium carmen canebant: Magos trecenti & sexaginta quinque\njuvenes sequebantur, puniceis amiculis velati, diebus totius anni pares\nnumero_: and _Ammianus_; _Scienti\u00e6 multa ex Chald\u00e6orum arcanis Bactrianus\naddidit Zoroastres_. From his conversing in several places he is reckoned a\n_Chald\u00e6an_, an _Assyrian_, a _Mede_, a _Persian_, a _Bactrian_. _Suidas_\ncalls him [482] a _Perso-Mede_, and saith that he was _the most skilful of\nAstronomers, and first author of the name of the _Magi_ received among\nthem_. This skill in Astronomy he had doubtless from the _Chald\u00e6ans_, but\n_Hystaspes_ travelled into _India_, to be instructed by the\n_Gymnosophists_: and these two conjoyning their skill and authority,\ninstituted a new set of Priests or _Magi_, and instructed them in such\nceremonies and mysteries of Religion and Philosophy as they thought fit to\nestablish for the Religion and Philosophy of that Empire; and these\ninstructed others, 'till from a small number they grew to a great\nmultitude: for _Suidas_ tells us, that _Zoroastres gave a beginning to the\nname of the _Magi__: and _Elmacinus_; that _he reformed the religion of the\n_Persians_, which before was divided into many sects_: and _Agathias_; that\n_he introduced the religion of the _Magi_ among the _Persians_, changing\ntheir ancient sacred rites, and bringing in several opinions_: and\n_Ammianus_ [483] tells us, _Magiam esse divinorum incorruptissimum cultum,\ncujus scienti\u00e6 seculis priscis multa ex Chald\u00e6orum arcanis Bactrianus\naddidit Zoroastres: deinde Hystaspes Rex prudentissimus Darii pater; qui\nquum superioris Indi\u00e6 secreta fidentius penetraret, ad nemorosam quamdam\nvenerat solitudinem, cujus tranquillis silentiis pr\u00e6celsa Brachmanorum\ningenia potiuntur; eorumque monitu rationes mundani motus & siderum,\npurosque sacrorum ritus quantum colligere potuit eruditus, ex his qu\u00e6\ndidicit, aliqua sensibus Magorum infudit; qu\u00e6 illi cum disciplinis\npr\u00e6sentiendi futura, per suam quisque progeniem, posteris \u00e6tatibus tradunt.\nEx eo per s\u00e6cula multa ad pr\u00e6sens, una eademque prosapia multitudo creata,\nDeorum cultibus dedicatur. Feruntque, si justum est credi, etiam ignem\ncoelitus lapsum apud se sempiternis foculis custodiri, cujus portionem\nexiguam ut faustam pr\u00e6isse quondam Asiaticis Regibus dicunt: Hujus originis\napud veteres numerus erat exilis, ejusque mysteriis Persic\u00e6 potestates in\nfaciendis rebus divinis solemniter utebantur. Eratque piaculum aras adire,\nvel hostiam contrectare, antequam Magus conceptis precationibus libamenta\ndiffunderet pr\u00e6cursoria. Verum aucti paullatim, in amplitudinem gentis\nsolid\u00e6 concesserunt & nomen: villasque inhabitantes nulla murorum\nfirmitudine communitas & legibus suis uti permissi, religionis respectu\nsunt honorati_. So this Empire was at first composed of many nations, each\nof which had hitherto its own religion: but now _Hystaspes_ and\n_Zoroastres_ collected what they conceived to be best, established it by\nlaw, and taught it to others, and those to others, 'till their disciples\nbecame numerous enough for the Priesthood of the whole Empire; and instead\nof those various old religions, they set up their own institutions in the\nwhole Empire, much after the manner that _Numa_ contrived and instituted\nthe religion of the _Romans_: and this religion of the _Persian_ Empire was\ncomposed partly of the institutions of the _Chald\u00e6ans_, in which\n_Zoroastres_ was well skilled; and partly of the institutions of the\nancient _Brachmans_, who are supposed to derive even their name from the\n_Abrahamans_, or sons of _Abraham_, born of his second wife _Keturah_,\ninstructed by their father in the worship of ONE GOD without images, and\nsent into the east, where _Hystaspes_ was instructed by their successors.\nAbout the same time with _Hystapes_ and _Zoroastres_, lived also _Ostanes_,\nanother eminent _Magus_: _Pliny_ places him under _Darius Hystaspis_, and\n_Suidas_ makes him the follower of _Zoroastres_: he came into _Greece_ with\n_Xerxes_, and seems to be the _Otanes_ of _Herodotus_, who discovered\n_Smerdis_, and formed the conspiracy against him, and for that service was\nhonoured by the conspirators, and exempt from subjection to _Darius_.\n\nIn the sacred commentary of the _Persian_ rites these words are ascribed to\n_Zoroastres_; [484] [Greek: Ho Theos esti kephal\u00ean ech\u00f4n hierakos. houtos\nestin ho pr\u00f4tos, aphthartos, aidios, agen\u00eatos, amer\u00eas, anomoiotatos,\nh\u00eaniochos pantos kalou, ad\u00f4rodok\u00eatos, agath\u00f4n agath\u00f4tatos, phronim\u00f4n\nphronim\u00f4tatos; esti de kai pat\u00ear eunomias kai dikaiosyn\u00eas, autodidaktos,\nphysikos, kai teleios, kai sophos, kai hierou physikou monos heuret\u00eas.]\n_Deus est accipitris capite: hic est primus, incorruptibilis, \u00e6ternus,\ningenitus, sine partibus, omnibus aliis dissimillimus, moderator omnis\nboni, donis non capiendus, bonorum optimus, prudentium prudentissimus,\nlegum \u00e6quitatis ac justiti\u00e6 parens, ipse sui doctor, physicus & perfectus &\nsapiens & sacri physici unicus inventor_: and the same was taught by\n_Ostanes_, in his book called _Octateuchus_. This was the Antient God of\nthe _Persian Magi_, and they worshipped him by keeping a perpetual fire for\nSacrifices upon an Altar in the center of a round area, compassed with a\nditch, without any Temple in the place, and without paying any worship to\nthe dead, or any images. But in a short time they declined from the worship\nof this Eternal, Invisible God, to worship the Sun, and the Fire, and dead\nmen, and images, as the _Egyptians_, _Phoenicians_, and _Chald\u00e6ans_ had\ndone before: and from these superstitions, and the pretending to\nprognostications, the words _Magi_ and _Magia_, which signify the Priests\nand Religion of the _Persians_, came to be taken in an ill sense.\n\n_Darius_, or _Darab_, began his Reign in spring, in the sixteenth year of\nthe Empire of the _Persians_, _Anno Nabonass._ 227, and Reigned 36 years,\nby the unanimous consent of all Chronologers. In the second year of his\nReign the _Jews_ began to build the Temple, by the prophesying of _Haggai_\nand _Zechariah_, and finished it in the sixth. He fought the _Greeks_ at\n_Marathon_ in _October_, _Anno Nabonass._ 258, ten years before the battel\nat _Salamis_, and died in the fifth year following, in the end of winter,\nor beginning of spring, _Anno Nabonass._ 263. The years of _Cambyses_ and\n_Darius_ are determined by three Eclipses of the Moon recorded by\n_Ptolemy_, so that they cannot be disputed: and by those Eclipses, and the\nProphesies of _Haggai_ and _Zechariah_ compared together, it is manifest\nthat the years of _Darius_ began after the 24th day of the eleventh\n_Jewish_ month, and before the 24th day of _April_, and by consequence in\n_March_ or _April_.\n\n_Xerxes_, _Achschirosch_, _Achsweros_, or _Oxyares_, succeeded his father\n_Darius_, and spent the first five years of his Reign, and something more,\nin preparations for his Expedition against the _Greeks_: and this\nExpedition was in the time of the Olympic Games, in the beginning of the\nfirst year of the 75th Olympiad, _Callias_ being _Archon_ at _Athens_; as\nall Chronologers agree. The great number of people which he drew out of\n_Susa_ to invade _Greece_, made _\u00c6schylus_ the Poet say [485]:\n\n  [Greek: To d' asty Sous\u00f4n exekein\u00f4sen peson.]\n  _It emptied the falling city of _Susa_._\n\nThe passage of his army over the _Hellespont_ began in the end of the\nfourth year of the 74th Olympiad, that is in _June_, _Anno Nabonass._ 268,\nand took up a month; and in autumn, after three months more, on the 16th\nday of the month _Munychion_, at the full moon, was the battel at\n_Salamis_; and a little after that an Eclipse of the Moon, which by the\ncalculation fell on _Octob._ 2. His first year therefore began in spring,\n_Anno Nabonass._ 263, as above: he Reigned almost twenty one years by the\nconsent of all writers, and was murdered by _Artabanus_, captain of his\nguards; towards the end of winter, _Anno Nabonass._ 284.\n\n_Artabanus_ Reigned seven months, and upon suspicion of treason against\n_Xerxes_, was slain by _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, the son of _Xerxes_.\n\n_Artaxerxes_ began his Reign in the autumnal half year, between the 4th and\n9th _Jewish_ months, _Nehem._ i. 1. & ii. 1, & v. 14. and _Ezra_ vii. 7, 8,\n9. and his 20th year fell in with the 4th year of the 83d Olympiad, as\n_Africanus_ [486] informs us, and therefore his first year began within a\nmonth or two or the autumnal Equinox, _Anno Nabonass._ 284. _Thucydides_\nrelates that the news of his death came to _Athens_ in winter, in the\nseventh year of the _Peloponnesian_ war, that is _An._ 4. Olymp. 88. and by\nthe Canon he Reigned forty one years, including the Reign of his\npredecessor _Artabanus_, and died about the middle of winter, _Anno\nNabonass._ 325 _ineunte_: the _Persians_ now call him _Ardschir_ and\n_Bahaman_, the Oriental Christians _Artahascht_.\n\nThen Reigned _Xerxes_, two months, and _Sogdian_ seven months, and _Darius\nNothus_, the bastard son of _Artaxerxes_, nineteen years wanting four or\nfive months; and _Darius_ died in summer, a little after the end of the\n_Peloponnesian_ war, and in the same Olympic year, and by consequence in\n_May_ or _June_, _Anno Nabonass._ 344. The 13th year of his Reign was\ncoincident in winter with the 20th of the _Peloponnesian_ war, and the\nyears of that war are stated by indisputable characters, and agreed on by\nall Chronologers: the war began in spring, _Ann._ 1. Olymp. 87, lasted 27\nyears, and ended _Apr._ 14. _An._ 4. Olymp. 93.\n\nThe next King was _Artaxerxes Mnemon_, the son of _Darius_: he Reigned\nforty six years, and died _Anno Nabonass._ 390. Then Reigned _Artaxerxes\nOchus_ twenty one years; _Arses_, or _Arogus_, two years, and _Darius\nCodomannus_ four years, unto the battel of _Arbela_, whereby the _Persian_\nMonarchy was translated to the _Greeks_, _Octob._ 2. _An. Nabonass._ 417;\nbut _Darius_ was not slain untill a year and some months after.\n\nI have hitherto stated the times of this Monarchy out of the _Greek_ and\n_Latin_ writers: for the _Jews_ knew nothing more of the _Babylonian_ and\n_Medo-Persian_ Empires than what they have out of the sacred books of the\nold Testament; and therefore own no more Kings, nor years of Kings, than\nthey can find in those books: the Kings they reckon are only\n_Nebuchadnezzar_, _Evilmerodach_, _Belshazzar_, _Darius_ the _Mede_,\n_Cyrus_, _Ahasuerus_, and _Darius_ the _Persian_; this last _Darius_ they\nreckon to be the _Artaxerxes_, in whose Reign _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_ came to\n_Jerusalem_, accounting _Artaxerxes_ a common name of the _Persian_ Kings:\n_Nebuchadnezzar_, they say, Reigned forty five years, 2 _King._ xxv. 27.\n_Belshazzar_ three years, _Dan._ viii. 1. and therefore _Evilmerodach_\ntwenty three, to make up the seventy years captivity; excluding the first\nyear of _Nebuchadnezzar_, in which they say the Prophesy of the seventy\nyears was given. To _Darius_ the _Mede_ they assign one year, or at most\nbut two, _Dan._ ix. 1. to _Cyrus_ three years incomplete, _Dan._ x. 1. to\n_Ahasuerus_ twelve years 'till the casting of _Pur_, _Esth._ iii. 7. one\nyear more 'till the _Jews_ smote their enemies, _Esth._ ix. 1. and one year\nmore 'till _Esther_ and _Mordecai_ wrote the second letter for the keeping\nof _Purim_, _Esth._ ix. 29. in all fourteen years: and to _Darius_ the\n_Persian_ they allot thirty two or rather thirty six years, _Nehem._ xiii.\n6. So that the _Persian_ Empire from the building of the Temple in the\nSecond year of _Darius Hystaspis_, flourished only thirty four years, until\n_Alexander_ the great overthrew it: thus the _Jews_ reckon in their greater\nChronicle, _Seder Olam Rabbah_. _Josephus_, out of the sacred and other\nbooks, reckons only these Kings of _Persia_; _Cyrus_, _Cambyses_, _Darius\nHystaspis_, _Xerxes_, _Artaxerxes_, and _Darius_: and taking this _Darius_,\nwho was _Darius Nothus_, to be one and the same King with the last\n_Darius_, whom _Alexander_ the great overcame; by means of this reckoning\nhe makes _Sanballat_ and _Jaddua_ alive when _Alexander_ the great\noverthrew the _Persian_ Empire. Thus all the _Jews_ conclude the _Persian_\nEmpire with _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, and _Darius Nothus_, allowing no more\nKings of _Persia_, than they found in the books of _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_;\nand referring to the Reigns of this _Artaxerxes_, and this _Darius_,\nwhatever they met with in profane history concerning the following Kings of\nthe same names: so as to take _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, _Artaxerxes Mnemon_\nand _Artaxerxes Ochus_, for one and the same _Artaxerxes_; and _Darius\nNothus_, and _Darius Codomannus_, for one and the same _Darius_; and\n_Jaddua_, and _Simeon Justus_, for one and the same High-Priest. Those\n_Jews_ who took _Herod_ for the _Messiah_, and were thence called\n_Herodians_, seem to have grounded their opinion upon the seventy weeks of\nyears, which they found between the Reign of _Cyrus_ and that of _Herod_:\nbut afterwards, in applying the Prophesy to _Theudas_, and _Judas_ of\n_Galilee_, and at length to _Barchochab_, they seem to have shortned the\nReign of the Kingdom of _Persia_. These accounts being very imperfect, it\nwas necessary to have recourse to the records of the _Greeks_ and\n_Latines_, and to the Canon recited by _Ptolemy_, for stating the times of\nthis Empire. Which being done, we have a better ground for understanding\nthe history of the _Jews_ set down in the books of _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_,\nand adjusting it; for this history having suffered by time, wants some\nillustration: and first I shall state the history of the _Jews_ under\n_Zerubbabel_, in the Reigns of _Cyrus_, _Cambysis_, and _Darius Hystaspis_.\n\nThis history is contained partly in the three first chapters of the book of\n_Ezra_, and first five verses of the fourth; and partly in the book of\n_Nehemiah_, from the 5th verse of the seventh chapter to the 9th verse of\nthe twelfth: for _Nehemiah_ copied all this out of the Chronicles of the\n_Jews_, written before his days; as may appear by reading the place, and\nconsidering that the Priests and Levites who sealed the Covenant on the\n24th day of the seventh month, _Nehem._ x. were the very same with those\nwho returned from captivity in the first year of _Cyrus_, _Nehem._ xii. and\nthat all those who returned sealed it: this will be perceived by the\nfollowing comparison of their names.\n\nThe Priests who returned.       The Priests who sealed.\n\n_Nehemiah._ _Ezra_ ii. 2.       _Nehemiah._\n\n_Serajah._                      _Serajah._\n\n*                               _Azariah._\n\n_Jeremiah._                     _Jeremiah._\n\n_Ezra._                         _Ezra._ _Nehem._ 8.\n\n*                               _Pashur._\n\n_Amariah._                      _Amariah._\n\n_Malluch_: or _Melicu_, _Neh._  _Malchijah._\nxii. 2, 14.\n\n_Hattush_.                      _Hattush._\n\n_Shechaniah_ or _Shebaniah_,    _Shebaniah._\n_Neh._ xii. 3, 14.\n\n*                               _Malluch._\n\n_Rehum_: or _Harim_, _ib._ 3,   _Harim._\n15.\n\n_Meremoth._                     _Meremoth._\n\n_Iddo._                         _Obadiah_ or _Obdia_.\n\n*                               _Daniel._\n\n_Ginnetho_: or _Ginnethon_,     _Ginnethon._\n_Neh._ xii. 4, 16.\n\n*                               _Baruch._\n\n*                               _Meshullam._\n\n_Abijah._                       _Abijah._\n\n_Miamin._                       _Mijamin._\n\n_Maadiah._                      _Maaziah._\n\n_Bilgah._                       _Bilgai._\n\n_Shemajah._                     _Shemajah._\n\n_Jeshua._                       _Jeshua._\n\n_Binnui._                       _Binnui._\n\n_Kadmiel._                      _Kadmiel._\n\n_Sherebiah._ [Hebrew: shrbjh].  _Shebaniah._ [Hebrew: shbnjh].\n\n_Judah_: or _Hodaviah_,         _Hodijah._\n_Ezra_ ii. 40. & iii. 9.\n[Greek: \u00d4douia]; _Septuag._\n\nThe _Levites_, _Jeshua_, _Kadmiel_, and _Hodaviah_ or _Judah_, here\nmentioned, are reckoned chief fathers among the people who returned with\n_Zerubbabel_, _Ezra_ ii. 40. and they assisted as well in laying the\nfoundation of the Temple, _Ezra_ iii. 9. as in reading the law, and making\nand sealing the covenant, _Nehem._ viii. 7. & ix. 5. & x. 9, 10.\n\nComparing therefore the books of _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_ together; the\nhistory of the _Jews_ under _Cyrus_, _Cambyses_, and _Darius Hystaspis_, is\nthat they returned from captivity under _Zerubbabel_, in the first year of\n_Cyrus_, with the Holy Vessels and a commission to build the Temple; and\ncame to _Jerusalem_ and _Judah_, every one to his city, and dwelt in their\ncities untill the seventh month; and then coming to _Jerusalem_, they first\nbuilt the Altar, and on the first day of the seventh month began to offer\nthe daily burnt-offerings, and read in the book of the Law, and they kept a\nsolemn fast, and sealed a Covenant; and thenceforward the Rulers of the\npeople dwelt at _Jerusalem_, and the rest of the people cast lots, to dwell\none in ten at _Jerusalem_, and the rest in the cities of _Judah_: and in\nthe second year of their coming, in the second month, which was six years\nbefore the death of _Cyrus_, they laid the foundation of the Temple; but\n_the adversaries of _Judah_ troubled them in building, and hired\ncounsellors against them all the days of _Cyrus__, and longer, _even until\nthe Reign of _Darius_ King of _Persia__: but in the second year of his\nReign, by the prophesying of _Haggai_ and _Zechariah_, they returned to the\nwork; and by the help of a new decree from _Darius_, finished it on the\nthird day of the month _Adar_, in the sixth year of his Reign, and kept the\nDedication with joy, and the Passover, and Feast of Unleavened Bread.\n\nNow this _Darius_ was not _Darius Nothus_, but _Darius Hystaspis_, as I\ngather by considering that the second year of this _Darius_ was the\nseventieth of the indignation against _Jerusalem_, and the cities of\n_Judah_, which indignation commenced with the invasion of _Jerusalem_, and\nthe cities of _Judah_ by _Nebuchadnezzar_, in the ninth year of _Zedekiah_,\n_Zech._ i. 12. _Jer._ xxxiv. 1, 7, 22. & xxxix. 1. and that the fourth year\nof this _Darius_, was the seventieth from the burning of the Temple in the\neleventh year of _Zedekiah_, _Zech._ vii. 5. & _Jer._ lii. 12. both which\nare exactly true of _Darius Hystaspis_: and that in the second year of this\n_Darius_ there were men living who had seen the first Temple, _Hagg._ ii.\n3. whereas the second year of _Darius Nothus_ was 166 years after the\ndesolation of the Temple and City. And further, if the finishing of the\nTemple be deferred to the sixth year of _Darius Nothus_, _Jeshua_ and\n_Zerubbabel_ must have been the one High-Priest, the other Captain of the\npeople an hundred and eighteen years together, besides their ages before;\nwhich is surely too long: for in the first year of _Cyrus_ the chief\nPriests were _Serajah_, _Jeremiah_, _Ezra_, _Amariah_, _Malluch_,\n_Shechaniah_, _Rehum_, _Meremoth_, _Iddo_, _Ginnetho_, _Abijah_, _Miamin_,\n_Maadiah_, _Bilgah_, _Shemajah_, _Joiarib_, _Jedaiah_, _Sallu_, _Amok_,\n_Hilkiah_, _Jedaiah_: these were Priests in the days of _Jeshua_, and the\neldest sons of them all, _Merajah_ the son of _Serajah_, _Hananiah_ the son\nof _Jeremiah_, _Meshullam_ the son of _Ezra_, &c. were chief Priests in the\ndays of _Joiakim_ the son of _Jeshua_: _Nehem._ xii. and therefore the High\nPriest-hood of _Jeshua_ was but of an ordinary length.\n\nI have now stated the history of the _Jews_ in the Reigns of _Cyrus_,\n_Cambyses_, and _Darius Hystaspis_: it remains that I state their history\nin the Reigns of _Xerxes_, and _Artaxerxes Longimanus_: for I place the\nhistory of _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_ in the Reign of this _Artaxerxes_, and not\nin that of _Artaxerxes Mnemon_: for during all the _Persian_ Monarchy,\nuntil the last _Darius_ mentioned in Scripture, whom I take to be _Darius\nNothus_, there were but six High-Priests in continual succession of father\nand son, namely, _Jeshua_, _Joiakim_, _Eliashib_, _Joiada_, _Jonathan_,\n_Jaddua_, and the seventh High-Priest was _Onias_ the son of _Jaddua_, and\nthe eighth was _Simeon Justus_, the Son of _Onias_, and the ninth was\n_Eleazar_ the younger brother of _Simeon_. Now, at a mean reckoning, we\nshould allow about 27 or 28 years only to a Generation by the eldest sons\nof a family, one Generation with another, as above; but if in this case we\nallow 30 years to a Generation, and may further suppose that _Jeshua_, at\nthe return of the captivity in the first year of the Empire of the\n_Persians_, was about 30 or 40 years old; _Joiakim_ will be of about that\nage in the 16th year of _Darius Hystaspis_, _Eliashib_ in the tenth year of\n_Xerxes_, _Joiada_ in the 19th year of _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, _Jonathan_\nin the 8th year of _Darius Nothus_, _Jaddua_ in the 19th year of\n_Artaxerxes Mnemon_, _Onias_ in the 3d year of _Artaxerxes Ochus_, and\n_Simeon Justus_ two years before the death of _Alexander_ the Great: and\nthis reckoning, as it is according to the course of nature, so it agrees\nperfectly well with history; for thus _Eliashib_ might be High-Priest, and\nhave grandsons, before the seventh year of _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, _Ezra_\nx. 6. and without exceeding the age which many old men attain unto,\ncontinue High-Priest 'till after the 32d year of that King, _Nehem._ xiii.\n6, 7. and his grandson _Johanan_, or _Jonathan_, might have a chamber in\nthe Temple in the seventh year of that King, _Ezra_ x. 6. and be\nHigh-Priest before _Ezra_ wrote the sons of _Levi_ in the book of\n_Chronicles_; _Nehem._ xii. 23. and in his High-Priesthood, he might slay\nhis younger brother _Jesus_ in the Temple, before the end of the Reign of\n_Artaxerxes Mnemon_: _Joseph. Antiq._ l. xi. c. 7. and _Jaddua_ might be\nHigh-Priest before the death of _Sanballat_, _Joseph._ _ib._ and before the\ndeath of _Nehemiah_, _Nehem._ xii. 22. and also before the end of the Reign\nof _Darius Nothus_; and he might thereby give occasion to _Josephus_ and\nthe later _Jews_, who took this King for the last _Darius_, to fall into an\nopinion that _Sanballat, Jaddua_, and _Manasseh_ the younger brother of\n_Jaddua_, lived till the end of the Reign of the last _Darius_: _Joseph._\n_Antiq._ l. xi. c. 7, 8. and the said _Manasseh_ might marry _Nicaso_ the\ndaughter of _Sanballat_, and for that offence be chased from _Nehemiah_,\nbefore the end of the Reign of _Artaxerxes Longimanus_; _Nehem_. xiii. 28.\n_Joseph._ _Antiq._ l. xi. c. 7, 8. and _Sanballat_ might at that time be\n_Satrapa_ of _Samaria_, and in the Reign of _Darius Nothus_, or soon after,\nbuild the Temple of the _Samaritans_ in _Mount Gerizim_, for his son-in-law\n_Manasseh_, the first High-Priest of that Temple; _Joseph._ _ib._ and\n_Simeon Justus_ might be High-Priest when the _Persian_ Empire was invaded\nby _Alexander_ the Great, as the _Jews_ represent, _Joma_ fol. 69. 1.\n_Liber Juchasis. R. Gedaliah_, &c. and for that reason he might be taken by\nsome of the _Jews_ for the same High-Priest with _Jaddua_, and be dead some\ntime before the book of _Ecclesiasticus_ was writ in _Hebrew_ at\n_Jerusalem_, by the grandfather of him, who in the 38th year of the\n_Egyptian_ \u00c6ra of _Dionysius_, that is in the 77th year after the death of\n_Alexander_ the Great, met with a copy of it in _Egypt_, and there\ntranslated it into _Greek: Ecclesiast._ ch. 50. & _in Prolog._ and\n_Eleazar_, the younger brother and successor of _Simeon_, might cause the\nLaw to be translated into _Greek_, in the beginning of the Reign of\n_Ptolemaus Philadelphus_: _Joseph._ _Antiq._ l. xii. c. 2. and _Onias_ the\nson of _Simeon Justus_, who was a child at his father's death, and by\nconsequence was born in his father's old age, might be so old in the Reign\nof _Ptolem\u00e6us Euergetes_, as to have his follies excused to that King, by\nrepresenting that he was then grown childish with old age. _Joseph._\n_Antiq._ l. xii. c. 4. In this manner the actions of all these High-Priests\nsuit with the Reigns of the Kings, without any straining from the course of\nnature: and according to this reckoning the days of _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_\nfall in with the Reign of the first _Artaxerxes_; for _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_\nflourished in the High Priesthood of _Eliashib_, _Ezra_ x. 6. _Nehem._ iii.\n1. & xiii. 4, 28. But if _Eliashib_, _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_ be placed in the\nReign of the second _Artaxerxes_, since they lived beyond the 32d year of\n_Artaxerxes_, _Nehem._ xiii. 28, there must be at least 160 years allotted\nto the three first High-Priests, and but 42 to the four or five last, a\ndivision too unequal: for the High Priesthoods of _Jeshua_, _Joiakim_, and\n_Eliashib_, were but of an ordinary length, that of _Jeshua_ fell in with\none Generation of the chief Priests, and that of _Joiakim_ with the next\nGeneration, as we have shewed already; and that of _Eliashib_ fell in with\nthe third Generation: for at the dedication of the wall, _Zechariah_ the\nson of _Jonathan_, the son of _Shemaiah_, was one of the Priests, _Nehem._\nxii. 35, and _Jonathan_ and his father _Shemaiah_, were contemporaries to\n_Joiakim_ and his father _Jeshua_: _Nehem._ xii. 6, 18. I observe further\nthat in the first year of _Cyrus_, _Jeshua_, and _Bani_, or _Binnui_, were\nchief fathers of the _Levites_, _Nehem_. vii. 7. 15. & _Ezra_ ii. 2. 10. &\niii. 9. and that _Jozabad_ the son of _Jeshua_, and _Noadiah_ the son of\n_Binnui_, were chief Levites in the seventh year of _Artaxerxes_, when\n_Ezra_ came to _Jerusalem_, _Ezra_ viii. 33. so that this _Artaxerxes_\nbegan his Reign before the end of the second Generation: and that he\nReigned in the time of the third Generation is confirmed by two instances\nmore; for _Meshullam_ the son of _Berechiah_, the son of _Meshezabeel_, and\n_Azariah_ the son of _Maaseiah_, the son of _Ananiah_, were fathers of\ntheir houses at the repairing of the wall; _Nehem._ iii. 4, 23. and their\ngrandfathers, _Meshazabeel_ and _Hananiah_, subscribed the covenant in the\nReign of _Cyrus_: _Nehem._ x. 21, 23. Yea _Nehemiah_, this same _Nehemiah_\nthe son of _Hachaliah_, was the _Tirshatha_, and subscribed it, _Nehem._ x.\n1, & viii. 9, & _Ezra_ ii. 2, 63. and therefore in the 32d year of\n_Artaxerxes Mnemon_, he will be above 180 years old, an age surely too\ngreat. The same may be said of _Ezra_, if he was that Priest and Scribe who\nread the Law, _Nehem._ viii. for he is the son of _Serajah_, the son of\n_Azariah_, the son of _Hilkiah_, the son of _Shallum_, &c. _Ezra_ vii. 1.\nand this _Serajah_ went into captivity at the burning of the Temple, and\nwas there slain, 1 _Chron._ vi. 14. 2 _King._ xxv. 18. and from his death,\nto the twentieth year of _Artaxerxes Mnemon_, is above 200 years; an age\ntoo great for _Ezra_.\n\nI consider further that _Ezra_, chap. iv. names _Cyrus_, *, _Darius_,\n_Ahasuerus_, and _Artaxerxes_, in continual order, as successors to one\nanother, and these names agree to _Cyrus_, *, _Darius Hystaspis_, _Xerxes_,\nand _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, and to no other Kings of _Persia_: some take\nthis _Artaxerxes_ to be not the Successor, but the Predecessor of _Darius\nHystaspis_, not considering that in his Reign the _Jews_ were busy in\nbuilding the City and the Wall, _Ezra_ iv. 12. and by consequence had\nfinished the Temple before. _Ezra_ describes first how the people of the\nland hindered the building of the Temple all the days of _Cyrus_, and\nfurther, untill the Reign of _Darius_; and after the Temple was built, how\nthey hindered the building of the city in the Reign of _Ahasuerus_ and\n_Artaxerxes_, and then returns back to the story of the Temple in the Reign\nof _Cyrus_ and _Darius_; and this is confirmed by comparing the book of\n_Ezra_ with the book of _Esdras_: for if in the book of _Ezra_ you omit the\nstory of _Ahasuerus_ and _Artaxerxes_, and in that of _Esdras_ you omit the\nsame story of _Artaxerxes_, and that of the three wise men, the two books\nwill agree: and therefore the book of _Esdras_, if you except the story of\nthe three wise men, was originally copied from authentic writings of Sacred\nAuthority. Now the story of _Artaxerxes_, which, with that of _Ahasuerus_,\nin the book of _Ezra_ interrupts the story of _Darius_, doth not interrupt\nit in the book of _Esdras_, but is there inferred into the story of\n_Cyrus_, between the first and second chapter of _Ezra_; and all the rest\nof the story of _Cyrus_, and that of _Darius_, is told in the book of\n_Esdras_ in continual order, without any interruption: so that the _Darius_\nwhich in the book of _Ezra_ precedes _Ahasuerus_ and _Artaxerxes_, and the\n_Darius_ which in the same book follows them, is, by the book of _Esdras_,\none and the same _Darius_; and I take the book of _Esdras_ to be the best\ninterpreter of the book of _Ezra_: so the _Darius_ mentioned between\n_Cyrus_ and _Ahasuerus_, is _Darius Hysaspis_; and therefore _Ahasuerus_\nand _Artaxerxes_ who succeed him, are _Xerxes_ and _Artaxerxes Longimanus_;\nand the _Jews_ who came up from _Artaxerxes_ to _Jerusalem_, and began to\nbuild the city and the wall, _Ezra_ iv. 13. are _Ezra_ with his companions:\nwhich being understood, the history of the _Jews_ in the Reign of these\nKings will be as follows.\n\nAfter the Temple was built, and _Darius Hystaspis_ was dead, the enemies of\nthe _Jews_ in the beginning of the Reign of his successor _Ahasuerus_ or\n_Xerxes_, wrote unto him an accusation against them; _Ezra_ iv. 6. but in\nthe seventh year of his successor _Artaxerxes_, _Ezra_ and his companions\nwent up from _Babylon_ with Offerings and Vessels for the Temple, and power\nto bestow on it out of the King's Treasure what should be requisite; _Ezra_\nvii. whence the Temple is said to be finished, _according to the\ncommandment of _Cyrus_, and _Darius_, and _Artaxerxes_ King of _Persia__:\n_Ezra_ vi. 14. Their commission was also to set Magistrates and Judges over\nthe land, and thereby becoming a new Body Politic, they called a great\nCouncil or Sanhedrim to separate the people from strange wives; and they\nwere also encouraged to attempt the building of _Jerusalem_ with its wall:\nand thence _Ezra_ saith in his prayer, that _God had extended mercy unto\nthem in the sight of the Kings of _Persia_, and given them a reviving to\nset up the house of their God, and to repair the desolations thereof, and\nto give them a WALL in _Judah_, even in _Jerusalem__. _Ezra_ ix. 9. But\nwhen they had begun to repair the wall, their enemies wrote against them to\n_Artaxerxes_: _Be it known_, say they, _unto the King, that the _Jews_\nwhich came up from thee to us, are come unto _Jerusalem_, building the\nrebellious and the bad city, and have set up the walls thereof, and joined\nthe foundations_, &c. And the King wrote back that the _Jews_ should cease\nand the city not be built, until another commandment should be given from\nhim: whereupon their enemies _went up to _Jerusalem_, and made them cease\nby force and power_; _Ezra_ iv. but in the twentieth year of the King,\n_Nehemiah_ hearing that the _Jews_ were in great affliction and distress,\nand that the wall of _Jerusalem_, that wall which had been newly repaired\nby _Ezra_, _was broken down, and the gates thereof burnt wth fire_; he\nobtained leave of the King to go and build the city, and the Governour's\nhouse, _Nehem._ i. 3. & ii. 6, 8, 17. and coming to _Jerusalem_ the same\nyear, he continued Governor twelve years, and built the wall; and being\nopposed by _Sanballat_, _Tobiah_ and _Geshem_, he persisted in the work\nwith great resolution and patience, until the breaches were made up: then\n_Sanballat_ and _Geshem_ sent messengers unto him five times to hinder him\nfrom setting up the doors upon the gates: but notwithstanding he persisted\nin the work, until the doors were also set up: so the wall was finished in\nthe eight and twentieth year of the King, _Joseph._ _Antiq._ l. xi. c. 5.\nin the five and twentieth day of the month _Elul_, or sixth month, in fifty\nand two days after the breaches were made up, and they began to work upon\nthe gates. While the timber for the gates was preparing and seasoning, they\nmade up the breaches of the wall; both were works of time, and are not\njointly to be reckoned within the 52 days: this is the time of the last\nwork of the wall, the work of setting up the gates after the timber was\nseasoned and the breaches made up. When he had set up the gates, he\ndedicated the wall with great solemnity, and appointed Officers _over the\nchambers for the Treasure, for the Offerings, for the First-Fruits, and for\nthe Tithes, to gather into them out of the fields of the cities, the\nportions appointed by the law for the Priests and Levites; and the Singers\nand the Porters kept the ward of their God_; Nehem. xii. _but the people in\nthe city were but few, and the houses were unbuilt_: _Nehem._ vii. 1, 4.\nand in this condition he left _Jerusalem_ in the 32d year of the King; and\nafter sometime returning back from the King, he reformed such abuses as had\nbeen committed in his absence. _Nehem._ xiii. In the mean time, the\nGenealogies of the Priests and Levites were recorded in the book of the\n_Chronicles_, in the days of _Eliashib_, _Joiada_, _Jonathan_, and\n_Jaddua_, until the Reign of the next King _Darius Nothus_, whom _Nehemiah_\ncalls _Darius_ the _Persian_: _Nehem._ xii. 11, 22, 23. whence it follows\nthat _Nehemiah_ was Governor of the _Jews_ until the Reign of _Darius\nNothus_. And here ends the Sacred History of the _Jews_.\n\nThe histories of the _Persians_ now extant in the East, represent that the\noldest Dynasties of the Kings of _Persia_, were those whom they call\n_Pischdadians_ and _Kaianides_, and that the Dynasty of the _Kaianides_\nimmediately succeeded that of the _Pischdadians_. They derive the name\n_Kaianides_ from the word _Kai_, which, they say, in the old _Persian_\nlanguage signified a Giant or great King; and they call the first four\nKings of this Dynasty, _Kai-Cobad, Kai-Caus, Kai-Cosroes_, and _Lohorasp_,\nand by _Lohorasp_ mean _Kai-Axeres_, or _Cyaxeres_: for they say that\n_Lohorasp_ was the first of their Kings who reduced their armies to good\norder and discipline, and _Herodotus_ affirms the same thing of _Cyaxeres_:\nand they say further, that _Lohorasp_ went eastward, and conquered many\nProvinces of _Persia_, and that one of his Generals, whom the _Hebrews_\ncall _Nebuchadnezzar_, the _Arabians_ _Bocktanassar_, and others _Raham_\nand _Gudars_, went westward, and conquered all _Syria_ and _Jud\u00e6a_, and\ntook the city of _Jerusalem_ and destroyed it: they seem to call\n_Nebuchadnezzar_ the General of _Lohorasp_, because he assisted him in some\nof his wars. The fifth King of this Dynasty, they call _Kischtasp_, and by\nthis name mean sometimes _Darius Medus_, and sometimes _Darius Hystaspis_:\nfor they say that he was contemporary to _Ozair_ or _Ezra_, and to\n_Zaradust_ or _Zoroastres_, the Legislator of the _Ghebers_ or\nfire-worshippers, and established his doctrines throughout all _Persia_;\nand here they take him for _Darius Hystaspis_: they say also that he was\ncontemporary to _Jeremiah_, and to _Daniel_, and that he was the son and\nsuccessor of _Lohorasp_, and here they take him for _Darius_ the _Mede_.\nThe sixth King of the _Kaianides_, they call _Bahaman_, and tell us that\n_Bahaman_ was _Ardschir Diraz_, that is _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, so called\nfrom the great extent of his power: and yet they say that _Bahaman_ went\nwestward into _Mesopotamia_ and _Syria_, and conquered _Belshazzar_ the son\nof _Nebuchadnezzar_, and gave the Kingdom to _Cyrus_ his Lieutenant-General\nover _Media_: and here they take _Bahaman_ for _Darius Medus_. Next after\n_Ardschir Diraz_, they place _Homai_ a Queen, the mother of _Darius\nNothus_, tho' really she did not Reign: and the two next and last Kings of\nthe _Kaianides_, they call _Darab_ the bastard son of _Ardschir Diraz_, and\n_Darab_ who was conquered by _Ascander Roumi_, that is _Darius Nothus_, and\n_Darius_ who was conquered by _Alexander_ the _Greek_: and the Kings\nbetween these two _Darius's_ they omit, as they do also _Cyrus_,\n_Cambyses_, and _Xerxes_. The Dynasty of the _Kaianides_, was therefore\nthat of the _Medes_ and _Persians_, beginning with the defection of the\n_Medes_ from the _Assyrians_, in the end of the Reign of _Sennacherib_, and\nending with the conquest of _Persia_ by _Alexander_ the Great. But their\naccount of this Dynasty is very imperfect, some Kings being omitted, and\nothers being confounded with one another: and their Chronology of this\nDynasty is still worse; for to the first King they assign a Reign of 120\nyears, to the second a Reign of 150 years, to the third a Reign of 60\nyears, to the fourth a Reign of 120 years, to the fifth as much, and to the\nsixth a Reign of 112 years.\n\nThis Dynasty being the Monarchy of the _Medes_, and _Persians_; the Dynasty\nof the _Pischdadians_ which immediately preceded it, must be that of the\n_Assyrians_: and according to the oriental historians this was the oldest\nKingdom in the world, some of its Kings living a thousand years a-piece,\nand one of them Reigning five hundred years, another seven hundred years,\nand another a thousand years.\n\nWe need not then wonder, that the _Egyptians_ have made the Kings in the\nfirst Dynasty of their Monarchy, that which was seated at _Thebes_ in the\ndays of _David_, _Solomon_, and _Rehoboam_, so very ancient and so long\nlived; since the _Persians_ have done the like to their Kings, who began to\nReign in _Assyria_ two hundred years after the death of _Solomon_; and the\n_Syrians_ of _Damascus_ have done the like to their Kings _Adar_ and\n_Hazael_, who Reigned an hundred years after the death of _Solomon_,\n_worshipping them as Gods, and boasting their antiquity, and not knowing_,\nsaith _Josephus_, _that they were but modern_.\n\nAnd whilst all these nations have magnified their Antiquities so\nexceedingly, we need not wonder that the _Greeks_ and _Latines_ have made\ntheir first Kings a little older than the truth.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nFINIS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNotes.\n\n[1] _In the life of_ Lycurgus.\n\n[2] In the life of _Solon_.\n\n[3] Herod. l. 2.\n\n[4] Plutarch. de Pythi\u00e6 Oraculo.\n\n[5] Plutarch. in Solon\n\n[6] Apud Diog. Laert. in Solon p. 10.\n\n[7] Plin. nat. hist. l. 7. c. 56.\n\n[8] Ib. l. 5. c. 29.\n\n[9] Cont. Apion. sub initio.\n\n[10] In [Greek: Akousilaos].\n\n[11] Joseph. cont. Ap. l. 1.\n\n[12] Dionys. l. 1. initio.\n\n[13] Plutarch. in Numa.\n\n[14] Diodor. l. 16. p. 550. Edit. Steph.\n\n[15] Polyb. p. 379. B.\n\n[16] In vita Lycurgi, sub initio.\n\n[17] In Solone.\n\n[18] Plutarch. in Romulo & Numa.\n\n[19] In \u00c6neid. 7. v. 678.\n\n[20] Diodor. l. 1.\n\n[21] Plutarch. in Romulo.\n\n[22] Lib. I. in Pro\u00e6m.\n\n[23] Plutarch. in Lycurgo sub initio.\n\n[24] Pausan. l. 4. c. 13. p. 28. & c. 7. p. 296 & l. 3. c. 15. p. 245.\n\n[25] Pausan. l. 4. c. 7. p. 296.\n\n[26] Herod. l. 7.\n\n[27] Herod. l. 8.\n\n[28] Plato in Minoe.\n\n[29] Thucyd. l. 1. p. 13.\n\n[30] Athen. l. 14 p. 605\n\n[31] Pausan. l. 5. c. 8.\n\n[32] Pausan. l. 6. c. 19.\n\n[33] Plutarch. de Musica. Clemens Strom. l. 1. p. 308.\n\n[34] Herod. l. 6. c. 52.\n\n[35] Pausan. l. 5. c. 4.\n\n[36] Pausan. l. 5. c. 1, 3, 8. Strabo, l. 8, p. 357.\n\n[37] Pausan. l. 5. c.4.\n\n[38] Pausan. l. 5. c.18.\n\n[39] Solin. c. 30.\n\n[40] Dionys. l. 1. p. 15.\n\n[41] Apollon. Argonaut. l. 1. v. 101.\n\n[42] Plutarch. in Theseo.\n\n[43] Diodor. l. 1. p. 35.\n\n[44] Joseph. Antiq. l. 4. c. 8\n\n[45] Contra Apion. l. 1.\n\n[46] Hygin. Fab. 144.\n\n[47] Gen. i. 14. & viii. 22. Censorinus c. 19 & 20. Cicero in Verrem.\nGeminus c. 6.\n\n[48] Cicero in Verrem.\n\n[49] Diodor. l. 1.\n\n[50] Cicero in Verrem.\n\n[51] Gem. c. 6.\n\n[52] Apud Laertium, in Cleobulo.\n\n[53] Apud Laertium, in Thalete. Plutarch. in Solone.\n\n[54] Censorinus c. 18. Herod. l. 2. prope initium.\n\n[55] Apollodor l. 3. p. 169. Strabo l. 16. p. 476. Homer. Odyss. [Tau]. v.\n179.\n\n[56] Herod. l. 1.\n\n[57] Plutarch. in Numa.\n\n[58] Diodor. l. 3. p. 133.\n\n[59] Diodor. l. 1. p. 13.\n\n[60] Apud Theodorum Gazam de mentibus.\n\n[61] Apud Athen\u00e6um, l. 14.\n\n[62] Suidas in [Greek: Saroi].\n\n[63] Herod. l. 1.\n\n[64] Julian. Or: 4.\n\n[65] Strabo l. 17. p. 816.\n\n[66] Diodor. l. 1. p. 32.\n\n[67] Plutarch de Osiride & Iside. Diodor. l. 1. p. 9.\n\n[68] Hecat\u00e6us apud Diodor. l. 1. p. 32.\n\n[69] Isagoge Sect. 23, a Petavio edit.\n\n[70] Hipparch. ad Ph\u00e6nom. l.2. Sect. 3. a Petavio edit.\n\n[71] Hipparch. ad Ph\u00e6nom. l.1. Sect. 2.\n\n[72] Strom. 1. p. 306, 352.\n\n[73] Laertius Proem. l. 1.\n\n[74] Apollodor. l. 1. c. 9. Sect. 16.\n\n[75] Suidas in [Greek: Anagallis].\n\n[76] Apollodor. l. 1. c. 9. Sect. 25.\n\n[77] Laert. in Thalete. Plin. l. 2. c. 12.\n\n[78] Plin. l. 18. c. 23.\n\n[79] Petav. Var. Disl. l. 1. c. 5.\n\n[80] Petav. Doct. Temp. l. 4. c. 26.\n\n[81] Columel. l. 9. c. 14. Plin. l. 18. c. 25.\n\n[82] Arrian. l. 7.\n\n[83] In Moph.\n\n[84] Euanthes apud Athen\u00e6um, l. 67. p. 296.\n\n[85] Hyginus Fab. 14.\n\n[86] Homer. Odyss. l. 8. v. 292.\n\n[87] Hesiod. Theogon. v. 945.\n\n[88] Pausan. l. 2. c. 23.\n\n[89] Strabo l. 16.\n\n[90] Isa. xxiii. 2. 12.\n\n[91] 1 Kings v. 6\n\n[92] Steph. in Azoth.\n\n[93] Conon. Narrat. 37.\n\n[94] Nonnus Dionysiac l. 13 v. 333 [alpha] sequ.\n\n[95] Athen. l. 4. c. 23.\n\n[96] Strabo. l. 10. p. 661. Herod. l. 1.\n\n[97] Strabo. l. 16.\n\n[98] 2 Chron. xxi. 8, 10. & 2 Kings. viii. 20, 22.\n\n[99] Herod. l. 1. initio, & l. 7. circa medium.\n\n[100] Solin. c. 23, Edit. Salm.\n\n[101] Plin. l. 4. c. 22.\n\n[102] Strabo. l. 9. p. 401. & l. 10. p. 447.\n\n[103] Herod. l. 5.\n\n[104] Strabo. l. 1. p. 42.\n\n[105] Strabo. l. 1. p. 48.\n\n[106] Bochart. Canaan. l. 1. c. 34.\n\n[107] Strabo. l. 3. p. 140.\n\n[108] Vid. Phil. Transact. N\u00ba. 359.\n\n[109] Canaan, l. 1. c. 34. p. 682.\n\n[110] Aristot. de Mirab.\n\n[111] Plin. l. 7. c. 56.\n\n[112] Canaan. l. 1. c. 39.\n\n[113] Philostratus in vita Apollonii l. 5. c. 1. apud Photium.\n\n[114] Arnob. l. 1.\n\n[115] Bochart. in Canaan. l. 1. c. 24.\n\n[116] Oros. l. 5. c. 15. Florus l. 3. c. 1. Sallust. in Jugurtha.\n\n[117] Antiq. l. 8. c. 2, 5. & l. 9. c. 14.\n\n[118] Thucyd. l. 6. initio. Euseb. Chr.\n\n[119] Thucyd. ib.\n\n[120] Apud Dionys. l. 1. p. 15.\n\n[121] Herod. l. 8. c. 137.\n\n[122] Herod. l. 8.\n\n[123] Herod. l. 8. c. 139.\n\n[124] Thucyd. l. 2. prope finem.\n\n[125] Herod l. 6. c. 127.\n\n[126] Strabo. l. 8. p. 355.\n\n[127] Pausan. l. 6. c. 22.\n\n[128] Pausan. l. 5. c. 9.\n\n[129] Strabo. l. 8. p. 358.\n\n[130] Phanias Eph. ap. Plut. in vita Solonis.\n\n[131] Vid. Dionys. Halicarnass. l. 1. p. 44, 45.\n\n[132] Pausan. l. 2. c. 6.\n\n[133] Hygin. Fab. 7 & 8.\n\n[134] Homer. Iliad. [Omicron].\n\n[135] Homer. Odys. [Eta]. Diodor. l. 5. p.237.\n\n[136] Diodor. l. 1. p.17.\n\n[137] Pausan. l. 2. c. 25.\n\n[138] Apollodor. l. 2. Sect. 5.\n\n[139] Herod l. 7.\n\n[140] Bochart. Canaan part. 2. cap. 13.\n\n[141] Apollon. Argonaut. l. 1. v. 77.\n\n[142] Conon. Narrat. 13.\n\n[143] Pausan. l. 5. c. 1. Apollodor. l. 1. c. 7.\n\n[144] Pausan. l. 7. c. 1.\n\n[145] Pausan. l. 1. c. 37. & l. 10. c. 29.\n\n[146] Pausan. l. 7. c. 1.\n\n[147] Hesych. in [Greek: Kranaos].\n\n[148] Themist. Orat. 19.\n\n[149] Plato in Alcib. 1.\n\n[150] Pausan. l. 8. c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.\n\n[151] Pausan. l. 8. c. 4. Apollon. Argonaut. l. 1. v. 161.\n\n[152] Pausan. l. 8. c. 4.\n\n[153] Herod. l. 5. c. 58.\n\n[154] Strabo l. 10. p. 464, 465, 466.\n\n[155] Solin. Polyhist. c. 11.\n\n[156] Isidor. originum. lib. xi. c. 6.\n\n[157] Clem. Strom. l. 1.\n\n[158] Pausan. l. 9. c. 11.\n\n[159] Strabo l. 10. p. 472, 473. Diodor. l. 5. c. 4.\n\n[160] Strabo l. 10. p. 468. 472. Diodor. l. 5. c. 4.\n\n[161] Lucian de sacrificiis. Apollod. l. 1. c. 1. sect. 3. & c. 2. sect. 1.\n\n[162] Boch. in Canaan. l. 1. c. 15.\n\n[163] Athen. l. 13. p. 601.\n\n[164] Plutarch in Theseo.\n\n[165] Homer Il. [Nu]. & [Xi]. & Odys. [Lambda]. & [Tau].\n\n[166] Herod. l. 1.\n\n[167] Apollod. l. 3. c. 1. Hygin. Fab. 40, 41, 42. 178.\n\n[168] Lucian. de Dea Syria.\n\n[169] Diodor. l. 5. c. 4,\n\n[170] Argonaut. l. 2. v. 1236.\n\n[171] Lucian. de sacrificiis.\n\n[172] Porphyr. in vita Pythag.\n\n[173] Cicero de Nat. Deor. l. 3.\n\n[174] Callimac. Hymn 1. v. 8.\n\n[175] Cypr. de Idolorum vanitate.\n\n[176] Tert. Apologet. c. 10.\n\n[177] Macrob. Saturnal. lib. 1. c. 7.\n\n[178] Pausan. l. 5. c. 7, vid. et. c. 13. 14. & l. 8. c. 2.\n\n[179] Pausan. l. 8. c. 29.\n\n[180] Diodor. l. 5. p. 183.\n\n[181] Pausan. l. 5. c. 8. 14.\n\n[182] Herod. l. 2. c. 44.\n\n[183] Cic. de natura Deorum. lib. 3.\n\n[184] Diodor. p. 223.\n\n[185] Dionys. l. 1. p. 38, 42.\n\n[186] Lucian. de saltatione.\n\n[187] Arnob. adv. gent. l. 6. p. 131.\n\n[188] Herod. l. 2. initio.\n\n[189] Diodor. l. 1. p. 8.\n\n[190] Hesiod. opera. v. 108.\n\n[191] Apollon. Argonaut. l. 4. v. 1643.\n\n[192] Vita Homeri Herodoto adfer.\n\n[193] Herod. l. 2.\n\n[194] 1 Sam. ix. 16. & xiii. 5. 19, 20.\n\n[195] Clem. Al. Strom. 1. p. 321.\n\n[196] Plin. l. 7.\n\n[197] Plato in Tim\u00e6o.\n\n[198] Apollodor. l. 3. c. 1.\n\n[199] Herod. l. 2.\n\n[200] Hygin. Fab. 7.\n\n[201] Apollodor. l. 3. c. 6.\n\n[202] Homer. Il. [Gamma]. vers 572.\n\n[203] Thucyd. l. 2. p. 110. & Plutarch. in Theseo.\n\n[204] Strabo. l. 9. p. 396.\n\n[205] Apud Strabonem, l. 9. p. 397.\n\n[206] Pausan. l. 2. c. 15.\n\n[207] Strabo. l. 8. p. 337.\n\n[208] Pausan. l. 8. c. 1. 2.\n\n[209] Plin. l. 7. c. 56.\n\n[210] Dionys. l. 1. p. 10.\n\n[211] Dionys. l. 2. p. 126.\n\n[212] Diodor l. 5. p. 224. 225. 240.\n\n[213] Ammian. l. 17. c. 7.\n\n[214] Plin. l. 2. c. 87.\n\n[215] Diodor. l. 5. p. 202. 204.\n\n[216] Apud Diodor. l. 5. p. 201.\n\n[217] Dionys. l. 1. p. 17.\n\n[218] Dionys. l. 1. p. 33. 34.\n\n[219] Dionys. ib.\n\n[220] Ptol. Heph\u00e6st. l. 2.\n\n[221] Dionys. l. 2. p. 34.\n\n[222] Diodor. l. 5. p. 230.\n\n[223] Ister apud Porphyr. abst. l. 2. s. 56.\n\n[224] Bochart. Canaan. l. 1. c. 15.\n\n[225] Apud Strabonem. lib. 14. p. 684.\n\n[226] Strabo. l. 17. p. 828.\n\n[227] Diodor. l. 3. p. 132.\n\n[228] Herod. l. 1.\n\n[229] 1 King. xx. 16.\n\n[230] Genes. xiv. Deut ii. 9. 12. 19.-22.\n\n[231] Exod. i. 9. 22.\n\n[232] Job xxxi. 11.\n\n[233] Job xxxi. 26.\n\n[234] 1 Chron. xi. 4. 5. Judg. i. 21. 2 Sam v. 6.\n\n[235] Vide Hermippum apud Athen\u00e6um, I.\n\n[236] Argonaut. l. 4. v. 272.\n\n[237] Diodor. l. 1. p. 7.\n\n[238] Apud Diodorum l. 3. p. 140.\n\n[239] Diodor. l. 3. p. 131. 132.\n\n[240] Pausan. l. 2. c. 20. p. 155.\n\n[241] Diodor. l. 3. p. 130 & Schol. Apollonii. l. 2.\n\n[242] Ammian. l. 22. c. 8.\n\n[243] Justin. l. 2. c. 4.\n\n[244] Diodor. l. 1. p. 9.\n\n[245] Apud Diodor. l. 3. p. 141.\n\n[246] Step. in [Greek: Amm\u00f4nia].\n\n[247] Plin. l. 6. c. 28.\n\n[248] Ptol. l. 6. c. 7.\n\n[249] D. Augustin. in exposit. epist. ad Rom. sub initio.\n\n[250] Procop. de bello Vandal. l. 2. c. 10.\n\n[251] Chron. l. 1. p. 11.\n\n[252] Gemar. ad tit. Shebijth. cap. 6.\n\n[253] Manetho apud Josephum cont. Appion. l. 1. p. 1039.\n\n[254] Herod. l. 2.\n\n[255] Jerem. xliv. 1. Ezek. xxix. 14.\n\n[256] Menetho apud Porphyrium [Greek: peri apon\u00eas**] l. 1. Sect. 55. Et.\nEuseb. Pr\u00e6p. l. 4. c. 16. p. 155.\n\n[257] Diodor. l. 3. p. 101.\n\n[258] Diodor. apud Photium in Biblioth.\n\n[259] Herod. l. 2.\n\n[260] Plutarch. de Iside. p. 355. Diodor. l. 1. p. 9.\n\n[261] Augustin. de Civ. Dei. l. 18. c. 47.\n\n[262] Apud Photium, c. 279.\n\n[263] Fab. 274.\n\n[264] Apud Euseb. Chron.\n\n[265] Plin. l. 6. c. 23, 28. & l. 7. c. 56.\n\n[266] Diodor. l. 1. p. 17.\n\n[267] Pausan. l. 4. c. 23.\n\n[268] Apollodor. l. 2. c. 1.\n\n[269] Dionys. in Perie. v. 623.\n\n[270] Fab. 275.\n\n[271] Saturnal. l. 5. c. 21.\n\n[272] Lucan. l. 10.\n\n[273] Lucan. l. 9.\n\n[274] Herod. l. 1.\n\n[275] Diodor. l. 1. p. 35. Herod. l. 2 c. 102, 103, 106.\n\n[276] Pausan. l. 10. Suidas in [Greek: Parnasioi].\n\n[277] Lucan l. 5.\n\n[278] Argonaut. l. 4. v. 272.\n\n[279] Herod. l. 2. c. 109.\n\n[280] In vita Pythag. c. 29.\n\n[281] Diodor. l. 1. p. 36\n\n[282] Dionys. de situ Orbis.\n\n[283] Diodor. l. 1. p. 39.\n\n[284] Plutarch. de Iside & Osiride.\n\n[285] Diodor. l. 1. p. 8.\n\n[286] Lucian. de Dea Syria\n\n[287] Exod. xxxiv. 13. Num. xxxiii. 52. Deut. vii. 5. & xii. 3.\n\n[288] 2 Sam. viii. 10. & 1 King. xi. 23.\n\n[289] Antiq l. 9. c. 2.\n\n[290] Justin. l. 36.\n\n[291] Diodor. l. 5. p. 238.\n\n[292] Suidas in [Greek: Sardanapalos].\n\n[293] Apollod. l. 3.\n\n[294] Argonaut. l. 4. v. 424. & l. 1. v. 621.\n\n[295] Homer Odyss. [Theta]. v. 268. 292. & Hymn. 1. & 2. in Venerem. &\nHesiod. Theogon. v. 192.\n\n[296] Pausan. l. 1. c. 20.\n\n[297] Clem. Al. Admon. ad Gent. p. 10. Apollodor. l. 3. c. 13. Pindar.\nPyth. Ode 2. Hesych. in [Greek: Kinyradai]. Steph. in [Greek: Amathous].\nStrabo. l. 16, p. 755.\n\n[298] Clem. Al. Admon. ad Gent. p. 21. Plin. l. 7. c. 56.\n\n[299] Herod. l. 2.\n\n[300] Herod. l. 3. c. 37.\n\n[301] Bochart. Canaan. l. 1. c. 4.\n\n[302] Apud Athen\u00e6um l. 9. p. 392.\n\n[303] Ptol. l. 2.\n\n[304] Diod. l. 3. p. 145.\n\n[305] Vas. Chron. Hisp. c. 10.\n\n[306] Strabo l. 16. p. 776.\n\n[307] Homer.\n\n[308] Diodor. l. 3. p.132, 133\n\n[309] Plato in Tim\u00e6o. & Critia.\n\n[310] Apud Diodor. l. 5. p. 233.\n\n[311] Pamphus apud Pausan. l. 7. c. 21.\n\n[312] Herod. l. 2. c. 50.\n\n[313] Plutarch in Iside.\n\n[314] Lucian de Saltatione.\n\n[315] Agatharc. apud Photium.\n\n[316] Hygin. Fab. 150.\n\n[317] Plutarch. in Iside.\n\n[318] Diodor. l. 1. p. 10.\n\n[319] Pindar. Pyth. Ode 9.\n\n[320] Diodor. l. 1. p. 12.\n\n[321] Plin. l. 6. c. 29.\n\n[322] Herod. l. 2. c. 110.\n\n[323] Manetho apud Josephum cont. Apion. p. 1052, 1053.\n\n[324] Diodor. l. 1. p. 31.\n\n[325] Herod. l. 2.\n\n[326] Strabo. l. 1. p. 48.\n\n[327] Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4.\n\n[328] Strabo. l. 1. p. 21, 45, 46.\n\n[329] Diodor. l. 1. p. 29.\n\n[330] Manetho\n\n[331] Herod. l. 2\n\n[332] Herod. l. 2.\n\n[333] Ammian. l. 17. c. 4.\n\n[334] Strabo. l. 17. p. 817.\n\n[335] Annal. l. 2. c. 60.\n\n[336] Diodor. l. 1. p. 32.\n\n[337] Diodor. l. 1. p. 51.\n\n[338] Joseph. Ant. l. 1. c. 4.\n\n[339] Heordot. l. 2. c. 141.\n\n[340] Isa. xix. 2, 4, 11, 13, 23.\n\n[341] Herod. l. 2. c. 148, &c.\n\n[342] Plin. l. 36. c. 8. 9.\n\n[343] Diodor. l. 1 p. 29, &c.\n\n[344] Diodor. l. 2, p. 83.\n\n[345] Amos vi. 13, 14.\n\n[346] Amos vi. 2.\n\n[347] 2 Chron. xxvi. 6.\n\n[348] 2 King. xiv. 25.\n\n[349] 2 King. xix. 11.\n\n[350] Isa. x. 8.\n\n[351] 1 Chron. v. 26. 2 King. xvi. 9 & xvii. 6, 24. & Ezra iv. 9.\n\n[352] Isa. xxii. 6.\n\n[353] 2 King. xvii. 24, 30, 31. & xviii. 33, 34, 35. 2 Chron. xxxii. 15.\n\n[354] 2 Chron. xxxii. 13, 15.\n\n[355] Hosea v. 13. & x. 6, 14.\n\n[356] Herod. l. iii. c. 155.\n\n[357] Herod. l. i. c. 184.\n\n[358] Beros. apud Josep. contr. Appion. l. 1.\n\n[359] Curt. l. 5. c. 1.\n\n[360] Apud Euseb. Pr\u00e6p. l. 9. c. 41.\n\n[361] Doroth. apud Julium Firmicum.\n\n[362] Heren. apud Steph. in [Greek: Bab.]\n\n[363] Abyden apud Euseb. Pr\u00e6p. l. 9. c. 41.\n\n[364] Isa. xxiii. 13.\n\n[365] Tobit. i. 13. Annal. Tyr. apud Joseph. Ant. l. 9. c. 14.\n\n[366] Hosea x. 14.\n\n[367] Tobit. i. 15.\n\n[368] Tobit. i. 21. 2 King. xix. 37. Ptol. Canon.\n\n[369] Isa. xx. 1, 3, 4.\n\n[370] Herod. l. 1. c. 72. & l. 7. c. 63.\n\n[371] Apud Athen\u00e6um l. xii. p. 528.\n\n[372] Herod. l. 1. c. 96. &c.\n\n[373] Athen\u00e6us l. 12. p. 529, 530.\n\n[374] Herod. l. 1. c. 102.\n\n[375] Herod. l. 1. c. 103. Steph. in [Greek: Parthyaioi.]\n\n[376] Alexander Polyhist. apud Euseb. in Chron. p. 46 & apud Syncellum. p.\n210.\n\n[377] 2 Kings xxiv. 7. Jer. xlvi. 2. Eupolemus apud Euseb. Pr\u00e6p. l. 9. c.\n35.\n\n[378] 2 King. xxiii. 29, &c.\n\n[379] Eupolemus apud Euseb. Pr\u00e6p. l. 9. c. 39. 2 King. xxv. 2, 7.\n\n[380] Dan. i. 1.\n\n[381] Dan. i. 2. 2 Chron. xxxvi. 6.\n\n[382] Jer. xlvi. 2.\n\n[383] Apud Joseph. Antiq. l. 10. c. 11.\n\n[384] Beros. apud Joseph. Ant. l. 10. c. 11.\n\n[385] 2 King. xxiv. 12, 14. 2 Chron. xxxvi. 10.\n\n[386] 2 Kings xxiv. 17. Ezek. xvii. 13, 16, 18.\n\n[387] Ezek. xvii. 15.\n\n[388] 2 King. xxv. 1, 2, 8. Jer. xxxii. 1, & xxxix 1, 2.\n\n[389] Canon. & Beros.\n\n[390] 2 King. xxv. 27.\n\n[391] Hieron. in Isa. xiv. 19.\n\n[392] 2 King. xxv. 27. 29, &c.\n\n[393] Dan. v. 2.\n\n[394] Jos. Ant. l. 10. c. 11.\n\n[395] Herod. l. 1. c. 184, 185.\n\n[396] Philost. in vita Apollonii. l. 1. c. 15.\n\n[397] Jos. cont. Apion. l. 1. c. 21.\n\n[398] Herod. l. 1. c. 189, 190, 191. Xenoph. l. 7. p. 190, 191, 192. Ed.\nParis.\n\n[399] Dan. v. 30, 31. Joseph. Ant. l. 10. c. 11.\n\n[400] \u00c6sch. Pers\u00e6 v. 761.\n\n[401] Herod. l. 1. c. 107, 108. Xenophon Cyrop\u00e6d. l. 1. p. 3.\n\n[402] Cyrop\u00e6d. l. 1. p. 22.\n\n[403] Cyrop\u00e6d. l. viii. p. 228, 229.\n\n[404] Herod. l. 1. c. 73.\n\n[405] Herod. l. 1. c. 106, 130.\n\n[406] Herod. l. 1. c. 103.\n\n[407] Herod. ib.\n\n[408] Jer. xxv.\n\n[409] Herod. l. 1. c. 73, 74.\n\n[410] Herod. Ibid. Plin. l. 2. c. 12.\n\n[411] _The _Scythians_._\n\n[412] Jer. xxvii. 3, 6. Ezek. xxi. 19, 20 & xxv. 2, 8, 12.\n\n[413] Ezek. xxvi. 2. & xxix. 17, 19.\n\n[414] Ezek. xxix. 19. & xxx. 4, 5.\n\n[415] Suid. in [Greek: Dareikos] & [Greek: Dareikous]. Harpocr. in [Greek:\nDareikos]. Scoliast in Aristophanis. [Greek: Ekkl\u00easiazouston. v. 598.]\n\n[416] Herod. l. 1. c. 71.\n\n[417] Isa. xiii. 17.\n\n[418] Plin. l. 33. c. 3.\n\n[419] Herod. l. 1. c. 94.\n\n[420] Theogn. [Greek: Gn\u00f4mai], v. 761.\n\n[421] Ibid. v. 773.\n\n[422] Cyrop. l. 8.\n\n[423] Comment. in Dan. v.\n\n[424] Strabo. l. 16. initio.\n\n[425] Strab. l. 16. p. 745.\n\n[426] Herod. l. 1. c. 192.\n\n[427] Herod. l. 1. c. 178, &c.\n\n[428] Isa. xxiii. 13.\n\n[429] Diod. l. 1. p. 51.\n\n[430] Herod. l. 1. c. 181.\n\n[431] Suidas in [Greek: Aristarchos]. Herod. l. 1. c. 123, &c.\n\n[432] Strabo. l. 15. p. 730.\n\n[433] Herod. l. 1. c. 127, &c.\n\n[434] Cyrop. l. 8. p. 233.\n\n[435] See Plate I. & II.\n\n[436] Ezek. xli. 13, 14.\n\n[437] Ezek. xl. 47\n\n[438] Ezek. xl. 29, 33, 36.\n\n[439] Ezek. xl. 19, 23, 27. 2 King xxi. 5. 2 Chron. iv. 9.\n\n[440] Ezek. xl. 15, 17, 21. 1 Chron. xxviii. 12.\n\n[441] Ezek. xl 5, xlii. 20, & xlv. 2.\n\n[442] 2 King. xxi.5.\n\n[443] Ezek. xl.\n\n[444] Plate III.\n\n[445] Plate I.\n\n[446] 1 Chron. xxvi. 17.\n\n[447] Ezek. xlvi. 8, 9.\n\n[448] Ezek. xliv. 2, 3.\n\n[449] 1 Chron. xxvi. 15, 16, 17, 18.\n\n[450] Ezek. xl. 22, 26, 31, 34, 37.\n\n[451] Plate II & III.\n\n[452] 1 King. vi. 36. & vii. 13. Ezek. xl. 17, 18.\n\n[453] Ezek. xl. 10, 31, 34, 37.\n\n[454] Plate I.\n\n[455] 1 King. vi. 36, & vii. 12.\n\n[456] Ezek. xl. 17.\n\n[457] Plate III.\n\n[458] Plate I & II.\n\n[459] Ezek. xlvi. 21, 22.\n\n[460] Ezek. xl. 45.\n\n[461] Ezek. xl. 39, 41, 42, 46.\n\n[462] Plate II.\n\n[463] Ezek. xlii. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 14.\n\n[464] Ezek. xlvi. 19, 20.\n\n[465] Ezek. xlii. 5, 6.\n\n[466] 1 King. vi. 2. Ezek. xli. 2, 4, 12, 13, 14.\n\n[467] 1 King. vi. 3. Ezek. xli. 13.\n\n[468] Ezek. xli. 6, 11.\n\n[469] 1 King. vi. 6.\n\n[470] Ezek. xli. 6.\n\n[471] 2 Chron. iii. 4.\n\n[472] 1 King. vi. 8.\n\n[473] 2 Chron. xx. 5.\n\n[474] 2 King. xvi. 18.\n\n[475] Ezra vi. 3, 4.\n\n[476] Plate I\n\n[477] Plate III.\n\n[478] Plate I.\n\n[479] Valer. Max. l. 9. c. 2.\n\n[480] Porph. de Abstinentia, lib. 4.\n\n[481] Q. Curt. Lib. iii. c. 3.\n\n[482] Suidas in [Greek: Z\u00f4roastr\u00eas].\n\n[483] Ammian. l. 23. c. 6.\n\n[484] Euseb. Pr\u00e6p. Evang. l. 1. c. ult.\n\n[485] \u00c6sch. Pers\u00e6 v. 763.\n\n[486] Apud. Hieron in Dan. viii.","title":"The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended: To which is Prefix'd, A Short Chronicle from the First Memory of Things in Europe, to the Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great","tradition":"scripture-revelation","translated_text":null,"word_count":86577}