{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_16496/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_16496","id":"gutenberg_16496","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16496","summary":null,"tags":["Category: History - Ancient","Category: History - British","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Great Britain -- History -- To 55 B.C.","United Kingdom"],"text":"Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Lesley Halamek and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net\n\n\n\n\n\nTHE\n\nHISTORIE OF ENGLAND,\n\nFROM\n\nTHE TIME THAT IT WAS FIRST INHABITED,\n\nVNTILL\n\nTHE TIME THAT IT WAS LAST CONQUERED:\n\nWHEREIN THE SUNDRIE ALTERATIONS OF THE STATE\nVNDER FORREN PEOPLE IS DECLARED;\nAND OTHER MANIFOLD OBSERVATIONS REMEMBRED:\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n_BY RAPHAEL HOLINSHED_\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNOW NEWLIE READ OVER, AND DILIGENTLIE DIGESTED INTO BOOKES AND CHAPTERS,\nWITH THEIR SEUERALL ARGUMENTS PREFIXED, CONTEINING AN ABRIDGEMENT\nOF THE WHOLE HISTORIE, FOR THE HELPE OF THE READERS\nIUDGEMENT AND MEMORIE:\n\nWITH TWO TABLES OF PARTICULARS,\n\nTHE ONE SERVING THE DESCRIPTION, THE OTHER THE HISTORIE:\n\n_BY ABRAHAM FLEMING._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nLAUS HISTORIAE EX I. LELANDO.\n\nQUOD SOL AETHEREO PRAESTAT PULCHERRIMUS ORDI,\nHISTORIA HUMANIS VBIBUS HOC TRIBUIT.\n\n\n\n\nTO\n\nTHE READERS STUDIOUS IN HISTORIES.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nThe order obserued in the description of Britaine, by reason of the\nnecessarie diuision thereof into bookes and chapters growing out of\nthe varietie of matters therein conteined, seemed (in my iudgement) so\nconuenient a course deuised by the writer, as I was easilie induced\nthereby to digest the historie of England immediatlie following into the\nlike method: so that as in the one, so likewise in the other, by summarie\ncontents foregoing euerie chapter, as also by certeine materiall titles\nadded at the head of euerie page of the said historie, it is a thing of\nno difficultie to comprehend what is discoursed and discussed in the\nsame.\n\nWherein (sith histories are said to be the registers of memorie and the\nmonuments of veritie) all louers of knowlege, speciallie historicall,\nare aduisedlie to marke (among other points) the seuerall and successiue\nalterations of regiments in this land: whereof it was my meaning to haue\n[Sidenote: Pag. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 26, 27, 28, 49, 50, 51, of the\ndescription: and pag. 765, 766, of the historie of England.]\nmade an abstract, but that the same is sufficientlie handled in the first\nbooke and fourth chapter of the description of Britaine; whereto if the\nseuenth chapter of the same booke be also annexed, there is litle or no\ndefect at all in that case wherof iustlie to make complaint.\n\nWherfore by remitting the readers to those, I reape this aduantage,\nnamelie a discharge of a forethought & purposed labour, which as to\nreduce into some plausible forme was a worke both of time, paine and\nstudie: so seeming vnlikelie to be comprised in few words (being a matter\nof necessarie and important obseruation) occasion of tediousnes is to and\nfro auoided; speciallie to the reader, who is further to be aduertised,\nthat the computations of yeares here and there expressed, according to\nthe indirect direction of the copies whense they were deriued and drawne,\nis not so absolute (in some mens opinion) as it might haue beene: howbeit\niustifiable by their originals.\n\nWherin hereafter (God prolonging peace in the church and commonwelth\nthat the vse of bookes may not be abridged) such diligent care shall be\nhad, that in whatsoeuer the helpe of bookes will doo good, or conference\nwith antiquaries auaile, there shall want no will to vse the one and the\nother. And yet it is not a worke for euerie common capacitie, naie it is\na toile without head or taile euen for extraordinarie wits, to correct\nthe accounts of former ages so many hundred yeares receiued, out of\nvncerteinties to raise certeinties, and to reconcile writers dissenting\nin opinion and report. But as this is vnpossible, so is no more to be\nlooked for than may be performed: and further to inquire as it is against\nreason, so to vndertake more than may commendablie be atchiued, were\nfowle follie.\n\nABRAHAM FLEMING.\n\n\n\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTHE FIRST BOOKE\n\nOF THE\n\nHISTORIE OF ENGLAND.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Who inhabited this Iland before the comming of Brute: of Noah & his\nthree sonnes, among whom the whole earth was diuided: and to which of\ntheir portions this Ile of Britaine befell._\n\n\nTHE FIRST CHAPTER.\n\n\nWhat manner of people did first inhabite this our country, which hath\nmost generallie and of longest continuance beene knowne among all nations\nby the name of Britaine as yet is not certeinly knowne; neither can it be\ndecided fr[=o] whence the first inhabitants there of came, by reason of\nsuch diuersitie in iudgements as haue risen amongst the learned in this\n[Sidenote: The originall of nations for the most part vncerteine.]\nbehalfe. But sith the originall in maner of all nations is doubtfull, and\neuen the same for the more part fabulous (that alwaies excepted which we\nfind in the holie scriptures) I wish not any man to leane to that which\nshall be here set downe as to an infallible truth, sith I doo but onlie\nshew other mens conjectures, grounded neuerthelesse vpon likelie reasons,\nconcerning that matter whereof there is now left but little other\ncerteintie, or rather none at all.\n\n[Sidenote: Whither Britaine were an Iland at the first.\n_Geog. com. lib._\nNo Ilands at the first, as some coniecture.]\nTo fetch therefore the matter from the farthest, and so to stretch it\nforward, it seemeth by the report of Dominicus Marius Niger that in the\nbeginning, when God framed the world, and diuided the waters apart from\nthe earth, this Ile was then a parcell of the continent, and ioined\nwithout any separation of sea to the maine land. But this opinion (as all\nother the like vncerteinties) I leaue to be discussed of by the learned:\nhowbeit for the first inhabitation of this Ile with people, I haue\nthought good to set downe in part, what may be gathered out of such\nwriters as haue touched that matter, and may seeme to giue some light\nvnto the knowledge thereof.\n\n[Sidenote: In the first part of the acts of the English votaries.\nBritaine inhabitied before the floud.\n_Genesis 6_.\n_Berosus ant. lib._ 1.]\nFirst therefore Iohn Bale our countrieman, who in his time greatlie\ntrauelled in the search of such antiquities, dooth probablie coniecture,\nthat this land was inhabited and replenished with people long before the\nfloud, at that time in the which the generation of mankind (as Moses\nwriteth) began to multiplie vpon the vniuersall face of the earth: and\ntherfore it followeth, that as well this land was inhabited with people\nlong before the daies of Noah, as any the other countries and parts\nof the world beside. But when they had once forsaken the ordinances\nappointed them by God, and betaken them to new waies inuented of\nthemselues, such loosenesse of life ensued euerie where, as brought vpon\nthem the great deluge and vniuersall floud, in the which perished as well\nthe inhabitants of these quarters, as the residue of the race of mankind,\ngenerallie dispersed in euerie other part of the whole world, onelie Noah\n& his familie excepted, who by the prouidence and pleasure of almightie\nGod was preserued from the rage of those waters, to recontinue and\nrepaire the new generation of man of vpon earth.\n\n[Sidenote: NOAH. _In comment. super 4. lib._\n_Berosus de antiquit. lib._ 1\n_Annius vt suor._]\nAfter the flood (as Annius de Viterbo recordeth) and reason also\nenforceth, Noah was the onlie monarch of all the world, and as the same\nAnnius gathereth by the account of Moses in the 100. yeare after the\nflood, Noah diuided the earth among his three sonnes; assigning to the\npossession of his eldest sonne all that portion of land which now is\nknowne by the name of Asia; to his second sonne Cham, he appointed all\nthat part of the world which now is called Affrica: and to his third\nsonne Iaphet was allotted all Europa, with all the Iles therto belonging,\nwherin among other was conteined this our Ile of Britaine, with the other\nIles thereto perteining.\n\n[Sidenote: IAPHET AND HIS SONNES.\n_Johannes Bodinus ad fac. hist. cogn._\n_Franciscus Tarapha_.]\nIaphet the third son of Noah, of some called Iapetus, and of others,\nAtlas Maurus (because he departed this life in Mauritania) was the first\n(as Bodinus affirmeth by the authoritie and consent of the Hebrue, Greeke\n& Latine writers) that peopled the countries of Europe, which afterward\nhe diuided among his sonnes: of whom Tuball (as Tarapha affirmeth)\nobteined the kingdome of Spaine. Gomer had dominion ouer the Italians,\nand (as Berosus and diuers other authors agree) Samothes was the founder\nof Celtica, which conteined in it (as Bale witnesseth) a great part of\nEurope, but speciallie those countries which now are called by the names\nof Gallia and Britannia.\n\n[Sidenote: Britaine inhabited shortlie after the floud.]\nThus was this Iland inhabited and peopled within 200 yeeres after the\nfloud by the children of Iaphet the sonne of Noah: & this is not onlie\nprooued by Annius, writing vpon Berosus, but also confirmed by Moses in\nthe scripture, where he writeth, that of the offspring of Iaphet, the\nIles of the Gentiles (wherof Britain is one) were sorted into regions in\nthe time of Phaleg the sonne of Hiber, who was borne at the time of the\n[Sidenote: _Theophilus episcop. Antioch. ad Anfol lib. 2._\nThe words of Theophilus a doctor of the church, who liued an. Dom. 160.]\ndiuision of languages. Herevpon Theophilus hath these words: \"Cum priscis\ntemporibus pauci forent homines in Arabia & Chaldaea, post linguarum\ndiuisionem aucti & multiplicati paulatim sunt: hinc quidam abierunt\nversus orientem, quidam concessere ad partes maioris continentis, alij\nporro profecti sunt ad septentrionem sedes quaesituri, nec prius desierunt\nterram vbiq; occupare, quam etiam Britannos in Arctois climatibus\naccesserint, &c.\" _That is_; \"When at the first there were not manie\nmen in Arabia and Chaldaea, it came to passe, that after the diuision of\ntoongs, they began somewhat better to increase and multiplie, by which\noccasion some of them went toward the east, and some toward the parts of\nthe great maine land: diuers of them went also northwards to seeke them\ndwelling places, neither staid they to replenish the earth as they went,\ntill they came vnto the Iles of Britaine, lieng vnder the north pole.\"\nThus far Theophilus.\n\nThese things considered, Gildas the Britaine had great reason to thinke,\nthat this countrie had bene inhabited from the beginning. And Polydor\nVirgil was with no lesse consideration hereby induced to confesse, that\nthe Ile of Britaine had receiued inhabitants foorthwith after the floud.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Of Samothes, Magus, Sarron, Druis, and Bardus, fiue kings succeeding\neach other in regiment ouer the Celts and Samotheans, and how manie\nhundred yeeres the Celts inhabited this Iland._\n\n\nTHE SECOND CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: _Gen. 2._]\nSamothes the sixt begotten sonne of Iaphet called by Moses Mesech, by\n[Sidenote: _De migr. gen._]\nothers Dis, receiued for his portion (according to the report of\nWolfgangus Lazius) all the countrie lieng betweene the riuer of Rhene\nand the Pyrenian mountains, where he founded the kingdome of Celtica\n[Sidenote: _Cent. 1._]\nouer his people called Celtae. Which name Bale affirmeth to haue bene\nindifferent to the inhabitants both of the countrie of Gallia, and the\nIle of Britaine, & that he planted colonies of men (brought foorth of\nthe east parts) in either of them, first in the maine land, and after\n[Sidenote: _Anti. lib._ 1.\n_Bale Script_.\n_Brit. cent._ 1.]\nin the Iland. He is reported by Berosus to haue excelled all men of\nthat age in learning and knowledge: and also is thought by Bale to\nhaue imparted the same among his people; namelie, the vnderstanding\n[Sidenote: _Caesar. comment. lib._ 8.]\nof the sundrie courses of the starres, the order of inferiour things,\nwith manie other matters incident to the morall and politike gouernment\nof mans life: and to haue deliuered the same in the Phenician letters:\nout of which the Greekes (according to the opinion of Archilochus)\n[Sidenote: _In epithet. temp._\n_De aequinorus contra Appionem_.]\ndeuised & deriued the Greeke characters, insomuch that Xenophon and\nIosephus doo constantlie report (although Diogenes Laertius be against\nit) that both the Greekes and other nations receiued their letters and\nlearning first from these countries. Of this king and his learning arose\n[Sidenote: _Lib. de Magic. success. lib._ 22.]\na sect of philosophers (saith Annius) first in Britaine, and after in\nGallia, the which of his name were called Samothei. They (as Aristotle\nand Secion write) were passing skilfull both in the law of God and man:\n[Sidenote: _Script. Brit. cent._ I.]\nand for that cause exceedinglie giuen to religion, especiallie the\ninhabitants of this Ile of Britaine, insomuch that the whole nation\ndid not onelie take the name of them, but the Iland it selfe (as Bale\n[Sidenote: _De ant. Cant. cent. lib._ I.]\nand doctor Caius agree) came to be called Samothea, which was the first\npeculiar name that euer it had, and by the which it was especiallie\n[Sidenote: This Ile called Samothea.]\nknowne before the arriuall of Albion.\n\n[Sidenote: MAGUS THE SON OF SAMOTHES. _Lib._ 9.\n_Annius in commen. super eundem. Geogr._]\nMagus the sonne of Samothes, after the death of his\nfather, was the second king of Celtica, by whome (as Berosus writeth)\nthere were manie townes builded among the Celts, which by the witnesse\nof Annius did beare the addition of their founder Magus: of which townes\ndiuers are to be found in Ptolomie. And Antoninus a painfull surueior of\nthe world and searcher of cities, maketh mention of foure of them here\nin Britaine, Sitomagus, Neomagus, Niomagus, and Nouiomagus. Neomagus\nsir Thomas Eliot writeth to haue stood where the citie of Chester now\nstandeth; Niomagus, George Lillie placeth where the towne of Buckingham\nis now remaining. Beside this, Bale dooth so highlie commend the foresaid\nMagus for his learning renowmed ouer all the world, that he would haue\nthe Persians, and other nations of the south and west parts, to deriue\nthe name of their diuines called _Magi_ from him. In deed Rauisius\nTextor, and sir Iohn Prise affirme, that in the daies of Plinie, the\nBritons were so expert in art magike, that they might be thought to haue\nfirst deliuered the same to the Persians. What the name of _Magus_\n[Sidenote: _De diui. lib._ 1.\n_De fastis li._ 5.]\nimporteth, and of what profession the _Magi_ were, Tullie declareth at\nlarge, and Mantuan in briefe, after this maner:\n\n\n  Ille penes Persas Magus est, qui sidera norit,\n  Qui sciat herbarum vires cultumq; deorum,\n  Persepoli facit ista Magos prudentia triplex.\n\n  The Persians terme him Magus, that\n  the course of starres dooth knowe,\n  The power of herbs, and worship due\n    to God that man dooth owe,\n  By threefold knowledge thus the name\n    of Magus then dooth growe.\n\n  [Sidenote: _H.F._]\n\n\n[Sidenote: SARRON THE SON OF MAGUS.\n_De ant. Cant. lib._ 1.]\n[Sidenote: _Bale. script_.\n_Brit. cent._ I.]\nSarron the third king of the Celts succeeded his father Magus in\ngouernement of the countrie of Gallia, and the Ile Samothea, wherein as\n(D. Caius writeth) he founded certaine publike places for them that\nprofessed learning, which Berosus affirmeth to be done, to the intent\nto restraine the wilfull outrage of men, being as then but raw and void\nof all ciuilitie. Also it is thought by Annius, that he was the first\nauthor of those kind of philosophers, which were called Sarronides, of\nwhom Diodorus Siculus writeth in this sort: \"There are (saith he) among\n[Sidenote: _Lib._ 6.]\nthe Celts certaine diuines and philosophers called Sarronides, whom\naboue all other they haue in great estimation. For it is the manner\namong them, not without a philosopher to make anie sacrifice: sith they\nare of beleefe, that sacrifices ought onelie to be made by such as are\nskilfull in the diuine mysteries, as of those who are neerest vnto God,\nby whose intercession they thinke all good things are to be required of\nGod, and whose aduise they vse and follow, as well in warre as in peace.\"\n\n[Sidenote: DRUIS THE SON OF SARRON.\n_De morte Claud._]\nDruis, whom Seneca calleth Dryus, being the sonne of Sarron, was after\nhis father established the fourth king of Celtica, indifferentlie\nreigning as wel ouer the Celts as Britons, or rather (as the inhabitants\nof this Ile were then called) Samotheans. This prince is commended by\nBerosus to be so plentifullie indued with wisedome and learning, that\nAnnius taketh him to be the vndoubted author of the begining and name of\nthe philosophers called Druides, whome Caesar and all other ancient\nGreeke and Latine writers doo affirme to haue had their begining in\nBritaine, and to haue bin brought from thence into Gallia, insomuch that\nwhen there arose any doubt in that countrie touching any point of their\ndiscipline, they did repaire to be resolued therein into Britaine, where,\nspeciallie in the Ile of Anglesey (as Humfrey Llhoyd witnesseth) they\n[Sidenote: _Anti. lib._ 5.\n_Annius super eundem_.\n_De bello Gallico_. 6.]\nmade their principall abode. Touching their vsages many things are\nwritten by Aristotle, Socion, Plinie, Laertius, Bodinus, and others:\nwhich I will gather in briefe, and set downe as followeth. They had\n(as Caesar saith) the charge of common & priuate sacrifices, the\ndiscussing of points of religion, the bringing vp of youth, the\ndetermining of matters in variance with full power to interdict so manie\nfrom the sacrifice of their gods and the companie of men, as disobeied\n[Sidenote: _Hist. an. lib._ 1.]\ntheir award. Polydore affirmeth, how they taught, that mens soules could\nnot die, but departed from one bodie to another, and that to the intent\n[Sidenote: _De diui. lib._ 1.]\nto make men valiant and drealesse of death. Tullie writeth, that\npartlie by tokens, and partlie by surmises, they would foretell things\nto come. And by the report of Hector Boetius, some of them were not\nignorant of the immortalitie of the one and euerlasting God. All these\n[Sidenote: _Hist. Scoti. li._ 2.\n_De migr. gen. lib._ 2.\n_Marcellinus_.]\nthings they had written in the Greeke toong, insomuch that Wolf. Lazius\n(vpon the report of Marcellinus) declareth how the Greeke letters were\nfirst brought to Athens by Timagenes from the Druides. And herevpon it\ncommeth also to passe, that the British toong hath in it remaining at\nthis day some smacke of the Greeke. Among other abuses of the Druides,\nthey had (according to Diodorus) one custome to kill men, and by the\nfalling, bleeding, and dismembring of them, to diuine of things to come:\nfor the which and other wicked practises, their sect was first condemned\nfor abhominable (as some haue written) and dissolued in Gallia (as\nAuentinus witnesseth) by Tiberius and Claudius the emperours; and\n[Sidenote: _Anna. Boiorum. lib._ 22.]\nlastlie abolished here in Britaine (by the report of Caius) when the\ngospell of Christ by the preaching of Fugatius and Damianus was receiued\n[Sidenote: _De ant. Cant._]\namong the Britaines, vnder Lucius king of Britaine, about the yeare of\nour sauior, 179.\n\n[Sidenote: BARDUS THE SONNE OF DRUIS.\n_Berosus ant. lib._ 2.\n_Annius in commen. super eundem_.\n_Ant. Cant li._ 1.\n_script. Britan. cent._ 1.\n_Nonnius_.\n_Marcel._\n_Strabo_.\n_Diodor. Sicul. lib._ 6.\n_Carol. Stepha. in dict. hist._\n_Bale_.\n_Iohn Prise_.]\nBardus the sonne of Druis succeeded his father in the kingdome of\nCeltica, and was the fift king ouer the Celtes and Samotheans, amongst\nwhom he was highlie renoumed (as appeareth by Berosus) for inuention of\ndities and musicke, wherein Annius of Viterbo writeth, that he trained\nhis people: and of such as excelled in this knowledge, he made an order\nof philosophicall poets or heraulds, calling them by his owne name Bardi.\nAnd it should seeme by doctor Caius and master Bale, that Caesar found\nsome of them here at his arriuall in this Ile, and reported that they had\nalso their first begining in the same. The profession and vsages of these\nBardi, Nonnius, Strabo, Diodorus, Stephanus, Bale, and sir Iohn Prise,\nare in effect reported after this sort. They did vse to record the\nnoble exploits of the ancient capteins, and to drawe the pedegrees and\ngenealogies of such as were liuing. They would frame pleasant dities and\nsongs, learne the same by heart, and sing them to instruments at solemne\nfeasts and assemblies of noble men and gentlemen. Wherefore they were had\nin so high estimation, that if two hosts had bene readie ranged to ioine\nin battell, and that any of them had fortuned to enter among them, both\nthe hosts (as well the enimies as the friends) would haue holden their\nhands, giuen eare vnto them, and ceassed from fight, vntill these Bards\n[Sidenote: _Lucan. lib._ 1.]\nhad gone out of the battell. Of these Bards Lucane saith,\n\n\n  Vos quoq; qui fortes animas belloq; peremptas,\n  Laudius in longum vares dimittitis aeuum,\n  Plurima securi fudistis carmina Bardi:\n\n  [Sidenote: _II. F._]\n  And you o poet Bards from danger\n    void that dities sound,\n  Of soules of dreadlesse men, whom rage\n    of battell would confound,\n  And make their lasting praise to time\n    of later age rebound.\n\n\nBecause the names of these poets were neither discrepant from the\nciuilitie of the Romans, nor repugnant to the religion of the Christians,\nthey (of all the other sects before specified) were suffered onlie to\ncontinue vnabolished in all ages, insomuch that there flourished of\nthem among the Britains (according to Bale) before the birth of Christ,\n[Sidenote: _Iohn Bale script. Britan. cent._ 2.\n_John Prise defen hist. Brit._\n_Caius de ant._\n_Cant. lib._ 1.\n_Iohn Leland_\n_syllab. ant dict._\n_Hum. Lloyd de Mona insula_]\nPlenidius and Oronius: after Christ (as Prise recounteth) Thalestine,\nand the two Merlins, Melkin, Elaskirion, and others: and of late daies\namong the Welshmen, Dauid Die, Ioslo Gough, Dauid ap William, with an\ninfinite number more. And in Wales there are sundrie of them (as Caius\nreporteth) remaining vnto this day, where they are in their language\ncalled (as Leland writeth) Barthes. Also by the witnes of Humfrey Llhoyd,\nthere is an Iland neere vnto Wales, called Insula Bardorum, and Bardsey,\nwhereof the one name in Latine, and the other in Saxon or old English,\nsignifieth the Iland of the Bardes or Barthes.\n\n_Thus farre the gouernement of the Celts in this Ile._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\nAN APPENDIX TO THE FORMER CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: _Bale_]\nAfter Bardus, the Celts (as Bale saith) loathing the streict ordinances\nof their ancient kings, and betaking themselues to pleasure and idlenesse,\nwere in short time, and with small labour brought vnder the subiection of\nthe giant Albion, the sonne of Neptune, who altering the state of things\nin this Iland, streicted the name of Celtica and the Celts within the\nbounds of Gallia, from whence they came first to inhabit this land vnder\nthe conduct of Samothes, as before ye haue heard, accordinglie as Annius\n[Sidenote: _Annius_.]\nhath gathered out of Berosus the Chaldean, who therein agreeth also with\n[Sidenote: _Theophilus_.]\nthe scripture, the saieng of Theophilus the doctor, and the generall\nconsent of all writers, which fullie consent, that the first inhabitants\nof this Ile came out of the parties of Gallia, although some of them\ndissent about the time and maner of their comming. Sir Brian Tuke\n[Sidenote: _Sir Brian Tuke_.]\nthinketh it to be ment of the arriuall of Brute, when he came out of\n[Sidenote: _Caesar_.]\nthose countries into this Ile. Caesar and Tacitus seeme to be of opinion,\nthat those Celts which first inhabited here, came ouer to view the\n[Sidenote: _Tacitus_.\n_Bodinus_.]\ncountrie for trade of merchandize. Bodinus would haue them to come in (a\nGods name) from Languedoc, and so to name this land Albion, of a citie in\n[Sidenote: _Beda_.\n_Polydor_.]\nLanguedoc named Albie. Beda, and likewise Polydore (who followeth him)\naffirme that they came from the coasts of Armorica, which is now called\nlittle Britaine.\n\nBut that the authorities afore recited are sufficient to proue the time\nthat this Iland was first inhabited by the Celts, the old possessors of\nGallia; not onelie the neernesse of the regions, but the congruence\nof languages, two great arguments of originals doo fullie confirme\n[Sidenote: _Bodinus_.]\nthe same. Bodinus writeth vpon report, that the British and Celtike\nlanguage was all one. But whether that be true or not, I am not able to\naffirme, bicause the Celtike toong is long sithens growne wholie out of\nvse. Howbeit some such Celtike words as remaine in the writings of old\nauthours may be perceiued to agree with the Welsh toong, being the\n[Sidenote: _Pausanias_]\nvncorrupted speech of the ancient Britains. In deed Pausanias the\nGrecian maketh mention how the Celts in their language called a horsse\n_Marc_: and by that name doo the Welshmen call a horsse to this day:\nand the word _Trimarc_ in Pausanias, signifieth in the Celtike toong,\nthree horsses.\n\nThus it appeared by the authoritie of writers, by situation of place, and\nby affinitie of language, that this Iland was first found and inhabited\nby the Celts, that there name from Samothes to Albion continued here\nthe space of 310 yeares or there abouts. And finallie it is likelie,\n[Sidenote: _Iohn Bale_.]\nthat aswell the progenie as the speech of them is partlie remaining in\nthis Ile among the inhabitants, and speciallie the British, euen vnto\nthis day.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Of the giant Albion, of his comming into this Iland, diuers opinions why\nit was called Albion: why Albion and Bergion were slaine by Hercules: of\nDanaus and of his 50 daughters._\n\n\nTHE THIRD CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: _Bale_.\n_Annius de Viterbo_.\n_Diodorus Sicubis_.\nPinnesses or gallies.\n_Higinus_.\n_Pictonius_.]\nNeptunus called by Moses (as some take it) Nepthuim, the sixt sonne of\nOsiris, after the account of Annius, and the brother of Hercules, had\nappointed him of his father (as Diodorus writeth) the gouernement of the\nocean sea: wherefore he furnished himselfe of sundrie light ships for the\nmore redie passage by water, which in the end grew to the number of a\nfull nauie: & so by continuall exercise he became so skilfull, and\ntherewith so mightie vpon the waters (as Higinus & Pictonius doo write)\nthat he was not onelie called the king, but also esteemed the god of the\nseas. He had to wife a ladie called Amphitrita, who was also honored as\ngoddesse of the seas, of whose bodie he begat sundrie children: and (as\nBale reporteth) he made euerie one of them king of an Iland. In the Ile\n[Sidenote: _Scrip. Bri. cent._ 1.]\nof Britaine he landed his fourth son called Albion the giant, who brought\nthe same vnder his subjection. And herevpon it resteth, that Iohn Textor,\n[Sidenote: _Ioh. Textor_.\n_Polydor_.]\nand Polydor Virgil made mention, that light shippes were first inuented\nin the British seas, and that the same were couered round with the hides\nof beasts, for defending them from the surges and waues of the water.\n\nThis Albion being put by his father in possession of this Ile of\nBritaine, within short time subdued the Samotheans, the first\ninhabitantes thereof, without finding any great resistance, for that (as\nbefore ye haue heard) they had giuen ouer the practise of all warlike\nand other painefull exercises, and through vse of effeminate pleasures,\nwherevnto they had giuen themselues ouer, they were become now vnapt to\nwithstand the force of their enimies: and so (by the testimonie of\n[Sidenote: _Nichol. Perot._\n_Rigmanus Philesius_.\n_Aristotle_.\n_Hum. Lhoyd_.]\nNicholaus Perottus, Rigmanus Philesius, Aristotle, and Humfrey Llhoyd,\nwith diuers other, both forraine & home-writers) this Iland was first\ncalled by the name of Albion, hauing at one time both the name and\ninhabitants changed from the line of Iaphet vnto the accursed race of Cham.\n\nThis Albion (that thus changed the name of this Ile) and his companie,\nare called giants, which signifieth none other than a tall kind of men,\nof that vncorrupt stature and highnesse naturallie incident to the first\n[Sidenote: _Berosus_.]\nage (which Berosus also seemeth to allow, where he writeth, that Noah\nwas one of the giants) and were not so called only of their monstrous\ngreatnesse, as the common people thinke (although in deed they exceeded\nthe vsuall stature of men now in these daies) but also for that they\ntooke their name of the soile where they were borne: for _Gigantes_\n[Sidenote: What _Gigantes_ signifie]\nsignifieth the sons of the earth: the Aborigines, or (as Cesar calleth\nthem) Indigenae; that is, borne and bred out of the earth where they\ninhabited.\n\nThus some thinke, but verelie although that their opinion is not to be\nallowed in any condition, which maintaine that there should be any\n[Sidenote: _Against the opinion of the Aborigines_.]\nAborigines, or other kind of men than those of Adams line; yet that\nthere haue beene men of far greater stature than are now to be found,\nis sufficientlie prooued by the huge bones of those that haue beene\nfound in our time, or lately before: whereof here to make further\nrelation it shall not need, sith in the description of Britaine ye\nshall find it sufficientlie declared.\n\n[Sidenote: _Bale_.\nBergion brother to Albion.\nHercules Lybicus.]\nBut now to our purpose. As Albion held Britaine in subiection, so his\nbrother Bergion kept Ireland and the Orkenies vnder his rule and\ndominion, and hearing that their coosine Hercules Lybicus hauing\nfinished his conquests in Spaine, meant to passe through Gallia into\nItalie, against their brother Lestrigo that oppressed Italie, vnder\nsubiection of him & other of his brethren the sons also of Neptune;\nas well Albion as Bergion assembling their powers togither, passed\nouer into Gallia, to stoppe the passage of Hercules, whose intention\nwas to vanquish and destroie those tyrants the sonnes of Neptune, &\ntheir complices that kept diuers countries and regions vnder the\npainefull yoke of their heauie thraldome.\n\n[Sidenote: The cause why Hercules pursued his cousins.]\nThe cause that moued Hercules thus to pursue vpon those tyrants now\nreigning thus in the world, was, for that not long before, the greatest\npart of them had conspired togither and slaine his father Osiris,\nnotwithstanding that they were nephues to the same Osiris, as sonnes to\nhis brother Neptune, and not contented with his slaughter, they diuided\nhis carcase also amongst them, so that each of them got a peece in token\nof reioising at their murtherous atchiued enterprise.\n\nFor this cause Hercules (whome Moses calleth Laabin) proclamed warres\nagainst them all in reuenge of his fathers death: and first he killed\nTriphon and Busiris in Aegypt, then Anteus in Mauritania, & the Gerions\nin Spaine, which enterprise atchined, he led his armie towardes Italie,\nand by the way passed through a part of Gallia, where Albion and Bergion\n[Sidenote: _Pomp. Mela._]\nhauing vnited their powers togither, were readie to receiue him with\nbattell: and so neere to the mouth of the riuer called Rhosne, in Latine\n_Rhodanus_, they met & fought. At the first there was a right terrible\nand cruell conflict betwixt them. And albeit that Hercules had the\ngreatest number of men, yet was it verie doubtfull a great while, to\nwhether part the glorie of that daies worke would bend. Whereupon when\nthe victorie began outright to turne vnto Albion, and to his brother\nBergion, Hercules perceiuing the danger and likelihood of vtter losse\nof that battell, speciallie for that his men had wasted their weapons,\nhe caused those that stood still and were not otherwise occupied, to\nstoope downe, and to gather vp stones, whereof in that place there was\ngreat plentie, which by his commandement they bestowed so freelie vpon\n[Sidenote: Hercules discomfiteith his enimies. Albion is slaine.]\ntheir enimies, that in the end hee obteined the victorie, and did not\nonly put his adversaries to flight, but also slue Albion there in the\nfield, togither with his brother Bergion, and the most part of all their\nwhole armie. This was the end of Albion, and his brother Bergion, by the\nvaliant prowesse of Hercules, who as one appointed by Gods prouidence to\nsubdue the cruell & vnmercifull tyrants, spent his time to the benefit\nof mankind, deliuering the oppressed from the heauie yoke of miserable\nthraldome, in euerie place where he came.\n\n[Sidenote: The occasion of the fable of Jupiter helping his son Hercules.]\nAnd by the order of this battell wee maye learne whereof the poets had\ntheir inuention, when they faine in their writings, that Jupiter holpe\nhis sonne Hercules, by throwing downe stones from heauen in this battell\nagainst Albion and Bergion. Moreouer, from henceforth was this Ile of\n[Sidenote: How this Ile was called Albion, of the giant Albion.\n_Iohn Bale_.]\nBritaine called Albion (as before we haue said) after the name of the\nsaid Albion: because he was established chiefe ruler and king thereof\nboth by his grandfather Osiris and his father Neptune that cunning\nsailour reigning therein (as Bale saith) by the space of 44. yeares, till\nfinally he was slaine in maner afore remembred by his vncle Hercules\nLibicus.\n\nAfter that Hercules had thus vanquished and destroied his enimies, hee\npassed to and fro thorough Gallia, suppressing the tyrants in euerie\npart where he came, and restoring the people vnto a reasonable kinde of\nlibertie, vnder lawfull gouernours. This Hercules (as we find) builded\nthe citie Alexia in Burgongne, nowe called Alize. Moreouer, by Lilius\nGiraldus in the life of Hercules it is auouched, that the same Hercules\ncame ouer hither into Britaine. And this dooth Giraldus write by warrant\nof such Britons as (saith he) haue so written themselues, which thing\nperaduenture he hath read in Gildas the ancient Briton poet: a booke that\n(as he confesseth in the 5. dialog of his histories of poets) he hath\nseene. The same thing also is confirmed by the name of an head of land\nin Britaine called _Promontorium Herculis_, as in Ptolomie ye may read,\nwhich is thought to take name of his arriuall at that place. Thus much\nfor Albion and Hercules.\n\n[Sidenote: Diuers opinions why this Ile was called Albion.\nSee more hereof in the discription.]\nBut now, whereas it is not denied of anie, that this\nIle was called ancientlie by the name of Albion: yet there be diuers\nopinions how it came by that name: for manie doo not allow of this\nhistorie of Albion the giant. But for so much as it apperteineth rather\nto the description than to the historie of this Ile, to rip vp and lay\nfoorth the secret mysteries of such matters: and because I thinke that\nthis opinion which is here auouched, how it tooke that name of the\nforsaid Albion, sonne to Neptune, may be confirmed with as good\nauthoritie as some of the other, I here passe ouer the rest, & proceed\nwith the historie.\n\nWhen Albion chiefe capteine of the giants was slaine, the residue that\nremained at home in the Ile, continued without any rule or restraint of\nlaw, in so much that they fell to such a dissolute order of life, that\nthey seemed little or nothing to differ from brute beasts: and those are\nthey which our ancient chronicles call the giants, who were so named, as\nwell for the huge proportion of their stature (sithens as before is said,\nthat age brought foorth far greater men than are now liuing) as also for\nthat they were the first, or at the least the furthest in remembrance\nof any that had inhabited this countrie. For this word _Gigines_, or\n_Gegines_, from whence our word giant (as some take it) is deriued, is a\nGreeke word, and signifieth, Borne or bred of or in the earth, for our\nfore-elders, specially the Gentiles, being ignorant of the true beginning\nof mankind, were persuaded, that the first inhabitants of any countrie\nwere bred out of the earth, and therefore when they could go no higher,\n[Sidenote: _Terrae filius_ what it signifieth.]\nreckoning the descents of their predecessours, they would name him _Terrae\nfilius_, The sonne of the earth: and so the giants whom the poets faine\nto haue sought to make battell against heauen, are called the sonnes of\nthe earth: and the first inhabitants generally of euery countrie were of\nthe Greekes called _Gigines_, or _Gegines_, and of the Latines\n[Sidenote: _Aborigines_.\n_Indigenae_.]\n_Aborigines_, and _Indigenae_, that is, People borne of the earth from the\nbeginning, and comming from no other countrie, but bred within the same.\n\nThese giants and first inhabitants of this Ile continued in their\nbeastlie kind of life vnto the arriuall of the ladies, which some of our\nchronicles ignorantly write to be the daughters of Dioclesian the king\nof Assyria, whereas in deed they haue beene deceiued, in taking the\n[Sidenote: The mistaking of the name of Dioclesianus for Danaus.]\nword _Danaus_ to be short written for _Dioclesianus_: and by the same\nmeanes haue diuers words and names beene mistaken, both in our chronicles,\nand in diuers other ancient written woorks. But this is a fault that\nlearned men should not so much trouble themselues about, considering the\n[Sidenote: _Hugh the Italian_.\n_Harding_.\nIohn Rous_ out of _Dauid Pencair_.]\nsame hath bin alreadie found by sundrie authors ling sithens, as Hugh the\nItalian, Iohn Harding, Iohn Rouse of Warwike, and others,\nspeciallie by the helpe of Dauid Pencair a British historie, who recite\nthe historie vnder the name of Danaus and his daughters. And because we\nwould not any man to thinke, that the historie of these daughters\nof Danaus is onelie of purpose deuised, and brought in place of\nDioclesianus, to excuse the imperfection of our writers, whereas\nthere was either no such historie (or at the least no such women that\n[Sidenote: _Nennius_.]\narriued in this Ile) the authoritie of Nennius a Briton writer may be\nauouched, who wrote aboue 900. yeares past, and maketh mention of the\narriuall of such ladies.\n\n[Sidenote: Belus priscus.\n_Danaidarium porticani_.](text unclear)\nTo be short, the historie is thus. Belus the sonne of Epaphus, or (as\nsome writers haue) of Neptune and Libies (whome Isis after the death\nof Apis maried) had issue two sonnes: the first Danaus, called also\nArmeus; and Aegyptus called also Rameses: these two were kings among\nthe Aegyptians, Danaus the elder of the two, hauing in his rule the\n[Sidenote: Danaus.\nAegyptus.\n_Higinus_.]\nvpper region of Aegypt, had by sundrie wiues 50. daughters, with whome\nhis brother Aegyptus, gaping for the dominion of the whole, did\ninstantlie labour, that his sonnes being also 50. in number, might\nmatch. But Danaus hauing knowledge by some prophesie or oracle, that\na sonne in law of his should be his death, refused so to bestow his\ndaughters. Hereupon grew warre betwixt the brethren, in the end\nwhereof, Danaus being the weaker, was inforced to flee his countrie,\nand so prepared a nauie, imbarked himselfe and his daughters, and with\nthem passed ouer into Greece, where he found meanes to dispossesse\nGelenor (sonne to Stenelas king of Argos) of his rightfull\ninheritance, driuing him out of his countrie, and reigned in his place\nby the assistance of the Argiues that had conceiued an hatred towardes\nGelenor, and a great liking towardes Danaus, who in verie deed did so\nfarre excell the kings that had reigned there before him, that the\nGreekes in remembrance of him were after called Danai.\n\nBut his brother Aegyptus, taking great disdaine for that he and his\nsonnes were in such sort despised of Danaus, sent his sonnes with a great\narmie to make warre against their vncle, giuing them in charge not to\nreturne, till they had either slaine Danaus, or obtained his daughters\nin mariage. The yoong gentlemen according to their fathers commandement,\nbeing arriued in Greece, made such warre against Danaus, that in the end\nhe was constrained to giue vnto those his 50. nephues his 50. daughters,\nto ioine with them in mariage, and so they were. But as the prouerbe\nsaith, \"In trust appeared treacherie.\" For on the first night of the\nmariage, Danaus deliuered to ech of his daughters a sword, charging them\nthat when their husbands after their bankets and pastimes were once\nbrought into a sound sleepe, ech of them should slea hir husband,\nmenacing them with death vnlesse they fulfilled his commandement. They\nall therefore obeied the will of their father, Hypermnestra onely\nexcepted, with whom preuailed more the loue of kinred and wedlocke, than\nthe feare of hir fathers displeasure: for shee alone spared the life of\nhir husband Lynceus, waking him out of his sleepe, and warning him to\ndepart and flee into Aegypt to his father. He therefore hauing all the\nwicked practises reuealed to him by his wife, followed hir aduice, and so\nescaped.\n\n[Sidenote: _Pausanias_.]\nNow when Danaus perceiued how all his daughters had accomplished his\ncommandement, sauing onelie Hypermnestra, he caused hir to be brought\nforth into iudgement, for disobeieng him in a matter wherein both the\nsafetie and losse of his life rested: but she was acquitted by the\nArgiues, & discharged. Howbeit hir father kept hir in prison, and\nseeking to find out other husbands for his other daughters that had\nobeied his pleasure in sleaing their first husbands, long it was yer\nhe could find any to match with them: for the heinous offense committed\nin the slaughter of their late husbands, was yet too fresh in memorie,\nand their bloud not wiped out of mind. Neuerthelesse, to bring his\npurpose the better to passe, he made proclamation, that his daughters\nshould demand no ioinctures, and euerie suter should take his choise\nwithout respect to the age of the ladie, or abilitie of him that came to\nmake his choise, but so as first come best serued, according to their\nowne phantasies and likings. Howbeit when this policie also failed,\n& would not serue his turne, he deuised a game of running, ordeining\ntherewith, that whosoeuer got the best price should haue the first choise\namong all the sisters; and he that got the second, should choose next to\nthe first; and so foorth, ech one after an other, according to the triall\nof their swiftnesse of foote.\n\nHow much this practise auailed, I know not: but certeine it is, diuers of\nthem were bestowed, either by this or some other meanes, for we find that\nAutonomes was maried to Architeles, Chrysanta or (as Pausanias saith)\nScea was matched with Archandrus, Amaome with Neptunus Equestris, on\nwhome he begat Nauplius.\n\n[Sidenote: _Higinus_.]\nBut now to returne vnto Lynceus, whome his wife Hypermnestra preserued, as\nbefore ye haue heard. After he was once got out of the reach and danger of\nhis father in law king Danaus, he gaue knowledge thereof to his wife, in\n[Sidenote: _Pausanias_.]\nraising a fire on heigth beaconwise, accordingly as she had requested him\nto doo at his departure from hir: and this was at a place which afterwards\ntooke name of him, and was called Lyncea. Upon his returne into Aegypt, he\ngaue his father to vnderstand the whole circumstance of the trecherous\ncrueltie vsed by his vncle and his daughters in the murder of his\nbrethren, and how hardly he himselfe had escaped death out of his vncles\nhandes. Wherevpon at time conuenient he was furnished foorth with men and\nships by his father, for the speedie reuenge of that heinous, vnnaturall\nand most disloiall murder, in which enterprise he sped him foorth with\nsuch diligence, that in short time he found meanes to dispatch his vncle\nDanaus, set his wife Hypermnestra at libertie, and subdued the whole\nkingdome of the Argiues.\n\nThis done, he caused the daughters of Danaus (so many as remained within\nthe limits of his dominion) to be sent for, whome he thought not worthie\nto liue, bicause of the cruell murther which they had committed on his\nbrethren: but yet for that they were his wiues sisters, he would not\nput them to death, but commanded them to be thrust into a ship, without\nmaister, mate or mariner, and so to be turned into the maine ocean sea,\nand to take and abide such fortune as should chance vnto them. These\n[Sidenote: _Harding_ and _Iohn Rouse_ out of _David Pencair_.]\nladies thus imbarked and left to the mercy of the seas, by hap were\nbrought to the coasts of this Ile then called Albion, where they tooke\nland, and in seeking to prouide themselues of victuals by pursute of\nwilde beasts, met with no other inhabitants, than the rude and sauage\ngiants mentioned before, whome our historiens for their beastlie kind of\nlife doo call diuells. With these monsters did these ladies (finding none\nother to satisfie the motions of their sensuall lust) ioine in the act of\nvenerie, and ingendred a race of people in proportion nothing differing\nfrom their fathers that begat them, nor in conditions from their mothers\nthat bare them.\n\nBut now peraduenture ye wil thinke that I haue forgotten my selfe, in\nrehearsing this historie of the ladies arriuall here, bicause I make no\nmention of Albina, which should be the eldest of the sisters, of whome\nthis land should also take the name of Albion. To this we answer, that as\nthe name of their father hath bene mistaken, so likewise hath the whole\ncourse of the historie in this behalfe. For though we shall admit that\nto be true which is rehearsed (in maner as before ye haue heard) of the\narriuall here of those ladies; yet certeine it is that none of them bare\nthe name of Albina, from whome this land might be called Albion. For\nfurther assurance whereof, if any man be desirous to know all their\n[Sidenote: _Higinus_.\nThe names of the daughters of Danaus.]\nnames, we haue thought good here to rehearse them as they be found in\nHiginus, Pausanias, and others. 1 Idea, 2 Philomela, 3 Scillo, 4 Phicomene,\n5 Euippe, 6 Demoditas, 7 Hyale, 8 Trite, 9 Damone, 10 Hippothoe, 11\nMirmidone, 12 Euridice, 13 Chleo, 14 Vrania, 15 Cleopatra, 16 Phylea, 17\nHypareta, 18 Chrysothemis, 19 Heranta, 20 Armoaste, 21 Danaes, 22 Scea,\n23 Glaucippe, 24 Demophile, 25 Autodice, 26 Polyxena, 27 Hecate, 28\nAchamantis, 29 Arsalte, 30 Monuste, 31 Amimone, 32 Helice, 33 Amaome, 34\nPolybe, 35 Helicte, 36 Electra, 37 Eubule, 38 Daphildice, 39 Hero, 40\nEuropomene, 41 Critomedia, 42 Pyrene, 43 Eupheno, 44 Themistagora, 45\nPaleno, 46 Erato, 47 Autonomes, 48 Itea, 49 Chrysanta, 50 Hypermnestra.\nThese were the names of those ladies the daughters of Danaus: howbeit,\nwhich they were that should arriue in this Ile, we can not say: but it\nsufficeth to vnderstand, that none of them hight Albina. So that, whether\nthe historie of their landing here should be true or not, it is all one\nfor the matter concerning the name of this Ile, which vndoubtedlie was\n[Sidenote: See more in the description.]\ncalled Albion, either of Albion the giant (as before I haue said) or by\nsome other occasion.\n\nAnd thus much for the ladies, whose strange aduenture of their arriuall\nhere, as it may seeme to manie & (with good cause) incredible, so without\nfurther auouching it for truth I leaue it to the consideration of the\nreader, to thinke thereof as reason shall moue him sith I see not how\neither in this, or in other things of such antiquitie, we cannot haue\nsufficient warrant otherwise than by likelie coniectures. Which as in\nthis historie of the ladies they are not most probable, yet haue we\nshewed the likeliest, that (as we thinke) may be deemed to agree with\nthose authors that haue written of their comming into this Ile. But as\nfor an assured proofe that this Ile was inhabited with people before the\ncomming of Brute, I trust it may suffice which before is recited out of\nAnnius de Viterbo, Theophilus, Gildas, and other, although much more\nmight be said: as of the comming hither of Osiris, as well as in the\n[Sidenote: Vlysses in Britaine.]\nother parties of the world: and likewise of Vlysses his being here, who\nin performing some vow which he either then did make, or before had made,\nerected an altar in that part of Scotland which was ancientlie called\n[Sidenote: _Iulius Solinus_.]\nCalidonia, as Iulius Solinus Polyhistor in plaine words dooth record.\n\n\u00b6 Vpon these considerations I haue no doubt to deliuer vnto the reader,\nthe opinion of those that thinke this land to haue bene inhabited before\nthe arriuall here of Brute, trusting it may be taken in good part,\nsith we haue but shewed the coniectures of others, till time that some\nsufficient learned man shall take vpon him to decipher the doubts of all\nthese matters. Neuerthelesse, I thinke good to aduertise the reader that\nthese stories of Samothes, Magus, Sarron, Druis, and Bardus, doo relie\nonelie vpon the authoritie of Berosus, whom most diligent antiquaries doo\nreiect as a fabulous and counterfet author, and Vacerius hath laboured to\nprooue the same by a speciall treatise latelie published at Rome.\n\n\n\n\nTHE END OF THE FIRST BOOKE","title":"Holinshed's Chronicles, vol. 1 of 6, slice 2 of 9. England, early history","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":8201}