{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_16511/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_16511","id":"gutenberg_16511","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16511","summary":null,"tags":["Category: History - Ancient","Category: History - British","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Great Britain -- History -- To 55 B.C.","United Kingdom"],"text":"Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Lesley Halamek and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net\n\n\n\n\n\nTHE THIRD BOOKE\n\nOF THE\n\nHISTORIE OF ENGLAND.\n\n\n\n\n_Of Mulmucius the first king of Britaine, who was crowned with a\ngolden crowne, his lawes, his foundations, with other his acts and\ndeeds_.\n\nTHE FIRST CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: MULMUCIUS. _Matth. West. Polyd_.]\nNow to proceede with the aforesaid authors, Mulmucius Dunwall[=o],\nor as other saie Dunuallo Mulmucius, the sonne of Cloton (as\ntestifieth th'english chronicle and also Geffrey of Monmouth) got\nthe vpper hand of the other dukes or rulers: and after his fathers\ndeceasse began his reigne ouer the whole monarchie of Britaine, in the\nyeere of the world 3529, after the building of Rome 314, and after the\ndeliuerance of the Israelites out of captiuitie 97, and about the 26\nyeere of Darius Artaxerxes Longimanus, the fift king of the Persians.\nThis Mulmucius Dunuallo is named in the english chronicle Donebant,\nand prooued a right worthie prince. He builded within the citie of\n[Sidenote: _Fabian_. See more in the description.]\nLondon then called Troinouant, a temple, and named it the temple of\npeace: the which (as some hold opinion, I wote not vpon what ground)\nwas the same which now is called Blackwell hall, where the market\nfor buieng and selling of cloths is kept. The chronicle of England\naffirmeth, that Mulmucius (whome the old booke nameth Molle)\n[Sidenote: Malmesburie and the Vies built. _Matth. West_. Lawes made.]\nbuilded the two townes Malmesburie and the Vies. He also made manie\ngood lawes, which were long after vsed, called Mulmucius lawes, turned\nout of the British speech into the Latine by Gildas Priscus, and long\ntime after translated out of latine into english by Alfred king of\nEngland, and mingled in his statutes. He moreouer gaue priuileges to\ntemples, to plowes, to cities, and to high waies leading to the same,\nso that whosoeuer fled to them, should be in safegard from bodilie\nharme, and from thence he might depart into what countrie he would,\n[Sidenote: _Caxton_ and _Polychron_.]\nwith indemnitie of his person. Some authors write, that he began to\nmake the foure great high waies of Britaine, the which were finished\nby his sonne Blinus, as after shall be declared.\n\n[Sidenote: The first king that was crowned with a golden crowne.]\nAfter he had established his land, and set his Britains in good and\nconuenient order, he ordeined him by the aduise of his lords a crowne\nof gold, & caused himselfe with great solemnitie to be crowned,\naccording to the custome of the pagan lawes then in vse: & bicause he\nwas the first that bare a crowne heere in Britaine, after the opinion\nof some writers, he is named the first king of Britaine, and all the\nother before rehearsed are named rulers, dukes, or gouernors.\n\n[Sidenote: _Polyd_. Weights and measures.]\nAmongst other of his ordinances, he appointed weights and measures,\nwith the which men should buy and sell. And further he deuised sore\n[Sidenote: Theft punished. _Fabian_.]\nand streight orders for the punishing of theft. Finallie, after he\nhad guided the land by the space of fortie yeeres, he died, and was\nburied in the foresaid temple of peace which he had erected within\nthe citie of Troinouant now called London, as before ye haue heard,\nappointing in his life time, that his kingdome should be diuided\nbetwixt his two sonnes, Brennus and Belinus (as some men doo\nconiecture.)\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_The ioint-gouernment of Belinus and Brennus the two sonnes of\nMulmucius, their discontentment, the stratagems of the one against the\nother, the expulsion of Brennus out of Britaine_.\n\nTHE SECOND CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: Belinus and Brennus. 3574.]\nBrennus and Belinus began to reigne iointlie as kings in Britaine,\nin the yeere of the world 3574, after the building of the citie\nof Rome 355, and after the deliuerance of the Israelites out of\ncaptiuitie 142, which was about the seuenth yeere of Artaxerxes\n[Sidenote: _Matth. West_.]\nsurnamed Mnenon, the seuenth king of the Persians. Belinus held\nvnder his gouernment Loegria, Wales, and Cornwall: and Brennus all\nthose countries ouer and beyond Humber. And with this partition\n[Sidenote: _Polyd_. saith 5.]\nwere they contented by the tearme of six or seuen yeeres, after which\n[Sidenote: Brennus not content with his portion.]\ntime expired, Brennus coueting to haue more than his portion came\nto, first thought to purchase himselfe aid in forreine parties, &\ntherefore by the prouocation and counsell of yong vnquiet heads,\n[Sidenote: Elsingius.]\nsailed ouer into Norway, and there married the daughter of Elsung or\nElsing, as then duke or ruler of that countrie. Beline, offended with\nhis brother, that he should thus without his aduice marrie with\na stranger, now in his absence seized all his lands, townes, and\nfortresses into his owne hands, placing garisons of men of warre where\nhe thought conuenient.\n\nIn the meane time, Brenne aduertised hereof, assembled a great nauie\nof ships, well furnished with people and souldiers of the Norwegians,\nwith the which he tooke his course homewards, but in the waie he\n[Sidenote: Guilthdacus king of Denmarke.]\nwas encountred by Guilthdacus king of Denmarke, the which had laid\nlong in wait for him, bicause of the yoong ladie which Brenne had\nmaried, for whome he had beene a sutor to hir father Elsing of long\ntime. When these two fleetes of the Danes and Norwegians met, there\nwas a sore battell betwixt them, but finallie the Danes ouercame them\nof Norway, and tooke the ship wherein the new bride was conueied, and\nthen was she brought aboord the ship of Guilthdacus. Brenne escaped by\nflight as well as he might. But when Guilthdacus had thus obtained the\n[Sidenote: A tempest.]\nvictorie and prey, suddenlie therevpon arose a sore tempest of\nwind and weather, which scattered the Danish fleete, and put the king\nin danger to haue beene lost: but finallie within fiue daies after,\n[Sidenote: Guilthdacus landed in the north.]\nbeing driuen by force of wind, he landed in Northumberland, with a\nfew such ships as kept togither with him.\n\nBeline being then in that countrie, prouiding for defense against his\nbrother, vpon knowledge of the king of Denmarks arriuall, caused him\nto be staied. Shortlie after, Brenne hauing recouered and gotten\ntogither the most part of his ships that were dispersed by the\ndiscomfiture, and then newlie rigged and furnished of all things\nnecessarie, sent word to his brother Beline, both to restore vnto\nhim his wife wrongfullie rauished by Guilthdacus, and also his lands\niniuriouslie by him seized into his possession. These requests\nbeing plainlie and shortlie denied, Brenne made no long delaie, but\nspeedilie made toward Albania, and landing with his armie in a part\nthereof, incountred with his brother Beline neere vnto a wood named\n[Sidenote: Calater wood is in Scotland.]\nas then Calater, where (after cruell fight, and mortall battell\nbetwixt them) at length the victorie abode with the Britains, and the\ndiscomfiture did light so on the Norwegians, that the most of them\nwere wounded, slaine, and left dead vpon the ground.\n\nHereby Brenne being forced to flee, made shift, and got ouer into\nGallia, where after he had sued to this prince, at length he\n[Sidenote: Seguinus or Seginus duke of the Allobrogs, now the Delphinat\nof Sauoy.]\nabode, and was well receiued of one Seguinus or Seginus duke of the\npeople called then Allobrogs (as Galfrid of Monmouth saith) or rather\nArmorica, which now is called Britaine, as Polychronicon, and the\nenglish historie printed by Caxton, more trulie maie seeme to affirme.\nBut Beline hauing got the vpper hand of his enimies, assembling his\ncouncell at Caerbranke, now called York, tooke aduise what he should\ndoo with the king of Denmarke: where it was ordeined, that he should\nbe set at libertie, with condition and vnder couenant, to acknowledge\nhimselfe by dooing homage, to hold his land of the king of\n[Sidenote: The Danes tributarie of the Britains.]\nBritaine, and to paie him a yeerelie tribute. These couenants being\nagreed vpon, and hostages taken for assurance, he was set at libertie,\nand so returned into his countrie. The tribute that he couenanted to\npaie, was a thousand pounds, as the English chronicle saith.\n\n[Sidenote: The foure high waies finished.]\nWhen Beline had thus expelled his brother, and was alone possessed\nof all the land of Britaine, he first confirmed the lawes made by his\nfather: and for so much as the foure waies begun by his father were\nnot brought to perfection, he therefore caused workmen to be called\nfoorth and assembled, whom he set in hand to paue the said waies with\nstone, for the better passage and ease of all that should trauell\nthrough the countries from place to place, as occasion should require.\n\n[Sidenote: The Fosse.]\nThe first of these foure waies is named Fosse, and stretcheth\nfrom the south into the north, beginning at the corner of Totnesse in\nCornewall, and so passing foorth by Deuonshire, and Somersetshire,\nby Tutherie, on Cotteswold, and then forward beside Couentrie vnto\nLeicester, and from thence by wild plaines towards Newarke, and endeth\n[Sidenote: Watling street.]\nat the citie of Lincolne. The second waie was named Watling\nstreete, the which stretcheth ouerthwart the Fosse, out of the\nsoutheast into the northeast, beginning at Douer, and passing by the\nmiddle of Kent ouer Thames beside London, by-west of Westminster, as\nsome haue thought, and so foorth by S. Albons, and by the west side of\nDunstable, Stratford, Toucester, and Wedon by-south of Lilleborne, by\nAtherston, Gilberts hill, that now is called the Wreken, and so foorth\nby Seuerne, passing beside Worcester, vnto Stratton to the middle of\nWales, and so vnto a place called Cardigan, at the Irish sea. The\n[Sidenote: Erming street.]\nthird way was named Ermingstreet, which stretched out of the west\nnorthwest, vnto the east southeast, and beginneth at Meneuia, the\nwhich is in Saint Dauids land in west Wales, and so vnto Southampton.\n[Sidenote: Hiknelstreet.]\nThe fourth and last waie hight Hiknelstreete, which leadeth by\nWorcester, Winchcombe, Birmingham, Lichfield, Darbie, Chesterfield,\nand by Yorke, and so foorth vnto Tinmouth. After he had caused\nthese waies to be well and sufficientlie raised and made, he confirmed\n[Sidenote: Priuilegs granted to the waies.]\nvnto them all such priuileges as were granted by his father.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Brennus marrieth with the duke of Alobrogs daughter, groweth into\ngreat honour, commeth into Britaine with an armie against his brother\nBeline, their mother reconcileth them, they ioine might & munition and\nhaue great conquests, conflicts betweene the Galles and the Romans,\nthe two brethren take Rome_.\n\nTHE THIRD CHAPTER.\n\n\nIn the meane time that Beline was thus occupied about the necessarie\naffaires of his realme and kingdome, his brother Brenne that was\nfled into Gallia onelie with 12. persons, bicause he was a goodlie\ngentleman, and seemed to vnderstand what apperteined to honour, grew\nshortlie into fauour with Seginus the duke afore mentioned, and\ndeclaring vnto him his aduersitie, and the whole circumstance of\nhis mishap, at length was so highlie cherished of the said Seginus,\ndeliting in such worthie qualities as he saw in him dailie appearing,\n[Sidenote: Brenne marieth the duke of Alobrogs daughter.]\nthat he gaue to him his daughter in mariage, with condition,\nthat if he died without issue male, should he inherit his estate &\ndukedome: and if it happened him to leaue anie heire male behind him,\nthen should he yet helpe him to recouer his land and dominion in\nBritaine, beereft from him by his brother.\n\nThese conditions well and surelie vpon the dukes part by the assent of\nthe nobles of his land concluded, ratified, and assured, the said duke\nwithin the space of one yeere after died. And then after a certeine\ntime, being knowne that the duches was not with child, all the lords\nof that countrie did homage to Brenne, receiuing him as their lord and\nsupreme gouernour, vpon whome he likewise for his part in recompense\nof their curtesie, bestowed a great portion of his treasure.\n\n[Sidenote: Brenne with an armie returneth into Britaine.]\nShortlie after also, with their assent he gathered an armie, and\nwith the same eftsoones came ouer into Britaine, to make new warre\nvpon his brother Beline. Of whose landing when Beline was informed, he\nassembled his people, and made himselfe readie to meete him: but\n[Sidenote: Brenne and Beline made friends by intercession of their\nmother.]\nas they were at point to haue ioined battell, by the intercession of\ntheir mother that came betwixt them, and demeaned hirselfe in all\nmotherlie order, and most louing maner towards them both, they fell to\nan agreement, and were made friends or euer they parted asunder.\n\nAfter this they repaired to London, and there taking aduice togither\nwith their peeres and councellors, for the good order and quieting of\nthe land, at length they accorded to passe with both their armies\ninto Gallia, to subdue that whole countrie, and so following this\ndetermination, they tooke shipping and sailed ouer into Gallia, where\nbeginning the warre with fire and sword, they wrought such maisteries,\nthat within a short time (as saith Geffrey of Monmouth) they\n[Sidenote: They inuade Gallia and Italie.]\nconquered a great part of Gallia, Italie, and Germanie, and brought it\nto their subiection. In the end they tooke Rome by this occasion (as\nwriters report) if these be the same that had the leading of those\nGalles, which in this season did so much hurt in Italie and other\nparts of the world.\n\nAfter they had passed the mountaines, & were entred into Tuscan, they\n[Sidenote: Now Clusi.]\nbesieged the citie of Clusium, the citizens whereof being in great\ndanger, sent to Rome for aid against their enimies. Wherevpon the\nRomanes, considering with themselues that although they were not in\nanie league of societie with the Clusians, yet if they were ouercome\nthe danger of the next brunt were like to be theirs: with all\n[Sidenote: Ambassadours sent from Rome. Brennus answere.]\nspeed they sent ambassadours to intreat betwixt the parties for some\npeace to be had.\n\nThey that were sent, required the capteines of the Galles, in the name\nof the senat and citizens of Rome, not to molest the friends of the\nRomans. Wherevnto answere was made by Brennus, that for his part he\ncould be content to haue peace, if it were so that the Clusians would\nbe agreeable that the Galles might haue part of the countrie which\nthey held, being more than they did alreadie well occupie, for\notherwise (said he) there could be no peace granted.\n\nThe Romane ambassadours being offended with these wordes, demanded\nwhat the Galles had to doo in Tuscan, by reason of which and other the\nlike ouerthwart wordes, the parties began to kindle in displeasure\n[Sidenote: The treatie of peace breaketh off.]\nso farre, that their communication brake off, and so they from\ntreating fell againe to trie the matter by dint of sword.\n\nThe Romane ambassadours also to shew of what prowesse the Romans were,\ncontrarie to the law of nations (forbidding such as came in ambassage\nabout anie treatie of peace to take either one part or other) tooke\nweapon in hand, and ioined themselues with the Clusians, wherewith the\nGalles were so much displeased, that incontinentlie with one voice,\nthey required to haue the siege raised from Clusium, that they might\ngo to Rome. But Brennus thought good first to send messengers\nthither, to require the deliuerie of such as had broken the law, that\npunishment might be done on them accordinglie as they had deserued.\nThis was done, and knowledge brought againe, that the ambassadors were\nnot onelie not punished, but also chosen to be tribunes for the next\nyeare.\n\nThe Galles then became in such a rage (because they saw there was\nnothing to be looked for at the hands of the Romans, but warre,\ninjurious wrongs, and deceitfull traines) that they turned all their\n[Sidenote: The Galles make towards Rome. The Romans incountring with\nthe Galles are overthrown.]\nforce against them, marching streight towardes Rome, and by the waie\ndestroied all that stood before them. The Romans aduertised thereof,\nassembled themselues togither to the number of 40. thousand, and\nencountring with Beline and Brenne, neare to the riuer Allia, about\n11. miles on this side Rome, were slaine and quite discomfited.\n\nThe Galles could scarse beleeue that they had got the victorie with so\nsmall resistance: but when they perceiued that the Romans were quite\nouerthrowne and that the field was clearelie rid of them, they got\ntogither the spoile, and made towards Rome it selfe, where such\nfeare and terror was striken into the heartes of the people, that all\n[Sidenote: The Romans in despaire withdraw into the capitoll.]\nmen were in despaire to defend the citie: and therefore the senate\nwith all the warlike youth of the citizens got them into the capitoll,\nwhich they furnished with victuals and all things necessarie for the\nmaintenance of the same against a long siege. The honorable fathers\nand all the multitude of other people not apt for warres, remained\nstill in the citie, as it were to perish with their countrie if hap so\nbefell.\n\n[Sidenote: The Galles enter into Rome.]\nIn the meane time came the Galles to the citie, and entring by the\ngate Collina, they passed forth the right way vnto the market place,\nmaruelling to see the houses of the poorer sort to be shut against\nthem, and those of the richer to remaine wide open; wherefore being\ndoubtfull of some deceitfull traines, they were not ouer rash to enter\nthe same; but [Sidenote: The Reuerend aspect of the senators.] after\nthey had espied the ancient fathers sit in their chaires apparelled\nin their rich robes, as if they had bin in the senat, they reuerenced\nthem as gods, so honorable was their port, grauenesse in countenance,\nand shew of apparell.\n\n[Sidenote: _Marcus Papirius_]\nIn the meane time it chanced, that Marcus Papirius stroke one of\nthe Galles on the head with his staffe, because he presumed to stroke\nhis beard: with which iniurie the Gall being prouoked, slue Papirius\n(as he sat) with his sword, and therewith the slaughter being begun\nwith one, all the residue of those ancient fatherlie men as they sat\nin their chaires were slaine and cruellie murthered. After this all\nthe people found in the citie without respect or difference at\n[Sidenote: Rome sacked. 365.]\nall, were put to the sword, and their houses sacked. And thus was Rome\ntaken by the two brethren, Beline and Brenne, 365 yeares after the\nfirst building thereof. Besides this, the Galles attempted in the\nnight season to haue entred the capitoll: and in deed ordered their\nenterprise so secretlie, that they had atchieued their purpose, if a\n[Sidenote: The capitoll defended.]\nsort of ganders had not with their crie and noise disclosed them,\nin wakening the Romans that were asleepe: & so by that meanes were the\nGalles beaten backe and repelled.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Camillus reuoked from exile, made dictator, and receiueth\nperemptorie authoritie, he ouerthroweth the Galles in a pitcht field,\ncontrouersie betweene writers touching Brennus and Belinus left\nvndetermined; of diuers foundations, erections and reparations doone\nand atchiued by Belinus, the burning of his bodie in stead of his\nburieng_.\n\nTHE FOURTH CHAPTER.\n\n\nThe Romans being thus put to their extreame shift, deuised among\nthemselues how to reuoke Furius Camillus from exile, whom not long\nbefore they had vniustlie banished out of the citie. In the end they\ndid not onelie send for him home, but also created him dictator,\ncommitting into his handes (so long as his office lasted) an absolute\npower ouer all men, both of life and death. Camillus forgetfull of the\niniurie done to him, and mindfull of his dutie towards his countrie,\nand lamenting the state thereof, without delay gathered such an armie\nas the present time permitted.\n\nIn the meane time those that kept the capitoll (being almost famished\n[Sidenote: A composition.]\nfor lacke of vittels) compounded with Brenne and Beline, that for\na thousand pounds weight in gold, the Romans should redeeme their\nliberties, and the said Brenne and Beline depart with their armie out\nof the citie and all the territories of Rome. But at the deliuerie\nof the monie, and by a certeine kind of hap, the Romans name was\npreserued at that time from such dishonor and ignominie as was likelie\nto haue insued. For some of the couetous sort of the Galles, not\ncontented with the iust weight of the gold, did cast their swords also\ninto the balance where the weights lay, thereby to haue ouer weight:\nwherevpon the Romans refused to make paiment after that weight.\n\nAnd thus whilest they were in altercation about this matter, the one\nimportunnate to haue, the other not willing to grant, the time\n[Sidenote: Camillus disappointeth the Galles of their paiment.]\npassed, till in the meane season Camillus came in amongst them with\nhis power, commanding that the gold should be had away, and affirming\nthat without consent of the dictator, no composition or agreement\nmight be concluded by the meaner magistrate. He gaue a signe to the\nGalles to prepare themselues to battell, whervnto they lightlie\n[Sidenote: The Galles overthrowne]\nagreed, and togither they went. The battell being once begun, the\nGalles that looked earst for gold, and not for battell, were easilie\nouercome, such as stood to the brunt were slaine, and the rest by\nflight constreined to depart the citie.\n\nPolybius writeth, that the Galles were turned from the siege of the\ncitie, through wars which chanced amongst their owne people at home,\nand therefore they concluded a peace with the Romans, and leauing them\nin libertie returned home againe.\n\nBut howsoeuer the matter passed, thus much haue we stept from our\npurpose, to shew somwhat of that noble and most famous capteine\nBrennus, who (as not onelie our histories, but also Giouan Villani the\nFlorentine dooth report) was a Britaine, and brother to Beline (as\nbefore is mentioned) although I know that manie other writers are not\nof that mind, affirming him to be a Gall, and likewise that after this\npresent time of the taking of Rome by this Brennus 110 yeares, or\nthere abouts, there was another Brennus a Gall by nation (say they)\nvnder whose conduct an other armie of the Gals inuaded Grecia, which\nBrennus had a brother that hight Belgius, although Humfrey Llhoyd\nand sir Iohn Prise doo flatlie denie the same, by reason of some\ndiscordance in writers, & namelie in the computation of the yeares set\ndowne by them that haue recorded the dooings of those times, whereof\nthe error is growen. Howbeit I doubt not but that the truth of this\nmatter shall be more fullie sifted out in time by the learned and\nstudious of such antiquities. But now to our purpose.\n\nThis is also to be noted, that where our histories make mention, that\nBeline was abroad with Brennus in the most part of his victories, both\n[Sidenote: _Titus Liu. Polydor_.]\nin Gallia, Germanie, and Italie; Titus Liuius speaketh but onlie\nof Brennus: wherevpon some write, that after the two brethren were by\ntheir mothers intreatance made friends, Brennus onlie went ouer to\nGallia, and there through proofe of his woorthie prowesse, atteined to\nsuch estimation amongst the people called Galli Senones, that he was\n[Sidenote: _Matth West_.]\nchosen to be their generall capteine at their going ouer the\nmountaines into Italie. But whether Beline went ouer with his brother,\nand finallie returned backe againe, leauing Brennus behind him, as\nsome write, or that he went not at all, but remained still at home\nwhitest his brother was abroad, we can affirme no certeintie.\n\nMost part of all our writers make report of manie woorthie deeds\naccomplished by Beline, in repairing of cities decaied, & erecting\n[Sidenote: _Polychr. Gal. M_. Caerleon Wiske built by Belline.]\nof other new buildings, to the adorning and beautifieng of his realme\nand kingdome. And amongst other works which were by him erected, he\nbuilded a citie in the south part of Wales, neare to the place where\nthe riuer of Vske falleth into Seuerne, fast by Glamorgan, which\ncitie hight Caerleon, or Caerlegion Ar Wiske. This Caerleon was the\nprincipall citie in time past of all Demetia, now called Southwales.\nManie notable monuments are remaining there till this day, testifieng\nthe great magnificence and roiall buildings of that citie in old time.\nIn which citie also sith the time of Christ were three churches, one\nof saint Iulius the martyr, an other of saint Aron, and the third was\nthe mother church of all Demetia, and the chiefe see: but after, the\nsame see was translated vnto Meneuia, (that is to say) saint Dauid\nin Westwales. In this Caerleon was Amphibulus borne, who taught and\ninstructed saint Albon.\n\n[Sidenote: _Fabian_.]\nThis Beline also builded an hauen, with a gate ouer the same,\nwithin the citie of Troinouant now called London, in the summitie or\nhighest part wherof afterwards was set a vessell of brasse, in the\nwhich were put the ashes of his bodie, which bodie after his deceasse\n[Sidenote: _Iohn Leland_.]\nwas burnt, as the maner of burieng in those daies did require.\nThis gate was long after called Belins gate, and at length by\ncorruption of language Billings gate. He builded also a castell\neastward from this gate (as some haue written) which was long time\n[Sidenote: The Tower of London built by Beline.]\nafter likewise called Belins castell, and is the same which now\nwe call the tower of London. Thus Beline studieng dailie to beautifie\nthis land with goodlie buildings and famous workes, at length departed\nthis life, after he had reigned with his brother iointlie and alone\nthe space of 26 yeres.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Of Gurguintus, Guintolinus, and Sicilius, three kings of Britaine\nsucceeding ech other by lineall descent in the regiment, and of their\nacts and deeds, with a notable commendation of Queene Martia_.\n\nTHE FIFT CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: GURGUINTUS]\nGurguintus the sonne of Beline began to reigne ouer the Britains,\nin the yeare of the world 1596, after the building of Rome 380, after\nthe deliuerance of the Israelites out of captiuitie 164 complet, which\nwas about the 33 yeare of Artaxerxes Mnenon, surnamed Magnus, the\nseuenth king of the Persians. This Gurguint in the English chronicle\n[Sidenote: _Matth. West_]\nis named Corinbratus, and by Matthew Westmin. he is surnamed\nBarbiruc, the which bicause the tribute granted by Guilthdag king of\nDenmarke in perpetuitie vnto the kings of Britaine was denied, he\n[Sidenote: _Gal. M_. Gurguint c[=o]strained the Danes by force to pay\ntheir tribute.]\nsailed with a mightie nauie and armie of men into Denmarke, where he\nmade such warre with fire and sword, that the king of Denmarke with\nthe assent of his barons was constreined to grant eftsoones to\ncontinue the paiment of the aforesaid tribute.\n\nAfter he had thus atchiued his desire in Denmarke, as he returned\nbacke towards Britaine, he encountred with a nauie of 30 ships beside\nthe Iles of Orkenies. These ships were fraught with men and women, and\nhad to their capteine one called Bartholin or Partholin, who being\n[Sidenote: _Matth. West. Gal. Mon.]\nbrought to the presence of king Gurguint, declared that he with\nhis people were banished out of Spaine, and were named Balenses or\n[Sidenote: Basques.]\nBaselenses, and had sailed long on the sea, to the end to find\nsome prince that would assigne them a place to inhabit, to whom\n[Sidenote: See more hereof in Ireland.]\nthey would become subiects, & hold of him as of their souereigne\ngouernor. Therefore he besought the king to consider their estate, and\nof his great benignitie to appoint some void quarter where they might\nsettle. The king with the aduice of his barons granted to them the Ile\nof Ireland, which as then (by report of some authors) lay waste and\n[Sidenote: Polychron.]\nwithout habitation But it should appeare by other writers, that\nit was inhabited long before those daies, by the people called\nHibernenses, of Hiberus their capteine that brought them also out of\nSpaine.\n\nAfter that Gurguintus was returned into his countrie, he ordeined that\nthe laws made by his ancestors should be dulie kept and obserued. And\nthus administring iustice to his subiects for the tearme of 19 yeares,\nhe finallie departed this life, and was buried at London, or as\n[Sidenote: Caius.]\nsome haue at Caerleon. In his daies was the towne of Cambridge with\nthe vniuersitie first founded by Cantaber, brother to the aforesaid\nBartholin (according to some writers) as after shall appeare.\n\n[Sidenote: GUINTOLINUS.]\nGuintolinus or Guintellius the sonne of Gurguintus was admitted\nking of Britaine in the yere of the world 3614, after the building\nof the citie of Rome 399, and second yere of the 206 Olimpiad.\nThis Guintoline was a wise prince, graue in counsell, and sober in\nbehauior. He had also a wife named Martia, a woman of perfect beautie,\n& wisedome incomparable, as by hir prudent gouernement and equall\nadministration of iustice after hir husbands deceasse, during hir\nsonnes minoritie, it most manifestlie appeared.\n\nIt is thought that in an happie time this Guintoline came to the\ngouernement of this kingdome, being shaken and brought out of order\nwith ciuill dissentions, to the end he might reduce it to the former\nestate, which he earnestlie accomplished: for hauing once got the\nplace, he studied with great diligence to reforme anew, and to adorne\nwith iustice, lawes and good orders, the British common wealth, by\nother kings not so framed as stood with the quietnesse thereof.\nBut afore all things he vtterlie remooued and appeased such ciuill\ndiscord, as seemed yet to remaine after the maner of a remnant of\nthose seditious factions and partakings, which had so long time\nreigned in this land. But as he was busie in hand herewith, death\ntooke him out of this life, after he had reigned 27 yeares, and then\nwas he buried at London.\n\n[Sidenote: SICILIUS.]\nSicilius the sonne of Guintoline, being not past seuen yeares of\nage when his father died, was admitted king, in the yeare 3659, after\nthe building of Rome 430, & after the deliuerance of the Israelites\nout of captiuitie 218, & in the sixt after the death of Alexander.\n[Sidenote: Queene Martia gouerneth in hir sonnes roome.]\nBy reason that Sicilius was not of age sufficient of himselfe to guide\nthe kingdoms of the Britains, his mother that worthie ladie called\nMartia, had the gouernance both of his realme and person committed to\nhir charge.\n\nShe was a woman expert and skilfull in diuers sciences, but chiefelie\nbeing admitted to the gouernance of the realme, she studied to\npreserue the common wealth in good quiet and wholsome order, and\n[Sidenote: She maketh lawes.]\ntherefore deuised and established profitable and conuenient lawes, the\nwhich after were called Martian lawes, of hir name that first made\nthem. These lawes, as those that were thought good and necessarie for\nthe preseruation of the common wealth, Alfred, or Alured, that was\nlong after king of England, translated also out of the British toong,\ninto the English Saxon speech, and then were they called after that\n[Sidenote: _Matt. West_.]\ntranslation Marchenelagh, that is to meane, the lawes of Martia.\nTo conclude, this worthie woman guided the land during the minoritie\nof hir sonne right politikelie; and highlie to hir perpetuall renowme\nand commendation. And when hir sonne came to lawfull age, she\n[Sidenote: _Matt. Westm_.]\ndeliuered vp the gouernance into his handes. How long he reigned\nwriters varie, some auouch but seuen yeares, though other affirme\n15. which agreeth not so well with the accord of other histories and\ntimes. He was buried at London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Of Kimarus and his sudden end, of Elanius and his short regiment,\nof Morindus and his beastlie crueltie, all three immediatlie\nsucceeding each other in the monarchie of Britaine, with the exploits\nof the last_.\n\nTHE SIXT CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: KIMARUS. _Fabian_.]\nKimarus the sonne of Sicilius began to reigne ouer the Britaines,\nin the yeare of the world 3657, and after the building of Rome 442,\n& in the first yeare of the 117. Olimpiad. This Kimarus being a wild\nyoong man, and giuen to follow his lusts and pleasures, was slaine by\nsome that were his enimies, as he was abroad in hunting, when he had\nreigned scarselie three yeares.\n\n[Sidenote: ELANIUS.]\nElanius the sonne of Kimarus, or (as other haue) his brother,\nbegan to rule the Britaines in the yeare after the creation of the\nworld 3361, after the building of Rome 445, after the deliuerance\n[Sidenote: _Matth. West_.]\nof the Israelites 229, and in the fourth yeare of the Seleuciens,\nafter which account the bookes of Machabees doo reckon, which began\nin the 14, after the death of Alexander. This Elanius in the English\nChronicle is named also Haran; by Mat. Westm. Danius; and by an old\nchronicle which Fabian much followed, Elanius and Kimarus should seeme\nto be one person: but other hold the contrarie, and saie that he\nreigned fullie 8. yeares.\n\n[Sidenote: MORINDUS.]\nMorindus the bastard sonne of Elanius was admitted king of\nBritaine, in the yeare of the world 3667, after the building of Rome\n451, after the deliuerance of the Israelites 236, and in the tenth\nyeare of Cassander K. of Macedonia, which hauing dispatched Olimpias\nthe mother of Alexander the great, and gotten Roxanes with Alexanders\nsonne into his hands, vsurped the kingdome of the Macedonians, and\nheld it 15 yeeres. This Morindus in the English chronicle is called\nMorwith, and was a man of worthie fame in chiualrie and martiall\ndooings, but so cruell withall, that his vnmercifull nature could\nscarse be satisfied with the torments of them that had offended him,\nalthough oftentimes with his owne hands he cruellie put them to\ntorture and execution. He was also beautifull and comelie of\npersonage, liberall and bounteous, and of a maruellous strength.\n\n[Sidenote: _G. Mon_.]\nIn his daies, a certeine king of the people called Moriani, with a\ngreat armie landed in Northumberland, and began to make cruell warre\nvpon the inhabitants. But Morindus aduertised heerof, assembled his\nBritains, came against the enimies, and in battell putting them to\nflight, chased them to their ships, and tooke a great number of them\nprisoners, whome to the satisfieng of his cruell nature he caused\nto be slaine euen in his presence. Some of them were headed, some\nstrangled, some panched, and some he caused to be slaine quicke.\n\n\u00b6 These people (whome Gal. Mon. nameth Moriani) I take to be either\nthose that inhabited about Terrouane and Calice, called Morini, or\n[Sidenote: The like may be thought of those Murreis or Morauians of\nwhom _H.B_. speaketh. _Fabian_.]\nsome other people of the Galles or Germaines, and not as some esteeme\nthem, Morauians, or Merhenners, which were not known to the world (as\nHumfrey Llhoyd hath verie well noted) till about the daies of the\nemperour Mauricius, which misconstruction of names hath brought the\nBritish historie further out of credit than reason requireth, if the\ncircumstances be dulie considered.\n\nBut now to end with Morindus. At length this bloudie prince heard of a\nmonster that was come a land out of the Irish sea, with the which\nwhen he would needs fight, he was deuoured of the same, after he\nhad reigned the terme of 8 yeeres, leauing behind him fiue sonnes,\nGorbonianus, Archigallus, Elidurus, Vigenius, or Nigenius, and\nPeredurus.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Of Gorbonianus, Archigallus, Elidurus, Vigenius, and Peredurus, the\nfiue sons of Morindius, the building of Cambridge, the restitution\nof Archigallus to the regiment after his depriuation, Elidurus three\ntimes admitted king, his death and place of interrement_.\n\nTHE SEUENTH CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: GORBOMEN OR GORBONIANUS.]\nGorbonianus the first son of Morindus succeeded his father in the\nkingdome of Britain, in the yeere of the world 3676, after the\nbuilding of Rome 461, and fourth yeere of the 121. Olimpiad. This\nGorbonianus in the English chronicle is named Granbodian, and was a\nrighteous prince in his gouernment, and verie deuout (according to\n[Sidenote: A righteous and religious prince.]\nsuch deuotion as he had) towards the aduancing of the religion of\nhis gods: and thervpon he repaired all the old temples through his\nkingdome, and erected some new.\n\nHe also builded the townes of Cambridge and Grantham (as Caxton\nwriteth) and was beloued both of the rich and poore, for he honoured\nthe rich, and relieued the poore in time of their necessities. In his\ntime was more plentie of all things necessarie for the wealthfull\nstate of man, than had beene before in anie of his predecessors daies.\nHe died without issue, after he had reigned (by the accord of most\nwriters) about the terme of ten yeares.\n\nSome write that this Gorbonian built the townes of Cairgrant, now\n[Sidenote: Cambridge by whome it was built.]\ncalled Cambridge, & also Grantham, but some thinke that those\nwhich haue so written are deceiued, in mistaking the name; for that\nCambridge was at the first called Granta: and by that meanes it might\nbe that Gorbonian built onlie Grantham, and not Cambridge, namelie\nbecause other write how that Cambridge (as before is said) was built\nin the daies of Gurguntius the sonne of Beline, by one Cantaber a\nSpaniard, brother to Partholoin, which Partholoin by the aduice of the\nsame Gurguntius, got seates for himselfe and his companie in Ireland\n(as before ye haue heard.)\n\nThe said Cantaber also obteining licence of Gurguntius, builded a\ntowne vpon the side of the riuer called Canta, which he closed with\nwalles, and fortified with a strong tower or castell, and after\nprocuring philosophers to come hither from Athens (where in his youth\nhe had bene a student) he placed them there, and so euen then was that\nplace furnished (as they saie) with learned men, and such as were\nreadie to instruct others in knowledge of letters and philosophicall\ndoctrine. But by whome or in what time soeuer it was built, certeine\nit is that there was a citie or towne walled in that place before the\ncomming of the Saxons, called by the Britaines Caergrant, and by the\nSaxons Granchester.\n\nThis towne fell so to ruine by the inuasion of the Saxons, that at\nlength it was in maner left desolate, and at this day remaineth as a\nvillage. But neere therevnto vnder the Saxon kings, an other towne was\nbuilt, now called Cambridge, where by the fauour of king Sigebert and\nFelix a Burgundian, that was bishop of Dunwich, a schoole was erected,\nas in place conuenient shall appeare.\n\n[Sidenote: ARCHIGALLUS.]\nArchigallus, the second sonne of Morindus, and brother vnto\nGorbonianus, was admitted king of Britaine, in the yeare 3686, after\nthe building of the citie of Rome 470, after the deliuerance of the\nIsraelites out of captiuitie 255, and in the first yeare of Sosthenes\nking of Macedonia. This Archigallus (in the English chronicle called\nArtogaill) followed not the steppes of his brother, but giuing\n[Sidenote: He is giuen to nourish dissention.]\nhimselfe to dissention and strife, imagined causes against his nobles,\nthat he might displace them, and set such in their roomes as were men\nof base birth and of euill conditions. Also he sought by vnlawfull\nmeanes to bereaue his wealthie subiects of their goods and riches,\nso to inrich himselfe and impouerish his people. For the which his\ninordinate dooings, his nobles conspired against him, and finallie\ndepriued him of all his honor and kinglie dignitie, after he had\nreigned about the space of one yeare.\n\n[Sidenote: ELIDURUS.]\nElidurus the third sonne of Morindus, and brother to Archigallus,\nwas by one consent of the Britains chosen to reigne ouer them in his\nbrothers stead, after the creation of the world 3687, and after the\nbuilding of the citie of Rome 471, after the deliuerance of the\nIsraelites 256, & in the first yeare of Sosthenes king of Macedonia.\nThis Elidurus in the English chronicle named Hesider, or Esoder,\nprooued a most righteous prince, and doubting least he should doo\notherwise than became him, if he did not take care for his brother\nArchigallus estate, a man might woonder what diligence he shewed in\ntrauelling with the nobles of the realme to haue his brother restored\nto the crowne againe.\n\nNow as it chanced one day (being abroad on hunting in the wood called\nCalater) neare vnto Yorke, he found his brother Archigall wandering\nthere in the thickest of that wildernesse, whom in most louing\n[Sidenote: By this it should seeme that Acliud should not be in\nScotland, contrarie to the Scotish authors.]\nmaner he secretlie conueied home to his house, being as then the citie\nof Aldud, otherwise called Acliud. Shortlie after he feined himselfe\nsicke, and in all hast sent messengers about to assemble his barons,\nwho being come at the day appointed, he called them one after another\ninto his priuie chamber, and there handled them in such affectuous\nsort with wise and discreet words, that he got their good wils\nto further him to their powers, for the reducing of the kingdome\neftsoones into the hands of his brother Archigallus.\n\nAfter this he assembled a councell at Yorke, where he so vsed the\nmatter with the commons, that in conclusion, when the said Elidurus\nhad gouerned the land well and honourablie the space of three yeares,\nhe resigned wholie his crowne and kinglie title vnto his brother\nArchigallo, who was receiued of the Britaines againe as king by\nmediation of his brother in manner as before is said. \u00b6 A rare\n[Sidenote: An example of brotherlie loue.]\nexample of brotherlie loue, if a man shall reuolue in his mind what\nan inordinate desire remaineth amongst mortall men to atteine to the\nsupreme souereintie of ruling, and to keepe the same when they haue it\nonce in possession. He had well learned this lesson (as may appeare by\nhis contentation and resignation) namelie, that\n\n  Nec abnuendum si dat imperium Deus,\n  Nec appetendum,\n\n[Sidenote: Sen. in Thiess.]\notherwise he would not haue beene led with such an equabilitie of\nmind. For this great good will and brotherlie loue by him shewed thus\ntoward his brother, he was surnamed the godlie and vertuous.\n\n[Sidenote: ARCHIGALLUS AGAIN.]\nWhen Archigallus was thas restored to the kingdome, and hauing\nlearned by due correction that he must turne the leafe, and take out a\nnew lesson, by changing his former trade of liuing into better, if\nhe would reigne in suertie: he became a new man, vsing himselfe\nvprightlie in the administration of iustice, and behauing himselfe so\nwoorthilie in all his doings, both toward the nobles & commons of his\nrealme, that he was both beloued and dread of all his subiects. And so\ncontinuing the whole tearme of his life, finallie departed out of this\nworld, after he had reigned this second time the space of ten yeares,\nand was buried at Yorke.\n\n[Sidenote: ELIDURUS AGAINE. _Matt. West_.]\nElidurus brother to this Archigallus was then againe admitted king\nby consent of all the Britaines, 3700 of the world. But his two yonger\n[Brother against brother.]\nbrethren, Vigenius and Peredurus, enuieng the happie state of\nthis woorthie prince, so highlie for his vertue and good gouernance\nesteemed of the Britains, of a grounded malice conspired against him,\nand assembling an armie, leuied warre against him, and in a pitcht\n[Sidenote: Elidure committed to prison.]\nfield tooke him prisoner, and put him in the tower of London, there to\nbe kept close prisoner, after he had reigned now this last time the\nspace of one yeare.\n\n[Sidenote: VIGENIUS AND PEREDURUS.]\nVigenius and Peredurus, the yoongest sonnes of Morindus, and\nbrethren to Elidurus, began to reigne iointlie as kings of Britaine,\nin the yeare of the world 3701, after the building of Rome 485, after\nthe deliuerance of the Israelites 266 complet, and in the 12 yeare of\nAntigonus Gonatas, the sonne of Demetrius king of the Macedonians.\nThese two brethren in the English chronicles are named Higanius and\nPetitur, who (as Gal. Mon. testifieth) diuided the realme betwixt\n[Sidenote: Britaine divided into two realmes.]\nthem, so that all the land from Humber westward fell to Vigenius, or\nHiganius, the other part beyond Humber northward Peredure held. But\nother affirme, that Peredurus onelie reigned, and held his brother\nElidurus in prison by his owne consent, forsomuch as he was not\nwilling to gouerne.\n\nBut Gal. Mon. saith, that Vigenius died after he had reigned 7 yeares,\nand then Peredurus seized all the land into his owne rule, and\ngouerned it with such sobrietie and wisedome, that he was praised\naboue all his brethren, so that Elidurus was quite forgotten of the\n[Sidenote: Varitie in writers.]\nBritains. But others write that he was a verie tyrant, and vsed\nhimselfe verie cruellie towards the lords of his land, wherevpon they\nrebelled and slue him. But whether by violent hand, or by naturall\nsicknesse, he finallie departed this life, after the consent of most\n[Sidenote: _Caxton_.]\nwriters, when he had reigned eight yeares, leauing no issue behind\n[Sidenote: _Eth. Bur_.]\nhim to succeed in the gouernance of the kingdome. He builded the\n[Sidenote: ELIDURUS THE THIRD TIME.]\ntowne of Pikering, where his bodie was buried. Elidurus then, as\nsoone as his brother Peredurus was dead, for as much as he was next\nheire to the crowne, was deliuered out of prison, and now the third\ntime admitted king of Britaine, who vsed himselfe (as before) verie\norderlie in ministring to all persons right and iustice all the daies\nof his life, and lastlie being growne to great age died, when he had\n[Sidenote: He is buried at Caerleill.]\nreigned now this third time (after most concordance of writers)\nthe tearme of foure yeares: and was buried at Caerleill.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_A Chapter of digression, shewing the diuersitie of writers in\nopinion, touching the computation of yeares from the beginning of the\nBritish kings of this Iland downewards; since Gurguintus time, till\nthe death of Elidurus; and likewise till King Lud reigned in his\nroialtie, with the names of such kings as ruled betweene the last\nyeare of Elidurus, and the first of Lud_.\n\nTHE EIGHT CHAPTER.\n\n\nHere is to be noted, that euen from the beginning of the British\nkings, which reigned here in this land, there is great diuersitie\namongest writers, both touching the names, and also the times of their\nreignes, speciallie till they come to the death of the last mentioned\n[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]\nking Elidurus. Insomuch that Polydor Virgil in his historie of\nEngland, finding a manifest error (as he taketh it) in those writers\nwhome he followeth touching the account, from the comming of Brute,\nvnto the sacking of Rome by Brennus, whome our histories affirme to be\nthe brother of Beline, that to fill vp the number which is wanting in\nthe reckoning of the yeares of those kings which reigned after Brute,\ntill the daies of the same Brenne & Beline, he thought good to change\nthe order, least one error should follow an other, and so of one error\nmaking manie, he hath placed those kings which after other writers\nshould seeme to follow Brenne and Beline, betwixt Dunuallo and\nMulmucius, father to the said Beline and Brenne, and those fiue\nkings which stroue for the gouernement after the deceasse of the two\nbrethren, Ferrex and Porrex, putting Guintoline to succeed after the\nfiue kings or rulers, and after Guintoline his wife Martia, during the\nminoritie of hir sonne, then hir said sonne named Sicilius.\n\nAfter him succeeded these whose names follow in order, Chimarius,\nDanius, Morindus, Gorbonianus, Archigallo, who being deposed, Elidurus\nwas made king, and so continued till he restored the gouernement (as\nye haue heard) to Archigallo againe, and after his death Elidurus was\neftsoones admitted, and within awhile againe deposed by Vigenius and\nPeredurus, and after their deceasses the third time restored. Then\nafter his deceasse followed successiuelie Veginus, Morganus, Ennanus,\nIdunallo, Rimo, Geruntius, Catellus, Coilus, Porrex the second of that\nname, Cherinus, Fulgentius, Eldalus, Androgeus, Vrianus and Eliud,\nafter whom should follow Dunuallo Molmucius, as in his proper place,\nif the order of things doone, & the course of time should be obserued,\nas Polydor gathereth by the account of yeares attributed to those\nkings that reigned before and after Dunuallo, according to those\nauthours whom (as I said) he followeth, if they will that Brennus\nwhich led the Galles to Rome be the same that was sonne to the said\nDunuallo Mulmucius, and brother to Beline.\n\nBut sith other haue in better order brought out a perfect agreement in\nthe account of yeares, and succession of those kings, which reigned\nand gouerned in this land before the sacking of Rome; and also another\nsuch as it is after the same, and before the Romans had anie perfect\nknowledge thereof; we haue thought good to follow them therein,\nleauing to euerie man his libertie to iudge as his knowledge shall\nserue him in a thing so doubtfull and vncerteine, by reason of\nvariance amongst the ancient writers in that behalfe.\n\nAnd euen as there is great difference in writers since Gurguintus,\ntill the death of Elidurus, so is there as great or rather greater\nafter his deceasse, speciallie till king Lud atteined the\n[Sidenote: _Fabian_.]\nkingdome. But as maie be gathered by that which Fabian and other whome\nhe followeth doo write, there passed aboue 185 yeares betwixt the last\nyeare of Elidurus, and the beginning of king Lud his reigne, in the\nwhich time there reigned 32, or 33, kings, as some writers haue\nmentioned, whose names (as Gal. Mon. hath recorded) are these\nimmediatlie heere named; Regnie the sonne of Gorbolian or Gorbonian,\na worthie prince, who iustlie and mercifullie gouerned his people;\nMargan the sonne of Archigallo a noble prince likewise, and guiding\nhis subiects in good quiet; Emerian brother to the same Margan, but\nfar vnlike to him in maners, so that he was deposed in the sixt yeare\nof his reigne; Ydwallo sonne to Vigenius; Rimo the sonne of Peredurus;\nGeruntius the sonne of Elidurus; Catell that was buried at Winchester;\nCoill that was buried at Nottingham; Porrex a vertuous and most gentle\nprince; Cherinus a drunkard; Fulginius, Eldad, and Androgeus; these\nthree were sonnes to Chercinus, and reigned successiuelie one after\n[Sidenote: _Vrianus_.]\nanother; after them a sonne of Androgeus; then Eliud, Dedaicus,\nClotinius, Gurguntius, Merianus, Bledius, Cop, Owen, Sicilius,\nBledgabredus an excellent musician: after him his brother Archemall;\nthen Eldol, Red, Rodiecke, Samuill, Penisell, Pir, Capoir; after him\nhis sonne Gligweil an vpright dealing prince, and a good iusticiarie;\nwhom succeeded his sonne Helie, which reigned 60 yeares, as the\nforsaid Gal. Mon. writeth, where other affirme that he reigned 40\nyeares, and some againe say that he reigned but 7 moneths.\n\nThere is great diuersitie in writers touching the reignes of these\nkings, and not onlie for the number of yeeres which they should\ncontinue in their reignes but also in their names: so that to shew the\ndiuersitie of all the writers, were but to small purpose, sith the\ndooings of the same kings were not great by report made thereof by\nany approoued author. But this maie suffice to aduertise you, that\nby conferring the yeeres attributed to the other kings which reigned\nbefore them, since the comming of Brute, who should enter this land\n(as by the best writers is gathered) about the yeere before the\nbuilding of Rome 367, which was in the yeere after the creation of the\nworld 2850 (as is said) with their time, there remaineth 182 yeeres\nto be dealt amongst these 33 kings, which reigned betwixt the said\nElidure & Lud, which Lud also began his reigne after the building of\nthe citie of Rome (as writers affirme) about 679 yeeres, and in\nthe yeere of the world 3895, as some that will seeme the precisest\ncalculators doo gather.\n\nPolydor Virgil changing (as I haue shewed) the order of succession in\nthe British kings, in bringing diuerse of those kings, which after\nother writers followed Beline and Brenne, to preceed them so\nsuccessiuelie after Beline and Brenne, reherseth those that by his\nconiecture did by likelihood succeed, as thus. After the decesse of\nBeline, his sonne Gurguntius, being the second of that name, succeeded\nin gouernment of the land, and then these in order as they follow:\nMerianus, Bladanus, Capeus, Duinus, Sicilius, Bledgabredus,\nArchemallus, Eldorus, Rodianus, Redargius, Samulius, Penisellus,\nPyrrhus, Caporus, Dinellus, and Helie, who had issue, Lud,\nCassibellane, and Neurius.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Of king Helie who gaue the name to the Ile of Elie, of king Lud,\nand what memorable edifices he made, London sometimes called Luds\ntowne, his bountifulnes, and buriall_.\n\nTHE NINTH CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: Whereof the Ile of Elie tooke name.]\nHere note by the waie a thing not to be forgotten, that of the\nforesaid Helie the last of the said 33 kings, the Ile of Elie\ntooke the name, bicause that he most commonlie did there inhabit,\nbuilding in the same a goodly palace, and making great reparations of\nthe sluces, ditches & causies about that Ile, for conueiance awaie of\nthe water, that els would sore haue indamaged the countrie. There be\nthat haue mainteined, that this Ile should rather take name of the\ngreat abundance of eeles that are found in these waters and fennes\nwherwith this Ile is inuironed. But Humfrey Llhoyd holdeth, that it\ntooke name of this British word Helig, which signifieth willowes,\nwherwith those fennes abound.\n\n[Sidenote: LUD.]\nAfter the decesse of the same Helie, his eldest son Lud began his\nreigne, in the yeere after the creation of the world 3895, after\nthe building of the citie of Rome 679, before the comming of Christ\n72, and before the Romanes entred Britaine 19 yeeres. This Lud\n[Sidenote: A worthie prince.]\nproued a right worthie prince, amending the lawes of the realme that\nwere defectiue, abolishing euill customs and maners vsed amongst his\npeople, and repairing old cities and townes which were decaied: but\nspeciallie he delited most to beautifie and inlarge with buildings the\n[Sidenote: Londone inclosed with a wal. Iohn Hard.]\ncitie of Troinouant, which he compassed with a strong wall made of\nlime and stone, in the best maner fortified with diuerse faire towers:\nand in the west part of the same wall he erected a strong gate, which\nhe commanded to be called after his name, Luds gate, and so vnto this\ndaie it is called Ludgate, (S) onelie drowned in pronuntiation of the\nword.\n\n[Sidenote: Fabian. Gal. Mon. Matt. West.]\nIn the same citie also he soiorned for the more part, by reason\nwhereof the inhabitants increased, and manie habitations were builded\nto receiue them, and he himselfe caused buildings to be made betwixt\nLondon stone (sic) and Ludgate, and builded for himselfe not farre from the\n[Sidenote: The bishops palace.]\nsaid gate a faire palace, which is the bishop of Londons palace beside\nPaules at this daie, as some thinke; yet Harison supposeth it to haue\nbin Bainards castell, where the blacke friers now standeth. He also\nbuilded a fairer temple neere to his said palace, which temple (as\nsome take it) was after turned to a church, and at this daie called\nPaules. By reason that king Lud so much esteemed that citie before all\nother of his realme, inlarging it so greatlie as he did, and\n[Sidenote: The name of Troinouant changed and called London.]\ncontinuallie in manner remained there, the name was changed,\nso that it was called Caerlud, that is to saie, Luds towne: and after\nby corruption of speech it was named London.\n\nBeside the princelie dooings of this Lud touching the aduancement of\nthe common wealth by studies apperteining to the time of peace, he was\nalso strong & valiant in armes, in subduing his enimies, bountious and\nliberall both in gifts and keeping a plentifull house, so that he was\ngreatlie beloued of all the Britaines. Finallie, when he had reigned\nwith great honour for the space of 11 yeeres, he died, and was buried\nneere Ludgate, leauing after him two sons, Androgeus and Theomancius\nor Tenancius.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Of Cassibellane and his noble mind, Iulius Caesar sendeth Caius\nVolusenus to suruey the coasts of this Iland, he lieth with his fleet\nat Calice, purposing to inuade the countrie, his attempt is bewraied\nand withstood by the Britains_.\n\nTHE TENTH CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: CASSIBELLANE.]\nCassibellane, the brother of Lud was admitted king of Britaine,\nin the yeere of the world 3908, after the building of Rome 692, and\nbefore the comming of Christ 58 complet. For sith the two sonnes\n[Sidenote: _Gal. Mon. Matt. West. Fabian_.]\nof Lud were not of age able to gouerne, the rule of the land was\ncommitted to Cassibellane: but yet (as some haue written) he was not\ncreated king, but rather appointed ruler & protector of the land,\n[Sidenote: _Gal. Mon_.]\nduring the nonage of his nephewes. Now after he was admitted (by\nwhatsoeuer order) to the administration of the common wealth, he\nbecame so noble a prince and so bountious, that his name spred farre\nand neere, and by his vpright dealing in seeing iustice executed he\ngrew in such estimation, that the Britaines made small account of his\nnephewes, in comparison of the fauour which they bare towards him. But\nCassibellane hauing respect to his honour, least it might be thought\nthat his nephewes were expelled by him out of their rightfull\npossessions, brought them vp verie honourablie; assigning to\n[Sidenote: _Matt. West_.]\nAndrogeus, London and Kent; and to Theomantius the countrie of\nCornwall. Thus farre out of the British histories, whereby it maie be\ngathered, that the yeeres assigned to these kings that reigned before\nCassibellane, amount to the summe of 1058.\n\n[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]\nBut whether these gouernors (whose names we haue recited) were\nkings, or rather rulers of the common wealth, or tyrants and vsurpers\nof the gouernment by force, it is vncerteine: for not one ancient\nwriter of anie approued authoritie maketh anie remembrance of them:\nand by that which Iulius Cesar writeth, it maie and dooth appeere,\nthat diuerse cities in his daies were gouerned of themselues, as\nheereafter it shall more plainlie appeere. Neither doth he make\nmention of those townes which the British historie affirmeth to be\nbuilt by the same kings. In deed both he and other Latine writers\nspeake of diuerse people that inhabited diuers portions of this land,\nas of the Brigantes, Trinobantes, Iceni, Silures, and such other like,\nbut in what parts most of the said people did certeinlie inhabit, it\nis hard to auouch for certeine truth.\n\nBut what Iohn Leland thinketh heereof, being one in our time that\ncuriouslie searched out old antiquities, you shall after heare as\noccasion serueth: and likewise the opinions of other, as of Hector\n[Sidenote: _Hector Boetius_ his fault.]\nBoetius, who coueting to haue all such valiant acts as were atchiued\nby the Britains to be ascribed to his countriemen the Scots, draweth\nboth the Silures and Brigantes, with other of the Britains so farre\nnorthward, that he maketh them inhabitants of the Scotish countries.\nAnd what particular names soeuer they had, yet were they all Scots\nwith him, and knowne by that generall name (as he would persuade vs\nto beleeue) saieng that they entred into Britaine out of Ireland 330\nyeeres before the incarnation of our Sauiour.\n\nNeuerthelesse, how generall soeuer the name of Scots then was, sure\nit is, that no speciall mention of them is made by anie writer, till\nabout 300 yeares after the birth of our sauiour. And yet the Romans,\nwhich ruled this land, and had so much adoo with the people thereof,\nmake mention of diuerse other people, nothing so famous as Boetius\nwould make his Scotish men euen then to be. But to leaue to the Scots\nthe antiquitie of their originall beginning, as they and other must\ndoo vnto vs our descent from Brute and the other Troians, sith the\n[Sidenote: More certeintie from hence forth appeareth in the historie.]\ncontrarie dooth not plainelie appeare, vnlesse we shall leane vnto\npresumptions: now are we come to the time in the which what actes were\natchiued, there remaineth more certeine record, and therefore may we\nthe more boldlie proceed in this our historie.\n\n[Sidenote: Iulius Cesar.]\nIn this season that Cassibellane had roiall gouernment heere in\nBritaine, Caius Iulius Cesar being appointed by the senat of Rome to\nconquer Gallia, was for that purpose created consull, and sent with\na mightie army into the countrie, where after he had brought the\n[Sidenote: _Cesar de bello Gal. lib 4_. Britains unknowne to the\nRomans.]\nGalles vnto some frame, he determined to assaie the winning of\nBritaine, which as yet the Romans knew not otherwise than by report.\nThe chiefest cause that mooued him to take in hand that enterprise,\nwas for that he did vnderstand, that there dailie came great succours\nout of that Ile to those Galles that were enimies vnto the Romans. And\n[Sidenote: _Cesar de bello Gall. lib. 4_. Causes of the warre.\nCesars purpose.]\nthough the season of that yeere to make warre was farre spent\n(for summer was almost at an end) yet he thought it would be to good\npurpose, if he might but passe ouer thither, and learne what maner of\npeople did inhabit there, and discouer the places, hauens, and entries\napperteining to that Ile.\n\nHeerevpon calling togither such merchants as he knew to haue had\ntraffike thither with some trade of wares, he diligentlie inquired of\nthem the state of the Ile: but he could not be throughlie satisfied in\nanie of those things that he coueted to know. Therefore thinking it\ngood to vnderstand all things by view that might apperteine to the vse\nof that warre which he purposed to follow: before he attempted the\n[Sidenote: Caius Volusenus sent ouer into Britaine.]\nsame, he sent one Caius Volusenus with a gallie or light pinesse\nto surueie the coasts of the Ile, commanding him (after diligent\nsearch made) to returne with speed to him againe. He him selfe also\ndrew downewards towards Bullenois, from whence the shortest cut lieth\nto passe ouer into Britaine.\n\n[Sidenote: _Iohn Leland. Polydor_.]\nIn that part of Gallia there was in those daies an hauen called\n_Itius Portus_ (which some take to be Calice) and so the word\nimporteth, an harbourgh as then able to receiue a great number of\nships. Vnto this hauen got Cesar all the ships he could out of the\nnext borders & parties, and those speciallie which he had prouided and\nput in a readinesse the last yeare for the warres (against them of\nVannes in Armorica, now called Britaine in France) he caused to be\nbrought thither, there to lie till they should heare further. In the\n[Sidenote: Vannes in Britane.]\nmeane time (his indeuour being knowne, and by merchants reported\nin Britaine) all such as were able to beare armour, were commanded and\nappointed to repaire to the sea side, that they might be readie to\ndefend their countrie in time of so great danger of inuasion.\n\n\u00b6 Cesar in his commentaries agreeth not with our historiographers: for\nhe writeth that immediatlie vpon knowledge had that he would inuade\nBritaine, there came to him ambassadours from diuers cities of the\nIle to offer themselues to be subiects to the Romans, and to deliuer\nhostages. Whome after he had exhorted to continue in their good mind,\n[Sidenote: Comius.]\nhe sent home againe, and with them also one Comius gouernor of\nArtois, commanding him to repaire vnto as manie cities in Britaine as\nhe might, and to exhort them to submit themselues to the Romans. He\nmaketh no mention of Cassibellane, till the second iournie that he\nmade into the Ile, at what time the said Cassibelane was chosen (as ye\nshall heare) to be the generall capteine of the Britains, and to haue\nthe whole administration of the warre for defense of the countrie: but\nhe nameth him not to be a king. Howbeit in the British historie it is\ncontained, that Cesar required tribute of Cassibelane, and that he\nanswered how he had not learned as yet to liue in seruage, but to\n[Sidenote: Which is more likelie in this behalfe, as appeared by the\nsequel.]\ndefend the libertie of his countrie, and that with weapon in hand\n(if neede were) as he should well perceiue, if (blinded through\ncouetousnesse) he should aduenture to seeke to disquiet the Britains.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Caius Volusenus discouereth to Caesar his observations in the Ile of\nBritaine, he maketh haste to conquere it, the Britains defend their\ncountrie against him, Caesar after consultation had changeth his\nlanding place, the Romans are put to hard shifts, the Britains begin\nto giue backe, the courage of a Roman ensigne-bearer, a sharpe\nencounter betweene both armies._\n\nTHE ELEUENTH CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: Volusenus returneth.]\nCaius Volusenus within fiue daies after his departure from Cesar,\nreturned vnto him with his gallie, and declared what he had seene\ntouching the view which he had taken of the coasts of Britan. Cesar\n[Sidenote: Cesar with two legions of souldiers passeth ouer into\nBritain.]\nhauing got togither so manie saile as he thought sufficient for the\ntransporting of two legions of souldiers, after he had ordered his\nbusinesse as he thought expedient, and gotten a conuenient wind for\nhis purpose, did embarke himselfe and his people, and departed from\nCalice in the night about the third watch (which is about three or\nfoure of the clocke after midnight) giuing order that the horssemen\nshould take ship at an other place 8 miles aboue Calice, and follow\nhim. Howbeit when they somewhat slacked the time, about ten of the\nclocke in the next day, hauing the wind at will, he touched on the\n[Sidenote: The Britans readie to defend their countrie.]coast of\nBritaine, where he might behold all the shore set and couered\nwith men of warre. For the Britains hearing that Cesar ment verie\nshortlie to come against them, were assembled in armour to resist him:\nand now being aduertised of his approch to the land, they prepared\nthemselues to withstand him.\n\n[Sidenote: Cesar calleth a councell.]\nCesar perceiuing this, determined to staie till the other ships\nwere come, and so he lay at anchor till about 11 of the clocke, and\nthen called a councell of the marshals and chiefe capteines, vnto\nwhome he declared both what he had learned of Volusenus, and also\nfurther what he would haue doone, willing them that all things might\nbe ordered as the reason of warre required. And because he perceiued\nthat this place where he first cast anchor was not meete for the\nlanding of his people, sith (from the heigth of the cliffes that\nclosed on ech side the narrow creeke into the which he had thrust) the\nBritains might annoy his people with their bowes and dartes, before\nthey could set foote on land, hauing now the wind and tide with him,\nhe disanchored from thence, and drew alongst the coast vnder the\n[Sidenote: This was about day.]\ndownes, the space of 7 or 8 miles, and there finding the shore more\nflat and plaine, he approched neere to the land, determining to come\nto the shore.\n\nThe Britains perceiuing Cesars intent, with all speed caused their\nhorssemen and charets or wagons, which Cesar calleth _Esseda,_ out of\nthe which in those daies they vsed to fight, to march forth toward the\nplace whither they saw Cesar drew, and after followed with their maine\narmie. Wherefore Cesar being thus preuented, inforced yet to land with\nhis people, though he saw that he should haue much a doo. For as the\nBritains were in redinesse to resist him, so his great and huge ships\ncould not come neere the shore, but were forced to keepe the deepe,\n[Sidenote: The Romans put to their shifts.]\nso that the Romane soldiers were put to verie hard shift; to wit, both\nto leape forth of their ships, and being pestered with their heauie\narmour and weapons, to fight in the water with their enimies, who\nknowing the flats and shelues, stood either vpon the drie ground, or\nelse but a little waie in the shallow places of the water; and being\nnot otherwise encumbred either with armour or weapon, but so as they\nmight bestir themselues at will, they laid load vpon the Romans with\ntheir arrowes and darts, and forced their horsses (being thereto\ninured) to enter the water the more easilie, so to annoy and distresse\nthe Romans, who wanting experience in such kind of fight, were not\nwell able to helpe themselues, nor to keepe order as they vsed to doo\non land: wherfore they fought nothing so lustilie as they were woont\nto doo. Cesar perceiuing this, commanded the gallies to depart from\nthe great ships, and to row hard to the shore, that being placed ouer\nagainst the open sides of the Britains, they might with their shot\nof arrows, darts, and slings, remoue the Britains, and cause them to\nwithdraw further off from the water side.\n\n[Sidenote: The Britans astonied.]\nThis thing being put in execution (according to his commandement)\nthe Britains were not a little astonied at the strange sight of those\ngallies, for that they were driuen with ores, which earst they had not\nseene, and shrewdlie were they galled also with the artillerie which\nthe Romans discharged vpon them, so that they began to shrinke and\n[Sidenote: The valiant courage of an ensigne bearer.]\nretire somewhat backe. Herewith one that bare the ensigne of the\nlegion surnamed Decima, wherein the eagle was figured, as in that\nwhich was the chiefe ensigne of the legion, when he saw his fellowes\nnothing eager to make forward, first beseeching the gods that his\nenterprise might turne to the weale, profit, and honor of the legion,\nhe spake with a lowd voice these words to his fellowes that were about\nhim; \"Leape forth now euen you woorthie souldiers (saith he) if you\nwill not betraie your ensigne to the enimies: for surelie I will\nacquit my selfe according to my duetie both towards the common wealth,\nand my generall:\" and therewith leaping forth into the water, he\nmarched with his ensigne streight vpon the enimies. The Romans douting\nto lose their ensigne, which should haue turned them to great reproch,\nleapt out of their ships so fast as they might, and followed their\nstandard, so that there ensued a sore re-encounter: and that which\ntroubled the Romans most, was because they could not keepe their\norder, neither find anie sure footing, nor yet follow euerie man his\nowne ensigne, but to put themselues vnder that ensigne which he first\nmet withall after their first comming forth of the ship.\n\nThe Britains that were inured with the shelues and shallow places of\nthe water, when they saw the Romans thus disorderlie come out of their\n[Sidenote: The fiercenesse of the Britains.]\nships, ran vpon them with their horsses, and fiercelie assailed\nthem, and now and then a great multitude of the Britains would\ncompasse in and inclose some one companie of them: and other also from\nthe most open places of the shore bestowed great plentie of darts vpon\nthe whole number of the Romans, and so troubled them verie sore.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_The Romans get to land on the English coast, the Britains send to\nCaesar for a treatie of peace, they staie the Romane ambassadour as\nprisoner, Caesar demandeth hostages of the Britains, the Romane nauie\nis driuen diuers waies in a great tempest, the British princes steale\nout of Caesars campe and gather a fresh power against the Romans,\ntheir two armies haue a sharpe encounter._\n\nTHE TWELFE CHAPTER.\n\n\nCaesar perceiuing the maner of this fight, caused his men of warre to\nenter into boates and other small vessels, which he commanded to go\nto such places where most need appeared. And relieuing them that\n[Sidenote: The Romans get to land.]\nfought with new supplies, at length the Romans got to land, and\nassembling togither, they assailed the Britains a fresh, and so at\nlast did put them all to flight. But the Romans could not follow\n[Sidenote: The want of horssemen.]\nthe Britains farre, because they wanted their horssemen which were yet\nbehind, & through slacking of time could not come to land. And this\none thing seemed onelie to disappoint the luckie fortune that was\naccustomed to follow Cesar in all his other enterprises.\n\n[Sidenote: The Britans send to Cesar.]\nThe Britains after this flight were no sooner got togither, but\nthat with all speed they sent ambassadours vnto Cesar to treat with\nhim of peace, offering to deliuer hostages, and further to stand vnto\nthat order that Cesar should take with them in anie reasonable sort.\n[Sidenote: Comius of Arras.]\nWith these ambassadours came also Comius, whome Cesar (as you haue\nheard) had sent before into Britaine, whome notwithstanding that\nhe was an ambassadour, and sent from Cesar with commission and\ninstructions sufficientlie furnished, yet had they staied him as\na prisoner. But now after the battell was ended, they set him at\nlibertie, and sent him backe with their ambassadours, who excused the\nmatter, laieng the blame on the people of the countrie; which had\nimprisoned him through lacke of vnderstanding what apperteined to the\nlaw of armes and nations in that behalfe.\n\nCesar found great fault with their misdemenor, not onelie for\nimprisoning his ambassador, but also for that contrarie to their\npromise made by such as they had sent to him into Gallia to deliuer\nhostages, in lieu thereof they had receiued him with warre: yet in\nthe end he said he would pardon them, and not seeke anie further\n[Sidenote: Cesar demandeth hostages.]\nreuenge of their follies. And herewith required of them hostages, of\nwhich, part were deliuered out of hand, and made promise that the\nresidue should likewise be sent after, crauing some respit for\nperformance of the same, bicause they were to be fetched farre off\nwithin the countrie.\n\nPeace being thus established after the fourth day of the Romans\narriuall in Britaine, the 18 ships which (as ye haue heard) were\nappointed to conuey the horssemen ouer, loosed from the further hauen\nwith a soft wind. Which when they approched so neere the shore of\nBritaine, that the Romans which were in Cesars campe might see them,\nsuddenlie there arose so great a tempest, that none of them was able\nto keepe his course, so that they were not onelie driuen in sunder\n(some being caried againe into Gallia, and some westward) but also the\nother ships that lay at anchor, and had brought ouer the armie, were\nso pitifullie beaten, tossed and shaken, that a great number of them\ndid not onelie lose their tackle, but also were caried by force of\nwind into the high sea; the rest being likewise so filled with water,\nthat they were in danger by sinking to perish and to be quite lost.\nFor the moone in the same night was at the full, & therefore caused a\nspring tide, which furthered the force of the tempest, to the greater\nperill of those ships and gallies that lay at anchor. There was no way\nfor the Romans to helpe the matter: wherefore a great number of those\nships were so bruised, rent and weather-beaten, that without new\nreparation they would serue to no vse of sailing. This was a great\ndiscomfort to the Romans that had brought ouer no prouision to liue by\nin the winter season, nor saw anie hope how they should repasse againe\ninto Gallia.\n\nIn the meane time the British princes that were in the Romane armie,\nperceiuing how greatlie this mishap had discouraged the Romans, and\nagain by the small circuit of their campe, gessing that they could be\nno great number, and that lacke of vittels sore oppressed them, they\nstale priuilie away one after another out of the campe, purposing\nto assemble their powers againe, and to forestall the Romans from\nvittels, and so to driue the matter off till winter: which if they\nmight doo (vanquishing these or closing them from returning) they\ntrusted that none of the Romans from thencefoorth would attempt\neftsoones to come into Britaine. Cesar mistrusting their dealings,\nbecause they staid to deliuer the residue of their hostages, commanded\nvittels to be brought out of the parties adioining, and not hauing\nother stuffe to repaire his ships, he caused 12 of those that were\nvtterlie past recouerie by the hurts receiued through violence of the\ntempest, to be broken, wherewith the other (in which some recouerie\nwas perceiued) might be repaired and amended.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_The maner of the Britains fighting in charets, the Romans giue a\nfresh sallie to the Britains and put them to flight, they sue to\nCaesar for peace; what kings and their powers were assistants to\nCassibellane in the battell against Caesar, and the maner of both\npeoples encounters by the report of diuers Chronologers._\n\nTHE XIIJ. CHAPTER.\n\n\nWhilest these things were a dooing, it chanced that as one of the\nRomane legions named the seuenth, was sent to fetch in corne out of\nthe countrie adioining (as their custome was) no warre at that time\nbeing suspected, or once looked for, when part of the people remained\nabroad in the field, and part repaired to the campe: those that warded\nbefore the campe, informed Cesar, that there appeared a dust greater\nthan was accustomed from that quarter, into the which the legion was\ngone to fetch in corne. Cesar iudging therof what the matter might\nmeane, commanded those bands that warded to go with him that way\nfoorth, and appointed other two bands to come into their roomes, and\nthe residue of his people to get them to armor, and to follow quicklie\nafter him.\n\nHe was not gone anie great way from the campe, when he might see where\nhis people were ouermatched by the enimies, and had much a doo to\nbeare out the brunt: for the legion being thronged together, the\nBritains pelted them sore with arrowes and darts on ech side: for\nsithens there was no forrage left in anie part of the countrie about,\nbut onelie in this place, the Britains iudged that the Romans would\ncome thither for it: therefore hauing lodged themselues within the\nwoods in ambushes the night before; on the morrowe after when they saw\nthe Romans dispersed here & there, and busie to cut downe the corne,\nthey set vpon them on a sudden, and sleaing some few of them, brought\nthe residue out of order, compassing them about with their horssemen\nand charets, so that they were in great distresse.\n\nThe maner of fight with these charets was such, that in the beginning\nof a battell they would ride about the sides and skirts of the enimies\nhost, and bestow their darts as they sate in those charets, so that\noftentimes with the braieng of the horsses, and craking noise of the\ncharet wheeles they disordered their enimies, and after that they had\nwoond themselues in amongst the troops of horssemen, they would leape\nout of the charets and fight on foot. In the meane time those that\nguided the charets would withdraw them selues out of the battell,\nplacing themselues so, that if their people were ouermatched with the\nmultitude of enimies, they might easilie withdraw to their charets,\nand mount vpon the same againe, by meanes wherof they were as readie\nto remooue as the horssemen, and as stedfast to stand in the battell\nas the footmen, and so to supplie both duties in one. And those\ncharetmen by exercise and custome were so cunning in their feat, that\nalthough their horsses were put to run and gallop, yet could they stay\nthem and hold them backe at their pleasures, and turne and wind them\nto and fro in a moment, notwithstanding that the place were verie\nsteepe and dangerous: and againe they would run vp and downe verie\nnimblie vpon the cops, and stand vpon the beame, and conuey themselues\nquicklie againe into the charet.\n\nCesar thus finding his people in great distresse and readie to be\ndestroied, came in good time, and deliuered them out of that danger:\nfor the Britains vpon his approch with new succors, gaue ouer to\nassaile their enimies any further, & the Romans were deliuered out of\nthe feare wherein they stood before his comming. Furthermore, Cesar\nconsidering the time serued not to assaile his enimies, kept his\nground, and shortlie after brought backe his legions into the campe.\n\nWhile these things were thus a dooing, & all the Romans occupied, the\nrest that were abroad in the fields got them away. After this there\nfollowed a sore season of raine and fowle weather, which kept the\nRomans within their campe, and staid the Britains from offering\nbattell. But in the meane time they sent messengers abroad into all\nparts of the countrie, to giue knowledge of the small number of the\nRomans, and what hope there was both of great spoile to be gotten, and\noccasion to deliuer themselues from further danger for euer, if they\nmight once expell the Romans out of their campe. Herevpon a great\nmultitude both of horssemen and footmen of the Britains were speedilie\ngot togither, and approched the Romane campe.\n\nCesar although he saw that the same would come to passe which had\nchanced before, that if the enimies were put to the repulse, they\nwould easilie escape the danger with swiftnesse of foot; yet hauing\nnow with him thirtie horssemen (which Comius of Arras had brought\nouer with him, when he was sent from Cesar as an ambassador vnto the\nBritains) he placed his legions in order of battell before his campe,\nand so comming to ioine with the Britains, they were not able to\nsusteine the violent impression of the armed men, and so fled. The\nRomans pursued them so farre as they were able to ouertake anie of\nthem, and so slaieng manie of them, & burning vp all their houses all\nabout, came backe againe to their campe. Immediatlie wherevpon, euen\nthe same day, they sent ambassadors to Cesar to sue for peace, who\ngladlie accepting their offer, commanded them to send ouer into\nGallia, after he should be returned thither, hostages in number duble\nto those that were agreed vpon at the first.\n\nAfter that these things were thus ordered, Cesar because the moneth\nof September was well-neare halfe spent, and that winter hasted on (a\nseason not meet for his weake and bruised ships to brooke the seas)\ndetermined not to staie anie longer, but hauing wind and weather for\nhis purpose, got himselfe aboord with his people, and returned into\nGallia.\n\n[Sidenote: _Caesar de bello Gallico. lib._ 4.]\n\u00b6 Thus writeth Cesar touching his first iournie made into\nBritaine. But the British historie (which Polydor calleth the new\nhistorie) declareth that Cesar in a pitcht field was vanquished at the\nfirst encounter, and so withdrew backe into France. Beda also writeth,\nthat Cesar comming into the countrie of Gallia, where the people then\ncalled Morini inhabited (which are at this day the same that inhabit\nthe diocesse of Terwine) from whence lieth the shortest passage ouer\ninto Britaine, now called England, got togither 80 saile of great\nships and row gallies, wherewith he passed ouer into Britaine, & there\nat the first being wearied with sharpe and sore fight, and after taken\nwith a grieuous tempest, he lost the greater part of his nauie, with\nno small number of his souldiers, and almost all his horssemen: and\ntherwith being returned into Gallia, placed his souldiers in steeds\nto soiourne there for the winter season. Thus saith Bede. The British\nhistorie moreouer maketh mention of three vnder-kings that aided\nCassibellane in this first battell fought with Cesar, as Cridiorus\nalias Ederus, king of Albania, now called Scotland: Guitethus king of\nVenedocia, that is Northwales: and Britaell king of Demetia, at this\nday called Southwales.\n\nThe same historie also maketh mention of one Belinus that was\ngenerall of Cassibellanes armie, and likewise of Nenius brother to\nCassibellane, who in fight happened to get Cesars swoord fastened in\nhis shield by a blow which Cesar stroke at him. Androgeus also and\nTenancius were at the battell in aid of Cassibellane. But Nenius died\nwithin 15 daies after the battell of the hurt receiued at Cesars hand,\nalthough after he was so hurt, he slue Labienus one of the Romane\ntribunes: all which may well be true, sith Cesar either maketh the\nbest of things for his owne honour, or else coueting to write but\ncommentaries, maketh no account to declare the needeles circumstances,\nor anie more of the matter, than the chiefe points of his dealing.\n\n[Sidenote: _Hector Boet._]\nAgaine, the Scotish historiographers write, that when it was first\nknowne to the Britains, that Cesar would inuade them, there came from\nCassibellane king of Britaine an ambassador vnto Ederus king of Scots,\nwho in the name of king Cassibellane required aid against the common\nenimies the Romains, which request was granted, and 10 thousand Scots\nsent to the aid of Cassibellane. At their comming to London, they were\nmost ioifullie receiued of Cassibellane, who at the same time had\nknowledge that the Romans were come on land, and had beaten such\nBritains backe as were appointed to resist their landing. Wherevpon\nCassibellane with all his whole puissance mightilie augmented, not\nonlie with the succours of the Scots, but also of the Picts (which in\nthat common cause had sent also of their people to aid the Britains)\nset forward towards the place where he vnderstood the enimies to be.\n\nAt their first approch togither, Cassibellane sent foorth his\nhorssemen and charets called _Esseda_, by the which he thought to\ndisorder the araie of the enimies. Twice they incountred togither with\ndoubtfull victorie. At length they ioined puissance against puissance,\nand fought a verie sore and cruell battell, till finally at the sudden\ncomming of the Welshmen and Cornishmen, so huge a noise was raised\nby the sound of bels hanging at their trappers and charets, that\nthe Romans astonied therewith, were more easilie put to flight. The\nBritains, Scots, and Picts following the chase without order or araie,\nso that by reason the Romans kept themselues close togither, the\nBritains, Scots, & Picts did scarse so much harme to the enimies as\nthey themselues receiued. But yet they followed on still vpon the\nRomans till it was darke night.\n\nCesar after he had perceiued them once withdrawne, did what he could\nto assemble his companies togither, minding the next morning to\nseeke his reuenge of the former daies disaduantage. But forsomuch as\nknowledge was giuen him that his ships (by reason of a sore tempest)\nwere so beaten and rent, that manie of them were past seruice, he\ndoubted least such newes would incourage his enimies, and bring his\npeople into despaire. Wherfore he determined not to fight till time\nmore conuenient, sending all his wounded folks vnto the ships, which\nhe commanded to be newlie rigged and trimmed. After this, keeping\nhis armie for a time within the place where he was incamped without\nissuing foorth, he shortlie drew to the sea side, where his ships laie\nat anchor, and there within a strong place fortified for the purpose\nhe lodged his host, and finallie without hope to atchieue anie other\nexploit auaileable for that time, he tooke the sea with such ships as\nwere apt for sailing, and so repassed into Gallia, leauing behind him\nall the spoile and baggage for want of vessels and leisure to conueie\nit ouer. \u00b6 Thus haue the Scots in their chronicles framed the matter,\nmore to the conformitie of the Romane histories, than according to\nthe report of our British and English writers: and therefore we haue\nthought good to shew it heere, that the diuersitie of writers and\ntheir affections may the better appeere.\n\nOf this sudden departing also, or rather fleeing of Iulius Cesar out\nof Britaine, Lucanus the poet maketh mention, reciting the saieng\nof Pompeius in an oration made by him vnto his souldiers, wherin he\nreprochfullie and disdainfullie reprooued the dooings of Cesar in\nBritaine, saieng:\n\n  Territa quaesitis ostendit terga Britannis.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Caesar taketh a new occasion to make warre against the Britains, he\narriueth on the coast without resistance, the number of his ships,\nboth armies incounter, why Caesar forbad the Romans to pursue the\ndiscomfited Britains, he repaireth his nauie, the Britains choose\nCassibellane their cheefe gouernour, and skirmish afresh with their\nenimies, but haue the repulse in the end._\n\nTHE XIIIJ. CHAPTER.\n\n\nNow will we returne to the sequele of the matter, as Cesar himselfe\nreporteth. After his comming into Gallia, there were but two cities\n[Sidenote: _Dion Cassius_.]\nof all Britaine that sent ouer their hostages according to their\ncouenant, which gaue occasion to Cesar to picke a new quarrell against\nthem, which if it had wanted, he would yet (I doubt not) haue found\nsome other: for his full meaning was to make a more full conquest of\nthat Ile. Therefore purposing to passe againe thither, as he that had\na great desire to bring the Britains vnder the obedience of the Romane\nestate, he caused a great number of ships to be prouided in the winter\nseason and put in a readinesse, so that against the next spring there\nwere found to be readie rigged six hundred ships, beside 28 gallies.\n[Sidenote: _Caesar de bello Gal. lib. 5._]\nHeerevpon hauing taken order for the gouernance of Gallia in his\nabsence, about the beginning of the spring he came to the hauen of\nCalice, whither (according to order by him prescribed) all his ships\nwere come, except 40 which by tempest were driuen backe, and could not\nas yet come to him.\n\nAfter he had staied at Calice (as well for a conuenient wind, as for\nother incidents) certeine daies, at length when the weather so changed\nthat it serued his purpose, he tooke the sea, & hauing with him fiue\nlegions of souldiers, and about two thousand horssemen, he departed\nout of Calice hauen about sun setting with a soft southwest wind,\ndirecting his course forward: about midnight the wind fell, & so by\na calme he was carried alongst with the tide, so that in the morning\nwhen the day appeered, he might behold Britaine vpon his left hand.\nThen following the streame as the course of the tide changed, he\nforced with oares to fetch the shore vpon that part of the coast,\nwhich he had discouered, and tried the last yeere to be the best\nlanding place for the armie. The diligence of the souldiers was shewed\nheere to be great, who with continuall toile droue foorth the heauie\nships, to keepe course with the gallies, & so at length they landed in\nBritaine about noone on the next day, finding not one to resist his\ncomming ashore: for as he learned by certeine prisoners which were\ntaken after his comming to land, the Britains being assembled in\npurpose to haue resisted him, through feare striken into their harts,\nat the discouering of such an huge number of ships, they forsooke the\nshore and got them vnto the mountaines. There were in deed of vessels\none and other, what with vittellers, & those which priuat men had\nprouided and furnished foorth for their owne vse, being ioined to the\nordinarie number, at the least eight hundred saile, which appeering in\nsight all at one time, made a wonderfull muster, and right terrible in\nthe eies of the Britains.\n\nBut to proceed: Cesar being got to land, incamped his armie in a place\nconuenient: and after learning by the prisoners, into what part the\nenimies were withdrawne, he appointed one Quintus Atrius to remaine\nvpon the safegard of the nauie, with ten companies or cohorts of\nfootmen, and three hundred horssemen: and anon after midnight marched\nfoorth himselfe with the residue of his people toward the Britains,\nand hauing made 12 miles of way, he got sight of his enimies host,\nwho sending downe their horssemen and charets vnto the riuer side,\nskirmished with the Romans, meaning to beate them backe from the\nhigher ground: but being assailed of the Romane horssemen, they were\nrepelled, & tooke the woods for their refuge, wherein they had got a\nplace verie strong, both by nature and helpe of hand, which (as was to\nbe thought) had beene fortified before, in time of some ciuill warre\namongst them: for all the entries were closed with trees which had\nbeene cut downe for that purpose. Howbeit the souldiers of the 7\nlegion casting a trench before them, found meanes to put backe the\nBritains from their defenses, and so entring vpon them, droue them\nout of the woods. But Cesar would not suffer the Romans to follow the\nBritains, bicause the nature of the countrie was not knowne vnto them:\nand againe the day was farre spent, so that he would haue the residue\nthereof bestowed in fortifieng his campe.\n\nThe next day, as he had sent foorth such as should haue pursued the\nBritains, word came to him from Quintus Atrius, that his nauie by\nrigour of a sore and hideous tempest was greeuouslie molested, and\nthrowne vpon the shore, so that the cabels and tackle being broken and\ndestroied with force of the vnmercifull rage of wind, the maisters and\nmariners were not able to helpe the matter. Cesar calling backe those\nwhich he had sent foorth, returned to his ships, and finding them in\nsuch state as he had heard, tooke order for the repairing of those\nthat were not vtterlie destroied, and caused them so to be drawne vp\nto the land, that with a trench he might so compasse in a plot of\nground, that might serue both for defense of his ships, and also for\nthe incamping of those men of warre, which he should leaue to attend\nvpon the safegard of the same. And bicause there were at the least a\nfortie ships lost by violence of this tempest, so as there was no hope\nof recouerie in them, he saw yet how the rest with great labour and\ncost might be repaired: wherefore he chose out wrights among the\nlegions, sent for other into Gallia, and wrote ouer to such as he had\nleft there in charge with the gouernment of the countrie, to prouide\nso manie ships as they could, and to send them ouer vnto him. He spent\na ten daies about the repairing of his nauie, and in fortifieng the\ncampe for defense thereof, which done, he left those within it that\nwere appointed there before, and then returned towards his enimies.\n\nAt his comming backe to the place where he had before incamped, he\nfound them there readie to resist him, hauing their numbers hugelie\nincreased: for the Britains hearing that he was returned with such a\nmightie number of ships assembled out of all parts of the land, and\nhad by general consent appointed the whole rule and order of all\nthings touching the warre vnto Cassiuellane or Cassibelane, whose\ndominion was diuided from the cities situat neere to the sea coast,\nby the riuer of Thames, 80 miles distant from the sea coast.\n[Sidenote: Cassibellane as should seeme, ruled in the parties of\nOxfordshire, Barkshire, Buckinghamshire, and Bedfordshire.]\nThis Cassibellane before time had bin at continuall warre with other\nrulers, and cities of the land: but now the Britains moued with the\ncomming of the Romans, chose him to be chiefe gouernour of all their\narmie, permitting the order and rule of all things touching the\ndefense of their countrie against the Romans onelie to him. Their\nhorssemen and charets skirmished by the waie with the Romans, but so\nas they were put backe oftentimes into the woods and hills adioining:\nyet the Britains slue diuers of the Romans as they followed anie thing\negerlie in the pursute.\n\nAlso within a while after, as the Romans were busie in fortifieng\ntheir campe, the Britains suddenlie issued out of the woods, and\nfierselie assailed these that warded before the campe, vnto whose aid\nCesar sent two of the chiefest cohorts of two legions, the which being\nplaced but a little distance one from another, when the Romans began\nto be discouraged with this kind of fight, the Britains therewith\nburst through their enimies, and came backe from thence in safetie.\nThat daie Quintus Laberius Durus a tribune was slaine. At length Cesar\nsending sundrie other cohorts to the succour of his people that were\nin fight, and shrewdlie handled as it appeered, the Britains in\nthe end were put backe. Neuerthelesse, that repulse was but at the\npleasure of fortune; for they quited themselues afterwards like men,\ndefending their territories with such munition as they had, vntill\nsuch time as either by policie or inequalitie of power they were\nvanquished; as you shall see after in the course of the historie.\nHowbeit in fine they were ouer-run and vtterlie subdued, but not\nwithout much bloudshed and slaughter.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_The Romans heauie armor their great hinderance, the maner of the\nBritains fighting in warre, their incounter with their enimies,\ntheir discomfiture, the worthie stratagems or martiall exploits of\nCassibellane, the Troinouants submission to Caesar, and their sute\ntouching Mandubratius, manie of the Britains are taken and slaine of\nthe Romans_.\n\nTHE XV. CHAPTER.\n\n\nIn all this maner of skirmishing and fight which chanced before the\ncampe, euen in the sight and view of all men, it was perceiued that\n[Sidenote: The Romans heauie armor.]\nthe Romans, by reason of their heauie armour (being not able\neither to follow the Britains as they retired, or so bold as to depart\nfrom their ensignes, except they would runne into danger of casting\nthemselues awaie) were nothing meete to match with such kind of\nenimies: and as for their horssemen, they fought likewise in great\nhazard, bicause the Britains would oftentimes of purpose retire, and\nwhen they had trained the Romane horssemen a litle from their legions\nof footmen, they would leape out of their charrets and incounter with\nthem on foot. And so the battell of horssemen was dangerous, and like\nin all points whether they pursued or retired.\n\n[Sidenote: The manner of Britains in the warres.]\nThis also was the maner of the Britains: they fought not close\ntogither, but in sunder, and diuided into companies one separated from\nanother by a good distance, and had their the troopes standing in\nplaces conuenient, to the which they might retire, and so releeue one\nanother with sending new fresh men to supplie the roomes of them that\nwere hurt or wearie. The next day after they had thus fought before\nthe campe of the Romans, they shewed themselues aloft on the hills,\nand began to skirmish with the Romane horssemen, but not so hotlie as\nthey had doone the day before. But about noone, when Cesar had sent\nfoorth three legions of footemen and all his horssemen vnder the\n[Sidenote: Caius Trebonius.]\nleading of his lieutenant Caius Trebonius to fetch in forrage,\nthey suddenlie brake out on euerie side, and vpon the forragers. The\n[Sidenote: _Dion Cassius_ saith, that the Britains vanquished\nthe Roman footmen at this time, but were put to the worst by the\nhorssemen.]\nRomans so far foorth as they might, not breaking their arraie, nor\ngoing from their ensignes or guidons, gaue the charge on them, and\nfiercelie repelled them, so that the horssemen hauing the legions of\nfootemen at their backs, followed the Britains so long as they might\nhaue the said legions in sight readie to succour them of need were: by\nreason whereof, they slue a great number of the Britains, not giuing\nthem leasure to recouer themselues, nor to staie that they might haue\ntime to get out of their charrets. After this chase and discomfiture,\nall such as were come from other parties to the aid of their fellowes\ndeparted home, & after that day the Britains aduentured to fight\nagainst Cesar with their maine power; and withdrawing beyond the riuer\n[Sidenote: *(which is to be supposed was at Kingston) or not far from\nthence.]\nof *Thames, determined to stop the enimies from passing the same, if\nby anie meanes they might: and whereas there was but one foord by the\nwhich they might come ouer, Cassibellane caused the same to be set\nfull of sharpe stakes, not onlie in the middest of the water, but also\nat the comming foorth on that side where he was lodged with his\narmie in good order, readie to defend the passage. Cesar learning by\nrelation of prisoners which he tooke, what the Britains intended to\ndoo, marched foorth to the riuer side, where the foord was, by the\nwhich his armie might passe the same on foot though verie hardlie. At\nhis comming thither, he might perceiue how the Britains were readie on\nthe further side to impeach his passage, and how that the banke at the\ncomming foorth of the water was pight full of sharpe stakes, and\nso likewise was the chanell of the riuer set with piles which were\ncouered with the water.\n\nThese things yet staied not Cesar, who appointing his horssemen to\npasse on before, commanded the footemen to follow. The souldiers\nentring the water, waded through with such speed and violence (nothing\nappeering of them aboue water but their heads) that the Britains were\nconstreined to giue place, being not able to susteine the brunt of the\nRomane horssemen, and the legions of their footemen, and so abandoning\nthe place betooke them to flight. Cassibellane not minding to trie the\nmatter anie more by battell, sent awaie the most part of his people,\nbut yet kept with him about a foure thousand charretmen or wagoners,\nand still watched what waie the Romans tooke, coasting them euer as\nthey marched, and kept somewhat aside within the couert of woods, and\nother combersome places. And out of those quarters through which he\nvnderstood the Romans wold passe, he gathered both men and cattell\ninto the woods & thicke forrests, leauing nothing of value abroad in\nthe champion countrie. And when the Roman horssemen did come abroad\ninto the countrie to seeke booties, he sent out his charrets vnto the\nknowne waies and passages to skirmish with the same horssemen, so much\nto the disaduantage of the Romans, that they durst not straie farre\nfrom their maine armie. Neither would Cesar permit them (least they\nmight haue beene vtterlie distressed by the Britains) to depart\nfurther than the maine battels of the footemen kept pace with them, by\nreason whereof the countrie was not indamaged by fire and spoile, but\nonlie where the armie marched.\n\n[Sidenote: Troinouants where they inhabited.]\nIn the meane time, the Troinouants which some take to be Middlesex\n& Essex men, whose citie was the best fensed of all those parties, and\nthought to be the same that now is called London, sent ambassadours\nvnto Cesar, offering to submit themselues vnto him, and to obeie his\nordinances, and further besought him to defend Mandubratius from the\niniuries of K. Cassibellane, which Mandubratius had fled vnto Cesar\ninto France, after that Cassibellane had slaine his father named\n[Sidenote: Imanuentius.]\nImanuentius, that was chiefe lord and king of the Troinouants, and so\nnow by their ambassadors the same Troinouants requested Cesar, not\nonelie to receiue Mandubratius into his protection, but also to send\nhim vnto them, that he might take the gouernment and rule of their\ncitie into his hands. Cesar commanded them to deliuer vnto him\n40 hostages, and graine for his armie, and therewith sent\n[Sidenote: Some take the Troinouants to be Londoners.]\nMandubratius vnto them. The Troinouants accomplished his commandements\nwith all speed, sending both the appointed number of hostages, and\nalso graine for the armie. And being thus defended and preserued from\niniurie of the souldiers, the people called Cenimagni, Segontiaci,\nAncalites, Bibroci, and Cassi, submitted themselues vnto Cesar, by\nwhom he vnderstood that the towne of Cassibellane was not far from the\nplace where he was then incamped fensed with wooddes and marishes,\ninto the which a great number of people with their cattell and other\nsubstance was withdrawne. The Britains in those daies (as Cesar\nwriteth) called that a towne or hold, which they had fortified with\nanie thicke combersome wood, with trench and rampire, into the which\nthey vsed to get themselues for the auoiding of inuasion.\n\nCesar with his legions of souldiers therfore marched thither, and\nfinding the place verie strong both by nature and helpe of hand,\nassaulted it on two partes. The Britains defending their strength\na while, at length not able longer to endure the impression of the\nRomans, fled out on the contrarie side of the towne where the enimies\nwere not. Within this place a great number of cattell was found, and\nmanie of the Romans taken by the Britains that followed them in chase,\nand manie also slaine.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Cassibellane dooth send vnto the foure kings of Kent for aid against\nCaesars host, he offereth submission to Caesar, the Britains become his\ntributaries, he returneth into Gallia with the remnant of his armie:\nthe differing report of Caesars commentaries and our historiographers\ntouching these warlike affaires; of a sore fray with bloudshed and\nmanslaughter vpon a light occasion; Caesar taketh opportunitie to get\nthe conquest of the land by the division betweene Cassibellane and\nAndrogeus, the time of the Britains subiection to the Romans._\n\nTHE XVJ. CHAPTER.\n\n\nNow whilest these thinges passed on this sort in those parts,\n[Sidenote: Foure kings in Kent]\nCassibellane sent messengers into Kent vnto foure kings (which\nruled that side of the land in those daies) Cingetorix, Caruilius,\nTaximagulus, and Segonax, commanding them, that assembling togither\ntheir whole puissance, they should assaile the campe of the Romans by\nthe sea side where certeine bands lay (as ye haue heard) for safegard\nof the nauie. They according to his appointment came suddenlie\nthither, and by the Romans that sailed forth vpon them were sharplie\nfought with, and lost diuers of their men that were slaine and taken,\nand amongst the prisoners that the Romans tooke, Cingetorix was one.\nWhen Cassibellane heard these newes, being sore troubled for these\nlosses thus chancing one in the necke of an other, but namelie most\ndiscouraged, for that diuers cities had yeelded vnto the Romans: he\nsent ambassadours by means of Romius of Arras vnto Cesar, offering to\nsubmit himselfe.\n\nCesar meaning to winter in Gallia, and therefore because summer drew\ntowards an end, willing to dispatch in Britaine, commanded that\nhostages should be deliuered, and appointed what tribute the Britains\nshould yeerelie send vnto the Romans. He also forbad and commanded\nCassibellane, that he should not in anie wise trouble or indamage\nMadubratius or the Londoners. After this, when he had receiued the\nhostages, he brought his armie to the sea, and there found his ships\nwell repaired, decked, and in good point: therefore he commanded that\nthey should be had downe to the sea. And because he had a great number\nof prisoners, and diuers of his ships were lost in the tempest, he\nappointed to transport his armie ouer into Gallia at two conueies,\nwhich was doone with good successe about the middest of September,\nthough the ships returning for the residue of the armie, after the\nfirst conueie, were driuen so with force of weather, that a great\nnumber of them could not come to land at the place appointed: so\nthat Cesar was constreined to fraught those that he could get with\na greater burden, and so departed from the coast of Britaine, and\nsafelie landed with the remnant of his people in Gallia with as good\n[Sidenote: _Dion Cassius_.]\nspeed as he could haue desired. He thought not good to leaue anie\nof his people behind him, knowing that if he should so doo, they were\nin danger to be cast awaie. And so because he could not well remaine\nthere all the winter season for doubt of rebellion in Gallia, he\nwas contented to take vp, and returne thither, sith he had doone\nsufficientlie for the time, least in coueting the more, he might haue\ncome in perill to lose that which he had alreadie obteined.\n\nThus according to that which Cesar himselfe and other autentike\nauthors haue written, was Britaine made tributarie to the Romans by\n[Sidenote: _Gal. Mon. Matt. West._]\nthe conduct of the same Cesar. \u00b6 But our histores farre differ\nfrom this, affirming that Cesar comming the second time, was by the\nBritains with valiancie and martiall prowesse beaten and repelled, as\nhe was at the first, and speciallie by meanes that Cassibellane had\npight in the Thames great piles of trees piked with yron, through\nwhich his ships being entred the riuer, were perished and lost.\nAnd after his comming a land, he was vanquished in battell, and\nconstrained to flee into Gallia with those ships that remained. For\nioy of this second victorie (saith Galfrid) Cassibellane made a great\nfeast at London, and there did sacrifice to the gods.\n\nAt this feast there fell variance betwixt two yoong gentlemen, the\none named Hirilda, nephew to Cassibellane, and the other Euelie or\nEweline, being of aliance to Androgeus earle of London. They fell at\ndiscord about wrestling, and after multiplieng of words, they came to\ndealing of blowes, by meanes whereof parts were taken, so that there\nensued a sore fraie, in the which diuerse were wounded and hurt, and\namongst other Hirilda the kings nephew was slaine by the hands of\nEweline. The king sore displeased herewith, meant to punish Eweline\naccording to the order of his lawes, so that he was summoned to\nappeare in due forme to make answer to the murder: but Eweline by the\ncomfort of Androgeus disobeied the summons, & departed the court with\nAndrogeus, in contempt of the king and his lawes. The king to be\nreuenged vpon Androgeus, gathered a power, and began to make warre\nvpon him.\n\nAndrogeus perceiuing himselfe not able to withstand the kings\npuissance, sent letters to Iulius Cesar, exhorting him to returne\ninto Britaine, and declaring the whole matter concerning the variance\nbetwixt him and the king, promising to aid the Romans in all that he\nmight. Iulius Cesar ioifull of this message, prepared his nauie, and\nwith all speed with a mightie host imbarked in the same, came toward\nBritaine: but yer he would land, doubting some treason in Androgeus,\nhe receiued from him in hostage his sonne named Scena, and thirtie\nother of the best and most noble personages of all his dominion. After\nthis he landed, and ioining with Androgeus, came into a vallie neere\nto Canturburie, and there incamped. Shortlie after came Cassibellane\nwith all his power of Britains, and gaue battell to the Romans. But\nafter the Britains had long fought and knightlie borne themselues\nin that battell, Androgeus came with his people on a wing, and so\nsharplie assailed them, that the Britains were constrained to forsake\nthe field, and tooke themselues to flight. The which flight so\ndiscomforted them, that finallie they all fled, and gaue place to\nthe Romans, the which pursued and slue them without mercie, so that\nCassibellane with the residue of his people withdrew to a place of\nsuertie, but being enuironed about with the puissance of the Romans,\nand of Androgeus, who had with him seuen thousand men there in the aid\n[Sidenote: So saith _Campion_, but _Galfrid Monu_. saith fiue thousand.]\nof the Romans, Cassibellane in the end was forced to fall to\na composition, in couenanting to paie a yearelie tribute of three\nthousand pounds. When Cesar had ordered his businesse as he thought\nconuenient, he returned and with him went Androgeus, fearing the\ndispleasure of Cassibellane.\n\nThe reuerend father Bede writing of this matter, saith thus: After\nthat Cesar being returned into Gallia, had placed his souldiors abroad\nin the countrie to soiorne for the winter season, he caused ships to\nbe made readie, to the number of 600, with the which repassing into\nBritaine, whilest he marched foorth with a mightie armie against the\nenimies, his ships that lay at anchor being taken with a sore tempest,\nwere either beaten one against another, or else cast vpon the flats\nand sands, and so broken; so that fortie of them were vtterlie\nperished, and the residue with great difficultie were repaired. The\nhorssemen of the Romans at the first encounter were put to the worsse,\nand Labienus the tribune slaine. In the second conflict he vanquished\nthe Britains, not without great danger of his people. After this, he\nmarched to the riuer of Thames, which as then was passable by foord\nonelie in one place and not else, as the report goeth. On the further\nbanke of that riuer, Cassibellane was incamped with an huge multitude\nof enimies, and had pitcht and set the banke, and almost all the\n[Sidenote: The stakes remained to be seene in Bedes daies.]\nfoord vnder the water full of sharpe stakes, the tokens of which vnto\nthis day are to be seene, and it seemeth to the beholders that euerie\nof these stakes are as big as a mans thigh, sticking fast in the\nbottome of the riuer closed with lead. This being perceiued of the\nRomans, and auoided, the Britains not able to susteine the violent\nimpression of the Roman legions, hid themselues in the woods, out of\nthe which by often issues, they greeuouslie and manie times assailed\nthe Romans, and did them great damage. In the meane time the strong\ncitie of Troinouant with hir duke Androgeus deliuering fortie\nhostages, yeelded vnto Cesar, whose example manie other cities\nfollowing, allied themselues with the Romans, by whose information\nCesar with sore fight tooke at length the towne of Cassibellane,\nsituat betwixt two marches, fensed also with the couert of woods,\n& hauing within it great plentie of all things. After this Cesar\nreturned into France, and bestowed his armie in places to soiorne\nthere for the winter season.\n\nThe Scotish writers report, that the Britains, after the Romans were\nthe first time repelled (as before ye haue heard) refused to receiue\nthe aid of the Scotish men the second time, and so were vanquished, as\nin the Scotish historie ye may see more at length expressed. Thus much\ntouching the war which Iulius Cesar made against the Britains, in\nbringing them vnder tribute to the Romans. But this tributarie\nsubiection was hardlie mainteined for a season.\n\n\u00b6 Now here is to be noted, that Cesar did not vanquish all the\nBritains: for he came not amongst the northerne men, onlie discouering\nand subduing that part which lieth towards the French seas: so that\nsith other of the Roman emperors did most earnestlie trauell to\n[Sidenote: _Cornelius Tacitus. In vit. Agr. Dion Cassius._]\nbring the Britains vnder their subiection (which were euer redie to\nrebell so manie sundrie times) Cesar might seeme rather to haue shewed\nBritaine to the Romans, than to haue deliuered the possession of the\nsame. This subiection, to the which he brought this Ile (what maner of\none soeuer it was) chanced about the yeare of the world 3913, after\nthe building of Rome 698, before the birth of our sauior 53, the first\nand second yeare of the 181 Olympiad, after the comming of Brute 1060,\nbefore the conquest made by William duke of Normandie 1120, and 1638\nyeres before this present yere of our Lord 1585, after Harisons\naccount.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_The state of Britaine when Caesar offered to conquer it, and the maner\nof their gouernement, as diuerse authors report the same in their\nbookes: where the contrarietie of their opinions is to be obserued._\n\nTHE XVIJ. CHAPTER.\n\n\nAfter that Iulius Cesar had thus made the Britains tributaries to the\nRomans, and was returned into Gallia, Cassibellane reigned 7 yeares,\nand was vanquished in the ninth or tenth yeare after he began first\nto reigne so that he reigned in the whole about 15 or as some haue 17\nyeares, and then died, leauing no issue behind him. There hath bin an\n[Sidenote: _Fabian_.]\nold chronicle (as Fabian recordeth) which he saw and followeth\nmuch in his booke, wherein is conteined, that this Cassibellane was\nnot brother to Lud, but eldest sonne to him: for otherwise as may be\nthought (saith he) Cesar hauing the vpper hand, would haue displaced\nhim from the gouernement, and set vp Androgeus the right heire to the\ncrowne, as sonne to the said Lud. But whatsoeuer our chronicles or\nthe British histories report of this matter, it should appere by that\nwhich Cesar writeth (as partlie ye haue heard) that Britaine in those\n[Sidenote: _Caesar_.]\ndaies was not gouerned by one sole prince, but by diuers, and that\ndiuers cities were estates of themselues, so that the land was diuided\ninto sundrie gouernements, much after the forme and maner as Germanie\nand Italie are in our time, where some cities are gouerned by one\nonelie prince, some by the nobilitie, and some by the people. And\nwhereas diuers of the rulers in those daies here in this land were\ncalled kings, those had more large seigniories than the other, as\n[Sidenote: Cassibellane a King.]\nCassibellane, who was therefore called a king.\n\nAnd though we doo admit this to be true, yet may it be, that in the\nbeginning, after Brute entered the land, there was ordeined by him a\nmonarchie, as before is mentioned, which might continue in his\nposteritie manie yeares after, and yet at length before the comming of\nCesar, through ciuil dissention, might happilie be broken, and diuided\ninto parts, and so remained not onelie in the time of this Cassibellane,\nbut also long after, whilest they liued as tributaries to the Romans,\ntill finallie they were subdued by the Saxons. In which meane time,\nthrough the discord, negligence, or rather vnaduised rashnes of writers,\nhard it is to iudge what may be affirmed and receiued in their writings\nfor a truth; namelie, concerning the succession of the kings that are\nsaid to haue reigned betwixt the daies of Cassibellane, and the comming\n[Sidenote: _Cor. Tacit. in uita. lib. Agr._]\nof the Saxons. The Roman writers (and namelie Tacitus) report, that\nthe Britains in times past were vnder the rule of kings, and after\nbeing made tributaries, were drawne so by princes into sundrie\nfactions, that to defend and keepe off a common ieopardie, scarselie\nwould two or three cities agree togither, and take weapon in hand\nwith one accord, so that while they fought by parts, the whole was\nouercome. And after this sort they say that Britaine was brought into\nthe forme of a prouince by the Romans, from whom gouernors vnder the\nname of legats and procurators were sent that had the rule of it.\n\nBut yet the same authors make mention of certeine kings (as hereafter\nshall appeare) who while the Romane emperors had the most part of the\nearth in subiection, reigned in Britaine. The same witnesseth\n[Sidenote: _Gildas in epist._]\nGildas, saieng: Britaine hath kings, but they are tyrants: iudges it\nhath, but the same are wicked, oftentimes spoiling and tormenting the\ninnocent people. And Cesar (as ye haue heard) speaketh of foure kings\nthat ruled in Kent, and thereabouts. Cornelius Tacitus maketh mention\n[Sidenote: Some take Prasutagus and Aruiragus to be one man.]\nof Prasutagus, and Cogidunus, that were kings in Britaine: and Iuuenal\nspeaketh of Aruiragus: and all the late writers, of Lucius. Hereby it\nappeareth, that whether one or mo, yet kings there were in Britain,\nbearing rule vnder the Romane emperors.\n\n[Sidenote: _Gal. Mon._]\nOn the other part, the common opinion of our chronicle-writers is,\nthat the chiefe gouernment remained euer with the Britains, & that the\nRomane senat receiuing a yearelie tribute, sent at certeine times (_Ex\nofficio_) their emperors and lieutenants into this Ile, to represse\nthe rebellious tumults therein begun, or to beat backe the inuasion of\nthe enimies that went about to inuade it. And thus would these writers\ninferre, that the Britains euer obeied their king, till at length they\nwere put beside the gouernement by the Saxons. But whereas in the\ncommon historie of England, the succession of kings ought to be kept,\nso oft as it chanceth in the same that there is not anie to fill the\nplace, then one while the Romane emperors are placed in their steads,\nand another while their lieutenants, and are said to be created kings\nof the Britains, as though the emperors were inferiors vnto the kings\nof Britaine, and that the Romane lieutenants at their appointments,\nand not by prescript of the senat or emperours, administred the\nprouince.\n\nThis may suffice here to aduertise you of the contrarietie in writers.\nNow we will go foorth in following our historie, as we haue doone\nheretofore, sauing that where the Romane histories write of things\ndone here by emperors, or their lieutenants, it shall be shewed as\nreason requireth, sith there is a great appearance of truth oftentimes\nin the same, as those that be authorised and allowed in the opinion of\nthe learned.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Of Theomantius, the tearme of yeares that he reigned, and where he\nwas interred; of Kymbeline, within the time of whose gouernment\nChrist Iesus our sauiour was borne, all nations content to obeie the\nRomane emperors and consequentlie Britaine, the customes that the\nBritaines paie the Romans as Strabo reporteth._\n\nTHE XVIIJ. CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: THEOM[=A]DEUS ]\nAFTER the death of Cassibellane, Theomantius or Tenantius the\nyoongest sonne of Lud was made king of Britaine in the yeere of the\n[Sidenote: _Fabian_]\nworld 3921, after the building of Rome 706, & before the comming\nof Christ 45. He is named also in one of the English chronicles\nTormace: in the same chronicle it is conteined, that not he, but his\n[Sidenote: _Gal. Mon._]\nbrother Androgeus was king, where Geffrey of Monmouth & others\ntestifie, that Androgeus abandoned the land clerelie, & continued\nstill at Rome, because he knew the Britains hated him for treason he\nhad committed in aiding Iulius Cesar against Cassibellane. Theomantius\nruled the land in good quiet, and paid the tribute to the Romans which\nCassibellane had granted, and finallie departed this life after he had\nreigned 22 yeares, and was buried at London.\n\n[Sidenote: KYMBELINE]\nKymbeline or Cimbeline the sonne of Theomantius was of the\nBritains made king after the deceasse of his father, in the yeare of\nthe world 3944, after the building of Rome 728, and before the\n[Sidenote: _Fabian_ out of _Guido de Columna_.]\nbirth of our Sauiour 33. This man (as some write) was brought vp at\nRome, and there made knight by Augustus Cesar, vnder whome he serued\nin the warres, and was in such fauour with him, that he was at\nlibertie to pay his tribute or not. Little other mention is made of\nhis dooings, except that during his reigne, the Sauiour of the world\n[Sidenote: Christ our saviour borne.]\nour Lord Iesus Christ the onelie sonne of God was borne of a virgine,\nabout the 23 yeare of the reigne of this Kymbeline, & in the 42 yeare\nof the emperour Octauius Augustus, that is to wit, in the yeare of\n[Sidenote: 3966.]\nthe world 3966, in the second yeare of the 194 Olympiad, after the\nbuilding of the citie of Rome 750 nigh at an end, after the vniuersall\nfloud 2311, from the birth of Abraham 2019, after the departure of the\nIsraelits out of Egypt 1513, after the captiuitie of Babylon 535, from\nthe building of the temple by Salomon 1034, & from the arriuall of\nBrute 1116, complet. Touching the continuance of the yeares of\nKymbelines reigne, some writers doo varie, but the best approoued\naffirme, that he reigned 35 years and then died, & was buried at\nLondon, leauing behind him two sonnes, Guiderius and Aruiragus.\n\n\u00b6 But here is to be noted, that although our histories doo affirme,\nthat as well this Kymbeline, as also his father Theomantius liued in\nquiet with the Romans, and continuallie to them paied the tributes\nwhich the Britains had couenanted with Iulius Cesar to pay, yet we\nfind in the Romane writers, that after Iulius Cesars death, when\n[Sidenote: _Cor. Tacitus. in uita lu. Agr. Dion Cassius_.]\nAugustus had taken vpon him the rule of the empire, the Britains\nrefused to paie that tribute: whereat as Cornelius Tacitus reporteth,\nAugustus (being otherwise occupied) was contented to winke; howbeit,\nthrough earnest calling vpon to recouer his right by such as were\ndesirous to see the vttermost of the British kingdome; at length, to\nwit, in the tenth yeare after the death of Iulius Cesar, which was\nabout the thirteenth yeare of the said Theomantius, Augustus made\n[Sidenote: _Dion Cassius._]\nprouision to passe with an armie ouer into Britaine, & was come\nforward vpon his iournie into Gallia Celtica: or as we maie saie, into\nthese hither parts of France.\n\nBut here receiuing aduertisements that the Pannonians, which inhabited\nthe countrie now called Hungarie, and the Dalmatians whome now we call\nSlauons had rebelled, he thought it best first to subdue those rebells\nneere home, rather than to seeke new countries, and leaue such in\nhazard whereof he had present possession, and so turning his power\nagainst the Pannonians and Dalmatians, he left off for a time the\nwarres of Britaine, whereby the land remained without feare of anie\ninuasion to be made by the Romans, till the yeare after the building\nof the citie of Rome 725, and about the 19 yeare of king Theomantius\nreigne, that Augustus with an armie departed once againe from Rome to\npasse ouer into Britaine, there to make warre. But after his comming\ninto Gallia, when the Britains sent to him certeine ambassadours to\ntreat with him of peace, he staied there to settle the state of things\namong the Galles, for that they were not in verie good order. And\nhauing finished there, he went into Spaine, and so his iournie into\nBritaine was put off till the next yeare, that is, the 726 after the\nbuilding of Rome, which fell before the birth of our sauiour 25, about\nwhich time Augustus eftsoons meant the third time to haue made a\nvoiage into Britaine, because they could not agree vpon couenants. But\nas the Pannonians and Dalmatians had aforetime staied him, when\n[Sidenote: He kept not promise with the Romans. Those of Calice and\nBiskaie.]\n(as before is said) he meant to haue gone against the Britans: so euen\nnow the Salassians (a people inhabiting about Italie and Switserland)\nthe Cantabrians and Asturians by such rebellious sturrs as they\nraised, withdrew him from his purposed iournie. But whether this\ncontrouersie which appeareth to fall forth betwixt the Britains and\nAugustus, was occasioned by Kymbeline, or some other prince of\nthe Britains, I haue not to auouch: for that by our writers it is\nreported, that Kymbeline being brought vp in Rome, & knighted in the\ncourt of Augustus, euer shewed himselfe a friend to the Romans, &\nchieflie was loth to breake with them, because the youth of the\nBritaine nation should not be depriued of the benefit to be trained\nand brought vp among the Romans, whereby they might learne both to\nbehaue themselues like ciuill men, and to atteine to the knowledge of\nfeats of warre.\n\nBut whether for this respect, or for that it pleased the almightie\nGod so to dispose the minds of men at that present, not onlie the\nBritains, but in manner all other nations were contented to be\nobedient to the Romane empire. That this was true in the Britains,\n[Sidenote: _Strab. Geog._]\nit is euident enough by Strabos words, which are in effect as\nfolloweth. \"At this present (saith he) certeine princes of Britaine,\nprocuring by ambassadors and dutifull demeanors the amitie of the\nemperour Augustus, haue offered in the capitoll vnto the gods\npresents or gifts, and haue ordeined the whole Ile in a manner to be\nappertinent, proper, and familiar to the Romans. They are burdened\nwith sore customs which they paie for wares, either to be sent foorth\ninto Gallia, or brought from thence, which are commonlie yuorie\nvessels, sheeres, ouches, or earerings, and other conceits made of\namber & glasses, and such like manner of merchandize: so that now\nthere is no need of anie armie or garrison of men of warre to keepe\nthe Ile, for there needeth not past one legion of footmen, or some\nwing of horssemen, to gather vp and receiue the tribute: for the\ncharges are rated according to the quantitie of the tributes: for\notherwise it should be needfull to abate the customs, if the tributes\nwere also raised: and if anie violence should be vsed, it were\ndangerous least they might be prouoked to rebellion.\" Thus farre\nStrabo.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n_Of Guiderius, who denied to paie tribute to the Romans, preparation\nfor war on both sides, of the ridiculous voiage of the Emperour\nCaligula against the Britains, his vanitie and delight in mischiefe:\nAulus Plautius a Romane senator accompanied with souldiers arrive on\nthe British coasts without resistance, the Britains take flight and\nhide themselues._\n\nTHE XIX. CHAPTER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: GUIDERIUS.]\nGuiderius the first sonne of Kymbeline (of whom Harison saieth\nnothing) began his reigne in the seuententh yeere after th'\nincarnation of Christ. This Guiderius being a man of stout courage,\ngaue occasion of breach of peace betwixt the Britains and Romans,\ndenieng to paie them tribute, and procuring the people to new\ninsurrections, which by one meane or other made open rebellion, as\n[Sidenote: Caligula.]\nGyldas saith. Wherevpon the emperour Caligula (as some thinke)\ntooke occasion to leauie a power, and as one vtterlie misliking\nthe negligence (as he called it) of Augustus and Tiberius his\npredecessors, he ment not onlie to reduce the Iland vnto the former\nsubiection, but also to search out the vttermost bounds thereof, to\nthe behoofe of himselfe, and of the Romane monarchie.\n\nGreat prouision therefore was made by the said Caligula to performe\nthat noble enterprise, and this was in the fourth yeere of his reigne.\nThe like preparation was made on the other side by Guiderius, to\nresist the forren enimies, so that hauing all things in a readinesse,\nhe ceassed not dailie to looke for the comming of the emperour, whome\n[Sidenote: _Dion Cassius. lib._ 59.]\nhe ment to receiue with hard enterteinment if he durst aduenture\nto set toward Britaine. But see the sequele: the maine armie being\nthus in a readinesse, departed from Rome in the 79 yeere after the\nbuilding of the citie, and marching foorth, at length came vnto the\nBelgike shore, from whence they might looke ouer, and behold the\ncliffes and coast of Britaine, which Caligula and his men stood gazing\nvpon with great admiration and woonder.\n\nFurthermore he caused them to stand in battell arraie vpon the coast,\nwhere he heard how the Britains were in a redinesse to withstand his\nentrance. But entring into his gallie, as nothing discouraged with\nthese newes, he rowed a flight shot or two from the shore, and\nforthwith returned, and then going vp into an high place like a\npulpit, framed and set vp there for the nonce, he gaue the token to\nfight vnto his souldiers by sound of trumpet, and therewith was ech\nman charged to gather cockle shells vpon the shore, which he called\n[Sidenote: The spoile of the Ocean.]\nthe spoile of the Ocean, and caused them to be laid vp vntill a\ntime conuenient. With the atchiuing of this exploit (as hauing none\nother wherewith to beautifie his triumph) he seemed greatlie exalted,\nthinking that now he had subdued the whole Ocean, and therefore\nhighlie rewarded his souldiers for their paines susteined in that\ncollection of cockle shells, as if they had doone him some notable\npeece of seruice. He also caried of the same shells with him to Rome,\nto the end he might there boast of his voyage, and brag how well he\n[Sidenote: * _sic._]\nhad sped: and required therefore verie earnestlie haue of * a\ntriumph decreed vnto him for the accomplishment of this enterprise.\n\nBut when he saw the senat grudge at the free & liberall granting of\na grace in that behalfe, and perceiued how they refused to attribute\ndiuine honors vnto him, in recompense of so foolish an enterprise,\nit wanted little that he had not slaine them euerie one. From thence\ntherefore he went vp into a throne or royall seate, and calling\ntherewith the common people about him, he told them a long tale what\naduentures had chanced to him in his conquest of the Ocean. And when\nhe had perceiued them to shout and crie, as if they had consented that\nhe should haue beene a god for this his great trauell and valiant\nprowesse, he to increase their clamour, caused great quantities of\ngold & siluer to be scattered amongst them, in the gathering whereof,\nmanie were pressed to death, and diuers also slaine with the inuenomed\ncaltrops of iron, which he did cast out with the same monie, of\npurpose to doo mischiefe, the same caltrops being in forme small &\nsharp, so that by reason of the prease of people, much hurt was\ndoone by them yer they were perceiued. And this was the end of the\nridiculous voiage of Caligula attempted against the Britains.\n\n[Sidenote: _Suetonius._]\nBut after the death of this Caligula, the emperour Claudius (as\nSuetonius saith) moued warre against the Britains, because of a sturre\nand rebellion raised in that land, for that such fugitiues as were\nfled from thence, were not againe restored when request was made for\nthe same.\n\n[Sidenote: Dion Cassius.]\nDion Cassius writeth, that one Bericus, being expelled out of\nBritaine, persuaded the emperour Claudius to take the warre in hand at\nthis time against the Britains, so that one Aulus Plautius a senatour,\nand as then pretor, was appointed to take the armie that soiourned\nin France then called Gallia, and to passe ouer with the same into\nBritaine. The souldiers hearing of this voiage, were loth to go with\nhim, as men not willing to make warre in another world: and therefore\ndelaied time, till at length one Narcissus was sent from Claudius, as\nit were to appease the souldiers, & procure them to set forward. But\nwhen this Narcissus went vp into the tribunall throne of Plautius,\nto declare the cause of his comming, the souldiers taking great\nindignation therewith cried, _O Saturnalia,_ as if they should haue\ncelebrated their feast daie so called.\n\nWhen the seruants apparelled in their maisters robes, represented the\nroome of their maisters, and were serued by them, as if they had beene\ntheir seruants, and thus at length constreined, through verie shame,\nthey agreed to follow Plautius. Herevpon being embarked, he diuided\nhis nauie into three parts, to the end that if they were kept off from\narriuing in one place, yet they might take land in another. The ships\nsuffered some impeachment in their passage by a contrarie wind that\ndroue them backe againe: but yet the marriners and men of warre taking\ngood courage vnto them, the rather because there was seene a fierie\nleame to shoot out of the east towards the west, which way their\ncourse lay, made forwards againe with their ships, and landed without\nfinding anie resistance. For the Britains looked not for their\ncomming: wherefore, when they heard how their enimies were on land,\nthey got them into the woods and marishes, trusting that by lingering\nof time the Romans would be constreined to depart, as it had chanced\nin time past to Iulius Cesar aforesaid.\n\n\n\n\nTHE END OF THE THIRD BOOKE.","title":"Holinshed's Chronicles, vol. 1 of 6, slice 4 of 9. England, early history","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":22928}