{"collection":"scripture-revelation","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_19198/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_19198","id":"gutenberg_19198","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19198","summary":null,"tags":["Category: History - American","Category: Religion/Spirituality","Category: Sociology","Noncitizens -- United States","United States -- Emigration and immigration"],"text":"Produced by Dave Kline, Janet Blenkinship and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  [Illustration: COMING AMERICANS]\n\n\n  FORWARD MISSION STUDY COURSES\n\n  EDITED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT\n\n\n\n\n  ALIENS\n\n  OR\n\n  AMERICANS\n\n  ?\n\n\n  HOWARD B. GROSE With Introduction BY JOSIAH STRONG\n\n\n  NEW YORK: EATON & MAINS CINCINNATI: JENNINGS & GRAHAM\n  COPYRIGHT, 1906, BY YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT NEW\n  YORK\n\n\n\n\n  UNGUARDED GATES\n\n\n  Wide open and unguarded stand our gates,\n  And through them presses a wild, motley throng--\n  Men from the Volga and the Tartar steppes,\n  Featureless figures of the Hoang-Ho,\n  Malayan, Scythian, Teuton, Celt, and Slav,\n  Flying the old world's poverty and scorn;\n  These bringing with them unknown gods and rites,\n  Those, tiger passions, here to stretch their claws.\n  In street and alley what strange tongues are these,\n  Accents of menace alien to our air,\n  Voices that once the Tower of Babel knew!\n\n  O Liberty, White Goddess! is it well\n  To leave the gates unguarded? On thy breast\n  Fold Sorrow's children, soothe the hurts of fate,\n  Lift the downtrodden, but with the hand of steel\n  Stay those who to thy sacred portals come\n  To waste the gifts of freedom. Have a care\n  Lest from thy brow the clustered stars be torn\n  And trampled in the dust. For so of old\n  The thronging Goth and Vandal trampled Rome.\n  And where the temples of the Caesars stood\n  The lean wolf unmolested made her lair.\n\n                       _--Thomas Bailey Aldrich._\n\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n  TO ONE\n  WHO CHERISHES AMERICAN\n  IDEALS, WHO HAS INCULCATED LOVE OF\n  COUNTRY IN HER CHILDREN, AND\n  SOUGHT TO INSPIRE IT IN\n  ALL--MY WIFE\n\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n  CONTENTS\n\n\n  CHAPTER                                                         PAGE\n\n  Preface                                                            9\n\n  Introduction, by Josiah Strong                                    13\n\n     I. The Alien Advance                                           15\n\n    II. Alien Admission and Restriction                             51\n\n   III. Problems of Legislation and Distribution                    87\n\n    IV. The New Immigration                                        121\n\n     V. The Eastern Invasion                                       157\n\n    VI. The Foreign Peril of the City                              193\n\n   VII. Immigration and the National Character                     231\n\n  VIII. The Home Mission Opportunity                               267\n\n\n  APPENDIXES\n\n  A. Tables of Immigrants Admitted and Debarred                    305\n\n  B. The Immigration Laws                                          309\n\n  C. Work of Leading Denominations for the Foreign Population      314\n\n  D. Bibliography                                                  321\n\n\n\n\nILLUSTRATIONS\n\nComing Americans                                          Frontispiece\n\nThe Inflowing Tide                                                  18\n\nEllis Island Immigration Station                                    34\n\nReceiving Room at Ellis Island                                      59\n\nDetained for Special Examination                                    74\n\nAn Appeal from the Special Inquiry Board to Commissioner Watchorn   94\n\nThe Landing at the Battery in New York                             102\n\nA German Family                                                    128\n\nItalian and Swiss Girls                                            144\n\nA Group of Twelve Different Nationalities                          166\n\nThree Types of Immigrants                                          180\n\nA Group of Immigrants Just Arrived at Ellis Island                 198\n\nAn Italian Family Crowded in a New York Tenement                   210\n\nFour Nationalities                                                 236\n\nPortuguese and Spanish Children                                    256\n\nAn Italian Sunday School in New England                            283\n\n\n_Sketch Maps and Charts_\n\nImmigration at the Port of New York for 1906                        32\n\nImmigrant Distribution by States for 1905                          106\n\nImmigrant Distribution by Races:\n  Scandinavian                                                     108\n  Canadian and British                                             109\n  Irish                                                            114\n  Germanic                                                         115\n  French and Iberic                                                146\n  Slavic                                                           171\n\nChanges in Sources of Immigration Causing Increase of Illiteracy   125\n\nCountries from which the Slavs Come                                161\n\nDistribution of Slavs in the United States                         163\n\nWave of Immigration for Eighty-seven Years                         308\n\nColored Chart of Races of Immigrants for 1905                      End\n\n\n\n\nPREFACE\n\n\nIt is not a question as to whether the aliens will come. They have come,\nmillions of them; they are now coming, at the rate of a million a year.\nThey come from every clime, country, and condition; and they are of\nevery sort: good, bad, and indifferent, literate and illiterate,\nvirtuous and vicious, ambitious and aimless, strong and weak, skilled\nand unskilled, married and single, old and young, Christian and infidel,\nJew and pagan. They form to-day the raw material of the American\ncitizenship of to-morrow. What they will be and do then depends largely\nupon what our American Protestant Christianity does for them now.\n\nImmigration--the foreign peoples in America, who and where they are,\nwhence they come, and what under our laws and liberties and influences\nthey are likely to become--this is the subject of our study. The subject\nis as fascinating as it is vital. Its problems are by far the most\npressing, serious, and perplexing with which the American people have to\ndo. It is high time that our young people were familiarizing themselves\nwith the facts, for this is preeminently the question of to-day.\nPatriotism and religion--love of country and love of Christ--unite to\nurge thoughtful consideration of this great question: Aliens or\nAmericans? One aim of this book is to show our individual responsibility\nfor the answer, and how we can discharge it.\n\nImmigration may be regarded as a peril or a providence, an ogre or an\nobligation--according to the point of view. The Christian ought to see\nin it the unmistakable hand of God opening wide the door of evangelistic\nopportunity. Through foreign missions we are sending the gospel to the\nends of the earth. As a home mission God is sending the ends of the\nearth to our shores and very doors. The author is a Christian optimist\nwho believes God has a unique mission for Christian America, and that it\nwill ultimately be fulfilled. While the facts are in many ways\nappalling, the result of his study of the foreign peoples in our country\nhas made him hopeful concerning their Americanization and\nevangelization, if only American Christians are awake and faithful to\ntheir duty. The Christian young people, brought to realize that\nimmigration is another way of spelling obligation, must do their part to\nremove that tremendous IF.\n\nThese newcomers are in reality a challenge to American Christianity. The\nchallenge is clear and imperative. Will we give the gospel to the\nheathen in America? Will we extend the hand of Christian brotherhood and\nhelpfulness to the stranger within our gates? Will we Christianize,\nwhich is the only real way to Americanize, the Aliens? May this book\nhelp to inspire the truly Christian answer that shall mean much for the\nfuture of our country, and hence of the world.\n\nThe author makes grateful acknowledgment to all who have assisted by\nsuggestion or otherwise. He has tried to give credit to the authors\nwhose works he has used. He is under special obligation for counsel and\nmany courtesies to Josiah Strong, one of the modern patriot-prophets who\nhas sought to awaken Americans to their Christian duty and privilege.\n\n                                                      HOWARD B. GROSE.\n    _Briarcliff Manor, June, 1906._\n\n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION\n\n\n  A million immigrants!\n  A million opportunities!\n  A million obligations!\n\n\nThis in brief is the message of _Aliens or Americans?_\n\nA young man who came to this country young enough to get the benefit of\nour public schools, and who then took a course in Columbia University,\nwrites: \"Now, at twenty-one, I am a free American, with only one strong\ndesire; and that is to do something for my fellow-men, so that when my\ntime comes to leave the world, I may leave it a bit the better.\" These\nare the words of a Russian Jew; and that Russian is a better American,\nthat Jew is a better Christian, than many a descendant of the Pilgrim\nFathers.\n\nIn this country every man is an American who has American ideals, the\nAmerican spirit, American conceptions of life, American habits. A man is\nforeign not because he was born in a foreign land, but because he clings\nto foreign customs and ideas.\n\nI do not fear foreigners half so much as I fear Americans who impose on\nthem and brutally abuse them. Such Americans are the most dangerous\nenemies to our institutions, utterly foreign to their true spirit. Such\nAmericans are the real foreigners.\n\nMost of those who come to us are predisposed in favor of our\ninstitutions. They are generally unacquainted with the true character of\nthose institutions, but they all know that America is the land of\nfreedom and of plenty, and they are favorably inclined toward the ideas\nand the obligations which are bound up with these blessings. They are\nopen to American influence, and quickly respond to a new and a better\nenvironment.\n\nThey naturally look up to us, and if with fair and friendly treatment we\nwin their confidence, they are easily transformed into enthusiastic\nAmericans. But if by terms of opprobrium, such as \"sheeny\" and \"dago,\"\nwe convince them that they are held in contempt, and if by oppression\nand fraud we render them suspicious of us, we can easily compact them\ninto masses, hostile to us and dangerous to our institutions and\norganized for the express purpose of resisting all Americanizing\ninfluences.\n\nWhether immigrants remain _Aliens_ or become _Americans_ depends less on\nthem than on ourselves.\n\n                                                        JOSIAH STRONG.\n    _New York, June 26, 1906._\n\n\n    _We may well ask whether this insweeping immigration is to\n    foreignize us, or we are to Americanize it. Our safety demands the\n    assimilation of these strange populations, and the process of\n    assimilation becomes slower and more difficult as the proportion of\n    foreigners increases._\n\n                    --Josiah Strong.\n\n\n\n\nTHE ALIEN ADVANCE\n\n\n\"And ELISHA prayed, and said, Jehovah, I pray thee, open his\neyes, that he may see. And Jehovah opened the eyes of the young man: and\nhe saw\" (2 Kings vi. 17). Elisha's prayer is peculiarly fitting now. The\nfirst need of American Protestantism is for clear vision, to discern the\nsupreme issues involved in immigration, recognize the spiritual\nsignificance and divine providence in and behind this marvelous\nmigration of peoples, and so see Christian obligation as to rise to the\nmission of evangelizing these representatives of all nations gathered on\nAmerican soil.--_The Author._\n\nOut of the remote and little-known regions of northern, eastern, and\nsouthern Europe forever marches a vast and endless army. Nondescript and\never-changing in personnel, without leaders or organization, this great\nforce, moving at the rate of nearly 1,500,000 each year, is invading the\ncivilized world.--_J. D. Whelpley._\n\nPolitical optimism is one of the vices of the American people. There is\na popular faith that \"God takes care of children, fools, and the United\nStates.\" Until within a few years probably not one in a hundred of our\npopulation has ever questioned the security of our future. Such optimism\nis as senseless as pessimism is faithless. The one is as foolish as the\nother is wicked.--_Josiah Strong._\n\n\n\n\nI\n\nTHE ALIEN ADVANCE\n\n_I. A Year's Immigration Analyzed_\n\n\n[Sidenote: A Million a Year]\n\nWhat does a million of immigrants a year mean? Possibly something of\nmore significance to us if we put it this way, that at present one in\nevery eighty persons in the entire United States has arrived from\nforeign shores within twelve months. Of this inpouring human tide one of\nthe latest writers on immigration says, in a striking passage:\n\n[Sidenote: The Peaceful Invasion]\n\n\"Like a mighty stream, it finds its source in a hundred rivulets. The\nhuts of the mountains and the hovels of the plains are the springs which\nfeed; the fecundity of the races of the old world the inexhaustible\nsource. It is a march the like of which the world has never seen, and\nthe moving columns are animated by but one idea--that of escaping from\nevils which have made existence intolerable, and of reaching the free\nair of countries where conditions are better shaped to the welfare of\nthe masses of the people.\n\n[Sidenote: Variety of Peoples]\n\n\"It is a vast procession of varied humanity. In tongue it is polyglot;\nin dress all climes from pole to equator are indicated, and all\nreligions and beliefs enlist their followers. There is no age limit, for\nyoung and old travel side by side. There is no sex limitation, for the\nwomen are as keen as, if not more so than, the men; and babes in arms\nare here in no mean numbers. The army carries its equipment on its back,\nbut in no prescribed form. The allowance is meager, it is true, but the\nhousehold gods of a family sprung from the same soil as a hundred\nprevious generations may possibly be contained in shapeless bags or\nbundles. Forever moving, always in the same direction, this marching\narmy comes out of the shadow, converges to natural points of\ndistribution, masses along the international highways, and its vanguard\ndisappears, absorbed where it finds a resting-place.\"[1]\n\n[Sidenote: The Ellis Island Inflow]\n\nSee the living stream pour into America through the raceway of Ellis\nIsland.[2] There is no such sight to be seen elsewhere on the planet.\nSuppose for the moment that all the immigrants of 1905 came in by that\nwide open way, as eight tenths of them actually did. If your station had\nbeen by that gateway, where you could watch the human tide flowing\nthrough, and if the stream had been steady, on every day of the 365 you\nwould have seen more than 2,800 living beings--men, women, and children,\nof almost every conceivable condition except that of wealth or\neminence--pass from the examination \"pens\" into the liberty of American\nopportunity. Since the stream was spasmodic, its numbers did reach as\nhigh in a single day as 11,343.\n\n[Sidenote: A Motley Procession]\n\nImagine an army of nearly 20,000 a week marching in upon an unprotected\ncountry. At the head come the motley and strange-looking\nmigrants--largely refugee Jews--from the far Russian Empire and the\nregions of Hungary and Roumania. At the daily rate of 2,800 it would\ntake this indescribable assortment more than 166 days to pass in single\nfile. Then the Italians would consume about eighty days more. For over\neight months you would have watched so large a proportion of illiteracy,\nincompetency, and insensibility to American ideals, that you would be\ntempted to despair of the Republic. Nor would you lose the sense of\nnightmare when the English and Irish were consuming forty-two days in\npassing, for the \"green\" of the Emerald Isle is vivid at Ellis Island,\nand the best class of the English stay at home. The flaxen-haired and\nopen-faced Scandinavians would lighten the picture, but with the equally\nsturdy Germans they would get by in only a month and four days.\n\n[Sidenote: A Process of Enlightenment]\n\nThis much is certain, whatever may be thought of the fanciful\nprocession. No American who spends a single day at Ellis Island, when\nthe loaded steamships have come in, will afterward require awakening on\nthe subject of immigration and the necessity of doing something\neffective in the way of Americanization. A good view of the steerage is\nthe best possible enlightener.\n\n[Sidenote: A Graphic Grouping]\n\nA million a year and more is the rate at which immigrants are now coming\ninto the United States.[3] It is not easy to grasp the significance of\nsuch numbers: yet we must try to do so if we are to realize the problem\nto be solved. To get this mass of varied humanity within the mind's eye,\nlet us divide and group it. First, recall some small city or town with\nwhich you are familiar, of about 10,000 inhabitants; say Portsmouth, New\nHampshire, where the treaty of peace between Japan and Russia was agreed\nupon; or Saratoga Springs, New York; or Vincennes, Indiana; or Ottawa,\nIllinois; or Sioux Falls, South Dakota; or Lawrence, Kansas. Settle one\nhundred towns of this size with immigrants, mostly of the peasant class,\nwith their un-American languages, customs, religion, dress, and ideas,\nand you would locate merely those who came from Europe and Asia in the\nyear ending June 30, 1905. Those who came from other parts of the world\nwould make two and a half towns more, or a city the size of Poughkeepsie\nin New York, seat of Vassar College, or Burlington in Iowa, of about\n25,000 each.\n\n[Sidenote: Grouped by Nationality]\n\n[Sidenote: Queer Towns these would be]\n\nGather these immigrants by nationality, and you would have in round\nnumbers twenty-two Italian cities of 10,000 people, or massed together,\na purely Italian city as large as Minneapolis with its 220,000. The\nvarious peoples of Austria-Hungary--Bohemians, Magyars, Jews, and\nSlavs--would fill twenty-seven and one half towns; or a single city\nnearly as large as Detroit. The Jews, Poles, and other races fleeing\nfrom persecution in Russia, would people eighteen and one half towns, or\na city the size of Providence. For the remainder we should have four\nGerman cities of 10,000 people, six of Scandinavians, one of French, one\nof Greeks, one of Japanese, six and a half of English, five of Irish,\nand nearly two of Scotch and Welsh. Then we should have six towns of\nbetween 4,000 and 5,000 each, peopled respectively by Belgians, Dutch,\nPortuguese, Roumanians, Swiss, and European Turks; while Asian Turks\nwould fill another town of 6,000. We should have a Servian, Bulgarian,\nand Montenegrin village of 2,000; a Spanish village of 2,600; a Chinese\nvillage of 2,100; and the other Asiatics would fill up a town of 5,000\nwith as motley an assortment as could be found under the sky. Nor are we\ndone with the settling as yet, for the West Indian immigrants would make\na city of 16,600, the South Americans and Mexicans a place of 5,000, the\nCanadians a 2,000 village, and the Australians another; leaving a\ncolony of stragglers and strays, the ends of creation, to the number of\n2,000 more. Place yourself in any one of these hundred odd cities or\nvillages thus peopled, without a single American inhabitant, with\neverything foreign, including religion; then realize that just such a\nforeign population as is represented by all these places has actually\nbeen put somewhere in this country within a twelvemonth, and the\nimmigration problem may assume a new aspect and take on a new concern.\n\n[Sidenote: Grouped by Illiteracy]\n\nBut let us carry our imagination a little further. Suppose we bring\ntogether into one place the illiterates of 1905--the immigrants of all\nnationalities, over fourteen years of age, who could neither read nor\nwrite. They would make a city as large as Jersey City or Kansas City,\nand 15,000 larger than Indianapolis. Think of a population of 230,000\nwith no use for book, paper, ink, pen, or printing press. This mass of\ndense ignorance was distributed some way within a year, and more\nilliterates are coming in by every steamer. Divide this city of\nignorance by nationalities into wards, and there would be an Italian\nward of 100,000, far outnumbering all others; in other words, the\nItalian illiterates landed in America in a year equal the population of\nAlbany, capital of the Empire State. The other leading wards would be:\nPolish, 33,000; Hebrew, 22,000, indicating the low conditions whence\nthey came; Slav, 36,000; Magyar and Lithuanian, 12,000; Syrian and\nTurkish, 3,000. These regiments of non-readers and writers come almost\nexclusively from the south and east of Europe. Of the large total of\nilliterates, 230,882 to be exact--it is noteworthy that only\nseventy-five were Scotch; and only 157 were Scandinavian, out of the\nmore than 60,000 from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. That almost one\nquarter of a total million of newcomers should be unable to read or\nwrite is certainly a fact to be taken into account, and one that throws\na calcium light on the general quality of present-day immigration and\nthe educational status of the countries from which they come. Illiteracy\nis a worse reflection upon the foreign government than upon the foreign\nimmigrant.\n\n[Sidenote: The Army of the Unskilled]\n\nTo complete this grouping, we should go one step further, and make up a\nnumber of divisions according to occupation and no-occupation, skilled\nand unskilled labor. To begin with, the unskilled laborers would fill a\ncity of 430,000, or about the size of Cincinnati. Those classified as\nservants, with a fair question mark as to the amount of skill possessed,\nnumbered 125,000 more, equal to the population of New Haven. Those\nclassified as without occupation, including the children under fourteen,\nnumbered 232,000, equal to the population of Louisville. Gathering into\none great body, then, what may fairly be called unskilled labor, the\ntotal is not far from 780,000 out of the 1,026,499 who came. This mass\nwould fill a city the size of Boston, Cambridge, and Lynn combined, or\nof Cleveland and Washington. Imagine, if you can, what kind of a city it\nwould be, and contrast that with these centers of civilization as they\nnow are.\n\n[Sidenote: Whole States Equaled in Numbers]\n\nTo put all the emphasis possible upon these facts, consider that the\nimmigration of a single year exceeded by 26,000 the population of\nConnecticut, which has been settled and growing ever since early\ncolonial days. It exceeded by 37,000 the combined population of Alaska,\nArizona, Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah. These immigrants would have\nrepopulated whole commonwealths, but they would hardly be called\ncommonwealths in that case. If such immigrant distribution could be\nmade, how quickly would the imperative necessity of Americanization be\nrealized. The Italians who came during the year would exceed the\ncombined population of Alaska and Wyoming. The Hungarians and Slavs\nwould replace the present population of New Hampshire, or of North\nDakota, and equal that of Vermont and Wyoming together. The Russian Jews\nand Finlanders would replace the people of Arizona. The army of\nilliterates would repeople Delaware and Nevada. And the much larger army\nof the unskilled would exceed by 50,000 the population of Maine, that\nof Colorado by about 80,000, and twice that of the District of Columbia.\n\n[Sidenote: The Race Proportions]\n\nThe diagram at the end of the book, taken from the Report of the\nCommissioner-General of Immigration for 1905, will help us to fix in\nmind the race proportions of the present immigration. The increase of\n1905 over 1904 was 213,629. Almost one half of this was from\nAustria-Hungary, and all of it was from four countries, the other three\nbeing Russia, Italy, and the United Kingdom. There was a decrease from\nGermany, Sweden, and Norway.\n\n\n_II. The Inflow Since 1820_\n\n[Sidenote: Immigration Totals since 1820]\n\nWe have been considering thus far the immigration of a single year. To\nmake the effect of this survey cumulative, let us include the totals of\nimmigration from the first.[4] The official records begin with 1820. It\nis estimated that prior to that date the total number of alien arrivals\nwas 250,000. In 1820 there were 8,385 newcomers, less than sometimes\nland at Ellis Island in a single day now, and they came chiefly from\nthree nations--Great Britain, Germany, and Sweden. The stream gradually\nincreased, but with many fluctuations, governed largely by the economic\nconditions. The highest immigration prior to the potato famine in\nIreland in 1847 was in the year 1842, when the total for the first time\npassed the 100,000 mark, being 104,565. In 1849 the number leaped to\n297,024, with a large proportion of the whole from Ireland; in 1850 it\nwas 310,000; while 1854 was the high year of that period, with 427,833.\nThen came the panic and financial depression in America, and after that\nthe civil war, which sent the immigration figures down. It was not until\n1866, after the war was over, that the total again rose to 300,000. In\n1872 it was 404,806; in 1873, 459,803; falling back then until 1880,\nwhen a high period set in. The totals of 1881 (669,431) and of 1882\n(788,992) were not again equaled until 1903, when for the first time the\n800,000 mark was passed.\n\n[Sidenote: The Totals by Decades]\n\nTaking the figures by decades, we have this enlightening table:\n\n  1821 to 1830            143,439\n  1831 to 1840            599,125\n  1841 to 1850          1,713,251\n  1851 to 1860          2,598,214\n  1861 to 1870          2,314,824\n  1871 to 1880          2,812,191\n  1881 to 1890          5,246,613\n  1891 to 1900          3,687,564\n  1901 to 1905          3,833,076\n                       ----------\n  Total, 1821 to 1905  22,948,297\n\nFrom this it appears that more aliens landed in the single decade from\n1880 to 1890 than in the period of forty-five years from 1820 to 1865.\nIndeed, the immigration of the past six years more than outnumbers that\nof the forty years from 1820 to 1860.\n\n[Sidenote: A Startling Total of 23,000,000]\n\nThus, from colonial days above twenty-three millions of aliens have been\nreceived upon these hospitable shores. And more than thirteen millions\nof them have come since 1880, or in the last quarter century. No wonder\nit is said that the invasion of Attila and his Huns was but a side\nincident compared to this modern migration of the millions.\n\n[Sidenote: Impressive Comparisons]\n\nCanada, our northern neighbor, is a prosperous colony of 5,371,315,\naccording to her latest census. We could almost have peopled Canada\nentire with as large a population out of the immigration of the decade\n1880-1890. More than that, the whole population of Scotland, or that of\nIreland, above four and a quarter millions, could have moved over to\nAmerica, and it would only have equaled the actual immigration since\n1900. If the whole of Wales were to come over, the 1,700,000 odd of them\nwould not have equaled by 100,000 the total immigration of the two years\n1904-05. If all Sweden and Norway packed up and left the question of one\nor two kingdoms to settle itself, the 7,300,000 sturdy Scandinavians\nwould fall short of the immigrant host that has come in from\neverywhither since 1891. More people than the entire population of\nSwitzerland (3,315,000) have landed in America within four years. If\nonly the majority of these aliens had possessed the love of liberty and\nthe characteristic virtues of the Protestant Swiss, our problem would be\nvery different. These comparisons strongly impress the responsibility\nand burden imposed upon America by practically free and wide-open gates.\n\n[Sidenote: The Problem of Assimilation]\n\nHere are the totals which we have now reached. Of the 23,000,000 aliens\nwho have come into America since the Revolution, the last census (1900)\ngave the number then living at 10,256,664. A census taken to-day would\ndoubtless show about 14,000,000. Add the children of foreign parentage\nand it would bring the total up to between 35,000,000 and 40,000,000.\nMr. Sargent estimates this total at forty-six per cent. of our entire\npopulation. The immigration problem presents nothing less than the\nassimilation of this vast mass of humanity. No wonder thoughtful\nAmericans stand aghast before it. At the same time, the only thing to\nfear is failure to understand the situation and meet it. As Professor\nBoyesen says: \"The amazing thing in Americans is their utter\nindifference or supine optimism. 'Don't you worry, old fellow,' said a\nvery intelligent professional man to me recently, when I told him of my\nobservations during a visit to Castle Garden.[5] 'What does it matter\nwhether a hundred thousand more or less arrive? Even if a million\narrived annually, or two millions, I guess we could take care of them.\nWhy, this country is capable of supporting a population of two hundred\nmillions without being half so densely populated as Belgium. Only let\nthem come--the more the merrier!' I believe this state of mind is fairly\ntypical. It is the sublime but dangerous optimism of a race which has\nnever been confronted with serious problems.\" But we believe it is the\noptimism of a race which, when fairly brought face to face with crises,\nwill not fail to meet them in the same spirit that has won the victories\nof civil and religious liberty and established a free government of, by,\nand for the people in America.\n\n\n_III. Why They Come_\n\n[Sidenote: The Causes of Immigration]\n\n[Sidenote: Expulsion]\n\n[Sidenote: Attraction]\n\nThe causes of immigration are variously stated, but compressed into\nthree words they are: Attraction, Expulsion, Solicitation. The\nattraction comes from the United States, the expulsion from the Old\nWorld, and the solicitation from the great transportation lines and\ntheir emissaries. Sometimes one cause is more potent, sometimes another.\nOf late, racial and religious persecution has been active in Europe, and\nAmerica gets the results. \"In Russia there is an outbreak, hideous and\nsavage, against the Jew, and an impulse is started whose end is not\nreached until you strike Rivington Street in the ghetto of New York. The\nwork begun in Russia ends in the seventeenth ward of New York.\" Cause\nand effect are manifest. Military service is enforced in Italy; taxes\nrise, overpopulation crowds, poverty pinches. As a result, the stream\nflows toward America, where there is no military service and no tax, and\nwhere steady work and high wages seem assured. The mighty magnet is the\nattractiveness of America, real or pictured. America is the magic word\nthroughout all Europe. No hamlet so remote that the name has not\npenetrated its peasant obscurity. America means two things--money and\nliberty--the two things which the European peasant (and often prince as\nwell) lacks and wants. Necessity at home pushes; opportunity in America\npulls. Commissioner Robert Watchorn, of the port of New York, packs the\nexplanation into an epigram: \"American wages are the honey-pot that\nbrings the alien flies.\" He says further: \"If a steel mill were to start\nin a Mississippi swamp paying wages of $2 a day, the news would hum\nthrough foreign lands in a month, and that swamp would become a beehive\nof humanity and industry in an incredibly short space of time.\" Dr. A.\nF. Schauffler says, with equal pith, that \"the great cause of\nimmigration is, after all, that the immigrants propose to better\nthemselves in this country. They come here not because they love us, or\nbecause we love them. They come here because they can do themselves\ngood, not because they can do us good.\"[6] That is natural and true; and\nit furnishes excellent reason why we must do them good in order that\nthey may not do us evil. To make their good ours and our good theirs is\nboth Christian and safe.\n\n[Sidenote: Three Classes]\n\nThe three causes produce three classes of immigrants: 1. Natural; 2.\nAssisted; and 3. Solicited.\n\n[ILLUSTRATION: IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK FOR 1906.]\n\n[Sidenote: Normal Motives and Conditions]\n\nThe prosperity of this country has undoubtedly chiefly influenced\nimmigration in the past. This is shown by the marked relationship\nbetween industrial and commercial activity in the United States and the\nvolume of immigration.[7] Our prosperity not only induces desire to come\nbut makes coming possible. The testimony before the Industrial\nCommission showed that from forty to forty-five per cent. of the\nimmigrants have their passage prepaid by friends or relatives in this\ncountry, and from ten to twenty-five per cent. more buy their tickets\nabroad with money sent from the United States. In 1902 between\n$65,000,000 and $70,000,000 was sent home to Italy alone from the United\nStates, and the stream of earnings flowing out to Ireland and Germany\nand Sweden and Hungary has been not less steady. American prosperity has\nbeen feeding and paying taxes for millions of people who owe far more to\nour government than to their own, and foreign governments have been\nreaping the benefit. The United States has a small standing army of its\nown, but through the gold sent abroad by the alien wage earners here we\nhave been helping maintain the vast armaments of Europe. The letters and\nthe money sent by immigrants to the home folks awaken the desires and\ndreams that mean more immigrants. The United States Post-office is a\nmarvelous immigration agent in Europe. Immigrants are not the only\npersons induced to migrate through the feeling that where one is not\nwill prove a much better place than where one is. That seems to inhere\nin human nature.\n\n[Sidenote: American Leaven]\n\n[Sidenote: The American Idea]\n\n\"Not only the American money and letters, but the American ideas are at\nwork abroad,\" says the Rev. F. M. Goodchild, D.D.,[8] in a recent\naddress: \"The praises of America are told abroad by every person who\ncomes here and gets along. Some things to be sure, these people\nmiss--the blue skies of Italy and the vineyards on the hillside. But\nthey have for them the compensation of such a liberty as they never knew\nbefore. The real reason why all southern Europe is in a turmoil to-day,\nis that American ideas of liberty are working there like leaven. We get\nour notions of liberty from the Bible and from the men who forced the\nMagna Charta from King John at Runnymede, but all other peoples in the\nworld seem to be getting their ideas of liberty from us. That is what is\nthe matter with the Old World to-day. The American idea is working like\nleaven. That is the force at work in France, where absolute divorce has\njust been proclaimed between Church and State. That is at the bottom of\nthe movements in Russia, where the Stundists have just won religious\nliberty, and where, let us hope, all classes of people ere long will\nhave won complete civil liberty. These people have felt the uplift of\nour American free institutions and they want them for themselves. They\nhave heard 'Yankee Doodle,' and the 'Star Spangled Banner,' and 'My\nCountry, 'tis of Thee,' and they cannot get the music of liberty out of\ntheir ears and their hearts. Broughton Brandenburg tells us that he\nheard some Italians who had been in America singing our classic song\n'Mr. Dooley' in the vineyards near Naples.\"\n\n\n_IV. What the Immigrants Say_\n\n[Sidenote: Personal Testimony]\n\nLet the immigrants themselves tell why they come. These testimonies are\ntypical, condensed from a most interesting volume of immigrant\nautobiography,[9] fresh and illuminating.\n\n[Sidenote: A German]\n\nA German nurse girl says: \"I heard about how easy it was to make money\nin America and became very anxious to go there. I was restless in my\nhome; mother seemed so stern and could not understand that I wanted\namusement. I sailed from Antwerp, the fare costing $35. My second eldest\nsister met me with her husband at Ellis Island and they were glad to see\nme and I went to live with them in their flat in West Thirty-fourth\nStreet, New York. A week later I was an apprentice in a Sixth Avenue\nmillinery store earning four dollars a week. I only paid three for\nboard, and was soon earning extra money by making dresses and hats at\nhome.\" Friends in Germany would be sure to hear of this new condition.\n\n[Sidenote: A Pole]\n\nWhy do the Poles come? A Polish sweat-shop girl, telling her life story,\nanswers. The father died, then troubles began in the home in Poland.\nLittle was needed by the widow and her child, but even soup, black\nbread, and onions they could not always get. At thirteen the girl was\nhandy at housekeeping, but the rent fell behind, and the mother decided\nto leave Poland for America, where, \"we heard, it was much easier to\nmake money. Mother wrote to Aunt Fanny, who lived in New York, and told\nher how hard it was to live in Poland, and Aunt Fanny advised her to\ncome and bring me.\" Thousands could tell a similar story to that.\n\"Easier to make money\" has allured multitudes to leave the old home and\nland.\n\n[Sidenote: A Russian]\n\nA Lithuanian (Russian) tells how it was the traveling shoemaker that\nmade him want to come to America. This shoemaker learned all the news,\nand smuggled newspapers across the German line, and he told the boy's\nparents how wrong it was to shut him out of education and liberty by\nkeeping him at home. \"That boy must go to America,\" he said one night.\n\"My son is in the stockyards in Chicago.\" These were some of his reasons\nfor going: \"You can read free papers and prayer books; you can have free\nmeetings, and talk out what you think.\" And more precious far, you can\nhave \"life, liberty, and the getting of happiness.\" When time for\nmilitary service drew near, these arguments for America prevailed and\nthe boy was smuggled out of his native land. \"It is against the law to\nsell tickets to America, but my father saw the secret agent in the\nvillage and he got a ticket from Germany and found us a guide. I had\nbread and cheese and vodka (liquor) and clothes in my bag. My father\ngave me $50 besides my ticket.\" Bribery did the rest, and thus this\nimmigrant obtained his liberty and chance in America. The American idea\nis leavening Russia surely enough.\n\n[Sidenote: An Italian]\n\nAn Italian bootblack who already owns several bootblacking\nestablishments in this country, was trained to a beggar's life in\nItaly, and ran away. \"Now and then I had heard things about\nAmerica--that it was a far-off country where everybody was rich and that\nItalians went there and made plenty of money, so that they could return\nto Italy and live in pleasure ever after.\" He worked his passage as a\ncoaler, and was passed at Ellis Island through the perjury of one of the\nbosses who wring money out of the immigrants in the way of commissions,\ngetting control of them by the criminal act at the very entrance into\nAmerican life.\n\nA Greek peddler, a graduate of the high school at Sparta--think of a\nmodern high school in ancient Sparta!--after two years in the army, was\nready for life. \"All these later years I had been hearing from America.\nAn elder brother was there who had found it a fine country and was\nurging me to join him. Fortunes could easily be made, he said. I got a\ngreat desire to see it, and in one way and another I raised the money\nfor fare--250 francs--($50) and set sail from the old port of Athens. I\ngot ashore without any trouble in New York, and got work immediately as\na push-cart man. Six of us lived together in two rooms down on\nWashington Street. At the end of our day's work we all divided up our\nmoney even; we were all free.\"\n\n[Sidenote: A Swede]\n\nA Swedish farmer says: \"A man who had been living in America once came\nto visit the little village near our cottage. He wore gold rings set\nwith jewels and had a fine watch. He said that food was cheap in America\nand that a man could earn nearly ten times as much there as in Sweden.\nThere seemed to be no end to his money.\" Sickness came, with only black\nbread and a sort of potato soup or gruel for food, and at last it was\ndecided that the older brother was to go to America. The first letter\nfrom him contained this: \"I have work with a farmer who pays me\nsixty-four kroner[10] a month and my board. I send you twenty kroner,\nand will try to send that every month. This is a good country. All about\nme are Swedes, who have taken farms and are getting rich. They eat white\nbread and plenty of meat. One farmer, a Swede, made more than 25,000\nkroner on his crop last year. The people here do not work such long\nhours as in Sweden, but they work much harder, and they have a great\ndeal of machinery, so that the crop one farmer gathers will fill two big\nbarns.\"\n\n[Sidenote: An Irish Woman]\n\nAn Irish cook, one of \"sivin childher,\" had a sister Tilly, who\nemigrated to Philadelphia, started as a greenhorn at $2 a week, learned\nto cook and bake and wash, all American fashion, and before a year was\ngone had money enough laid up to send for the teller of the story. The\ntwo gradually brought over the whole family, and Joseph owns a big\nflour store and Phil is a broker, while his son is in politics and the\ncity council, and his daughter Ann (she calls herself Antoinette now) is\nengaged to a lawyer in New York. That is America's attractiveness and\nopportunity and transformation in a nutshell.\n\n[Sidenote: Foreign Mission School, Cause of Immigration]\n\nA Syrian, born on the Lebanon range, went to an American mission school\nat fifteen, learned much that his former teacher the friar had warned\nhim against, had his horizon broadened, gave up his idea of becoming a\nMaronite monk when he learned that there were other great countries\nbeside Syria, and had all his old ideas overthrown by an encyclopedia\nwhich said the United States was a larger and richer country than Syria\nor even Turkey. The friar was angry and said the book told lies, and so\ndid the patriarch, who was scandalized to think such a book should come\nto Mount Lebanon; but the American teacher said the encyclopedia was\nwritten by men who knew, and the Syrian boy finally decided to go to the\nUnited States, where \"we had heard that poor people were not oppressed.\"\nHis mother and uncle came, too, and as the boy was a good penman he\nsecured work without difficulty in an Oriental goods store. As for his\nformer religious teaching he says: \"The American teacher never talked to\nme about religion; but I can see that those monks and priests are the\ncurse of our country, keeping the people in ignorance and grinding the\nfaces of the poor, while pretending to be their friends.\" In his case it\nwas the foreign mission school that was the magnet to America.\n\n[Sidenote: A Japanese]\n\nA Japanese says: \"The desire to see America was burning in my boyish\nheart. The land of freedom and civilization of which I had heard so much\nfrom missionaries and the wonderful story of America I had heard from\nthose of my race who returned from there made my longing ungovernable.\"\nA popular novel among Japanese boys, \"The Adventurous Life of Tsurukichi\nTanaka, Japanese Robinson Crusoe,\" made a strong impression upon him,\nand finally he decided to come to this country to receive an American\neducation.\n\n[Sidenote: A Chinese]\n\nA representative Chinese business man of New York was taught in\nchildhood that the English and Americans were foreign devils, the latter\nfalse, because having made a treaty by which they could freely come to\nChina and Chinese as freely go to America, they had broken the treaty\nand shut the Chinese out. When he was sixteen, working on a farm, a man\nof his tribe came back from America \"and took ground as large as four\ncity blocks and made a paradise of it.\" He had gone away a poor boy, now\nhe returned with unlimited wealth, \"which he had obtained in the country\nof the American wizards. He had become a merchant in a city called Mott\nStreet, so it was said. The wealth of this man filled my mind with the\nidea that I, too, would go to the country of the wizards and gain some\nof their wealth.\" Landing in San Francisco, before the exclusion act, he\nstarted in American life as a house servant, but finally became a Mott\nStreet merchant, as he had intended from the first.\n\n[Sidenote: Fortune and Freedom]\n\nThus we have gone the rounds of immigrants of various races. The two\nideas--fortune and freedom--lie at the basis of immigration, although\nthe money comes first in nearly all cases. These testimonies could be\nmultiplied indefinitely. Ask the first immigrant you can talk with what\nbrought him, and find out for yourself. Mr. Brandenburg says a Greek who\nwas being deported told him that all Greece was stirred up over the\nmatter of emigration, and that in five years the number of Greeks coming\nto the United States would have increased a thousand per cent.[11] The\nreasons are the too onerous military duties in Greece and prosperity of\nGreeks in America. The remittances fired the zeal of the home people to\nfollow, and the candymakers' shops were full of apprentices, because the\nidea had gone abroad that candymakers could easily gain a fortune in\nAmerica.\n\n[Sidenote: Showing only the Bright Side]\n\nFrom these illustrations, it can readily be seen how widespread is the\nknowledge of America as a desirable place. The other side is rarely\ntold and that is the pitiful side of it. The stories that go back are\nalways of the fortunes, not of the misfortunes, of the money and not of\nthe misery.\n\n\n_V. Solicitation an Evil_\n\n[Sidenote: Evils of Solicitation]\n\nIf immigration were left to the natural causes, there would be little\nreason for apprehension. It is in the solicited and assisted immigration\nthat the worst element is found. Commercial greed lies at the root of\nthis, as of most of the evils which afflict us as a nation. The great\nsteamship lines have made it cheaper to emigrate than to stay at home,\nin many cases; and every kind of illegal inducement and deceit and\nallurement has been employed to secure a full steerage. The\nramifications of this transportation system are wonderful. It has a\ndirect bearing, too, upon the character of the immigrants. Easy and\ncheap transportation involves deterioration in quality. In the days when\na journey across the Atlantic was a matter of weeks or months and of\nconsiderable outlay, only the most enterprising, thrifty, and\nventuresome were ready to try an uncertain future in an unknown land.\nThe immigrant of those days was likely, therefore, to be of the\nsturdiest and best type, and his coming increased the general prosperity\nwithout lowering the moral tone. Now that the ocean has become little\nmore than a ferry, and the rates of railway and steamship have been so\nreduced, it is the least thrifty and prosperous members of their\ncommunities that fall readiest prey to the emigration agent.\n\n[Sidenote: Assisted Immigration]\n\nAssisted immigration is the term used to cover cases where a foreign\ngovernment has eased itself of part of the burden of its paupers,\ninsane, dependents, and delinquents by shipping them to the United\nStates. This was not uncommon in the nineteenth century, especially in\nthe case of local and municipal governments. Our laws were lax, and for\na time nearly everybody, sane or insane, sound or diseased, was passed.\nThe financial gain to the exporting government can be seen in the fact\nthat it costs about $150 per head a year to support dependents and\ndelinquents in this country, while it would not cost the foreign\nauthorities more than $50 to transport them hither. This policy seems\nscarcely credible, but Switzerland, Great Britain, and Ireland followed\nit thriftily until our laws put a stop to it, in large part, by\nreturning these undesirable persons whence they came, at the expense of\nthe steamship companies bringing them. It was not until 1882, however,\nthat our government passed laws for self-protection, and in 1891 another\nlaw made \"assisted\" immigrants a special class not to be admitted.\n\n[Sidenote: Other Causes]\n\nOther and incidental causes there are, such as the influence of new\nmachinery, opening the way for more unskilled labor, such as the\nordinary immigrant has to sell; the protective tariff, which shuts out\nforeign goods and brings in the foreign producers of the excluded goods;\nthe thorough advertising abroad of American advantages by boards of\nagriculture and railway companies interested in building up communities;\nand a fear of restrictive legislation. But undoubtedly, ever back of all\nother reasons is the conviction that America is the land of plenty and\nof liberty--a word which each interprets according to his light or his\nliking.\n\n[Sidenote: The Christian Attitude]\n\n[Sidenote: Colonists and Immigrants Distinguished]\n\nHaving thus considered the remarkable proportions of immigration, and\nthe causes of it, it will be well at this point to say a cautionary word\nas to the attitude of mind and heart in which this subject should be\napproached. Impartiality is necessary but difficult. There is a natural\nprejudice against the immigrant. A Christian woman, of ordinarily gentle\nand sweet temper, was heard to say recently, while this very subject of\nChristian duty to the immigrant was under discussion at a missionary\nconference: \"I hate these disgusting foreigners; they are spoiling our\ncountry.\" Doubtless many would sympathize with her. This is not uncommon\nprejudice or feeling, and argument against it is of little avail.\nNevertheless, as Christians we must endeavor to divest ourselves of it.\nWe must recognize the brotherhood of man and the value of the individual\nsoul as taught by Jesus. It may aid us, perhaps, if we remember that we\nare all--with the exception of the Indians, who may lay claim to\naboriginal heritage--in a sense descendants of immigrants. At the same\ntime, it is essential to draw a clear distinction between colonists and\nimmigrants. Colonization, with its attendant hardships and heroisms,\nsteadily advanced from its beginnings in New England, New Amsterdam, and\nVirginia, until there resulted the founding of a free and independent\nnation, with popular government and fixed religious principles,\nincluding the vital ones of religious liberty and the right of the\nindividual conscience. In other words, colonization created a nation;\nand there had to be a nation before there could be immigration to it.\n\"In discussing the immigration question,\" says Mr. Hall, \"this\ndistinction is important,\" for it does not follow that, because, as\nagainst the native Indians, all comers might be considered as intruders\nand equally without claim of right, those who have built up a\ncomplicated framework of nationality have no rights as against others\nwho seek to enjoy the benefits of national life without having\ncontributed to its creation.\"[12]\n\n[Sidenote: Colonist and National Rights]\n\nIt ought clearly to be recognized that the colonists and their\ndescendants have sacred rights, civil and religious, with which aliens\nshould not be permitted to interfere; and that these rights include all\nproper and necessary legislation for the preservation of the liberties,\nlaws, institutions, and principles established by the founders of the\nRepublic and those rights of citizenship guaranteed under the\nconstitution. If restriction of immigration becomes necessary in order\nto safeguard America, the American people have a clear right to pass\nrestrictive or even prohibitory laws. In other words, America does not\nbelong equally to everybody. The American has rights which the alien\nmust become American to acquire.\n\n[Sidenote: Sympathetic and Open Mind]\n\nAt the same time, our attitude toward the alien should be sympathetic,\nand our minds should be open and inquiring as we study the incoming\nmultitudes. We do not wish to raise the Russian cry, \"Russia for the\nRussians,\" or the Chinese shibboleth, \"China for the Chinese.\" The\nChristian spirit has been compressed into the epigram, \"Not America for\nAmericans, but Americans for America.\" We must see to it that the\nimmigrants do not remain aliens, but are transformed into Christian\nAmericans. That is the true missionary end for which we are to work; and\nit is in order that we may work intelligently and effectively that we\nseek to familiarize ourselves with the facts.\n\n[Sidenote: The Personal Responsibility]\n\nThe facts already brought out are surely sufficient to arrest attention.\nSuppose this million-a-year rate should continue for a decade--and\nthere is every reason to believe it will, unless unusual and unlikely\nrestrictive measures are taken by our government. That would mean ten\nmillions more added, and probably seventy per cent. of them from\nsoutheastern Europe. Add the natural increase, and estimate what the\nresult of these millions would be upon the national digestion.\nPolitically, the foreign element would naturally and inevitably assume\nthe place which a majority can claim in a democracy, and not only claim\nbut maintain, by the use of votes--a use which the immigrant learns full\nsoon from the manipulators of parties. Religiously, unless a great\nchange should come over the spirit of American Protestantism, and the\nwork of evangelization among foreigners be conducted along quite\ndifferent lines from the present, is it not plain that our country would\ncease to be Christian America, as we understand the term? There is\nenough in these questions to set and keep the patriotic American\nthinking.\n\nThe personal inquiry for each one to make is, \"As an American and a\nChristian, have these facts and queries any special message for me, and\nhave I any direct responsibility in relation to them?\"\n\n\nSUGGESTIONS FOR USING THE QUESTIONS\n\nThese questions have been prepared to suggest to the leader and student\nthe most important points in the chapter, and to stimulate further\nmeditation and thought. Those marked * should encourage discussion. The\nleader is not expected to use all of these questions, and should use his\njudgment in eliminating or adding others that are in harmony with the\naim of the lesson. For helps for conducting each class session, the\nleader should not fail to write to the Secretary of his Home Missionary\nBoard.\n\n\nQUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER I\n\nAIM: TO REALIZE OUR RESPONSIBILITY IN RECEIVING ONE MILLION ALIENS A\nYEAR\n\nI. _To Learn by Comparison the Magnitude of a Million Aliens._\n\n     1. At what rate per annum is our population now being increased by\n     immigration?\n\n     2. What are the sources of this invasion? Its principal gateway?\n\n     3. What comparison helps you most to realize the number of\n     immigrants?\n\n     4. What are some of the largest groups in the mass, as classified\n     by nationality? By race? By knowledge or ignorance? By fitness for\n     labor?\n\n     5. What states may be compared with last year's arrivals?\n\n\nII. _To Realise the Proportion of Our Population that has Immigrated\n     since 1820._\n\n     6. How does the total number of our immigrants compare with the\n     population of Germany? England? Canada?\n\n     7. Has the number of immigrants been increasing steadily? Will it\n     tend to increase?\n\n     8. Has the present rate been long continued? What proportion of the\n     population of the United States is derived from immigration\n     subsequent to the American Revolution?\n\n     9. * Do you think there is any serious menace in such large numbers\n     of immigrants? Why?\n\n\nIII. _Why do Aliens Come_?\n\n     10. Name the principal causes of immigration. The principal\n     classes.\n\n     11. What American ideals have the greatest attractive power? What\n     opportunities?\n\n     12. Give some typical instances of immigrants' stories. * Would you\n     have wished to come under the same circumstances?\n\n     13. What other forces stimulate immigration to the United States?\n     What agencies?\n\n\nIV. _What Should be our Attitude toward Aliens, and What is our\n     Individual Responsibility for Them_?\n\n     14. * What is the Christian attitude toward these newcomers? How\n     can we remove prejudice?\n\n     15. * What is our personal responsibility as Christians in\n     improving the condition of aliens?\n\n\nREFERENCES FOR ADVANCED STUDY.--CHAPTER I\n\n     I. Compare modern immigration with the migration of peoples in\n     earlier times; for example, those of the Hebrews, Aryans, Goths,\n     Huns, Saracens, and other races.\n\n     Any good Encyclopedia or General History.\n\n\n     II. What resemblances and what differences between the Colonial\n     settlement of America, and the later immigration, say, during the\n     Nineteenth Century?\n\n\n     III. _The Causes of Immigration._\n\n     Hall: Immigration, II.\n\n     Lord, et al: The Italian in America, III, VIII.\n\n     Warne: The Slav Invasion, III, IV; 78, 83.\n\n     Holt: Undistinguished Americans, 35, 244-250.\n\n\n     IV. What agencies can you name and describe that are trying to\n     receive the immigrants in a humane and Christian spirit? For\n     example, the United States Government, American Tract Society, New\n     York Bible Society, Society for Italian Immigrants, and other\n     organizations and agencies. Study especially any that work in your\n     own neighborhood.\n\n\n\n    _As for immigrants, we cannot have too many of the right kind, and\n    we should have none of the wrong kind. I will go as far as any in\n    regard to restricting undesirable immigration. I do not think that\n    any immigrant who will lower the standard of life among our people\n    should be admitted._--President Roosevelt.\n\n\n\n\nII\n\nALIEN ADMISSION AND RESTRICTION\n\n\nUnrestricted immigration is doing much to cause deterioration in the\nquality of American citizenship. Let us resolve that America shall be\nneither a hermit nation nor a Botany Bay. Let us make our land a home\nfor the oppressed of all nations, but not a dumping-ground for the\ncriminals, the paupers, the cripples, and the illiterate of the world.\nLet our Republic, in its crowded and hazardous future, adopt these\nwatchwords, to be made good all along our oceanic and continental\nborders: \"Welcome for the worthy, protection to the patriotic, but no\nshelter in America for those who would destroy the American shelter\nitself.\"--_Joseph Cook._\n\nIt is not the migration of a few thousand or even million human beings\nfrom one part of the world to another nor their good or bad fortune that\nis of interest to us. We are concerned with the effect of such a\nmovement on the community at large and its growth in civilization.\nImmigration, for instance, means the constant infusion of new blood into\nthe American commonwealth, and the question is: What effect will this\nnew blood have upon the character of the community?--_Professor\nMayo-Smith._\n\nIt is advisable to study the influence of the newcomers on the ethical\nconsciousness of the community--whether there is a gain or a loss to us.\nIn short, we must set up our standard of what we desire this nation to\nbe, and then consider whether the policy we have hitherto pursued in\nregard to immigration is calculated to maintain that standard or to\nendanger it.--_Idem._\n\n\n\n\nII\n\nALIEN ADMISSION AND RESTRICTION\n\n\n_I. Method of Admission_\n\n[Sidenote: Chief Ports of Entry]\n\nHow do immigrants obtain entrance into the United States? New York is\nthe chief port of entry, and if we learn the conditions and methods\nthere we shall know them in general. The great proportion coming through\nNew York is seen by comparison of the total admissions for 1904 and 1905\nat the larger ports:\n\n    Port           1904      1905\n  New York       606,019   788,219\n  Boston          60,278    65,107\n  Baltimore       55,940    62,314\n  Philadelphia    19,467    23,824\n  Honolulu         9,054    11,997\n  San Francisco    9,036     6,377\n  Other Ports     22,702    24,447\n  Through Canada  30,374    44,214\n\n[Sidenote: The Floating Gateway]\n\nThe proportion for New York is not far from eight tenths of the whole.\nHence it is true, that while the \"dirty little ferryboat _John G.\nCarlisle_ is not an imposing object to the material eye, to the eye of\nthe imagination she is a spectacle to inspire awe, for she is the\nfloating gateway of the Republic. Over her dingy decks march in endless\nsuccession the eager battalions of Europe's peaceful invaders of the\nWest. That single craft, in her hourly trips from Ellis Island to the\nBattery,[13] carries more immigrants in a year than came over in all the\nfleets of the nations in the two centuries after John Smith landed at\nJamestown.\"[14]\n\n[Sidenote: Human Storage Reservoirs]\n\nReading about the arrivals at Ellis Island, no matter how realistic the\ndescription, will not give a vivid idea of what immigration means nor of\nwhat sort the immigrants are. For that, you must obtain a permit from\nthe authorities and actually see for yourself the human stream that\npours from the steerage of the mighty steamships into the huge human\nstorage reservoirs of Ellis Island.[15] We know that however perfect the\nsystem, human nature has to be taken into account, both in officials and\nimmigrants, and human nature is imperfect; much of it at Ellis Island\nis exceedingly difficult to deal patiently with. Hence, from the very\nnature of things and men, the situation is one to develop pathos, humor,\ncomedy, and tragedy, as the great \"human sifting machine\" works away at\nseparating the wheat from the chaff. The tragedy comes in the case of\nthe excluded, since the blow falls sometimes between parents and\nchildren, husband and wife, lover and sweetheart, and the decree of\nexclusion is as bitter as death.\n\n[Sidenote: Make Yourself an Imaginary Immigrant]\n\nTo make the manner and method of getting into America by the steerage\nprocess as real as possible, try to put yourself in an alien's place,\nand see what you would have to go through. Do not take immigration at\nits worst, but rather at its best, or at least above the average\nconditions. Assume that you belong to the more intelligent and desirable\nclass, finding a legitimate reason for leaving your home in Europe,\nbecause of hard conditions and poor outlook there and bright visions of\nfortune in the land of liberty, whither relatives have preceded you.\nYour steamship ticket is bought in your native town, and you have no\ncare concerning fare or baggage. A number of people of your race and\nneighborhood are on the way, so that you are not alone.\n\n[Sidenote: The Ship's Manifest]\n\nBefore embarking you are made to answer a long list of questions,\nfilling out your \"manifest,\" or official record which the law requires\nthe vessel-masters to obtain, attest, and deliver to the government\nofficers at the entrance port.[16]\n\n[Sidenote: Numbered and Lettered]\n\nYour answers proving satisfactory to the transportation agents, a card\nis furnished you, containing your name, the letter of the group of\nthirty to which you are assigned, and your group number. Thus you\nbecome, for the time being, No. 27 of group E. You are cautioned to keep\nthis card in sight, as a ready means of identification.\n\n[Sidenote: The Voyage]\n\nPartings over, you enter upon the strange and unforgetable experiences\nof ten days or more in the necessarily cramped quarters of the\nsteerage--experiences of a kind that do not invite repetition.\nHomesickness and seasickness form a trying combination, to say nothing\nof the discomforts of a mixed company and enforced companionship.\n\n[Sidenote: First Experiences in the New World]\n\nYour first American experience befalls you when the steamship anchors at\nquarantine inside Sandy Hook, and the United States inspection officers\ncome on board to hunt for infectious or contagious diseases--cholera,\nsmallpox, typhus fever, yellow fever, or plague. No outbreak of any of\nthese has marked the voyage, fortunately for you, and there is no long\ndelay. Slowly the great vessel pushes its way up the harbor and the\nNorth River, passing the statue of Liberty Enlightening the World, that\nbeacon which all incomers are enjoined to see as the symbol of the new\nliberty they hope to enjoy.\n\n[Sidenote: Ship Landing]\n\nAt last the voyage is done, your steamship lies at her pier, and you are\nthrust into the midst of distractions. Families are trying to keep\ntogether; the din is indescribable; crying babies add to the general\nconfusion of tongues; all sorts of people with all sorts of baggage are\nmaking ready for the landing, which seems a long time off as you wait\nfor the customs officers to get through with the first-class passengers.\nAt last word is given to go ashore, and the procession or pushing\nmovement rather begins. You are hurried along, up a companionway,\nlugging your hand baggage; then down the long gangway on to the pier and\nthe soil of America.\n\n[Sidenote: Unnecessary Cruelty]\n\nIt is not a pleasant landing in the land of light and liberty. You have\nbeen sworn at, pushed, punched with a stick for not moving faster when\nyou could not, and have seen others treated much more roughly. Just in\nfront of you a poor woman is trying to get up the companionway with a\nchild in one arm, a deck chair on the other, and a large bundle besides.\nShe blocks the passage for an instant. A great burly steward reaches up,\ndrags her down, tears the chair off her arm, splitting her sleeve and\nscraping the skin off her wrist as he does so, and then in his rage\nbreaks the chair to pieces, while the woman passes on sobbing, not\ndaring to remonstrate.[17] This is not the first treatment of this sort\nyou have seen, and you feel powerless to help, though your blood boils\nat the outrage.\n\n[Sidenote: Unpleasant Beginnings]\n\nAs you pass down the gangway your number is taken by an officer with a\nmechanical checker, and then you become part of the curious crowd\ngathered in the great somber building, filled with freight, much of it\nhuman. Here there is confusion worse confounded, as separated groups try\nto get together and dock watchmen try to keep them in place. Many\nbelieve their baggage has been stolen, and mothers are sure their\nchildren have been kidnaped or lost. The dockmen are violent, not\nhesitating to use their sticks, and you find yourself more than once in\ndanger, although you strive to obey orders you do not understand very\nwell, since they are shouted out in savage manner. The inspector reaches\nyou finally, and you are hustled along in a throng to the barge that is\nwaiting. You are tired and hungry, having had no food since early\nbreakfast. Your dreams of America seem far from reality just now. You\nare almost too weary to care what next.\n\n[Sidenote: America's Gateway]\n\nThe next is Ellis Island, whose great building looks inviting. Out of\nthe barge you are swept with the crowd, baggage in hand or on head or\nshoulder, and on to the grand entrance. As you ascend the broad stairs,\nan officer familiar with many languages is shouting out, first in one\ntongue and then another, \"Get your health tickets ready.\" You notice\nthat the only available place many have in which to carry these tickets\nis in their mouths, since their hands are full of children or baggage.\n\n[Sidenote: Medical Inspection]\n\nAt the head of the long pair of stairs you meet a uniformed officer (a\ndoctor in the Marine Hospital Service), who takes your ticket, glances\nat it, and stamps it with the Ellis Island stamp. Counting the\nquarantine officer as number one, you have now passed officer number\ntwo. At the head of the stairs you find yourself in a great hall,\ndivided into two equal parts, each part filled with curious railed-off\ncompartments. Directed by an officer, you are turned into a narrow\nalleyway, and here you meet officer number three, in uniform like the\nsecond. The keen eyes of this doctor sweep you at a glance, from feet to\nhead. You do not know it, but this is the first medical inspection by a\nsurgeon of the Marine Hospital Service, and it causes a halt, although\nonly for a moment. When the person immediately in front of you reaches\nthis doctor, you see that he pushes back the shawl worn over her head,\ngives a nod, and puts a chalk mark upon her. He is on the keen lookout\nfor favus (contagious skin disease), and for signs of disease or\ndeformity. The old man who limps along a little way behind you has a\nchalk mark put on his coat lapel, and you wonder why they do not chalk\nyou.\n\n[Sidenote: Examination of Eyes]\n\nYou are now about ten or fifteen feet behind your front neighbor, and as\nyou are motioned to follow, about thirty feet further on you confront\nanother uniformed surgeon (officer number four), who has a towel hanging\nbeside him, a small instrument in his hand, and a basin of disinfectants\nbehind him. You have little time for wonder or dread. With a deft motion\nhe applies the instrument to your eye and turns up the lid, quickly\nshutting it down again, then repeats the operation upon the other eye.\nHe is looking for the dreaded contagious trachoma or for purulent\nophthalmia; also for disease of any kind, or any defect that would make\nit lawful and wise to send you back whence you came. You have now been\ntwice examined, and passed as to soundness of body, freedom from\nlameness or defect, general healthfulness, and absence of eye disease or\npulmonary weakness.\n\n[Sidenote: Detention Room]\n\n[Sidenote: The Wicket Gate]\n\nAs you move along to the inclosed space of your group E, you note that\nthe lame man and the woman who were chalk-marked are sent into another\nrailed-off space, known as the \"detention pen,\" where they must await a\nmore rigid medical examination. One other inspector you have faced--a\nwoman, whose sharp eyes seem to read the characters of the women as they\ncome up to her \"wicket gate;\" for it is her duty to stop the suspicious\nand immoral characters and send them to the detention rooms or special\ninquiry boards. Thus you have passed five government officers since\nlanding on the Island. They have been courteous and kindly, but impress\nyou as knowing their business so well that they can readily see through\nfraud and deception.\n\n[Sidenote: Entrance Examination]\n\nThe entrance ordeal is not quite over, but for a little while you rest\non the wooden bench in your E compartment, waiting until the group is\nassembled, all save those sent away for detention. Suddenly you are told\nto come on, and in single file E group marches along the narrow railed\nalley that leads to officer number six, or the inspector who holds E\nsheet in his hand. When it comes your turn, your manifest is produced\nand you are asked a lot of questions. A combined interpreter and\nregistry clerk is at hand to assist. The interpreter pleases you greatly\nby speaking in your own language, which he rightly guesses, and notes\nwhether your answers agree with those on the manifest.\n\n[Sidenote: The Ticket System]\n\nAs you have the good fortune to be honest, and have sufficient money to\nescape being halted as likely to become a public charge, you are\nticketed \"O. K.\" with an \"R\" which means that you are bound for a\nrailroad station. You see a ticket \"S. I.\" on the lame man, which means\nthat he is to go to a Board of Special Inquiry, with the chances of\nbeing debarred, or sent back home. On another, as you pass, you notice a\nticket \"L. P. C.,\" which signifies the dreaded decision, \"liable to\nbecome public charge\"--a decision that means deportation.\n\n[Sidenote: The Three Stairs of Separation]\n\nAll this time you have been guided. Now you are directed to a desk where\nyour railroad ticket-order is stamped; next to a banker's desk, where\nyour money is exchanged for American money; and finally you are motioned\nto the right stairway of three, this leading to the railroad barge room.\nHere your baggage is checked and your ticket provided, a bag of food is\noffered you, and then you are taken on board a barge which will convey\nyou to the railroad station. You have left your fellow-voyagers\nabruptly, all save the railroad-ticketed like yourself. Had you been\ndestined for New York, you would have gone down the left stairway and\nbeen free to take the ferryboat for the Battery. If you had expected\nfriends to meet you, the central stairway would have led you to the\nwaiting room for that purpose. Those three stairways are called \"The\nStairs of Separation,\" and there families are sometimes ruthlessly\nseparated without warning, when bound for different destinations.\n\n[Sidenote: Careful Supervision]\n\nThe officers, who have treated you courteously, in strong contrast to\nthe steamship and dock employees, keep track of you until you are safely\non board an immigrant car, bound for the place where your relatives are.\nYour ideas of great New York are limited, but you have been saved by\nthis official supervision from being swindled by sharpers or enticed\ninto evil. You are practically in charge of the railway company, as you\nhave been of the steamship company, until you are deposited at the\nstation where you expect to make your home. You are ready to believe, by\nthis time, that America is at least a spacious country, with room enough\nin it for all who want to come. At the same time you will admit, as you\nrecall some of your fellow-passengers in the steerage, that there should\nnot be room in the country for those who ought not to come--not only the\ndiseased and insane, crippled and consumptive, who are shut out by the\nlaw, but also the delinquent and depraved, whose presence means added\nignorance and crime. You only wish the inspectors could have seen some\nof those shameless men on shipboard, so that in spite of their smooth\nanswers they might have been sent back whence they came, to prey upon\nthe innocent there instead of here. Now that it is all over, you\nshudder for a long time at night as memory recalls the steerage scenes,\nthrough which your faith in God and your constant prayers preserved\nyou.[18]\n\n[Sidenote: The Alien's Chance]\n\nIn such manner the alien gains his chance to become an American. What he\nwill make of that chance is a matter of grave importance to the land\nthat has opened to him the doors of opportunity and liberty. Having seen\nhow the immigrants get into the United States, let us now see how they\nare kept out. When we know what the restrictive laws are, and how they\nare enforced or evaded, we shall be in a position to judge as to their\nsufficiency, and the need of further legislation.\n\n\n_II. Governmental Regulation_\n\n[Sidenote: Evasion and Violation]\n\nThe United States has some excellent immigration laws, the best and most\nextensive of any nation, as one would expect, since this is the nation\nto which nearly all immigrants come. The trouble is that every attempt\nis made to evade these laws, and where they cannot be evaded they are\nviolated. The laws are of two classes: 1. Protective, in favor of the\nimmigrant; and 2. Restrictive, in favor of the country.\n\n[Sidenote: Protection for the Immigrant]\n\nThere is a law against overcrowding on shipboard, going back as far as\n1819, but overcrowding has gone on ever since.[19] There seems to be no\ndoubt that even on the best steamships of the best lines there is ready\ndisregard of the law when it interferes with the profits to be made out\nof the steerage. Strong evidence to this effect is given by Mr.\nBrandenburg. Here is a condensed leaf from his own experience which\nshows how much regard is paid to the comfort and health of the steerage\npassengers:[20]\n\n[Sidenote: Steerage Horrors]\n\n\"In a compartment from nine to ten feet high and having a space no\nlarger than six ordinary rooms, were beds for 195 persons, and 214 women\nand children occupied them. The ventilation was merely what was to be\nhad from the companionway that opened into the alleyway and not on the\ndeck, the few ports in the ship's sides, and the scanty ventilating\nshafts. The beds were double-tiered affairs in blocks of from ten to\ntwenty, constructed of iron framework, with iron slats in checker\nfashion to support the burlap-covered bag of straw, grass, or waste\nwhich served as a mattress. Pillows there were none, only cork jacket\nlife-preservers stuck under one end of the mattress to give the\nelevation of a pillow. One blanket served the purpose of all\nbedclothing; it was a mixture of wool, cotton, and jute, predominantly\njute; the length of a man's body and a yard and a half wide. For such\nquarters and accommodations the emigrant pays half the sum that would\nbuy a first-class passage. A comparison of the two classes shows where\nthe steamship company makes the most money.\n\n[Sidenote: Feeding Like Animals]\n\n\"Enrolled in the blanket each person found a fork, spoon, pint tin cup,\nand a flaring six-inch-wide, two-inch-deep pan out of which to eat. The\npassengers were instructed to form groups of six and choose a\nmess-manager, who was supposed to take the big pan and bucket, get the\ndinner and drinkables, and distribute the portions to his group. After\nthe meal, some member was supposed to collect the tin utensils and wash\nthem ready for next time. But the crowd in the wash-room was so great\nthat about one third of the people chose to rinse off the things with a\ndash of drinking water, others never washed their cups and pans. Yet the\nemigrant pays half the first-cabin rate for fighting for his food,\nserving it himself, and washing his own dishes. The food was in its\nquality good, but the manner in which it was messed into one heap in the\nbig pan was nothing short of nauseating. After the first meal the\nemigrants began throwing the refuse on the deck instead of over the side\nor into the scuppers. The result can be imagined. It was an extremely\nhot night, and the air in the crowded compartment was so foul I could\nnot sleep. The men and boys about me lay for the most part like logs,\nhats, coats, and shoes off, and no more, sleeping the sleep of the\ntired.\n\n[Sidenote: Remedy Proposed]\n\n\"My wife said the babies in her compartment were crying in relays of\nsix, the women had scattered bits of macaroni, meat, and potatoes all\nover the beds and on the floor, and added dishwater as a final\ndiscomfort. Two thirds of the emigrants were as clean as circumstances\nwould permit, but the other third kept all in a reign of uncleanliness.\nThe worst could not be put into print. The remedy for the whole matter\nis to pack fewer people in the same ship's space, and a regular service\nat tables. The big emigrant-carriers should be forced to give up a part\nof their enormous profits in order that sanitary conditions at least may\nprevail.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Laws Rigidly Enforced]\n\n[Sidenote: Steerage Reforms Needed]\n\nThis certainly is not an unreasonable demand, and proper laws with\nregard to the steerage rigidly enforced would tend to discourage\nimmigration, instead of the reverse, since the rates would doubtless be\nraised as the numbers were lowered. Cruel treatment of the helpless\naliens by the stewards and ship's officers should be stopped. Mr\nBrandenburg's description, which by no means tells the whole story of\nsteerage horrors, should serve to institute reform through the creation\nof a public sentiment that will demand it. There is no other way to\nreach such conditions; and here is where the young people can exert\ntheir influence powerfully for good. Money greed should not be allowed\nto make the steerage a disgrace to Christian civilization and an offense\nto common decency. Of course it is difficult to detect what goes on in\nthe hold of a great steamship, and when immigrants make complaint they\nfrequently suffer for it. It is possible, however, to provide government\ninspectors, and inspectors who will inspect and remain proof against\nbribes. The one essential is a sufficiently strong and insistent public\nopinion.\n\n\n_III. Putting up the Bars_\n\n[Sidenote: Protection for the Country]\n\nThe need of some regulation and restriction of immigration was felt\nearly in our national life. The fathers of the Republic did not agree\nabout the matter, and in this their descendants have been like them.\nWashington questioned the advisability of letting any more immigrants\ncome, except those belonging to certain skilled trades that were needed\nto develop the new country. Madison favored a policy of liberality and\ninducement, so that population might increase more rapidly. Jefferson,\non the other hand, wished \"there were an ocean of fire between this\ncountry and Europe, so that it might be impossible for any more\nimmigrants to come hither.\" We can only conjecture what his thoughts\nwould be if he were to return and study present conditions. Franklin,\ncertainly one of the wisest and most far-seeing of the earlier\nstatesmen, feared that immigration would tend to destroy the homogeneity\nessential to a democracy with ideals. Equally great and good men in our\nhistory have taken one or the other side of this question, from the\nextreme of open gates to that of prohibition, while the people generally\nhave gone on about their business with the comfortable feeling that\nmatters come out pretty well if they are not too much interfered with.\n\n[Sidenote: First State Law in 1824]\n\nWhile statesmen were theorizing and differing, conditions made the need\nof some actual regulations and restrictions felt as early as 1824,\nalthough the total immigration of that year was only 7,912, or less than\nthat of a single day at present. The first law resulted from abuse of\nfree admission. It was found that some foreign governments were shipping\ntheir paupers, diseased persons, and criminals to America as the easiest\nand most economical way to get rid of them. This it undoubtedly was for\nthem; but the people of New York did not see where the ease and economy\ncame in on their side of the ledger, and in self-defense, therefore, the\nstate passed the first law, with intent to shut out undesirables.[21]\nThis state legislation was the genesis of national enactment. The\nhistory of federal laws concerning aliens is covered compactly by Mr.\nHall, and those interested in the details of this important phase of the\nsubject are referred to his book.[22] A comprehensive table, by means of\nwhich all the significant legislation can be seen at a glance, will be\nfound in Appendix B.\n\n[Sidenote: Government Control]\n\nIn 1882 there came a tremendous wave of immigration, with effects upon\nthe labor market that largely induced the passage in that year of the\nfirst general immigration law. The Federal Government now assumed entire\ncontrol of the ports of entry, as it was manifestly essential to have a\nnational policy and supervision. Since 1862, when the Chinese coolies\nwere excluded, under popular pressure, Congress has passed eight Acts of\nmore or less importance, culminating in the Act of 1903,[23] which is\nsaid by Mr. Whelpley, who has collected all the immigration laws of all\ncountries, and is therefore competent to judge, to be \"up to the\npresent time the most far-reaching measure of its kind in force in any\ncountry; and the principles underlying it must serve as the foundation\nfor all immigration restriction.\" Under this law we have practically\nunrestricted immigration, with the important exceptions that the Chinese\nlaborers are not admitted, and that persons suffering from obvious\ncontagious diseases, insane persons, known anarchists and criminals, and\na certain small percentage likely to become public charges are debarred.\nThe law does not fix a property, income, or educational qualification,\ndoes not insist upon a knowledge of a trade, nor impose a tax. In other\nwords, we have at present a more or less effective police regulation of\nimmigration, but we are not pursuing a policy of restriction or\nlimitation.\n\n[Sidenote: Un-American Discrimination]\n\nAs to the Chinese, we have made an exception, and one that fails to\ncommend itself to many. Grant that there is much to be said in favor of\nthe proper restriction of Chinese immigration, especially on the ground\nthat the immigrants would come only to earn money and return home, not\nto become Americans; that there can be no race assimilation between\nChinese and Americans; and that such bird-of-passage cheap male labor is\na detriment to the best interests of the country. All the force in these\narguments applies equally to a large proportion of the immigration from\nsoutheastern Europe which is admitted. The laws should be uniform. The\nright to shut out the Chinese coolies is not questioned; but if these be\ndebarred, why not debar the illiterate and unskilled laboring class that\ncomes from Ireland, Italy, and Austria-Hungary? The Chinese certainly\ncan fill a place in our industries which the other races do not fill\nequally well. Their presence in the kitchen would tend to alleviate\ndomestic conditions that are responsible in large measure for the\nbreaking up of American home life. It is a ludicrous error to suppose\nthat all the Chinese who come to America are laundrymen at home. Let\nMrs. S. L. Baldwin, a returned missionary who labored in China for\neighteen years and knows the people she pleads for, bear her witness:\n\n[Sidenote: A Missionary's Plea for the Chinese]\n\n\"The Chinese are exactly the same class as the immigrants from other\nlands. The needy poor, with few exceptions, must ever be the immigrant\nclass. Those who come to us across the Pacific are largely from the\nrespectable farming class, who fall into laundry work, shoemaking, etc.,\nbecause these branches of industry are chiefly open to them. I have no\nfear of the Chinese immigrants suffering in comparison with those who\ncome across the Atlantic. It is not the Chinaman who is too lazy to\nwork, and goes to the almshouse or jail. It is not he who reels through\nour streets, defies our Sabbath laws, deluges our country with beer,\nand opposes all work for temperance and the salvation of our sons from\nthe liquor curse. It is not the man from across the Pacific who commits\nthe fearful crimes, and who is longing to put his hand to our political\nwheel and rule the United States. There are no healthier immigrants\ncoming to this country. It is with difficulty, and only under pressure\nof necessity they are induced to leave China, so that the bugbear of\nmillions of coolies overrunning America is absurd.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Call for Fair Play]\n\nWorkers in the Chinese missions and Sunday-schools in this country will\nassent to Mrs. Baldwin's words. And Americans will appreciate her sense\nof the ludicrous when an Irish washerwoman in San Francisco, indignant\nthat a Chinese servant had been brought to America by the missionary,\nsaid to her, \"We have a right here and they haven't.\" As for the\nChinese, the time will come when the injustice of discriminating against\na single nation will be recognized and the wrong be righted. There are\nno more stable converts to Christianity, no more generous givers and\nzealous missionaries, than the Chinese converts. Let us have American\nfair play, about which President Roosevelt says so much, in our\ntreatment of them. Recent developments prove that the United States is\nunwilling to imperil the relations of friendship which have existed with\nChina.\n\n\n_IV. Excluding the Unfit_\n\n[Sidenote: Intelligence of Inspectors]\n\n[Sidenote: Trickeries Attempted]\n\nAt Ellis Island one may see what is aptly termed \"the tragedy of the\nexcluded.\"[24] The enforcement of the laws comes into operation at the\nports of entry. Practically everything depends upon the intelligence and\nfaithfulness of the inspectors, who are charged with grave\nresponsibility. Immigrant and country are equally at their mercy.\nNecessarily a large margin must be left to their judgment when it comes\nto the question, Will the applicant now before me probably become a\npublic charge--that is, fall into the pauper or criminal class--or is he\nof the right stuff to make a respectable and desirable American citizen?\nIn cases of plain insanity or idiocy or disease the decision is easy;\nbut when it comes to the moral and economic sphere an expert opinion is\nrequired. Then, the inspectors have to be constantly on the lookout for\ndeception and fraud. Immigrants who belong to the excluded classes have\nbeen carefully coached by agents interested in getting them through the\nexamination. Diseased eyes have been doctored up for the occasion; lame\npersons have been trained to avoid the fatal limp during that walk\nbetween the two surgeons. Lies have been put into innocent mouths and\nthe beginnings of falsehood into the heart. Mr. Adams gives this\ninstance showing how the mind of the inspector works. The line is\npassing steadily, ceaselessly. A flashily dressed French girl has plenty\nof money but unsatisfactory references and destination, and back she is\nturned.\n\n[Sidenote: Discretion]\n\n[Sidenote: Picking the Winning Man]\n\n\"Next comes a bookkeeper, so he says. His father gave him money and he\nwas coming here to make his fortune. The inspector is not satisfied and\nhe is turned over to the 'S. I.' Board. But his papers, money, and\nstatements are clear and he is admitted; they give him the benefit of\nthe doubt as they always do. But next in line comes a well built stocky\nPole, with nothing in the world but a carpet bag, a few bundles, and a\nsmall showing of money. Ambition is written all over his face and he is\nadmitted. 'Now,' says the recorder, pausing for a moment, 'see the\ndifference between these two gents. The first duffer will look around\nfor a job, spend time and money to get something to suit him, and keep\nhis job for a short time; then he will give it up, run through his\nmoney, borrow from his friends, and then give them all the cold hand. He\nwon't wear well, and his dad knew it when he sent him over, but he was\nglad to get rid of him. So lots of them are. Now look at the difference\nbetween him and that Pole. He knows nothing but work. Look at his eyes,\nmild but good. He has been brought up next to mother earth; turn him\nloose from the train when he reaches his destination and he will dig.\nHe won't hang around looking for a job, but he will till the soil and\nbefore you or I know it he will have crops and that is what he will live\non. He comes from a hard country, is tough, and when you and I are going\naround shivering in an overcoat, he will be going around in his shirt\nsleeves. That is the stuff we want here, not the first kind, with flabby\nhands and sapped vitality.' Sure enough the bookkeeper did not wear\nwell, and falling into the hands of the police, some months later, he\nwas deported under the three-year limitation law, and the country was\nbetter for it.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Wise Partiality, and Work Praised]\n\nThe inspectors are wise in showing partiality to the men who have plenty\nof days' work in them, even if they have less money. It is not at all\nsafe to judge the immigrants as desirable or otherwise according to the\namount of money per capita they bring. It is the head and not the\nhead-money that should be looked at. Think of the responsibility. More\nthan 300,000 women passed through the \"moral wicket\" at Ellis Island\nlast year. Of course many of bad quality, men and women both, get\nthrough, for inspectors on too meager salaries are not omniscient, but a\ngood word should be said for these public servants, who in the main are\nconscientiously performing a delicate and difficult task.[25] Let us see\nsome of the results of their work. This will give an idea of the large\nnumbers who ought never to have been allowed to leave home.\n\n[Sidenote: Record of the Debarred]\n\nThe following table shows the principal classes of excluded for the past\nfourteen years, with the total debarred for each year, and the\npercentage:\n\n              THE DEBARRED FOR THE YEARS 1892-1905\n\n  Table headings:\n\n  Col A: Year\n  Col B: Immigrants\n  Col C: Idiots\n  Col D: Insane persons\n  Col E: Paupers, or likely to become public charges\n  Col F: Loathsome or dangerous or contagious diseases\n  Col G: Convicts\n  Col H: Assisted Immigrants\n  Col I: Contract laborers\n  Col J: Total Debarred\n  Col K: Percentage of whole\n\n  A      B       C  D   E     F     G    H    I      J      K\n  ----+---------+--+---+-----+-----+----+----+------+------+------+\n  1892|  579,663| 4|17 |1,002|   80| 26 | 23 |  932 | 2,164| 0.4\n  1893|  439,730| 3| 8 |  431|   81| 12 | .. |  518 | 1,053| 0.2\n  1894|  285,631| 4| 5 |  802|   15|  8 | .. |  553 | 1,389| 0.5\n  1895|  258,536| 6|.. |1,714|   ..|  4 |  1 |  694 | 2,419| 0.9\n  1896|  343,267| 1|10 |2,010|    2| .. | .. |  776 | 2,799| 0.8\n  1897|  230,832| 1| 6 |1,277|    1|  1 |  3 |  328 | 1,617| 0.7\n  1898|  229,299| 1|12 |2,261|  258|  2 | 79 |  417 | 3,030| 1.3\n  1899|  311,715| 1|19 |2,599|  348|  8 | 82 |  741 | 3,798| 1.2\n  1900|  448,572| 1|32 |2,974|  393|  4 |  2 |  833 | 4,246| 1.0\n  1901|  487,918| 6|16 |2,798|  309|  7 | 50 |  327 | 3,516| 0.7\n  1902|  648,743| 7|27 |3,944|  709|  9 | .. |  275 | 4,974| 0.8\n  1903|  857,046| 1|23 |5,812|1,773| 51 |  9 |1,086 | 8,769| 1.0\n  1904|  812,870|16|33 |4,798|1,560| 35 | 38 |1,501 | 7,994| 1.0\n  1905|1,026,499|38|92 |7,898|2,198| 39 | 19 |1,164 |11,480| 1.2\n  ----+---------+--+---+-----+-----+----+----+------+------+-----+\n  Total debarred in the fourteen years, 59,248.\n\n[Sidenote: Right of Appeal]\n\nThe debarred have the right of appeal, from the Special Inquiry Board\nwhich excludes them, to the Commissioner of the Port, then to the\nCommissioner-General, and finally to the Secretary[26] of Commerce and\nLabor. The steamship lines that brought them have to pay costs of\ndetention and deportation, which is one means of making these lines\ncareful.\n\n[Sidenote: Exclusion by Races]\n\nA second table, which shows the exclusion by races, will repay study. It\nis given in Appendix A. It not only shows where the bulk of the excluded\nbelong, but reveals not a little concerning the character of those\nadmitted who come from the same races. The intention of the present\nCommissioner-General is to enforce the laws strictly, yet in a humane\nspirit. Comparing the figures for the two years 1903-1904, he says:\n\n[Sidenote: Increase of Undesirable]\n\n\"The most significant feature of this statement is the large increase in\nthe number of idiots, insane persons, and paupers during 1905, which,\ncoupled with an increase of twenty-five per cent. in the number of\ndiseased aliens, justifies the Bureau in directing attention to the\nflagrant and wilful disregard by the ocean carriers of the laws for the\nregulation of their business of securing alien passengers destined for\nthe United States.\"[27]\n\n[Sidenote: Fraud of Transportation Companies]\n\nThis brings up a point of vast importance in more ways than one. The\nofficial reports charge wholesale deception, evasion, and fraud upon the\ngreat transportation companies. The fact stands for itself that in 1904\nthey were fined more than $31,000 under the section of the law imposing\na $100 penalty for bringing a diseased alien whose disease might have\nbeen detected by a competent medical examination at the port of\ndeparture. For many years these companies have in doubtful cases\ndemanded double passage money, so that they might make a profit both\nways if the alien were rejected. The Italian government has passed an\nAct giving an alien right to recover the money illegally retained in\nthis way, showing the practice, and the government opinion of it.\n\n[Sidenote: Artificial Swelling of Passage Fees]\n\nThe truth is, the transportation agent has become a figure of\ninternational consequence and concern. The artificial cause behind the\npresent unprecedented exodus from Europe, according to Whelpley, is the\nabnormal activity of the transportation companies in their effort to\nsecure new and profitable cargo for their ships. In 1900 over\n$118,000,000 was invested in trans-atlantic steamship lines, which are\nlargely owned by foreigners. New lines to the Mediterranean have been\nput on with distinct purpose to swell the Italian and Slav immigration.\nRate cutting has at times made it possible for the steerage passenger to\ngo from Liverpool to New York for as low as $8.75. The average rate is\nnot high enough to deter anyone who really wants to come. An English\nline, in return for establishing a line direct from a Mediterranean\nport, has secured from the Hungarian government a guarantee of 30,000\nimmigrants a year from its territory.\n\n[Sidenote: Solicitation Law Violated]\n\nThe law forbids transportation companies or the owners of vessels to\n\"directly or through agents, either by written, printed, or oral\nsolicitations, solicit, invite, or encourage the immigration of any\naliens into the United States except by ordinary commercial letters,\ncirculars, advertisements, or oral representations, stating the sailings\nof their vessels and terms and facilities of transportation therein.\"\nThat this restrictive provision is persistently evaded is made plain by\nthe reports of government inspectors sent abroad to investigate. The\nannual migration involves more than a hundred millions of dollars, and\nwhere money is to be made law is easily disobeyed.\n\n[Sidenote: The Ubiquitous and Unscrupulous \"Runner\"]\n\nOne of the inspectors says the chief evil in this solicitation business\nis the so-called \"runner.\" Here is his description of this mischievous\n_genus homo_. \"It is he who goes around in eastern and southern Europe\nfrom city to city and village to village telling fairy tales about the\nprosperity of many immigrants in America and the opportunities offered\nby the United States for aliens. The runner does not know of anyone who\nis undesirable; he claims to be all-powerful, that he has\nrepresentatives in every port who can 'open the door' of America to\nanyone. It is he who induces many a diseased person to attempt the\njourney, and it is also he and his associates who do their best to have\nthe undesirables admitted. The steamship companies, as a rule, do not\ndeal with these runners directly and disclaim all responsibility for\ntheir nefarious practices. But the official agents of the steamship\ncompanies do pay their runners commissions for every immigrant referred\nto them. I have especially studied this problem along the borders of\nGermany, Russia, and Austrian Galicia. Here most of the emigrants are\nsmuggled across the frontiers by these runners and robbed of the greater\npart of their cash possessions. When they arrive at the 'control\nstation' it is remarkable that most emigrants have cards with the\naddress of a certain steamship ticket agent, and the agent, on the other\nhand, has a list of all the individuals who were smuggled across the\nfrontiers. When I asked one of these representatives how this was done,\nhe told me that he paid 'good commissions' to the runner on the other\nside of the frontier for each case. When steamship companies and their\nagents stop paying commissions to runners for emigrants referred to\nthem, individuals will only by their own initiative attempt to come to\nthe United States, and most of those considered undesirable will remain\nat their native homes.\"[28]\n\n[Sidenote: Law in Contempt]\n\nViolations of law abound. Smuggling persons is regarded with much the\nsame moral leniency as smuggling goods. The law forbids importation of\npersons under contract to work. In April last two Italian steamships\ncarried back to Europe more than 1,000 laborers, who had been brought\nover in violation of the contract-labor laws. Commissioner Watchorn had\nword from his special investigators abroad that the men had been\ncollected in the Balkan States to work for padrones in this country. So\nback went the thousand Slavs; but it was a chance discovery. The men\nadmitted that the padrones had paid their passage and agreed to furnish\nthem work. They said the rosiest conditions had been painted before\ntheir eyes, and they believed \"big money\" was to be made here. The\nsteamship companies had to bear the expense of taking them back, but the\npadrones have not suffered any penalty, and will go on with their\nunlawful work.\n\n[Sidenote: How the Laborers are Engaged]\n\nMr. Brandenburg learned from an Italian woman that her husband had been\ncommissioned by a contractor in Pittsburg to go into the Italian\nprovinces of Austria and engage 200 good stonemasons, 200 good\ncarpenters, and an indefinite number of unskilled laborers. These people\nwere to be put in touch with sub-agents of lines sailing from Hamburg,\nFiume, and Bremen, and these agents were to be accountable for these\ncontract laborers being got safely into the United States. This woman\nsaid many of her neighbors in Pittsburg had come into the country as\ncontract laborers and held the law in great contempt, as it was merely\na matter of being sufficiently instructed and prepared, and no official\nat Boston or Ellis Island could tell the difference.[29] Why should not\nthe law be held in contempt, not only this one but all law, by the\nimmigrant who is introduced to America through its violation, and\ntrained to perjure himself at the outset of his new career? Does not the\nCommissioner-General sound a note of warning when he says:\n\n[Sidenote: The Christian Duty]\n\n\"It is not reasonable to anticipate that if the great transportation\nlines do not respect the laws of this country their alien passengers\nwill do so, nor can it be conceded that those aliens whose entrance to\nthe United States is effected in spite of the law are desirable or even\nsafe additions to our population.\"[30]\n\n[Sidenote: Remedy Demanded]\n\nIt is painful to think that such conditions can exist in connection with\nso vital a matter as immigration. But it is better to have the facts\nknown, in order that a remedy may be found. Publicity is the safety of\nrepublics and communities. And the disclosures of the lengths to which\nmen will go in order to make money should give new and mighty impulse to\nthose who believe in righteousness and have not bowed to the god mammon.\nIf the work of Christianizing the aliens is made harder by the\nexperiences through which they pass and the examples they have set\nbefore them by unscrupulous persons, it must be undertaken with so much\nthe more zeal. Respect for law must be preserved, and one of the best\nways to accomplish this is to see to it that the laws are enforced and\nthe violators of them punished, even though they represent giant\ncorporations and vast capital.\n\n\nQUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER II\n\nAIM: TO REALIZE THE NECESSITY OF JUST AND ADEQUATE LAWS FOR THE\nADMISSION AND RESTRICTION OF IMMIGRANTS\n\n\nI. _Method of Admission._\n\n     1. What proportion of the immigrants now coming land at New York?\n\n     2. What is Ellis Island like--materially--spiritually?\n\n     3. Suppose yourself an immigrant: what steps would you take to\n     reach New York? What processes would you undergo on landing? How\n     would you be directed?\n\n\nII. _Governmental Regulation._\n\n     4. What two kinds of government regulation are practicable? Are\n     both in force?\n\n     5. Do the steamship companies obey the law? with regard to its\n     letter? to its real intent?\n\n\nIII. _Restriction._\n\n     6. * Do you think unrestricted immigration is best for our country?\n\n     7. Why is the present discrimination against the Chinese not just?\n\n     8. When and to what extent was control over immigration assumed by\n     the United States Government?\n\n     9. What measures were passed in 1903? Has there been any action\n     since?\n\n     10. What classes of immigrants are excluded as unfit? Who decides\n     in case of doubt?\n\n     11. Are many immigrants sent back? Why do the steamship companies\n     bring the unfit?\n\n\nIV. _Violation._\n\n     12. How is immigration solicited? How is it coerced?\n\n     13. What is the purpose and what the actual working of the\n     \"Contract-Labor Law\"?\n\n\nV. _What Can the Christian Public do to Improve Conditions?_\n\n     14. * Can we expect immigrants to obey our laws, if they are\n     started in such ways? Why not?\n\n     15. Has Christian public opinion any special duty in this matter?\n     What is it?\n\n\n     REFERENCES FOR ADVANCED STUDY.--CHAPTER II\n\n\n     I. Visit and inspect if possible, some receiving station for\n     immigrants, and report; or else consult the statements and charts\n     of Reports of the Commissioner of Immigration, for the year ending\n     June 30, 1905.\n\n     II. Describe the Brandenburgs during life among Italians, and\n     journey to this country as immigrants; their aims, and the results\n     achieved. Brandenburg: Imported Americans, IV, XIII, XV, XXII.\n\n     III. The present regulation of immigrants, with special reference\n     to \"The Excluded.\" Laws for 1903. Hall: Immigration, 216-231.\n     Brandenburg: Imported Americans, 248-274.\n\n     IV. Is there need for further restriction? Hall: Immigration, XI,\n     XII. Hunter: Poverty, VI. Charities and The Commons, issue for\n     March 31, 1906.\n\n\n\n\n    _The evils attendant upon unrestricted immigration are not\n    theoretical but actual. Emigration from one place becomes\n    immigration into another. It is an international affair of greatest\n    importance, and should be speedily recognized as such._--J. D.\n    Whelpley.\n\n\n\n\nIII\n\nPROBLEMS OF LEGISLATION AND DISTRIBUTION\n\n\nThe immigration question in this country has never had the attention to\nwhich its importance entitles it. It has sometimes been the scapegoat of\nreligious and racial prejudices, and always, in recent years, an annual\nsacrifice to the gods of transportation.--_Prescott F. Hall._\n\nIt is exasperating to any patriotic American to have brought\nconvincingly before him the proofs of a wholesale evasion of a very\ncarefully planned code of laws which he fain would think is a sufficient\nprotection of his country's best interests. It is more annoying to\nrealize that the successful evaders are for the most part foreigners,\nand those, too, of commonly despised races. The conclusion is plain:\nSeek the grounds on which to deny passage to undesirable emigrants who\nwish to come to the United States, in the villages from which they\nemanate. In the communes of their nativity the truth is known and cannot\nbe hidden.--_Broughton Brandenburg._\n\nThe mesh of the law needs to be stiffened rather than relaxed. The\nbenefit of the doubt belongs to the United States rather than to the\nalien who clamors for admittance.--_Commissioner-General Sargent._\n\nDistribution, rather than wholesale restriction, is being more and more\nrecognized as the real way out of the difficulties presented by our\nimmense unassimilated immigration.--_Gino C. Speranza._\n\nThe need is to devise some system by which undesirable immigrants shall\nbe kept out entirely, while desirable immigrants are properly\ndistributed throughout the country.--_President Roosevelt._\n\n\n\n\nIII\n\nPROBLEMS OF LEGISLATION AND DISTRIBUTION\n\n\n_I. The Present Situation_\n\n[Sidenote: Difficulties in the Way]\n\nThere is a growing conviction that something ought to be done to check\nthe present enormous inflow of immigrants. But when it comes to what\nthat something is, difficulties at once arise. There are so many\nforeigners already in America, and so many children of foreign-born\nparents, that it is impossible to touch the stream at any point without\nprotest from some source. As some one says, \"You do not have to go very\nfar back in the family line of any of us to find an immigrant. Scratch\nan American and you find a foreigner.\" And not a few of these foreigners\nsympathize with the Irishman who said to a lady against whom he had a\ngrievance because she insisted on having a Chinese servant, \"We have a\nright here that those who are here by the mere accident of birth have\nnot.\" On the other hand, it was a foreigner of wide vision who said: \"I\ndo not believe there is any peculiar virtue in American birth, or that\nAmericans are (_per se_) superior to all other nations; but I do believe\nthat they are better fitted than all others to govern their own\ncountry. They made the country what it is, and ought to have the first\nvoice in determining what it is to be. In this alone consists their\nsuperiority.\"[31]\n\n[Sidenote: The Immigration Conference of 1905]\n\nIt is significant and hopeful that men are thinking upon the subject.\nWhat we want is full and fair discussion and thorough information.\nNothing is so perilous in a democracy as ignorance and indifference. It\nis far better for men to disagree thoughtfully than to agree\nthoughtlessly. What all patriotic and Christian men seek is the best\ngood of this country, which means so much to the whole world as the\nsupreme experiment of self-government. That the people are awakening was\nshown by the Immigration Conference in New York in December of 1905,\nwhen five hundred men, most of them appointed by their state governors,\ngathered under the auspices of the National Civic Federation to discuss\nthe whole question of immigration. The immigration experts of the\ncountry were present, and the company included United States Senators\nand Representatives, college presidents and professors, leading editors,\nlawyers and clergymen, and prominent labor leaders.\n\n[Sidenote: Conclusions Reached]\n\nNo such conference on this subject has before been held, and the results\nof the discussion, which was for the most part as temperate and sensible\nas it was straightforward, were such as to bring about a better\nunderstanding between the men who are supposed to be theorists and the\nrepresentatives of American labor. The resolutions unanimously adopted\nwere conservative and practical. The most important recommendations call\nfor admission tests in Europe rather than after the alien has reached\nAmerica, for the spread of information leading to better distribution,\nand for the establishment of a commission to investigate the subject of\nimmigration in all its relations, including the violations and evasions\nof the present law. Undoubtedly such a commission, appointed by the\npresident and possessed of competent authority, could accomplish much\ngood. For one thing, it could keep the matter before the people and\nwisely guide public sentiment.\n\n[Sidenote: The Right of Self-Protection]\n\nHowever much men may differ in view as to specific legislation, one\npoint ought to be regarded as settled. That is, the right of Congress to\npass such laws as may be deemed essential to safeguard American\ninstitutions and liberties. A nation has the inalienable right to\nprotect itself against foreign invasion; and it does not matter whether\nthe invasion be armed or under the guise of immigration. No foreign\nnation has the right to send its peoples to America, or by persecution\nto drive them forth upon other nations, and no foreigner has any\ninherent right to claim admission to the United States.\n\n[Sidenote: Welfare of the State Supreme]\n\nRight is determined, in migration as in civic relations, not by the will\nor whim of the individual, but by the welfare of the state. Further than\nthis, the government has the right to deport at any time any aliens who\nmay be regarded as unfit to remain. There ought to be no confusion as to\nrights in this matter.\n\n[Sidenote: Cases that call for Reform]\n\nThe question recurs, however, is there need of doing anything? As to\nthis President Roosevelt and the Commissioner-General of Immigration are\nagreed. In his last annual message the President recommended the\nprohibition of immigration through Canada and Mexico, the strengthening\nof our exclusion laws, heavier restraints upon the steamship companies,\nand severer penalties for enticing immigrants. It is a striking fact\nthat nearly all of the proposed additions to our laws are intended to\nstop the evasion and violation of the laws we have, which are made\nineffective by fraud and questionable practices of the most extensive\nkind. A recent writer[32] presents this matter in condensed form worthy\nof study, giving this \"astonishing catalogue of abuses,\" brought to\nlight by special inspectors in the employ of the Immigration Bureau:\n\n[Sidenote: Astonishing Abuses]\n\n     \"1. The importation of contract laborers, usually under the\n     direction of padrones, from Greece, Italy, and Austria-Hungary.\n\n     \"2. The smuggling of immigrants across the Canadian and Mexican\n     borders who would be certain of rejection at our Atlantic ports.\n\n     \"3. The 'patching up' of immigrants afflicted with favus, trachoma,\n     and other loathsome or contagious diseases so that they can get\n     past the inspectors without detection, even though the process is\n     likely to augment their sufferings later.\n\n     \"4. The forgery and sale of spurious naturalization certificates\n     and the repeated use of the same certificates passed back and forth\n     between relatives and friends.\n\n     \"5. The assisting of immigration, either by local authorities in\n     Europe or by earlier comers in America.\n\n     \"6. The stimulating of immigration by transportation companies and\n     their armies of paid agents and sub-agents in Europe.\"\n\n[Sidenote: A Plain Necessity]\n\nAs a result, Mr. Ogg says, of the widespread operations through these\nunderground channels there is an abnormal immigration movement so vast\nas \"to override and all but reduce to a mere joke our whole restrictive\nsystem. That an appalling number of aliens who are on the verge of\ndependency, defectiveness, and delinquency do somehow contrive to get\ninto the country every year is a fact too well known to call for\nverification here. Nobody undertakes to deny it.\" There is plain\nnecessity, therefore, that some means of redeeming the situation should\nbe found.\n\n\n_II. Proposed Legislation_\n\n[Sidenote: Three Recommendations]\n\nThe Commissioner-General of Immigration, in his report for 1905, devotes\nmuch space to new or amendatory legislation, which he regards as a\nnecessity.[33] To bring the steamship companies to stricter regard for\nlaw, he would raise the penalty for carrying diseased persons from $100\nto $500. He favors the debarring of illiterates, and as a special\nrecommendation proposes an international conference of immigration\nexperts, with a view to secure by treaty or convention the cooeperation\nof foreign countries from which aliens migrate hither, both in reducing\nthe number of immigrants and preventing the inadmissible and undesirable\nclasses from leaving their own homes.\n\n[Sidenote: Value of International Conference]\n\nSuch a conference would certainly be conducive to a good understanding\nbetween nations, would doubtless secure an effective restraint of the\ntransportation agencies, and throw such light upon the attitude of\nforeign governments toward our present system of immigration restriction\nas would enable Congress to decide intelligently what additional\nmeasures are necessary to protect this country from the dangers of an\nincreasing influx of aliens. This is an admirable recommendation. As Mr.\nWhelpley says, it is a question of emigration as well as immigration,\nand since two countries are interested in the migrants, the whole matter\nis properly one for international conference and action.\n\n[Sidenote: Immigration Bills in Congress]\n\nThe interest taken by Congress in immigration is indicated by the\nintroduction in the House during the session of 1906 of nineteen bills\nto regulate or restrict immigration, while a number were introduced in\nthe Senate also. The House Committee on Immigration, of which Mr.\nGardner, of Massachusetts, is chairman, took all the bills into\nconsideration and reported a comprehensive Bill to Regulate the\nImmigration of Aliens into the United States. This proposed law advances\nconsiderably beyond the Act of 1903, which it is designed to replace. It\nraises the head tax from $2 to $5, introduces the reading test,[34] and\npractically creates a money test also, by requiring every male immigrant\nto have $25 in hand at the time of examination.[35] The money from the\nhead tax is to constitute a permanent immigration fund, to defray not\nonly the cost of the Immigration Bureau, but also that of maintaining an\ninformation bureau, to save immigrants from being deceived and show them\nwhere they are most wanted and likely to succeed.[36]\n\n[Sidenote: The Reading Test Pro and Con]\n\nThe section in this proposed legislation that has caused most\ndiscussion and dissension is the illiteracy test. This measure has been\npressed upon Congress by the Immigration Restrictive League ever since\nthe organization of that Society in 1894. Senator Lodge fathered it and\nit was passed once and vetoed by President Cleveland. President\nRoosevelt recommended it in his message of December 3, 1901, and it has\nreceived the endorsement of many boards of charities and many leading\nmen. The strongest argument in favor of it is contained in a resolution\npassed by the Associated Charities of Boston, although the same argument\napplies broadly to the question of restriction. The reading test was\ndiscussed by speakers at the National Immigration Conference, but that\nmeeting did not include it in the resolutions adopted. The Jewish\ninfluence is thrown strongly against it, since the Russian Jews who are\nfleeing from oppression are among the most illiterate of the present\nimmigration. This is due to lack of school facilities, however, for the\nJews naturally take to education and the Jewish children in the public\nschools and high schools are carrying off the prizes. \"Not long ago I\nsaw a Jewish girl in a New England academy win the prize in\nconstitutional history over the heads of the boys and girls from\nAmerican families, though her father was an illiterate Russian\nJew.\"[37]\n\n[Sidenote: In Favor of Illiterates]\n\nThat is not by any means an unusual testimony. Another fact worthy of\nnote is that many of those who have worked most closely among the\nimmigrants do not favor the reading test. Mr. Brandenburg, for example,\nsuggests that the illiterates often prove less opinionated and more\neasily assimilable than others of the same race who can read and write,\nand says that so far as his experience goes the great proportion of the\nrascals and undesirables can read and write; that if he had his choice\nbetween admitting to this country a wealthy educated Roman nobleman or\nan illiterate Neapolitan or Sicilian laborer, he would take the laborer\nevery time, for his brain and brawn and heart make the better foundation\non which to build the institutions of our Republic. Miss Kate Claghorn\nand other experienced workers agree in this view, and think it would be\na positive misfortune to make ability to read the deciding test. Nor\nwould these experts favor the money test. They believe the inspectors\nshould have more leeway, as judges of human nature, and would rather\nrely on their judgment as to the character of the applicant than upon\nany arbitrary tests. So this is an open question for discussion, with\ngood arguments on both sides.\n\n[Sidenote: Three Further Propositions]\n\nThere are three propositions further. The first is a measure introduced\ninto the House by the late Congressman Adams of Pennsylvania. This\nwould restrict by law the total number of immigrants from any given\ncountry in any one year to 80,000. This would decrease the south of\nEurope quota, and might increase that from northern Europe. It would at\nany rate tend to stop the million a year rate.\n\n[Sidenote: Itinerant Boards]\n\nThe second measure is proposed by Mr. Brandenburg, who feels sure it\nwould prove the desired remedy. His opinion carries a good deal of\nweight. His proposal is to \"select emigrants before itinerant boards of\ntwo, three, or more native-born Americans who speak fluently and\nunderstand thoroughly the language and dialects of the people who come\nbefore them--these boards to be on a civil service basis,\" and to sit at\nstated times in the central cities of the countries whence aliens\ncome.[38] This he believes to be \"a correct solution of the gigantic\nproblem.\" It would keep expense down, avoid opportunities for wholesale\ncorruption of American officials by the transportation interests and the\nimmigrants themselves, and enable the examiners to deny passage to\npersons desirous of going to districts already over-populated with\naliens.\n\n[Sidenote: Inspection Abroad]\n\nThe third measure is in line with the second, but instead of\nestablishing itinerant boards of examiners, it proposes to select\nfifteen or twenty ports abroad which shall be made exclusive points for\nthe embarkation of emigrants bound for the United States. Mr. Ogg states\nthe plan as follows:\n\n[Sidenote: List of Cities]\n\n\"Perhaps an adequate list would be Hamburg, Bremen, Stettin, Rotterdam,\nAntwerp, London, Southampton, Liverpool, Havre, St. Nazaire, Marseilles,\nFiume, Trieste, Naples, Genoa, and Odessa. At each of these ports should\nbe located an immigrant station, similar, in a general way, to the\nimmigrant stations at our larger Atlantic ports to-day, and it should be\nmade the duty of the resident commissioners, with their staffs of\ninspectors and medical attaches, to examine carefully and minutely every\nman, woman, and child of alien nationality who applies for passage to\nthe United States. Successful applicants should be given a certificate\nwhich alone would enable them to land at the port of destination; those\nunsuccessful should be made to understand then and there that, in their\npresent state at least, there is no chance for them to carry out their\nintention of migration, and that the best thing for them to do is to\nreturn to their homes.\"[39]\n\n[Sidenote: Do the Sifting in Europe]\n\nThis radical plan proposes to transfer Ellis Island, in effect, to a\nscore of points in Europe, and do the sifting before the starting. That\nwould be sensible. Then only the desirable portion would get here. While\nthe idea is radical, it is the outgrowth of years of experience and\nreflection, and Mr. Ogg says, immigration officials are generally\nagreed upon its wisdom and practicability. This system, thoroughly\ncarried out, would not only stop all immigration that is illegal, but as\nmuch as possible of that which, though not illegal, is questionable and\nundesirable. More tests applied at this end of the route will be only\npartially effective, since experience proves that the present tests are\nevaded. The means of reform, upon which all other immigration reforms\nmust wait, lies in this shifting of the main work of supervision and\ninspection to Europe. The foreign governments would welcome the plan, or\nat least accept it if proposed by this country.\n\n[Sidenote: What this would Accomplish.]\n\nThis system would serve to prevent the tragedies of the excluded; would\ngo far toward stopping the pernicious activity of the steamship\ncompanies and their enticing emissaries; would facilitate the detection\nand punishment of those breakers and evaders of the law who are now\nimmune; and it would make possible a quite different and more searching\nexamination of intending immigrants than is possible when the mass of\nthem is poured out at Ellis Island, as through the small end of a\nfunnel. Back to the sources is humane and wise. The expense involved\ncould easily be met by an increased head tax; and if not, this is a case\nwhere expense in money is not to be counted in comparison with the\ncountry's welfare.\n\n[Sidenote: International Regulation]\n\nThese are interesting propositions. Mr. Whelpley agrees with Mr.\nBrandenburg as to the necessity of dealing with the migrant before he\nreaches port, either of embarkation or disembarkation. He says our laws\nand restrictions are severe, and thoroughly and intelligently enforced,\nbut fall short of their purpose for the simple reason that there is\nlittle or no control over the source of supply. \"It is an effort to beat\nback the tide after it has rolled upon the shore, and in the vast\nmultitude of arrivals many gain entrance legally whom the country would\nbe better off without.\"[40] His plan is to have an international\nregulation of migration, so that each government will do its part to\ncheck the present conditions and regulate the matter at its starting\npoint.\n\n[Sidenote: A Higher Standard]\n\nThis subject of legislation is confessedly delicate and difficult. The\ndiversity of opinion is confusing. Yet we cannot escape the conviction\nthat the present immigration is altogether too vast for the good of the\ncountry. Suspension is not to be seriously considered, but surely it\ncould do no harm to make the laws more stringent, to insist upon a\nhigher physical standard, to debar degenerates, and to stop at any cost\nthe solicitation and \"assisted\" immigration abuses which have caused so\nmuch suffering to the deceived and excluded victims of greed.\n\n\n_III. The Problem of Distribution_\n\n[Sidenote: The Crucial Point]\n\nNo phase of the immigration question is receiving more attention at\npresent than that of distribution. There is a common opinion that if the\nproper distribution could be made, the chief evils of the tremendous\ninflux would disappear. We are told that it is the congestion of aliens\nin already crowded centers of population that creates the menace to\ncivilization; that there is land enough to be cultivated; and that vast\nenterprises are under way calling for the unskilled labor that is coming\nin. But the puzzling problem is how to get the immigrants where they are\nwanted and needed, and can be of value. On this point, Mr. Max Mitchell,\nSuperintendent of the Federation of Jewish Charities, says:\n\n[Sidenote: An Expert Opinion]\n\n\"The problem is that of overcrowding. We must not close our ports to the\npeople of the Old World who seek a haven and a home in the land of\nliberty and plenty, but we must see to it that when they arrive here\nthey are directed out of the city and into the country places where\nordinary human industry is rewarded abundantly. The inclination of the\nimmigrants themselves to stick so closely to the great centers of\npopulation must be overcome. If the great crowds of foreigners that\ninundate these shores every year could be distributed in a sensible and\nlogical way over all the vast uncultivated territory in which this\nnation is so rich, we should never hear any complaint of too much\nimmigration. No better farmers can be found anywhere than among the\nforeign peoples who seek America.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Legislation Required]\n\nVery likely, but the trouble is, they do not want to farm and they are\nfree to prefer the squalor of the slums to the green of the fields. Nor\nis there much hope that this singular but strong inclination can be\novercome save by government regulation, which shall settle the matter of\nlocation for those who have no specific destination or occupation. It is\nprobable that on this point some reasonable legislation could be\nsecured; especially if the various distribution societies and railroad\ncompanies should fail in their efforts to induce the aliens to go where\nthey are needed. Commissioner-General Sargent has dealt plainly with\nthis matter in his Reports for the last three years, and rightly\nestimates its importance. He says:[41]\n\n[Sidenote: Distribution of Prime Importance]\n\n\"In my judgment the smallest part of the duty to be discharged in\nsuccessfully handling aliens, with a view to the protection of the\npeople and the institutions of this country, is that part now provided\nfor by law. Its importance, though undeniable, is relatively of\nsecondary moment. It cannot compare in practical value with, nor can it\ntake the place of, measures to secure the distribution of the many\nthousands who come in ignorance of the industrial needs and\nopportunities of this country, and colonize alien communities in our\ngreat cities.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Information Agencies Proposed]\n\nSuitable legislation is strongly urged to establish agencies through\nwhich, either with or without the cooeperation of the states, aliens\nshall be made acquainted with the resources of the country at large, and\nthe industrial needs of the various sections, in both skilled and\nunskilled labor, the cost of living, the wages paid, the price and\ncapabilities of the land, the character of the climates, the duration of\nthe seasons--in short, all that information furnished by some of the\ngreat railway lines through whose efforts the territory tributary\nthereto has been transformed from a wilderness within a few years to the\nabiding place of a happy and prosperous population.\n\n[Sidenote: A Growing Evil]\n\n\"Again the importance of undertaking to distribute aliens now\ncongregating in our large cities to those parts of the United States\nwhere they can secure employment without displacing others by working\nfor a less wage, and where the conditions of existence do not tend to\nthe fostering of disease, depravity, and resistance to the social and\npolitical security of the country, is urged. The Bureau is convinced\nthat no feature of the immigration question so insistently demands\npublic attention and effective action. The evil to be removed is one\nthat is steadily and rapidly on the increase, and its removal will\nstrike at the roots of fraudulent elections, poverty, disease, and crime\nin our large cities, and on the other hand largely supply that\nincreasing demand for labor to develop the natural resources of our\ncountry. Too much encouragement cannot be given to the reported efforts\nof certain railway companies to divert a portion of the tide of\nimmigration to the Southern states. It is impossible, in the opinion of\nthe Bureau, to overestimate the importance of this subject as bearing\nupon the effect of immigration on the future welfare of this\ncountry.\"[42]\n\n[Sidenote: Chart of Distribution]\n\nWhat are the facts concerning the present location and distribution of\nimmigrants? The answer involves a most interesting study. Taking the\nimmigration of 1905, the chart[43] on the next page illustrates the\ndistribution by states.\n\n[Illustration: PROPORTION OF IMMIGRATION AND NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS\nGOING TO EACH STATE DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1905\n\nBY PERMISSION OF THE BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION]\n\n[Sidenote: Where the Masses Stay]\n\nThe enormous proportion going to New York, Pennsylvania, and the North\nAtlantic section shows prominently. They got ninety per cent. of the\nwhole, while the South received but four per cent. of the total, and\nonly one per cent. of that went to the South Central States. The Great\nWest had only four per cent. as against five the year preceding; showing\nconclusively how few of the million went where it would have been far\nbetter for the entire million to have gone. It is safe to say that there\nwas little or no legitimate demand in New York, Pennsylvania, or New\nEngland for any of them. At the same time, there is some encouragement\nin the fact that the distribution of the past fourteen years shows that\nsmaller proportions are now remaining in the states in which are located\nthe principal ports of entry. For example, the percentage of New York\nState has steadily decreased from forty-two per cent. in 1892 to thirty\nper cent. in 1905. Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio have gained\nproportionately.\n\n[Sidenote: Diagrams to be Studied]\n\nA series of diagrams which show the distribution of the foreign-born\nliving in the United States in 1900, was prepared by Mr. F. W. Hewes,\nfor the _World's Work_, and published in October, 1903. By the courtesy\nof Doubleday, Page and Company, publishers, they are reproduced. Each\ndot in them represents a thousand persons. They show at a glance where\nthe immigrants were in 1900, and the totals by race or nationality. By\nadding to these totals the remarkable figures of the last five years,\none can appreciate the great increase in the Italian and Slavic totals,\nand an idea of the present situation may be obtained, for as to locality\nthe percentages have not materially changed.\n\n[Sidenote: Protective Societies]\n\n[Illustration: Born in Sweden, Norway, Denmark--Resident in the United\nStates 1900\n\nReproduced by special permission from \"The World's Work\" Copyright,\n1903.]\n\n[Illustration: Born in Canada, England, Scotland, Wales--Resident in the\nUnited States 1900\n\nReproduced by special permission from \"The World's Work.\" Copyright,\n1903.]\n\nThe further point to be considered as to distribution is the effort now\nbeing made to accomplish desired results. In lieu of legislation or\ngovernment provision, these are (1) Societies organized by\nindividuals, and (2) Railway companies. The Bureau of Information[44]\nproposed by the bill now in Congress would, if established, closely\ncooeperate with the state agencies and all other bodies promoting\ndistribution.\n\n[Sidenote: Italian Society]\n\nOne of the most active and efficient of these organizations, which will\nserve as an illustration, is the Society for Italian Immigrants, with\nheadquarters in New York, near the Battery. The Society thus states its\npurpose and methods:\n\n\"About 200,000 Italian immigrants are now landing at this port during\nevery twelve months. These immigrants are almost entirely poor peasants\nwho cannot speak our language. In order that these people may get a fair\nstart in this new and, to them, strange country, and that they may\nbecome familiar as soon as possible with our laws, habits, and customs,\nhelp and instruction of various kinds must be given them. To furnish\nthese either freely or at the lowest possible cost, is the object of The\nSociety for Italian Immigrants.\n\n[Sidenote: A Real Service]\n\n\"Accordingly, in its work the Society employs agents to look after the\nneeds of the immigrants at Ellis Island; it runs an escort service, by\nwhich competent persons are furnished, at nominal cost, to take\nimmigrants to their destination; it conducts an employment agency; it\nmaintains an information bureau; it cooeperates with the United States\nauthorities to enforce the Immigration Laws; it manages labor camps for\ncontractors; it wages war on all persons engaged in swindling\nimmigrants; it is engaged in breaking up the padrone system in all its\nforms; and lastly and generally, it does all it can to help immigrants,\nso that as soon as possible they may become self-supporting and\nself-respecting citizens, a benefit and not a detriment to this\ncountry.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Grants from Italian Government]\n\nThe Society is supported by voluntary contributions, and by grants to\nthe amount of about $7,000 a year from the Italian government. The\nSociety has met with the approval of the police department of the city,\nthe United States authorities at Ellis Island, and the Italian Royal\nDepartment of Emigration, and of all individuals who have made\nthemselves familiar with what it is doing. There is also a Boston\nItalian Society, organized in 1902, to protect newcomers from sharpers,\nthieves, and fraudulent persons; also from the frauds of bankers and\npadrones. The Italian government has given $1,000 a year to this\nSociety.\n\n[Sidenote: Hebrew and Other Societies]\n\nA similar work is done by the United Hebrew Charities, and the Removal\nBureau established by the Jews in New York in 1901. Through this agency\nin the past three years over 10,000 of the Russian or Roumanian Jews\nhave been kept from increasing the overcrowded population of the ghetto\nand swelling the sum of sweat-shop misery. While the number distributed\nis small compared with the steady inflow (5,525 sent out in 1903, while\n43,000 settled in New York), the work bids fair to make itself felt, and\nshows an appreciation by the Jews already here of the situation and the\nnecessity of changing it, for the sake both of the immigrants and the\ncountry. Industrial removal is now known wherever Jews are found, and\nall that is possible is being done to stimulate artificial distribution\nas the remedy for the worst evils of unassimilated and congested\nimmigration.[45] There are also German, Scandinavian and other\nsocieties, benevolent and protective, which aid in distribution.\n\n[Sidenote: A Chief Obstacle]\n\nThe principal difficulty with the distribution scheme, so far as most of\nthe present-day immigrants are concerned, is that with the exception of\nthe Italians they are not fitted for agriculture, while it is the farms\nthat most need workers. Another difficulty[46] is that the authorities\nof the various states object to receiving shipments of immigrants from\nthe city tenement districts, regarding them as decidedly undesirable\nadditions to the population. The United States Immigration\nInvestigating Commission asked the governors of the different states\nwhat nationalities of immigrants they desired, and in only two cases was\nany desire expressed for Slavs, Latins, Jews, or Asiatics, and these two\nrelated to Italian farmers with money, intending to become permanent\nsettlers. The officials protest against the shipment of southern and\neastern Europeans from the city slums into the states. Care must be\ntaken, too, that the immigrants do not settle in country colonies, which\nwould render them almost as difficult of Americanization as though they\nwere colonized in the city.\n\n[Sidenote: What the South is Doing]\n\nThe New South is already giving object lessons to the country at large\nin the successful attraction and utilization of the alien influx. The\nFour States Immigration League, composed of representatives of business\norganizations in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, was\norganized in 1903 to secure desirable immigrants for those states. \"It\nwas keenly realized,\" observed the Chattanooga Times, \"that of the\nenormous inflow from the old country, the number seeking homes in the\nSouth was ridiculously small and out of all proportion to the importance\nof the country and the inducements our productive fields hold out to\nhome seekers.\" An Immigration Bureau has been established in\nChattanooga, and South Carolina and other states have organized active\ndepartments of agriculture and immigration.\n\n[Illustration: Born in Ireland--Resident in the United States 1900\n\nThe small dots grouped about N.Y. City, include, also, the totals of\nConn. and N.J.--Chart Boston: of Mass. and R.I.\n\nReproduced by special permission of \"The World's Work.\" Copyright\n1909.]\n\n[Illustration: Born in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium,\nLuxembourg. Resident in the U.S. 1900\n\nReproduced by special permission from \"The World's Work.\" Copyright\n1903.]\n\nThe leading railway lines promise active cooeperation, as their interests\nlie positively in this direction. Some, indeed, have actively engaged in\nthe work of securing distribution.\n\n[Sidenote: New Zealand Plan]\n\nThe suggestion is a good one that we might study with profit, in this\nconnection, the methods of New Zealand.[47] There the established\nDepartment of Labor has regarded as \"its vital duty the practical task\nof finding where labor was wanted and depositing there the labor running\nelsewhere to waste.\" To this end a widely extended system of agencies is\nmaintained for bringing workers and work together, the unemployed are\nscattered through the colony, and charity is refused. The experience\nthere shows that city people and men of trades have been successful as\nfarmers and farm workers. Mr. Lord says: \"It may be a novel function of\ngovernment to undertake the distributing of labor, but it is none the\nless more rational than an edict of exclusion would be, or the tolerance\nof congestion and slums now is.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Information Before Embarking]\n\nOne thing that government can do is to make sure that intending\nimmigrants are fully informed, in their own countries, before they\nstart, concerning the laws of the United States, the conditions of the\nvarious sections, the advantages and drawbacks, the demand for labor and\nof what kind. An official bureau of correspondence and information would\nhelp check undesirable immigrants from coming, and distribute desirable\nones when they do come.\n\n[Sidenote: Looking on the Bright Side]\n\nWhile the question of distribution has only recently been taken up in\nearnest, its importance is now realized, and there is every reason to\nbelieve that it will receive henceforth large attention, and that wise\nmeasures will be vigorously pushed. Remedied congestion will mean\nincreased assimilation and decreased danger. As we review the situation,\nwhile there is much in it that requires serious consideration and wise\naction, we agree heartily with these words of Dr. Charles L. Thompson:\n\n[Sidenote: Not Bars but Guides]\n\n\"There is no need of becoming pessimistic. Above all we should not go\nback on the history of our Country. We have grown great by assimilation.\nLet us have a dignified confidence in the power of our institutions and\nof our Christianity to continue the process which has developed the\nstrength of the Republic. If we are true to our principles we will be\nequal to any strain that may be put upon them. Only let us see to it\nthat our principles--both civic and religious--are at work in full vigor\non the questions which the floodtide of immigration raises. What we need\nis not more bars to keep foreigners out but more laborers to work with\nthem and teach them how to gather the harvest of American and Christian\nliberty.\"[48]\n\n\nQUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER III\n\nAIM: TO STUDY THE PROBLEMS OF LEGISLATION AND DISTRIBUTION REGARDING\nALIENS\n\nI. _The Opinions of Capable Observers Regarding Legislation_.\n\n     1. Give the names and opinions of some who favor restriction of\n     immigration. Of some who are opposed. With which do you agree?\n\n     2. The Immigration Conference of 1905: What was it? What did it\n     recommend?\n\n     3. As to free admission: What are the rights of the government? Of\n     the individual?\n\n     4. What does President Roosevelt recommend?\n\n\nII. _Proposed Legislation_.\n\n\n     5. What abuses specially need to be corrected?\n\n     6. Name the chief provisions of the \"Gardner Bill,\" before Congress\n     in 1906.\n\n     7. * Give reasons for and against a reading test. Would you have\n     voted for it or against?\n\n     8. Describe and give your opinion of other proposed methods of\n     restricting immigration.\n\n     9. Would it be possible to sift immigrants before they leave\n     Europe?\n\n\nIII. _Distribution._\n\n\n     10. How much can be done toward a wider distribution of the stream\n     of immigrants?\n\n     11. Where do the larger numbers now settle? In what cities? What\n     states?\n\n     12. What Societies are helping them to find better locations?\n\n     13. What special efforts are being made by some Southern states?\n\n     14. How does New Zealand deal with this question? Can we copy that\n     plan?\n\n     15. * What spirit is needed in dealing with the whole problem?\n\n     16. Can you tell of any special endeavors to bring about better\n     control or direction of immigration?\n\n\nREFERENCES FOR ADVANCED STUDY.--CHAPTER III\n\n    I. _Further Study of Opinions of United States Immigration\n    Officials._\n\n    See Commissioner-General's Annual Report, furnished free from\n    Washington upon application to the \"Commissioner of Immigration.\"\n    Report of 1902, pp. 59, 60. Report of 1904, pp. 37-47, 123-136.\n    Report of 1904, pp. 61-70. Report of 1905, pp. 58, 75-78.\n\n    II. _Provisions and Fate of Legislation of 1906 Proposed in\n    Congress._\n\n    Text of \"Gardner Bill\" and Journal of the House for June 25, 1906,\n    can be secured by writing to Washington.\n\n    III. _Evils of Undistributed Immigration._\n\n\n    Warne: The Slav Invasion, IV, V.\n    Hunter: Poverty, VI.\n    Lord, et al: The Italian in America, IV, X.\n\n\n    IV. _Efforts to Secure Wider Distribution of Immigrants._\n\n\n    Hall: Immigration, XIII.\n    Lord, et al: The Italian in America, VII, IX.\n\n\n    _To know anything about the actual character of recent and present\n    immigration, we must distinguish the many and very diverse elements\n    of which it is composed._--Samuel McLanahan.\n\n\n\n\nIV\n\nTHE NEW IMMIGRATION\n\n\nThe world never before saw anything comparable to this tremendous\nmovement of people in so short a space of time. The population Europe\nhas lost in a hundred years is greater than the total number of\ninhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland in 1860, and only a little less\nthan that of the United States in the same year. It is equal to three\nfifths of the total population of Europe in the time of Augustus Caesar.\nIf the ships carried five hundred passengers on the average, about fifty\nthousand trips have been made in the transfer.\n\nEmphatically too many people are now coming over here; too many of an\nundesirable sort. In 1902 over seven tenths were from races who do not\nrapidly assimilate with the customs and institutions of this\ncountry.--_Prescott F. Hall._\n\nThere are two classes who would pass upon the immigration question. One\nsays, \"Close the doors and let in nobody;\" and the other says, \"Open\nwide the doors and let in everybody.\" I am in sympathy with neither of\nthese classes. There is a happy middle path--a path of discernment and\njudgment.--_Commissioner Robert Watchorn of New York._\n\nJust as a body cannot with safety accept nourishment any faster than it\nis capable of assimilating it, so a state cannot accept an excessive\ninflux of people without serious injury.--_H. H. Boyesen._\n\nIt seems to me our only concern about immigration should be as to its\ncharacter. We do not want Europe's criminals or paupers. The time to\nmake selection is in Europe, prior to embarkation.--_United States\nSenator Hansbrough._\n\n\n\n\nIV\n\nTHE NEW IMMIGRATION\n\n\n_I. New Peoples and New Problems_\n\n[Sidenote: Change of Racial Type]\n\nSo great has been the change in the racial character of immigration\nwithin the last ten years that the term \"new immigration\" has been used\nto distinguish the present prevailing type from that of former years. By\nnew immigration we mean broadly all the aliens from southeastern\nEurope--the Italians, Hungarians, Slavs, Hebrews, Greeks, and\nSyrians--as distinguished from the northwestern Europeans--the English,\nScotch, Welsh, Irish, French, Germans, and Scandinavians. The ethnic\nauthorities at Washington make the following racial division, which is\nused in the official reports:\n\n[Sidenote: Race Classification]\n\n\"Ninety-five per cent. of the immigration to this country comes from\nEurope. Most of these different races or peoples, or more properly\nsubdivisions of race, coming from Europe have been grouped into four\ngrand divisions, as follows:\n\n     \"Teutonic division, from northern Europe: German, Scandinavian,\n     English, Dutch, Flemish, and Finnish.\n\n     \"Iberic division, from southern Europe: South Italian, Greek,\n     Portuguese, and Spanish: also Syrian from Turkey in Asia.\n\n     \"Celtic division, from western Europe; Irish, Welsh, Scotch,\n     French, and North Italian.\n\n     \"Slavic division, from eastern Europe: Bohemian, Moravian,\n     Bulgarian, Servian, Montenegrin, Croatian, Slovenian, Dalmatian,\n     Bosnian, Herzegovinian, Hebrew, Lithuanian, Polish, Roumanian,\n     Russian, Ruthenian, and Slovak.\n\n     \"The Mongolic division has also been added, to include Chinese,\n     Japanese, Korean, East Indian, Pacific Islander, and Filipino.\n\n     \"Under 'all others' have been included Magyar, Turkish, Armenian,\n     African (black), and subdivisions native to the Western\n     Hemisphere.\"\n\n[Sidenote: The New Immigration]\n\nThis new immigration has been commonly regarded as either decidedly\nundesirable or at least distinctly less desirable than the Teutonic and\nCeltic, which for so many years practically had the field of America to\nitself. It has not been uncommon to group the Italians and Slavs, and\ndenominate them as the \"offscouring and refuse of Europe,\" now dumped\ninto America, which is described as a sort of world \"garbage bin.\"\nExtremists have drawn in gloomy colors the effects of this inrush of the\nworst and most illiterate and unassimilable elements of the Old World. A\ndistinct prejudice has undoubtedly been created against these later\ncomers.\n\n[Sidenote: Reasons for Adverse Opinion]\n\n[Illustration: CHANGES IN SOURCES OF IMMIGRATION WHICH HAVE CAUSED HEAVY\nINCREASE OF ILLITERACY\n\nThis chart shows what a mass of illiteracy is coming in from Italy,\nAustria-Hungary, and Russia. Only those above the age of fourteen are\ncounted as illiterates. The change in the source of immigration from\nnorthern and western Europe to southern and eastern Europe is\nresponsible for this radical change in the number of those who cannot\nread or write. Of the southern Italians who came in 1905, 56 per cent.\nwere illiterate; and of the Ruthenians, 63 per cent. Most of these\nilliterates will never learn to read, as they are beyond the school\nage.]\n\nThere is unquestionably some ground for the feeling that the new\nimmigration is in many respects less desirable than the older type.\nThese peoples come out of conditions of oppression and depression,\nilliteracy and poverty. Far more important than this, they have had no\ncontact with Anglo-Saxon ideas or government. They are consequently\nalmost wholly ignorant of American ideals and standards. There is a vast\ndifference between the common ideas of these immigrants and those from\nthe more enlightened and progressive northern nations. So there is in\nthe type of character and the customs and manners.\n\n[Sidenote: The Older Type of Immigration]\n\nWe are sufficiently familiar with the older type, and do not need here\nto dwell upon it. We know how large a part has been played in the\ndevelopment of our national material enterprises by the Germans, the\nEnglish and Irish, the Scotch and Welsh, the Swedes and Norwegians.\nMillions of them are among the loyal Americans of to-day. The Irish\noriginally came to perform the unskilled labor of America. Their women\nmade the domestics, and many of them still rule the American kitchen.\nBut the Irish men have moved up, into bosses and contractors, into the\nstores and trades and professions, and especially into politics, until\nthey practically run the cities and have a lion's share of the\ngovernmental positions. The Germans have always been among the best of\nour immigrant population in intelligence, thrift, and other qualities\nthat make the German nation strong and stable. They have Germanized us\nmore than we have Americanized them. The Scandinavians have with\nexcellent judgment distributed themselves and gone largely into\nagriculture. All these north of Europe peoples belong to a common\ninheritance of principles and ideas, and all have found it natural to\nassimilate into American life. America owes a large debt to them, as\nthey do to the land that has become their own by adoption.\n\n[Sidenote: Necessity of Discrimination]\n\nBut what can be said about this new immigration? First let us see how\ngreat the change in racial character has been, and then differentiate\nthese new races. It will not do to brand any race as a whole.\nDiscrimination is absolutely necessary if we are to deal with this\nsubject practically and justly. There are Italians and Italians, Slavs\nand Slavs, just as there are all sorts of Irish, Germans, and Americans.\nNo race has a monopoly of either virtue or vice. This table will help us\nto differentiate the millions of immigrants since 1820 as to race:\n\n  Netherlands         146,168\n  France              428,894\n  Switzerland         220,199\n  Denmark, Norway,\n    and Sweden      1,730,722\n  Italy             2,000,252\n  Japan                88,908\n  Germany           5,187,092\n  United Kingdom,\n    Great Britain\n    and Ireland     7,286,434\n  Russia            1,452,629\n  Countries not\n    specified       2,130,756\n  China               288,398\n\n[Sidenote: A Remarkable Shifting]\n\nTo appreciate the significance of these figures, it must be remembered\nthat while the totals from the United Kingdom and Germany amount to\nnearly twelve and a half millions, or considerably more than one half of\nthe entire immigration down to 1905, the proportions have been rapidly\nchanging. The immigration from the United Kingdom, for example, reached\nits highest point in 1851, when the total was 272,740, predominantly\nfrom Ireland. The German immigration reached high mark in 1887, the\ntotal being 250,630. On the other hand, the immigration from Italy did\nnot reach 10,000 until 1880, and passed the 100,000 mark first in 1900.\nIn the past five years nearly a million Italians--or one half of the\nentire Italian immigration--have entered the country, and the number in\n1906 promises to exceed a quarter of a million more. The highest mark\nwas 233,546 in 1903; but even this did not equal the birth-rate in\nItaly. In Hungary and Russia, also, the birth-rate is greater than the\nimmense drain of immigration, so that this stream will continue to flow\nand increase, unless some check is put upon it, or some legislative dam\nbuilt. The immigration from Russia, consisting chiefly of Jews, did not\nbecome appreciable until 1887, when it reached 30,766. It passed 100,000\nin 1902; and from 1900 to 1905 the total arrivals were 748,522, or just\nabout one half the entire number of Jews in the United States. The same\nis true of the Hungarian and Slav immigration. Its prominence has come\nsince 1890.\n\n[Sidenote: The Inferior Checks the Superior]\n\nThe point of importance to be considered is that as the immigration from\nsoutheastern Europe has increased, that from northwestern Europe has\ndecreased. In 1869 not one per cent. of the total immigration came from\nAustria-Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Russia, while in 1902 the percentage\nwas over seventy. In 1869 nearly three quarters of the total immigration\ncame from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Scandinavia; in 1902\nonly one fifth was from those countries. The proportion has held nearly\nthe same since.\n\n[Sidenote: Change in Source]\n\nThe change is indicated most plainly in this table, which compares the\ntotal immigration of certain nationalities for the period 1821 to 1902\nwith that for the year 1903:\n\n                               1821 to 1902            1903\n  Country                    Number   Per cent     Number  Per cent\n\n  Austria-Hungary            1,316,914   6.5       206,011  24.00\n  England, Wales             2,730,037  13.4        26,219   3.1\n  Germany                    5,098,005  25.0        40,086   4.7\n  Ireland                    3,944,269  19.3        35,300   4.1\n  Italy                      1,358,507   6.7       230,622  26.9\n  Norway, Sweden             1,334,931   6.5        70,489   8.2\n  Russia, Poland             1,106,362   5.4       136,093  15.9\n\nThis table shows not only the nations which have added chiefly to our\npopulation in the past, and which are adding to-day, but how the\npercentage of each has varied in the period before 1903 compared with\n1903. Mr. Hall says: \"If the same proportions had obtained in the\nearlier period as during the later how different might our country and\nits institutions now be!\"\n\n[Sidenote: The Problem of Diverse Race Stocks]\n\nThis brings up the question of type, of character, and of homogeneity.\nThe new immigration introduces new problems. The older immigration,\nbefore 1870, was chiefly composed of races kindred in habits,\ninstitutions, and traditions to the original colonist.[49] To-day we\nface decidedly different conditions. At the same time study of these\ncomparatively unknown races will bring us many surprises, and knowledge\nof the facts is the only remedy for prejudice and the only basis for\nconstructive Christian work. We must know something, moreover, of the\nOld World environment before we can judge of the probable development of\nthese peoples in America, or learn the way of readiest access to them.\nFor they will not become Americanized unless they are in some way\nreached by Americans; and they will never be reached until they are\nunderstood.\n\n\n_II. The Italians_\n\n[Sidenote: Extremes of Opinion]\n\nIn our more detailed study of the new immigration we take first the\nItalians, who are seen wherever one turns in our cities, and are perhaps\nthe most conspicuous of the immigrants. Here we come at once upon two\nextremes of opinion. One extreme finds little or nothing that is\nfavorable to the Italians, who are classed all together and judged in\nthe light of the Mafia, or \"black hand,\" ready for all deeds of\ndarkness. The other lauds these aliens so highly that an Italian\nhimself said to the writer, referring to a recent book about his people\nin America:[50] \"I suppose I ought to be glad to have us all made out to\nbe saints, but I am afraid there is another side to the story.\" We shall\nhope to find the truth between these extremes. This has to be admitted,\non the start, that in most cases those who have most to do with the\nItalians, of whatever class, become warmly interested in them, and\nbelieve both in their ability and in their adaptability to American\nlife.\n\n[Sidenote: A Gifted Race]\n\nWhen so keen a writer as Emil Reich, in discussing \"The Future of the\nLatin Races,\" in the _Contemporary Review_, says, \"there can be little\ndoubt that the Italians are the most gifted nation in Europe,\" we see\nthat it is a mistake to class all Italians as alike and put them under\nthe ban of contempt as \"dagoes.\" They differ from one another almost as\nmuch as men can differ who are still of the same color, says a recent\nwriter.[51]\n\n[Sidenote: Marked Differences Between North and South]\n\nMost northern Italians are of the Alpine race and have short, broad\nskulls; southern Italians are of the Mediterranean race and have long,\nnarrow skulls. Between the two lies a broad strip of country, peopled by\nthose of mixed blood. In appearance the Italians may be anything from a\ntow-headed Teuton to a swarthy Arab. Varying with the district from\nwhich he comes, in manner he may be rough and boisterous; suave,\nfluent, and gesticulative; or grave and silent. These differences extend\nto the very essentials of life. The provinces of Italy are radically\nunlike, not only in dress, cookery, and customs, but in character,\nthought, and speech. A distinct change of dialect is often found in a\nmorning's walk. An ignorant Valtellinese from the mountains of the\nnorth, and an ignorant Neapolitan have as yet no means of understanding\neach other; and what is yet more remarkable, the speech of the\nunschooled peasant of Genoa is unintelligible to his fellow of Piedmont,\nwho lives less than one hundred miles away.\n\n[Sidenote: Different Environment]\n\nThe northern Italian is the result of a superior environment. His\nsection is more prosperous, intelligent, orderly, and modern. The\nindustrially progressive, democratic north presents a striking contrast\nto the industrially stagnant, feudal south. The northern division is\nfull of the spirit of the new Italy, and its people are less prone to\nleave home. Central Italy, too, is making steady advances in agriculture\nand education, and the peasant farmer is a stay-at-home. In southern\nItaly agriculture is practically the sole reliance of the people, the\nlot of the day laborers is wretched, and the failure of a wheat crop is\nas disastrous as the potato famine in Ireland was to the Irish in 1847.\nUnited Italy is undoubtedly making progress in education and industry,\nthe standards of living are rising, and the money sent or carried back\nto Italy from America has helped to some degree in this advancement.\nReligiously, of course, the domination of the Roman Catholic Church\ncontinues over all Italy, and in illiteracy as in other respects Italy\nis an example of what this ecclesiastical rule means where it has power\nover the people sufficient to enable it to work its will.\n\n[Sidenote: Common Poverty of the Peasants]\n\nIn view of these facts regarding the home environment and difference in\npeoples, it will not do, evidently, to use sweeping generalizations, or\nto regard the organ-grinder and fruit-peddler as the representatives of\nItaly in America. We receive all grades, from cultured professionals to\nilliterate peasants, though mainly, of course, the peasant class. The\none common feature of the Italian provinces is the poverty produced by\nthe crushing taxes and agricultural depression. Absentee landlordism has\nblighted southern Italy as it has Ireland. Yet with great tracts of\nfertile soil thus held away from the people, and with no new territory\nto cultivate, the population of Italy has increased within twenty years\nfrom twenty-eight and a half to thirty-two and a half millions, an\naverage density of 301 per square mile, and the excess of births over\ndeaths amounts to nearly 350,000 a year. Hence the question with the\npeople in overcrowded districts is simply emigration or starvation. The\nsouthern Italian is driven from home by necessity to work, and work is\nto be found in America, so he comes. His labor is mostly unskilled, and\nthis is in demand here. The result is that almost eighty per cent. of\nthe Italian immigrants are males; over eighty per cent. are between\nfourteen and forty-five, the working age; over eighty per cent. are from\nthe southern provinces, and nearly the same percentage are unskilled\nlaborers, and a large majority of these are illiterates. The eighty per\ncent. of \"human capital of fresh, strong young men\" is Italy's\ncontribution to America, and is a force winning its way to recognition.\n\n[Sidenote: Figures of Italian Immigration]\n\nLet us note the growth of Italian immigration, its sources, and its\ndistribution. In the sixty years from 1820 to 1880 only 68,633 Italians\nmade their way to America, while during this period the total foreign\nimmigration was over ten millions. The census of 1890 gave the Italian\npopulation of the United States as only 182,580, and at that date not\nover a half million in all had come here. The rapid increase during\nrecent years is shown in the following table:\n\n  IMMIGRATION FROM ITALY TO THE UNITED STATES\n\n  1890              52,003     1898                58,613\n  1891              76,055     1899                77,419\n  1892              61,631     1900               100,135\n  1893              72,145     1901               135,996\n  1894              42,977     1902               178,375\n  1895              35,427     1903               230,622\n  1896              68,060     1904               193,296\n  1897              59,431     1905               221,479\n\n[Sidenote: Remarkable Increase]\n\nThis shows how steady and remarkable the immigration has been since\n1900. In five years 959,768 Italians have come to this country. Surely\nit is worth our while to know more particularly the character of this\nmillion and their promise as an element in our civilization. Thousands\nof them are \"birds of passage\"--that is, they come and go, earning money\nhere and going back home to spend it and then returning to earn more;\nbut tens of thousands come to stay, and will play their part in shaping\nour future.\n\n[Sidenote: Distribution of Italians]\n\nThe distribution of the Italians is shown partially in the accompanying\ndiagram.[52] This, however, is based upon the Census of 1900, and does\nnot account for the million arrivals since 1900. The destination clause\nin the immigrant's manifesto gives light upon the matter of\ndistribution, although the incomer does not always get to the point\nnamed in his papers. From the official report for 1905 these results are\ndrawn:\n\n                         North    South\n  Locality              Italian  Italian Total\n\n  New York                9,733  81,572  91,305\n  New Jersey              1,272  11,494  12,766\n  Pennsylvania            7,554  43,078  50,632\n  Connecticut             1,626   5,835   7,461\n  Massachusetts           2,011  11,747  13,758\n  Rhode Island              196   2,422   2,618\n  Illinois                3,663   6,685  10,348\n  Ohio                      861   6,230   7,091\n  Michigan                1,330   1,649   2,979\n  West Virginia             421   2,987   3,408\n  Louisiana                 177   2,631   2,808\n  Missouri                  769   1,477   2,246\n  Mississippi               674     213     887\n  Eight Southern States     467   1,036   1,503\n  California              4,513   1,081   5,594\n  Colorado                  824     881   1,705\n\n[Sidenote: Largely in Cities]\n\nIt is interesting to note that at least one Italian immigrant was\ndestined to every state and territory. Of the total Italian population\nin this country in 1900, 62.4 per cent. was in the 160 principal cities,\nand nearly one half in New York alone. The percentage of Italians\nattracted to the cities is about the same as that of the Irish.\n\n[Sidenote: Italians and Irish Compared]\n\nAn interesting parallel, indeed, may be drawn between these races. The\nItalians to-day occupy largely the place occupied by the Irish of\nyesterday. The Irish came in the earlier years by reason of distressing\nconditions at home, forcing them to seek a living elsewhere; this is now\ntrue of the Italians. The Irish were chiefly peasants, unskilled\nlaborers and illiterate; so are the Italians. The Irish came mainly from\nagricultural sections and herded in the great cities; so do the\nItalians. The handy weapon of the Irish was the shillalah, that of the\nItalian is the stiletto. The Irish found ready employment by reason of\nthe demand for cheap unskilled labor created by the vast material\nenterprises of a swiftly developing country, with cities and towns and\nrailroads to build; this work is done by the Italians now, and they are\ncommonly conceded to be in many respects better at the job. Here is a\nsample of the kind of testimony frequently given concerning them as\nworkers:[53]\n\n[Sidenote: Good Workers]\n\n\"I have learned to be cautious in comparing races. I find good, bad,\nand indifferent people in all races. But I dissent from the current\nnotion that the southern Italian is so much inferior to the northern. As\na people there is more illiteracy among them; but when he goes to school\nthe southern Italian holds his own with the northern. Another fact of\npromise is that Italians have not lost the spirit of service. They are\ngood workmen. Not long since, asking a contractor who was building a\nsewer in the city why he had only Italians in his employ, he replied,\n'Because they are the best workmen, and there are enough of them. If an\nItalian down in that ditch has a shovelful of earth half way up when the\nwhistle blows for dinner, he will not drop it; he will throw it up; the\nIrishman and the French-Canadian will drop it. And when the lunch hour\nis over, when the clock strikes the Italian will be leaning on his\nshovel ready to go to work, but the Irishman will be out under that tree\nand he will be three minutes getting to his job, and three minutes each,\nfor 150 men, is not a small item. The Italian does not regard his\nemployer as his natural enemy. He has the spirit of kindly service.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Cheerful and Responsive]\n\nThe writer can confirm this from personal observation. The Italians are\ncheerful workers, and on hand ten to fifteen minutes before the hour to\nbegin work. They relish a kind word, and can give lessons in politeness\nto many an American-born. Ask anyone brought in contact with them and\nyou will get the same testimony.\n\n[Sidenote: Flower of the Peasantry]\n\nAccording to Adolfo Rossi, Supervisor of the Italian Immigration\nDepartment, who is deeply interested in the proper distribution and\nwelfare of his countrymen in America, these immigrants are the flower of\nthe laboring class of Italy. Economically they are doubtless of value at\nso many dollars per head. But of far more importance is the question,\nwhat are they in the social fabric? If, as some assert, the Italian race\nstock is inferior and degraded, if it will not assimilate naturally with\nthe American, or will tend to lower our standards, then it is\nundesirable, even though the immigrant had a bank account in addition to\nhis sturdy body. The further one investigates the subject, the less\nlikely is he to conclude that the Italian is to be adjudged undesirable,\nas a race. He must be judged individually on his merits.\n\n[Sidenote: Demand for Unskilled Labor]\n\nMr. Carr draws a decidedly favorable picture of the Italians, whether\nfrom north or south. He says that immediate work and high wages, and not\na love for the tenement, create our \"Little Italies.\" The great\nenterprises in progress in and about the city, the subway, tunnels,\nwater-works, railroad construction, as well as the ordinary building\noperations, call for a vast army of laborers. It is the educated Italian\nimmigrant without a manual trade who fails in America. The illiterate\nlaborer takes no chances. The migratory laborer--for more than 98,000\nItalians went back to Italy in 1903, and 134,000 in 1904--confers an\nindustrial blessing by his very mobility. Then, in his opinion, there is\nsomething to be said for the illiterates who remain here. They are never\nanarchists; they are guiltless of the so-called \"black hand\" letters.\nThe individual laborer is, in fact, rarely anything but a gentle and\noften a rather dull drudge. More than this, our school system deprives\nus of unskilled laborers. The gangs that dig sewers and subways and\nbuild railways are recruited from the illiterate or nearly so, and for\nour supply of the lower grades of labor we must depend upon countries\nwith a poorer school system than ours.\n\n[Sidenote: Favorable Comparison]\n\n[Sidenote: Italians Not Beggars]\n\nConcerning the charge that the Italian is a degenerate, lazy and a\npauper, half a criminal, a menace to our civilization, it is shown that\nin New York the Italians number about 450,000, the Irish over 300,000.\nIn males the Italians outnumber the Irish two to one. Consider these\nfacts: In 1904 one thousand five hundred and sixty-four Irish, and only\nsixteen Italians, were admitted to the almshouse on Blackwell's\nIsland.[54] Mr. James Forbes, chief of the Mendicancy Department of the\nCharity Organization Society, says he has never seen or heard of an\nItalian tramp. In reply to this, those who dislike the Italians say that\ntheir cheap labor has made tramps of many who would otherwise be\nemployed. As for begging, between July 1, 1904, and September 30, 1905,\nthe Mendicancy Police in New York took into custody 519 Irish and only\n92 Italians. This table will be found interesting:\n\n\n  NATIVITY OF PERSONS ADMITTED TO ALMSHOUSE (NEW YORK) IN\n  1900\n\n                                                Male  Female  Total\n\n  United States                                 355    199     554\n  Ireland                                       808    809   1,617\n  England and Wales                             111     87     198\n  Scotland                                       25     14      39\n  France                                         19      2      21\n  Germany                                       290     84     374\n  Norway, Sweden and Denmark                     22      6      28\n  Italy                                          15      4      19\n  Other Countries                                50     36      86\n                                              -----  -----   -----\n                                              1,695  1,241   2,936\n\nThis ought to correct some ideas as to where the pauperism comes from.\nCertainly the Italians are not to be charged with it. Conditions in\nBoston show equally well for the Italians. The proportions for the whole\ncountry also give them a remarkably low degree as compared with other\nraces.\n\n[Sidenote: Few Insane]\n\nAs to insanity, the figures tell their own story: In the charitable\ninstitutions of the country, there were of the insane: Irish, 5,943;\nGermans, 4,408; English, 1,822; Scandinavians, 1,985; and Italians, 718.\nAs shown by the analysis of the Bureau of Immigration, the proportion of\nIrish in the charitable institutions is 30 per cent., of Germans 19, of\nEnglish 8.5, while the Italians and Hebrews are each 8 per cent.\n\n[Sidenote: Criminal Record]\n\nThe important point of crime remains to be considered. Here the Italian\nis commonly rated very high, by reason of the violent and conspicuous\nnature of most of his crimes, which are against the person. We hear of\nthe brutal murders, the threats of the Mafia, the secret assassinations,\nand frequent sanguinary stiletto affrays, and are apt to regard the\nwhole race as quarrelsome and murderous. The facts do not bear out this\nopinion. Here again they appear rather to the disadvantage of the older\ntype of immigrant. The United States Industrial Commission on\nImmigration shows, by its statistical report,[55] that \"taking the\nUnited States as a whole, the whites of foreign birth are a trifle less\ncriminal than the total number of whites of native birth.\" This report\nfurther says: \"Taking the inmates of all penal and charitable\ninstitutions, we find that the highest ratio is shown by the Irish,\nwhose proportion is more than double the average for the foreign-born,\namounting to no less than 16,624 to the million.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Italians Temperate]\n\nBy far the greatest proportion of crime is caused by intemperance, and\nhere the Italians are at a decided advantage, for they are among the\nleast intemperate of the foreign peoples, and far less so than the\naverage native-born. Arrests for drunkenness are exceedingly rare among\nthem, and a drunken Italian woman is as rare as one of immoral\ncharacter. While in Massachusetts three in a hundred of the northern\nraces, including the Scotch, Irish, English, and Germans, were arrested\nfor intemperance in a given year, only three in a thousand of the\nItalians were arrested on this charge. In these respects the race is\ndeserving of great commendation, especially in face of the tenement\nconditions into which most of the newcomers are thrust. If they become\nworse in America than they were when they came, we ought to take heed to\nthe sins of greed, and not put all the blame on the aliens.\n\n[Sidenote: Crimes of Assault]\n\nIn crimes against the person the Italians are at their worst, but the\naffrays with knives and pistols are confined mostly to their own\nnationality, and grow out of jealousy or rivalry or resentment at\nfancied injuries. \"There are, no doubt,\" says Dr. S. J. Barrows,[56]\n\"murders of sheer brutality, or those committed in the course of\nrobbery. There are known instances also of blackmail and dastardly\nassassination by individuals or bands of ruffians. But such outrages are\nutterly at variance with the known disposition of the great mass of the\nItalians in this country. There are vile men in every nationality, and\nit does not appear by any substantial evidence that the Italian is\npeculiarly burdened, though it has been unwarrantably reproached through\nignorance or prejudice.\" This is the opinion of an expert in\ncriminology, who has traveled extensively in Italy and knows the people\non both sides of the sea.\n\n[Sidenote: Italians not all Unskilled]\n\nIt is a fact of importance that the great majority of the Italian\nimmigrants, while classed as unskilled, have had some experience in\nfarming or gardening or home industries of some kind. There is a larger\npercentage of skilled labor than is commonly supposed, and the list is\ninteresting. The Annual Report on Immigration for 1905, for example,\ngives the distribution by occupation, from which we take some of the\nleading classes:\n\n  PROFESSIONS, TRADES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE ITALIANS\n  ADMITTED IN 1905\n\n                        North South                        North South\n  Occupation            Italy Italy                        Italy Italy\n\n  Architects              10    10  Carpenters and cabinet\n  Clergy                  52    69    makers                367  1,857\n  Editors                  9     6  Dressmakers             161    615\n  Electricians            24    20  Gardeners                30    165\n  Engineers, professional 20    24  Masons                1,374  3,161\n  Lawyers                 12    25  Miners                1,843    492\n  Literary and scientific           Shoemakers              287  4,004\n    persons               19    15  Stonecutters            409    567\n  Musicians               38   240  Tailors                 239  2,591\n  Physicians              34    72  Farm laborers         6,181 60,529\n  Sculptors and artists  116    52  Farmers               1,397  4,814\n  Teachers                31    45  Manufacturers            14     32\n  Bakers                 201   571  Merchants and dealers   557  1,415\n  Barbers                 82 1,718  Servants              2,752  8,669\n  Blacksmiths            168   909  Laborers             14,291 56,040\n  Butchers                65   278  No occupation, including\n                                      children under 14   7,632 32,115\n\n[Sidenote: Tendency to Advance]\n\n[Sidenote: Desire for Education]\n\nIt will be seen that not all the Italians who come are mere hewers of\nwood and drawers of water; while there is a distinct tendency on the\npart of those who begin at the bottom of drudgery, in the subways of\nAmerican civilization, to advance. The desire for education and\nbetterment is as manifest as it is hopeful. No parents are more\nambitious for their children, or more devotedly attached to them, than\nare the Italian immigrants who have brought over their families, and no\nchildren in our schools are brighter or more attentive. There is good\nblood in the Italian strain. They are an art and music-loving people,\nand in this respect the southern Italians take the lead. They come from\na land of beauty and fame, song and sunshine, and bring a sunny\ntemperament not easily soured by hardship or disappointment. Otherwise\nthe tenement and labor-camp experiences in America would soon spoil\nthem. With the exception of the money they earn, the change has been for\nthe worse.\n\n[Sidenote: Amazing Thrift]\n\nThe thrift of the Italians is proverbial. To earn and save money they\nwill live in conditions unsanitary, unhealthy, and degrading. It is not\nbecause they love dirt and degradation, but that they want money so much\nthat they will put up with anything to get it. They can live and save a\nbit where an American family would starve. They have fairly monopolized\nfor a time certain lines into which they entered--as the small fruit\ntrade, the bootblacking business, and other pursuits. It is said that\nthey have made the Americans a fruit-eating people. Supplanted in the\nstreet-vending of fruit by the Greek, the Italian has gone into business\nin earnest, and you find the small fruit stands everywhere, with always\na good stock, and by no means a low price. As barbers and tailors, too,\nthe Italians are becoming known. They have a passion for land, and\nacquire property rapidly. Take the increase of their real estate\nholdings in New York as an example. Mr. G. Tuoti, a representative\nItalian operator in real estate, says that twenty years ago there was\nnot a single Italian owner of real estate in the districts where such\nowners now predominate. He has a list of more than 800 landowners of\nItalian descent, whose aggregate holdings in New York are approximately\n$15,000,000.[57]\n\n[Illustration: Born in Italy, France, Portugal, Spain, Greece--Resident\nin the United States 1900\n\nReproduced by special permission from \"The Worker's\nWorld.\" Copyright 1903.]\n\n[Sidenote: Property Holdings]\n\nAs to Italian savings and investments in the same city, Mr. Gino C.\nSperanza, vice-president of the Society for Italian Immigrants, finds on\ncomputation the Italian investments in the city savings-banks to total\nmore than $15,000,000. He puts the real estate holdings at 4,000, of the\nclear value of $20,000,000. He estimates that 10,000 stores in the city\nare owned by Italians, and sets their value at $7,000,000, with a\nfurther investment of as much more in wholesale business. He makes the\ntotal material value of the property of the Italian colony in New York\nto be over $60,000,000, and says this value is relatively below that of\nthe Italian possessions in Saint Louis, Boston, and Chicago. The Italian\nChamber of Commerce has over two hundred members, and has done much to\npromote the interests of the immigrants. There is one distinctively\nItalian Savings Bank, with an aggregate of deposits approximating\n$1,100,000, and about 7,000 open accounts. Sixteen daily and weekly\nItalian newspapers in New York alone indicate that the people are\nreading, and that not all are illiterates by any means. The Italian\nHospital, the Italian Benevolent Institute, and over 150 Italian\nsocieties for mutual aid and social improvement--all this in New\nYork--indicate a degree of enterprise and progress. In the smaller\ncities the condition of the Italians is in many respects much better\nthan in the great centers, since the tenement evils are escaped. The\nreports from such cities as Bridgeport, Connecticut, and Schenectady,\nNew York, are most favorable as to the general character of the Italians\nas faithful workers and peaceful residents.\n\n[Sidenote: Increasing Land Values]\n\nIn the cities and on the small farms of the South and West the\nprosperity of the Italians is marked. They take unproductive land and\nmake it fertile soil for truck-gardening, and have increased the value\nof surrounding lands in Louisiana and other states by showing what can\nbe done. If they can be distributed properly, and gotten out of the\ncongested city wards, there is unquestionably a future of prosperity for\nthem. A Texas colony described by Signor Rossi, who recently\ninvestigated conditions with view to securing a better distribution by\ninforming intending emigrants as to the openings for them in\nagricultural sections, illustrates the success of the Italians as\ngardeners and farmers.\n\n[Sidenote: Successful Truck Farmers]\n\nIn the neighborhood of San Francisco Italians have cultivated about 250\ntruck farms. They \"obtain the manure from the city stables gratis, and\ntransform into fertile farms the original sand dunes.\" Nearly all our\ncities where Italians have settled are receiving vegetables and fruit as\nthe product of Italian labor, and the Italian is first in the market.\nThey are found on Long Island and Staten Island, in New Jersey and\nDelaware, in Virginia, and in all the New England states. Near Memphis,\nTennessee, there is a large and noted colony of truck farmers, and they\nhave done much to remove the prejudice formerly existing against Italian\nlabor in the South.[58] In this connection we give hearty second to the\nstatesmanlike proposition made by a Christian worker who has been\nbrought into close touch with the Italians and other foreign peoples in\nBrooklyn:[59]\n\n[Sidenote: A Good Proposition]\n\n\"Pure philanthropy could not find a better field for the investment of a\nfew hundred thousand dollars than in the organization of farm and\ngarden colonies a few miles out from our great city. On Long Island\nthere are many thousands of acres of light, arable land perfectly\nadapted to the raising of small fruits and garden products. Irrigation\nplants could be provided at moderate cost, insuring generous crops. The\nItalian is prepared by nature, and by training in his own home land, for\nthe cultivation of the soil. In a small way he has demonstrated his\nability in the land of his adoption to do the very things here\nsuggested. What he needs is a fair chance.\n\n[Sidenote: Strong Guiding Hand Needed]\n\n[Sidenote: The Crucial Point]\n\n\"What is needed is the guiding hand of 'philanthropy and five per cent.'\nto lead out of the congested and squalid tenement districts thousands of\nthese poor yet industrious people who could make our deserts of Long\nIsland sand and scrub oak blossom as the rose. Let the modern method\nfind illustration here. Let our philanthropist choose for himself a\nboard of trustees to whom should be delegated the management of a\ngenerous fund toward the end proposed. Keen-minded and great-hearted\nbusiness men there are who would delight to give time and care to so\nworthy an object; and within five years a colony of 25,000 Italians\ncould be transported and translated from the ghettos and filthy, crowded\ntenement districts of our great city into God's open country, there to\nbe speedily transformed into industrious, self-supporting American\ncitizens. Having studied this problem for years, I believe it is\nentirely feasible. Brain and heart, time and talent, land and water,\nenlarging markets demanding produce, men, women, and children begging\nfor an opportunity to earn a decent living--all these are ready and\nwaiting for use and service. All that is lacking is an adequate supply\nof good money to set the enterprise in motion. We have millions invested\nat Coney Island, at Gravesend racing track, and at the new Belmont Park,\nto beguile and hypnotize the masses. God must have in his keeping\nsomewhere millions to uplift and redeem the masses. There is unspeakable\nneed that they be ministered unto in the spirit of the Master.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Opportunity of Wealth]\n\nThese are weighty and practical words, and some day Christian men of\nwealth will see the wisdom of them. How could American prosperity better\ninsure itself and all it represents for the future?\n\n[Sidenote: Favorable Conclusion]\n\nWhat, then, is the conclusion of our study? On the whole, decidedly\nfavorable to the Italian, while recognizing the vicious and undesirable\nelement that forms a comparatively small part of the whole. The Italian\nin general is approachable, receptive to American ideas, not criminal by\nnature more than other races, not difficult to adapt himself to new\nenvironment, and eager to earn and learn. He furnishes excellent raw\nmaterial for American citizenship, if he does not come too rapidly to be\nAmericanized. But what he will mean to America, for good or ill,\ndepends almost wholly upon what America does for and with and through\nhim. Thus far, there has been too much of prejudice and neglect. Better\nacquaintance is the first step toward the transformation of the Italian\nalien into the Italian-American.\n\n[Sidenote: Roman Catholic Testimony]\n\nAs for the religious side, here is testimony from a Roman Catholic\nsource. Mrs. Betts says:[60]\n\n\"The relation between the Roman Catholic Church and the mass of the\nItalians in this country is a source of grief. Reluctantly the writer\nhas to blame the ignorance and bigotry of the immigrant priests who set\nthemselves against American influence; men who too often lend themselves\nto the purposes of the ward heeler, the district leader in controlling\nthe people, who too often keep silence when the poor are the victims of\nthe shrewd Italians who have grown rich on the ignorance of their\ncountrymen. One man made $8,000 by supplying 1,000 laborers to a\nrailroad. He collected $5 from each man as a railroad fare, though\ntransportation was given by the road, and $3 from each man for the\nmaterial to build a house. The men supposed it was to be a home for\ntheir families. They found as a home the wretched shelters provided by\ncontractors, with which we are all familiar. This transaction, when\nknown, did not disturb the Church or social relations of the offender,\nbut it increased his political power, for it showed what he could do. He\nis recognized to-day as the Mayor of---- street; his influence is met\neverywhere.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Accessible to Evangelism]\n\nThere is no doubt that the Italians are accessible to evangelical\nChristianity. Thousands of them appreciate the true character of the\nChurch that tried to prevent Italian unity and liberty, and they are\npeculiarly open to the truths of democracy and the gospel. The home\nmissionary finds among them a fruitful field. Dr. Lee expresses the\nconclusions of many observers, and indicates also a gate of personal\nopportunity to serve, when he says, as a result of personal observation\nand effort:\n\n[Sidenote: Exceptionally Open-minded]\n\n\"Incident to the general recoil from the papal control, an enormous\nnumber of the Italians coming to this country are out of the old Church;\nthey are without religion, yet are in a way groping after one. As a\nconsequence the Italian is exceptionally open-minded. You can talk with\nhim. He is not suspicious--not apprehensive lest you mislead him. He may\nhave no respect for any kind of religion, but he is not afraid that you\nwill lure him into forbidden paths. He is beginning to think--a\nprivilege which he has been denied in the past. This open-mindedness is\nreadiness to accept the spirit and theories of American life; for\nopen-mindedness is an American characteristic.\"\n\nAnd open-mindedness toward the gospel is the vestibule to conversion.\n\n\nQUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER IV\n\nAIM: TO CONSIDER THE DESIRABILITY OF THE ITALIANS AS IMMIGRANTS, AND\nTHE OPPORTUNITY FOR CHRISTIAN WORK AMONG THEM.\n\nI. _Contrast the Old and New Immigration._\n\n     1. What is the New Immigration?\n\n     2. What has become of the earlier immigrants? Was their coming a\n     benefit to the United States?\n\n     3. Would your judgment concerning it have been the same when they\n     were coming?\n\n     4. What races have gained and what have lost in their respective\n     proportions?\n\n\nII. _The Italians._\n\n     5. What are the leading types at present? What are they likely to\n     be in the future?\n\n     6. Mention opposing opinions as to the Italians? Which seem to you\n     nearer the truth?\n\n     7. What differences are there between Italians from different parts\n     of Italy?\n\n     8. From what class come most of the Italians now arriving? Of what\n     sex? What age? What skill?\n\n     9. How has Italian immigration grown in numbers? How has it been\n     distributed?\n\n     10. What proportion go West and South? Are efforts being made to\n     attract them anywhere?\n\n\nIII. _Are the Italians a Desirable Class of Immigrants_?\n\n     11. How do they compare with the early Irish immigrants? With other\n     nationalities?\n\n     12. What is the record of Italians in this country; as to work,\n     citizenship, self-support, crime, temperance, thrift, care for\n     education, financial ability?\n\n     13. Have many Italians taken to farming? Do they succeed? What sort\n     of farming?\n\n     14. What efforts are being made to direct and distribute the\n     Italian immigrants?\n\n\nIV. _What is the Opportunity of the Christian Church Among Them_?\n\n     15. Do you know of any specific effort to uplift them through\n     Christian influences?\n\n     16. Does this chapter make you feel that the churches can do more\n     for them? How?\n\n\nREFERENCES FOR ADVANCED STUDY.--CHAPTER IV\n\n    I. _Further Study of Contrasts Between Different Types of Italians._\n\n    Lord, et al: The Italian in America, I, III, V.\n    Brandenburg: Imported Americans, IV, VI, XII.\n    Holt: Undistinguished Americans, III.\n\n\n    II. _Illiteracy Among the Northern and Southern Italians._\n\n    (1) Its bearing on their desirability as immigrants.\n    Brandenburg: Imported Americans, IV, XII, XX.\n    Hall: Immigration, 54-58, 80-83.\n\n    (2) Its relation to the probable effect of a reading\n    test for admission.\n\n    Lord, et al: The Italian in America, VIII, XI.\n    Hall: Immigration, 262-280.\n\n   (3) Its bearing on their accessibility to the gospel.\n\n   McLanahan: Our People of Foreign Speech, 69-74.\n   Wood: Americans in Process, IX.\n\n   III. _Location of Italians After Their Arrival and Length of Their\n   Stay._\n\n   Brandenburg: Imported Americans, II, XIX, XXII.\n   Lord, et al: The Italian in America, VI, VII, IX.\n\n   IV. _The Italians in New York City and State._\n\n   Benefits and dangers arising from their presence,\n   and efforts made to help them.\n   Riis: How the Other Half Lives, V, XXIV.\n   University Settlement Studies, Vol. I, Numbers\n   3 and 4, issue January, 1906.\n   Reports of the Society for Italian Immigrants, 17\n   Pearl Street, New York City.\n\n\n    _Yesterday the Slav was a pauper immigrant; to-day he is what the\n    English, Welsh, Irish, and German miner was a quarter of a century\n    ago--on the way to becoming an American citizen. What sort of a\n    citizen he will be will depend upon the influences brought to bear\n    upon him._--F. J. Warne.\n\n\n\n\nV\n\nTHE EASTERN INVASION\n\n\nMy people do not live in America. They live underneath America. America\ngoes on over their heads.--_Paul Tymkevich, a Ruthenian Priest._\n\n\"My people do not love America. Why should they, from what they see of\nit?\" This is the profoundly suggestive question of a Ruthenian\nGreek-Catholic priest, of Yonkers, N. Y., who says his people do not\ncome in contact with the better classes of Americans, but do come in\ncontact with everyone who hopes to exploit them.\n\nThe subject of immigration is the most far-reaching in importance of all\nthose with which this government has to deal. The history of the world\noffers no precedent for our guidance, since no such peaceful invasion of\nalien peoples has ever before occurred. It must have great and largely\nunforeseen effects upon our form of civilization, our social and\npolitical institutions, and, above all, upon the physical, mental, and\nmoral characteristics of our people. Can such a subject be considered\ntoo seriously or too minutely? I cannot think it possible. The danger\nlies in the opposite direction.--_F. P. Sargent._\n\nIt must not be forgotten that the Slav immigrants, and especially their\ndescendants, are impressionable and adaptable; that forces are at work\nwhich have already done much for them, and will do more. The results of\nthe public school are sure though slow. The full-grown individual must\nbe brought under the influence of a yet more powerful agency, one which\nmakes also for civilization and for Americanism in the best sense.--_F.\nJ. Warne._\n\n\n\n\nV\n\nTHE EASTERN INVASION\n\n\n[Sidenote: Mistaken Opinion]\n\nLeast known, least liked, and least assimilable of all the alien races\nmigrating to America are the Slavs. That expresses the general opinion,\nbased on ignorance and dislike. To the common view they seem to combine\nall the undesirable elements--low living, low intelligence, low\nmorality, low capacity, low everything, including wages--this explaining\nin large measure their presence. The very name Slav excites prejudice.\nIf an exclusion act of any kind were to be passed it would probably be\neasier to aim it at the Slavs than any other class of immigrants. We are\nnow to submit this common opinion to the test of investigation, and see\nwhether it is warranted in fact. Nowhere is discrimination based on\nknowledge more necessary than in dealing with this Slavic race division.\nFirst let us learn who the Slavs are. The following table shows this,\nand also how many of them entered our ports in 1905:\n\n  Poles                    102,437     Servians, Bulgarians, and\n  Slovaks                   52,368     Montenegrins               5,823\n  Croatians and Slovenians  35,104     Dalmatians, Bosnians, and\n  Lithuanians               18,604     Herzegovinians             2,639\n  Ruthenians                14,473     Bohemians and Moravians   11,757\n  Roumanians                 7,818     Russians proper            3,746\n  Magyars                   46,030     Russian Jews[61]          92,388\n\n[Sidenote: A Large Element in Europe]\n\nThe Slavs proper number about 125,000,000, or more than one twelfth of\nthe total population of the world. They have been concentrated, until\nthe recent migration began, in the eastern and larger part of Europe.\nThey make up the bulk of Russia, the great Slav power (numbering about\n70,000,000), and of the Balkan States, and form nearly half of the\npopulation of Austria-Hungary. The various Slavic languages and dialects\nare closely related but differ as do German and Swedish, so that the\ndifferent races cannot understand each other.[62]\n\n[Illustration: COUNTRIES FROM WHICH THE SLAVS COME]\n\n[Sidenote: The Slavs in the Mines]\n\nThe Slav immigration is of comparatively recent date. Before 1880 it was\nunnoticeable. A small number of Bohemians and Poles had come, settling\nin the larger cities. But suddenly the thousands began to pour in.\nDemand for cheap labor in the coal fields of Pennsylvania drew this\nclass, and presently the American, Canadian, English, Welsh, Irish,\nScotch, and German mine-workers found themselves being supplanted by the\nmen from Austria-Hungary and Russia--men who were mostly single and\nalone, who could live on little, eat any sort of food, wear any kind\nof clothes, and sleep in a hut or store-house, fourteen in a room. Of\ncourse the home of the English-speaking miner, with its carpet on the\nbest room, its pictures and comforts, had to go, as did the miner and\nhis wife and children, also the school and the church--for how could\nthese stay when the Slav, homeless and familyless, could bunk in with a\ncrowd anywhere, or build himself a hillside hut out of driftwood, and\nsubsist on from four to ten dollars a month. The one conspicuous thing\nabout the Slav was his ability to save money. Dr. Warne gives a graphic\nand pathetic picture of the struggle caused by the introduction of the\nSlavs into Pennsylvania, and his investigations may profitably be\nstudied.[63]\n\n[Sidenote: Slav domination]\n\nThe results in Pennsylvania thus far are the reverse of satisfactory.\nThe cheap labor has become dear in more senses than one. Where in 1880\nthe English-speaking foreign-born composed nearly ninety-four per cent.\nof the mine workers, in 1900 they were less than fifty-two per cent.,\nand to-day are much less still. The Slavs dominate in the mines. Strikes\nare not less frequent, but more difficult to control, and the necessity\nof frequent state control by militia, the riots and bloodshed, mark the\nfailure to Americanize this growing class of aliens. A striking\nillustration of non-assimilation and the attendant perils may be found\nin Pennsylvania. Fortunately all the Slavs do not go to the mines, and\nthose who follow agriculture or trades afford a pleasanter study. The\ncensus of 1900 gave a million and a quarter of foreign-born Slavs and\nthe number has been largely increased. In 1903 221,000 came, not\ncounting the 67,000 Russian and Roumanian Jews. Since these peoples are\nall prolific, with an oversupply at home, there is every prospect that\nimmigration will increase, unless some check is put upon it. The Slavs\nwill have to be reckoned with, most assuredly, as an element in our\ncivilization.\n\n[Illustration: SLAV DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES]\n\nThe maps here given, by the courtesy of _Charities_, show the sections\nfrom which the Slavs come and how they disperse in this country.\n\n[Sidenote: Chiefly Unskilled and Illiterate]\n\nAn analysis of the official statistics shows that, with the exception of\nthe Bohemians, these newest immigrants are mainly unskilled, illiterate\npeasants from country districts, and with little money in their pockets\nwhen they land. Of the Bohemians and Moravians forty-four per cent. are\nskilled laborers, and only 1.50 per cent. over fourteen are unable to\nread and write; but of the Poles eighty-five per cent. are unskilled,\nand thirty per cent. can neither read nor write; and this represents the\naverage. We are getting in an illiterate mass, therefore, and the amount\nof money they bring per capita averages about $10. But on this point a\nwriter says, speaking from a wide observation:[64]\n\n[Sidenote: A Hopeful View]\n\n\"This does not necessarily mean that they are undesirable immigrants.\nThe illiterate, unskilled immigrant may be, in fact, more desirable than\nthe better educated skilled laborer, or the still better educated\nprofessional or business man. There may be a great demand here for\nunskilled labor. Again, the moral qualities of the untaught but\nindustrious, simple-minded, unspoiled countryman may be far more\nwholesome for the communities to which he comes than those of the\neducated, town-bred, unsuccessful business or professional man, the\nmisfit skilled laborer, or the actual loafer and sharper of the cities,\nwho comes over here when home gets too hot for him. As to illiteracy,\nmoreover, the peasant is improving. The great mass of this unskilled\nlabor pushes directly through the great gateway of New York, where\nunfortunately so many other races stop. They go to the eastern, middle,\nand northern states, mainly into our coal and iron mines, and our steel\nmills, but also to the farming regions, where they work patiently and\nthriftily, first as farm laborers, then as owners of abandoned farming\nlands or cut-over timber lands, reclaiming and making them fertile to\nthe great advantage of the markets they supply.\"\n\nLet us now look at this conglomerate immigration a little more in\ndetail, and no longer class these peoples indiscriminately as \"barbarian\nHuns.\"\n\n\n_I. The Bohemians_\n\n[Sidenote: The Czechs and their History]\n\nWe may well begin with the Bohemians, who are among the most skilled,\nleast illiterate, and, to Protestants, most interesting of the Slavs. In\nstudying any group of \"strangers within our gates,\" it is necessary to\nknow its preemigration history. These people, who call themselves\nCzechs, are a principal branch of the Slav family and one of the large\nconstituents of the Austria-Hungarian empire, numbering 6,318,697 in\n1901. At home they are chiefly agriculturists. In 1900 there were in\nthis country 325,400 persons of Bohemian parentage, of whom 156,991 were\nborn in Bohemia. Since 1900 above 50,000 more have come. Three fourths\nof them all are in the north central states of the Mississippi Valley,\nwith Chicago as their great center. Cleveland has about 15,000, New York\nabout the same number; while in agriculture there are in round numbers\n16,000 in Nebraska, 14,000 in Wisconsin, 11,000 in Iowa, and 9,000 in\nTexas.\n\n[Sidenote: Stormy National Struggle]\n\nAs to their history in the old world, the Bohemians have had such a\nstormy national struggle, and the bitterness of it has so entered into\ntheir lives, that it is impossible rightly to judge them apart from it.\nIt has some instructive lessons for us. These are the conditions, as Mr.\nNan Mashek, himself a Bohemian, states them:[65]\n\n[Sidenote: John Huss and Jerome of Prague]\n\n\"For two hundred and fifty years they have been oppressed by a\npitilessly despotic rule. In the day of their independence, before 1620,\nthey were Protestants, and the most glorious and memorable events of\ntheir history are connected with their struggle for the faith. The\nhistory of their Church is the history of their nation, for on the one\nhand was Protestantism and independence, on the other, Catholicism and\npolitical subjection. For two centuries Bohemia was a bloody\nbattleground of Protestant reform. Under the spiritual and military\nleadership of such men as Jerome of Prague, John Huss, and Ziska, the\nBohemians fought their good fight and lost. After the battle of White\nMountains, in 1620, national independence was completely lost, and\nCatholicism was forcibly imposed upon the country. All Protestant\nBibles, books, and songs were burned, thus depriving the nation of a\nlarge and rich literature. Those who still clung to their faith publicly\nwere banished, their property becoming forfeited to the state. After 150\nyears, when Emperor Joseph II. of Austria gave back to the Protestants\nsome measure of their former freedom, many of the churches were\nreestablished; but Protestantism had lost much of its strength. The\npolitical revolution of 1848 led to new subjugation, and emigration was\nthe result. Large numbers left the country in quest of freedom, and some\nof these found their way to America.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Farmer Settlers in the West]\n\nThe first Bohemian settlers were of the most intelligent and more\nprosperous classes. They went West, chiefly to Wisconsin, where their\nfarms are among the finest in the state. In Kewaunee County they\nconstitute over one third of the population, or 6,000 out of 17,000.\nThey have developed into an excellent type of American citizenship, have\nlooked well after the education of their children, many of whom have\ngone to college, and are in every way progressive. Read thoughtfully\nwhat Mr. Mashek says:\n\n[Sidenote: Easy Assimilation Through Religion]\n\n\"In the country the assimilation of Bohemians is not a problem which\noffers difficulties. The public school is everywhere so potent an\nAmericanizer that it alone is adequate. There is, however, one other\ninfluence which if brought to bear, especially in the large communities,\nwould be helpful. _I refer to the Protestant faith._ For the most part\nBohemians conversant with their history as a people are naturally\nhostile to the Catholic Church, and when the restraints which held them\nin their own country are removed by emigration, many of the more\nenlightened quietly drop their allegiance, and, through lack of desire\nor opportunity, fail to ally themselves with any other. So strong is\nthis non-religious tendency among the Bohemians--especially in the\ncities--that it has resulted in active unbelief, and hostility to Church\ninfluence. _This spiritual isolation_, with its resultant social\nseparation, _is doing great harm in retarding assimilation_. Aside from\nthis matter of religion, the Bohemian falls into American customs with\nsurprising readiness.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Protestant Opportunity]\n\nThus a member of this race points out to Protestants their opportunity.\nHere is a people with inherited Protestant tendencies. They have been\ndriven in Bohemia by an enforced Roman Catholicism into antagonism to\nthe Church as they know it.\n\n[Sidenote: Freethinkers' Society]\n\nIn Chicago, where over 100,000 of them make of that city the third\nlargest Bohemian center in the world, they have a strongly organized\nFreethinkers' Society, with three hundred branches, which issues an\natheistic catechism, and has it taught in its numerous Sunday-schools,\nas they are called. But there are thousands who do not belong to this\ncult, and who are open to the gospel. The same is true of the Bohemians\nin New York, Cleveland, and elsewhere who have not advanced to the\nChicago infidel standpoint. Their character has not been well\nunderstood. They possess excellent qualities for the making of good\nAmericans. Christianity in pure and true form is all they need.\n\n[Sidenote: A Home-loving and Musical People]\n\nThe Bohemians are a home people, social, and fond of organizations of\nevery kind. Music is their passion, and their clubs, mutual benefit\nsocieties, and loan associations, successfully run, show large capacity\nfor management. They have forty-two papers, seven of them religious, two\nProtestant. Their freethinking is not all of it by any means of the\ndogmatic sort which has its catechism of atheism. There is another\nclass, represented by an old woman with a broad brow over which the\nsilvery hair is smoothly parted, who says to the missionary, \"I have my\nGod in my heart, I shall deal with him. I do not want any priest to step\nbetween us.\" That is the class which the gospel can reach and ought to\nreach speedily.\n\n[Sidenote: Where Located]\n\nAbout seventy-five per cent, of the Bohemians live in the northwest. In\nCleveland they have entered into various industries. In New York they\nare largely employed in cigar-making, at which the women and girls work\nunder conditions not calculated to inspire them with regard for God or\nman. The home life cannot be what it should when the mothers are\ncompelled to work in the factories, besides having all the home cares\nand work. The testimony of the tenement inspectors is that the Bohemians\nare perhaps the cleanest of the poor people in the city, and are\nstruggling heroically against the pitiful conditions of the\ntenement-houses in which they are compelled to exist.\n\n\n_II. The Poles_\n\n[Sidenote: A Large Element]\n\nThe Poles form one of the oldest and largest elements of the Slav\nimmigration. In 1900 the census gave 668,536 persons whose parents were\nborn in Poland, and of these 383,510 were themselves born there. Nearly\na quarter of a million of the latter came to this country between 1890\nand 1900, and in the five years following, 1900-5, about 350,000 more\narrived. A third of a million Poles now in America do not understand\nEnglish. The Polish strength is indicated by the Polish National\nAlliance, with 50,000 members, and by a list of fifty newspapers\npublished in the Polish tongue, four of them dailies, printed in\nChicago, Buffalo, and Milwaukee, the largest centers.\n\n[Illustration: Born in Russia, Poland, Bohemia, Hungary--Resident\nin the United States 1900\n\nReproduced by special permission from \"The World's Work\"\nCopyright, 1903.]\n\n[Sidenote: Religious Tolerance]\n\n\"The higher classes of Poland were touched by the pre-Reformation\nmovement of Huss at Prague, where they were generally educated.\nReformation ideas did not gain as great currency as in Bohemia, but both\nCalvin and Luther were interested in their progress in Poland. A Jesuit\nauthority complained that two thousand Romanist churches had become\nProtestant. A Union Synod was formed and consensus of doctrine adopted.\nPoland is described as the most tolerant country of Europe in the\nsixteenth century. It became an asylum for the persecuted Protestants of\nother lands, notably the Bohemian brethren. Later on, under the\ninfluence of Protestantism, literature and education were stimulated.\nBut under succeeding Swedish and Saxon dynasties, and through Jesuit\ninstrumentality, religious liberty and national independence were lost,\nand Poland disappeared from the map of Europe. As a race the Poles boast\nsuch names as Copernicus the astronomer, Kosciusko the patriot warrior,\nand Chopin the composer.\"[66]\n\n[Sidenote: Distribution]\n\nThe distribution in America in 1904 was as follows: Illinois, 123,887,\nof whom 107,669 were in the vicinity of the Chicago stockyards;\nPennsylvania, 118,203, mainly in the anthracite coal regions and about\nPittsburg, with 11,000 in Philadelphia; New York, 115,046, 50,000 of\nthem in New York City and 35,000 in Buffalo; Wisconsin, 70,000, 36,000\nin Milwaukee; Michigan, 59,075, 26,869 in Detroit; Ohio, 31,136, 15,000\nin Cleveland and 9,000 in Toledo; in Massachusetts, Minnesota, and New\nJersey, between 20,000 and 30,000 each; in Connecticut and Indiana, over\n10,000 each; and in smaller numbers widely distributed. Their preference\nfor the larger cities is shown by these figures. Recent immigrants are\ngoing more into the New England States. Already there is a second\ngeneration of them in the cities and the farming country of the Middle\nWest, and they have their own teachers and doctors. In New England they\nare spreading in the factory towns, and Chicopee, Massachusetts, has six\nthousand of them; while in the tobacco belt of Connecticut they furnish\na majority of the farm hands. Ten years ago Hartford had only three or\nfour hundred Polish families; to-day there is a parish of a thousand\npeople, and they have built a Catholic church and given $20,000 toward a\nschool.\n\n[Sidenote: Independent in Spirit; Open to the Gospel]\n\nLike most of the Slavs, the Poles who come here are commonly poor, and\nof the peasant class; about one third of them are illiterate. They are\nclannish, and clash with the Lithuanians and other races. Lovers of\nliberty, they clash also with the Catholic authorities, going so far\neven as organized rebellion to obtain control of their church properties\nand freedom in the choice of priests. They have a superstitious dread of\nProtestantism, which has been misrepresented to them as extremely\ndifficult. \"Polish priests about Pittsburg are said to boast of the\nnumber of Bibles, distributed by Protestants, which they gather from the\npeople and burn.\" If once Protestantism gets a grip upon them, rapid\ndefection from ecclesiastical tyranny will follow. Dr. H. K. Carroll\nfigures that the Polish Catholics as distinct from Roman Catholics, have\nforty-three churches and 42,859 communicants, with thirty-three\npriests--this representing the extent of revolt against the Romish\nChurch. It must be granted that comparatively little has been done to\nreach this people, and it is not strange that as yet the number of\nProtestant Poles is small. It takes a larger and more imposing movement\nto make a definite impression upon those accustomed to the size and\nstrength of the Catholic organizations.\n\n\n_III. The Slovaks_\n\n[Sidenote: A Farming People]\n\nThe Slovaks of northern Hungary number about two millions, and are\nclosely akin to the Bohemians and Moravians. According to Mr. Rovinanek,\neditor of the Pittsburg _Slovak Daily_, they constitute the trunk of the\ngreat Slavonic national tree, from which have branched so many of the\nSlav people, at the head of whom now stands the powerful Russian empire.\nFrom prehistoric time they were celebrated as a peaceful, industrious\npeople, fond of agricultural and pastoral life. The immigration has been\nfrom the agricultural class, and at first settlement was made in the\nmining regions of Pennsylvania. Farming had its inherited attractions,\nhowever, and there are hundreds of Slovak farmers in Pennsylvania,\nConnecticut, and Ohio; while in Minnesota, Arkansas, Virginia, and\nWisconsin there are colonies of them, where for many miles on every side\nthe land is entirely in their possession. Kossuth was a Slovak, to their\nlasting pride. Over 100,000 of them have come to America since 1900, one\nfourth of them illiterates. They had little opportunity to be otherwise\nat home, but since coming here their advancement educationally has been\nmarked.\n\n[Sidenote: Religious in Spirit]\n\n\"This is due,\" says Mr. Rovinanek, \"largely to the intensely religious\nspirit which prevails among the Slavic peoples, and to the fact that\nhere they have been able to combine schools with their churches.\" The\ntotal number now in the country is estimated at 250,000, of whom 150,000\nare in Pennsylvania. Two thirds of the immigrants are men.\n\n[Sidenote: Industrial Enterprise]\n\nThey live usually in very poor and crowded quarters, one family having\nsometimes from fifteen to twenty boarders, and under conditions far from\ncleanly or sanitary. There are nearly as many newspapers in the United\nStates in the Slovak language as in Hungary, with a much larger total\ncirculation. This press has stimulated industrial and business\nenterprises in the Slovak communities. There are numerous small\nmercantile establishments. In Philadelphia, New York, and Chicago, wire\nand tinware factories established with Slovak capital and conducted with\nSlovak labor are securing the cream of this trade in the country. For\ncenturies the tinware of Europe was made largely by the Slovaks. They\nhave a high position also for electrical designs and other skilled work.\n\n[Sidenote: Organizations]\n\nThey are a great people for organization. The National Slavonic Society\nwas organized in Pittsburg in 1890, with 250 members; it now has 20,000\nactive members and 512 lodges. It is primarily a beneficial\norganization, but has done a valuable work in educating its members and\ninducing them to become American citizens. The society requires its\nmembers, after a reasonable time, to obtain naturalization papers and\nthus promotes Americanization. It has paid out nearly a million dollars\nin death benefits, and much more in sick benefits; has aided students in\nthis country and Hungary, and national literary and patriotic workers as\nwell, besides coming to the rescue of Slavs in Hungary persecuted by the\ngovernment. Many other societies have sprung from this parent\norganization, including a Presbyterian Slavistic Union, and hundreds of\nliterary, benevolent, and political clubs, so that there are between\n100,000 and 125,000 organized Slovaks in the United States.\n\n\n_IV. The Magyars or Hungarians_\n\n[Sidenote: Conquerors of Hungary]\n\nThe Magyars belong properly in a division by themselves. These people,\nwho are Hungarians proper, do not class strictly with the Germans and\nSlavs of Hungary. They drove out their Slavic predecessors or subjugated\nthem in the ninth century, and became masters of the Danubian plains.\nRoman Catholicism became the state religion about the year 1000, but\nduring the Reformation period the Lutheran and Reformed types of\nProtestantism gained a large following and were granted liberty. This\nwas afterward denied them, and bloody struggles followed, as in Bohemia.\nProtestants were again placed on equal footing with Roman Catholics in\n1791. The Magyars number over eight millions and comprise a little more\nthan one half the population of Hungary.\n\n[Sidenote: Good and Bad Qualities]\n\nThere are at present between 250,000 and 300,000 Hungarians in America.\nThey have a fair degree of education, are generally reputed to be\nhonest, and as compared with the Slavs (with whom they are commonly\nconfused) are more intelligent and less industrious, \"more agile in limb\nand temper.\" Many are addicted to drink and quarreling. It is noticeable\nthat the Protestants are morally and intellectually superior to the\nCatholics. The bulk of the Magyars (eighty-six per cent.) are in the\nPennsylvania mining regions, in New York, New Jersey, and Ohio. At home\nchiefly agriculturists, here they work mostly in mines, mills, and\nfactories. The Roman Catholic Hungarians are said to lapse easily from\nthe Church, going into indifferentism and nothingism. This gives opening\nfor Protestant mission work.\n\n[Sidenote: The City Colony]\n\nA writer who has made special investigations, in the line of social\nsettlement studies,[67] says that eighty per cent. of the Magyars\narriving in New York go at once to the farms and mines. The New York\ncolony numbers 50,000 to 60,000, including the Hungarian Jews, who are\nscarcely distinguishable from the Gentiles. The life of their quarter is\none continuous whirl of excitement. Pleasure seems the chief end. The\ncafe is their club room. Intensely social, fond of conviviality and\ngaiety, bright, polished, graceful, the Magyar soon learns English, and\nadapts himself to his new surroundings. The newspaper, literary society,\nand charitable organization are the only institutions he cares to\nsupport. Pride, independence, fertility of resource, lack of\nperseverance, love of ease rather than of a strenuous life--these are\nhis qualities. Tailoring is the chief occupation in New York, though\nHungarians are also furriers, workers in hotels and restaurants and\nvarious kinds of light factories, and some are shopkeepers and\nmerchants. Those who speak from close knowledge call them excellent\n\"citizen-material.\" In one of these typical East Side Hungarian cafes,\nas a guest of the Hungarian Republican Club, President Roosevelt spent\nthe evening and made a noteworthy address on February 14, 1905. Among\nother things, he told them that \"Americanism is not a matter of\nbirthplace or race, but of the spirit that is in the man.\"\n\n\n_V. The Lithuanians and Letts_\n\n[Sidenote: Mine and Mill Workers]\n\nThe Lithuanians in Russia number about two millions. They began to come\nin 1868, driven out by famine at home, and the first comers went to the\nnorthern Pennsylvania mines. At present there are about 200,000 in\nAmerica; 50,000 of them in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania,\n25,000 in the soft coal mines of western Pennsylvania and West Virginia;\n10,000 in Philadelphia and Baltimore; 15,000 in New York; 25,000 in New\nEngland; mainly in Boston, Worcester, Brockton, Hartford, and\nBridgeport; 10,000 in Ohio and Michigan; 50,000 in Illinois and\nWisconsin; while several thousand are scattered over the western states.\nThough nearly all raised on farms, they do not take to farming here, nor\ndo they like open air work, preferring the mines, factories, foundries,\nand closed shops. In the cities many of them are tailors, and many are\nfound in packing-houses, steel plants, hat and shoe factories, and\nmills. Their chief curse is intemperance, and they are not of strong\ncharacter, having little of the quality of leadership. Generally they\nare devout Roman Catholics; when not they are apt to become\nfreethinkers, and a freethinkers' alliance has been formed among them.\nThey are described as commonly peaceable, well dressed, and\ngood-natured. Their children are mostly in public schools. Little\nProtestant work has been done among them.\n\n[Sidenote: Less Favorable Repute]\n\nThe Lettish people, like the Lithuanians, their neighbors and kinsmen,\nare among the oldest races of Europe. They are clearly distinguished\nfrom the southern Slavs, being tall and fair, like the Swede, in\ncomplexion. The Letts at home number about a million and a half. Since\n1900 nearly 35,000 of them have come to America, settling mostly in the\nanthracite coal regions. They are also found in New York, Massachusetts,\nIllinois, Connecticut, and New Jersey. About one half are illiterate,\nand in the coal fields both Lithuanians and Letts have a poor\nreputation. In Boston, however, there is an encouraging mission work\namong the Lettish people.\n\n\n_VI. The Ruthenians_\n\n[Sidenote: From a Poor Environment]\n\nThe Ruthenians, or Ukrainians, called also the Little Russians, at home\noccupy the southern part of Russia, eastern and southwestern Galicia,\nand part of Bukovina in Austria-Hungary. Their number in Europe is\ncomputed at over 30,000,000. They are darker and smaller than the\ntypical Slav. Roman Catholic in religion, they are generally poor,\nilliterate, backward in civilization, and oppressed. Immigration began\nperhaps thirty years ago, but not in appreciable numbers until recent\nyears. In the four years ending in June, 1903, there were 26,496\narrivals, two thirds men, nearly all unskilled laborers, and one half\nunable to read or write. The number in 1905 was 14,473. Pennsylvania is\ntheir common destination. Estimates as to their present numbers in the\ncountry vary from 160,000 to 350,000, the latter figures given by Ivan\nArdan, editor of their paper, _Svoboda_, at Scranton. He says there are\n60,000 more in Canada, and as many in Brazil and other South American\nrepublics, or about half a million altogether in the new world. Probably\nthere are 90,000 of them in Pennsylvania. They are said to be accessible\nto missionary influences, but their ignorance and crowded conditions of\nliving make work difficult.\n\n[Sidenote: Mostly Laborers]\n\nAbout eight tenths of the Ruthenians here are laborers, chiefly in the\nmines; and about one tenth are farmers. The young women work in shops\nand factories, but prefer domestic service, and are efficient. The\npeople are very saving, and scarcely one but has from $50 to $200 at\nleast saved and put away in some hidden corner or in a bank. They buy\nlots and build houses, or take up farming. They have beneficial\nsocieties for sickness, injury, and death, including wife and mother as\nwell as husband and father. Mr. Ardan says Ruthenian men and women\ndrink, \"_farmers and Protestants being exceptions_.\" What a notable\nexception and testimony that is.\n\n[Sidenote: Greek Catholics]\n\nSuperstitious, devout, attached to their churches, the majority are\nGreek Catholics, with a few Protestants from Russian Ukraine, where\nProtestants are bitterly persecuted. There are 108 Ruthenian churches,\ncomposed of eighty Greek Catholic, twenty-six Greek Orthodox (Russian\nState Church), and two Protestant, besides several Protestant missions.\n\n[Sidenote: Hopeful Features]\n\nThe people are as a rule very eager to learn both their native and the\nEnglish language. They have their adult schools for this purpose. Their\nchildren go to the public schools. There are four Ruthenian weeklies and\none monthly published in this country, and some books. Education is\nprompted by reading circles, lectures, and societies for\nself-improvement. The race has a fine physique, with great physical\nendurance. Individuality is more marked in it than in many Slavonic\nraces, and assimilation is comparatively rapid. In this country they\nrapidly wake up to a new life and promise to make a worthy addition to\ncitizenship. Such missionary opportunities should move our Christian\nchurches to active efforts.\n\n\n_VII. Other Nationalities_\n\n[Sidenote: Croatians and Dalmatians]\n\nWe can only mention the remaining nationalities of the Slavic group. The\nCroatians and Dalmatians, unable to make a living at home, are fleeing\nfrom starvation and mismanagement, and seeking work in America. Croatia\nis a kingdom of Austria-Hungary. Dalmatia is the seacoast province of\nAustria.\n\n[Sidenote: Slovenians]\n\nThe Slovenians come from the provinces northwest of Croatia. The three\nnationalities have probably sent between 200,000 and 300,000 persons to\nAmerica. Dalmatians are oyster fishermen at New Orleans, make staves in\nMississippi, are wine dealers in San Francisco, and vine growers and\nminers in other parts of California. The Slovenians are chiefly found in\nthe Pennsylvania mines and other mining regions. The Croatians are\nmostly in the same regions and work, although in New York there are\nabout 15,000 of them engaged as longshoremen and mechanics, and a small\nnumber are farmers out West. They are Roman Catholic, largely illiterate\nand unskilled. The Catholics do little for them, and the Protestant\ndenominations have undertaken no specific work in their behalf.\n\n[Sidenote: A Needy Group]\n\nThe Bosnians, Herzegovinians, Bulgarians, Servians, and Montenegrins are\njust beginning to come in appreciable numbers. They represent much the\nsame home conditions as the nationalities mentioned more in detail.\nCatholicism, Greek or Roman, has cast them pretty much in the same mold.\nIgnorant, semi-civilized many of them, they have everything to get and\nlearn in their new home, and afford still larger opportunity for\nProtestant Christianity in its mighty work of making and keeping America\nthe land of righteousness and progress.\n\n[Sidenote: A Hopeful View]\n\nAn interesting series of articles appeared in 1906 in a magazine devoted\nto social betterment,[68] the writer having spent a year in studying\nconditions in the Slav districts of Austria-Hungary. Living among the\npeople, she has become profoundly interested in them, and takes a most\nhopeful view of their possibilities in America. She says the life from\nwhich the peasants mostly come to us is the old peasant life, but a\nlittle way removed from feudalism and serfdom. Each little village is a\ntiny world in itself, with its own traditions and ways, its own dress,\nperhaps even its own dialect. The amazing gift of the Slav for color and\nmusic permeates the whole home life with poetry. The Slav immigrants\nhave the virtues and faults of their primitive world. They come to\nAmerica to make money. The majority come with intent to earn money to\ntake back home, rather than with expectation to settle here permanently.\nUnenterprising, unlettered, they are at the same time hardy, thrifty\nand shrewd, honest and pious. They are undoubtedly highly endowed with\ngifts of imagination and artistic expression for which in their American\nconditions they find little or no outlet.\n\n[Sidenote: Necessity of Christian Environment]\n\nAnd here again is the point we are constantly having impressed upon us.\nWhat the immigrant shall become, for good or ill, depends chiefly upon\nwhat conditions are made for him, and whether he is given a chance to\nexpress his best self in this country. Grinding monopoly, harsh\ntreatment, prejudice that drives into clannishness and race\nhatred--these will make of the Slavs a peril. A genuinely Christian\nenvironment and treatment will find them receptive and ready for\nAmericanization through evangelization.\n\n\n_VIII. The Russian Jews_\n\n[Sidenote: An Interesting Group]\n\nIn some respects the most interesting immigrants from the Slav countries\nare the Jews from Russia and Roumania. The German Jew and the Russian\nJew must not be confounded; they are as distinct as any two races in the\nentire immigrant group. The German Jew came to America to make more\nmoney, and is making it. The Russian Jew, who comes from persecution, is\nrigidly orthodox, and regards the commercial German class as apostate.\nHe forms a picturesque, vigorous, _sui generis_ member of the alien\nprocession.\n\n[Sidenote: Coming Rapidly]\n\nSince the year 1881 not less than 750,000 Jewish immigrants have arrived\nat the port of New York alone. On Manhattan Island more than every\nfourth person you meet is a Jew. The Jews admitted at Ellis Island\nduring the past five years outnumbered all the communicants in the\nProtestant churches in Greater New York.\n\n[Sidenote: Where they Come from]\n\nOf the 106,000 Jews admitted in 1904, a large proportion of whom settled\nin New York, 77,000 came from the Russian Empire, 20,000 from\nAustria-Hungary, and 6,000 from Roumania. Jewish immigrants from eastern\nEurope are all one people.\n\n[Sidenote: Occupation]\n\nThey show a larger proportion with skilled, professional and commercial\ntraining and experience than do any of the other newer immigrants except\nthe Finns. Nearly twenty per cent. of the Hebrew immigrants are tailors,\nnearly five per cent. mechanics, merchants, or clerks, and almost one\nper cent. follow the professions. Of the remainder a very considerable\nproportion, though not a majority, are skilled workers such as bakers,\ntobacco workers, carpenters, painters, and butchers. The garment trades,\nto which they find themselves adapted, and for which New York is the\nworld center, engages perhaps 100,000 of them, men, women, and children,\nmany of them in the sweat-shops, which they created. For the first time\nin their history, the Jews have built up a great industrial class, this\nbeing an American development. According to a Jewish authority,[69] the\n\"unspeakable evils of the tenements and sweat-shops\" of the ghetto are\nundermining their physical and moral health.\n\n[Sidenote: Location]\n\nThe newly arrived Russian Jew is kept in the ghetto of the larger\ncities--New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Boston--not only by his\npoverty and ignorance but by his orthodoxy. In this district the rules\nof his religion can more certainly be followed. Here can be found the\nlawful food, here the orthodox places of worship, here neighbors and\nfriends can be visited within \"a sabbath day's journey.\" The young\npeople, however, rapidly shake off such trammels, and in the endeavor to\nbe like Americans urge their parents to move away from this \"foreign\"\ndistrict. When they succeed, the Americanizing process may be considered\nwell under way. Concerning the religious change that comes over the\nyoung Jew after he reaches this country, a writer says:[70]\n\n[Sidenote: Become Estranged from Judaism]\n\n\"Many a young man, who was firm in his religious convictions in his\nnative village, having heard of the religious laxity prevalent in\nAmerica, had fully made up his mind not to be misled by the temptation\nand allurements of the free country, but he succumbed in his struggle\nand renounced his Judaism when first submitting his chin to the barber's\nrazor, at the entreaties and persuasions of his Americanized friends\nand relatives. Religion then appeared to him not only distinct from\nlife, but antagonistic to it, and since it was life, a free, full,\nundisturbed life he sought in coming here, he felt compelled to divorce\nhimself from all the religious ties that had hitherto encompassed him.\nThus it is that the immigrant Jewish youth, even those faithful and\nloyal to the institutions of old and who desired to conduct their lives\nin accordance with the precepts of their religion, became estranged from\nJudaism and suffered themselves to be swept along by the tide. Thus the\nimmigrant Jew in America has frequently become callous and indifferent,\nand sometimes cynical and antagonistic to everything pertaining to\nJudaism.\" While they are thus lost to Judaism they are not won to\nChristianity, but they ought to be. The older people become reconciled\nwith difficulty to this irreligious attitude and \"the old Jewess still\ncurses Columbus for his great transgression in discovering America,\nwhere her children have lost their religion.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Ambitious for Wealth and Education]\n\nThe Russian Jews usually come in great poverty, but do not stay poor\nvery long. In New York's East Side many tenements in Jewish quarters are\nowned by persons who formerly lived in crowded corners of others like\nthem; and from this population comes many a Broadway merchant, and\nprofessional men in plenty. It is certain that the adult Hebrew\nimmigrant has definite aspirations toward social, economic, and\neducational advancement. The poorest among them will make all possible\nsacrifices to keep his children in school; and one of the most striking\nsocial phenomena in New York City is the way in which the Jews have\ntaken possession of the public schools, in the highest as well as lowest\ngrades. The city college is practically filled with Jewish pupils. In\nthe lower schools Jewish children are the delight of their teachers for\ncleverness at their books, obedience, and general good conduct; and the\nvacation schools, night schools, social settlements, libraries, bathing\nplaces, parks, and playgrounds of the East Side are fairly besieged with\nJewish children. Jewish boys are especially ambitious to enter\nprofessions or go into business. For example, the head of one of the\nlargest institutions of the East Side tells a story of a long interview\nwith a class of boys in which all spoke of the work they intended to do.\nLaw, medicine, journalism, and teaching came first. There were even some\nwho intended to become engineers. A smaller number were going into\nbusiness, and not one intended to learn any manual trade. Some were\ngoing in for music, and occasionally one is found who intends to make\nhis living by art. But above all, the young Jew is ambitious and intends\nto rise. This is true in all cities.\n\n[Sidenote: Worthy Qualities]\n\nThe strong good qualities of the Jews are absence of the drink evil,\nlove of home, desire to preserve the purity of the family, and\nremarkable eagerness for self-improvement. They easily adapt themselves\nto the new environment and assimilate the customs and language of the\nnew country. This leads to the danger of readily falling in with the\nvices found in the tenement districts--the children showing this in the\nlarge numbers of them that appear in the Juvenile Court. The remedy is\nremoval, and this the Jewish parents seek as soon as they are able.\n\n[Sidenote: Good Citizens, but Poor Americans]\n\nWith decent environment and a fair chance, the Russian Jew promises to\nbecome a good citizen, intellectually keen, commercially shrewd,\nprofessionally bound to shine. But that he will ever, except in rare\ninstances, imbibe the real American spirit or understand the American\nideals is a question. At the same time, the Jews are believers in the\nprinciple of democracy, and in case of an issue arising on the\nseparation of Church and State, would be found standing with American\nProtestantism for the religious liberties of the American people.\n\n\nQUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER V\n\nAIM: TO CONSIDER THE DESIRABILITY OF THE SLAVS AS IMMIGRANTS.\n\nI. _The Slavic People as a Whole._\n\n\n     1. What nationalities are generally included under the term Slavs?\n     Are they numerous in population? Are they strictly of one race?\n\n     2. What grounds are there to justify popular prejudice against\n     them? Or to show it to be ill founded?\n\n     3. When did they begin to come in large numbers?\n\n     4. Where have they largely settled, and with what results?\n\n\nII. _Racial Divisions of the Slavic Immigrants._\n\n\n     5. What can you tell about the Bohemians, as to their religious\n     history, political sufferings, and coming to America? What are\n     their conditions here? Their accessibility? Their location?\n\n     6. Tell about the Poles in the same way.\n\n     7. Tell about the Slovaks in the same way.\n\n     8. Tell about the Magyars in the same way.\n\n     9. Who and what are the Lithuanians?\n\n    10. Who and what are the Ruthenians?\n\n\nIII. _Slavic Elements of Strength and American Outlook._\n\n\n     11. Mention some encouraging features with reference to the\n     above-named and other Slavs.\n\n     12. * If you had been born a Slav in Europe, would you be likely to\n     prefer America to Europe? Protestantism to Roman Catholicism? The\n     country or the city?\n\n\nIV. _Social, Moral, and Religious Aspects of the Jewish and Slavic\n     Population._\n\n     13. How many Jews are there in New York City?\n\n     14. What keeps the new arrivals in the larger cities?\n\n     15. Are they religious, quick to learn, temperate?\n\n     16. Mention some form of Christian work for Slavs or Jews about\n     which you know.\n\n\nREFERENCES FOR ADVANCED STUDY.--CHAPTER V\n\n    I. _Further Study as to Race Origin and Inter-relationship of the\n    Slavs._\n\n    Warne: The Slav Invasion, III.\n    McLanahan: Our People of Foreign Speech, IV.\n\n    II. _National Conditions in Europe which the Slavs Seek to Escape._\n\n    Hall: Immigration, 60-65.\n\n    III. _Social and Moral Effects Produced by the Slav Invasion of the\n    Anthracite Regions._\n\n    Warne: The Slav Invasion, IV, VII.\n\n    IV. _Factors in Slavic History and Conditions Favoring and\n    Hindering the Access of the Gospel._\n\n    McLanahan: Our People of Foreign Speech, 34-58.\n    Charities and Commons, issues 1905-06.\n\n    V. _Conditions Among Russian Jews._\n\n    Statements of Jewish authors as to conditions\n    among Russian Jews in their native lands and in\n    America.\n\n    Bernheimer: The Russian Jew in the United\n    States, I (B), IV (A), VI (A).\n\n\n\n    _The city is the nerve center of our civilization. It is also the\n    storm center. The city has a peculiar attraction for the immigrant.\n    Here is heaped the social dynamite; here the dangerous elements are\n    multiplied and concentered._--Josiah Strong.\n\n\n\n\nVI\n\nTHE FOREIGN PERIL OF THE CITY\n\n\nThe city is the most difficult and perplexing problem of modern\ntimes.--_Francis Lieber._\n\nWe must save the city if we would save the nation. Municipal government\nand city evangelization together constitute the distinctive problem of\nthe city, for this generation at least.--_Josiah Strong._\n\nTalk of Dante's Hell, and all the horrors and cruelties of the torture\nchamber of the lost! The man who walks with open eyes and bleeding heart\nthrough the shambles of our civilization needs no such fantastic images\nof the poet to teach him horror.--_General Booth._\n\nWith the influx of a large foreign population into the great cities,\nthere have come also foreign customs and institutions, laxity and\nlicense--those phases of evil which are the most insidious foes of the\npurity and strength of a people. The slums of our large cities are but\nthe stagnant pools of illiteracy, vice, pauperism, and crime, annually\nfed by this floodtide of immigration.--_R. M. Atchison._\n\nYou can kill a man with a tenement as easily as with an ax.--_Jacob\nRiis._\n\nOur foreign colonies are to a large extent in the cities of our own\ncountry. To live in one of these foreign communities is actually to live\non foreign soil. The thoughts, feelings, and traditions which belong to\nthe mental life of the colony are often entirely alien to an\nAmerican.--_Robert Hunter._\n\nThe vastness of the problem of the city slum, and the impossibility,\neven with unlimited resources of men and money, of permanently raising\nthe standards of living of many of our immigrants as long as they are\ncrowded together, and as long as the stream of newer immigrants pours\ninto these same slums, has naturally forced itself upon the minds of\nthinking persons.--_Robert D. Ward._\n\n\n\n\nVI\n\nTHE FOREIGN PERIL OF THE CITY\n\n\n_I. The Evils of Environment_\n\n[Sidenote: Tendency Toward the Cities]\n\nAs is the city, so will the nation be. The tendencies all seem to be\ntoward steady concentration in great centers. The evils of congestion do\nnot deter the thronging multitudes. The attractions of the city are\nirresistible, even to those who exist in the most wretched conditions.\nThe tenement districts baffle description, yet nothing is more difficult\nthan to get their miserable occupants to leave their fetid and squalid\nsurroundings for the country. To the immigrants the city is a magnet.\nHere they find colonies of their own people, and prize companionship\nmore than comfort. \"Folks is more company than stumps,\" said an old\nwoman in the slums to Dr. Schauffler. In the great cities the immigrants\nare massed, and this constitutes a most perplexing problem. If tens of\nthousands of foreigners could somehow be gotten out of New York, Boston,\nChicago, and other cities, and be distributed where they are needed and\ncould find work and homes, immigration would cause far less anxiety. But\nwhen the immigrant prefers New York or Chicago, what authority shall\nremove him to Louisiana or Oklahoma?\n\n[Sidenote: Perils Due to Environment]\n\nThe foreigner is in the city; he will chiefly stay there; and the\nquestion is what can be done to improve his city environment; for the\nperils to which we refer are primarily due not to the foreigner himself\nbut to the evil and vice-breeding conditions in which he has to exist.\nThese imperil him and make him a peril in turn. The overcrowded\ntenements and slums, the infection of long-entrenched corruption, the\nabsence of light, fresh air, and playgrounds for the children, the\nunsanitary conditions and exorbitant rents, the political heelers\nteaching civic corruption, the saloons with their attendant temptations\nto vice and crime, the fraudulent naturalization--these work together\nupon the immigrant, for his undoing and thus to the detriment of the\nnation. When we permit such an environment to exist, and practically\nforce the immigrant into it because we do not want him for a next-door\nneighbor, we can hardly condemn him for forming foreign colonies which\nmaintain foreign customs and are impervious to American influences. It\nhas too long been the common practice to lay everything to the\nforeigner. Would it not be fairer and more Christian to distribute the\nblame, and assume that part of it which belongs to us. In the study of\nthe facts contained in this chapter, put yourself persistently in the\nplace of the immigrant, suddenly introduced into the conditions here\npictured, and ask yourself what you would probably be and become in like\ncircumstances.\n\n[Sidenote: A Call for Reform]\n\nHow the other half lives is not the only mystery. How little the\nso-called upper-ten know how the lower-ninety live. And how little you\nand I, who are fortunate to count ourselves in the next upper-twenty,\nperhaps, know how the under-seventy exist and think and do. If only the\nmore fortunate thirty per cent. knew of the exact conditions under which\na large proportion of men, women, and children carry on the pitiful\nstruggle for mere existence, there would be an irresistible demand for\nbetterment. Every Christian ought to know the wrongs of our\ncivilization, in order that he may help to right them. This glimpse\nbeneath the surface of the city should stir us out of comfortable\ncomplacency and give birth in us to the impulse that leads to settlement\nand city mission work, and to civic reform movements. The young men and\nwomen of America must create a public sentiment that will demolish the\nslums, and erect in their places model tenements; that will tear down\nthe rookeries, root out the saloons and dens of vice, and provide the\nchildren with playgrounds and breathing space. And this work will be\ndirectly in the line of Americanizing and evangelizing the immigrants,\nfor they are chiefly the occupants and victims of the tenements and the\nslums.\n\n[Sidenote: Vanishing Americanism]\n\nNew York is a city in America but is hardly an American city.\nNor is any other of our great cities, except perhaps Philadelphia.\nBoston is an Irish city, Chicago is a German-Scandinavian-Polish\ncity, Saint Louis is a German city, and New York is a\nHebrew-German-Irish-Italian-Bohemian-Hungarian city--a cosmopolitan race\nconglomeration. Eighteen languages are spoken in a single block. In\nPublic School No. 29 no less than twenty-six nationalities are\nrepresented. This indicates the complicated problem.\n\n[Sidenote: A Jewish City]\n\nNew York is the chief Jewish capital. Of the 760,000 Jews on Manhattan,\nabout 450,000 are Russian, and they overcrowd the East Side ghetto. In\nthat quarter the signs are in Hebrew, the streets are markets, the shops\nare European, the men, women, and children speak in Yiddish, and all\nfaces bear the foreign and Hebrew mark plainly upon them.\n\n[Sidenote: An Italian City]\n\nGo on a little further and you find that you are in Little Italy, quite\ndistinct from Jewry, but not less foreign. Here the names on the signs\nare Italian, and the atmosphere is redolent with the fumes of Italy. The\nhurdy-gurdy vies with the push-cart, the streets are full of children\nand women, and you are as a stranger in a strange land. You would not be\nin a more distinctively Italian section if you were by magic\ntransplanted to Naples or Genoa.\n\n[Sidenote: A Foreign City]\n\n[Sidenote: Other Foreign Cities]\n\nNor is it simply the East Side in lower New York that is so manifestly\nforeign. Go where you will on Manhattan Island and you will see few\nnames on business signs that do not betray their foreign derivation. Two\nout of every three persons you meet will be foreign. You will see the\nItalian gangs cleaning the streets, the Irish will control the motor of\nyour trolley-car and collect your fares, the policeman will be Irish or\nGerman, the waiters where you dine will be French or German, Italian or\nEnglish, the clerks in the vast majority of the shopping places will be\nforeign, the people you meet will constantly remind you of the rarity of\nthe native American stock. You are ready to believe the statement that\nthere are in New York more persons of German descent than of native\ndescent, and more Germans than in any city of Germany except Berlin.\nHere are nearly twice as many Irish as in Dublin, about as many Jews as\nin Warsaw, and more Italians than in Naples or Venice. In government, in\nsentiment, in practice, as in population (thirty-seven per cent.\nforeign-born and eighty per cent. of foreign birth or parentage), the\nmetropolis is predominantly foreign, and in elections the foreign vote,\nshrewdly manipulated for the most part, controls. Nor is this true of\nNew York alone. In thirty-three of our largest cities the foreign\npopulation is larger than the native; in Milwaukee and Fall River the\nforeign percentage rises as high as eighty-five per cent. In all these\ncities the foreign colonies are as distinct and practically as isolated\nsocially as though they were in Russia or Poland, Italy or Hungary.\nForeign in language, customs, habits, and institutions, these colonies\nare separated from each other, as well as from the American population,\nby race, customs, and religion.\n\n[Sidenote: Failure in City Government]\n\nTo believe that this makes no particular difference so far as the\ndevelopment of our national life is concerned is to shut one's eyes to\nobvious facts. As such an impartial and intelligent student of our\ninstitutions as Mr. James Bryce has pointed out, the conspicuous failure\nof democracy in America thus far is seen in the bad government of our\ngreat cities. And it is in these centers that the mass of the immigrants\nlearn their first and often last lessons of American life.\n\n[Sidenote: Where the Newcomers First Go]\n\nThe strong tendency of immigrants is to settle in or near the ports of\nentry. Where in the great cities do these newcomers find a dwelling\nplace? What will their first lessons in American life be? If we deal\nlargely with New York, it is simply because here are the typical\nconditions and here the larger proportion of arrivals. Once admitted at\nEllis Island, the alien is free to go where he will; or rather, where he\ncan, for his place of residence is restricted, after all. If he is an\nItalian, he will naturally and almost of necessity go to one of the\nLittle Italies; if a Jew, to the ghetto of the East Side; if a Bohemian,\nto Little Bohemia; and so on. In other words, he will go, naturally and\nalmost inevitably, to the colonies which tend to perpetuate race customs\nand prejudices, and to prevent assimilation. Worse yet, these colonies\nare in the tenement and slum districts, the last environment of all\nconceivable in which this raw material of American citizenship should be\nplaced.\n\n\n_II. Tenement-House Life_\n\n[Sidenote: Vice-Breeding Conditions]\n\nTo those who have not made personal investigation, the present\nconditions, in spite of laws and efforts to ameliorate the worst evils,\nare well nigh unbelievable. The cellar population, the blind alley\npopulation, the swarming masses in buildings that are little better than\nrat-traps, the herding of whole families in single rooms, in which the\nmiserable beings sleep, eat, cook, and make clothing for contractors, or\ncigars that would never go into men's mouths if the men saw where they\nwere made--these things seem almost impossible in a civilized and\nChristian land. It is horrible to be obliged to think of the human\nmisery and hopelessness and grind to which hundreds of thousands are\nsubjected in the city of New York day in and out, without rest or\nchange. It is no wonder that criminals and degenerates come from these\ndistricts; it is a marvel, rather, that so few result, and that so much\nof human kindness and goodness exists in spite of crushing conditions.\nThere is a bright as well as dark side even to the most disgraceful\ndistricts; but there is no denying that the dark vastly predominates,\nand that the struggle for righteousness is too hard for the average\nhuman being. Nearly everything is against the peasant immigrant thrust\ninto the throng which has no welcome for him, no decent room, and yet\nfrom which he has little chance to get away. He is commonly cleaner\nmorally when he lands than after six months of the life here. Why should\nhe not be? What has American Christianity done to safeguard or help him?\n\n[Sidenote: Immigrants Not Responsible]\n\nThe existence of the tenement-house evils, it must be borne in mind, is\nchargeable primarily to the owner and landlord, not to the foreign\noccupant. The landlords are especially to blame for the ill\nconsequences. The immigrant cannot dictate terms or conditions. He has\nto go where he can. The prices charged for rent are exorbitant, and\nshould secure decency and healthful quarters. No property is so\nremunerative. This rent money is literally blood money in thousands of\ninstances, and yet every effort to improve things is bitterly fought.\nWhy should not socialism and anarchism grow in such environment? Of\ncourse many of the immigrants are familiar with poor surroundings and do\nnot apparently object to dirt and crowding. But that does not make these\nconditions less perilous to American life. Self-respect has a hard\nstruggle for survival in these sections, and if the immigrant does not\npossess or loses that, he is of the undesirable class. Mr. Robert Hunter\nmakes the statement that no other city in the world has so many dark and\nwindowless rooms, or so many persons crowded on the acre, or so many\nfamilies deprived of light and air as New York. He says there are\n360,000 dark rooms in Greater New York. And these are almost entirely\noccupied by the foreigners. But unsanitary conditions prevail also in\nall the cities, large and small, and especially in the mine and mill and\nfactory towns, wherever large masses of the poorest workers live.\n\n[Sidenote: Legal Remedies Possible]\n\nConcerning possible legislation to correct these city evils of\nenvironment, Mr. Sargent says: \"So far as the overcrowding in city\ntenements is concerned, municipal ordinances in our large cities\nprescribing the amount of space which rapacious landlords should, under\npenalties sufficiently heavy to enforce obedience, be required to give\neach tenant, would go far toward attaining the object in view. Whether\nsuch a plan could be brought into existence through the efforts of our\ngeneral government, or whether the Congress could itself legislate\ndirectly, upon sanitary and moral grounds, against the notorious\npractice of housing aliens with less regard for health and comfort than\nis shown in placing brute animals in pens, the Bureau is unprepared to\nsay.\n\n[Sidenote: Demands Immediate Remedy]\n\nIt is, however, convinced that no feature of the immigration question so\ninsistently demands public attention and effective action. The evil to\nbe removed is one that is steadily and rapidly on the increase, and its\nremoval will strike at the root of fraudulent elections, poverty,\ndisease, and crime in our large cities, and on the other hand largely\nsupply that increasing demand for labor to develop the natural resources\nof our country.\"[71]\n\n[Sidenote: Little Italy]\n\nNot to draw the picture all in the darker shades, let us look at the\nbest type of Italian tenement life. We are not left to guesswork in the\nmatter. Settlement workers and students of social questions are actually\nliving in the tenement and slum sections, so as to know by experience\nand not hearsay. One of these investigators, Mrs. Lillian W. Betts,\nauthor of two enlightening books,[72] has lived for a year in one of the\nmost crowded tenements in one of the most densely populated sections of\nthe Italian quarter. We condense some of her statements, which reveal\nthe foreign life of to-day in New York's Little Italy, with its 400,000\nsouls.\n\n[Sidenote: Immigrant Isolation]\n\n\"A year's residence in an Italian tenement taught me first of all the\nisolation of a foreign quarter; how completely cut off one may be from\neverything that makes New York New York. The necessities of life can be\nbought without leaving the square that is your home. After a little it\noccasioned no surprise to meet grandparents whose own children were born\nin New York, who had never crossed to the east side of the Bowery, never\nseen Broadway, nor ever been south of Houston Street. There was no\nreason why they should go. Every interest in their life centered within\nfour blocks. I went with a neighbor to Saint Vincent's Hospital, where\nher husband had been taken. I had to hold her hand in the cars, she was\nso terrified. She had lived sixteen years in this ward and never been on\na street-car before. Of a family of five sons and two daughters, besides\nthe parents, in this country fifteen years, none spoke English but the\nyoungest, born here, and she indifferently. Little Italy was all of\nAmerica they knew, and of curiosity they had none.\n\n[Sidenote: Children American in Spirit]\n\n\"The house in which we lived was built for twenty-eight families and\noccupied by fifty-six. One man who had been in the country twenty-eight\nyears could not speak or understand a word of English. Nothing but\ncompulsion made his children use Italian, and the result was pathetic.\nThe eldest child was an enthusiastic American, and the two civilizations\nwere always at war. This boy knew more of American history, its heroes\nand poetry, than anyone of his age I ever met. This boy had never been\nfive blocks from the house in which we lived. He removed his hat and\nshoes when he went to bed in winter; in summer he took off his coat. A\nbrother and two sisters shared the folding bed with him. His father\nhired the three rooms and sublet to a man with a wife and three\nchildren. The women quarreled all the time, but worked in the same room,\nfinishing trousers and earning about forty-five cents a day each.\n\n[Sidenote: Evils of Overcrowding]\n\n\"How do they live? One widow, with three in her own family, took nine\nmen boarders in her three rooms. A nephew and his wife also kept house\nthere, the rent being $18 a month. Another neighbor, whose family\nconsisted of four adults and two children, had seven lodgers or boarders\nat one time. These men owned mattresses, rolled up by day, spread on the\nfloor at night. One of them had a bride coming from Italy. Two men with\ntheir mattresses were ejected and space made for the ornate brass and\ngreen bedstead. The wedding was the occasion of great rejoicing. Next\nday the bride was put to work sewing 'pants.' At the end of a month I\nfound she had not left those rooms from the moment she entered them, and\nthat she worked, Sundays included, fourteen hours a day. She was a mere\nchild, at that. The Italian woman is not a good housekeeper, but she is\na homemaker; she does not fret; dirt, disorder, noise, company, never\ndisturb her. She must share everything with those about her. She cooks\none meal a day and that at night. Pot or pan may be placed in the\nmiddle of the table and each may help himself from it, but the food is\nwhat her husband wants.\n\n[Sidenote: Family Cooeperation]\n\n\"Together they will wash the dishes or he will take the baby out. The\nmother, who has sewed all day, will wash till midnight, while the\nhusband sits dozing, smoking, talking. But he hangs out the clothes.\nThey work together, these Italian husbands and wives. Their wants are\nthe barren necessaries of life; shelter, food, clothing to cover\nnakedness. The children's clothes are washed when they go to bed. Life\nis reduced to its lowest terms. They can move as silently as do the\nArabs and do so in the night watches. But they are rarely penniless;\nthey have a little fund always in the bank. They put their young\nchildren in institutions from weaning-time until they are old enough to\nwork, then bring them home to swell the family income. Recently a\nfather, whose children had thus been cared for by the state, bought a\nthree-story tenement. This is typical thrift. There was never a day when\nall the children of school age were in school. School was a prison house\nto most of them. There was not room for them, even if they wanted to go.\n\n[Sidenote: City Neglect]\n\n\"The streets in which the Italians live are the most neglected. It is\nclaimed that cleanliness is impossible where the Italian lives. The\ntruth is that preparation for cleanliness in our foreign colonies is\nwholly inadequate. The police despise the Italian except for his voting\npower. He feels the contempt, but with the wisdom of his race he keeps\nhis crimes foreign, and defies this department more successfully than\nthe public generally knows. He is a peaceable citizen in spite of the\npeculiar race crimes which startle the public. The criminals are as one\nto a thousand of these people. On Sundays watch these colonies. The\nstreets are literally packed with crowds from house line to house line,\nas far as the eye can see, but not a policeman in sight, nor occasion\nfor one. Laughter, song, discussion, exchange of epithet, but no\ndisturbance. They mind their own business as no other nation, and carry\nit to the point of crime when they protect the criminal.\"[73]\n\n[Sidenote: Possibilities of Uplifting]\n\nThis is testimony directly from life and has especial value. It reveals\nthe difficulties, and at the same time the possibilities, of reaching\nand Americanizing these immigrants, who are better than their\nsurroundings, and promising if properly cared for.\n\n[Sidenote: Sources of Degradation]\n\nThe impression that steadily deepens with observation and study is that\nof the evil and degrading surroundings. Not only are there the evil\nmoral influences of overcrowding, but also the contact with elements of\npopulation already deteriorated by a generation of tenement house life.\nThe fresh arrivals are thrown into contact with the corrupt remnants of\nIrish immigration which now make up the beggars, drunkards, thugs, and\nthieves of those quarters. The results can easily be predicted. The\nItalian laboring population is temperate when it comes to this country;\nbut under the evil conditions and influences of the tenement district\ndisorderly resorts have been opened, and drinking and other vices are\nspreading. The Hebrews show tendencies to vices from which formerly they\nwere free. The law does not protect these immigrants, and it is charged\nthat the city permits every kind of inducement for the extension of\nimmorality, drunkenness, and crime. Thus the immigrant is likely to\ndeteriorate and degenerate in the process of Americanization, instead of\nbecoming better in this new world. He has indeed little chance. If he\ndoes not become a pauper or criminal or drunkard, it will be because he\nis superior to his environment.\n\n\n_III. The Sweat-shop Peril_\n\n[Sidenote: An Awful Peril]\n\nAn immigrant peril is the sweat-shop labor which this class performs.\n\"Sweating\" is the system of sub-contract wherein the work is let out to\ncontractors to be done in small shops or at home. According to the\nIllinois Bureau of Labor Statistics, \"in practice sweating consists of\nthe farming out by competing manufacturers to competing contractors of\nthe material for garments, which in turn is distributed among competing\nmen and women to be made up.\" This system is opposed to the factory\nsystem, where the manufacturer employs his own workmen, sees the goods\nmade, and knows the conditions. The sweating system is one of the\niniquities of commercial greed, and the helpless foreigner of certain\nclasses is its victim. The contractor or sweater in our cities is an\norganizer and employer of immigrants. His success depends upon getting\nthe cheapest help, and life is of no account to him, nor apparently to\nthe man above him. The clothing may be made in foul and damp and\nconsumption or fever-infested cellars and tenement-styes, by men, women\nand children sick or uncleanly, but the only care of the sweater is that\nit be made cheaply and thus his returns be secured. It is a standing\nreproach to our Christian civilization that the sweating system and the\nslums are still existing sores in American centers of population. So far\nthe law has been unable to control or check greed, and the plague spots\ngrow worse. Here is a typical case, taken from the report of the\nIndustrial Commission:\n\n[Sidenote: A Striking Example]\n\n\"A Polish Jew in Chicago, at a time when very few of the Poles were\ntailors, opened a shop in a Polish neighborhood. He lost money during\nthe time he was teaching the people the trade, but finally was a gainer.\nBefore he opened the shop he studied the neighborhood; he found the\nvery poorest quarters where most of the immigrant Poles lived. He took\nno one to work except the newly arrived Polish women and girls. The more\nhelpless and dependent they were, the more sure of getting work from\nhim. In speaking about his plans he said: 'It will take these girls\nyears to learn English and to learn how to go about and find work. In\nthat way I will be able to get their labor very cheap.' His theory\nturned out to be practical. He has since built several tenement-houses.\"\n\n[Sidenote: A Foreign Importation]\n\nThe cheap tailor business is divided among the Italians, Russians,\nPoles, and Swedes, Germans and Bohemians. The women and children are\nmade to work, and hours are not carefully counted. Long work, poor food,\npoor light, foul air, bad sanitation--all make this kind of life far\nworse than any life which the immigrants knew in Europe. Better physical\nstarvation there than the mental and spiritual blight of these modern\nconditions here. That so much of hopeful humanity is found in these\nunwholesome and congested wards proves the quality worth saving and\nelevating.\n\n[Sidenote: Story of a Sweat-shop Girl]\n\nHere is an illustration of the resolute spirit which conditions cannot\ncrush. A young Polish girl was brought by her widowed mother to America,\nin hope of bettering their condition. The mother died soon afterward,\nleaving the orphan dependent. Then came the disappointments, one after\nanother, and finally, the almost inevitable result in such cases, the\nfall into the slums and the sweat-shops. By hard work six days in the\nweek, fourteen or more hours a day, this girl of tender age could make\n$4 a week! She had to get up at half past five every morning and make\nherself a cup of coffee, which with a bit of bread and sometimes fruit\nmade her breakfast. Listen to her story:\n\n[Sidenote: Her Own Story]\n\n\"The machines go like mad all day, because the faster you work the more\nmoney you get. Sometimes in my haste the finger gets caught and the\nneedle goes right through it. We all have accidents like that. Sometimes\na finger has to come off.... For the last two winters I have been going\nto night school. I have learned reading, writing, and arithmetic. I can\nread quite well in English now, and I look at the newspapers every day.\nI am going back to night school again this winter. Some of the women in\nmy class are more than forty years of age. Like me, they did not have a\nchance to learn anything in the old country. It is good to have an\neducation; it makes you feel higher. Ignorant people are all low. People\nsay now that I am clever and fine in conversation. There is a little\nexpense for charity, too. If any worker is injured or sick we all give\nmoney to help.\"[74]\n\n[Sidenote: Possibilities]\n\nSurely this is good material. A changed and Christian environment would\nmake shining lights out of these poor immigrants, who are kept in the\nsubways of American life, instead of being given a fair chance out in\nthe open air and sunlight of decently paid service.\n\n[Sidenote: A Foreign System]\n\nPractically all of the work in tenements is carried on by foreign-born\nmen and women, and more than that, by the latest arrivals and the lowest\nconditioned of the foreign-born. Tenement-house legislation has been\npractically forced upon New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, whose\nports of entry receive the first impact of immigration, by two of the\nraces that have been crowding into the cities--the Italian and Hebrew.\nThe Italian woman, working in her close tenement, has by her cheap labor\nalmost driven out all other nationalities from that class of work still\ndone in the home, the hand sewing on coats and trousers. Of the 20,000\nlicenses granted by the New York factory inspector for \"home finishing\"\nin New York City, ninety-five per cent. are held by Italians. This work\nhas to be done because the husband is not making enough to support the\nfamily. These men work mostly as street laborers, hucksters, and\npeddlers. To make both ends meet not only the wife but children have to\nwork.\n\n[Sidenote: A Typical Case]\n\nHere is a typical case of this class of worker and the earnings, from an\ninspector's note-book: \"Antonia Scarafino, 235 Mulberry Street;\nfinisher; gets five cents per pair pants, bastes bottoms, puts linings\non; one hour to make; two years at this business; four in this country;\nmarried, with baby; sister works with her; can both together make $4 per\nweek; husband peddles fish and makes only $1 to $2 a week; got married\nhere; two rooms, $8.50 rent; kitchen 10 x 12; bedroom 8 x 10; gets all\nthe work she wants. No sunlight falls into her squalid rooms, and there\nis no stopping, from early morning till late at night.\"\n\n\n_IV. Three Constant Perils_\n\n[Sidenote: The Naturalization Evil]\n\nIllegal and fraudulent naturalization is another evil to which the\nforeigner in the city becomes a party, although the blame belongs\nchiefly to the ward politicians who make him a _particeps criminis_. The\nrecognized managers of the foreign vote of various nationalities--almost\nalways saloonkeepers--hold citizenship cheap, perjury undiscovered as\ngood as truth, and every vote a clear gain for the party and themselves.\nSo the naturalization mills are kept running night and day preceding a\nnational or municipal election. Describing this process, ex-United\nStates Senator Chandler says that in New York during a single month just\nbefore election about seven thousand naturalization papers were issued,\nnearly all by one judge, who examined each applicant and witnesses to\nhis satisfaction, and signed his orders at the rate of two per minute,\nand as many as 618 in one day. Many classes of frauds were committed.\nWitnesses were professional perjurers, each swearing in hundreds of\ncases, testifying to a five years' residence when they had first met the\napplicants only a few hours before. During the past year some of these\nprofessional perjurers and political manipulators were tried and sent to\nthe penitentiary; but the frauds will go on. Here is an illustration:\n\n[Sidenote: Making Citizens]\n\n\"Patrick Hefferman, of a given street in New York, was twenty-one years\nold September 2, 1891, and came to this country August 1, 1888. He was\nnaturalized October 20, 1891. On that day he was introduced by Thomas\nKeeler to a stranger, who went with him to court and signed a paper;\nthey both went before the judge, who asked the stranger something.\nHefferman signed nothing, said nothing, but kissed a book and came out a\ncitizen, having taken no oath except that of renunciation and\nallegiance.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Fraud Abundant]\n\nThus are the sacred rights of citizenship obtained by thousands upon\nthousands, not in New York alone, but in all our cities. More than that,\nfraudulent use is freely made of naturalization papers. The Italian\nimmigrant, for example, finds his vote is wanted, and obtains a false\npaper. He returns to Italy to spend his earnings, and there is offered a\nsum of money for the use of his papers. These are given to an emigrant\nwho probably could not pass the examination at Ellis Island, but who as\na naturalized citizen, if he is not detected in the fraud, cannot be\nshut out. Then he sends the papers back to Italy. It is admitted that\nthere is a regular traffic in naturalization papers. In every way the\nalien is put on the wrong track, and his American experiences are such\nas would naturally make him lawless and criminal rather than a good\ncitizen. He needs nothing more than protection against corrupting and\nvenal agencies, which find their origin in politics and the saloon.\n\n[Sidenote: The Saloon and the Immigrant]\n\nThe foreign element furnishes the saloons with victims. In his graphic\nbook describing tenement life in New York Mr. Riis shows the rapid\nmultiplication of the saloons in the slums where the foreigners are\ncrowded into tenements, nine per cent. more densely packed than the most\ndensely populated districts of London. In the chapter, \"The Reign of\nRum,\"[75] he says:\n\n[Sidenote: Testimony of Riis]\n\n\"'Where God builds a church the devil builds next door a saloon' is an\nold saying that has lost its point in New York. Either the devil was on\nthe ground first, or he has been doing a good deal more in the way of\nbuilding. I tried once to find out how the account stood, and counted to\n111 Protestant churches, chapels, and places of worship of every kind\nbelow Fourteenth Street, 4,065 saloons. The worst half of the tenement\npopulation lives down there, and it has to this day the worst half of\nthe saloons. Up town the account stands a little better, but there are\neasily ten saloons to every church to-day.\n\n[Sidenote: Hunting for an American]\n\n\"As to the motley character of the tenement population, when I asked the\nagent of a notorious Fourth Ward alley how many people might be living\nin it, I was told: One hundred and forty families--one hundred Irish,\nthirty-eight Italian, and two that spoke the German tongue. Barring the\nagent herself, there was not a native-born individual in the court. The\nanswer was characteristic of the cosmopolitan character of lower New\nYork, very nearly so of the whole of it, wherever it runs to alleys and\ncourts. One may find for the asking an Italian, German, French, African,\nSpanish, Bohemian, Russian, Scandinavian, Jewish, and Chinese colony.\nThe one thing you shall ask for in vain in the chief city of America is\na distinctively American community.\"\n\n[Sidenote: The Peril of Poverty]\n\nThe immigrant is nearly always poor, and is thrust into the poverty of\nthe city. We must distinguish between pauperism and poverty. As Mr.\nHunter points out, in his stirring chapter on this subject,[76]\n\"pauperism is dependence without shame, poverty is to live miserable we\nknow not why, to have the dread of hunger, to work sore and yet gain\nnothing.\" Fear of pauperism, of the necessity of accepting charity,\ndrives the self-respecting poor insane and to suicide. It is to be said\nthat the majority of the immigrants are not paupers, but self-respecting\npoor. Moreover, the new immigration is not nearly so ready to accept\npauperism as are the Irish, who make up the largest percentage of this\nclass, as already shown. But the poor immigrants are compelled, by\ncircumstances, to come in contact with, if not to dwell directly among\nthis pauper element, lost to sense of degradation. The paupers make up\nthe slums. And because the rents are cheaper in the miserable old\nrookeries that still defy public decency, the Italians especially crowd\ninto these pestilential quarters, which are the hotbeds of disease,\nphysical and moral filth, drunkenness, and crime. Thus pauperism and\npoverty dwell too closely together.\n\n[Sidenote: Some Causes of Poverty]\n\nUpon the unskilled masses the weight of want is constantly pressing.\nUnemployment, sickness, the least stoppage of the scant income, means\ndistress. It is estimated that in our country not less than 4,000,000\npersons are dependents or paupers, and not less than 10,000,000 are in\npoverty. This means that they cannot earn enough regularly to maintain\nthe standard of life that means the highest efficiency, and that at some\ntime they are liable to need aid. Mr. Riis has shown that about one\nthird of the people of New York City were dependent upon charity at\nsome time during the eight years previous to 1890. The report of the\nUnited Hebrew Charities for 1901 shows similar conditions existing among\nthe Jewish population of New York. Pauperism is a peril, and poverty is\na source of apathy and despair. The unskilled immigrant tends to\nincrease the poverty by creating a surplus of cheap labor, and also\nfalls under the blight of the evil he increases.\n\n[Sidenote: Pauperism and Immigration]\n\nTreating of this subject, the Charities Association of Boston reports\nthat it is hopeless to attempt to relieve pauperism so long as its ranks\nare increased by the great hosts coming into the country, with only a\nfew dollars to depend upon, and no certain work. The statistics of the\npublic almshouses show that the proportion of foreign-born is greatly in\nexcess of the native-born. The pathetic feature of this condition is\nthat what is wanted is not charity but employment at living wages.\nGreatly is it to the credit of the immigrants from southeastern Europe\nthat they are eager for work and reluctant to accept charity. The danger\nis that, if allowed to come and then left without opportunity to work,\nthey will of necessity fall into the careless, shiftless, vicious class,\nalready so large and dangerous.\n\n[Sidenote: Peril of the \"Great White Plague\"]\n\nThe immigrants in the city tenements are especially exposed to\nconsumption, that \"Great White Plague\" which yearly kills its tens of\nthousands. In New York City alone ten thousand die annually of\ntuberculosis; and this is the result largely of tenement conditions.\nStatisticians estimate that the annual money loss in the United States\nfrom tuberculosis, counting the cost of nursing, food, medicines, and\nattendance, as well as the loss of productive labor, is $330,000,000.\nMr. Hunter instances a case where an entire family was wiped out by this\ndisease within two years and a half. In spite of his efforts to get the\nfather, who was the first one infected with the disease, to go to a\nhospital, he refused, saying that as he had to die, he was going to die\nwith his family. The Health Board said it had no authority forcibly to\ncompel the man to go to a hospital; and the result was that the whole\nfamily died with him. This plague \"is the result of our weakness, our\nignorance, our selfishness, and our vices; there is no need of its\nexistence, and it is the duty of the state to stamp it out.\" That is Mr.\nHunter's conclusion, with which we heartily agree.\n\n\n_V. The Cry of the Children_\n\n[Sidenote: Peril of Child Neglect]\n\nAnother peril of the city, and of the entire country as well, that comes\nthrough the foreigners is child neglect and labor; which means\nilliteracy, stunted body and mind, and often wreckage of life. Every\nforeign neighborhood is full of children, and sad enough is the average\nchild of poverty. What makes the tenement district of the great city so\nterrible to you as you go into it is the sight of the throngs of\nchildren, who know little of home as you know it, have irregular and\nscanty meals, and surroundings of intemperance, dirt, foul atmosphere\nand speech, disease and vice. No wonder the police in these districts\nsay that their worst trouble arises from the boys and the gangs of young\n\"toughs.\" There is every reason for this unwholesome product. Mr. Hunter\nsays there are not less than half a million children in Greater New York\nwhose only playground is the street. Result, the street gang; and this\ngang is the really vital influence in the life of most boys in the large\ncities. It is this life, which develops, as Mr. Riis says, \"dislike of\nregular work, physical incapability of sustained effort, gambling\npropensities, absence of energy, and carelessness of the happiness of\nothers.\" The great homeless, yardless tenement, where the children of\nthe immigrants are condemned to live, is the nursery of sickness and\ncrime. The child is left for good influence to the school, the\nsettlement, or the mission. For the enormous amount of juvenile crime in\nthe city, which it requires a special court to deal with, the conditions\nare more responsible than the children, or even than the parents, who\nare unable to maintain home life, and who, through the pinch of poverty\nor the impulse of avarice, give over the education of the children to\nschool or street. Here is a picture of the life on its darker side:\n\n[Sidenote: Street Life of Children]\n\n\"Crowded in the tenements where the bedrooms are small and often dark,\nwhere the living room is also a kitchen, a laundry, and often a\ngarment-making shop, are the growing children whose bodies cry out for\nexercise and play. They are often an irritant to the busy mother, and\nlikely as not the object of her carping and scolding. The teeming\ntenements open their doors, and out into the dark passageways and\ncourts, through foul alleys and over broken sidewalks, flow ever renewed\nstreams of playing children. Under the feet of passing horses, under the\nwheels of passing street-cars, jostled about by the pedestrian, driven\non by the policeman, they annoy everyone. They crowd about the music or\ndrunken brawls in the saloons, they play hide-and-seek about the garbage\nboxes, they shoot 'craps' in the alleys, they seek always and everywhere\nactivity, movement, life.\"[77]\n\n[Sidenote: Imprisoned Childhood]\n\nBut worse than this picture is that of childhood in the sweat-shop, the\nfactory, the mine, and other places of employment. Mr. Hunter has\nwritten a chapter on \"The Child\"[78] that should be studied by every\nlover of humanity. Its facts ring out a clarion call for reform. This\ntouches our subject most closely because, as he says, \"These evils of\nchild life are doubly dangerous and serious because the mass of people\nin poverty in our cities are immigrants. The children of immigrants are\na remarkable race of little ones.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Happy Childhood]\n\nIndeed they are, and they give you the bright side of the picture, in\nspite of all the evil conditions in which they live. The present writer\nstood recently opposite the entrance to a public school in the congested\nEast Side, where not one of all the thousand or more of scholars was of\nnative stock. As the crowds of little girls poured out at noontime their\nfaces made a fascinating study. The conspicuous thing about them was the\nsmile and fun and brightness. The dress was of every description, and\none of the merriest-faced of all had on one shoe and one rubber in place\nof the second shoe; but from the faces you would never suspect into what\nkind of places these children were about to go for all they know of\nhome. The hope lies in the children, and the schools are their great\nblessing and outlet, even if as Mrs. Betts says, many of them of certain\nclasses do not think so. Mr. Hunter says:\n\n[Sidenote: What Kind of Americans?]\n\n\"They are to become Americans, and through them, more than through any\nother agency, their own parents are being led into a knowledge of\nAmerican ways and customs. All the statistics available prove that vice\nand crime are far more common among the children of immigrants than\namong the children of native parentage, and this is due no less to the\nyardless tenement and street playground than to widespread poverty. In a\nmass of cases the father and mother both work in that feverish, restless\nway of the new arrival, ambitious to get ahead. To overcome poverty they\nmust neglect their children. Turned out of the small tenement into the\nstreet, the child learns the street. Nothing escapes his sharp eyes, and\nalmost in the briefest conceivable time, he is an American ready to make\nhis way by every known means, good and bad. To the child everything\nAmerican is good and right. There comes a time when the parents cannot\nguide him or instruct him; he knows more than they; he looks upon their\nadvice as of no value. If ever there was a self-made man, that man is\nthe son of the immigrant. But the street and the street gang have a\ngreat responsibility; they are making the children of a hundred various\nlanguages from every part of the world into American citizens.\"\n\n[Sidenote: A Plain Duty]\n\nHow long will American Christianity allow this process of degeneracy to\ngo on, before realizing the peril of it, and providing the counteracting\nagencies of good? That is the question the young people ought to\nconsider and help answer.\n\n[Sidenote: Child Labor]\n\nBut far worse than all else, \"the nation is engaged in a traffic for the\nlabor of children.\" In this country over 1,700,000 children under\nfifteen are compelled to work in the factories, mines, workshops, and\nfields. These figures may mean little, for as Margaret McMillan has\nsaid, \"You cannot put tired eyes, pallid cheeks, and languid little\nlimbs into statistics.\" But we believe that if our Christian people\ncould be brought for one moment to realize what the inhumanity of this\nchild labor is, there would be such an avalanche of public opinion as\nwould put a stop to it. This evil is a new one in America, begotten of\ngreed for money. This greed is shared jointly by the capitalist employer\nand the parents, but the greater responsibility rests upon the former,\nwho creates the possibility and fosters the evil.\n\n[Sidenote: Alien Victims]\n\nThe immigrants furnish the parents willing to sell their children into\nchild slavery in the factory, or the worse mill or mine--prisons all,\nand for the innocent. Into these prisons gather \"tens of thousands of\nchildren, strong and happy, or weak, underfed, and miserable. Stop their\nplay once for all, and put them out to labor for so many cents a day or\nnight, and pace them with a tireless, lifeless piece of mechanism, for\nten or twelve hours at a stretch, and you will have a present-day\npicture of child labor.\" But there is yet one thing which must be added\nto the picture. Give the child-slave worker a tenement for a home in the\nfilthy streets of an ordinary factory city, with open spaces covered\nwith tin cans, bottles, old shoes, garbage, and other waste, the gutters\nrunning sewers, and the air foul with odors and black with factory\nsmoke, and the picture is fairly complete. It is a dark picture, but\nhardly so dark as the reality, and if one were to describe \"back of the\nyards\" in Chicago, or certain mill towns or mining districts, the\npicture would be even darker than the one given.\n\n[Sidenote: The Shame of the Century]\n\nThink of it, young people of Christian America! In the twentieth\ncentury, in the country we like to think the most enlightened in the\nworld, after all our boasted advancements in civilization, child\nslavery--more pitiful in some respects than African slavery ever\nwas--has its grip on the nation's childhood.\n\n[Sidenote: An Appalling Record]\n\nThe record is amazing to one who has never thought about this subject.\nEasily a hundred thousand children at work in New York, in all sorts of\nemployments unsuitable and injurious. Try to realize these totals, taken\nfrom Mr. Hunter, of children under fifteen, compelled to work in\nemployments generally recognized as injurious: Over 7,000 in this\ncountry in laundries; nearly 2,000 in bakeshops; 367 in saloons as\nbartenders and other ways; over 138,000 at work as waiters and servants\nin hotels and restaurants, with long hours and conditions morally bad;\n42,000 employed as messengers, with work hours often unlimited and\ntemptations leading to immorality and vice; 20,000 in stores; 2,500 on\nthe railroads; over 24,000 in mines and quarries; over 5,000 in glass\nfactories; about 10,000 in sawmills and the wood-working industries;\nover 7,500 in iron and steel mills; over 11,000 in cigar and tobacco\nfactories; and over 80,000 in the silk and cotton and other textile\nmills.\n\n[Sidenote: Soul Murder for Money]\n\nNow, all of these industries are physically injurious to childhood. But\nmore than this, schooling has been made impossible, and immorality,\ndisease, and death reap a rich harvest from this seed-sowing. And why\nare these helpless children thus engaged and enslaved, stunted,\ncrippled, and corrupted, deprived of education and a fair chance in\nlife? Simply because their labor is cheap. Mr. Hunter speaks none too\nstrongly when he calls this \"murder, cannibalism, destruction of soul\nand body.\" And it is the children of the immigrants who are thus\nsacrificed to Mammon, the pitiless god of greed. Shall our Christian\nyoung people have no voice in righting this wrong? Within a generation\nthey can put an end to it, if they will. Here is home missionary work at\nhand, calling for highest endeavors.\n\n\nQUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER VI\n\nAIM: TO SEE CLEARLY THE DANGERS ARISING FROM CONGESTION OF\nFOREIGNERS IN OUR CITIES, AND THE BEST WAYS OF GUARDING AGAINST\nTHEM\n\nI. _Foreigners in Cities._\n\n     1. What are the chief causes of the following: (1) the rapid growth\n     of great cities; (2) the existence of slums; (3) the settling of\n     immigrants in colonies?\n\n     2. Is your knowledge of the lives of the poor sufficient to move\n     you to work for their redemption? Are any of those persons, about\n     whom we have studied, your neighbors?\n\n     3. Is the prevailing tone of New York and other cities American or\n     Foreign? Give illustrations.\n\n     4. What is the prevailing tone in city government? Is there any\n     connection between the answers of these last two questions?\n\n\nII. _Tenement-House Evils._\n\n     5. Where do most of the foreigners settle first in the United\n     States? Of what races is the mass chiefly composed?\n\n     6. Describe the conditions under which they live. Do they find them\n     so or make them so?\n\n     7. What remedies can be applied to tenement-house conditions? What\n     do the workers among them think of the needs and prospects?\n\n     8. What can be done toward improvement by the family? the school?\n     the city government?\n\n\nIII. _Prevalent Abuses._\n\n     9. Do the slum conditions tend to contaminate new arrivals? Do they\n     actually deteriorate?\n\n     10. What is the worst industrial feature of the tenement-house\n     districts? Describe its workings. Tell of some typical sweat-shop\n     workers.\n\n     11. What political evils flourish in the congested districts?\n\n     12. What moral and social evils flourish in the congested\n     districts?\n\n\n     IV. _Effects upon the Poor and the Children._\n\n     13. What relation does immigration hold to pauperism and poverty?\n     To conditions of health?\n\n     14. Name some of the principal authorities for the preceding\n     answers? How would you answer those who disputed their statements?\n\n     15. Can you give any facts as to child labor? What do you think of\n     the policy of employing children?\n\n     16. * Does this chapter convince you that Christians have a duty in\n     these matters, and if so, what is it?\n\nREFERENCES FOR ADVANCED STUDY.--CHAPTER VI\n\n    I. _New York Slums and Foreign Quarters._\n\n    Study especially the Ghetto, Little Italy, Little Hungary, et al. and\n    find out whether similar conditions exist in cities of your section.\n\n    For New York, consult\n    University Settlement Studies, Vol. I, Nos. 3 and 4.\n    Riis: How the Other Half Lives, X, XII.\n\n    For Chicago, consult\n    Hull House Papers.\n\n    For Boston, consult\n    Wood: Americans in Process, III, IV.\n\n\n    II. _Measures for Relief of Slum Population._\n\n    Riis: The Battle With the Slum, V-XV.\n    Riis: How the Other Half Lives, VI, VII, XXIV.\n\n\n    III. _Connection between a Dense Foreign Population and Corruption in\n    Politics._\n\n    Wood: Americans in Process, VI.\n\n\n    IV. _Checks Put upon Industrial Oppression and Poverty._\n\n    Riis: The Peril and the Preservation of the Home.\n\n\n    V. _Problems of Poverty and Childhood as Affected by Immigration._\n\n    Hunter: Poverty, I, V, VI.\n    Riis: How the Other Half Lives, XV, XVII, XXI.\n\n\n    _\"To make us love our country, our country ought to be lovely,\" said\n    Burke. If there is to be patriotism, it must be a matter of pride to\n    say, \"Americanus sum\"--I am an American._--Professor Mayo-Smith.\n\n\n\n\nVII\n\nIMMIGRATION AND THE NATIONAL CHARACTER\n\n\nIf that man who careth not for his own household is worse than an\ninfidel, the nation which permits its institutions to be endangered by\nany cause that can fairly be removed, is guilty, not less in Christian\nthan in natural law. Charity begins at home; and while the people of the\nUnited States have gladly offered an asylum to millions upon millions of\nthe distressed and unfortunate of other lands and climes, they have no\nright to carry their hospitality one step beyond the line where American\ninstitutions, the American rate of wages, the American standard of\nliving are brought into serious peril. _Our highest duty to charity and\nto humanity is to make this great experiment here, of free laws and\neducated labor, the most triumphant success that can possibly be\nattained._ In this way we shall do far more for Europe than by allowing\nits slums and its vast stagnant reservoirs of degraded peasantry to be\ndrained off upon our soil.--_General Francis A. Walker._\n\nIf the hope which this country holds out to the human race of permanent\nand stable government is to be impaired by the enormous and unregulated\ninroad of poverty and ignorance, which changed conditions of\ntransportation have brought upon us, then for the sake of Europe, as\nwell as for the sake of America, the coming of these people should be\nchecked and regulated until we can handle the problems that are already\nfacing us.--_Phillips Brooks._\n\nThere are certain fundamentals in every system, to destroy which\ndestroys the system itself. Our institutions have grown up with us and\nare adapted to our national character and needs. To change them at the\ndemand of agitators knowing nothing of that character and those needs\nwould be absurd and destructive.--_Professor Mayo-Smith._\n\n\n\n\nVII\n\nIMMIGRATION AND THE NATIONAL CHARACTER\n\n\n_I. Two Points of View_\n\n[Sidenote: The Larger Race Problem]\n\nImmigration is a radically different problem from that of slavery, but\nnot less vital to the Republic. It is a marvelous opportunity for a\nChristian nation, awake; but an unarmed invasion signifying destruction\nto the ideals and institutions of a free and nominally Christian nation,\nasleep. \"The wise man's eyes are in his head,\" says Solomon, \"but the\nfool walketh in darkness.\" In other words, the difference between the\nwise and otherwise is one of sight. While Americans are walking in the\ndarkness of indifferentism and of an optimism born not of faith but\nignorance, immigration is steadily changing the character of our\ncivilization. We are face to face with the larger race problem--that of\nassimilating sixty nationalities and races. The problem will never be\nsolved by minimizing or deriding or misunderstanding it.\n\n[Sidenote: The Two Sides]\n\nAll through this study we have sought to remember that there are two\nsides to every question, and two to every phase of this great\nimmigration question. Especially is this true when we come to estimating\neffects upon character, for here we are in the domain of inference and\nof reasoning from necessarily limited knowledge. Here, too, temperament\nand bias play their part. One person learns that of every five persons\nyou meet in New York four are of foreign birth or parentage, notes the\nchange in personality, customs, and manners, and wonders how long our\nfree institutions can stand this test of unrestricted immigration.\nAnother answers that the foreigners are not so bad as they are often\npainted, and that the immorality in the most foreign parts of New York\nis less than in other parts.\n\n[Sidenote: Different Opinions]\n\nA third says it is not fair to count the children of foreign-born\nparents as foreign; that they are in fact much stronger Americans in\ngeneral than the native children of native parentage; and instances the\nflag-drills in the schools, in which the foreign children take the\nkeenest delight, as they do in the study of American history. But a\nfourth says, with Professor Boyesen, that it takes generations of\nintelligent, self-restrained, and self-respecting persons to make a man\nfit to govern himself, and that if the ordinary tests of intelligence\nand morality amount to anything, it certainly would take three or four\ngenerations to educate these newcomers up to the level of American\ncitizenship.\n\n[Sidenote: Conflicting Views]\n\nOne observer of present conditions says there is a lowered moral and\npolitical tone by reason of immigration; and another agrees with a\nleader in settlement work who recently said to the writer that he sees\nno reason to restrict immigration, that wages will take care of\nthemselves and the foreigner steadily improve, and that there is in the\nyounger foreign element a needed dynamic, a consciousness of\nAmericanism, an interest in everything American in refreshing contrast\nto the _laissez-faire_ type of native young person now so common. His\nconclusion, from contact with both types, is that the intenseness and\nenthusiasm of the foreign element will make the native element bestir\nitself or go under.\n\n[Sidenote: Mean between Extremes]\n\nSo opinions run, pro and con. There must be a mean between the two\nextremes--the one, that God is in a peculiar sense responsible for the\nfuture of the United States, and cannot afford to let our experiment of\nself-government fail, however foolish and reckless the people may be;\nand the other, that unless Congress speedily passes restrictive laws the\ndestiny of our country will be imperiled beyond remedy. We find such a\nmean in that Americanization which includes evangelization as an\nessential part of the assimilating process.\n\n[Sidenote: Foreigners Everywhere]\n\nAs to the ubiquity of the foreigner all will agree. \"Any foreigners in\nyour neighborhood?\" asked the writer of a friend in a remote country\nhamlet. \"O, yes,\" was the reply, \"we have a colony of Italians.\" Of all\nsuch questions asked during months past not one has been answered in the\nnegative. Go where you will, from Atlantic to Pacific Coast, the\nimmigrant is there. In nineteen of the northern states of our Republic\nthe number of the foreign-born and their immediate descendants exceeds\nthe number of the native-born. In the largest cities the number is two\nthirds, and even three quarters. There are more Cohens than Smiths in\nthe New York directory. Two thirds of the laborers in our factories are\nforeign-born or of foreign parentage. New England is no longer Puritan\nbut foreign. So is it in the Middle and the Central West, and not only\nin city and town but hamlet and valley. The farms sanctified by many a\nPuritan prayer are occupied to-day by French-Canadian and Italian\naliens. Foreigners are running our factories, working our mines,\nbuilding our railways, boring our tunnels, doing the hard manual labor\nin all the great constructive enterprises of the nation. They are also\nentering all the avenues of trade, and few other than foreign names can\nbe seen on the business signs in our cities large or small.\n\n[Sidenote: Foreignism Preserved]\n\nNot only do you find the foreigner, of one race or another, everywhere,\nbut wherever you find him in any numbers you note that the most\ndistinctive feature is the foreignism. The immigrant readily catches\nthe spirit of independence and makes the most of liberty. He is\ninsistent upon his rights, but not always so careful about the rights of\nothers. He is imitative, and absorbs the spirit of selfishness as\nquickly as do the native-born. He is often unkempt, uncultured, dirty,\nand disagreeable. He is also impressionable and changeable, responsive\nto kindness as he is resentful of contempt. He follows his own customs\nboth on Sundays and week days. He knows as little about American ideas\nas Americans know about him. He is commonly apt to learn, and very much\ndepends upon the kind of teaching he falls under. Much of it,\nunfortunately, has not been of the kind to make the American ideas and\nways seem preferable to his own. Made to feel like an alien, he is\nlikely to remain at heart an alien; whereas the very safety and welfare\nand Christian civilization of our country depend in no small degree upon\ntransforming him into a true American. For upon this change hangs the\nanswer to the question, which influence is to be strongest--ours upon\nthe foreigner or the foreigner's upon us.\n\n\n_II. American Ideals_\n\n[Sidenote: A Question for Patriots]\n\nSurely this is a question to engage the attention of Christian\npatriots--the influence of this vast mass of undigested if not\nindigestible immigration upon the national character and life. A most\nscholarly and valuable treatment of this subject is found in the\ndiscriminating work by Professor Mayo-Smith, one of the very best books\nwritten on the subject. The figures are out of date, but the principles\nso clearly enunciated are permanent, and the conclusions sane and sound.\nThis is the way he opens up the subject we are now considering:\n\n[Sidenote: The Marks of a High Civilization]\n\n\"The whole life of a nation is not covered by its politics and its\neconomics. Civilization does not consist merely of free political\ninstitutions and material prosperity. The morality of a community, its\nobservance of law and order, its freedom from vice, its intelligence,\nits rate of mortality and morbidity, its thrift, cleanliness, and\nfreedom from a degrading pauperism, its observance of family ties and\nobligations, its humanitarian disposition and charity, and finally its\nsocial ideals and habits are just as much indices of its civilization as\nthe trial by jury or a high rate of wages. These things are, in fact,\nthe flower and fruit of civilization--in them consists the successful\n'pursuit of happiness' which our ancestors coupled with life and liberty\nas the inalienable rights of a man worthy of the name.\n\n\"In order that we may take a pride in our nationality and be willing to\nmake sacrifices for our country, it is necessary that it should satisfy\nin some measure our ideal of what a nation ought to be. What now are the\ncharacteristics of American state and social life which we desire to\nsee preserved? Among the most obvious are the following:\n\n[Sidenote: American Ideals]\n\n     \"(1) The free political constitution and the ability to govern\n     ourselves in the ordinary affairs of life, which we have inherited\n     from England and so surprisingly developed in our own history;\n\n     \"(2) The social morality of the Puritan settlers of New England,\n     which the spirit of equality and the absence of privileged classes\n     have enabled us to maintain;\n\n     \"(3) The economic well-being of the mass of the community, which\n     affords our working classes a degree of comfort distinguishing them\n     sharply from the artisans and peasants of Europe;\n\n     \"(4) Certain social habits which are distinctively American or are,\n     at least, present in greater degree among our people than elsewhere\n     in the world. Such are love of law and order, ready acquiescence in\n     the will of the majority, a generally humane spirit, displaying\n     itself in respect for women and care for children and helpless\n     persons, a willingness to help others, a sense of humor, a good\n     nature and a kindly manner, a national patriotism, and confidence\n     in the future of the country.\n\n\"All these are desirable traits; and as we look forward to the future of\nour commonwealth we should wish to see them preserved, and should\ndeprecate influences tending to destroy the conditions under which they\nexist. Any such phenomenon as immigration, exerting wide and lasting\ninfluence, should be examined with great care to see what its effect on\nthese things will be.\"[79]\n\n[Sidenote: Protestant Religion Vital]\n\nWe should add to this thoughtful statement a clause concerning religion.\nA vital thing to be maintained and extended is the Protestant faith\nwhich formed the basis of our colonial and national life. No part of the\nsubject should receive more careful scrutiny than the effect of\nimmigration upon Protestant America. Whatever would make this country\nless distinctively Protestant in religion tends to destroy all the other\nsocial and civil characteristics which, it is well said, we wish to\npreserve.\n\n[Sidenote: American Life Changing]\n\nWhen immigration began in the early years of the nineteenth century, the\nAmerican people possessed a distinctive life and character of their own,\ndiffering in many respects from that of any other people. The easy\namalgamation of the races that formed the colonial stock--English,\nHuguenot, Scotch, Dutch--had produced an American stock distinct from\nany in the Old World. The nation was practically homogeneous, and its\nsocial, religious, and political ideals and aims were distinct. That\ngreat changes have taken place in the past century no one will deny. The\nmaterial expansion and development have not been more marked than the\nchanges social and religious.\n\n[Sidenote: Influence of Immigration]\n\nJust what part immigration has played in producing these changes it is\nof course difficult to say with exactness, but unquestionably the part\nhas been very great. The twenty-three millions of aliens admitted into\nthe United States since 1820 brought their habits and customs and\nstandards of living with them; brought also their religion or want of\nit; and it would be absurd to imagine that all of these millions had\nbeen Americanized, or, in other words, had given up their old ways for\nour ways of thinking and living. On the contrary, they have transported\nall sorts of political notions from monarchial countries to our soil.\n\"The continental ideas of the Sabbath, the nihilist's ideas of\ngovernment, the communist's ideas of property, the pagan's ideas of\nreligion--all these mingle in our air with the ideas that shaped the men\nat Plymouth Rock and Valley Forge,\" that adorned hill, dale and prairie\nwith Christian church and Christian school, and made possible the\nbuilding of free America.\n\n[Sidenote: The Grade of the Aliens]\n\nAs we have seen, the immigrants have mostly represented the peasant or\nlower classes of the countries whence they came. This is noted, not in\nthe way of prejudice, but because it is always true that mortality is\ngreater, and crime, illiteracy, and pauperism are more prevalent among\nthe lower classes. Of course it is also true that if the higher classes\nhad come from foreign lands they would have made an addition to the\nsocial life quite different from that which did come. The average\ncharacter of the immigration, however favorable, required raising in\norder to meet the American level. In the new environment it was to be\nexpected that large numbers of individuals among the immigrants would\nrise to prominence and influence, and this has been the case. The\ncountry owes large debt to the immigrants of earlier days. Their\nchildren and descendants are loyal Americans. It is true, on the other\nhand, that many have come from unfortunate conditions in the Old World\nonly to fall into quite as unfortunate ones in the New; and they and\ntheir descendants have swollen the pauper and criminal class. The\nstatistics prove that a large proportion of our criminals and convicts\nare of foreign birth. It is still more significant to note that, in the\nopinion of expert observers, the first generation of foreign-born\nparentage, in the cities at least, make a worse record than the\nmigrating parents.\n\n[Sidenote: Bad Effects of New Environments]\n\nIf this be so, the new environment is producing deterioration and\ndegeneracy instead of improvement. An Italian of education, working\namong his people, told the writer that the Italian boys and girls born\nhere, or coming at a very early age, were much more lawless and\ndisorderly and difficult to deal with than their fathers and mothers.\nThey had imbibed all the worst features of our life, its independence,\nits defiance of parental authority, its selfishness, rudeness, and\nvices, while they lacked the reverence, courtesy, and spirit of\nobedience native to the Italian-born. This is substantiated by many\nwitnesses who have labored among the foreign element. The\nAmericanization these children are getting is largely of the worst\ntype--the type that we should like to see emigrate to European\ncountries. And it is confined to no one race, but common to all.\nProfessor Boyesen, for instance, a Norwegian-American, who blamed the\nideas gained in the public schools for some of the results seen in the\nyoung hoodlums and roughs of foreign parentage, said that worthy German\nand Scandinavian fathers complained bitterly that they could not govern\ntheir children in this country. Their sons took to the streets, and if\ndisciplined left home entirely; and they attributed this to the spirit\nof irresponsible independence in the air. This is perhaps one of the\ninevitable penalties of individual liberty.\n\n\n_III. Various Effects of Immigration_\n\n[Sidenote: Making Life too Cheap]\n\nThe introduction through immigration of a lower standard of living has\nbeen shown in preceding chapters. The point to be appreciated is that in\nthis matter we are not dealing with the immigration of individual\npaupers and cheap workingmen, but with the influx of whole classes that\nthreaten to degrade our material civilization. There are in America\nentire communities which live on a different plane, and form colonies\nas foreign to American ideas and life as anything in Europe can show.\nThey have organized their own social life and fixed their own standards,\ninstead of rising to ours. The results are plain all over the country.\nImmigration has cheapened more than wages in certain lines, it has\ncheapened life, until the coal barons could say, \"It is cheaper to store\nmen than coal.\" But men may be too cheap.\n\n[Sidenote: Good Qualities Bad if Abused]\n\nSome of the best qualities in the immigrants are liable to abuse.\nThrift, for instance, is commendable, but not when it is exercised at\nthe expense of decent living. Economy is an admirable trait, but not\nwhen practiced at the expense of manhood and decent conditions. A\ndistinct deterioration of the masses displaced by the cheaper labor has\nmarked the advent of the new immigration. While some of the workingmen\nthrown out of employment by immigration rise with the increase in the\nnumber of superior positions, the great mass are obliged to accept the\nlower standard or are forced out of the industry into misery, pauperism,\nand crime. The greater tendency of immigrants, by reason of their\npoverty, to permit or encourage the employment of their wives or\nchildren, still further increases the intensity of the competition for\nemployment. In view of all the facts, a recent writer argues that the\nlimitation or restriction which would reduce the volume and improve the\neconomic quality of immigration would greatly improve labor conditions\nin this country.\n\n[Sidenote: Deterioration a Result of too Large Immigration]\n\nUnder the present free inflow, says this writer, \"the condition of the\ngreat mass of the working classes of this country is being permanently\ndepressed, and the difference between the industrial condition of the\nunskilled workers in our country and of other countries is being\nsteadily lessened to our permanent and great detriment.\"[80]\n\n[Sidenote: False Reasoning]\n\nAs to the economic effects of unrestricted immigration, the stock\nargument that it costs a foreign country a thousand dollars to raise a\nman, and that, therefore, every immigrant is that much clear money gain\nto this country, simply begs the question of the usefulness of the\nimmigrant and the country's need of him. Many immigrants are not worth\nwhat it cost to raise them, to their native land or any other; and at\nany rate, a man is only of value where he can fit into the community\nlife and do something it needs to have done. Another naive claim is that\nevery mouth that comes into the country brings with it two hands, the\nassumption being that there is necessarily work for the two hands. If\nnot, then there is an extra mouth to be fed at somebody else's expense.\nThe real question is one of demand and quality.\n\n[Sidenote: Effects upon Education]\n\nWhat effect has immigration had, and what is it likely to have, upon our\nnational educational policy? The parochial school is opposed to the\npublic school; the parochial school is Roman, the public school\nAmerican. The parochial schools could not secure scholars but for\nimmigration. The Roman Catholic Church is persistently trying to get\nappropriations of public money for parochial schools, although well\naware that this is directly contrary to the fundamental American\nprinciple of absolute separation of Church and State; and is relying\nupon the foreign vote to accomplish this un-American purpose. Here is an\nillustration of the conditions made possible through unchecked\nimmigration and the wielding of this immigration by priestly influence:\n\n[Sidenote: Baneful Results in Illinois]\n\nIn Illinois the foreign element outnumbers the native in voting power.\nIn consequence compulsory education in the public schools of that state\nwas voted down by a legislature pledged to obey the dictum of the\nforeign element. Where the priests wield the foreign element in favor of\nthe parochial schools, it is not possible to pass a bill for compulsory\neducation in the English language.\n\n[Sidenote: Parochial Schools in Pennsylvania]\n\nThe striking fact is given by Dr. Warne[81] that in parochial schools\nfor the Slav children in Pennsylvania, English is not taught, and the\nchildren are growing up as thoroughly foreign and under priestly\ncontrol as though they were in Bohemia or Galicia.\n\n[Sidenote: A Real Menace to the Republic]\n\nA student of this subject[82] says that all the facts indicate that the\ntime will come when, if compulsory education in English is not\nmaintained by the states, this important matter will have to be made one\nof national legislation. \"The supine bowing of the native element in our\npolitical parties to this foreign, domineering, un-American and\ndenationalizing opposition to the state control of the education of the\nchild for citizenship is in itself a menace. When we hear of public\nschools in America taught in German and Polish, instead of the language\nof Emerson and Longfellow, Lincoln and Grant, one feels like taking, not\nDiogenes' lantern, but an Edison searchlight, and going about our\nstreets to see if there be in all our cities a patriot.\" More evil in\nresults than this, and most insidious of all the attempts of the Roman\nCatholic hierarchy to undermine American principles, is the system of\nso-called compromise by which some of the public schools are taught by\nnuns, sisters, and priests, who wear their Church garb, and use the\nschool buildings during certain hours for sectarian instruction. The\nmere statement of the facts ought to be sufficient to bring about\ndrastic remedies, but the easy-going Protestants apparently do not\nrealize what is being done.\n\n[Sidenote: Schools the Sure Way to Americanism]\n\nAmerican patriotism must steadily and resolutely resist every Roman\nCatholic attack, open or covert, upon our public schools, every attempt\nto divert public moneys to sectarian purposes. This is vital to the\npreservation of our civil and religious liberty. For the immigrant\nchildren the public schools are the sluiceways into Americanism. When\nthe stream of alien childhood flows through them, it will issue into the\nreservoirs of national life with the Old World taints filtered out, and\nthe qualities retained that make for loyalty and good citizenship. We\nshall have to look to our school boards, elevate them above party\npolitics and the reach of graft, and elect upon them men and women\ninstinct with the spirit of true Americanism, or see this mightiest\nagency of modern civilization diverted from its high mission to produce\nfor the Republic an enlightened and noble manhood and womanhood.\n\n[Sidenote: Effects upon Political Conditions]\n\nWhat is the effect of the addition of so many thousands of men of voting\nage upon our political conditions? Undoubtedly demoralizing and\ndangerous. Professor Mayo-Smith says: \"We are thus conferring the\nprivilege of citizenship, including the right to vote, without any test\nof the man's fitness for it. The German vote in many localities controls\nthe action of political leaders on the liquor question, oftentimes in\nopposition to the sentiment of the native community. The bad influence\nof a purely ignorant vote is seen in the degradation of our municipal\nadministrations in America.\"[83] The foreign-born congregate in the\nlarge cities, especially the mass of unskilled laborers. There they\neasily come under control of leaders of their own race, who use them to\nfurther selfish ends. Fraudulent naturalization is another evil result.\nThere is no more dangerous element in the Republic than a foreign vote,\nwielded by unscrupulous partisans and grafters. The immigrant is not so\nmuch to blame as are those who corrupt him, but if he were not here they\nwould have no opportunity. In order to wield a bludgeon a bully must\nhave the bludgeon.\n\n[Sidenote: A Voter Should be Able to Read his Ballot]\n\nThere is an unquestioned and increasing evil and peril in a German vote,\nan Irish vote, a Scandinavian vote, an Italian vote, and a Hebrew vote.\nOut in South Dakota a Russian vote also has to be reckoned with, and in\nNew England a French-Canadian vote. All this is undemocratic and\nunwholesome in the highest degree. Our government is based upon the\nintelligent and responsible use of the ballot. How can such use be\npossible in the case of the naturalized alien who cannot read or write\nour language or any other? No one can declare it unreasonable that a\nreading test as a qualification for voting should be required of all. On\nthe brighter side of the political phase, it is asserted that it was the\nforeign element of the East Side in New York that made possible the\nelection of a reform candidate in a recent election, and that this\nelement can be relied upon for reform and independent voting quite as\nmuch as the American society element, which is frequently too\nindifferent to vote at all. There is too much truth in this. At the same\ntime, one who is familiar with the discussions at the People's Forum in\nCooper Institute, New York, or similar meeting places of the foreign\nelement in other large cities, knows how essentially un-American are the\npoint of view and the theories most advocated.\n\n\n_IV. The Religious Problem_\n\n[Sidenote: Effects upon Religious Conditions]\n\nWhat is the effect of immigration upon the religious life of the\ncountry? This is an exceedingly difficult matter upon which to\ngeneralize. There is no doubt that great changes have taken place in the\nreligious views and practices of the people, but how far these can be\nattributed to foreign influence is something upon which agreement will\nbe rare and judgment difficult. It will be instructive, first of all, to\nstudy this table, which gives the results of questions asked the\nimmigrants in 1900 concerning their religious connections. This was the\nlast inquiry of the kind officially made, and will indicate what\nreligious elements in immigration must be taken into consideration:\n\nRELIGIOUS STATISTICS OF THE IMMIGRATION FOR 1900\n\n  -------------------------------------------------------\n                 |Total\n                 |       | Protestants\n   Countries     |       |       |  Roman Catholics\n                 |       |       |       |Greek Catholics\n  -------------------------------------------------------\n  Austria-Hungary|64,835 | 5,009 | 39,694| 7,699\n  Belgium        | 1,728 |    94 |    967|     2\n  Denmark        | 3,253 | 2,629 |     44|    --\n  France         | 4,902 |   165 |  1,736|     3\n  German Empire  |25,904 |10,258 |  6,758|    18\n  Greece         | 2,450 |    14 |     14| 2,350\n  Italy          |79,664 |    50 | 78,306|    26\n  Netherlands    | 1,994 |   839 |    190|    --\n  Norway         | 7,113 | 6,674 |      2|    --\n  Portugal       | 2,269 |     2 |  2,056|    --\n  Roumania       | 1,655 |   160 |     60|    31\n  Russian Empire |       |       |       |\n   and Finland   |62,537 |13,295 | 22,462| 1,470\n  Servia,        |       |       |       |\n   Bulgaria      |    59 |    -- |      4|    47\n  Spain          | 1,428 |    15 |    704|    --\n  Sweden         |13,541 |12,708 |      9|    --\n  Switzerland    | 2,294 |   710 |    608|     7\n  Turkey in      |       |       |       |\n    Europe       |   137 |     5 |      5|    33\n  United Kingdom |65,390 | 12,611| 31,216|     4\n  Not specified  |     8 |     --|    -- |     5\n  Total Europe   |341,161| 65,238|184,835|11,695\n  Total Asia     |  9,726|    452|  1,390| 2,833\n  Africa         |    109|     13|      9|    --\n  All other      |       |       |       |\n    countries    | 10,440|  1,274|  2,178|    11\n                 ---------------------------------\n Grand Total[84] |361,436| 66,977|188,412|14,539\n                 ---------------------------------\n  Percentage in  |       |       |       |\n    each religion|    100|  18.54|  52.14|  4.03\n  -------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\n  --------------------------------------------------------\n                  |Israelites\n                  |       | Brahmans\n   Countries      |       |       | Mohammedans\n                  |       |       |       |Miscellaneous\n  --------------------------------------------------------\n  Austria-Hungary |11,082 |   --  |    -- |  1,351\n  Belgium         |     4 |   --  |    -- |    661\n  Denmark         |     2 |   --  |    -- |    578\n  France          |    12 |   --  |     2 |  2,984\n  German Empire   |   401 |   --  |    -- |  8,469\n  Greece          |    -- |   --  |    -- |     72\n  Italy           |     1 |   --  |    -- |  1,281\n  Netherlands     |     8 |   --  |    -- |    957\n  Norway          |    -- |   --  |    -- |    437\n  Portugal        |    -- |   --  |    -- |    211\n  Roumania        | 1,350 |   --  |    -- |     54\n  Russian Empire  |       |       |       |\n   and Finland    |24,351 |   --  |     1 |    958\n  Servia,         |       |       |       |\n   Bulgaria       |     1 |   --  |    -- |      7\n  Spain           |    -- |   --  |    -- |    709\n  Sweden          |    -- |   --  |    -- |    824\n  Switzerland     |     6 |   --  |    -- |    963\n  Turkey in       |       |       |       |\n    Europe        |    27 |   --  |    13 |     54\n  United Kingdom  |   197 |   --  |     1 | 21,361\n  Not specified   |    -- |   --  |    -- |      3\n  Total Europe    | 37,442|   --  |    17 | 41,934\n  Total Asia      |     48|  3,373|    77 |  1,553\n  Africa          |      5|   --  |    16 |     66\n  All other       |       |       |       |\n    countries     |     28|    228|    -- |  6,721\n                  ---------------------------------\n  Grand Total[84] | 37,523|  3,601|    110| 50,274\n                  ---------------------------------\n  Percentage in   |       |       |       |\n    each religion |  10.39|    .99|    -- |  13.91\n  -------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n[Sidenote: Eighty Per Cent. Non-Protestant]\n\nIn analyzing these figures, it will be noted that the Roman Catholics\nhad fifty-two per cent. in a year when the total immigration of 361,436\n(not much over one third that of the present time) was about the same in\nthe proportion of aliens from southeastern Europe as now. The Jews would\nmake a larger showing at present, as the immigrants from Russia are\nalmost wholly Jews. The Protestant strength certainly would not be any\ngreater proportionately. The large number put down as miscellaneous is\nsignificant. What a task is laid upon American Protestantism--nothing\nless than the evangelization of nearly eighty-two per cent. of the vast\nimmigration. It is easy to say that the fifty-two per cent. is nominally\nChristian, but in fact that nominal Christianity is in many respects as\nmuch out of sympathy with American religious ideals, with democracy and\nthe pure gospel, as is heathenism; and it is in many cases as difficult\nto reach, and as great an obstacle to the assimilation of the aliens.\n\n[Sidenote: Sunday Observance]\n\nLooking at various results of this incoming host, in regard to reverence\nfor Sunday and observance of it, it is fair to assume that the millions\nof Germans, with their continental Sunday, were leaders in breaking in\nupon our Sunday customs. While they have as a people observed the\nlaws--although seeking to have the laws changed so as to permit here the\nhome customs of open concert halls and beer gardens on Sunday afternoon\nand evening--their influence has been strongly felt in favor of loose\nSunday observance, and this has been sufficient to stimulate the natural\ntendency of the American element to make the day one of amusement and\nrecreation, regardless of laws. The result is that now we have a lawless\nAmerican Sunday quite different from and more objectionable than the\ncontinental Sunday.\n\n[Sidenote: Disregard of Law]\n\nIn the larger cities throughout the country the encroachments of the\nmoney-makers have been steady. Performances of all kinds are permitted,\ntheaters run either openly or with thinly veiled programs, saloons are\nopen to those who know where the proper entrances are, and many forms of\nbusiness and labor are carried on seven days in the week. The Jews\nclaimed that it was a hardship to have to close on Sunday, when their\nreligious observances came on Saturday, with result that a good many\nmanage to keep shops and factories open all the year around. Pleas of\nnecessity have been put forward where contractors desired to push jobs\nand profits. Sunday excursions are universal, and in order to gain their\nSunday pleasure-outings several millions of people of all races keep\nseveral other millions hard at work on the day of rest. All places are\ncrowded on Sunday except the churches. Go among the foreign elements in\nthe city and you would never know it was Sunday. Holiday has supplanted\nholy-day. Observe the trolley-cars or subway or elevated trains on\nSunday and you will see nine foreigners out of every ten persons. Go\ninto the suburbs and you will find springing up in out-of-the-way\nplaces, where land can be secured cheap, little recreation parks, with\ngames and dancing platforms; and here there will be throngs of Italians\nand other foreigners all day.\n\n[Sidenote: Loss of the American Sunday]\n\nLet us be just in this matter. The loss of the American Sunday is\nundoubtedly due in great measure to immigration; due in part to the\nweakness and dereliction of American professing Christians who have\nsurrendered to the foreign elements and fallen in with their ideas\ninstead of maintaining public worship and insisting upon respect for law\nat least. Let the blame fall where it belongs, and let the Church\nmembers recreant to duty take their share. When the sea threatened\nHolland her resolute people built the dykes and maintained them;\nAmerican Christians have failed to stop the leaks in the church dykes,\nand we have had a Sunday submergence in consequence. The effect of it\nupon our national development is already evident and is most disastrous\nto our highest interests. Sabbath-breaking and progress-making never go\ntogether. Sunday work and pleasure combined form the peril alike of the\nAmerican workingman and of Christian civilization.\n\n[Sidenote: General Deterioration]\n\nAlong with this inflow of alien ideas in religion goes a lowered\nmorality and a lower tone generally. Not that the sins of those in high\nplaces are to be charged upon the poor immigrant, for he rarely if ever\nbelongs to that class. The statement may be true that the great rascals\nare of native stock. But that only increases the peril. The masses that\ncome to us from southern Europe certainly will not raise the moral or\ncommercial, any more than they will the political or intellectual,\nlevel. If we do not raise them they will tend to lower us; and much of\nwhat they see and hear can have nothing less than a demoralizing effect.\n\n[Sidenote: The Only Safeguard of Liberty]\n\nWhere shall we find the zealous and consistent Christians who by\nsympathetic contact will represent the true spirit of Christianity, and\nmake the elevation of the aliens possible? The supreme truth to be\nrealized is that nothing but Christianity, as incarnated in American\nProtestantism, can preserve America's free institutions.\n\n[Sidenote: Spread of Socialism]\n\nEx-President Seelye, of Amherst, said that socialism is the question of\nthe time, and this is more apparent with every passing year. Socialism\nhas its source in the foreign element. It is not native to America. Its\nswelling hosts are composed almost entirely of immigrants of recent\ncoming. It is found not only in the great cities but is spreading\nthrough the farming sections. Now, there is a truth in socialism that\nmust be intelligently dealt with; and there is a Christian socialism\nthat should become dominant. And this is the only force that can check\nand counteract the foreign socialism that would sweep away foundations\ninstead of ameliorating conditions and remedying evils.\n\n[Sidenote: Migration a Severe Test]\n\nIn the same way, Protestant Christianity is the only agency that can\nsave us from the moral degeneracy involved in migration, even if the\nimmigrants were of our moral grade before coming. As Dr. Strong says,\nthe very act of migration is demoralizing. All the strength that comes\nfrom associations, surroundings, relations, the emigrant leaves behind\nhim, and becomes isolated in a strange land. Is it strange, then, that\nthose who come from other lands, whose old associations are all broken\nand whose reputations are left behind, should sink to a lower moral\nlevel? Across the sea they suffered restraints which are here removed.\nBetter wages afford larger means of self-indulgence; often the back is\nnot strong enough to bear prosperity, and liberty too often lapses into\nlicense.[85]\n\n[Sidenote: Why Foreign Colonies are Perpetuated]\n\nThis result of migration is at once an evil and an opportunity. Breaking\naway from the old associations leaves room and necessity for new ones.\nUpon the character of these the future of the immigrant will largely\ndepend. Here is the Christian opportunity. See to it that the new\nassociations make for righteousness and patriotism. If the immigrant is\nevangelized, assimilation is easy and sure. It is recognition of this\nfact that leads the Roman Catholic Church to keep foreign colonies in\nAmerica as isolated and permanent as possible. The ecclesiastics realize\nthat children must be held in the parochial schools, so as to avoid the\nAmericanization that comes through the public schools, with the\nprobable loss of loyalty to the Church. The parents equally must be\nkept away from the influences that would broaden and enlighten them. Dr.\nStrong tells of large colonies in the West, settled by foreigners of one\nnationality and religion; \"thus building up states within a state,\nhaving different languages, different antecedents, different religions,\ndifferent ideas and habits, preparing mutual jealousies, and\nperpetuating race antipathies. In New England conventions are held to\nwhich only French-Canadian Roman Catholics are admitted. At such a\nconvention in Nashua, New Hampshire, attended by eighty priests, the\nfollowing mottoes were displayed: 'Our tongue, our nationality, our\nreligion,' 'Before everything else, let us remain French!'\" And it is\nwell said: \"If our noble domain were tenfold larger than it is, it would\nstill be too small to embrace with safety to our national future, little\nGermanies here, little Scandinavias there, and little Irelands yonder.\"\nTo-day there are also little Italies and little Hungaries, and a long\nlist of other races.\n\n\n_V. The Hopeful Side_\n\n[Sidenote: A Brighter Picture]\n\nTurning to the pleasanter and brighter side of this great question, we\ngive the encouraging view of one who has spent years among the immigrant\npopulation, studying their environment, conditions, and character, with\nview to improving their chances. She says:\n\n\"The writer will risk just one generalization which, it is hoped, the\nultimate facts will bear out, that in the case of the new immigration we\nshall see a repetition of the story of the old immigrant we are so\nfamiliar with. First comes the ignorant and poor but industrious\npeasant, the young man, alone, without wife or family. For a few years\nhe works and saves, living according to a 'standard of life' which\nshocks his older established neighbors, and we may guess would often\nshock his people at home. At first he makes plans for going back, sends\nhis savings home, and perhaps goes back himself. But he usually returns\nto this country, with a wife. America has now become his home, savings\nare invested here, land is bought, and a little house built. The growing\nchildren are educated in American schools, learn American ways, and\nforcibly elevate the 'standard of life' of the family. The second\ngeneration, in the fervor of its enthusiasm for change and progress\nbecomes turbulent, unruly, and is despaired of.\n\n[Sidenote: The Open Door]\n\n\"But out of the chaos emerges a third generation, of creditable\ncharacter, from whom much may be expected. Our Austrian, Hungarian, and\nRussian newcomers are still in the first and second stages, and there\nseems no good reason why they should not pull through successfully to\nthe third. But in that endeavor we can either help or materially hinder\nthem, according to our treatment of them, as employees, as producers,\nas fellow citizens. America, for her own sake, owes to the immigrant not\nonly the opportunities for 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness'\nthat she promises to every man, but a sympathetic appreciation of his\nhumanity, and an intelligent assistance in developing it.\"[86]\n\n[Sidenote: How the Children Lead]\n\nThis is a picture of progress in assimilation to be remembered, and the\nconclusion is admirably expressed. Assimilation is made easy when the\nwheels of contact are oiled by kindness and sympathy. The children lead\nthe way to Americanization. Mr. Brandenburg gives this report of a\nconversation overheard in an Italian tenement in New York, the parties\nbeing a mother, father, and the oldest of three daughters: \"Said the\nmother in very forcible Tuscan: 'You shall speak Italian and nothing\nelse, if I must kill you; for what will your grandmother say when you go\nback to the old country, if you talk this pig's English?' 'Aw, g'wan!\nYouse tink I'm goin' to talk dago 'n' be called a guinea! Not on your\nlife. I'm 'n American, I am, 'n you go 'way back an' sit down,' The\nmother evidently understood the reply well enough, for she poured forth\na torrent of Italian, and then the father ended matters by saying in\nmixed Italian and English: 'Shut up, both of you. I wish I spoke English\nlike the children do,' Many parents have learned good English in order\nto escape being laughed at or despised by their children.\"[87]\n\n[Sidenote: The Young American]\n\nThe language is not classic, but it is that of real life such as these\nchildren have to endure. The rapidity with which foreigners become\nAmericanized is illustrated, said Dr. Charles B. Spahr, by the\nexperience of a gentleman in Boston. In his philanthropic work he had\ngotten quite a hold on the Italian population. A small boy once asked\nhim: \"Are you a Protestant?\" He said \"Yes,\" and the boy seemed\ndisappointed. But presently he brightened up and said, \"You are an\nAmerican, aren't you?\" \"Yes.\" \"So am I!\" with satisfaction. Children\nbecome American to the extent that they do not like to have it known\nthat they have foreign parents. One little girl of German parentage said\nof her teacher: \"She's a lady--she can't speak German at all.\" Where\nassimilation is slow, it is quite as likely to be the fault of the\nnatives as of the immigrants, much more likely, indeed. How can he learn\nAmerican ways who is carefully and rudely excluded from them? We build a\nChinese wall of exclusiveness around ourselves, our churches, and\ncommunities, and then blame the foreigner for not forcing his way\nwithin.\n\nIn a thoughtful treatment of this whole subject, Mr. Sidney Sampson\nsays:[88]\n\n[Sidenote: The Real Question]\n\n\"It has become a pressing and anxious question whether American\ninstitutions, with all their flexibility and their facility of\napplication to new social conditions, will continue to endure the strain\nput upon them by the rapid and ceaseless introduction of foreign\nelements, unused, and wholly unused in great measure, to a system of\ngovernment radically differing from that under which they have been\neducated. Can these diverse elements be brought to work in harmony with\nthe American Idea? The centuries of subjection to absolutism, or even\ndespotism, to which the ancestors of many of the immigrant classes have\nbeen accustomed, has formed a type of political character which cannot,\nexcept after long training, be brought into an understanding of, and\nsympathy with, republican principles. This is by far the most important\naspect of the question, much more so than questions of industrial\ncompetition.\"\n\nIf the republic will not ultimately endure harm, he believes industrial\nquestions will slowly but surely right themselves; if otherwise, none\neven of the wisest can foresee the result. We give his conclusion:\n\n[Sidenote: Optimism the True View]\n\n\"What is to be the outcome of this movement of the nations upon American\npolitical and industrial life is a question which confronts us with a\nproblem never before presented in the world's history. Upon a review of\nthe entire situation I think we may be optimists. Notwithstanding all\nunfavorable features, there are antagonizing elements constantly at\nwork, not the less potent because they work silently. We may attach\nundue importance to statistics merely.\n\n[Sidenote: Assimilating Agencies]\n\n\"Students of the immigration problem do not sufficiently observe the\ninfluences--in fact, the immigrant may not himself be conscious of\nthem--which year after year tend to adjust his habits of thought and his\npolitical views and actions to his new environment. Freedom of suffrage,\neducational advantages, improved industrial conditions, the dignity of\ncitizenship, equal laws, protection of property--all these nourish in\nhim an increasing respect for the American system; and we have reason to\nbelieve that, under proper legislation, the combined influence of all\nthese will in the long run fully neutralize the distinctly unfavorable\nresults of future immigration.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Solution by Combined Forces]\n\nWith this we are in accord, provided the Christian people of America can\nbe brought to see and do their whole duty by the aliens. The solution of\nthe problem demands the combined forces of our educational, social,\npolitical, and evangelical life. In that solution is involved the\ndestiny of ultimate America.\n\n\nQUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER VII\n\nAIM: TO REALIZE THE EFFECT OF IMMIGRATION UPON THE NATIONAL\nCHARACTER AND OUR INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR IMPROVING\nCONDITIONS\n\nI. _Reasons for Concern._\n\n     I. * Do you think that immigration makes a very serious problem for\n     the United States? Why? Mention others who think differently. Why\n     do you not agree with them?\n\n     2. * Are there any foreigners in your neighborhood? What are they\n     and what can you do for them?\n\n     3. Do these immigrants long retain their foreign aspect and ways?\n     In what respects do they change most quickly?\n\n     4. What does Professor Mayo-Smith say about keeping American ideals\n     intact? Must Protestant Christianity be guarded?\n\n\nII. _Threatening Changes._\n\n     5. In what respects has immigration since 1820 introduced\n     un-American standards?\n\n     6. * Have the average character and the plane of living of the\n     immigrants been raised or lowered by their coming here? Same as to\n     wages? As to intelligence?\n\n     7. * How are our public schools affected? Is there any menace to\n     our school system? Can we provide compulsory education for all the\n     children?\n\n\nIII. _Other Effects._\n\n     8. Do these new Americans learn to use the ballot rightly? Can they\n     learn?\n\n     9. Does their coming make genuine Christianity more or less\n     prominent in the national life? What effect does it have on Sunday\n     observance? Does it lessen or increase lawbreaking?\n\n\n     IV. _National Bulwarks._\n\n     10. What are the safeguards pointed out by Professor Boyesen? By\n     ex-President Seelye?\n\n     11. How can Socialism be met?\n\n     12. * Will anything but Christianity effectively guard our\n     institutions?\n\n     13. How far will material improvements help to uplift and\n     assimilate the newcomers?\n\n     14. Do the children learn patriotism from their new country? Do\n     they keep it when grown up?\n\n     15. * Is there good reason for being optimistic? Upon what\n     condition may we be hopeful?\n\n\nREFERENCES FOR ADVANCED STUDY.--CHAPTER VII\n\n    I. Study further some of the specific effects of the immigrants'\n    presence.\n\n    Warne: The Slav Invasion, V, VI.\n    Wood: Americans in Process, VII, VIII.\n    Riis: How the Other Half Lives, XVIII, XXI.\n\n\n    II. What can you learn about the present status of the parochial school\n    movement, especially in your own vicinity?\n\n    Refer to local periodicals and daily papers.\n\n\n    III. Is assimilation of foreigners taking place everywhere, or only in\n    certain places?\n\n    McLanahan: Our People of Foreign Speech, I.\n    Hall: Immigration, 172, 182.\n    Wood: Americans in Process, XII.\n    Strong: The Twentieth Century City, IV.\n\n\n    IV. Are our school facilities, actual or prospective, likely to prove\n    sufficient for the demands made upon them?\n\n    Riis: How the Other Half Lives, XV, XVI.\n    Wood: Americans in Process, X.\n    Hunter: Poverty, V.\n\n\n    _The Christian Churches in America stand face to face with a\n    tremendous task. It is a challenge to their faith, their devotion,\n    their zeal. The accomplishment of it will mean not only the\n    ascendancy of Christianity in the homeland, but also the gaining of\n    a position of vantage for world-wide evangelization._--E. E.\n    Chivers, D.D.\n\n\n\n\nVIII\n\nTHE HOME MISSION OPPORTUNITY\n\n\nThe question of supreme interest to us is the religious question. What\nshare shall the Church have in making Christian Americans of these\nimmigrants? How may Church and State work together for the solution of\nthe problem, on the solution of which very largely the future prosperity\nof the State and the Church depends.--_Charles L. Thompson, D.D._\n\n\nThe future success of missions will be largely affected by the success\nof the Church in dealing with problems that lie at her very door. The\nconnection between home and foreign missionary work is living. The\nconversion of the world is bound up with the national character of\nprofessedly Christian lands. --_Rev. Herbert Anderson, English\nMissionary in India._\n\n  \"The blood of the people! changeless tide through century, creed, and\n  race, Still one, as the sweet salt sea is one, though tempered by sun\n  and place, The same in ocean currents and the same in sheltered seas:\n  Forever the fountain of common hopes and kindly sympathies.\n  Indian and Negro, Saxon and Celt, Teuton and Latin and Gaul,\n  Mere surface shadow and sunshine, while the sounding unifies all!\n  One love, one hope, one duty theirs! no matter the time or kin,\n  There never was a separate heart-beat in all the races of men.\"\n\n\n\n\nVIII\n\nTHE HOME MISSION OPPORTUNITY\n\n\n_I. Alien Accessibility_\n\n[Sidenote: A Unique Mission Field]\n\n\"Save America and you save the world.\" Through immigration the United\nStates is in a unique sense the most foreign country and the greatest\nmission field on the globe. \"All peoples that on earth do dwell\" have\nhere their representatives, gathered by a divine ordering within easy\nreach of the gospel. Through them the world may be reached in turn.\nEvery foreigner converted in America becomes directly or indirectly a\nmissionary agent abroad, spreading knowledge of the truth among his\nkindred and tribe.[89] The greatness of the opportunity is the measure\nof obligation. God's message to this nation has been thus interpreted:\n\"Here are all these people; I have taken them from the overcrowded\ncountries where they were living and sent them to you, that you may mass\nyour forces and lend a hand to save them.\" No such opportunity ever came\nto a nation before. The Christian church must seize it or sink into\ndeserved decadence and decay. Only a missionary church can save the\nworld or justify its own existence. The manner in which American\nChristianity deals with the religious problems of immigration will\ndecide what part America is to play in the evangelization of the nations\nabroad.\n\n[Sidenote: The Gospel the Chief Factor]\n\nWe have now reached the vital part of our subject. We have learned to\ndiscriminate between peoples and find the good in all of them. We have\nseen that assimilation is essential to national soundness and strength.\nBut we have yet to realize that the most potential factor in\nassimilation is not legislation or education but evangelization. There\nis no power like the gospel to destroy race antipathies, break down the\nbars of prejudice, and draw all peoples into unity, brotherhood, and\nliberty--that spiritual freedom wherewith Christ makes free. When\nAmerican Protestantism sees in immigration a divine mission none will\ndiscover in it thenceforth a human menace.\n\n[Sidenote: Shall America be kept Christian]\n\nMarvelous mission, involving the destiny of free America. A writer asks,\n\"Will New England be kept Christian?\" and answers, \"That depends.\nPopulation is greatly changing. Immigrants from all parts of the world\nare here. They will continue to come. Unless they are molded according\nto the principles of our religion, they will greatly increase the\nirreligious elements of New England, already too large. There is a\nreligious basis in those who come, but it will require an application of\nreligious agencies to make them truly Christian citizens.\"[90] Put\nAmerica in place of New England, and the question and answer will be as\npertinent. Shall America be kept Christian? That depends. It depends\nupon what American Christians do.\n\n[Sidenote: Immigrants not Evangelical]\n\nFew of the immigrants are evangelical in religion. They know nothing of\nour gospel, and little or nothing of the Bible. The religious principles\nthey have been taught are totally opposed to the spirit of our free\ninstitutions of religion. They know priestly sovereignty but not soul\nliberty. They are the creatures of a system, and the system is\nthoroughly un-American and inimical to freedom of conscience and\nworship. But thousands and tens of thousands of them are out of sorts\nwith the system and are ready for something better.[91] They have lost\nfaith in their Church and will lose it in religion unless we teach them\nthe gospel. To accomplish this result two persons must be changed--the\nimmigrant and the American. Alien assimilation depends largely upon\nAmerican attitude.\n\n[Sidenote: Two Timely Questions]\n\nTwo questions confront us squarely as we approach this subject. First,\nthe common one, What do we think of the immigrant? And second, the less\ncommon but not less important one, What does the immigrant think of us?\nIt will do us good, as Americans and as Christians, to consider both of\nthese frankly. Honestly, what is your attitude toward the ordinary\nimmigrant? Do you want him and his family, if he has one, in your\nchurch? Do you not prefer to have him in a mission by himself? Would you\nnot rather work for him by proxy than with him in person? Do you not\npull away from him as far as possible if he takes a seat next to you in\nthe car? Actual contact is apt to mean contamination, germs, physical\nills. He is ignorant and uncultured. You desire his conversion--in the\nmission. You wish him well--at a convenient distance. You would much\nmore quickly help send a missionary to the Chinese in China than be a\nmissionary to a Chinaman in America, would you not? Think it over,\nChristian, and determine your personal relation to the immigrant. Is he\na brother man, or a necessary evil? Will you establish a friendly\nrelation with him, or hold aloof from him? Does your attitude need to be\nchanged?\n\n[Sidenote: The Alien Point of View]\n\nWhat, now, do you suppose this \"undesirable\" immigrant thinks of America\nand Protestant Christianity? What has he reason to think, in the light\nof his previous dreams and present realizations? What does Protestant\nChristianity do for him from the time he reaches America? What will he\nlearn of our free institutions--in the tenement slums or labor camps or\nfrom the \"bosses\" who treat him as cattle--that will teach him to prize\nAmerican citizenship, desire religious liberty, or lead a sober,\nrespectable life? If we are in earnest about the evangelization of the\nimmigrant we must put ourselves in his place occasionally and get his\npoint of view. When we think fairly and rightly of the immigrant, and\ntreat him in real Christian wise, he will soon come to think of us that\nour religion is real, and this will be a long step toward the change we\ndesire him to undergo. We shall never accomplish anything until we\nrealize that the coming of these alien millions is not accidental but\nprovidential.\n\n\n_II. Missionary Beginnings_\n\n[Sidenote: Alien Accessibility is Home Mission Possibility]\n\nThe first human touch put upon the immigrant in the new environment is\nvastly important in its effects. He is easily approachable, if rightly\napproached. Alien accessibility makes home mission possibility. The\napproach may not at first be on the distinctively religious side, but\nthere is a way of access on some side. A living gospel incarnated in a\nliving, loving man or woman is the \"open sesame\" to confidence first and\nconversion afterward. Make the foreigner feel that you are interested\nin him as a man, and the door is open beyond the power of priestcraft to\nshut it. The priest may for a time keep the Catholic immigrant away from\nthe Protestant church but not from the Protestant cordiality and\nsympathy; and if these be shown it will not be long before the\nimmigrant, learning rapidly to think for himself, will settle the\nchurch-going according to his own notion. A kind word has more\nattractive power than a cathedral. You will never win an Italian as long\nas you call him or think of him as \"dago,\" nor a Jew while you nickname\nhim \"sheeny.\" The immigrant wants neither charity nor contempt, but a\nman's recognition and rights, and when American Christians give him\nthese he will believe in their Christianity and be apt to accept it for\nhimself.\n\n[Sidenote: The First Touch]\n\nHome mission work of a distinctive character should and does begin at\nthe point of landing in the New World. At Ellis Island, for example,\nthere are now some thirty missionaries, representing the leading\nChristian denominations. This gives proof of the partial awakening of\nthe Churches to the importance of this work. It is only of late years\nthat any special attention has been paid to the welfare of the incomers,\neither by State or Church. Now both are seeking to throw safeguards\naround the immigrants and secure them a fair start. A large room is set\napart for the missionaries in the receiving building at Ellis Island,\nand they perform a service of great good both to the aliens and the\ncountry. First impressions count tremendously, and happy is it for the\nimmigrant who gets this initial impression from contact with a Christian\nmissionary instead of a street sharper. Once put the touch of human\nkindness upon the immigrant and he is not likely to forget it. The hour\nof homesickness, of strangeness in a strange land, of perplexity and\ntrouble, is the hour of hours when sympathy and help come most\ngratefully. The missionaries are on hand at this critical juncture.\nThousands of immigrants are saved from falling into bad hands and evil\nassociations through their zealous efforts. Thousands are supplied with\ncopies of the Testament, the sick and sorrowful are comforted, the\nrejected are tenderly ministered to in their distress, and the gospel is\npreached in the practical way that makes it a living remembrance. This\nis one way in which a true and enduring assimilation is begun.\n\n[Sidenote: The Fruit of Kindness]\n\nHere is a single illustration of the unexpected results of this first\nChristian touch in the new world. One of the women missionaries was very\nkind to a Bohemian family, helping the father find his destination and\nget settled. At parting, the missionary gave him a Testament and asked\nhim to read it when in trouble. He thanked her for all her kindness to\nhim and his family, and said he would keep the book for her sake. He\nput it away and forgot all about it. One day his little girl got the\nbook and tore a leaf out. When he learned what she had done he was very\nangry, and punished her for tearing the book, saying that the kind lady\nat Ellis Island had given it to him, and he had promised to keep it. He\nthreatened the child with severe punishment if she touched it again.\n\"What is the book, papa?\" she asked. He said he did not know what it\nwas, but the lady gave it to him, and that was enough.\n\n[Sidenote: The Gospel's Power]\n\nThe little girl kept asking about it until at length his curiosity was\naroused, and he took the Testament to find out for himself. As he began\nto read the story of Jesus he became interested, and presently had his\nwife reading it also. Such wonderful things he had never heard of\nbefore, and he thought he would tell the priest about it, for if the\npriest knew about it he would surely tell the people. The priest forbade\nhim to look into the book again, saying that it was a bad book and would\ncost him his soul if he read it. This only ended the influence of the\npriest, for the immigrant said such a good person as Jesus could not do\nanybody any harm, he was sure of that. He decided to go back to Ellis\nIsland and ask the kind lady about it. The light came, and he and his\nfamily are earnest members of a Christian church, showing their\ngratitude by trying with true missionary spirit to bring others of\ntheir race to the Master.[92]\n\n[Sidenote: Immigrant Headquarters]\n\nThis missionary work, coming at the critical time, needs to be extended\nand dignified. It should be so enlarged that it would be possible to\nreach in some way the great mass of the newcomers, where now it touches\ncomparatively few. There should be a great interdenominational\nheadquarters building, thoroughly equipped for every kind of helpful\nservice. A large force of trained workers of different nationalities\nshould be employed, so that all kinds of needs might be met. It is\nentirely possible to establish a center that would powerfully impress\nthe immigrants with the worth and importance of the Christian religion.\nBut no small affair will do. Our great denominations have the money in\nplenty, and certainly have the talent to organize such a work as the\nworld has never yet seen. And what a chance for personal service such an\ninstitution would afford. This would be a living object lesson of\nChristianity helping the world, that might fitly stand beside the statue\nof \"Liberty enlightening the world.\"\n\n\n_III. Protestantism and the Alien_\n\n[Sidenote: Present Work for the Foreigners]\n\nHow are the evangelical denominations meeting their imperative\nobligation to evangelize the multitudes brought to their very doors?\nWhen the immigrant has passed through the gates, what attention is paid\nto him? Take it in the centers of population, where the mass of the\nimmigrants go, and the showing is not very imposing as yet.\n\n[Sidenote: Abandoned Fields]\n\nThe truth is that as the foreigners have moved into down-town New York\nthe old-time Protestant churches have moved out, in great measure\nabandoning the field, on the assumption that there was no constituency\nto maintain an American church. It did not seem to dawn upon the rich\nchurches which moved up town that the new population needed\nevangelization and could be evangelized. The result is that the\nimmigrant accustomed to imposing churches and splendid architecture and\nimpressive ritual, sees little to impress him with the existence of\nProtestant Christianity. Go through that teeming East Side in New York,\nand here and there you will find a mission supported in desultory\nfashion by some church or city mission society or mission board, and in\nquarters conducive to anything but worship or respect. There is nothing\nto make the new arrival feel the presence and power of the religious\nfaith that created this free Republic and still predominates in its best\nlife. So it is wherever you go. The home mission work is in its\nbeginnings, and these are manifestly feeble and inadequate.\n\n[Sidenote: An Example]\n\nThe Roman Catholics teach us some practical lessons. They build large\nand impressive churches for the immigrants. They abandon no fields, and\nimmediately occupy those left by Protestants. They expend money where it\nwill go furthest. The Protestants of New York should have been\nfar-sighted enough to plant strong evangelistic and philanthropic\ninstitutions in the fields from which they withdrew their churches.\nValuable ground has been lost for want of this missionary insight and\nimpulse.\n\n[Sidenote: Need of an Awakening]\n\nThe conditions in New York are symptomatic of those obtaining generally,\nin country as well as city. The Protestant churches, not recognizing the\nsupreme home mission opportunity to Christianize the immigrants, have in\nmany cases become weak where a zealous evangelism would have kept them\nstrong. Too many of the American Churches have been satisfied with their\nown prosperity and unmindful of the growing need of the gospel all\naround them. As a missionary worker says:[93] \"There are plenty of\nChristians who believe that the gospel is the power of God unto\nsalvation in a vague and general way; but there are not enough people\nwho clearly believe that the gospel is the power of God unto salvation\nto the Italian working on the railroad, or the Hungarian in the shops,\nor the German on the farm. Too many of us have no faith at all in\nforeign missions at home.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Reasons for Present Conditions]\n\nIt is impossible to enter into details of what has been undertaken by\nthe different evangelical denominations. Reference to the tables\nfurnished by various Home Mission Boards[94] will indicate, as far as\nbald figures can do so, the extent of the work among the various\npeoples. The statistics show that in the country, especially in the\nWest, missions among the earlier type of immigrants--the German and\nScandinavian--have long been maintained with success. There are hundreds\nof strong and prosperous churches among these peoples. For the later\nimmigrants less has been done, although the need is far greater. Some of\nthe reasons for the small proportions of this work are manifest. In\norder to reach the Slavs and Italians there must be native missionaries,\nand these cannot be found offhand. After converts are made, those who\nare fitted to preach and teach must be trained, and schools must be\nprovided for the training.[95] The difficulties of language must first\nbe overcome. The process requires time and patience and large resources.\nMissions cannot be imposed upon these foreign peoples from without.\nForce cannot be used. Access must be found, and the gospel seed be sown\nas opportunity occurs. There must be a natural development in a work\nlike this, which deals with individuals, and that by persuasion. The\npresent work must not be judged too harshly, therefore, as reflecting\nupon the churches. Only of late has the need been recognized by the\nleaders in Christian effort. Dr. Thompson puts the situation in true\nlight, when he says:\n\n[Sidenote: The Point for a New Departure]\n\n\"It goes without saying that the church has not so far taken its full\nshare of the responsibility. She has not realized the gravity of the\nsituation. Indeed, only in late years has it emerged in its full\nsignificance. Consequently the work of the various Christian bodies has\nbeen sporadic, rather than systematic and persistent. There has been no\nserious endeavor to deal with it as a problem and to try to compass it.\nAll the Churches have worked among the foreigners, but it has been\ndetermined by local conditions and needs which have appealed to\nChristian people here and there; that, however, is very different from\nan intelligent view of the whole situation and a campaign intended and\nadapted to solve the whole problem. We have reached a point in the\nimmigration problem where it must be solved broadly, philosophically,\nand by the combination of all forces--civic, social, moral, and\nreligious--to bring about the healthy assimilation of all foreign\nelements into the life of the body politic.\"[96]\n\n[Sidenote: Success of Earnest Effort]\n\nWe have said the foreigner is accessible. How true this is, when earnest\nand genuine effort is made, is shown by the tent work in many cities.\nTake it among the Italians in New York, for example. A tent worker tells\nthe results:[97]\n\n\"New York City within a year will hold a half million Italians. What is\nthe Church of America to do with them? Will they listen to the gospel?\nWho has tried to reach them?\n\n[Sidenote: Tent Work Results in a Church]\n\n\"During the past summer a company of earnest workers for God and man\ntested the problem of saving men to save New York. They started an\nopen-air and tent campaign. They proceeded on the simple hypothesis that\n'Nothing will elevate the man, no matter how good he is morally, except\nthe gospel of Jesus Christ, for it alone is the power of God to change\nthe whole man and save him eternally.' They drove their tent-stakes into\nthe ground in an Italian quarter and began to preach and to sing the\ngospel of grace triumphant into the ears and hearts of Roman Catholic\nItalians. Except when the weather was exceptionally bad, from five to\nsix hundred persons were there nightly. They were met just as the\nforeign missionary would meet them. Not one among them, perhaps,\nChristian from a purely evangelistic standpoint, and yet, what was the\nresult? In less than one year they expect to have a permanent church\nbuilding to cost $60,000; something like two hundred are ready to enter\nand form a Protestant church.\"\n\n[Sidenote: An Ingenious Italian Expedient]\n\nIs this a hopeful work, this effort to evangelize the foreigners? Let\nthe following unique instance give its answer, and illustrate also the\nintertwinings of the home and foreign work. In a quarry at Monson,\nMassachusetts, where over three hundred Italians are employed, there was\namong the number a man who had been converted in Italy, through the\nfaithful efforts of an American missionary. When this convert reached\nthe Massachusetts quarry, his heart burned within him as he realized the\nspiritual condition of his countrymen, who were living without any\nreligious services. He labored so effectively for their salvation that\nin a few months seventeen of the workmen were converted, and they held\nregular meetings for prayer and study of the Bible. At length they sent\na message, signed by every convert, to a state missionary society: \"In\nGod's name, send us a missionary.\" A missionary was sent to organize\nthem into a church. They had no meeting-place, and in this emergency\none of the converts proposed that a room be built on the roof of his\ncottage. This was done by the little band, and there they worshiped\nuntil the place was too small. Then the first story was extended in the\nrear, giving space for a comfortable chapel, and the family occupied the\nsecond story or roof-room. This indicates the ingenuity as well as the\ngenerous and self-sacrificing spirit of these Italian Christians, who\nmaintain a regular pastor and full services. How many of our American\nchurches, with much larger resources, could show a better record? What\nAmerican Christian would have thought of building a meeting-house on his\nhome roof, or would have been willing to do it if he had thought of it?\nIn devotion and liberality the converted aliens often set noble examples\nfor American Christians.[98]\n\n\n_IV. The Call to Great Things_\n\n[Sidenote: How to Save Our American Churches]\n\n[Sidenote: Missionary Effort the Solution]\n\nMissionaries have been surprised at the eagerness with which they were\nreceived by the Italians, Bohemians, Poles, Slovaks, and Lithuanians,\nand others commonly regarded as most hopeless. The Bohemians have a\nlarge number of freethinkers--over 300 societies of them--who have\nsought to draw their people away from Christianity or any form of\nreligion; but they also have a large number of earnest and devoted\nChristian converts, who know the power of the gospel to save, and are\npreaching and teaching it. In Pennsylvania, among the Slav peoples,\nsimple-hearted native workers who have found the way of life are making\nthat way known to others, and local churches in many places are becoming\nrevived through their active work for these foreigners. Many churches\nnow extinct would be alive if they had seen their opportunity. If those\nchurches that have lost most of their old-time membership could be\nfilled with missionary zeal, and be sustained as evangelistic centers,\nthe church life of the mining regions would become a different thing\nonce more. The only way to save these American churches is for them to\nsave the immigrants. The same thing is true in all country sections\nwhere the foreigners have become numerous. The need everywhere is for\nmoney to plant and equip thoroughly, and maintain efficiently, these\nevangelizing churches in every community. These institutions must be\nmore than meeting-houses, open a few times a week.\n\n[Sidenote: A Great Mission Enterprise]\n\nThe institutional church always open, with something to meet every\nlegitimate need of old and young, so that the evangelical center shall\nbe the center of community life, can alone meet the requirement. A great\nforce of workers must be raised up, and this means training schools. No\nmore important educational work can be done in our country in the\npresent emergency. These schools might be interdenominational, with\nspecial classes where required for the specific denominational training,\nand thus a united Protestantism could be rallied to their support, and\nmake them of size sufficient to impress all with the real consequence of\nthe work.\n\n[Sidenote: Church Federation for Service]\n\nIn this work the interdenominational comity and cooeperation represented\nin the federation of evangelical churches would secure the best covering\nof the whole field, in the true fraternal and Christian spirit. What all\ndesire supremely is the salvation of the immigrants. And only a united\nProtestantism can present such a massive front as to impress the world.\nThis work must be large enough to be self-respecting. At present it is\nextremely doubtful if there is enough of it to make individual members\nof the churches feel its worth and importance. There should be a mighty\nadvance movement, calling for millions of money and thousands of\nmissionaries, and reaching into a multitude of places now destitute of\ngospel influences. Then the alien in America would realize the American\nspirit and purpose and interest in him, and the birth of a new\ncitizenship would begin.\n\n[Sidenote: Planning Large Things]\n\nThis is the day of large enterprises. The home mission movement for the\nevangelization of the foreign peoples in America ought to be in the\nforefront of the great enterprises. The real hope of America lies in the\nsuccess of this work. The best brain of the Christian laity should be\nengaged in this business.\n\n[Sidenote: A Million a Year in New York]\n\nIn New York City alone the Christian denominations ought to raise and\nexpend at least a million dollars a year for the next ten years for city\nforeign evangelization, and this would be only a start in a work bound\nto extend indefinitely. The demand is imperative. The fields are ripe\nfor harvest. We have seen that the old religious ties are not only\nweakened by the Atlantic voyage, but often broken altogether. In some\nnationalities this tie is strong, in most of them not very binding. The\ngreat bulk of the new immigration is Roman or Greek Catholic. Thousands\nof these nominal church members drift into open infidelity or schools of\natheism, or else into nothingism. Their former Church does not keep\nthem, and Protestantism does not get them. It is a question whether\ntheir new condition is better or worse, religiously, than it was in the\nold country. We should remove that question by surrounding them with\nsuch Christian influences and institutions as will make it impossible\nfor them to escape the Americanizing and evangelizing environment. Why\nshould not Christian philanthropy, for instance, build a block of model\ntenement-houses in the Italian district, and give the income from\nrentals as a permanent endowment for Italian mission work? This would be\na double blessing.\n\n[Sidenote: How to Use Wealth for Country]\n\nThere is a magnificent opportunity, an opportunity to fire the heart of\nthe men who have means to carry out whatever they devise. The\nevangelical denominations should establish in the heart of the East\nSide, where are gathered a dozen little nationalities, not simply one\ngreat establishment of distinctively religious and educational\ncharacter, but a number of such institutional churches, costing anywhere\nfrom a million to a million and a half each, and sustained in a\nthoroughly business-like way. Christianity should permeate the entire\nwork. We ought to be working for to-day and for the future. The Home\nMission Boards in cooeperation should be asked to lead forward in this,\nthe greatest task of the twentieth century. There is nothing sentimental\nor impracticable about these suggestions.\n\n[Sidenote: A Work for United Protestantism]\n\nHere is a work that demands the moral strength of Protestant union. Let\nus seek to make the foreigners Christian, give them the Bible, and set\nthem an example of the brotherhood of believers. Then the immigrants\nwill become believers and join the brotherhood.\n\n[Sidenote: What the Local Church Can Do]\n\nIn addition to this organized work done through the missionary bodies,\nthere is a large work for local churches to do. In some denominations,\nwhich report little organized effort, there is much mission work done by\nlocal parishes. And in all denominations there are many churches that\nstudy their community and apply themselves to its needs. The Chinese\nSunday-school work has been chiefly done by the local churches, and\ntherefore it is not easy to learn the extent of the work, since reports\nare not made to central boards. This form of service is especially\ndesirable when it draws the members of the churches to any extent into\npersonal contact with the foreign element, and it should be fostered.\n\n\n_V. The Individual Duty_\n\n[Sidenote: What You Can Do]\n\nThis brings us to the heart of the whole matter--the personal equation.\nThe trouble is that the alien and the American do not know each other.\nAversion on the one side is met by suspicion on the other. Shut away\nfrom intercourse, the alien becomes more alienated, and the American\nmore opinionated, with results that may easily breed trouble. The\nantidote for prejudice is knowledge. Immigration has made it\npossible--and in this case possibility is duty--for the consecrated\nChristian, in this day and land of marvelous opportunity, to be a\nmissionary--not by proxy but in person.\n\n[Sidenote: Be a Home Missionary]\n\nHere is the foreigner in every community. You meet him in a hundred\nplaces where the personal contact is possible. Did it ever occur to you\nthat you could do something directly for the evangelization of the Greek\nor Italian fruit vender or bootblack or laborer? Have you ever felt any\nresponsibility for the salvation of these commonly despised foreigners?\nHave you laughed at them, or shown your contempt and dislike for them as\nthey have crowded the public places? The evangelization of the\nforeigners in America must be effected by the direct missionary effort\nof the masses of American Christians. That is the foundation truth. The\nwork cannot be delegated to Home Mission Boards or any other agencies,\nno matter how good and strong in their place.\n\n[Sidenote: A Personal Service]\n\nHence, let all emphasis be put here upon personal responsibility and\nopportunity. Be a missionary yourself. Reach and teach some one of these\nnewcomers, and you will do your part. Do not begin with talking about\nreligion. Make the chance to get acquainted; then after you have shown\ngenuine human interest, and won confidence, the way will be open for the\ngospel that has already been felt in human helpfulness. As a result of\nthis study, which has taught you to discriminate and to be charitable to\nall peoples, the new attitude and sympathy will enable you to approach\nthose who have been brought within your sphere of influence. There is a\nfield of magnificent breadth open to our young people. Once engaged in\nthis personal service, and aware of its blessed effects, there will be\nno lack of a missionary zeal that will embrace the world-wide kingdom.\n\n[Sidenote: A Shining Example of Personal Effort]\n\nAt a conference in New York, in the Home Mission study class a young\ncolored man from the West Indies gave a practical illustration of\nindividual missionary effort of the kind that would evangelize the\nforeigners, if it were generally practiced. He said that every Thursday,\nwhen the steamer from the West Indies arrives, he arranges his work so\nas to be at the wharf, ready to welcome immigrants, especially young\npeople, and to advise them, if they are strangers without settled\ndestination. He was led to do this by his own experience. For three\nyears after he came to New York, he went from church to church without\never receiving a word of welcome or invitation to come again. Finally he\nfound a church home; but the homesickness and loneliness of those years\nmade him feel that so far as he could help it, no one else from the West\nIndies should have a similar experience. So he made himself free to\nspeak to the young men, and always invited them to church. He had been\nthe means of aiding many to establish themselves, and had saved many\nimmigrants from being lured away into evil. He said the place to get the\nheart of the foreigner was when he first landed. It was a simple story,\ntold without any false modesty. Plainly his heart was in the work. He\nwas a home missionary, doing a definite service of importance, and\nsetting an example that inspired that company. They could not help the\nround of applause that followed his statement. It was spontaneous. This\nis the personal touch that must be put in some way upon the stranger\nthat is within our gates. If the alien can be brought under this\ngracious Christian influence, the chances are many that he will soon\ncease to be alien and become Christian. Blessed is he who makes any soul\nwelcome to country and church.\n\n[Sidenote: A Call for Sacrifice]\n\nA call to home mission service is thus presented by Dr. Goodchild, who\nwould carry religion more fully into the settlement idea: \"We need for\nthe solution of this problem that young men and women who go to the\ngreat cities from the strong churches of the smaller towns and villages\nshould identify themselves with mission churches rather than to seek\nease and honor in wealthy churches where unused talent is already\ncongested.\n\n[Sidenote: The Living Example]\n\n\"We need young men and young women to go down among these people and\nlive Christian lives in the midst of them. I do not believe that any\none should take his children there to rear them. But young men in\ngroups, or young women in groups, or young couples without children, who\nare able to earn their own living could contribute greatly to the\nsolution of these problems if they would live among these foreigners and\nhelp in the process of digestion and assimilation. And there is nothing\nthat can do that work so quickly and effectually as for Christian men\nand women to dwell among these people, as Christ once left his home on\nhigh to dwell among the sinful ones of earth. And if there are young men\nand young women who are willing to give themselves wholly to work for\nthese people, and will live among them, and seek by the power of divine\ngrace to lift them up, it surely is very little for you and me to\nsustain them while they toil.\"\n\n[Sidenote: How the Work Grows]\n\nWherever earnest effort has been put forth, the progress of the work has\nbeen most encouraging. As an illustration of this, when Dr. H. A.\nSchauffler some twenty years ago began his pioneer missionary work among\nthe 25,000 Bohemians of Cleveland, he could not learn of any\nfellow-laborers in the Slavic field except a Bohemian theological\nstudent in New York, a Bohemian Reformed Church pastor in Iowa,\nand another in Texas. But in 1905 there met in Chicago an\nInterdenominational Conference of Slavic missionaries and pastors, and\nthat gathering comprised no less than 103 Slavic workers, of whom\nsixty-four were pastors and preachers, fourteen women missionaries, and\ntwenty-five missionary students; while the conference represented\nforty-nine churches in thirteen states, and five evangelical\ndenominations. Mr. Ives says truly: \"It has been forever established\nthat foreigners are as convertible as our own people, that in many\ninstances their faith is more pure and evangelical than the American\ntype, that their lives are transformed by its power to an extent that\nsometimes puts the American Christian to shame, that their children are\neasily gathered into Sunday-schools, their young people into Endeavor\nSocieties, and their men and women into prayer-meetings, where in many\ndifferent tongues they yet speak and pray in the language of Canaan. The\nimmigration problem is not the same menace that it was. A mighty solvent\nhas been found.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Inspiring Difficulties]\n\nThere is no escaping the fact that a prodigious amount of difficult\nlifting must be done in order to elevate the aliens to the American\nsocial and religious level. But the very vastness of the home mission\ntask is inspiring rather than discouraging to heroic souls. As someone\nsays, \"The American loves a tough job.\" Difficulties will not hinder him\na moment when once he is moved with the divine impulse, sees the thing\nto be done, and sets himself with God's help to do it. Present\nconditions call to mind that passage in \"Alice in Wonderland,\" where by\nthe seashore\n\n  The walrus and the carpenter were walking hand in hand,\n  And wept like anything to see such quantities of sand.\n  \"If seven maids with seven mops, swept it for half a year,\n  Do you suppose,\" the walrus said, \"that they could get it clear?\"\n  \"I doubt it,\" said the carpenter, and shed a bitter tear.\n\n[Sidenote: A Hopeful, not Hopeless Task]\n\nIt must be confessed that what has been done, in comparison with what\nhas to be done, would not be unfairly represented by the seven maids,\nand that some people think the conversion of the foreigner as hopeless\nas the carpenter did the sand-sweeping job. But seven mops are better\nthan none, and the pessimists are few. Souls are different material to\nwork upon from sand. By and by the Christian denominations will stop\nsweeping around the edges of this great missionary enterprise, and take\nhold of it with full force. This will come to pass when the real\nconditions and needs and perils are widely known; and in making them\nknown the young people have their opportunity to render signal service\nto foreigner, country, Church, and Christ.\n\n\n_VI. Basal Grounds for Optimism_\n\n[Sidenote: The Outlook]\n\nNow that we have completed our study of immigration, necessarily limited\nby time and space, we are in position to draw some conclusions with\nregard to the outlook. Our study shows that there is plenty in the\ncharacter and extent of present day immigration to make the Christian\nand patriot thoughtful, prayerful, and purposeful. On the surface there\nis enough that is appalling and threatening to excuse if not justify the\nuse of the word \"peril.\" The writer confesses that when he lived, years\nago, in western Pennsylvania, and came close to the inferior grades of\nimmigrants, and witnessed the changes wrought by the displacement of the\nearlier day mining class, he bordered for a time on the pessimistic\nplane. Nor was his condition much improved during residence in New\nEngland, where the changing of the old order and the passing of the\nPuritan are of vast significance to our country. But closer study of the\nbroad subject has led to a positively optimistic view concerning\nimmigration, and some of the grounds of this optimism may properly close\nthis chapter and volume.\n\n[Sidenote: Two Great Factors--Democracy and Religion]\n\nThe basal ground is the universal tendency toward democracy and the\nuniversal necessity for religion. These are sufficiently axiomatic. The\nappeal to the history of the nineteenth century is sufficient to\nestablish the first, and the appeal to the heart of humanity will\nestablish the second. Democracy is the dominant spirit in the world's\nlife to-day. It is the vital air of America. Whatever is in its nature\ninimical to democracy cannot permanently endure on this continent, and\ncertainly cannot control, whether it be in the sphere of ecclesiasticism\nor commercialism. This, then, is the sure ground for optimism. Religion\nis a necessity in a nation. What shall the type of religion be in\nAmerica? The answer is clear, for Protestantism is democratic, while\nRomanism is autocratic.\n\n[Sidenote: Influence of the New Environment]\n\nThe hope of America's evangelization is increased by the fact that the\npure religion of Jesus Christ is so essentially democratic in its\nfundamental teachings of the brotherhood of man, of spiritual liberty\nand unity. The immigrant comes into a new environment, created alike by\ncivil and religious liberty, and cannot escape its influence. Political\nliberty teaches the meaning of soul liberty, and leads the way slowly\nbut surely to it. A man cannot come into rights of one kind without\nawakening to rights of every kind; and once awakened, soon he insists\nupon having them all for himself. Freedom is infectious and contagious,\nand the disease is speedily caught by the old-world arrival, who\nbreathes in its germs almost before the ship-motion wears off. The peril\nof this is that to him the main idea of liberty is license. The true\nmeaning of the word he must be taught by the Christian missionary, for\ncertainly he will not learn it from the Church to which he commonly\nbelongs. Here, then, is the opportunity for the pure gospel and for the\nChristian missionary.\n\n[Sidenote: The Testing \"If\"]\n\nAdding the natural appeal of the gospel in its simplicity to this\nfavoring democratic environment, there is every reason for optimism\nconcerning immigration, if only American Protestantism prove true to its\nopportunity and duty. \"Ah, but that is a tremendous IF,\" said a widely\nknown Christian worker to whom this statement was made. \"I agree with\nyou as to the favoring conditions, and my only doubt is whether our\nChristian Churches can be brought to see their duty and do it. So far\nthere are only signs of promise. Our home mission societies are\ndoubtless doing all they can with the slender means furnished by the\ncontributing churches, but they are only playing at the evangelization\nof these inpouring millions.\" What could be said in reply? One could not\ndeny present apathy on the part of Protestants at large, whether the\ncause be ignorance or indifference or want of missionary spirit. One\ncould but declare faith in the prevailing power of Protestantism when\nthe crisis comes. We believe the day is not distant when American\nProtestantism will present a united front and press forward\nirresistibly. For the hastening of this day let us pray and work.\n\n[Sidenote: The Task of the Ages]\n\nThus the problem always resolves itself to this at last: God has set for\nAmerican Protestant Christianity the gigantic task of the ages--the\nhome-foreign-mission task--nothing less than the assimilation of all\nthese foreign peoples who find a home on this continent into a common\nAmericanism so that they shall form a composite American\nnation--Christian, united, free, and great. What could be more glorious\nthan to have part in the solution of this problem? To this supreme\nservice, young men and women of America, you are called of God. What say\nyou: shall it be Alien or American?\n\n\nQUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER VIII\n\nAIM: TO MAKE HOPEFUL BEGINNINGS A STRONG INCENTIVE TO GREAT\nEXPANSION OF CHRISTIAN WORK FOR FOREIGNERS\n\nI. _Faults on Both Sides._\n\n     1. What issues hang upon our work for the incoming foreigners?\n\n     2. * What barriers must be broken down in order to approach them\n     successfully?\n\n     3. What do these immigrants (speaking of them in general terms)\n     possess, and what do they lack, spiritually?\n\n     4. Is there a lack in our own personal attitude and feelings toward\n     them? What is it?\n\n     5. * If you had come as an average immigrant, what would you be\n     likely to think of \"America\" and the \"Americans\"?\n\nII. _Missionary Beginnings._\n\n     6. When and where is it most easy to approach the foreigner? What\n     will a \"lurking prejudice\" do?\n\n     7. What Christian workers are there at the ports of entry? Give\n     instances of the results of their labors.\n\n     8. Can we possibly rest content with what is now being done on\n     these lines? Why not?\n\n     9. * Should all denominations unite in an effort to meet the\n     situation? Will you strive for it?\n\n     10. What has been the history of evangelical churches down town in\n     New York City? What centers of Christian work may be found there?\n     What form would a more adequate provision be likely to take?\n\n     11. Among what classes of immigrants has the most successful\n     Christian work been done?\n\n     12. Among what classes has it been thus far sporadic and\n     experimental? Give instances of successful work for Italians.\n\n\nIII. _Expansion Needed and Possible._\n\n     13. * Are those who are ordinarily neglected responsive to the\n     right sort of effort? How may there be sent forth \"more laborers\n     into the harvest\"?\n\n     14. When and how may the scattered forces be joined for more\n     effective work?\n\n     15. * Shall we \"dare to brave the perils of an unprecedented\n     advance\"?[99] Have we such faith that God will move his people to\n     furnish the funds?\n\n\nIV. _Local and Individual Efforts._\n\n     16. Are there many Sunday-schools for Chinese in local churches?\n     Why not as many for other needy races?\n\n     17. * How can every Christian be a Home Missionary? Describe some\n     example. Compare our Lord's parable of the leaven.\n\n     18. Will the \"day of small things\" lead to greater? On what\n     conditions? Give instances.\n\n     19. * Is the task great enough to challenge our Christian faith,\n     courage, and perseverance?\n\n\nV. _A Hopeful Outlook for the Christian._\n\n     20. Is there any reason for inactivity and despair? Why not?\n\n     21. Will Christian democracy help to solve the problem?\n\n     22. Where lies the element of uncertainty and how can it be\n     removed?\n\n     23. * Will you deliberately give yourself to be used of God in\n     helping to remove it?\n\n     \"Immigration Means Obligation.\"\n\n\nREFERENCES FOR ADVANCED STUDY.--CHAPTER VIII\n\n    I. Study the various forms of work undertaken for foreigners by\n    denominational Home Mission Boards.\n\n    Tables and statements in the appendixes of this book.\n\n    Missionary periodicals.\n\n    Reports and papers of different Societies.\n\n    II. Investigate and report upon efforts made in your own locality.\n\n    III. Frame an argument, or plea, for the great enlargement of all\n    Christian activities on behalf of foreigners.\n\n    McLanahan: Our People of Foreign Speech, X, XI.\n\n\n\n\nAPPENDIXES\n\nAPPENDIX A\n\n\nTABLE I\n\nNUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS ARRIVED IN THE UNITED STATES EACH YEAR FROM\n1820 TO 1905, BOTH INCLUSIVE[100]\n\n  -----------------------------------------\n  Period                        |Number   |\n  ------------------------------|---------|\n  Year ending September 30--    |         |\n    1820                        |    8,385|\n    1821                        |    9,127|\n    1822                        |    6,911|\n    1823                        |    6,354|\n    1824                        |    7,912|\n    1825                        |   10,199|\n    1826                        |   10,837|\n    1827                        |   18,875|\n    1828                        |   27,382|\n    1829                        |   22,520|\n    1830                        |   23,322|\n    1831                        |   22,633|\n  Oct. 1, 1831, to Dec. 31, 1832|   60,482|\n  Year ending December 31--     |         |\n    1833                        |   58,640|\n    1834                        |   65,365|\n    1835                        |   45,374|\n    1836                        |   76,242|\n    1837                        |   79,340|\n    1838                        |   38,914|\n    1839                        |   68,069|\n    1840                        |   84,066|\n    1841                        |   80,289|\n    1842                        |  104,565|\n  Jan. 1 to Sept. 30, 1843      |   52,496|\n  Year ending September 30--    |         |\n    1844                        |   78,615|\n    1845                        |  114,371|\n    1846                        |  154,416|\n    1847                        |  234,968|\n    1848                        |  226,527|\n    1849                        |  297,024|\n    1850                        |  310,004|\n  Oct. 1 to Dec. 31, 1850       |   59,976|\n  Year ending December 31--     |         |\n    1851                        |  379,466|\n    1852                        |  371,603|\n    1853                        |  368,645|\n    1854                        |  427,833|\n    1855                        |  200,877|\n    1856                        |  195,857|\n  Jan. 1 to June 30, 1857       |  112,123|\n  Year ending June 30--         |         |\n    1858                        |  191,942|\n    1859                        |  129,571|\n    1860                        |  133,143|\n  Year ending June 30--         |         |\n    1861                        |  142,877|\n    1862                        |   72,183|\n    1863                        |  132,925|\n    1864                        |  191,114|\n    1865                        |  180,339|\n    1866                        |  332,577|\n    1867                        |  303,104|\n    1868                        |  282,189|\n    1869                        |  352,768|\n    1870                        |  387,203|\n    1871                        |  321,350|\n    1872                        |  404,806|\n    1873                        |  459,803|\n    1874                        |  313,339|\n    1875                        |  227,498|\n    1876                        |  169,986|\n    1877                        |  141,857|\n    1878                        |  138,469|\n    1879                        |  177,826|\n    1880                        |  457,257|\n    1881                        |  669,431|\n    1882                        |  788,992|\n    1883                        |  603,322|\n    1884                        |  518,592|\n    1885                        |  395,346|\n    1886                        |  334,203|\n    1887                        |  490,109|\n    1888                        |  546,889|\n    1889                        |  444,427|\n    1890                        |  455,302|\n    1891                        |  560,319|\n    1892                        |  579,663|\n    1893                        |  439,730|\n    1894                        |  285,631|\n    1895                        |  258,536|\n    1896                        |  343,267|\n    1897                        |  230,832|\n    1898                        |  229,299|\n    1899                        |  311,715|\n    1900                        |  448,572|\n    1901                        |  487,918|\n    1902                        |  648,743|\n    1903                        |  857,046|\n    1904                        |  812,870|\n    1905                        |1,026,499|\n    1906[101]                   |1,100,735|\n  -----------------------------------------\n\n\nTABLE II RACE, SEX, AND AGE OF IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED IN 1905\n\n  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n                      |       |       |         | Under | 14 to |45 yrs.\n  Race or people      | Male  | Female| Total   |  14   |  44   | and\n                      |       |       |         | years | years | over\n  --------------------|-------|-------|---------|-------|-------|-------\n  African (black)     |  2,325|  1,273|    3,598|    433|  2,974|    191\n  Armenian            |  1,339|    539|    1,878|    246|  1,529|    103\n  Bohemian and        |       |       |         |       |       |\n    Moravian          |  6,662|  5,095|   11,757|  2,620|  8,442|    695\n  Bulgarian, Servian, |       |       |         |       |       |\n    and Montenegrin   |  5,562|    261|    5,823|     97|  5,529|    197\n  Chinese             |  1,883|     88|    1,971|     28|  1,666|    277\n  Croatian and        |       |       |         |       |       |\n    Slovenian         | 30,253|  4,851|   35,104|  1,383| 32,470|  1,251\n  Cuban               |  4,925|  2,334|    7,259|  1,346|  5,225|    688\n  Dalmatian, Bosnian, |       |       |         |       |       |\n    and Herzegovinian |  2,489|    150|    2,639|     62|  2,450|    127\n  Dutch and Flemish   |  5,693|  2,805|    8,498|  1,699|  6,085|    714\n  East Indian         |    137|      8|      145|      3|    122|     20\n  English             | 31,965| 18,900|   50,865|  6,956| 36,726|  7,183\n  Filipino            |      4|      1|        5|       |      4|      1\n  Finnish             | 11,907|  5,105|   17,012|  1,483| 15,047|    482\n  French              |  6,705|  4,642|   11,347|  1,121|  8,825|  1,401\n  German              | 49,647| 32,713|   82,360| 11,469| 64,441|  6,450\n  Greek               | 11,586|    558|   12,144|    446| 11,523|    175\n  Hebrew              | 82,076| 47,834|  129,910| 28,553| 95,964|  5,393\n  Irish               | 24,640| 29,626|   54,266|  2,580| 48,562|  3,124\n  Italian (north)     | 31,695|  8,235|   39,930|  3,569| 34,561|  1,800\n  Italian (south)     |155,007| 31,383|  186,390| 16,915|159,024| 10,451\n  Japanese            |  9,810|  1,211|   11,021|    124| 10,588|    309\n  Korean              |  4,506|    423|    4,929|    325|  4,557|     47\n  Lithuanian          | 13,842|  4,762|   18,604|  1,474| 16,875|    255\n  Magyar              | 34,242| 11,788|   46,030|  3,864| 39,926|  2,240\n  Mexican             |    152|     75|      227|     29|    169|     29\n  Pacific Islander    |     13|      4|       17|      1|     15|      1\n  Polish              | 72,452| 29,985|  102,437|  9,867| 89,914|  2,656\n  Portuguese          |  2,992|  1,863|    4,855|  1,035|  3,381|    439\n  Roumanian           |  7,244|    574|    7,818|    153|  7,293|    372\n  Russian             |  2,700|  1,046|    3,746|    591|  2,988|    167\n  Ruthenian (Russniak)| 10,820|  3,653|   14,473|    661| 13,321|    491\n  Scandinavian        |       |       |         |       |       |\n    (Norwegians,      |       |       |         |       |       |\n    Danes, and Swedes)| 37,202| 25,082|   62,284|  6,597| 52,226|  3,461\n  Scotch              | 10,472|  5,672|   16,144|  2,270| 12,109|  1,765\n  Slovak              | 38,038| 14,330|   52,368|  4,582| 45,882|  1,904\n  Spanish             |  4,724|    866|    5,590|    403|  4,612|    575\n  Spanish-American    |  1,146|    512|    1,658|    223|  1,232|    203\n  Syrian              |  3,248|  1,574|    4,822|    742|  3,843|    237\n  Turkish             |  2,082|     63|    2,145|     45|  2,073|     27\n  Welsh               |  1,549|    982|    2,531|    464|  1,726|    341\n  West Indian (except |       |       |         |       |       |\n    Cuban)            |    892|    656|    1,548|    187|  1,209|    152\n  All other peoples   |    288|     63|      351|     22|    311|     18\n                      |       |       |         |       |       |\n      Total           |724,914|301,585|1,026,499|114,668|855,419| 56,412\n  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHere we have forty-four races or nationalities differentiated. Surely\nthis is a medley of peoples to be harmonized. Note the vast proportion\nof working age.\n\n\nTABLE III\n\nDEBARRED IN 1905, FOR REASONS GIVEN\n\n  ---------------------+------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+\n  Race or People       |Idiots|Insane|Paupers or|Loathsome |Contract|Relieved|\n                       |      |      |likely to |or        |laborers|in      |\n                       |      |      |be public |contagious|        |hospital|\n                       |      |      |charges   |diseases  |        |        |\n  ---------------------+------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+\n  African (black)      |  ..  |  ..  |    107   |      ..  |    13  |     3  |\n  Armenian             |  ..  |  ..  |     25   |      50  |     5  |    78  |\n  Bohemian and         |      |      |          |          |        |        |\n    Moravian           |  ..  |   1  |     38   |      8   |     5  |   104  |\n  Bulgarian, Servian,  |      |      |          |          |        |        |\n    and Montenegrin    |  ..  |  ..  |    314   |      19  |    62  |    37  |\n  Chinese              |  ..  |   1  |      9   |      74  |     3  |     2  |\n  Croatian and         |      |      |          |          |        |        |\n    Slovenian          |  ..  |  ..  |    263   |      88  |    32  |   128  |\n  Cuban                |  ..  |   1  |     22   |       4  |    11  |    ..  |\n  Dalmatian, Bosnian,  |      |      |          |          |        |        |\n    and Herzegovinian  |  ..  |  ..  |     41   |       3  |    13  |    18  |\n  Dutch and Flemish    |   2  |   1  |     51   |       7  |     5  |    41  |\n  East Indian          |  ..  |  ..  |     12   |      ..  |     1  |     3  |\n  English              |   4  |   9  |    328   |      28  |    58  |   144  |\n  Finnish              |   2  |   1  |     33   |      46  |     4  |    89  |\n  French               |  ..  |   2  |     94   |       9  |    23  |    48  |\n  German               |   5  |   8  |    420   |     100  |    60  |   747  |\n  Greek                |  ..  |  ..  |    193   |      22  |    60  |    70  |\n  Hebrew               |  10  |  10  |  1,208   |     353  |    33  | 1,534  |\n  Irish                |   4  |  13  |    175   |      28  |    15  |   243  |\n  Italian (north)      |  ..  |   2  |    169   |      41  |    42  |   158  |\n  Italian (south)      |   6  |  19  |  1,578   |     247  |   205  | 1,290  |\n  Japanese             |  ..  |   1  |    238   |     285  |    13  |     2  |\n  Korean               |  ..  |  ..  |      4   |      18  |    ..  |     1  |\n  Lithuanian           |   2  |   1  |     48   |      92  |     8  |   269  |\n  Magyar               |  ..  |  ..  |    427   |     103  |    18  |   363  |\n  Mexican              |  ..  |  ..  |      7   |       8  |    ..  |     2  |\n  Polish               |  ..  |   4  |    444   |     204  |   125  |   991  |\n  Portuguese           |  ..  |  ..  |     50   |       7  |     1  |    26  |\n  Roumanian            |  ..  |  ..  |    388   |      14  |   111  |    47  |\n  Russian              |  ..  |   3  |     66   |      27  |     1  |    59  |\n  Ruthenian (Russniak) |   1  |   1  |    186   |      14  |    13  |   115  |\n  Scandinavian         |      |      |          |          |        |        |\n    (Norwegians, Danes,|      |      |          |          |        |        |\n    and Swedes)        |   2  |   9  |    152   |      43  |    14  |   253  |\n  Scotch               |  ..  |   2  |     77   |      10  |    21  |    75  |\n  Slovak               |  ..  |  ..  |    275   |      66  |    47  |   491  |\n  Spanish              |  ..  |   1  |     66   |       6  |    63  |    23  |\n  Spanish American     |  ..  |  ..  |     13   |       4  |     1  |     6  |\n  Syrian               |  ..  |  ..  |    124   |     155  |    59  |   200  |\n  Turkish              |  ..  |  ..  |     46   |       9  |     5  |    17  |\n  Welsh                |  ..  |   1  |     12   |       1  |    13  |     8  |\n  West Indian          |      |      |          |          |        |        |\n    (except Cuban)     |  ..  |   1  |     20   |      ..  |    ..  |    17  |\n  All other peoples    |  ..  |  ..  |    195   |       5  |    ..  |    74  |\n  ---------------------+------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+\n    Grand total        |  38  |  92  |  7,898   |   2,198  | 1,164  | 7,776  |\n  ---------------------+------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+\n\n[Illustration: WAVE OF IMMIGRATION into the United States FROM ALL\nCOUNTRIES during 87 Years.\n\nESTIMATED ARRIVALS 1776 TO 1820 250,000 ARRIVALS 1820 TO 1906\n24,032,718]\n\n\n\n\nAPPENDIX B\n\nTABLE OF ACTS OF CONGRESS CONCERNING IMMIGRATION\n\n\n1862. Act of February 19, prohibiting building, equipping, loading, or\npreparing any vessel licensed, enrolled or registered in the United\nStates for procuring coolies from any Oriental country to be held for\nservice or labor.\n\n1875. Act of March 3, providing that any person contracting or\nattempting to contract to supply coolie labor to another be guilty of\nfelony. Excluding convicts, and women imported for immoral purposes,\nmaking this traffic felony.\n\n1882. General Immigration Act of August 3; enlarging excluded list and\nestablishing head tax.\n\n1885. Contract Labor Act of February 26, to prevent importation of labor\nunder the padrone or other similar system.\n\n1891. Act of March 3, which codified and strengthened the previous\nstatutes. Excluded classes increased; encouraging of contract labor to\nemigrate by advertisements forbidden; scope of Immigration Bureau\nenlarged by establishing office of Superintendent of Immigration (now\nCommissioner-General), providing for return of debarred aliens, and\nmaking decision of immigration officers as to landing or debarment\nfinal.\n\n1893. Act of March 3; requiring manifests and their verification;\nproviding boards of special inquiry; and compelling steamship companies\nto post in the offices of their agents copies of the United States\nimmigration laws, and to call the attention of purchasers of tickets to\nthem.\n\n1894. Act of August 18; making the decision of the appropriate\nimmigration officials final as to admission of aliens, unless reversed\nby the Secretary of the Treasury on appeal.\n\n1903. Immigration Restriction Act of March 3. (For its main provisions\nsee p. 70 of this book, footnote 23.)\n\n\nTHE PRINCIPAL EXCLUDED CLASSES\n\n(1) Idiots; (2) insane persons; (3) epileptics; (4) prostitutes; (5)\npaupers; (6) persons likely to become public charge; (7) professional\nbeggars; (8) persons afflicted with a loathsome or contagious disease;\n(9) persons who have been convicted of a felony or other crime or\nmisdemeanor involving moral turpitude, not including those convicted of\npurely political offences; (10) polygamists; (11) anarchists (or persons\nwho believe in or advocate the overthrow by force or violence of the\ngovernment of the United States or of all government or forms of laws,\nor the assassination of public officials); (12) those deported within a\nyear from date of application for admission as being under offers,\nsolicitation, promises or agreements to perform labor or service of some\nkind therein; (13) any person whose ticket or passage is paid for with\nthe money of another, or who is assisted by others to come, unless it is\nshown that such person does not belong to one of the excluded classes;\nbut any person in the United States may send for a relative or friend\nwithout thereby putting the burden of this proof upon the immigrant.\n\n\nCRIMES UNDER THE ACT OF 1903\n\nIn order to enforce these provisions twelve violations were made crimes,\nwith penalties of both fine and imprisonment: (1) Importing any person\nfor immoral purposes; (2) prepaying the transportation or encouraging\nthe migration of aliens under any offer, solicitation, promise or\nagreement, parol or special, expressed or implied, made previous to the\nimportation of aliens, to perform labor in the United States; (3)\nencouraging the migration of aliens by promise of employment through\nadvertisements in foreign countries; (4) encouraging immigration on the\npart of owners of vessels and transportation companies by any means\nother than communications giving the sailing of vessels and terms of\ntransportation; (5) bringing in or attempting to bring in any alien not\nduly admitted by an immigrant inspector or not lawfully entitled to\nenter the United States; (6) bringing in by any person other than\nrailway lines of any person afflicted with a loathsome or dangerous\ncontagious disease; (7) allowing an alien to land from a vessel at any\nother time and place than that designated by the immigration officer;\n(8) refusing or neglecting to return rejected aliens to the port from\nwhich they came or to pay their maintenance while on land; (9) refusing\nor neglecting to return aliens arrested within three years after entry\nas being unlawfully in the United States; (10) knowingly or willfully\ngiving false testimony or swearing to any false statement affecting the\nright of an alien to land is made perjury; (11) assisting any anarchist\nto enter the United States, or conspiring to allow, procure or permit\nany such person to enter; (12) failing to deliver manifests.\n\n\nLAWS TO PROTECT THE IMMIGRANT\n\nAct of 1819, providing that a vessel should not carry more than two\npassengers for every five tons, and that a specified quantity of certain\nprovisions should be carried for every passenger; requiring the master\nto deliver sworn manifests showing age, sex, occupation, nativity, and\ndestination of passengers.\n\nAct of 1855, limited number to one for every two tons, and provided\nthat each passenger on main and poop decks should have sixteen feet of\nfloor space, and on lower decks eighteen feet.\n\nAct of 1882, providing that in a steamship the unobstructed spaces shall\nbe sufficient to allow one hundred cubic feet per passenger on main and\nnext deck, and 120 on second deck below main deck, and forbidding\ncarrying of passengers on any other decks, or in any space having\nvertical height less than six feet; other provisions regulate the\noccupancy of berths, light and air, ventilation, toilet rooms, food, and\nhospital facilities. Explosives and other dangerous articles are not to\nbe carried, nor animals with or below passengers. Lists of passengers\nare to be delivered to the boarding officer of customs.\n\nAct of 1884, provision that no keeper of a sailors' boarding house or\nhotel, and no runner or person interested in one, could board an\nincoming vessel until after it reached its dock. This to protect aliens\nfrom imposition and knavery.\n\n\nLEGISLATION RECOMMENDED IN 1905 BY THE COMMISSIONER-GENERAL OF\nIMMIGRATION\n\n1. In regard to diseased aliens: that competent medical officers be\nlocated at the principal ports of embarkation; that all aliens seeking\npassage secure as a prerequisite from such officer a certificate of good\nhealth, mental and physical; and that the bringing of any alien\nunprovided with such certificate shall subject the vessel by which he is\nbrought to summary fine. 2. That the penalty of $100 now prescribed for\ncarrying diseased persons be increased to $500, as a means of making the\ntransportation lines more careful. 3. Such further legislation as will\nenable the government to punish those who induce aliens to come to this\ncountry under promise or assurance of employment. Less exacting rules\nof evidence and a summary mode of trial are needed to make the law\neffective. 4. That Congress provide means for distributing arriving\naliens who now congregate in the large cities. 5. That as a means of\nthose incapable of self-support through age or feebleness; those who\nhave not brought sufficient money to maintain them for a reasonable time\nin event of sickness or lack of employment. 6. That adequate means be\nadopted, enforced by sufficient penalties, to compel steamship companies\nto observe in good faith the law which forbids them to encourage or\nsolicit immigration. If other means fail, a limitation apportioning the\nnumber of passengers in direct ratio to tonnage is suggested. 7. That\nmasters of vessels be required to furnish manifests of outgoing aliens,\nsimilar to those of arriving aliens, so that the net annual increase of\nalien population may be ascertained.\n\nIn addition two special recommendations are made, with view to control\nimmigration and lessen the hardships of the debarred: (1) To enlighten\naliens as to the provisions of our laws, so that they may not in\nignorance sever their home ties and sacrifice their small possessions in\nan ineffectual attempt to enter the United States. To this end the laws\nand regulations should be translated into the various tongues and\ndistributed widely. This might not prevail as against the influence and\npromises of transportation agents, but it would relieve this country of\nresponsibility for needless distress and suffering. (2) An international\nconference of immigration experts.\n\n\n\n\nAPPENDIX C\n\nWORK OF LEADING DENOMINATIONS FOR THE FOREIGN POPULATION\n\n\nThe following facts and figures, received from the leading Home Mission\nBoards, give some idea of the work which is now being done for the\nevangelization of the foreign peoples in the United States. We should be\nglad if the reports were more complete. They do not represent all of the\nwork that is being done, because a considerable part of this work is\ncarried on by the local churches in all of the denominations, and this\nwork is seldom reported and does not enter into the statistics of the\nHome Mission Boards.\n\nIt is hoped that each Board will provide a supplementary chapter,\nsetting forth in detail its work among the foreign population--a work\nabounding in incident and hopefulness. There is no more encouraging home\nmission work, and wherever earnest effort has been made, the response\nhas been most gratifying. Write to your Home Mission Board for full\ninformation. Where a special chapter is not furnished for a supplemental\nstudy, the Boards will send the information and literature that will\nenable the leader of the study class to show what is being done, with a\ndetail impossible in the general treatment of the subject.\n\nIt is significant, in this connection, that all the Boards are calling\nespecial attention to the needs of this work among the foreign peoples\nand urging large advance in plans for evangelization.\n\n\nMISSION WORK OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN 1906 AMONG THE FOREIGN\nPOPULATION\n\n  ----------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------\n                        |   No.  of charges     |  Members and probationers\n                        |   receiving           |  in charge receiving\n  Nationality           |   missionary aid      | missionary aid\n  ----------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------\n  Welsh                                 4                      185\n  Swedish                             135                   12,076\n  Norwegian and Danish                 85                    4,236\n  German                              265                   19,184\n  French                                8                      350\n  Chinese                              11                      298\n  Japanese                             30                    1,666\n  Bohemian and Hungarian               11                    1,666\n  Italian                              18                    1,014\n  Portuguese                            3                       86\n  Finnish                               9                       93\n  Foreign Populations                   3                     ....\n                                      ---                   ------\n                                      582                   39,557\n\nIncluding the charges not now receiving missionary aid, the total number\nof missions, or charges, among the foreign peoples was 971, not\nincluding Spanish work, and the total membership, including\nprobationers, was 92,082 in 1906. The work is extended all over the\ncountry.\n\nThe Woman's Home Missionary Society supports Immigrant Homes in New York\nCity, and in Boston, Mass., in which immigrants may find protection and\ncounsel as well as a safe lodging. In Philadelphia, Pa., work is also\ndone for incoming strangers, and lodgings provided in case of need.\nMissionaries are stationed at each of these points. Much work is done\nfor foreigners by this Society through its three large city missions,\nand its numerous Deaconess Homes.\n\n\nMISSION WORK OF THE PRESBYTERIAN HOME MISSION BOARD IN 1906 AMONG THE\nFOREIGN POPULATION\n\n  Nationality           No. of Churches and Stations     Membership\n\n  Armenian                3                                 183\n  Bohemian               30                               1,529\n  Chinese                10                                 438\n  Danes and Norwegians    1                                 101\n  Dutch                  12                               1,365\n  French                  9                                 508\n  German                156                              13,446\n  Hungarian (Magyar)     15                               1,035\n                        ---                              ------\n  Total                 236                              18,605\n\n  Italian                32                                 955\n  Japanese                3                                  50\n  Korean                  1                                  40\n  Russian                 1                                ....\n  Slavic                  8                                 337\n  Syrian                  2                                  15\n  Welsh                   7                                 414\n                        ---                              ------\n  Total                 290                              20,415\n\nThe Annual Report for 1906 says: In addition to the above it is\ndoubtless true that there are many churches, and even individuals,\ncarrying on religious work among foreigners which has not been reported\nto the Board. Two facts warrant special attention. One is that the\nproper carrying on of the work of giving the gospel to these\nforeign-speaking peoples necessarily includes and is closely allied with\nother needs--such as schools; literature in their own tongue, including\ntracts, papers, and the Bible; colporteur visitation; Bible reading, and\nso forth. It is not sufficient simply to open a church or hall where a\nmeeting can be held and expect the people to come. A great deal of\npreparatory work must be done.\n\n\nMISSION WORK OF THE AMERICAN BAPTIST HOME MISSION SOCIETY IN 1906, AMONG\nTHE FOREIGN POPULATION\n\n  Nationality        No. of Field   Members of Mission Fields\n\n  Bohemians            6               196\n  Chinese             12               209\n  Danes               20               484\n  Finns               13               175\n  French Canadian     29               650\n  Germans            148             5,196\n  Hungarians           3                42\n  Italians            25               391\n  Japanese             2                68\n  Jews                 2              ....\n                     ---            ------\n                     260             7,411\n\n  Lettish              2                31\n  Mexicans in U. S    18               113\n  Norwegians          50             1,095\n  Poles                6                82\n  Portuguese           2                42\n  Russians             2                71\n  Slavs                5                77\n  Swedes             205             7,623\n  Syrians              1              ....\n                     ---            ------\n                     551            16,545\n\n\nFOREIGN PEOPLES IN BAPTIST CHURCHES, THE RESULTS OF HOME MISSION WORK\n\n                                               Churches Memb'ship\n\n  Germans, 1906                                   266    26,274\n  Dane-Norwegian, 1903                             90     5,530\n  Swedes, 1903                                    331    22,625\n\nThe number of missionaries among the foreign populations was 312. The\nWomen's Societies maintained a number of workers, including the\nefficient missionaries at Ellis Island. The Home Mission Society is\nsupporting Italian missionaries in twenty cities. Aside from organized\neffort, Chinese Sunday-schools are conducted by many local churches,\nwhich do not report to any central organization. There is a considerable\nwork done also by the city mission societies, which work independently\nin part. In some places, local churches also maintain missions among the\nItalians, Hungarians, and Slavs.\n\n\nMISSION WORK OF THE CONGREGATIONAL HOME MISSIONARY SOCIETY IN 1906\n\n  Total number of Missionaries    215\n  German Missions                  73\n  Scandinavian Missions            89\n  Bohemian        \"                20\n  Polish          \"                 5\n  French          \"                 7\n  Spanish Missions                 10\n  Finnish    \"                      6\n  Danish     \"                      2\n  Armenian   \"                      6\n  Greek      \"                      1\n  Chinese and Japanese             22\n\n\nSTATEMENTS SHOWING NUMBER OF CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES FOR FOREIGN\nSPEAKING PEOPLES, WITH THEIR TOTAL MEMBERSHIP\n\n                                 Churches    Members  Average to a Church\n\n  Germans                          170        8,000           47\n  Scandinavians                     95        7,495           79\n  Slavs                             12          636           58\n  All other Nationalities,\n  (including Italians, French,\n  Greek, Armenian, Chinese,\n  Welsh, etc)                      102        8,222           78\n                                   ---       ------          ---\n                                   379       24,353          262\n\n\nWORK OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH AMONG THE FOREIGN\nPOPULATION\n\nThe Domestic Section of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of\nthe Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States carries on work to\na limited extent among the Swedes. There is a general missionary in the\nEast, who has charge of this work in the three dioceses of Rhode Island,\nNew York, and Massachusetts, and one in the northwest. In the eastern\ndioceses named there were in 1906 fifteen Swedish missions and parishes,\nwith 1,897 communicants, ministered to by five clergymen. The western\ngeneral missionary visited Sweden during the past year for the purpose\nof finding suitable university students for the ministry in this\ncountry. There are missions in Duluth and at other points. The Annual\nReport says: \"Of all the work under the care of the general missionary,\nnone is more important than the mission to Scandinavian immigrants\narriving at Ellis Island, New York, for it acts as a special feeder to\nthe church. The Scandinavian immigrants outnumber those from any other\nProtestant country.\"\n\nWhat further work is done for the foreign peoples is carried on by the\nlocal parishes, such as Grace Church, Trinity, Saint George's, and Saint\nBartholomew's in New York, which work among the Italians and other\nnationalities, and equip their missions in a manner worthy of imitation.\n\n\nLUTHERAN WORK IN THE UNITED STATES\n\nLarge numbers of the immigrants are Lutherans. The resources of the\nLutheran church in America to care for her people are thus stated by the\nRev. J. N. Lenker, D.D., in the _Lutheran World_, the church organ:\n\nFor the Germans, 5,000 pastors, 8,000 churches, and 1,200,000\ncommunicant members.\n\nFor the Scandinavians, 1,800 pastors, 14,300 churches, and 500,000\ncommunicant members.\n\nFor the Finns, three synods, 58 pastors, 187 churches, and 22,149\ncommunicant members.\n\nFor the Slovaks, about 200 organizations with a growing number of\npastors and a very loyal constituency.\n\nFor the Letts and Esthonians, 21 organized congregations and preaching\nstations, divided into the eastern and western districts.\n\nFor the Icelanders, one synod, 10 pastors, 37 organized congregations,\n3,785 communicant members.\n\nFor the Poles, Bohemians, and Magyars, work is done by the various\nGerman synods, the late statistics of which are not at hand. Besides\ncongregations in these languages, many understand German and are served\nby German pastors.\n\nThe whole Lutheran Church of America, including the Swedish Mission\nFriends with 33,000 members and the German Evangelical Synod with\n222,000 members, the constituents of which are nearly all Lutherans,\nmaking in all 8,956 pastors, 15,135 churches, and 2,123,639 communicant\nmembers are the results of immigrant mission work or mission work in\nforeign languages or languages other than English.\n\n\nANALYSIS OF THE IMMIGRATION FOR 1905, WITH REGARD TO RELIGIOUS\nAFFILIATIONS AND EASE OF ASSIMILATION[102]\n\nFirst class and the easiest to assimilate are\n\n  English                            50,865 Reformed\n  Scotch                             16,144 Reformed\n  Germans                            82,360 Luth. and Cath.\n  Scandinavians                      62,284 Lutheran\n  Irish                              54,266 Catholic.\n  Finns                              17,012 Lutheran\n  Letts, et al.                      18,604 Lutheran\n  Slovaks                            52,368 Lutheran\n                                    -------\n  Total                             353,903\n\nSecond class and the second easiest to assimilate:\n\n  Magyars                           46,030 Ref. and Cath.\n  Bohemians, etc                    11,757 Ref. and Cath.\n  French                            11,021 Ref. and Cath.\n  Ruthenians                        14,473 Catholic\n                                    ------\n  Total                             83,281\n\nThird class and the most difficult to evangelize and Americanize and the\nclass that makes the new problem difficult:\n\n  Poles                            102,137 Catholic\n  Italians                         226,320 Catholic\n  Hebrews                          129,910 Israelites\n                                   -------\n  Total                            458,367\n\n\n\n\nAPPENDIX D\n\n\nBIBLIOGRAPHY\n\nBernheimer, Charles S., Editor. The Russian Jew in the United States. B.\nF. Buck & Co., New York $1.50. Written mostly by Jews; replete with\nfacts gathered in the various centers--New York, Philadelphia, Chicago,\nBoston. Should be read by those who would understand this remarkable\npeople.\n\nBrandenburg, Broughton. Imported Americans. F. A. Stokes, New York.\n$1.60. Description of experiences while making personal investigations\nin New York, Italy, and the steerage, of immigration problems.\n\nCrowell, Katherine R. Coming Americans. Willett Press, New York. Paper,\n25 cents; Cloth, 35 cents. A book for Juniors, putting in attractive\nform for children and teachers of children the leading features of\nimmigration.\n\nGordon, W. Evans. The Alien Immigrant. Charles Scribner's Sons, New\nYork. $1.50. Describes the Hebrews in European countries, with chapter\non situation in the United States.\n\nHall, Prescott F. Immigration. Henry Holt & Co., New York. $1.50. The\nlatest volume of comprehensive character, taking the restrictive\nposition. The author is secretary of the Immigration Restriction League.\n\nHolt, Hamilton. Undistinguished Americans. James Pott & Co., New York.\n$1.50. Biographical and readable.\n\nLord, Eliot, et al. The Italian in America. B. F. Buck & Co., New York.\n$1.50. Makes an exceedingly favorable showing for the Italians; somewhat\none-sided but valuable.\n\nMayo-Smith, Richmond. Emigration and Immigration. Charles Scribner's\nSons, New York. $1.50. An exceedingly valuable and scholarly work.\n\nMcLanahan, Samuel. Our People of Foreign Speech. Fleming H. Revell\nCompany, New York. 50 cents, net. A handbook containing many valuable\nfacts in compact form.\n\nRiis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. Charles Scribner's Sons, New\nYork. $1.25, net. Descriptive of the conditions in which the foreign\npopulation struggles for existence.\n\nRoberts, Peter. Anthracite Coal Communities. The Macmillan Company, New\nYork. $3.50. A study of the anthracite regions and the Slavs, similar in\ncharacter to Dr. Warne's book.\n\nSinclair, Upton. The Jungle. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. $1.50. A\nwork based on personal investigation and living among the Slavs who\nlabor in the stockyards in Chicago; vivid narrative. This book discloses\nthe treatment of the alien that makes him a menace to America.\n\nStrong, Josiah. Our Country. Baker & Taylor Company, New York. 60 cents.\nThe points made in the chapter on Immigration are as pertinent now as\nwhen the book was issued in 1881.\n\nStrong, Josiah. The Twentieth Century City. Baker & Taylor Company, New\nYork. Paper, 25 cents; Cloth, 50 cents. Has the breadth of view and\neffectiveness which belong to the author.\n\nWarne, F. Julian. The Slav Invasion. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia,\nPa. $1.00, net. Study at first hand of conditions in Pennsylvania mining\nregions and the Slav population.\n\nWhelpley, J. D. The Problem of the Immigrant. Charles Scribner's Sons,\nNew York. $4.20. Dealing with the emigration and immigration laws of all\nnations.\n\nWood, Robert A. Americans in Process. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.\n$1.50. A series of papers by Robert A. Wood, and other workers in the\nSouth End House in Boston, Mass.\n\n\n\n\nINDEX\n\n\n  Abuses, of immigration privileges and laws, 42, 43, 63-69, 78-84, 92, 93\n\n  Adams, Representative, of  Pennsylvania, 74, 97\n\n  Admission, see _Immigrants_\n\n  Africans, 124\n\n  Alabama, 113\n\n  Albany, New York, 22\n\n  Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 3\n\n  Alien, admission, 53-64;\n    advance in numbers and distribution, 15-50, 102-117;\n    characterized, 236, 237, 258;\n    ideas imported, 241;\n    loss of religious faith, 271;\n    opinion of America, 272;\n    protection, 65-68;\n    restriction, 68-84\n\n  Aliens, classes excluded, 77, 78;\n    total since American Revolution, 28\n\n  America, duty to guard its own genius, 232;\n    mission, 10, 269;\n    must be kept Christian, 271;\n    unique mission field, 269\n\n  American, Christians, duty of, 10, 11, 44-47;\n    fair play, 73;\n    ideals to be preserved, 11, 46, 47, 91, 238, 239, 262;\n    institutions, 232, 261;\n    liberty, 117;\n    Protestantism, 16, 47, 254, 255, 288;\n    teacher in Syria, 39;\n    Tract Society, 50;\n    type of nationality, 11, 45, 46, 92, 238, 240\n\n  Americanization of immigrants, 10, 14, 46, 113, 126, 176, 242;\n    children promoting, 205, 223, 259, 260\n\n  Anderson, Herbert, 268\n\n  Antwerp, 99\n\n  Appeal, right of, by excluded, 77, 78\n\n  Ardan, Ivan, 181, 182\n\n  Armenians, 124\n\n  Asia, immigrants from, 20, 21, 113\n\n  Assimilation of foreign peoples, 270, 271;\n    aid to, 293\n\n  Assisted immigration, 43, 77, 93, 101\n\n  Associated Charities of Boston, 96\n\n  Atchison, Rena M., 194, 247\n\n  Attila, 27\n\n  Australians, as immigrants, 22\n\n  Austria, 81, 82\n\n  Austria-Hungary, 92, 165;\n    immigrants from, 21, 25, 72\n\n\n  Baldwin, Mrs. S. L., 72, 73\n\n  Baltimore, 53\n\n  Barrows, Dr. S. J., 142\n\n  Battery, the, 54, 62, 108\n\n  Belgians, as immigrants, 21\n\n  Belgium, 29\n\n  Berlin, 199\n\n  Betts, Mrs. Lillian W., 151, 152, 204\n\n  Bible, 34, 167, 174, 283, 288\n\n  \"Birds of passage,\" 71, 135\n\n  Blackwell's Island, 139\n\n  Board of Special Inquiry, 62\n\n  Bohemians, as immigrants, 21, 165-170;\n    city centers, 166;\n    freethinking tendencies, 168, 169;\n    Protestant in spirit, 165-168;\n    religious work among, 285\n\n  Booth, General William, 194\n\n  Bosnians, 183\n\n  Boston, 24, 53, 83, 198;\n    Italian Society, 111\n\n  Boyesen, Professor, 28, 89, 90, 234\n\n  Brandenburg, Broughton, 41, 65-68, 82, 97, 98, 101\n\n  Bremen, 82, 99\n\n  Brooklyn, 148\n\n  Brooks, Phillips, 232\n\n  Bryce, James, 200\n\n  Buffalo, 172\n\n  Bulgarians, as immigrants, 21, 183\n\n  Bureau of Information, 110\n\n  Burlington, Iowa, 20\n\n\n  Calvin, 172\n\n  Cambridge, Massachusetts, 24\n\n  Canada, 27;\n    ingress from, 53, 77, 92\n\n  Canadians, as immigrants, 21\n\n  Carr, Mr. 138\n\n  Carroll, Dr. H. K., 174\n\n  Castle Garden, 28\n\n  Celtic peoples, 123\n\n  Chandler, ex-Senator, 214\n\n  Chattanooga, Immigration Bureau in, 113\n\n  Chicago, 36, 166-172, 176, 187, 198\n\n  Childhood, the blighting of, 225, 226\n\n  Children, condition of, in great cities, 221, 222;\n    number of, at work, 224, 226\n\n  Chinese, as immigrants, 21, 40, 72, 73;\n    converts, 73, 89, 269;\n    exclusion act, 70, 73;\n    Sunday-schools for, 289\n\n  Chivers, Dr. E. E., 267\n\n  Chopin, 172\n\n  Christ, 44, 277\n\n  Christian attitude toward immigrants, 44-47, 270;\n    cooeperation and federation, 286;\n    optimism, 8, 117, 262\n\n  Christianity, converts to, 73;\n    its first impression for newcomers, 277, 278\n\n  Churches, duty and opportunity of, 270, 282, 286;\n    abandoning lower New York, 278;\n    must be missionary, 270;\n    saving themselves through saving immigrants, 285;\n    work for foreigners, 289\n\n  Cincinnati, 23\n\n  Citizenship, how degraded, 214\n\n  City, the, bad government of, 200;\n    conditions of tenement-house life in, 201, 210;\n    demoralizing influences, 209, 214;\n    environment offered immigrants, 196, 201-206;\n    foreignization of, 198, 199, 217;\n    isolation of foreigners in, 205;\n  nerve and storm center, 193;\n    overcrowding, 203, 206;\n    political evils, 214\n\n  City College, many Jewish pupils in, 189\n\n  Civil War, effect on immigration, 26, 31\n\n  Claghorn, Kate H., 97, 259\n\n  Cleveland, Ohio, 24, 166, 169, 172\n\n  Cleveland, President, 96\n\n  Colonies, foreign, in America, 196, 198, 200, 217\n\n  Colonists distinguished from immigrants, 45, 46\n\n  Columbia University, 13\n\n  Columbus, Christopher, 188\n\n  Commissioner-General of Immigration, 25, 76-78, 83, 92, 93;\n    of the Port, 77\n\n  Coney Island, 150\n\n  Congestion of foreign elements in cities, 195\n\n  Congress, acts of, 70\n\n  Connecticut, 173, 174, 180\n\n  Consumption, statistics of, 220;\n    foreign element largely its victims, 220\n\n  Contract labor exclusion, 77, 82, 92;\n    violation, 82, 83\n\n  Convicts, excluded, 77\n\n  Cook, Joseph, 52\n\n  Coolies, Chinese, excluded, 70\n\n  Cooeperation, interdenominational, 286;\n    of Home Mission Boards, 288\n\n  Copernicus, 172\n\n  Crime, conditions favorable to increase of, 209, 224;\n    foreigners led into by environment and example, 209\n\n  Croatians, 124, 183\n\n  Czechs, see _Bohemians_\n\n\n  Dalmatians, as immigrants, 183\n\n  Danes, as immigrants, 21\n\n  Debarred, see _Excluded_\n\n  Democracy, influence of upon aliens, 296, 298\n\n  Denmark, immigrants from, 23\n\n  Detroit, 21, 172\n\n  Discrimination needed as to immigrants, 127\n\n  Diseases guarded against, 57, 59, 60, 74, 77, 78, 93\n\n  Distribution of immigrants, 102-117;\n    New York state, 105, 107;\n    New Zealand methods, 116;\n    North Atlantic section, 105;\n    Ohio, 107;\n    Pennsylvania, 105, 107;\n    railroads assisting, 116;\n    societies aiding, 107-113;\n    South Central states, 105;\n    West Virginia, 107;\n    Western section, 105\n\n  Dublin, 199\n\n  Dutch, as immigrants, 21\n\n\n  Eastern invasion, the, 157-192\n\n  Edison, Thomas A., 247\n\n  Educational policy affected by immigration, 246\n\n  Ellis Island, 18, 19, 35, 37, 54, 55, 59-62, 74, 83, 99, 100, 108;\n    missionary  workers at, 274;\n    results of personal efforts at, 275\n\n  Emerson, Ralph W., 247\n\n  English, as immigrants, 19, 21, 126;\n    language, influence of, 259, 260\n\n  Environment, evil effects of upon children, 243\n\n  Europe, American ideas working in, 33, 34;\n    immigrants from, 20, 23, 98, 123-192\n\n  Evangelization of immigrants, 10, 16, 46, 47;\n    accessibility, 294;\n    illustration of, 283;\n    most potent factor in Americanizing, 270;\n    need for extension of, 277;\n    personal responsibility for, 290;\n    sporadic, not systematic, 281\n\n  Evasion of immigration laws, 78-83\n\n  Excluded classes, 74-78, 100, 101\n\n\n  Federation of Jewish Charities, 102\n\n  Financial panics, effect on immigration, 26, 31\n\n  Finns, as immigrants, 21\n\n  Fiume, 82, 99\n\n  Forbes, James, 139\n\n  Foreign-born, distribution of, 107\n\n  Four State Immigration League, 113\n\n  France, 34\n\n  Franklin, Benjamin, 69\n\n  Freethinkers, their societies among immigrants, 168, 169, 180, 285\n\n  French-American College, the, 280\n\n  French, as immigrants, 21\n\n  French-Canadians, Roman Catholic convention of, 257\n\n  Fung Yuet Mow, 269\n\n\n  Gardner, Representative, of Massachusetts, 95\n\n  Genoa, 99, 132\n\n  Germans, as immigrants, 19, 21, 35, 126\n\n  Germany, immigrants from, 25, 33, 81\n\n  Goodchild, Rev. F. M., 33, 292\n\n  Grant, Ulysses S., 247\n\n  Great Britain, immigrants from, 25, 43, 128\n\n  Greece, 92\n\n  Greek Catholic Church, 182, 184;\n    Orthodox or Russian State Church, 182\n\n  Greeks, as immigrants, 21, 37, 41\n\n\n  Hall, Prescott F., 45, 70, 129\n\n  Hamburg, 82, 99\n\n  Havre, 99\n\n  Hebrew, see _Jewish_, _Jews_\n\n  Herzegovinians, as immigrants, 183\n\n  Hewes, F. W., 107\n\n  Home Missions, at Ellis Island, 274;\n    demand for extension of in New York, 287;\n    opportunities of, for local churches, 279;\n    personal work, 274, 290, 291;\n    results of abroad, 269;\n    settlement influences by residence, 292, 293\n\n  Honolulu, 53\n\n  Huguenot colonial stock, 240\n\n  Hungarians, as immigrants, 33, 128, 177-179;\n    cafes, as social centers, 178, 179;\n    fair degree of education, 177;\n  open to mission work, 178\n\n  Hungary, 19, 128\n\n  Huns, 27, 165\n\n  Hunter, Robert, 194, 200\n\n  Huss, John, 166, 170\n\n\n  Iberic peoples, 123\n\n  Idiots, excluded, 77, 78\n\n  Illiteracy, amount of among immigrants, 22, 24, 125;\n    test proposed, 95, 96\n\n  Immigrants, admission, 53-64;\n    \"assisted,\" 43, 93;\n    approachable, 273, 282;\n    attracted to the city, 195;\n    debarred, 70, 71, 77, 78;\n    diseased, 57, 60, 74, 77, 78, 93, 94;\n    illiteracy among, 22, 23, see also _Illiteracy_;\n    \"manifest,\" 55, 56, 61;\n    nationality, 21, 22;\n    \"natural,\" 31-42;\n    ports and routes of entry, 53, 77;\n    \"solicited,\" 42, 43, 80-82, 93;\n    smuggling of, 81, 92;\n    religious census and conditions, 251, 271;\n    value of first impression upon, 273;\n    views of America, 272;\n    women among, 18, 61, 76\n\n  Immigration, annual volume, 17-22;\n    Bureau of, 76, 77, 92, 104;\n    causes of, 29-31;\n    Christian view of, 8;\n    classes, 31-43;\n    Conference of 1905, 90, 91;\n    divine mission in, 270;\n    economic fallacies of, 245;\n    effect upon educational policy, 246;\n    inspectors and officers, 59-61, 76, 77;\n    laws, see _Laws, immigration_;\n    new development of, 121-155;\n    numbers since 1820, 25-27;\n    process by the steerage and Ellis Island described, 55-62;\n    Restrictive League, 96;\n    \"runner,\" 80-82;\n    steamship and railroad arrangements, 55, 57, 62\n\n  Indianapolis, 22\n\n  Indians, North American, 45\n\n  Industrial Commission, 31\n\n  Insane, excluded, 77, 78\n\n  Insanity, low proportion among Italians and Jews, 140\n\n  Institutional church, need of, 286, 288\n\n  Ireland, 27, 43,\n    immigrants from, 25, 31, 72, 128;\n    potato famine, 25\n\n  Irish, as immigrants, 19, 21, 38, 39, 89, 126;\n    compared with the Italians, 136, 137\n\n  Italian, Benevolent Institute, 147;\n    Chamber of Commerce, 145;\n    Hospital, 147;\n    Immigration Department, 138;\n    Savings Bank, 147\n\n  Italians, as immigrants, 19, 34, 36, 37, 110, 130;\n    distribution, 135, 136;\n    family cooeperation, 207;\n    generally peaceable character, 141, 142, 208;\n    illiteracy, 22, 134;\n    in New York, 139, 145, 206;\n    number entering, 19, 134, 135;\n    parallel drawn with Irish, 136, 137;\n    societies for mutual aid, 50, 110, 145, 147;\n    spirit of converts, 284;\n    thrift, 139-147, 207;\n    women homemakers, 206;\n\n  Italy, 92, 131-133;\n    government action and aid, 79, 111;\n    immigrants from, 25, 31, 72, 79, 107;\n    Royal Department of Emigration, 111;\n    sections compared, 131-134\n\n  Ives, Mr., 294\n\n\n  Japanese, as immigrants, 40;\n    Robinson Crusoe, 40\n\n  Jefferson, President, 68\n\n  Jerome of Prague, 166\n\n  Jersey City, 22\n\n  Jewish children as pupils, 189\n\n  Jews, as immigrants, 21, 95, 96, 113, 128, 185-190;\n    Austria-Hungarian, 21, 186;\n    German, 185;\n    good qualities, 190;\n    number of in New York, 186, 198;\n    Roumanian, 186;\n    Russian, 11, 12, 21, 185-190\n\n  _John G. Carlisle_, ferryboat,  53\n\n  Joseph II, Emperor, of Austria, 167\n\n  Juvenile Court, Jewish children in, 190\n\n\n  Kansas City, 22\n\n  Kosciusko, 172\n\n  Kossuth, a Slovak, 175\n\n\n  Labor, immigration of skilled and unskilled, 23, 24\n\n  Latin races, as immigrants, 113, 131\n\n  Lawrence, Kansas, 20\n\n  Laws, immigration, 58, 64;\n    Bill of 1906, 95;\n    problems,  87-119;\n    protective, 65-68;\n    restrictive, 68-84;\n    summaries and recommendations, 309-313\n\n  Lee, Dr. S. H., 136, 152\n\n  Legislation, see _Laws, immigration_\n\n  Letts, the, as immigrants, 179, 180\n\n  Liberty, American, as a working leaven, 33, 34;\n    statue of, 57, 278\n\n  Lieber, Francis, 194\n\n  Lincoln, Abraham, 247\n\n  Lithuanians, as immigrants, 23, 36, 179, 180;\n    illiteracy, 23\n\n  Liverpool, 99\n\n  Lodge, Senator, 96\n\n  London, 99\n\n  Long Island, as a field for Italians, 149\n\n  Longfellow, 247\n\n  Louisiana, 113\n\n  Louisville, 23\n\n  Luther, 172\n\n  Lynn, Massachusetts, 24\n\n\n  Machinery, effect on immigration, 43\n\n  Madison, President, 68\n\n  Mafia, the, 130, 141\n\n  Magna Charta, 34\n\n  Magyars, as immigrants, 21, 177-179;\n    illiteracy, 23;\n    see also _Hungarians_\n\n  \"Manifest\" for immigrant, 55, 56, 61\n\n  Marine Hospital Service, 59\n\n  Marseilles, 99\n\n  Mashek, Nan, 166\n\n  Massachusetts, 142, 173\n\n  Mayo-Smith, Richmond, 52, 231, 238, 248\n\n  McLanahan, Samuel, 121\n\n  McMillan, Margaret, 225\n\n  Mexicans, as immigrants, 21\n\n  Mexico, ingress through, 92, 93\n\n  Michigan, 172\n\n  Milwaukee, 170, 172\n\n  Minneapolis, 21\n\n  Mission workers for immigrants, 274\n\n  Mississippi, 113, 183\n\n  Mitchell, Max, 102\n\n  Mongolic peoples, 124\n\n  Montenegrins, as immigrants, 21, 183\n\n  Moravians, as immigrants, 164\n\n  Music, love of by Bohemians, 169;\n    by Italians, 144\n\n\n  Naples, 99, 199\n\n  National Civic Federation, 90;\n    Slavonic Society, 176\n\n  Naturalization, illegal methods, 93, 196, 214-215;\n    reading test desirable, 249\n\n  New Amsterdam, 45\n\n  New England, 45, 148, 173, 179;\n    how it can remain Christian, 270, 271\n\n  New Haven, 23\n\n  New Jersey, 148, 173, 178\n\n  New Orleans, 183\n\n  New York, Bible Society, 50;\n    State, 69, 70, 105, 107, 178, 213\n\n  New York City, 30-39, 53, 54, 62, 63, 110, 112, 139, 145, 165,\n        166, 169, 172, 176-189, 198, 200, 220;\n    chief port of entry for immigrants, 53;\n    child life and labor in, 220, 221;\n    consumption in, 220;\n    cosmopolitan character, 198, 199;\n    foreign peoples in, 139, 145, 150, 166, 172, 178, 179, 186-189, 195-226\n\n  Norway, 27;\n    immigrants from, 23, 25, 126\n\n\n  Occupations,  of various races, 23, 24\n\n  Odessa, 99\n\n  Ogg, Frederick A., 92, 93, 99, 100\n\n  Ohio, 172\n\n  Optimism, 8, 29, 262\n\n  Ottawa, Illinois, 20\n\n\n  Padrones, 82, 92, 111\n\n  Parochial schools among aliens, 246, 256\n\n  Pauperism in the United States, 218;\n    contrasted with poverty, 217;\n    foreign percentage of, 219;\n    increased by immigration, 219\n\n  Pennsylvania, 160-163, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 213\n\n  People's Forum in Cooper Institute, 250\n\n  Persecution, affecting immigration, 29, 30, 91\n\n  Philadelphia, 38, 53, 172, 176, 179, 187\n\n  Pittsburg, 82, 172, 174, 176\n\n  Poles, as immigrants, 22, 35, 75, 76, 170-174;\n    clannish, 173;\n    illiteracy, 22, 173;\n    independence, 173\n\n  Polish, Catholics, 174;\n    girl, story of, 212;\n    Jew, \"sweater,\" 210;\n    National Alliance, 170\n\n  Ports, for examination abroad, 98, 99;\n    of entry, 53\n\n  Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 20\n\n  Poughkeepsie, New York, 20\n\n  Poverty in the United States, 218;\n    defined, 217\n\n  Presbyterian Slavistic Union, 176\n\n  Protestantism, as related to immigrants, 9, 39, 47, 202, 166-174,\n       177-188, 216, 224, 251;\n    could change conditions as to child labor, 225, 226;\n    ought to save immigrants from moral degeneracy, 255;\n    vast opportunity to evangelize and Americanize,  267-299\n\n  Providence, Rhode Island, 21\n\n  Public Schools, attacks upon to be resisted, 248;\n    duty to elevate, 248;\n    foreign children in, 198, 223, 248;\n    power to Americanize, 234, 248, 256\n\n  Publicity, value of, 83, 90\n\n\n  Quarantine, 56, 62\n\n\n  Railroads and immigrants, 62, 63\n\n  Reich, Emil, 131\n\n  Religious census of immigrants in 1900, 251\n\n  Removal Bureau, for directing Jewish emigrants, 111\n\n  Reports, Commissioner-General, 25, 143\n\n  Riis, Jacob, 194, 216\n\n  Roman Catholic Church, as related to immigrants, 133, 151, 152, 167,\n       168, 172-174, 177-184, 247, 248, 251, 256, 257, 271, 297;\n    efforts to get public money for parochial schools, 246;\n    some lessons to be learned from, 279\n\n  Roosevelt, President, 51, 73, 88, 92, 96, 179\n\n  Rossi, Adolpho, 138, 147\n\n  Rotterdam, 99\n\n  Roumanians, as immigrants, 19, 21;\n    see also _Jews_\n\n  Rovinanek, Mr., 174, 175\n\n  Russia, 34, 128;\n    immigrants from, 25, 81, 217\n\n  Russian empire, 19;\n    Jews, 11, 19, 112;\n    persecution, 29, 30\n\n\n  Saint Louis, 145, 198\n\n  Saint Nazaire, 99\n\n  Saloon, evil effects of, 216, 217\n\n  Sampson, Sidney, 260\n\n  San Francisco, 41, 53, 73, 148\n\n  Saratoga Springs, New York, 20\n\n  Sargent, Commissioner-General, 28, 103, 158, 203\n\n  Scandinavians, 27;\n    agricultural tendency, 127;\n    useful immigrants, 19, 21, 126, 217;\n    small illiteracy, 23\n\n  Schauffler, Dr. A. F, 30, 195\n\n  Schauffler, Dr. H. A., 293\n\n  Scotch, as immigrants, 21, 126;\n    small illiteracy, 23\n\n  Scotland, 27\n\n  Secretary of Commerce and Labor, 77, 78\n\n  Seelye,  ex-President of Amherst, 255\n\n  Servian immigrants, 21\n\n  Settlement service by religion and residence, 292, 293\n\n  Sioux Falls, Iowa, 20\n\n  Slavic home missionaries, 293, 294;\n    peoples, 124\n\n  Slavs, as immigrants, 21, 79, 107, 113, 127, 128, 157-192;\n    defined, 159, 160;\n    displacing other peoples, 160, 162;\n    illiteracy, 23, 164;\n    largely unskilled, 164;\n    migration of recent date, 160;\n    mostly mine and factory workers, 164;\n    native workers among, 285\n\n  Slovaks, as immigrants, 174-176;\n    from agricultural class, 175;\n    organizations among, 176;\n    tinware workers, 176\n\n  Slovenians, as immigrants, 183\n\n  Slums, peril of the children in, 220-224;\n    poverty and pauperism of, 217-219\n\n  Socialism, bred in the slums, 202\n\n  Societies in aid of immigrants by races, 110-112\n\n  Society for Italian immigrants, 50, 110, 111\n\n  Solicitation, as affecting immigration, 42, 43, 80-82, 93\n\n  South American immigrants, 21\n\n  South Carolina, 113\n\n  South, the New, as a field for immigrants, 113\n\n  Southampton, 99\n\n  Spahr, Dr. Charles B., 260\n\n  Spanish immigrants, 21, 217\n\n  Special Inquiry Board, 77\n\n  Speranza, Gino C., 88, 145\n\n  \"Stairs of Separation,\" 62, 63\n\n  Standards of living, lowered through immigration, 244\n\n  States and countries as a scale of immigration, 24, 25, 27, 28\n\n  Statistics of immigration, aliens since Revolution, 28;\n    arrivals by years from 1820 to 1905, 305;\n    child labor in New York City, and in United States, 226, 227;\n    countries by totals, 127-129;\n    debarred during fourteen years, and by race or people, 77, 303;\n    distribution by states, 105-107;\n    entries at ports and through Canada, 53;\n    estimated immigration for 1905-6, 20;\n    illiteracy, 21-23, 134, 164;\n    increase of immigrants for 1905, 25;\n    inflow since 1820, 25-27;\n    insanity, 140;\n    Italians, by years, locality, and occupation, 134, 135, 143;\n    Jews, chiefly Russian, 185, 186, 198;\n    labor skilled and unskilled, 23, 24, 134, 164;\n    mendicancy, 140;\n    money sent from United States to aid immigrants, 31;\n    present annual race totals illustrated, 20-23;\n    race, sex, and age of immigrants for 1905, 306;\n    religious divisions for 1900, 251;\n    savings and investments of Italians, 145, 146;\n    Slavs for 1905, 159,\n      see also, for distribution and occupation, 165-183;\n    tendency among Italians to forsake Roman Catholic Church, 271\n\n  Steamships for immigrants, 55, 57;\n    overcrowding, 65;\n    rate cutting, 79;\n    steerage abuses and reforms, 65-68;\n    unkind treatment, 57, 58, 67;\n    unsanitary arrangements, 65-67;\n    violation of laws, 78-84\n\n  Stettin, 99\n\n  Strong, Dr. Josiah, 9-16, 193, 194, 256, 257\n\n  Sunday laws and observance, as affected by immigration, 72, 237,\n       241, 252-254;\n    Sunday-schools, among immigrants, 284, 294\n\n  Sweat-shop, description of system, 209, 210;\n    reproach to Christian civilization, 210;\n    victims of, 210-213\n\n  Sweden, 27;\n    immigrants from, 23, 25, 33, 37, 38, 126\n\n  Swiss, as immigrants, 21, 28\n\n  Switzerland, 27, 43\n\n  Syrian immigrants, 23, 39\n\n\n  Tariff, effect on immigration, 44\n\n  Temperance, large measure of, among Chinese, Italians, and Jews, 73,\n       141, 190\n\n  Tenement-houses, description of life in, 204-208;\n    evils of, 201;\n    exorbitant rents, 202;\n    model block of suggested, 288;\n    responsibility of landlords, 202;\n    unsanitary conditions of, 211\n\n  Tent campaign, winning Italians, 282\n\n  Teutonic peoples, 123\n\n  Texas, 113\n\n  Thompson, Dr. Charles L., 117, 268\n\n  Training schools, needed in work among aliens, 286\n\n  Trieste, 99\n\n  Tuoti, Mr. G., 145\n\n  Turks, as immigrants, 21;\n    illiteracy, 23\n\n  Tymkevich, Paul, 158\n\n\n  United Hebrew Charities, 111, 219, 277\n\n  United Kingdom, see _Great Britain_\n\n  United States, agencies of helpful to immigrants, 50, 54, 57-63,\n       111, 274;\n    \"assisted\" immigration to, 43, 93;\n    attraction of, 29-42;\n    Immigration Investigating Commission, 112, 113;\n    Industrial Commission on Immigration, 141;\n    legislation as to immigrants, see _Laws, immigration_;\n    money from relatives in, to aid immigrants, 31;\n    national songs, 34;\n    Post-office, an immigration agency, 33;\n    see also _Commissioner-General of Immigration, Ports of entry_\n\n\n  Venice, 199\n\n  Vincennes, Indiana, 20\n\n  Virginia, 45, 175\n\n  Vote, foreign, peril of, 249\n\n\n  Walker, General Francis A., 232\n\n  Ward, Robert D., 194\n\n  Warne, F. J., 157, 158, 162, 246\n\n  Warsaw, 199\n\n  Washington, city of, 24;\n    President, 68\n\n  Watchorn, Commissioner Robert, 30, 82\n\n  Welsh, as immigrants, 21, 126\n\n  Whelpley, J. D., 16, 70, 79, 94, 101\n\n  Wisconsin, 167\n\n  Women immigrants, 18, 35, 38, 39, 57, 61, 67, 75, 76, 304;\n    special inspection for, 61, 76\n\n  Work of leading denominations for foreign population, 314-320\n\n\n  Yiddish language, 198\n\n  Young people, as creators of public sentiment, 197;\n    opportunity of for Christian service, 10\n\n  Ziska, General, 166\n\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n~The Forward Mission Study Courses~\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\"Anywhere, _provided it be_ FORWARD.\"--_David Livingstone_\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n_Prepared under the auspices of the\n\nYOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT_\n\nEXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:--Harry Wade Hicks, S. Earl Taylor, John W.\nWood, F. P. Haggard, T. H. P. Sailer.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nThe Forward Mission Study Courses are an outgrowth of a conference of\nleaders in Young People's Mission Work, held in New York City, December,\n1901. To meet the need that was manifested at that conference for\nMission Study Text-books suitable for young people, two of the\ndelegates, Professor Amos R. Wells, of the United Society of Christian\nEndeavor, and Mr. S. Earl Taylor, Chairman of the General Missionary\nCommittee of the Epworth League, projected the Forward Mission Study\nCourses. These courses have been officially adopted by the Young\nPeople's Missionary Movement, and are now under the immediate direction\nof the Executive Committee of the Movement, which consists of the young\npeople's secretaries, or other official representatives of twelve of the\nleading missionary boards of the United States and Canada.\n\nThe aim is to publish a series of text-books covering the various home\nand foreign mission fields, and written by leading authorities with\nspecial reference to the needs of young people. The entire series when\ncompleted will comprise perhaps as many as twenty text-books. A general\naccount will be given of some of the smaller countries, such as Japan,\nKorea, and Turkey; but, for the larger fields, as China, Africa, and\nIndia, the general account will be supplemented by a series of\nbiographies of the principal missionaries connected with the country.\nThe various home mission fields will also be treated both biographically\nand historically.\n\nThe following text-books have been published:--\n\n     ~1. The Price of Africa.~ (Biographical.) By S. Earl Taylor.\n\n     ~2. Into All the World.~ A General Survey of Missions. By Amos R.\n     Wells.\n\n     ~3. Princely Men in the Heavenly Kingdom.~ (Biographical.) By\n     Harlan P. Beach, M.A., F.R.G.S.\n\n     ~4. Child Life in Mission Lands.~ A Course of Study for Junior\n     Societies. By Ralph E. Diffendorfer.\n\n     ~5. Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom.~ A Study of Japan. By the Rev.\n     John H. De Forest, D.D.\n\n     ~6. Heroes of the Cross in America.~ Home Missions. (Biographical.)\n     By Don O. Shelton.\n\n     ~7. Daybreak in the Dark Continent.~ A Study of Africa. By Wilson\n     S. Naylor.\n\n     ~8. The Christian Conquest of India.~ A Study of India. By Bishop\n     James M. Thoburn.\n\n     ~9. Aliens or Americans?~ A Study of Immigration. By Rev. Howard B.\n     Grose, Ph.D.\n\nThese books are published by mutual arrangement among the denominational\npublishing houses, to whom all orders should be addressed. They are\nbound uniformly, and are sold for 50 cents, in cloth, and 35 cents, in\npaper, postage extra.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nStudy classes desiring more advanced text-books are referred to the\nadmirable series published by the Interdenominational Committee of the\nWoman's Boards. The volumes already published are:--\n\n     ~Via Christi.~ A Study of Missions before Carey. By Louise Manning\n     Hodgkins.\n\n     ~Lux Christi.~ A Study of Missions in India. By Caroline Atwater\n     Mason.\n\n     ~Rex Christus.~ A Study of Missions in China. By Rev. Arthur H.\n     Smith, D.D.\n\n     ~Dux Christus.~ A Study of Missions in Japan. By Rev. W. E.\n     Griffis, D.D.\n\n     ~Christus Liberator.~ A Study of Missions in Africa. By Ellen C.\n     Parsons.\n\n     ~Christus Redemptor.~ A Study of the Island World. By Helen Barrett\n     Montgomery.\n\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n[Illustration: AN ITALIAN SUNDAY SCHOOL IN NEW ENGLAND]\n\n[Illustration: PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH CHILDREN\n\nPortuguese Boy and Girl\n\nSpanish Boys]\n\n[Illustration: FOUR NATIONALITIES\n\n  Jewish Girl        Polack Girl\n  Italian Boy        Spanish Boy\n]\n\n[Illustration: AN ITALIAN FAMILY CROWDED IN A NEW YORK\nTENEMENT]\n\n[Illustration: A GROUP OF IMMIGRANTS JUST ARRIVED AT ELLIS\nISLAND]\n\n[Illustration: THREE TYPES OF IMMIGRANTS\n\nAlsace-Lorraine Girl    Ruthenian Woman    Holland Dame\n]\n\n[Illustration: A GROUP OF TWELVE DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES\n\nTaken on the Roof Garden at Ellis Island]\n\n[Illustration: AN APPEAL FROM THE SPECIAL INQUIRY BOARD TO\nCOMMISSIONER WATCHORN]\n\n[Illustration: ITALIAN AND SWISS GIRLS\n\nItalian Girl    Swiss Girl\n]\n\n[Illustration: ELLIS ISLAND IMMIGRANT STATION\n\nThe Chief Port of Entry in New York Harbor]\n\n[Illustration: DETAINED FOR SPECIAL EXAMINATION]\n\n[Illustration: A GERMAN FAMILY\n\n\"Seven soldiers lost to the Kaiser.\" (German Consul's remark on seeing\nthis picture)]\n\n[Illustration: RECEIVING ROOM AT ELLIS ISLAND\n\n(A) Entrance stairs; (B) Examination of health ticket; (C) Surgeon's\nexamination; (D) Second surgeon's examination; (E) Group compartments;\n(F) Waiting for inspection; (G) Passage to the stairway; (H) Detention\nroom; (I) The Inspectors' desks; (K) Outward passage to barge, ferry, or\ndetention room.]\n\n[Illustration: THE LANDING AT THE BATTERY IN NEW YORK]\n\n[Illustration: _From copyright stereograph, 1907, by Underwood &\nUnderwood, New York_\n\nTHE INFLOWING TIDE]\n\n[Illustration: RACES OF IMMIGRANTS FISCAL YEAR 1905\n\nFIGURES ON THE MAP REPRESENT THE NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS OF THE RACES NAMED\nCOMING FROM EACH COUNTRY INDICATED, WHILE THE FIGURES ON THE BARS\nREPRESENT THE TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS OF THE RACES NAMED COMING FROM\nALL COUNTRIES.\n\nTHE COLOR ON MAP INDICATES APPROXIMATELY REGIONS OF THE RACIAL GRAND\nDIVISIONS\n\nWHERE THE TERMS \"BOHEMIAN,\" \"BULGARIAN,\" \"CROATIAN,\" AND \"DALMATIAN\" ARE\nUSED, THEY REFER TO \"BOHEMIAN AND MORAVIAN,\" \"BULGARIAN, SERVIAN, AND\nMONTENEGRIN,\" \"CROATIAN AND SLOVENIAN,\" AND \"DALMATIAN, BOSNIAN, AND\nHERZEGOVINIAN.\"]\n\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[1] J. D. Whelpley, _The Problem of the Immigrant_, 2.\n\n[2] Entrance Port for Immigrants at New York.\n\n[3] The total immigration into the United States for the fiscal year\nending June 30, 1906, was 1,100,735.\n\n[4] For table showing immigration for each year from 1820 to 1905, see\nAppendix A.\n\n[5] Now known as the Battery. See footnote 1, p. 54.\n\n[6] _City Mission Monthly_, April, 1902.\n\n[7] Those who are interested in this feature can trace--by examining the\ntable in the Appendix which gives the immigration by years since\n1820--the relation between prosperity and immigration. The effect of the\npanics of 1837, 1843, 1873, 1893, and the depression caused by the Civil\nWar, will be seen clearly in the immigration totals. This subject is\ntreated in _Immigration_, 17 ff.\n\n[8] Published in _Baptist Home Mission Monthly_ for July, 1906.\n\n[9] Hamilton Holt, _Undistinguished Americans._\n\n[10] The Swedish _krone_ (kro-ne) has a value of about 27 cents.\n\n[11] Broughton Brandenburg, _Imported Americans_, 37.\n\n[12] Prescott F. Hall, _Immigration_, 3, 4.\n\n[13] The park and piers at the southern end of New York City, formerly\nknown as Castle Garden.\n\n[14] Samuel E. Moffett, _Review of Reviews_, July, 1903.\n\n[15] It is good to know that the reception conditions, so far as the\nGovernment is concerned, have been made as favorable as present\naccommodations will allow, and enlargement is already projected. Since\nthe Federal Government finally took charge of immigration in 1882, great\nimprovement has been made in method and administration. The inspection\nis humane, prompt, and on the whole kindly, although entrance\nexaminations are as much dreaded by the average immigrant as by the\naverage student. Commissioner Watchorn, an admirable man for his place,\ninsists upon kindness, and want of it in an employee is cause for\ndismissal. Ellis Island affords an excellent example of carefully\nadjusted details and thorough system, whereby with least possible\nfriction thousands of aliens are examined in a day, and pronounced fit\nor unfit to enter the country. The process is too rapid, however, to\ngive each case the attention which the best interests of the country\ndemand.\n\n[16] Under the Act of 1903, this manifest has to state: The full name,\nage and sex; whether married or single; the calling or occupation;\nwhether able to read or write; the nationality; the race; the last\nresidence; the seaport landing in the United States; the final\ndestination, if any, beyond the port of landing; whether having a ticket\nthrough to such final destination; whether the alien has paid his own\npassage or whether it has been paid by any other person or by any\ncorporation, society, municipality, or government, and if so, by whom;\nwhether in possession of thirty dollars, and if less, how much; whether\ngoing to join a relative or friend and if so, what relative or friend,\nand his name and complete address; whether ever before in the United\nStates, and if so, when and where; whether ever in prison or almshouse\nor an institution or hospital for the care and treatment of the insane\nor supported by charity; whether a polygamist; whether an anarchist;\nwhether coming by reason of any offer, solicitation, promise, or\nagreement, expressed or implied, to perform labor in the United States,\nand what is the alien's condition of health, mental and physical, and\nwhether deformed or crippled, and if so, for how long and from what\ncause.\n\n[17] Broughton Brandenburg, _Imported Americans_, 208.\n\n[18] This imaginary sketch adheres in every detail to the facts. The\nmedical examiners and inspectors become exceedingly expert in detecting\ndisease, disability, or deception. If an overcoat is carried over the\nshoulder, they look for a false or stiff arm. The gait and general\nappearance indicate health or want of it to them, and all who do not\nappear normal are turned aside for further examination, which is\nthorough. The women have a special inspection by the matrons, who have\nto be both expert and alert to detect and reject the unworthy. The chief\ndifficulty lies in too small a force to handle such large numbers, which\nhave reached as high as 45,000 in five days.\n\n[19] The present regulations were passed in 1882, and if lived up to, as\nby trustworthy testimony they are not, would prevent serious\novercrowding, although the conditions as to air, sanitation, and morals\nwould still be most unsatisfactory. For protective laws, see Appendix B.\n\n[20] Broughton Brandenburg, _Imported Americans_, chap. XIV.\n\n[21] This Act of 1824 required of vessel-masters a report giving name,\nbirthplace, age, and occupation of each immigrant, and a bond to secure\nthe city against public charges.\n\n[22] _Immigration_, chap. X.\n\n[23] The main provisions are: 1. Head tax of $2. 2. Excluded classes\nnumbering 17. 3. Criminal offenses against the Immigration Acts,\nenumerating 12 crimes. 4. Rejection of the diseased aliens. 5. Manifest,\nrequired of vessel-masters, with answers to 19 questions. 6. Examination\nof immigrants. 7. Detention and return of aliens. 8. Bonds and\nguaranties. The law may be found in full in the Appendix to\n_Immigration_, and in _The Problem of the Immigrant_, chap. VI., where\nthe rules and regulations for its enforcement are also given. A list of\nthe excluded classes and criminal offenses will be found in Appendix B\nof this volume.\n\n[24] Joseph H. Adams, in _Home Missionary_, for April, 1905.\n\n[25] The Immigration Bureau has 1,214 inspectors and special agents. The\nCommissioner-General says of them: They are spread throughout the\ncountry from Maine to southern California. They are\n\n[26] thoroughly organized under competent chiefs, many of them working\nregardless of hours, whether breaking the seals of freight cars on the\nsouthern border to prevent the smuggling of Chinese, or watching the\ncountless routes of ingress from Canada, ever alert and willing, equally\nefficient in detecting the inadmissible alien and the pretended citizen.\nThe Bureau asserts with confidence that, excepting a very few, the\ngovernment of this country has no more able and faithful servants in its\nemploy, either civil or military, than the immigration officers.\n\n[27] Commissioner-General's Report for 1905, p. 41.\n\n[28] _Immigration Report_ for 1905, p.56.\n\n[29] Broughton Brandenburg, _Imported Americans_, 33.\n\n[30] _Immigration Report_ for 1905, p. 48.\n\n[31] Prof. H. H. Boyesen.\n\n[32] Frederick Austin Ogg, in _Outlook_ for May 5, 1906.\n\n[33] A synopsis of these recommendations will be found in Appendix B.\n\n[34] Sec. 38. That no alien immigrant over sixteen years of age\nphysically capable of reading shall be admitted to the United States\nuntil he has proved to the satisfaction of the proper inspection\nofficers that he can read English or some other tongue ... provided that\nan admissible alien over sixteen, or a person now or hereafter in the\nUnited States of like age, may bring in or send for his wife, mother,\naffianced wife, or father over fifty-five, if they are otherwise\nadmissible, whether able to read or write or not.\n\n[35] Sec. 39. That every male alien immigrant over sixteen shall be\ndeemed likely to become a public charge unless he shows to the proper\nimmigration officials that he has in his possession at the time of\ninspection money to the equivalent of $25, or that the head of his\nfamily entering with him so holds that amount to his account. Every\nfemale alien must have $15.\n\n[36] The Bill, as amended, left the head tax at $2, and the reading test\nwas omitted. Great opposition to the Bill came from the foreign element,\nespecially the Jews.\n\n[37] Dr. Goodchild.\n\n[38] Broughton Brandenburg, _Imported Americans_, 302.\n\n[39] _Outlook_ for May 5, 1906.\n\n[40] J. D. Whelpley, _The Problem of the Immigrant_, 13.\n\n[41] _Annual Report for_ 1903, p. 60.\n\n[42] _Annual Report for_ 1905, p. 58.\n\n[43] Idem, opposite p. 34.\n\n[44] This bureau shall collect and furnish to all incoming aliens, data\nas to the resources, products, and manufactures of each state, territory\nand district of the United States; the prices of land and character of\nsoils; routes of travel and fares; opportunities of employment in the\nskilled and unskilled occupations, rates of wages, cost of living, and\nall other information that in the judgment of the Commissioner-General\nmight tend to enlighten the aliens as to the inducements to settlement\nin the various sections.\n\n[45] Bernheimer, _The Russian Jew in the United States_, 370.\n\n[46] Prescott F. Hall, _Immigration_, 303.\n\n[47] Eliot Lord, in _The Italian in America_, 177 ff.\n\n[48] \"The Problem of Immigration,\" Presbyterian Board of Publication.\n\n[49] For a condensed characterization of the north of Europe immigrants\nread the chapter on Racial Conditions in _Immigration_ (chap. III.) The\nleading traits of the various immigrant peoples are set forth with\nfairness and discrimination, although probably none of those described\nwould see themselves exactly as Mr. Hall sees them.\n\n[50] _The Italian in America._\n\n[51] John Foster Carr in _Outlook_.\n\n[52] See page 146.\n\n[53] Dr. S. H. Lee in _Baptist Home Mission Monthly_, for May, 1905.\n\n[54] Location of various public institutions of New York City.\n\n[55] Industrial Commission Report to Congress, Dec. 5, 1901.\n\n[56] _The Italian in America_, 215, 216.\n\n[57] G. Tuoti, in _The Italian in America_, 78.\n\n[58] A remarkable showing of what the Italians have accomplished through\nthese farming colonies in various parts of the country is given in the\nchapter \"On Farm and Plantation\", in _The Italian in America_.\n\n[59] Rev. E. P. Farnham, D.D., in New York _Examiner_, June 22, 1906.\n\n[60] _University Settlement Studies_, December, 1905.\n\n[61] While the Magyars (or Hungarians) are not Slavs, they have lived in\nclose contact with them, and for convenience may be classed in the\nSlavic division; and the same thing is true of the Roumanian and Russian\nJews. All these peoples come from Russia, Austria-Hungary, or the Balkan\nStates, and represent similar customs and ideas, although they differ\nmaterially in character, as we shall see.\n\n[62] Samuel McLanahan, _Our People of Foreign Speech_, 34 ff.\n\n[63] F. J. Warne, _The Slav Invasion_, chap. VI.\n\n[64] Miss Kate H. Claghorn, in _Charities_, for December, 1904.\n\n[65] _Charities_, for December, 1904.\n\n[66] Samuel McLanahan, _Our People of Foreign Speech_, 45.\n\n[67] Louis H. Pick, in _Charities_, for December, 1904.\n\n[68] Miss Emily Balch, \"The Slavs at Home,\" in _Charities and Commons_.\n\n[69] Lee Frankel, in _The Russian Jew in the United States_, 63.\n\n[70] Julius H. Greenstone, in _The Russian Jew in the United States_,\n158.\n\n[71] Commissioner-General's Report for 1905, p. 58.\n\n[72] _The Leaven of a Great City_, and _The Story of an East Side\nFamily_.\n\n[73] _University Settlement Studies_, January, 1906.\n\n[74] Hamilton Holt, _Undistinguished Americans_, 43 ff.\n\n[75] Jacob Riis, _How the Other Half Lives_, chap. XVIII.\n\n[76] Robert Hunter, _Poverty_, chap. I. This is a book that every\nAmerican should read. The author is indebted to it for much of the\nmaterial in this chapter.\n\n[77] Robert Hunter, _Poverty_, 196.\n\n[78] Idem, chap. V.\n\n[79] Richmond Mayo-Smith, _Emigration and Immigration_, 5 ff.\n\n[80] Walter E. Heyl, in _University Settlement Studies_.\n\n[81] F. J. Warne, _The Slav Invasion_, 103.\n\n[82] Rena M. Atchison, _Un-American Immigration_, 82.\n\n[83] Richmond Mayo-Smith, _Emigration and Immigration_, 84 ff.\n\n[84] Represents the recapitulation of totals of Europe, Asia, Africa and\nall other countries.\n\n[85] Josiah Strong, _Our Country_, 56.\n\n[86] Kate H. Claghorn, in _Charities_ for December, 1904.\n\n[87] Broughton Brandenburg, _Imported Americans_, 19.\n\n[88] Sidney Sampson, pamphlet, \"The Immigration Problem.\"\n\n[89] Fung Yuet Mow, Chinese missionary in New York, says that at a\nmissionary Conference which he attended in Canton there were fifty\nmissionaries present, native Chinese, and half of them were converted in\nour missions in America, and returned home to seek the conversion of\ntheir people. Everywhere he met the influence of Chinese who found\nChrist in this country.\n\n[90] Henry H. Hamilton in the _Home Missionary_.\n\n[91] In one city in Massachusetts, where there are 1,700 Italians only\nfifty or sixty attend the Roman Catholic Church; and in another, of\n6,000 Italians, only about 300 go to that church. They declare that they\nare tired of the Romish Church and have lost faith in its priests.\nSimilar reports come from all parts of the country.\n\n[92] There are numerous instances equally remarkable. Many young people\nexpress their desire to lead true lives and the missionaries often learn\nhow well the resolutions made at Ellis Island have been kept. One\nmissionary says: \"I meet one here and another there, who tell me that I\nmet them first three or four years ago, when they first reached this\ncountry, strangers to Christ as well as to me; but now they say, 'We\nlove to tell the story of Jesus and his love.' Some of the denominations\nhave houses fitted up for the temporary entertainment of immigrants who\nneed a safe place while waiting to hear from friends or secure\nemployment. This missionary work admirably supplements the excellent\nservice rendered by the protective organizations, of which the United\nHebrews Charities is perhaps the most influential, dispensing funds\namounting to $270,000 a year, including the Baron Hirsch fund. There is\nalso an Immigrant Girls' Home which saves many from temptation while\nthey are seeking employment, and helps them secure places in Christian\nfamilies.\"\n\n[93] Rev. Joel S. Ives, pamphlet, \"The Foreigner in New England.\"\n\n[94] Appendix C.\n\n[95] Some denominations already have theological training departments\nfor foreign people. The French-American College at Springfield,\nMassachusetts, is the first distinctive training school for foreigners.\n\n[96] \"The Foreign Problem.\" Published by the Presbyterian Board of Home\nMissions.\n\n[97] Rev. F. H. Allen, in _Home Missionary_ for January, 1906.\n\n[98] Rev. C. W. Shelton reports typical cases, that could be duplicated\nby every secretary of a Home Missionary Society and every missionary. In\none mission church a young Swede girl gave $25 a month, out of her\nearnings as cook, toward the pastor's support. In a Finnish church,\nanother young woman pledged $30 a month out a salary of $50. A Chinese\nmission in California supports three native workers in China. A Slav\nMission Sunday-school in Braddock, Pennsylvania, with thirty members,\ngave out of its poverty, as one year's record, $6 for home missions,\n$1.25 for windows in a new Bohemian church, $1 for missionary schools,\n$6.35 for maps, and $6 for a foreign missionary ship. Nearly fifty cents\na member these Slavs gave; and that amount per member from all Christian\nChurches and Sunday-schools would make the missionary treasuries much\nfuller than at present.\n\n[99] Words used by Dr. A. L. Phillips, of Richmond, Va., at the\nAsheville Conference, July, 1906.\n\n[100] From Annual Report of Commissioner-General of Immigration for\n1905.\n\n[101] Statement from Commissioner-General F. P. Sargent.\n\n[102] From the Lutheran World.","title":"Aliens or Americans?","tradition":"scripture-revelation","translated_text":null,"word_count":73602}