{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_21796/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_21796","id":"gutenberg_21796","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21796","summary":null,"tags":["Atlantis (Legendary place)","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Lemuria"],"text":"E-text prepared by Julie Barkley, J. B. Hare, Sankar Viswanathan, and the\nProject Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team\n(https://www.pgdp.net)\n\n\n\nNote: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this\n      file which includes the original illustrations.\n      See 21796-h.htm or 21796-h.zip:\n      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/1/7/9/21796/21796-h/21796-h.htm)\n      or\n      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/1/7/9/21796/21796-h.zip)\n\n\nTranscriber's note:\n\n      The Table of Contents is not part of the original book.\n\n\n\n\n\nTHE STORY OF ATLANTIS & THE LOST LEMURIA\n\nby\n\nW. SCOTT-ELLIOT\n\nWith Six Maps\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Theosophical Publishing House Ltd\n68 Great Russell Street\nLondon, W.C.2\n\nTHE STORY OF ATLANTIS _first printed_ 1896\nTHE LOST LEMURIA _first printed_ 1904\n\n\n\n\nCONTENTS\n\n\nTHE STORY OF ATLANTIS\n\nTHE LOST LEMURIA\n\nMAPS\n\n\n\n\nTHE STORY OF ATLANTIS\n\n\n\n\nPREFACE.\n\n\nFor readers unacquainted with the progress that has been made in\nrecent years by earnest students of occultism attached to the\nTheosophical Society, the significance of the statement embodied in\nthe following pages would be misapprehended without some preliminary\nexplanation. Historical research has depended for western civilisation\nhitherto, on written records of one kind or another. When literary\nmemoranda have fallen short, stone monuments have sometimes been\navailable, and fossil remains have given us a few unequivocal, though\ninarticulate assurances concerning the antiquity of the human race;\nbut modern culture has lost sight of or has overlooked possibilities\nconnected with the investigation of past events, which are independent\nof fallible evidence transmitted to us by ancient writers. The world\nat large is thus at present so imperfectly alive to the resources of\nhuman faculty, that by most people as yet, the very existence, even as\na potentiality, of psychic powers, which some of us all the while are\nconsciously exercising every day, is scornfully denied and derided.\nThe situation is sadly ludicrous from the point of view of those who\nappreciate the prospects of evolution, because mankind is thus\nwilfully holding at arm's length, the knowledge that is essential to\nits own ulterior progress. The maximum cultivation of which the human\nintellect is susceptible while it denies itself all the resources of\nits higher spiritual consciousness, can never be more than a\npreparatory process as compared with that which may set in when the\nfaculties are sufficiently enlarged to enter into conscious\nrelationship with the super-physical planes or aspects of Nature.\n\nFor anyone who will have the patience to study the published results\nof psychic investigation during the last fifty years, the reality of\nclairvoyance as an occasional phenomenon of human intelligence must\nestablish itself on an immovable foundation. For those who, without\nbeing occultists--students that is to say of Nature's loftier aspects,\nin a position to obtain better teaching than that which any written\nbooks can give--for those who merely avail themselves of recorded\nevidence, a declaration on the part of others of a disbelief in the\npossibility of clairvoyance, is on a level with the proverbial\nAfrican's disbelief in ice. But the experiences of clairvoyance that\nhave accumulated on the hands of those who have studied it in\nconnection with mesmerism, do no more than prove the existence in\nhuman nature of a capacity for cognizing physical phenomena distant\neither in space or time, in some way which has nothing to do with the\nphysical senses. Those who have studied the mysteries of clairvoyance\nin connection with theosophic teaching have been enabled to realize\nthat the ultimate resources of that faculty range as far beyond its\nhumbler manifestations, dealt with by unassisted enquirers, as the\nresources of the higher mathematics exceed those of the abacus.\nClairvoyance, indeed, is of many kinds, all of which fall easily into\ntheir places when we appreciate the manner in which human\nconsciousness functions on different planes of Nature. The faculty of\nreading the pages of a closed book, or of discerning objects\nblindfold, or at a distance from the observer, is quite a different\nfaculty from that employed on the cognition of past events. That last\nis the kind of which it is necessary to say something here, in order\nthat the true character of the present treatise on Atlantis may be\nunderstood, but I allude to the others merely that the explanation I\nhave to give may not be mistaken for a complete theory of clairvoyance\nin all its varieties.\n\nWe may best be helped to a comprehension of clairvoyance as related to\npast events, by considering in the first instance the phenomena of\nmemory. The theory of memory which relates it to an imaginary\nrearrangement of physical molecules of brain matter, going on at every\ninstant of our lives, is one that presents itself as plausible to no\none who can ascend one degree above the thinking level of the\nuncompromising atheistical materialist. To every one who accepts, as\neven a reasonable hypothesis, the idea that a man is something more\nthan a carcase in a state of animation, it must be a reasonable\nhypothesis that memory has to do with that principle in man which is\nsuper-physical. His memory in short, is a function of some other than\nthe physical plane. The pictures of memory are imprinted, it is clear,\non some non-physical medium, and are accessible to the embodied\nthinker in ordinary cases by virtue of some effort he makes in as\nmuch unconsciousness as to its precise character, as he is unconscious\nof the brain impulse which actuates the muscles of his heart. The\nevents with which he has had to do in the past are photographed by\nNature on some imperishable page of super-physical matter, and by\nmaking an appropriate interior effort, he is capable of bringing them\nagain, when he requires them, within the area of some interior sense\nwhich reflects its perception on the physical brain. We are not all of\nus able to make this effort equally well, so that memory is sometimes\ndim, but even in the experience of mesmeric research, the occasional\nsuper-excitation of memory under mesmerism is a familiar fact. The\ncircumstances plainly show that the record of Nature is accessible if\nwe know how to recover it, or even if our own capacity to make an\neffort for its recovery is somehow improved without our having an\nimproved knowledge of the method employed. And from this thought we\nmay arrive by an easy transition at the idea, that in truth the\nrecords of Nature are not separate collections of individual property,\nbut constitute the all-embracing memory of Nature herself, on which\ndifferent people are in a position to make drafts according to their\nseveral capacities.\n\nI do not say that the one thought necessarily ensues as a logical\nconsequence of the other. Occultists know that what I have stated is\nthe fact, but my present purpose is to show the reader who is not an\nOccultist, how the accomplished Occultist arrives at his results,\nwithout hoping to epitomize all the stages of his mental progress in\nthis brief explanation. Theosophical literature at large must be\nconsulted by those who would seek a fuller elucidation of the\nmagnificent prospects and practical demonstrations of its teaching in\nmany directions, which, in the course of the Theosophical development,\nhave been laid before the world for the benefit of all who are\ncompetent to profit by them.\n\nThe memory of Nature is in reality a stupendous unity, just as in\nanother way all mankind is found to constitute a spiritual unity if we\nascend to a sufficiently elevated plane of Nature in search of the\nwonderful convergence where unity is reached without the loss of\nindividuality. For ordinary humanity, however, at the early stage of its\nevolution represented at present by the majority, the interior spiritual\ncapacities ranging beyond those which the brain is an instrument for\nexpressing, are as yet too imperfectly developed to enable them to get\ntouch with any other records in the vast archives of Nature's memory,\nexcept those with which they have individually been in contact at their\ncreation. The blindfold interior effort they are competent to make, will\nnot, as a rule, call up any others. But in a flickering fashion we have\nexperience in ordinary life of efforts that are a little more effectual.\n\"Thought Transference\" is a humble example. In that case \"impressions on\nthe mind\" of one person--Nature's memory pictures, with which he is in\nnormal relationship, are caught up by someone else who is just able,\nhowever unconscious of the method he uses--to range Nature's memory\nunder favourable conditions, a little beyond the area with which he him\nself is in normal relationship. Such a person has begun, however\nslightly, to exercise the faculty of astral clairvoyance. That term may\nbe conveniently used to denote the kind of clairvoyance I am now\nendeavouring to elucidate, the kind which, in some of its more\nmagnificent developments, has been employed to carry out the\ninvestigations on the basis of which the present account of Atlantis has\nbeen compiled.\n\nThere is no limit really to the resources of astral clairvoyance in\ninvestigations concerning the past history of the earth, whether we\nare concerned with the events that have befallen the human race in\nprehistoric epochs, or with the growth of the planet itself through\ngeological periods which antedated the advent of man, or with more\nrecent events, current narrations of which have been distorted by\ncareless or perverse historians. The memory of Nature is infallibly\naccurate and inexhaustibly minute. A time will come as certainly as\nthe precession of the equinoxes, when the literary method of\nhistorical research will be laid aside as out of date, in the case of\nall original work. People among us who are capable of exercising\nastral clairvoyance in full perfection--but have not yet been called\naway to higher functions in connexion with the promotion of human\nprogress, of which ordinary humanity at present knows even less than\nan Indian ryot knows of cabinet councils--are still very few. Those\nwho know what the few can do, and through what processes of training\nand self-discipline they have passed in pursuit of interior ideals, of\nwhich when attained astral clairvoyance is but an individual\ncircumstance, are many, but still a small minority as compared with\nthe modern cultivated world. But as time goes on, and within a\nmeasurable future, some of us have reason to feel sure that the\nnumbers of those who are competent to exercise astral clairvoyance\nwill increase sufficiently to extend the circle of those who are aware\nof their capacities, till it comes to embrace all the intelligence and\nculture of civilised mankind only a few generations hence. Meanwhile\nthe present volume is the first that has been put forward as the\npioneer essay of the new method of historical research. It is amusing\nto all who are concerned with it, to think how inevitably it will be\nmistaken--for some little while as yet, by materialistic readers,\nunable to accept the frank explanation here given of the principle on\nwhich it has been prepared--for a work of imagination.\n\nFor the benefit of others who may be more intuitive it may be well to\nsay a word or two that may guard them from supposing that because\nhistorical research by means of astral clairvoyance is not impeded by\nhaving to deal with periods removed from our own by hundreds of\nthousands of years, it is on that account a process which involves no\ntrouble. Every fact stated in the present volume has been picked up\nbit by bit with watchful and attentive care, in the course of an\ninvestigation on which more than one qualified person has been\nengaged, in the intervals of other activity, for some years past. And\nto promote the success of their work they have been allowed access to\nsome maps and other records physically preserved from the remote\nperiods concerned--though in safer keeping than in that of the\nturbulent races occupied in Europe with the development of\ncivilisation in brief intervals of leisure from warfare, and hard\npressed by the fanaticism that so long treated science as sacrilegious\nduring the middle ages of Europe.\n\nLaborious as the task has been however, it will be recognized as amply\nrepaying the trouble taken, by everyone who is able to perceive how\nabsolutely necessary to a proper comprehension of the world as we find\nit, is a proper comprehension of its preceding Atlantean phase.\nWithout this knowledge all speculations concerning ethnology are\nfutile and misleading. The course of race development is chaos and\nconfusion without the key furnished by the character of Atlantean\ncivilization and the configuration of the earth at Atlantean periods.\nGeologists know that land and ocean surfaces must have repeatedly\nchanged places during the period at which they also know--from the\nsituation of human remains in the various strata--that the lands were\ninhabited. And yet for want of accurate knowledge as to the dates at\nwhich the changes took place, they discard the whole theory from their\npractical thinking, and except for certain hypotheses started by\nnaturalists dealing with the southern hemisphere, have generally\nendeavoured to harmonize race migrations with the configuration of the\nearth in existence at the present time.\n\nIn this way nonsense is made of the whole retrospect; and the\nethnological scheme remains so vague and shadowy that it fails to\ndisplace crude conceptions of mankind's beginning which still dominate\nreligious thinking, and keep back the spiritual progress of the age.\nThe decadence and ultimate disappearance of Atlantean civilisation is\nin turn as instructive as its rise and glory; but I have now\naccomplished the main purpose with which I sought leave to introduce\nthe work now before the world, with a brief prefatory explanation, and\nif its contents fail to convey a sense of its importance to any\nlisteners I am now addressing, that result could hardly be\naccomplished by further recommendations of mine.\n\nA. P. SINNETT.\n\n\n\n\nThe Story of Atlantis\n\nA Geographical, Historical and Ethnological Sketch.\n\n\nThe general scope of the subject before us will best be realized by\nconsidering the amount of information that is obtainable about the\nvarious nations who compose our great Fifth or Aryan Race.\n\nFrom the time of the Greeks and the Romans onwards volumes have been\nwritten about every people who in their turn have filled the stage of\nhistory. The political institutions, the religious beliefs, the social\nand domestic manners and customs have all been analyzed and\ncatalogued, and countless works in many tongues record for our benefit\nthe march of progress.\n\nFurther, it must be remembered that of the history of this Fifth Race\nwe possess but a fragment--the record merely of the last family races\nof the Keltic sub-race, and the first family races of our own Teutonic\nstock.\n\nBut the hundreds of thousands of years which elapsed from the time\nwhen the earliest Aryans left their home on the shores of the central\nAsian Sea to the time of the Greeks and Romans, bore witness to the\nrise and fall of innumerable civilizations. Of the 1st sub-race of our\nAryan Race who inhabited India and colonial Egypt in prehistoric times\nwe know practically nothing, and the same may be said of the Chaldean,\nBabylonian, and Assyrian nations who composed the 2nd sub-race--for\nthe fragments of knowledge obtained from the recently deciphered\nhieroglyphs or cuneiform inscriptions on Egyptian tombs or Babylonian\ntablets can scarcely be said to constitute history. The Persians who\nbelonged to the 3rd or Iranian sub-race have it is true, left a few\nmore traces, but of the earlier civilizations of the Keltic or 4th\nsub-race we have no records at all. It is only with the rise of the\nlast family shoots of this Keltic stock, _viz._, the Greek and Roman\npeoples, that we come upon historic times.\n\nIn addition also to the blank period in the past, there is the blank\nperiod in the future. For of the seven sub-races required to complete\nthe history of a great Root Race, five only have so far come into\nexistence. Our own Teutonic or 5th sub-race has already developed many\nnations, but has not yet run its course, while the 6th and 7th\nsub-races, who will be developed on the continents of North and South\nAmerica, will have thousands of years of history to give to the world.\n\nIn attempting, therefore, to summarize in a few pages information\nabout the world's progress during a period which must have occupied at\nleast as great a stretch of years as that above referred to, it must\nbe realized how slight a sketch this must inevitably be.\n\nA record of the world's progress during the period of the Fourth or\nAtlantean Race must embrace the history of many nations, and register\nthe rise and fall of many civilizations.\n\nCatastrophes, too, on a scale such as have not yet been experienced\nduring the life of our present Fifth Race, took place on more than one\noccasion during the progress of the Fourth. The destruction of\nAtlantis was accomplished by a series of catastrophes varying in\ncharacter from great cataclysms in which whole territories and\npopulations perished, to comparatively unimportant landslips such as\noccur on our own coasts to-day. When the destruction was once\ninaugurated by the first great catastrophe there was no intermission\nof the minor landslips which continued slowly but steadily to eat\naway the continent. Four of the great catastrophes stand out above the\nrest in magnitude. The first took place in the Miocene age, about\n800,000 years ago. The second, which was of minor importance, occurred\nabout 200,000 years ago. The third--about 80,000 years ago--was a very\ngreat one. It destroyed all that remained of the Atlantean continent,\nwith the exception of the island to which Plato gave the name of\nPoseidonis, which in its turn was submerged in the fourth and final\ngreat catastrophe of 9,564 B.C.\n\nNow the testimony of the oldest writers and of modern scientific\nresearch alike bear witness to the existence of an ancient continent\noccupying the site of the lost Atlantis.\n\nBefore proceeding to the consideration of the subject itself, it is\nproposed cursorily to glance at the generally known sources which\nsupply corroborative evidence. These may be grouped into the five\nfollowing classes:\n\nFirst, the testimony of the deep-sea soundings.\n\nSecond, the distribution of fauna and flora.\n\nThird, the similarity of language and of ethnological type.\n\nFourth, the similarity of religious belief, ritual, and architecture.\n\nFifth, the testimony of ancient writers, of early race traditions, and\nof archaic flood-legends.\n\nIn the first place, then, the testimony of the deep-sea soundings may\nbe summarized in a few words. Thanks chiefly to the expeditions of the\nBritish and American gunboats, \"Challenger\" and \"Dolphin\" (though\nGermany also was associated in this scientific exploration) the bed of\nthe whole Atlantic Ocean is now mapped out, with the result that an\nimmense bank or ridge of great elevation is shewn to exist in\nmid-Atlantic. This ridge stretches in a south-westerly direction from\nabout fifty degrees north towards the coast of South America, then in\na south-easterly direction towards the coast of Africa, changing its\ndirection again about Ascension Island, and running due south to\nTristan d'Acunha. The ridge rises almost sheer about 9,000 feet from\nthe ocean depths around it, while the Azores, St. Paul, Ascension, and\nTristan d'Acunha are the peaks of this land which still remain above\nwater. A line of 3,500 fathoms, or say, 21,000 feet, is required to\nsound the deepest parts of the Atlantic, but the higher parts of the\nridge are only a hundred to a few hundred fathoms beneath the sea.\n\nThe soundings too showed that the ridge is covered with volcanic\n_debris_ of which traces are to be found right across the ocean to the\nAmerican coasts. Indeed the fact that the ocean bed, particularly\nabout the Azores, has been the scene of volcanic disturbance on a\ngigantic scale, and that within a quite measurable period of geologic\ntime, is conclusively proved by the investigations made during the\nabove named expeditions.\n\nMr. Starkie Gardner is of opinion that in the Eocene times the British\nIslands formed part of a larger island or continent stretching into\nthe Atlantic, and \"that a great tract of land formerly existed where\nthe sea now is, and that Cornwall, the Scilly and Channel Islands,\nIreland and Brittany are the remains of its highest summits\" (_Pop.\nSc. Review_, July, 1878).\n\n_Second._--The proved existence on continents separated by great\noceans of similar or identical species of fauna and flora is the\nstanding puzzle to biologists and botanists alike. But if a link\nbetween these continents once existed allowing for the natural\nmigration of such animals and plants, the puzzle is solved. Now the\nfossil remains of the camel are found in India, Africa, South America\nand Kansas: but it is one of the generally accepted hypotheses of\nnaturalists that every species of animal and plant originated in but\none part of the globe, from which centre it gradually overran the\nother portions. How then can the facts of such fossil remains be\naccounted for without the existence of land communication in some\nremote age? Recent discoveries in the fossil beds of Nebraska seem\nalso to prove that the horse originated in the Western Hemisphere, for\nthat is the only part of the world where fossil remains have been\ndiscovered, showing the various intermediate forms which have been\nidentified as the precursors of the true horse. It would therefore be\ndifficult to account for the presence of the horse in Europe except on\nthe hypothesis of continuous land communication between the two\ncontinents, seeing that it is certain that the horse existed in a wild\nstate in Europe and Asia before his domestication by man, which may be\ntraced back almost to the stone age. Cattle and sheep as we now know\nthem have an equally remote ancestry. Darwin finds domesticated cattle\nin Europe in the earliest part of the stone age, having long before\ndeveloped out of wild forms akin to the buffalo of America. Remains of\nthe cave-lion of Europe are also found in North America.\n\nTurning now from the animal to the vegetable kingdom it appears that\nthe greater part of the flora of the Miocene age in Europe--found\nchiefly in the fossil beds of Switzerland--exist at the present day in\nAmerica, some of them in Africa. But the noteworthy fact about America\nis that while the greater proportion are to be found in the Eastern\nStates, very many are wanting on the Pacific coast. This seems to show\nthat it was from the Atlantic side that they entered the continent.\nProfessor Asa Gray says that out of 66 genera and 155 species found in\nthe forest east of the Rocky Mountains, only 31 genera and 78 species\nare found west of these heights.\n\nBut the greatest problem of all is the plantain or banana. Professor\nKuntze, an eminent German botanist, asks, \"In what way was this plant\"\n(a native of tropical Asia and Africa) \"which cannot stand a voyage\nthrough the temperate zone, carried to America?\" As he points out, the\nplant is seedless, it cannot be propagated by cuttings, neither has it\na tuber which could be easily transported. Its root is tree-like. To\ntransport it special care would be required, nor could it stand a long\ntransit. The only way in which he can account for its appearance in\nAmerica is to suppose that it must have been transported by civilized\nman at a time when the polar regions had a tropical climate! He adds,\n\"a cultivated plant which does not possess seeds must have been under\nculture for a _very long period_ ... it is perhaps fair to infer that\nthese plants were cultivated as early as the beginning of the Diluvial\nperiod.\" Why, it may be asked, should not this inference take us back\nto still earlier times, and where did the civilization necessary for\nthe plant's cultivation exist, or the climate and circumstances\nrequisite for its transportation, unless there were at some time a\nlink between the old world and the new?\n\nProfessor Wallace in his delightful _Island Life_ as well as other\nwriters in many important works, have put forward ingenious hypotheses\nto account for the identity of flora and fauna on widely separated\nlands, and for their transit across the ocean, but all are\nunconvincing, and all break down at different points.\n\nIt is well known that wheat as we know it has never existed in a truly\nwild state, nor is there any evidence tracing its descent from fossil\nspecies. Five varieties of wheat were _already cultivated_ in Europe\nin the stone age--one variety found in the \"Lake dwellings\" being\nknown as Egyptian wheat, from which Darwin argues that the Lake\ndwellers \"either still kept up commercial intercourse with some\nsouthern people, or had originally proceeded as colonists from the\nsouth.\" He concludes that wheat, barley, oats, etc., are descended\nfrom various _species now extinct_, or so widely different as to\nescape identification in which case he says: \"Man must have\ncultivated cereals from an enormously remote period.\" The regions\nwhere these extinct species flourished, and the civilization under\nwhich they were cultivated by intelligent selection, are both supplied\nby the lost continent whose colonists carried them east and west.\n\n_Third._--From the fauna and flora we now turn to man.\n\n_Language._--The Basque language stands alone amongst European\ntongues, having affinity with none of them. According to Farrar,\n\"there never has been any doubt that this isolated language,\npreserving its identity in a western corner of Europe, between two\nmighty kingdoms, resembles in its structure the aboriginal languages\nof the vast opposite continent (America) and those alone\" (_Families\nof Speech_, p. 132).\n\nThe Phoenicians apparently were the first nation in the Eastern\nHemisphere to use a phonetic alphabet, the characters being regarded\nas mere signs for sounds. It is a curious fact that at an equally\nearly date we find a phonetic alphabet in Central America amongst the\nMayas of Yucatan, whose traditions ascribe the origin of their\ncivilization to a land across the sea to the east. Le Plongeon, the\ngreat authority on this subject, writes: \"One-third of this tongue\n(the Maya) is pure Greek. Who brought the dialect of Homer to America?\nor who took to Greece that of the Mayas? Greek is the off-spring of\nthe Sanscrit. Is Maya? or are they coeval?\" Still more surprising is\nit to find thirteen letters out of the Maya alphabet bearing most\ndistinct relation to the Egyptian hieroglyphic signs for the same\nletters. It is probable that the earliest form of alphabet was\nhieroglyphic, \"the writing of the Gods,\" as the Egyptians called it,\nand that it developed later in Atlantis into the phonetic. It would be\nnatural to assume that the Egyptians were an early colony from\nAtlantis (as they actually were) and that they carried away with them\nthe primitive type of writing which has thus left its traces on both\nhemispheres, while the Phoenicians, who were a sea-going people,\nobtained and assimilated the later form of alphabet during their\ntrading voyages with the people of the west.\n\nOne more point may be noticed, _viz._, the extraordinary resemblance\nbetween many words in the Hebrew language and words bearing precisely\nthe same meaning in the tongue of the Chiapenecs--a branch of the Maya\nrace, and amongst the most ancient in Central America. A list of these\nwords is given in _North Americans of Antiquity_, p. 475.\n\nThe similarity of language among the various savages races of the\nPacific islands has been used as an argument by writers on this\nsubject. The existence of similar languages among races separated by\nleagues of ocean, across which in historic time they are known to have\nhad no means of transport, is certainly an argument in favour of their\ndescent from a single race occupying a single continent, but the\nargument cannot be used here, for the continent in question was not\nAtlantis, but the still earlier Lemuria.\n\n_Ethnological Types._--Atlantis as we shall see is said to have been\ninhabited by red, yellow, white and black races. It is now proved by\nthe researches of Le Plongeon, De Quatrefages, Bancroft and others\nthat black populations of negroid type existed even up to recent times\nin America. Many of the monuments of Central America are decorated\nwith negro faces, and some of the idols found there are clearly\nintended to represent negros, with small skulls, short woolly hair and\nthick lips. The Popul Vuh, speaking of the first home of the\nGuatemalan race, says that \"black and white men together\" lived in\nthis happy land \"in great peace,\" speaking \"one language.\" (See\nBancroft's _Native Races_, p. 547.) The Popul Vuh goes on to relate\nhow the people migrated from their ancestral home, how their language\n_became altered_, and how some went to the east, while other travelled\nwest (to Central America).\n\nProfessor Retzius, in his _Smithsonian Report_, considers that the\nprimitive dolichocephalae of America are nearly related to the Guanches\nof the Canary Islands, and to the population on the Atlantic seaboard of\nAfrica, which Latham comprises under the name of Egyptian-Atlantidae. The\nsame form of skull is found in the Canary Islands off the African coast\nand the Carib Islands off the American coast, while the colour of the\nskin in both is that of a reddish-brown.\n\nThe ancient Egyptians depicted themselves as red men of much the same\ncomplexion as exists to-day among some tribes of American Indians.\n\n\"The ancient Peruvians,\" says Short, \"appear from numerous examples of\nhair found in their tombs to have been an auburn-haired race.\"\n\nA remarkable fact about the American Indians, and one which is a\nstanding puzzle to ethnologists, is the wide range of colour and\ncomplexion to be found among them. From the white tint of the Menominee,\nDakota, Mandan and Zuni tribes, many of whom have auburn hair and blue\neyes, to the almost negro blackness of the Karos of Kansas and the now\nextinct tribes of California, the Indian races run through every shade\nof red-brown, copper, olive, cinnamon, and bronze. (See Short's _North\nAmericans of Antiquity_, Winchell's _Pre-Adamites_, and Catlin's\n_Indians of North America_; see also _Atlantis_, by Ignatius Donnelly\nwho has collected a great mass of evidence under this and other heads.)\nWe shall see by and by how the diversity of complexion on the American\ncontinent is accounted for by the original race-tints on the parent\ncontinent of Atlantis.\n\n_Fourth._--Nothing seems to have surprised the first Spanish\nadventurers in Mexico and Peru more than the extraordinary similarity\nto those of the old world, of the religious beliefs, rites, and\nemblems which they found established in the new. The Spanish priests\nregarded this similarity as the work of the devil. The worship of the\ncross by the natives, and its constant presence in all religious\nbuildings and ceremonies, was the principal subject of their\namazement; and indeed nowhere--not even in India and Egypt--was this\nsymbol held in more profound veneration than amongst the primitive\ntribes of the American continents, while the meaning underlying its\nworship was identical. In the west, as in the east, the cross was the\nsymbol of life--sometimes of life physical, more often of life\neternal.\n\nIn like manner in both hemispheres the worship of the sun-disk or\ncircle, and of the serpent, was universal, and more surprising still\nis the similarity of the word signifying \"God\" in the principal\nlanguages of east and west. Compare the Sanscrit \"Dyaus\" or\n\"Dyaus-pitar,\" the Greek \"Theos\" and Zeus, the Latin \"Deus\" and\n\"Jupiter,\" the Keltic \"Dia\" and \"Ta,\" pronounced \"Thyah\" (seeming to\nbear affinity to the Egyptian Tau), the Jewish \"Jah\" or \"Yah\" and\nlastly the Mexican \"Teo\" or \"Zeo.\"\n\nBaptismal rites were practised by all nations. In Babylon and Egypt\nthe candidates for initiation into the Mysteries were first baptized.\nTertullian in his _De Baptismo_ says that they were promised in\nconsequence \"regeneration and the pardon of all their perjuries.\" The\nScandinavian nations practised baptism of new-born children; and when\nwe turn to Mexico and Peru we find infant baptism there as a solemn\nceremonial, consisting of water sprinkling, the sign of the cross, and\nprayers for the washing away of sin (see Humboldt's _Mexican\nResearches_ and Prescott's _Mexico_).\n\nIn addition to baptism, the tribes of Mexico, Central America and Peru\nresembled the nations of the old world in their rites of confession,\nabsolution, fasting, and marriage before priests by joining hands. They\nhad even a ceremony resembling the Eucharist, in which cakes marked with\nthe Tau (an Egyptian form of cross) were eaten, the people calling them\nthe flesh of their God. These exactly resemble the sacred cakes of Egypt\nand other eastern nations. Like these nations too, the people of the new\nworld had monastic orders, male and female, in which broken vows were\npunished with death. Like the Egyptians they embalmed their dead, they\nworshipped sun, moon, and planets, but over and above these adored a\nDeity \"omnipresent, who knoweth all things ... invisible, incorporeal,\none God of perfect perfection\" (see Sahagun's _Historia de Nueva\nEspana_, lib. vi.).\n\nThey too had their virgin-mother goddess, \"Our Lady\" whose son, the\n\"Lord of Light,\" was called the \"Saviour,\" bearing an accurate\ncorrespondence to Isis, Beltis and the many other virgin-goddesses of\nthe east with their divine sons.\n\nTheir rites of sun and fire worship closely resembled those of the\nearly Kelts of Britain and Ireland, and like the latter they claimed\nto be the \"children of the sun.\" An ark or argha was one of the\nuniversal sacred symbols which we find alike in India, Chaldea,\nAssyria, Egypt, Greece and amongst the Keltic peoples. Lord\nKingsborough in his _Mexican Antiquities_ (vol. viii. p. 250) says:\n\"As among the Jews the ark was a sort of portable temple in which the\ndeity was supposed to be continually present, so among the Mexicans,\nthe Cherokees and the Indians of Michoacan and Honduras, an ark was\nheld in the highest veneration and was considered an object too sacred\nto be touched by any but the priests.\"\n\nAs to religious architecture, we find on both sides of the Atlantic\nthat one of the earliest sacred buildings is the pyramid. Doubtful as\nare the uses for which these structures were originally intended, one\nthing is clear, that they were closely connected with some religious\nidea or group of ideas. The identity of design in the pyramids of\nEgypt and those of Mexico and Central America is too striking to be a\nmere coincidence. True some--the greater number--of the American\npyramids are of the truncated or flattened form, yet according to\nBancroft and others, many of those found in Yucatan, and notably those\nnear Palenque, are pointed at the top in true Egyptian fashion, while\non the other hand we have some of the Egyptian pyramids of the stepped\nand flattened type. Cholula has been compared to the groups of\nDachour, Sakkara and the step pyramid of Medourn. Alike in\norientation, in structure, and even in their internal galleries and\nchambers, these mysterious monuments of the east and of the west stand\nas witnesses to some common source whence their builders drew their\nplan.\n\nThe vast remains of cities and temples in Mexico and Yucatan also\nstrangely resemble those of Egypt, the ruins of Teotihuacan having\nfrequently been compared to those of Karnak. The \"false\narch\"--horizontal courses of stone, each slightly overlapping the\nother--is found to be identical in Central America, in the oldest\nbuildings of Greece, and in Etruscan remains. The mound builders of\nboth eastern and western continents formed similar tumuli over their\ndead, and laid the bodies in similar stone coffins. Both continents\nhave their great serpent-mounds; compare that of Adams Co., Ohio, with\nthe fine serpent-mound discovered in Argyleshire, or the less perfect\nspecimen at Avebury in Wilts. The very carving and decoration of the\ntemples of America, Egypt and India have much in common, while some of\nthe mural decorations are absolutely identical.\n\n_Fifth._--It only remains now to summarize some of the evidence\nobtainable from ancient writers, from early race traditions, and from\narchaic flood-legends.\n\nAelian in his _Varia Historia_ (lib. iii. ch. xviii.), states that\nTheopompus (400 B.C.) recorded an interview between the King of\nPhrygia and Silenus, in which the latter referred to the existence of\na great continent beyond the Atlantic, larger than Asia, Europe and\nLibya together.\n\nProclus quotes an extract from an ancient writer who refers to the\nislands in the sea beyond the Pillars of Hercules (Straits of\nGibraltar), and says that the inhabitants of one of these islands had\na tradition from their ancestors of an extremely large island called\nAtlantis, which for a long time ruled over all the islands of the\nAtlantic Ocean.\n\nMarcellus speaks of seven islands in the Atlantic, and states that\ntheir inhabitants preserve the memory of a much greater island,\nAtlantis, \"which had for a long time exercised dominion over the\nsmaller ones.\"\n\nDiodorus Siculus relates that the Phoenicians discovered \"a large\nisland in the Atlantic Ocean beyond the Pillars of Hercules several\ndays' sail from the coast of Africa.\"\n\nBut the greatest authority on this subject is Plato. In the _Timaeus_\nhe refers to the island continent, while the _Critias_ or _Atlanticus_\nis nothing less than a detailed account of the history, arts, manners\nand customs of the people. In the _Timaeus_ he refers to \"a mighty\nwarlike power, rushing from the Atlantic sea and spreading itself with\nhostile fury over all Europe and Asia. For at that time the Atlantic\nsea was navigable and had an island before that mouth which is called\nby you the Pillars of Hercules. But this island was greater than both\nLibya and all Asia together, and afforded an easy passage to other\nneighbouring islands, as it was likewise easy to pass from those\nislands to all the continents which border on this Atlantic sea.\"\n\nThere is so much of value in the _Critias_ that it is not easy to\nchoose, but the following extract is given, as it bears on the\nmaterial resources of the country: \"They had likewise everything\nprovided for them which both in a city and every other place is sought\nafter as useful for the purposes of life. And they were supplied\nindeed with many things from foreign countries, on account of their\nextensive empire; but the island afforded them the greater part of\neverything of which they stood in need. In the first place the island\nsupplied them with such things as are dug out of mines in a solid\nstate, and with such as are melted: and orichalcum, which is now but\nseldom mentioned, but then was much celebrated, was dug out of the\nearth in many parts of the island, and was considered as the most\nhonourable of all metals except gold. Whatever, too, the woods\nafforded for builders the island produced in abundance. There were\nlikewise sufficient pastures there for tame and savage animals;\ntogether with a prodigious number of elephants. For there were\npastures for all such animals as are fed in lakes and rivers, on\nmountains and in plains. And in like manner there was sufficient\naliment for the largest and most voracious kind of animals. Besides\nthis, whatever of odoriferous the earth nourishes at present, whether\nroots, or grass, or wood, or juices, or gums, flowers or fruits--these\nthe island produced and produced them well.\"\n\nThe Gauls possessed traditions of Atlantis which were collected by the\nRoman historian, Timagenes, who lived in the first century, B.C. Three\ndistinct peoples apparently dwelt in Gaul. First, the indigenous\npopulation (probably the remains of a Lemurian race), second, the\ninvaders from the distant island of Atlantis, and third, the Aryan\nGauls (see _Pre-Adamites_, p. 380).\n\nThe Toltecs of Mexico traced themselves back to a starting-point\ncalled Atlan or Aztlan; the Aztecs also claimed to come from Aztlan\n(see Bancroft's _Native Races_, vol. v. pp. 221 and 321).\n\nThe Popul Vuh (p. 294) speaks of a visit paid by three sons of the\nKing of the Quiches to a land \"in the east on the shores of the sea\nwhence their fathers had come,\" from which they brought back amongst\nother things \"a system of writing\" (see also Bancroft, vol. v. p.\n553).\n\nAmongst the Indians of North America there is a very general legend\nthat their forefathers came from a land \"toward the sun-rising.\" The\nIowa and Dakota Indians, according to Major J. Lind, believed that\n\"all the tribes of Indians were formerly one and dwelt together _on an\nisland_ ... towards the sunrise.\" They crossed the sea from thence \"in\nhuge skiffs in which the Dakotas of old floated for weeks, finally\ngaining dry land.\"\n\nThe Central American books state that a part of the American continent\nextended far into the Atlantic Ocean, and that this region was\ndestroyed by a series of frightful cataclysms at long intervals apart.\n_Three_ of these are frequently referred to (see Baldwin's _Ancient\nAmerica_, p. 176). It is a curious confirmation that the Kelts of\nBritain had a legend that part of _their_ country once extended far\ninto the Atlantic and was destroyed. Three catastrophes are mentioned\nin the Welsh traditions.\n\nQuetzalcoatl, the Mexican Deity, is said to have come from \"the\ndistant east.\" He is described as a white man with a flowing beard.\n(N.B.--The Indians of North and South America are beardless.) He\noriginated letters and regulated the Mexican calendar. After having\ntaught them many peaceful arts and lessons he sailed away _to the\neast_ in a canoe of serpent skins (see Short's _North Americans of\nAntiquity_, pp. 268-271). The same story is told of Zamna, the author\nof civilization in Yucatan.\n\nThe marvellous uniformity of the flood legends on all parts of the\nglobe, alone remains to be dealt with. Whether these are some archaic\nversions of the story of the lost Atlantis and its submergence, or\nwhether they are echoes of a great cosmic parable once taught and held\nin reverence in some common centre whence they have reverberated\nthroughout the world, does not immediately concern us. Sufficient for\nour purpose is it to show the universal acceptation of these legends.\nIt would be needless waste of time and space to go over these flood\nstories one by one. Suffice it to say, that in India, Chaldea,\nBabylon, Media, Greece, Scandinavia, China, amongst the Jews and\namongst the Keltic tribes of Britain, the legend is absolutely\nidentical in all essentials. Now turn to the west and what do we find?\nThe same story in its every detail preserved amongst the Mexicans\n(each tribe having its own version), the people of Guatemala,\nHonduras, Peru, and almost every tribe of North American Indians. It\nis puerile to suggest that mere coincidence can account for this\nfundamental identity.\n\nThe following quotation from Le Plongeon's translation of the famous\nTroano MS., which may be seen in the British Museum, will\nappropriately bring this part of the subject to a close. The Troano\nMS. appears to have been written about 3,500 years ago, among the\nMayas of Yucatan, and the following is its description of the\ncatastrophe that submerged the island of Poseidonis:--\"In the year 6\nKan, on the 11th Muluc in the month Zac, there occurred terrible\nearthquakes, which continued without interruption until the 13th\nChuen. The country of the hills of mud, the land of Mu was sacrificed:\nbeing twice upheaved it suddenly disappeared during the night, the\nbasin being continually shaken by volcanic forces. Being confined,\nthese caused the land to sink and to rise several times and in various\nplaces. At last the surface gave way and ten countries were torn\nasunder and scattered. Unable to stand the force of the convulsions,\nthey sank with their 64,000,000 of inhabitants 8060 years before the\nwriting of this book.\"\n\nBut enough space has now been devoted to the fragments of\nevidence--all more or less convincing--which the world so far has been\nin possession of. Those interested in pursuing any special line of\ninvestigation are referred to the various works above named or quoted.\n\nThe subject in hand must now be dealt with. Drawn as they have been\nfrom contemporary records which were compiled in and handed down\nthrough the ages we have to deal with, the facts here collected are\nbased upon no assumption or conjecture. The writer may have failed\nfully to comprehend the facts, and so may have partially misstated\nthem. But the original records are open for investigation to the duly\nqualified, and those who are disposed to undertake the necessary\ntraining may obtain the powers to check and verify.\n\nBut even were _all_ the occult records open to our inspection, it\nshould be realized how fragmentary must be the sketch that attempts to\nsummarize in a few pages the history of races and of nations extending\nover at least many hundreds of thousands of years. However, any\ndetails on such a subject--disconnected though they are--must be new,\nand should therefore be interesting to the world at large.\n\nAmong the records above referred to there are maps of the world at\nvarious periods of its history, and it has been the great privilege of\nthe writer to be allowed to obtain copies--more or less complete--of\nfour of these. All four represent Atlantis and the surrounding lands\nat different epochs of their history. These epochs correspond\napproximately with the periods that lay between the catastrophes\nreferred to above, and into the periods thus represented by the four\nmaps the records of the Atlantean Race will naturally group\nthemselves.\n\nBefore beginning the history of the race, however, a few remarks may\nbe made about the geography of the four different epochs.\n\nThe first map represents the land surface of the earth as it existed\nabout a million years ago, when the Atlantean Race was at its height,\nand before the first great submergence took place about 800,000 years\nago. The continent of Atlantis itself, it will be observed, extended\nfrom a point a few degrees east of Iceland to about the site now\noccupied by Rio de Janeiro, in South America. Embracing Texas and the\nGulf of Mexico, the Southern and Eastern States of America, up to and\nincluding Labrador, it stretched across the ocean to our own\nislands--Scotland and Ireland, and a small portion of the north of\nEngland forming one of its promontories--while its equatorial lands\nembraced Brazil and the whole stretch of ocean to the African Gold\nCoast. Scattered fragments of what eventually became the continents of\nEurope, Africa and America, as well as remains of the still older, and\nonce wide-spread continent of Lemuria, are also shown on this map. The\nremains of the still older Hyperborean continent which was inhabited\nby the Second Root Race, are also given, and like Lemuria, coloured\nblue.\n\nAs will be seen from the second map the catastrophe of 800,000 years\nago caused very great changes in the land distribution of the globe.\nThe great continent is now shorn of its northern regions, and its\nremaining portion has been still further rent. The now growing\nAmerican continent is separated by a chasm from its parent continent\nof Atlantis, and this no longer comprises any of the lands now\nexisting, but occupies the bulk of the Atlantic basin from about 50\ndeg. north to a few degrees south of the equator. The subsidences and\nupheavals in other parts of the world have also been considerable--the\nBritish Islands for example, now being part of a huge island which\nalso embraces the Scandinavian peninsula, the north of France, and all\nthe intervening and some of the surrounding seas. The dimensions of\nthe remains of Lemuria it will be observed, have been further\ncurtailed, while Europe, Africa and America have received accretions\nof territory.\n\nThe third map shows the results of the catastrophe which took place\nabout 200,000 years ago. With the exception of the rents in the\ncontinents both of Atlantis and America, and the submergence of Egypt,\nit will be seen how relatively unimportant were the subsidences and\nupheavals at this epoch, indeed the fact that this catastrophe has\nnot always been considered as one of the great ones, is apparent from\nthe quotation already given from the sacred book of the\nGuatemalans--three great ones only being there mentioned. The\nScandinavian island however, appears now as joined to the mainland.\nThe two islands into which Atlantis was now split were known by the\nnames of Ruta and Daitya.\n\nThe stupendous character of the natural convulsion that took place\nabout 80,000 years ago, will be apparent from the fourth map. Daitya,\nthe smaller and more southerly of the islands, has almost entirely\ndisappeared, while of Ruta there only remains the relatively small\nisland of Poseidonis. This map was compiled about 75,000 years ago,\nand it no doubt fairly represents the land surface of the earth from\nthat period onwards till the final submergence of Poseidonis in 9564\nB.C., though during that period minor changes must have taken place.\nIt will be noted that the land outlines had then begun to assume\nroughly the same appearance they do to-day, though the British Islands\nwere still joined to the European continent, while the Baltic Sea was\nnon-existent, and the Sahara desert then formed part of the ocean\nfloor.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nSome reference to the very mystical subject of the Manus is a\nnecessary preliminary to the consideration of the origin of a Root\nRace. In Transaction No. 26, of the London Lodge, reference was made\nto the work done by these very exalted Beings, which embraces not only\nthe planning of the types of the whole Manvantara, but the\nsuperintending the formation and education of each Root Race in turn.\nThe following quotation refers to these arrangements: \"There are also\nManus whose duty it is to act in a similar way for each Root Race on\neach Planet of the Round, the Seed Manu planning the improvement in\ntype which each successive Root Race inaugurates and the Root Manu\nactually incarnating amongst the new Race as a leader and teacher to\ndirect the development and ensure the improvement.\"\n\nThe way in which the necessary segregation of the picked specimens is\neffected by the Manu in charge, and his subsequent care of the growing\ncommunity, may be dealt with in a future Transaction. The merest\nreference to the mode of procedure is all that is necessary here.\n\nIt was of course from one of the sub-races of the Third Root Race on\nthe continent which is spoken of as Lemuria, that the segregation was\neffected which was destined to produce the Fourth Root Race.\n\nFollowing where necessary the history of the Race through the four\nperiods represented by the four maps, it is proposed to divide the\nsubject under the following headings:\n\n1. Origin and territorial location of the different sub-races.\n\n2. The political institutions they respectively evolved.\n\n3. Their emigrations to other parts of the world.\n\n4. The arts and sciences they developed.\n\n5. The manners and customs they adopted.\n\n6. The rise and decline amongst them of religious ideas.\n\nThe names of the different sub-races must first be given--\n\n1. Rmoahal.\n\n2. Tlavatli.\n\n3. Toltec.\n\n4. First Turanian.\n\n5. Original Semite.\n\n6. Akkadian.\n\n7. Mongolian.\n\nSome explanation is necessary as to the principle on which these names\nare chosen. Wherever modern ethnologists have discovered traces of one\nof these sub-races, or even identified a small part of one, the name\nthey have given to it is used for the sake of simplicity, but in the\ncase of the first two sub-races there are hardly any traces left for\nscience to seize upon, so the names by which they called themselves\nhave been adopted.\n\nNow the period represented by Map No. 1 shows the land surface of the\nearth as it existed about one million years ago, but the Rmoahal race\ncame into existence between four and five million years ago, at which\nperiod large portions of the great southern continent of Lemuria still\nexisted, while the continent of Atlantis had not assumed the\nproportions it ultimately attained. It was upon a spur of this\nLemurian land that the Rmoahal race was born. Roughly it may be\nlocated at latitude 7 deg. north and longitude 5 deg. west, which a\nreference to any modern atlas will show to lie on the Ashanti coast of\nto-day. It was a hot, moist country, where huge antediluvian animals\nlived in reedy swamps and dank forests. The fossil remains of such\nplants are to-day found in the coal measures. The Rmoahals were a dark\nrace--their complexion being a sort of mahogany black. Their height in\nthese early days was about ten or twelve feet--truly a race of\ngiants--but through the centuries their stature gradually dwindled, as\ndid that of all the races in turn, and later on we shall find they had\nshrunk to the stature of the \"Furfooz man.\" They ultimately migrated\nto the southern shores of Atlantis, where they were engaged in\nconstant warfare with the sixth and seventh sub-races of the Lemurians\nthen inhabiting that country. A large part of the tribe eventually\nmoved north, while the remainder settled down and intermarried with\nthese black Lemurian aborigines. The result was that at the period we\nare dealing with--the first map period--there was no pure blood left\nin the south, and as we shall see it was from these dark races who\ninhabited the equatorial provinces, and the extreme south of the\ncontinent, that the Toltec conquerors subsequently drew their supplies\nof slaves. The remainder of the race, however, reached the extreme\nnorth-eastern promontories contiguous with Iceland, and dwelling there\nfor untold generations, they gradually became lighter in colour, until\nat the date of the first map period we find them a tolerably fair\npeople. Their descendants eventually became subject, at least\nnominally, to the Semite kings.\n\nThat they dwelt there for untold generations is not meant to imply\nthat their occupation was unbroken, for stress of circumstances at\nintervals of time drove them south. The cold of the glacial epochs of\ncourse operated alike with the other races, but the few words to be\nsaid on this subject may as well come in here.\n\nWithout going into the question of the different rotations which this\nearth performs, or the varying degrees of eccentricity of its orbit, a\ncombination of which is sometimes held to be the cause of the glacial\nepochs, it is a fact--and one already recognized by some\nastronomers--that a minor glacial epoch occurs about every 30,000\nyears. But in addition to these there were two occasions in the\nhistory of Atlantis when the ice-belt desolated not merely the\nnorthern regions, but, invading the bulk of the continent, forced all\nlife to migrate to equatorial lands. The first of these was in process\nduring the Rmoahal days, about 3,000,000 years ago, while the second\ntook place in the Toltec ascendency about 850,000 years ago.\n\nWith reference to all glacial epochs it should be stated that though\nthe inhabitants of northern lands were forced to settle during the\nwinter far south of the ice-belt, there yet were great districts to\nwhich in summer they could return, and where for the sake of the\nhunting they encamped until driven south again by the winter cold.\n\nThe place of origin of the Tlavatli or 2nd sub-race was an island off\nthe west coast of Atlantis. The spot is marked on the 1st map with\nthe figure 2. Thence they spread into Atlantis proper, chiefly across\nthe middle of the continent, gradually however tending northwards\ntowards the stretch of coast facing the promontory of Greenland.\nPhysically they were a powerful and hardy race of a red-brown colour,\nbut they were not quite so tall as the Rmoahals whom they drove still\nfurther north. They were always a mountain-loving people, and their\nchief settlements were in the mountainous districts of the interior,\nwhich a comparison of Maps, 1 and 4 will show to be approximately\nconterminous with what ultimately became the island of Poseidonis. At\nthis first map period they also--as just stated--peopled the northern\ncoasts, whilst a mixture of Tlavatli and Toltec race inhabited the\nwestern islands, which subsequently formed part of the American\ncontinent.\n\nWe now come to the Toltec or 3rd sub-race. This was a magnificent\ndevelopment. It ruled the whole continent of Atlantis for thousands of\nyears in great material power and glory. Indeed so dominant and so\nendowed with vitality was this race that intermarriages with the\nfollowing sub-races failed to modify the type, which still remained\nessentially Toltec; and hundreds of thousands of years later we find\none of their remote family races ruling magnificently in Mexico and\nPeru, long ages before their degenerate descendants were conquered by\nthe fiercer Aztec tribes from the north. The complexion of this race\nwas also a red-brown, but they were redder or more copper-coloured\nthan the Tlavatli. They also were a tall race, averaging about eight\nfeet during the period of their ascendency, but of course dwindling,\nas all races did, to the dimensions that are common to-day. The type\nwas an improvement on the two previous sub-races, the features being\nstraight and well marked, not unlike the ancient Greek. The\napproximate birthplace of this race may be seen, marked with the\nfigure 3, on the first map. It lay near the west coast of Atlantis\nabout latitude 30 deg. North, and the whole of the surrounding country,\nembracing the bulk of the west coast of the continent, was peopled\nwith a pure Toltec race. But as we shall see when dealing with the\npolitical organization, their territory eventually extended right\nacross the continent, and it was from their great capital on the\neastern coast that the Toltec emperors held their almost world-wide\nsway.\n\nThese first three sub-races are spoken of as the \"red races,\" between\nwhom and the four following there was not at first much mixture of\nblood. These four, though differing considerably from each other, have\nbeen called \"yellow,\" and this colour may appropriately define the\ncomplexion of the Turanian and Mongolian, but the Semite and Akkadian\nwere comparatively white.\n\nThe Turanian or 4th sub-race had their origin on the eastern side of\nthe continent, south of the mountainous district inhabited by the\nTlavatli people. This spot is marked 4 on Map No. 1. The Turanians\nwere colonists from the earliest days, and great numbers migrated to\nthe lands lying to the east of Atlantis. They were never a thoroughly\ndominant race on the mother-continent, though some of their tribes and\nfamily races became fairly powerful. The great central regions of the\ncontinent lying west and south of the Tlavatli mountainous district\nwas their special though not their exclusive home, for they shared\nthese lands with the Toltecs. The curious political and social\nexperiments made by this sub-race will be dealt with later on.\n\nAs regards the original Semite or 5th sub-race ethnologists have been\nsomewhat confused, as indeed it is extremely natural they should be\nconsidering the very insufficient data they have to go upon. This\nsub-race had its origin in the mountainous country which formed the\nmore southerly of the two north-eastern peninsulas which, as we have\nseen, is now represented by Scotland, Ireland, and some of the\nsurrounding seas. The site is marked 5 in Map No. 1. In this least\ndesirable portion of the great continent the race grew and flourished,\nfor centuries maintaining its independence against aggressive southern\nkings, till the time came for it in turn to spread abroad and\ncolonize. It must be remembered that by the time the Semites rose to\npower hundreds of thousands of years had passed and the 2nd map period\nhad been reached. They were a turbulent, discontented race, always at\nwar with their neighbours, especially with the then growing power of\nthe Akkadians.\n\nThe birthplace of the Akkadian or 6th sub-race will be found on Map\nNo. 2 (marked there with the figure 6), for it was after the great\ncatastrophe of 800,000 years ago that this race first came into\nexistence. It took its rise in the land east of Atlantis, about the\nmiddle of the great peninsula whose south-eastern extremity stretched\nout towards the old continent. The spot may be located approximately\nat latitude 42 deg. North and longitude 10 deg. East. They did not for\nlong, however, confine themselves to the land of their birth, but overran\nthe now diminished continent of Atlantis. They fought with the Semites\nin many battles both on land and sea, and very considerable fleets\nwere used on both sides. Finally about 100,000 years ago they\ncompletely vanquished the Semites, and from that time onwards an\nAkkadian dynasty was set up in the old Semite capital, and ruled the\ncountry wisely for several hundred years. They were a great trading,\nsea-going, and colonizing people, and they established many centres of\ncommunication with distant lands.\n\nThe Mongolian or 7th sub-race seems to be the only one that had\nabsolutely no touch with the mother-continent. Having its origin on\nthe plains of Tartary (marked No. 7 on the second map) at about\nlatitude 63 deg. North and longitude 140 deg. East, it was directly\ndeveloped from descendants of the Turanian race, which it gradually\nsupplanted over the greater part of Asia. This sub-race multiplied\nexceedingly, and even at the present day a majority of the earth's\ninhabitants technically belong to it, though many of its divisions are\nso deeply coloured with the blood of earlier races as to be scarcely\ndistinguishable from them.\n\n_Political Institutions._--In such a summary as this it would be\nimpossible to describe how each sub-race was further sub-divided into\nnations, each having its distinct type and characteristics. All that\ncan be here attempted is to sketch in broad outline the varying\npolitical institutions throughout the great epochs of the race.\n\nWhile recognizing that each sub-race as well as each Root Race is\ndestined to stand in some respects at a higher level than the one\nbefore it, the cyclic nature of the development must be recognized as\nleading the race like the man through the various phases of infancy,\nyouth, and manhood back to the infancy of old age again. Evolution\nnecessarily means ultimate progress, even though the turning back of\nits ascending spiral may seem to make the history of politics or of\nreligion a record not merely of development and progress but also of\ndegradation and decay.\n\nIn making the statement therefore that the 1st sub-race started under\nthe most perfect government conceivable, it must be understood that\nthis was owing to the necessities of their childhood, not to the\nmerits of their matured manhood. For the Rmoahals were incapable of\ndeveloping any plan of settled government, nor did they ever reach\neven as high a point of civilization as the 6th and 7th Lemurian\nsub-races. But the Manu who effected the segregation actually\nincarnated in the race and ruled it as king. Even when he no longer\ntook visible part in the government of the race, Adept or Divine\nrulers were, when the times required it, still provided for the infant\ncommunity. As students of Theosophy know, our humanity had not then\nreached the stage of development necessary to produce fully initiated\nAdepts. The rulers above referred to, including the Manu himself, were\ntherefore necessarily the product of evolution on other systems of\nworlds.\n\nThe Tlavatli people showed some signs of advance in the art of\ngovernment. Their various tribes or nations were ruled by chiefs or\nkings who generally received their authority by acclamation of the\npeople. Naturally the most powerful individuals and greatest warriors\nwere so chosen. A considerable empire was eventually established among\nthem, in which one king became the nominal head, but his suzerainty\nconsisted rather in titular honour than in actual authority.\n\nIt was the Toltec race who developed the highest civilization and\norganized the most powerful empire of any of the Atlantean peoples,\nand it was then that the principle of hereditary succession was for\nthe first time established. The race was at first divided into a\nnumber of petty independent kingdoms, constantly at war with each\nother, and all at war with the Lemurio-Rmoahals of the south. These\nwere gradually conquered and made subject peoples--many of their\ntribes being reduced to slavery. About one million years ago, however,\nthese separate kingdoms united in a great federation with a recognized\nemperor at its head. This was of course inaugurated by great wars, but\nthe outcome was peace and prosperity for the race.\n\nIt must be remembered that humanity was still for the most part\npossessed of psychic attributes, and by this time the most advanced\nhad undergone the necessary training in the occult schools, and had\nattained various stages of initiation--some even reaching to\nAdeptship. Now the second of these emperors was an Adept, and for\nthousands of years the Divine dynasty ruled not only all the kingdoms\ninto which Atlantis was divided but the islands on the west and the\nsouthern portion of the adjacent land lying to the east. When\nnecessary, this dynasty was recruited from the Lodge of Initiates, but\nas a rule the power was handed down from father to son, all being more\nor less qualified, and the son in some cases receiving a further\ndegree at the hands of his father. During all this period these\nInitiate rulers retained connection with the Occult Hierarchy which\ngoverns the world, submitting to its laws, and acting in harmony with\nits plans. This was the golden age of the Toltec race. The government\nwas just and beneficent; the arts and sciences were cultivated--indeed\nthe workers in these fields, guided as they were by occult knowledge,\nachieved tremendous results; religious belief and ritual was still\ncomparatively pure--in fact the civilization of Atlantis had by this\ntime reached its height.\n\nAfter about 100,000 years of this golden age the degeneracy and decay\nof the race set in. Many of the tributary kings, and large numbers of\nthe priests and people ceased to use their faculties and powers in\naccordance with the laws made by their Divine rulers, whose precepts\nand advice were now disregarded. Their connection with the Occult\nHierarchy was broken. Personal aggrandisement, the attainment of\nwealth and authority, the humiliation and ruin of their enemies became\nmore and more the objects towards which their occult powers were\ndirected: and thus turned from their lawful use, and practised for all\nsorts of selfish and malevolent purposes, they inevitably led to what\nwe must call by the name of sorcery.\n\nSurrounded as this word is with the odium which credulity on the one\nhand and imposture on the other have during many centuries of\nsuperstition and ignorance gradually caused it to be associated, let\nus consider for a moment its real meaning, and the terrible effects\nwhich its practice is ever destined to bring on the world.\n\nPartly through their psychic faculties, which were not yet quenched in\nthe depths of materiality to which the race afterwards descended, and\npartly through their scientific attainments during this culmination of\nAtlantean civilization, the most intellectual and energetic members of\nthe race gradually obtained more and more insight into the working of\nNature's laws, and more and more control over some of her hidden\nforces. Now the desecration of this knowledge and its use for selfish\nends is what constitutes sorcery. The awful effects, too, of such\ndesecration are well enough exemplified in the terrible catastrophes\nthat overtook the race. For when once the black practice was\ninaugurated it was destined to spread in ever widening circles. The\nhigher spiritual guidance being thus withdrawn, the Kamic principle,\nwhich being the fourth, naturally reached its zenith during the Fourth\nRoot Race, asserted itself more and more in humanity. Lust, brutality\nand ferocity were all on the increase, and the animal nature in man\nwas approaching its most degraded expression. It was a moral question\nwhich from the very earliest times divided the Atlantean Race into two\nhostile camps, and what was begun in the Rmoahal times was terribly\naccentuated in the Toltec era. The battle of Armageddon is fought over\nand over again in every age of the world's history.\n\nNo longer submitting to the wise rule of the Initiate emperors, the\nfollowers of the \"black arts\" rose in rebellion and set up a rival\nemperor, who after much struggle and fighting drove the white emperor\nfrom his capital, the \"City of the Golden Gates,\" and established\nhimself on his throne.\n\nThe white emperor driven northward re-established himself in a city\noriginally founded by the Tlavatli on the southern edge of the\nmountainous district, but which was now the seat of one of the\ntributary Toltec kings. He gladly welcomed the white emperor and\nplaced the city at his disposal. A few more of the tributary kings\nalso remained loyal to him, but most transferred their allegiance to\nthe new emperor reigning at the old capital. These, however, did not\nlong remain faithful. Constant assertions of independence were made by\nthe tributary kings, and continual battles were fought in different\nparts of the empire, the practice of sorcery being largely resorted\nto, to supplement the powers of destruction possessed by the armies.\n\nThese events took place about 50,000 years before the first great\ncatastrophe.\n\nFrom this time onwards things went from bad to worse. The sorcerers\nused their powers more and more recklessly, and greater and greater\nnumbers of people acquired and practised these terrible \"black arts.\"\n\nThen came the awful retribution when millions upon millions perished.\nThe great \"City of the Golden Gates\" had by this time become a perfect\nden of iniquity. The waves swept over it and destroyed its\ninhabitants, and the \"black\" emperor and his dynasty fell to rise no\nmore. The emperor of the north as well as the initiated priests\nthroughout the whole continent had long been fully aware of the evil\ndays at hand, and subsequent pages will tell of the many priest-led\nemigrations which preceded this catastrophe, as well as those of later\ndate.\n\nThe continent was now terribly rent. But the actual amount of\nterritory submerged by no means represented the damage done, for tidal\nwaves swept over great tracts of land and left them desolate swamps.\nWhole provinces were rendered barren, and remained for generations in\nan uncultivated and desert condition.\n\nThe remaining population too had received a terrible warning. It was\ntaken to heart, and sorcery was for a time less prevalent among them.\nA long period elapsed before any new powerful rule was established. We\nshall eventually find a Semite dynasty of sorcerers enthroned in the\n\"City of the Golden Gates,\" but no Toltec power rose to eminence\nduring the second map period. There were considerable Toltec\npopulations still, but little of the pure blood remained on the mother\ncontinent.\n\nOn the island of Ruta however, in the third map period, a Toltec\ndynasty again rose to power and ruled through its tributary kings a\nlarge portion of the island. This dynasty was addicted to the black\ncraft, which it must be understood became more and more prevalent\nduring all the four periods, until it culminated in the inevitable\ncatastrophe, which to a great extent purified the earth of the\nmonstrous evil. It must also be borne in mind that down to the very\nend when Poseidonis disappeared, an Intitiate emperor or king--or at\nleast one acknowledging the \"good law\"--held sway in some part of the\nisland continent, acting under the guidance of the Occult Hierarchy in\ncontrolling where possible the evil sorcerers, and in guiding and\ninstructing the small minority who were still willing to lead pure and\nwholesome lives. In later days this \"white\" king was as a rule elected\nby the priests--the handful, that is, who still followed the \"good\nlaw.\"\n\nLittle more remains to be said about the Toltecs. In Poseidonis the\npopulation of the whole island was more or less mixed. Two kingdoms\nand one small republic in the west divided the island between them.\nThe northern portion was ruled by an Initiate king. In the south too\nthe hereditary principle had given way to election by the people.\nExclusive race-dynasties were at an end, but kings of Toltec blood\noccasionally rose to power both in the north and south, the northern\nkingdom being constantly encroached upon by its southern rival, and\nmore and more of its territory annexed.\n\nHaving dealt at some length with the state of things under the\nToltecs, the leading political characteristics of the four following\nsub-races need not long detain us, for none of them reached the\nheights of civilization that the Toltecs did--in fact the degeneration\nof the race had set in.\n\nIt seems to have been some sort of feudal system that the natural bent\nof the Turanian race tended to develop. Each chief was supreme on his\nown territory, and the king was only _primus inter pares_. The chiefs\nwho formed his council occasionally murdered their king and set up one\nof their own number in his place. They were a turbulent and lawless\nrace--brutal and cruel also. The fact that at some periods of their\nhistory regiments of women took part in their wars is significant of\nthe last named characteristics.\n\nBut the strange experiment they made in social life which, but for its\npolitical origin, would more naturally have been dealt with under\n\"manners and customs,\" is the most interesting fact in their record.\nBeing continually worsted in war with their Toltec neighbours, knowing\nthemselves to be greatly outnumbered, and desiring above all things\nincrease of population, laws were passed, by which every man was\nrelieved from the direct burden of maintaining his family. The State\ntook charge of and provided for the children, and they were looked\nupon as its property. This naturally tended to increase the birth-rate\namongst the Turanians, and the ceremony of marriage came to be\ndisregarded. The ties of family life, and the feeling of parental love\nwere of course destroyed, and the scheme having been found to be a\nfailure, was ultimately given up. Other attempts at finding\nsocialistic solutions of economical problems which still vex us\nto-day, were tried and abandoned by this race.\n\nThe original Semites, who were a quarrelsome marauding and energetic\nrace, always leant towards a patriarchal form of government. Their\ncolonists, who generally took to the nomadic life, almost exclusively\nadopted this form, but as we have seen they developed a considerable\nempire in the days of the second map period, and possessed the great\n\"City of the Golden Gates.\" They ultimately, however, had to give way\nbefore the growing power of the Akkadians.\n\nIt was in the third map period, about 100,000 years ago, that the\nAkkadians finally overthrew the Semite power. This 6th sub-race were a\nmuch more law-abiding people than their predecessors. Traders and\nsailors, they lived in settled communities, and naturally produced an\noligarchical form of government. A peculiarity of theirs, of which\nSparta is the only modern example, was the dual system of two kings\nreigning in one city. As a result probably of their sea-going taste,\nthe study of the stars became a characteristic pursuit, and this race\nmade great advances both in astronomy and astrology.\n\nThe Mongolian people were an improvement on their immediate ancestors\nof the brutal Turanian stock. Born as they were on the wide steppes of\nEastern Siberia, they never had any touch with the mother-continent,\nand owing, doubtless, to their environment, they became a nomadic\npeople. More psychic and more religious than the Turanians from whom\nthey sprang, the form of government towards which they gravitated\nrequired a suzerain in the background who should be supreme both as a\nterritorial ruler and as a chief high priest.\n\n_Emigrations._--Three causes contributed to produce emigrations. The\nTuranian race, as we have seen, was from its very start imbued with\nthe spirit of colonizing, which it carried out on a considerable\nscale. The Semites and Akkadians were also to a certain extent\ncolonizing races.\n\nThen, as time went on and population tended more and more to outrun\nthe limits of subsistence, necessity operated with the least\nwell-to-do in every race alike, and drove them to seek for a\nlivelihood in less thickly populated countries. For it should be\nrealized that when the Atlanteans reached their zenith in the Toltec\nera, the proportion of population to the square mile on the continent\nof Atlantis probably equalled, even if it did not exceed, our modern\nexperience in England and Belgium. It is at all events certain that\nthe vacant spaces available for colonization were very much larger in\nthat age than in ours, while the total population of the world, which\nat the present moment is probably not more than twelve hundred to\nfifteen hundred millions, amounted in those days to the big figure of\nabout two thousand millions.\n\nLastly, there were the priest-led emigrations which took place prior\nto each catastrophe--and there were many more of these than the four\ngreat ones referred to above. The initiated kings and priests who\nfollowed the \"good law\" were aware beforehand of the impending\ncalamities. Each one, therefore, naturally became a centre of\nprophetic warning, and ultimately a leader of a band of colonists. It\nmay be noted here that in later days the rulers of the country deeply\nresented these priest-led emigrations, as tending to impoverish and\ndepopulate their kingdoms, and it became necessary for the emigrants\nto get on board ship secretly during the night.\n\nIn roughly tracing the lines of emigration followed by each sub-race\nin turn, we shall of necessity ultimately reach the lands which their\nrespective descendants to-day occupy.\n\nFor the earliest emigrations we must go back to the Rmoahal days. It\nwill be remembered that that portion of the race which inhabited the\nnorth-eastern coasts alone retained its purity of blood. Harried on\ntheir southern borders and driven further north by the Tlavatli\nwarriors, they began to overflow to the neighbouring land to the east,\nand to the still nearer promontory of Greenland. In the second map\nperiod no pure Rmoahals were left on the then reduced mother-continent,\nbut the northern promontory of the continent then rising on the west was\noccupied by them, as well as the Greenland cape already mentioned, and\nthe western shores of the great Scandinavian island. There was also a\ncolony on the land lying north of the central Asian sea.\n\nBrittany and Picardy then formed part of the Scandinavian island, while\nthe island itself became in the third map period part of the growing\ncontinent of Europe. Now it is in France that remains of this race have\nbeen found in the quaternary strata, and the brachycephalous, or\nround-headed specimen known as the \"Furfooz man,\" may be taken as a fair\naverage of the type of the race in its decay.\n\nMany times forced to move south by the rigours of a glacial epoch,\nmany times driven north by the greed of their more powerful\nneighbours, the scattered and degraded remnants of this race may be\nfound to-day in the modern Lapps, though even here there was some\ninfusion of other blood. And so it comes to pass that these faded and\nstunted specimens of humanity are the lineal descendants of the black\nrace of giants who arose on the equatorial lands of Lemuria well nigh\nfive million years ago.\n\nThe Tlavatli colonists seem to have spread out towards every point of\nthe compass. By the second map period their descendants were settled\non the western shores of the then growing American continent\n(California) as well as on its extreme southern coasts (Rio de\nJaneiro). We also find them occupying the eastern shores of the\nScandinavian island, while numbers of them sailed across the ocean,\nrounded the coast of Africa, and reached India. There, mixing with the\nindigenous Lemurian population, they formed the Dravidian race. In\nlater days this in its turn received an infusion of Aryan or Fifth\nRace blood, from which results the complexity of type found in India\nto-day. In fact we have here a very fair example of the extreme\ndifficulty of deciding any question of race upon merely physical\nevidence, for it would be quite possible to have Fifth Race egos\nincarnate among the Brahmans, Fourth Race egos among the lower castes,\nand some lingering Third Race among the hill tribes.\n\nBy the fourth map period we find a Tlavatli people occupying the\nsouthern parts of South America, from which it may be inferred that\nthe Patagonians probably had remote Tlavatli ancestry.\n\nRemains of this race, as of the Rmoahals, have been found in the\nquaternary strata of Central Europe, and the dolichocephalous\n\"Cro-Magnon man\"[1] may be taken as an average specimen of the race in\nits decadence, while the \"Lake-Dwellers\" of Switzerland formed an even\nearlier and not quite pure offshoot. The only people who can be cited\nas fairly pure-blooded specimens of the race at the present day are\nsome of the brown tribes of Indians of South America. The Burmese and\nSiamese have also Tlavatli blood in their veins, but in their case it\nwas mixed with, and therefore dominated by, the nobler stock of one of\nthe Aryan sub-races.\n\nWe now come to the Toltecs. It was chiefly to the west that their\nemigrations tended, and the neighbouring coasts of the American\ncontinent were in the second map period peopled by a pure Toltec race,\nthe greater part of those left on the mother-continent being then of\nvery mixed blood. It was on the continents of North and South America\nthat this race spread abroad and flourished, and on which thousands of\nyears later were established the empires of Mexico and Peru. The\ngreatness of these empires is a matter of history, or at least of\ntradition supplemented by such evidence as is afforded by magnificent\narchitectural remains. It may here be noted that while the Mexican\nempire was for centuries great and powerful in all that is usually\nregarded as power and greatness in our civilization of to-day, it\nnever reached the height attained by the Peruvians about 14,000 years\nago under their Inca sovereigns, for as regards the general well-being\nof the people, the justice and beneficence of the government, the\nequitable nature of the land tenure, and the pure and religious life\nof the inhabitants, the Peruvian empire of those days might be\nconsidered a traditional though faint echo of the golden age of the\nToltecs on the mother-continent of Atlantis.\n\nThe average Red Indian of North or South America is the best\nrepresentative to-day of the Toltec people, but of course bears no\ncomparison with the highly civilized individual of the race at its\nzenith.\n\nEgypt must now be referred to, and the consideration of this subject\nshould let in a flood of light upon its early history. Although the\nfirst settlement in that country was not in the strict sense of the\nterm a colony, it was from the Toltec race that was subsequently drawn\nthe first great body of emigrants intended to mix with and dominate\nthe aboriginal people.\n\nIn the first instance it was the transfer of a great Lodge of\ninitiates. This took place about 400,000 years ago. The golden age of\nthe Toltecs was long past. The first great catastrophe had taken\nplace. The moral degradation of the people and the consequent practice\nof the \"black arts\" were becoming more accentuated and widely spread.\nPurer surroundings for the White Lodge were needed. Egypt was isolated\nand was thinly peopled, and therefore Egypt was chosen. The settlement\nso made answered its purpose, and undisturbed by adverse conditions\nthe Lodge of Initiates for nearly 200,000 years did its work.\n\nAbout 210,000 years ago, when the time was ripe, the Occult Lodge\nfounded an empire--the first \"Divine Dynasty\" of Egypt--and began to\nteach the people. Then it was that the first great body of colonists\nwas brought from Atlantis, and some time during the ten thousand years\nthat led up to the second catastrophe, the two great Pyramids of Gizeh\nwere built, partly to provide permanent Halls of Initiation, but also\nto act as treasure-house and shrine for some great talisman of power\nduring the submergence which the Initiates knew to be impending. Map\nNo. 3 shows Egypt at that date as under water. It remained so for a\nconsiderable period, but on its re-emergence it was again peopled by\nthe descendants of many of its old inhabitants who had retired to the\nAbyssinian mountains (shown in Map No. 3 as an island) as well as by\nfresh bands of Atlantean colonists from various parts of the world. A\nconsiderable immigration of Akkadians then helped to modify the\nEgyptian type. This is the era of the second \"Divine Dynasty\" of\nEgypt--the rulers of the country being again Initiated Adepts.\n\nThe catastrophe of 80,000 years ago again laid the country under\nwater, but this time it was only a temporary wave. When it receded the\nthird \"Divine Dynasty\"--that mentioned by Manetho--began its rule, and\nit was under the early kings of this dynasty that the great Temple of\nKarnak and many of the more ancient buildings still standing in Egypt\nwere constructed. In fact with the exception of the two pyramids no\nbuilding in Egypt predates the catastrophe of 80,000 years ago.\n\nThe final submergence of Poseidonis sent another tidal wave over\nEgypt. This too, was only a temporary calamity, but it brought the\nDivine Dynasties to an end, for the Lodge of Initiates had transferred\nits quarters to other lands.\n\nVarious points here left untouched have already been dealt with in the\n_Transaction of the London Lodge_, \"The Pyramids and Stonehenge.\"\n\nThe Turanians who in the first map period had colonized the northern\nparts of the land lying immediately to the east of Atlantis, occupied\nin the second map period its southern shores (which included the\npresent Morocco and Algeria). We also find them wandering eastwards,\nand both the east and west coasts of the central Asian sea were\npeopled by them. Bands of them ultimately moved still further east,\nand the nearest approximation to the type of this race is to-day to be\nfound in the inland Chinese. A curious freak of destiny must be\nrecorded about one of their western offshoots. Dominated all through\nthe centuries by their more powerful Toltec neighbours, it was yet\nreserved for a small branch of the Turanian stock to conquer and\nreplace the last great empire that the Toltecs raised, for the brutal\nand barely civilized Aztecs were of pure Turanian blood.\n\nThe Semite emigrations were of two kinds, first, those which were\ncontrolled by the natural impulse of the race: second, that special\nemigration which was effected under the direct guidance of the Manu;\nfor, strange as it may seem, it was not from the Toltecs but from this\nlawless and turbulent though vigorous and energetic sub-race that was\nchosen the nucleus destined to be developed into our great Fifth or\nAryan Race. The reason, no doubt, lay in the Manasic characteristic\nwith which the number five is always associated. The sub-race of that\nnumber was inevitably developing its physical brain power and\nintellect; although at the expense of the psychic perceptions, while\nthat same development of intellect to infinitely higher levels is at\nonce the glory and the destined goal of our Fifth Root Race.\n\nDealing first with the natural emigrations we find that in the second\nmap period while still leaving powerful nations on the mother-continent,\nthe Semites had spread both west and east--west to the lands now forming\nthe United States, and thus accounting for the Semitic type to be found\nin some of the Indian races, and east to the northern shores of the\nneighbouring continent, which combined all there then was of Europe,\nAfrica and Asia. The type of the ancient Egyptians, as well as of other\nneighbouring nations, was to some extent modified by this original\nSemite blood; but with the exception of the Jews, the only\nrepresentatives of comparatively unmixed race at the present day are the\nlighter coloured Kabyles of the Algerian mountains.\n\nThe tribes resulting from the segregation effected by the Manu for the\nformation of the new Root Race eventually found their way to the\nsouthern shores of the central Asian sea, and there the first great\nAryan kingdom was established. When the Transaction dealing with the\norigin of a Root Race comes to be written, it will be seen that many\nof the peoples we are accustomed to call Semitic are really Aryan in\nblood. The world will also be enlightened as to what constitutes the\nclaim of the Hebrews to be considered a \"chosen people.\" Shortly it\nmay be stated that they constitute an abnormal and unnatural link\nbetween the Fourth and Fifth Root Races.\n\nThe Akkadians, though eventually becoming supreme rulers on the\nmother-continent of Atlantis, owed their birthplace as we have seen in\nthe second map period, to the neighbouring continent--that part\noccupied by the basin of the Mediterranean about the present island of\nSardinia being their special home. From this centre they spread\neastwards, occupying what eventually became the shores of the Levant,\nand reaching as far as Persia and Arabia. As we have seen, they also\nhelped to people Egypt. The early Etruscans, the Phoenicians,\nincluding the Carthaginians and the Shumero-Akkads, were branches of\nthis race, while the Basques of to-day have probably more of the\nAkkadian than of any other blood which flows in their veins.\n\nA reference to the early inhabitants of our own islands may\nappropriately be made here, for it was in the early Akkadian days,\nabout 100,000 years ago, that the colony of Initiates who founded\nStonehenge landed on these shores--\"these shores\" being, of course,\nthe shores of the Scandinavian part of the continent of Europe, as\nshown in Map No. 3. The initiated priests and their followers appear\nto have belonged to a very early strain of the Akkadian race--they\nwere taller, fairer, and longer headed than the aborigines of the\ncountry, who were a very mixed race, but mostly degenerate remnants of\nthe Rmoahals. As readers of the _Transaction of the London Lodge_ on\nthe \"Pyramids and Stonehenge,\" will know, the rude simplicity of\nStonehenge was intended as a protest against the extravagant ornament\nand over-decoration of the existing temples in Atlantis, where the\ndebased worship of their own images was being carried on by the\ninhabitants.\n\nThe Mongolians, as we have seen, never had any touch with the\nmother-continent. Born on the wide plains of Tartary, their\nemigrations for long found ample scope within those regions; but more\nthan once tribes of Mongol descent have overflowed from northern Asia\nto America, across Behring's Straits, and the last of such\nemigrations--that of the Kitans, some 1,300 years ago--has left traces\nwhich some western savants have been able to follow. The presence of\nMongolian blood in some tribes of North American Indians has also been\nrecognized by various writers on ethnology. The Hungarians and Malays\nare both known to be offshoots of this race, ennobled in the one case\nby a strain of Aryan blood, degraded in the other by mixture with the\neffete Lemurians. But the interesting fact about the Mongolians is\nthat its last family race is still in full force--it has not in fact\nyet reached its zenith--and the Japanese nation has still got history\nto give to the world.\n\n_Arts and Sciences._--It must primarily be recognized that our own\nAryan race has naturally achieved far greater results in almost every\ndirection than did the Atlanteans, but even where they failed to reach\nour level, the records of what they accomplished are of interest as\nrepresenting the high water mark which their tide of civilization\nreached. On the other hand, the character of the scientific\nachievements in which they did outstrip us are of so dazzling a\nnature, that bewilderment at such unequal development is apt to be the\nfeeling left.\n\nThe arts and sciences, as practised by the first two races, were, of\ncourse, crude in the extreme, but we do not propose to follow the\nprogress achieved by each sub-race separately. The history of the\nAtlantean, as of the Aryan race, was interspersed with periods of\nprogress and of decay. Eras of culture were followed by times of\nlawlessness, during which all artistic and scientific development was\nlost, these again being succeeded by civilizations reaching to still\nhigher levels. It must naturally be with the periods of culture that\nthe following remarks will deal, chief among which stands out the\ngreat Toltec era.\n\nArchitecture and sculpture, painting and music were all practised in\nAtlantis. The music even at the best of times was crude, and the\ninstruments of the most primitive type. All the Atlantean races were\nfond of colour, and brilliant hues decorated both the insides and the\noutsides of their houses, but painting as a fine art was never well\nestablished, though in the later days some kind of drawing and\npainting was taught in the schools. Sculpture on the other hand, which\nwas also taught in the schools, was widely practised, and reached\ngreat excellence. As we shall see later on under the head of\n\"Religion\" it became customary for every man who could afford it to\nplace in one of the temples an image of himself. These were sometimes\ncarved in wood or in hard black stone like basalt, but among the\nwealthy it became the fashion to have their statues cast in one of the\nprecious metals, aurichalcum, gold or silver. A very fair resemblance\nof the individual usually resulted, while in some cases a striking\nlikeness was achieved.\n\nArchitecture, however, was naturally the most widely practised of\nthese arts. Their buildings were massive structures of gigantic\nproportions. The dwelling houses in the cities were not, as ours are,\nclosely crowded together in streets. Like their country houses some\nstood in their own garden grounds, others were separated by plots of\ncommon land, but all were isolated structures. In the case of houses\nof any importance four blocks of building surrounded a central\ncourtyard, in the centre of which generally stood one of the fountains\nwhose number in the \"City of the Golden Gates\" gained for it the\nsecond appellation of the \"City of Waters.\" There was no exhibition of\ngoods for sale as in modern streets. All transactions of buying and\nselling took place privately, except at stated times, when large\npublic fairs were held in the open spaces of the cities. But the\ncharacteristic feature of the Toltec house was the tower that rose\nfrom one of its corners or from the centre of one of the blocks. A\nspiral staircase built outside led to the upper stories, and a pointed\ndome terminated the tower--this upper portion being very commonly used\nas an observatory. As already stated the houses were decorated with\nbright colours. Some were ornamented with carvings, others with\nfrescoes or painted patterns. The window-spaces were-filled with some\nmanufactured article similar to, but less transparent than, glass. The\ninteriors were not furnished with the elaborate detail of our modern\ndwellings, but the life was highly civilized of its kind.\n\nThe temples were huge halls resembling more than anything else the\ngigantic piles of Egypt, but built on a still more stupendous scale.\nThe pillars supporting the roof were generally square, seldom\ncircular. In the days of the decadence the aisles were surrounded with\ninnumerable chapels in which were enshrined the statues of the more\nimportant inhabitants. These side shrines indeed were occasionally of\nsuch considerable size as to admit a whole retinue of priests whom\nsome specially great man might have in his service for the ceremonial\nworship of his image. Like the private houses the temples too were\nnever complete without the dome-capped towers, which of course were of\ncorresponding size and magnificence. These were used for astronomical\nobservations and for sun-worship.\n\nThe precious metals were largely used in the adornment of the temples,\nthe interiors being often not merely inlaid but plated with gold. Gold\nand silver were highly valued, but as we shall see later on when the\nsubject of the currency is dealt with, the uses to which they were put\nwere entirely artistic and had nothing to do with coinage, while the\ngreat quantities that were then produced by the chemists--or as we\nshould now-a-days call them alchemists--may be said to have taken them\nout of the category of the precious metals. This power of\ntransmutation of metals was not universal, but it was so widely\npossessed that enormous quantities were made. In fact the production\nof the wished-for metals may be regarded as one of the industrial\nenterprises of those days by which these alchemists gained their\nliving. Gold was admired even more than silver, and was consequently\nproduced in much greater quantity.\n\n_Education._--A few words on the subject of language will fitly\nprelude a consideration of the training in the schools and colleges of\nAtlantis. During the first map period Toltec was the universal\nlanguage, not only throughout the continent but in the western islands\nand that part of the eastern continent which recognized the emperor's\nrule. Remains of the Rmoahal and Tlavatli speech survived it is true\nin out-of-the-way parts, just as the Keltic and Cymric speech survives\nto-day among us in Ireland and Wales. The Tlavatli tongue was the\nbasis used by the Turanians, who introduced such modifications that an\nentirely different language was in time produced; while the Semites\nand Akkadians, adopting a Toltec ground-work, modified it in their\nrespective ways, and so produced two divergent varieties. Thus in the\nlater days of Poseidonis there were several entirely different\nlanguages--all however belonging to the agglutinative type--for it was\nnot till Fifth Race days that the descendants of the Semites and\nAkkadians developed inflectional speech. All through the ages,\nhowever, the Toltec language fairly maintained its purity, and the\nsame tongue that was spoken in Atlantis in the days of its splendour\nwas used, with but slight alterations, thousands of years later in\nMexico and Peru.\n\nThe schools and colleges of Atlantis in the great Toltec days, as well\nas in subsequent eras of culture, were all endowed by the State.\nThough every child was required to pass through the primary schools,\nthe subsequent training differed very widely. The primary schools\nformed a sort of winnowing ground. Those who showed real aptitude for\nstudy were, along with the children of the dominant classes who\nnaturally had greater abilities, drafted into the higher schools at\nabout the age of twelve. Reading and writing, which were regarded as\nmere preliminaries, had already been taught them in the primary\nschools.\n\nBut reading and writing were not considered necessary for the great\nmasses of the inhabitants who had to spend their lives in tilling the\nland, or in handicrafts, the practice of which was required by the\ncommunity. The great majority of the children therefore were at once\npassed on to the technical schools best suited to their various\nabilities. Chief among these were the agricultural schools. Some\nbranches of mechanics also formed part of the training, while in\noutlying districts and by the sea-side hunting and fishing were\nnaturally included. And so the children all received the education or\ntraining which was most appropriate for them.\n\nThe children of superior abilities, who as we have seen had been\ntaught to read and write, had a much more elaborate education. The\nproperties of plants and their healing qualities formed an important\nbranch of study. There were no recognized physicians in those\ndays--every educated man knew more or less of medicine as well as of\nmagnetic healing. Chemistry, mathematics and astronomy were also\ntaught. The training in such studies finds its analogy among\nourselves, but the object towards which the teachers' efforts were\nmainly directed, was the development of the pupil's psychic faculties\nand his instruction in the more hidden forces of nature. The occult\nproperties of plants, metals, and precious stones, as well as the\nalchemical processes of transmutation, were included in this category.\nBut as time went on it became more and more the personal power, which\nBulwer Lytton calls vril, and the operation of which he has fairly\naccurately described in his _Coming Race_, that the colleges for the\nhigher training of the youth of Atlantis were specially occupied in\ndeveloping. The marked change which took place when the decadence of\nthe race set in was, that instead of merit and aptitude being regarded\nas warrants for advancement to the higher grades of instruction, the\ndominant classes becoming more and more exclusive allowed none but\ntheir own children to graduate in the higher knowledge which gave so\nmuch power.\n\nIn such an empire as the Toltec, agriculture naturally received much\nattention. Not only were the labourers taught their duties in\ntechnical schools, but colleges were established in which the\nknowledge necessary for carrying out experiments in the crossing both\nof animals and plants, were taught to fitting students.\n\nAs readers of Theosophic literature may know, _wheat_ was not evolved\non this planet at all. It was the gift of the Manu who brought it from\nanother globe outside our chain of worlds. But oats and some of our\nother cereals are the results of crosses between wheat and the\nindigenous grasses of the earth. Now the experiments which gave these\nresults were carried out in the agricultural schools of Atlantis. Of\ncourse such experiments were guided by high knowledge. But the most\nnotable achievement to be recorded of the Atlantean agriculturists was\nthe evolution of the plantain or banana. In the original wild state it\nwas like an elongated melon with scarcely any pulp, but full of seeds\nas a melon is. It was of course only by centuries (if not thousands of\nyears) of continuous selection and elimination that the present\nseedless plant was evolved.\n\nAmong the domesticated animals of the Toltec days were creatures that\nlooked like very small tapirs. They naturally fed upon roots or\nherbage, but like the pigs of to-day, which they resembled in more\nthan one particular, they were not over cleanly, and ate whatever came\nin their way. Large cat-like animals and the wolf-like ancestors of\nthe dog might also be met about human habitations. The Toltec carts\nappear to have been drawn by creatures somewhat resembling small\ncamels. The Peruvian llamas of to-day are probably their descendants.\nThe ancestors of the Irish elk, too, roamed in herds about the hill\nsides in much the same way as our Highland cattle do now--too wild to\nallow of easy approach, but still under the control of man.\n\nConstant experiments were made in breeding and cross-breeding\ndifferent kinds of animals, and, curious though it may seem to us,\nartificial heat was largely used to force their development, so that\nthe results of crossing and interbreeding might be more quickly\napparent. The use, too, of different coloured lights in the chambers\nwhere such experiments were carried on were adopted in order to obtain\nvarying results.\n\nThis control and moulding at will by man of the animal forms brings us\nto a rather startling and very mysterious subject. Reference has been\nmade above to the work done by the Manus. Now it is in the mind of\nthe Manu that originates all improvements in type and the\npotentialities latent in every form of being. In order to work out in\ndetail the improvements in the animal forms, the help and co-operation\nof man were required. The amphibian and reptile forms which then\nabounded had about run their course, and were ready to assume the more\nadvanced type of bird or mammal. These forms constituted the inchoate\nmaterial placed at man's disposal, and the clay was ready to assume\nwhatever shape the potter's hands might mould it into. It was\nspecially with animals in the intermediate stage that so many of the\nexperiments above referred to were tried, and doubtless the\ndomesticated animals like the horse, which are now of such service to\nman, are the result of these experiments in which the men of those\ndays acted in co-operation with the Manu and his ministers. But the\nco-operation was too soon withdrawn. Selfishness obtained the upper\nhand, and war and discord brought the Golden Age of the Toltecs to a\nclose. When instead of working loyally for a common end, under the\nguidance of their Initiate kings, men began to prey upon each other,\nthe beasts which might gradually have assumed, under the care of man,\nmore and more useful and domesticated forms, being left to the\nguidance of their own instincts naturally followed the example of\ntheir monarch, and began to prey upon each other. Some indeed had\nactually already been trained and used by men in their hunting\nexpeditions, and thus the semi-domesticated cat-like animals above\nreferred to naturally became the ancestors of the leopards and\njaguars.\n\nOne illustration of what some may be tempted to call a fantastic\ntheory, though it may not elucidate the problem, will at least point\nthe moral contained in this supplement to our knowledge regarding the\nmysterious manner in which our evolution has proceeded. The lion it\nwould appear might have had a gentler nature and a less fierce aspect\nhad the men of those days completed the task that was given them to\nperform. Whether or not he is fated eventually \"to lie down with the\nlamb and eat straw like the ox,\" the destiny in store for him as\npictured in the mind of the Manu has not yet been realized, for the\npicture was that of a powerful but domesticated animal--a strong\nlevel-backed creature, with large intelligent eyes, intended to act as\nman's most powerful servant for purposes of traction.\n\nThe \"City of the Golden Gates\" and its surroundings must be described\nbefore we come to consider the marvellous system by which its\ninhabitants were supplied with water. It lay, as we have seen, on the\neast coast of the continent close to the sea, and about 15 deg. north\nof the equator. A beautifully-wooded park-like country surrounded the\ncity. Scattered over a large area of this were the villa residences of\nthe wealthier classes. To the west lay a range of mountains, from\nwhich the water supply of the city was drawn. The city itself was\nbuilt on the slopes of a hill, which rose from the plain about 500\nfeet. On the summit of this hill lay the emperor's palace and gardens,\nin the centre of which welled up from the earth a never-ending stream\nof water, supplying first the palace and the fountains in the gardens,\nthence flowing in the four directions and falling in cascades into a\ncanal or moat which encompassed the palace grounds, and thus separated\nthem from the city which lay below on every side. From this canal four\nchannels led the water through four quarters of the city to cascades\nwhich in their turn supplied another encircling canal at a lower\nlevel. There were three such canals forming concentric circles, the\noutermost and lowest of which was still above the level of the plain.\nA fourth canal at this lowest level, but on a rectangular plan,\nreceived the constantly flowing waters, and in its turn discharged\nthem into the sea. The city extended over part of the plain, up to\nthe edge of this great outermost moat, which surrounded and defended\nit with a line of waterways extending about twelve miles by ten miles\nsquare.\n\nIt will thus be seen that the city was divided into three great belts,\neach hemmed in by its canals. The characteristic feature of the upper\nbelt that lay just below the palace grounds, was a circular\nrace-course and large public gardens. Most of the houses of the court\nofficials also lay on this belt, and here also was an institution of\nwhich we have no parallel in modern times. The term \"Strangers' Home\"\namongst us suggests a mean appearance and sordid surroundings, but\nthis was a palace where all strangers who might come to the city were\nentertained as long as they might choose to stay--being treated all\nthe time as guests of the Government. The detached houses of the\ninhabitants and the various temples scattered throughout the city\noccupied the other two belts. In the days of the Toltec greatness\nthere seems to have been no real poverty--even the retinue of slaves\nattached to most houses being well fed and clothed--but there were a\nnumber of comparatively poor houses in the lowest belt to the north,\nas well as outside the outermost canal towards the sea. The\ninhabitants of this part were mostly connected with the shipping, and\ntheir houses though detached were built closer together than in other\ndistricts.\n\nIt will be seen from the above that the inhabitants had thus a\nnever-failing supply of pure clear water constantly coursing through\nthe city, while the upper belts and the emperor's palace were\nprotected by lines of moats, each one at a higher level as the centre\nwas approached.\n\nNow it does not require much mechanical knowledge in order to realize\nhow stupendous must have been the works needed to provide this supply,\nfor in the days of its greatness the \"City of the Golden Gates\"\nembraced within its four circles of moats over two million\ninhabitants. No such system of water supply has ever been attempted in\nGreek, Roman or modern times--indeed it is very doubtful whether our\nablest engineers, even at the expenditure of untold wealth, could\nproduce such a result.\n\nA description of some of its leading features will be of interest. It\nwas from a lake which lay among the mountains to the west of the city,\nat an elevation of about 2,600 feet, that the supply was drawn. The\nmain aqueduct which was of oval section, measuring fifty feet by\nthirty feet, led underground to an enormous heart-shaped reservoir.\nThis lay deep below the palace, in fact at the very base of the hill\non which the palace and the city stood. From this reservoir a\nperpendicular shaft of about 500 feet up through the solid rock gave\npassage to the water which welled up in the palace grounds, and thence\nwas distributed throughout the city. Various pipes from the central\nreservoir also led to different parts of the city to supply drinking\nwater and the public fountains. Systems of sluices of course also\nexisted to control or cut off the supply of the different districts.\n\nFrom the above it will be apparent to any one possessed of some little\nknowledge of mechanics that the pressure in the subterranean aqueduct\nand the central reservoir from which the water naturally rose to the\nbasin in the palace gardens, must have been enormous, and the\nresisting power of the material used in their construction\nconsequently prodigious.\n\nIf the system of water supply in the \"City of the Golden Gates\" was\nwonderful, the Atlantean methods of locomotion must be recognised as\nstill more marvellous, for the air-ship or flying-machine which Keely\nin America, and Maxim in this country are now attempting to produce,\nwas then a realized fact. It was not at any time a common means of\ntransport. The slaves, the servants, and the masses who laboured with\ntheir hands, had to trudge along the country tracks, or travel in rude\ncarts with solid wheels drawn by uncouth animals. The air-boats may be\nconsidered as the private carriages of those days, or rather the\nprivate yachts, if we regard the relative number of those who\npossessed them, for they must have been at all times difficult and\ncostly to produce. They were not as a rule built to accommodate many\npersons. Numbers were constructed for only two, some allowed for six\nor eight passengers. In the later days when war and strife had brought\nthe Golden Age to an end, battle ships that could navigate the air had\nto a great extent replaced the battle ships at sea--having naturally\nproved far more powerful engines of destruction. These were\nconstructed to carry as many as fifty, and in some cases even up to a\nhundred fighting men.\n\nThe material of which the air boats were constructed was either wood\nor metal. The earlier ones were built of wood--the boards used being\nexceedingly thin, but the injection of some substance which did not\nadd materially to the weight while it gave leather-like toughness,\nprovided the necessary combination of lightness and strength. When\nmetal was used it was generally an alloy--two white-coloured metals\nand one red one entering into its composition. The resultant was\nwhite-coloured, like aluminium, and even lighter in weight. Over the\nrough framework of the air-boat was extended a large sheet of this\nmetal which was then beaten into shape and electrically welded where\nnecessary. But whether built of metal or wood their outside surface\nwas apparently seamless and perfectly smooth, and they shone in the\ndark as if coated with luminous paint.\n\nIn shape they were boat-like, but they were invariably decked over,\nfor when at full speed it could not have been convenient, even if\nsafe, for any on board to remain on the upper deck. Their propelling\nand steering gear could be brought into use at either end.\n\nBut the all-interesting question is that relating to the power by\nwhich they were propelled. In the earlier times it seems to have been\npersonal vril that supplied the motive power--whether used in\nconjunction with any mechanical contrivance matters not much--but in\nthe later days this was replaced by a force which, though generated in\nwhat is to us an unknown manner, operated nevertheless through\ndefinite mechanical arrangements. This force, though not yet\ndiscovered by science, more nearly approached that which Keely in\nAmerica is learning to handle than the electric power used by Maxim.\nIt was in fact of an etheric nature, but though we are no nearer to\nthe solution of the problem, its method of operation can be described.\nThe mechanical arrangements no doubt differed somewhat in different\nvessels. The following description is taken from an air-boat in which\non one occasion three ambassadors from the king who ruled over the\nnorthern part of Poseidonis made the journey to the court of the\nsouthern kingdom. A strong heavy metal chest which lay in the centre\nof the boat was the generator. Thence the force flowed through two\nlarge flexible tubes to either end of the vessel, as well as through\neight subsidiary tubes fixed fore and aft to the bulwarks. These had\ndouble openings pointing vertically both up and down. When the journey\nwas about to begin the valves of the eight bulwark tubes which pointed\ndownwards were opened--all the other valves being closed. The current\nrushing through these impinged on the earth with such force as to\ndrive the boat upwards, while the air itself continued to supply the\nnecessary fulcrum. When a sufficient elevation was reached the\nflexible tube at that end of the vessel which pointed away from the\ndesired destination, was brought into action, while by the partial\nclosing of the valves the current rushing through the eight vertical\ntubes was reduced to the small amount required to maintain the\nelevation reached. The great volume of the current, being now directed\nthrough the large tube pointing downwards from the stern at an angle\nof about forty-five degrees, while helping to maintain the elevation,\nprovided also the great motive power to propel the vessel through the\nair. The steering was accomplished by the discharge of the current\nthrough this tube, for the slightest change in its direction at once\ncaused an alteration in the vessel's course. But constant supervision\nwas not required. When a long journey had to be taken the tube could\nbe fixed so as to need no handling till the destination was almost\nreached. The maximum speed attained was about one hundred miles an\nhour, the course of flight never being a straight line, but always in\nthe form of long waves, now approaching and now receding from the\nearth. The elevation at which the vessels travelled was only a few\nhundred feet--indeed, when high mountains lay in the line of their\ntrack it was necessary to change their course and go round them--the\nmore rarefied air no longer supplying the necessary fulcrum. Hills of\nabout one thousand feet were the highest they could cross. The means\nby which the vessel was brought to a stop on reaching its\ndestination--and this could be done equally well in mid-air--was to\ngive escape to some of the current force through the tube at that end\nof the boat which pointed towards its destination, and the current\nimpinging on the land or air in front, acted as a drag, while the\npropelling force behind was gradually reduced by the closing of the\nvalve. The reason has still to be given for the existence of the eight\ntubes pointing upwards from the bulwarks. This had more specially to\ndo with the aerial warfare. Having so powerful a force at their\ndisposal, the warships naturally directed the current against each\nother. Now this was apt to destroy the equilibrium of the ship so\nstruck and to turn it upside down--a situation sure to be taken\nadvantage of by the enemy's vessel to make an attack with her ram.\nThere was also the further danger of being precipitated to the ground,\nunless the shutting and opening of the necessary valves were quickly\nattended to. In whatever position the vessel might be, the tubes\npointing towards the earth were naturally those through which the\ncurrent should be rushing, while the tubes pointing upwards should be\nclosed. The means by which a vessel turned upside down might be\nrighted and placed again on a level keel, was accomplished by using\nthe four tubes pointing downwards at one side of the vessel only,\nwhile the four at the other side were kept closed.\n\nThe Atlanteans had also sea-going vessels which were propelled by some\npower analogous to that above mentioned, but the current force which\nwas eventually found to be most effective in this case had a denser\nappearance than that used in the air-boats.\n\n_Manners and Customs._--There was doubtless as much variety in the\nmanners and customs of the Atlanteans at different epochs of their\nhistory, as there has been among the various nations which compose our\nAryan race. With the fluctuating fashion of the centuries we are not\nconcerned. The following remarks will attempt to deal merely with the\nleading characteristics which differentiate their habits from our own,\nand these will be chosen as much as possible from the great Toltec\nera.\n\nWith regard to marriage and the relations of the sexes the experiments\nmade by the Turanians have already been referred to. Polygamous\ncustoms were prevalent at different times among all the sub-races, but\nin the Toltec days while two wives were allowed by the law, great\nnumbers of men had only one wife. Nor were the women--as in countries\nnow-a-days where polygamy prevails--regarded as inferiors, or in the\nleast oppressed. Their position was quite equal to that of the men,\nwhile the aptitude many of them displayed in acquiring the vril-power\nmade them fully the equals if not the superiors of the other sex. This\nequality indeed was recognised from infancy, and there was no\nseparation of the sexes in schools or colleges. Boys and girls were\ntaught together. It was the rule, too, and not the exception, for\ncomplete harmony to prevail in the dual households, and the mothers\ntaught their children to look equally to their father's wives for love\nand protection. Nor were women debarred from taking part in the\ngovernment. Sometimes they were members of the councils, and\noccasionally even were chosen by the Adept emperor to represent him in\nthe various provinces as the local sovereigns.\n\nThe writing material of the Atlanteans consisted of thin sheets of\nmetal, on the white porcelain-like surface of which the words were\nwritten. They also had the means of reproducing the written text by\nplacing on the inscribed sheet another thin metal plate which had\npreviously been dipped in some liquid. The text thus graven on the\nsecond plate could be reproduced at will on other sheets, a great\nnumber of which fastened together constituted a book.\n\nA custom which differs considerably from our own must be instanced\nnext, in their choice of food. It is an unpleasant subject, but can\nscarcely be passed over. The flesh of the animals they usually\ndiscarded, while the parts which among us are avoided as food, were by\nthem devoured. The blood also they drank--often hot from the\nanimal--and various cooked dishes were also made of it.\n\nIt must not, however, be thought that they were without the lighter,\nand to us, more palatable, kinds of food. The seas and rivers provided\nthem with fish, the flesh of which they ate, though often in such an\nadvanced stage of decomposition as would be to us revolting. The\ndifferent grains were largely cultivated, of which were made bread and\ncakes. They also had milk, fruit and vegetables.\n\nA small minority of the inhabitants, it is true, never adopted the\nrevolting customs above referred to. This was the case with the Adept\nkings and emperors and the initiated priesthood throughout the whole\nempire. They were entirely vegetarian in their habits, but though many\nof the emperor's counsellors and the officials about the court\naffected to prefer the purer diet, they often indulged in secret their\ngrosser tastes.\n\nNor were strong drinks unknown in those days. Fermented liquor of a\nvery potent sort was at one time much in vogue. But it was so apt to\nmake these who drank it dangerously excited that a law was passed\nabsolutely forbidding its consumption.\n\nThe weapons of warfare and the chase differed considerably at\ndifferent epochs. Swords and spears, bows and arrows sufficed as a\nrule for the Rmoahals and the Tlavatli. The beasts which they hunted\nat that very early period were mammoths with long woolly hair,\nelephants and hippopotami. Marsupials also abounded as well as\nsurvivals of intermediate types--some being half reptile and half\nmammal, others half reptile and half bird.\n\nThe use of explosives was adopted at an early period, and carried to\ngreat perfection in later times. Some appear to have been made to\nexplode on concussion, others after a certain interval of time, but in\neither case the destruction to life seems to have resulted from the\nrelease of some poisonous vapour, not from the impact of bullets. So\npowerful indeed must have become these explosives in later Atlantean\ntimes, that we hear of whole companies of men being destroyed in\nbattle by the noxious gas generated by the explosion of one of these\nbombs above their heads, thrown there by some sort of lever.\n\nThe monetary system must now be considered. During the first three\nsub-races at all events, such a thing as a State coinage was unknown.\nSmall pieces of metal or leather stamped with some given value were,\nit is true, used as tokens. Having a perforation in the centre they\nwere strung together, and were usually carried at the girdle. But each\nman was as it were his own coiner, and the leather or metal token\nfabricated by him, and exchanged with another for value received, was\nbut a personal acknowledgment of indebtedness, such as a promissory\nnote is among us. No man was entitled to fabricate more of these\ntokens than he was able to redeem by the transfer of goods in his\npossession. The tokens did not circulate as coinage does, while the\nholder of the token had the means to estimate with perfect accuracy\nthe resources of his debtor by the clairvoyant faculty which all then\npossessed to a greater or less degree, and which in any case of doubt\nwas instantly directed to ascertain the actual state of the facts.\n\nIt must be stated, however, that in the later days of Poseidonis, a\nsystem approximating to our own currency was adopted, and the triple\nmountain visible from the great southern capital was the favourite\nrepresentation on the State coinage.\n\nBut the system of land tenure is the most important subject under this\nheading. Among the Rmoahal and Tlavatli, who lived chiefly by hunting\nand fishing, the question naturally did not arise, though some system\nof village cultivation was recognized in the Tlavatli days.\n\nIt was with the increase of population and civilization in the early\nToltec times that land first became worth fighting for. It is not\nproposed to trace the system or want of system prevalent in the\ntroublous times anterior to the advent of the Golden Age. But the\nrecords of that epoch present to the consideration, not only of\npolitical economists, but of all who regard the welfare of the race, a\nsubject of the utmost interest and importance.\n\nThe population it must be remembered had been steadily increasing,\nand under the government of the Adept emperors it had reached the very\nlarge figure already quoted; nevertheless poverty and want were things\nundreamt of in those days, and this social well-being was no doubt\npartly due to the system of land tenure.\n\nNot only was all the land and its produce regarded as belonging to the\nemperor, but all the flocks and herds upon it were his as well. The\ncountry was divided into different provinces or districts, each\nprovince having at its head one of the subsidiary kings or viceroys\nappointed by the emperor. Each of these viceroys was held responsible\nfor the government and well-being of all the inhabitants under his\nrule. The tillage of the land, the harvesting of the crops, and the\npasturage of the herds lay within his sphere of superintendence, as\nwell as the conducting of such agricultural experiments as have been\nalready referred to.\n\nEach viceroy had round him a council of agricultural advisers and\ncoadjutors, who had amongst their other duties to be well versed in\nastronomy, for it was not a barren science in those days. The occult\ninfluences on plant and animal life were then studied and taken\nadvantage of. The power, too, of producing rain at will was not\nuncommon then, while the effects of a glacial epoch were on more than\none occasion partly neutralized in the northern parts of the continent\nby occult science. The right day for beginning every agricultural\noperation was of course duly calculated, and the work carried into\neffect by the officials whose duty it was to supervise every detail.\n\nThe produce raised in each district or kingdom was as a rule consumed\nin it, but an exchange of agricultural commodities was sometimes\narranged between the rulers.\n\nAfter a small share had been put aside for the emperor and the central\ngovernment at the \"City of the Golden Gates,\" the produce of the whole\ndistrict or kingdom was divided among the inhabitants--the local\nviceroy and his retinue of officials naturally receiving the larger\nportions, but the meanest agricultural labourer getting enough to\nsecure him competence and comfort. Any increase in the productive\ncapacity of the land, or in the mineral wealth which it yielded, was\ndivided proportionately amongst all concerned--all, therefore, were\ninterested in making the result of their combined labour as lucrative\nas possible.\n\nThis system worked admirably for a very long period. But as time went\non negligence and self-seeking crept in. Those whose duty it was to\nsuperintend, threw more and more responsibility on their inferiors in\noffice, and in time it became rare for the rulers to interfere or to\ninterest themselves in any of the operations. This was the beginning\nof the evil days. The members of the dominant class who had previously\ngiven all their time to the state duties began to think about making\ntheir own lives more pleasant. The elaboration of luxury was setting\nin.\n\nThere was one cause in particular which produced great discontent\namongst the lower classes. The system under which the youth of the\nnation was drafted into the technical schools has already been\nreferred to. Now it was always one of the superior class whose psychic\nfaculties had been duly cultivated, to whom the duty was assigned of\nselecting the children so that each one should receive the training,\nand ultimately be devoted to the occupation, for which he was\nnaturally most fitted. But when those possessed of the clairvoyant\nvision, by which alone such choice could be made, delegated their\nduties to inferiors who were wanting in such psychic attributes, the\nresults ensuing were that the children were often thrust into wrong\ngrooves, and those whose capacity and taste lay in one direction often\nfound themselves tied for life to an occupation which they disliked,\nand in which, therefore, they were rarely successful.\n\nThe systems of land tenure which ensued in different parts of the\nempire on the breaking up of the great Toltec dynasty were many and\nvarious. But it is not necessary to follow them. In the later days of\nPoseidonis they had, as a rule, given place to the system of\nindividual ownership which we know so well.\n\nReference has already been made, under the head of \"Emigrations,\" to\nthe system of land tenure which prevailed during that glorious period\nof Peruvian history when the Incas held sway about 14,000 years ago. A\nshort summary of this may be of interest as demonstrating the source\nfrom which its ground-work was doubtless derived, as well as\ninstancing the variations which had been adopted in this somewhat more\ncomplicated system.\n\nAll title to land was derived in the first instance from the Inca, but\nhalf of it was assigned to the cultivators, who of course constituted\nthe great bulk of the population. The other half was divided between\nthe Inca and the priesthood who celebrated the worship of the sun.\n\nOut of the proceeds of his specially allotted lands the Inca had to\nkeep up the army, the roads throughout the whole empire, and all the\nmachinery of government. This was conducted by a special governing\nclass all more or less closely related to the Inca himself, and\nrepresenting a civilization and a culture much in advance of the great\nmasses of the population.\n\nThe remaining fourth--\"the lands of the sun\"--provided not only for\nthe priests who conducted the public worship throughout the empire,\nbut for the entire education of the people in schools and colleges,\nfor all sick and infirm persons, and finally, for every inhabitant\n(exclusive, of course, of the governing class for whom there was no\ncessation of work) on reaching the age of forty-five, that being the\nage arranged for the hard work of life to cease, and for leisure and\nenjoyment to begin.\n\n_Religion._--The only subject that now remains to be dealt with is the\nevolution of religious ideas. Between the spiritual aspiration of a\nrude but simple race and the degraded ritual of an intellectually\ncultured but spiritually dead people, lies a gulf which only the term\nreligion, used in its widest acceptation, can span. Nevertheless it is\nthis consecutive process of generation and degeneration which has to\nbe traced in the history of the Atlantean people.\n\nIt will be remembered that the government under which the Rmoahals\ncame into existence, was described as the most perfect conceivable,\nfor it was the Manu himself who acted as their king. The memory of\nthis divine ruler was naturally preserved in the annals of the race,\nand in due time he came to be regarded as a god, among a people who\nwere naturally psychic, and had consequently glimpses of those states\nof consciousness which transcend our ordinary waking condition.\nRetaining these higher attributes, it was only natural that this\nprimitive people should adopt a religion, which, though in no way\nrepresentative of any exalted philosophy, was of a type far from\nignoble. In later days this phase of religious belief passed into a\nkind of ancestor-worship.\n\nThe Tlavatli while inheriting the traditional reverence and worship\nfor the Manu, were taught by Adept instructors of the existence of a\nSupreme Being whose symbol was recognized as the sun. They thus\ndeveloped a sort of sun worship, for the practice of which they\nrepaired to the hill tops. There they built great circles of upright\nmonoliths. These were intended to be symbolical of the sun's yearly\ncourse, but they were also used for astronomical purposes--being\nplaced so that, to one standing at the high altar, the sun would rise\nat the winter solstice behind one of these monoliths, at the vernal\nequinox behind another, and so on throughout the year. Astronomical\nobservations of a still more complex character connected with the\nmore distant constellations were also helped by these stone circles.\n\nWe have already seen under the head of emigrations how a later\nsub-race--the Akkadians--in the erection of Stonehenge, reverted to\nthis primitive building of monoliths.\n\nEndowed though the Tlavatli were with somewhat greater capacity for\nintellectual development than the previous sub-race, their cult was\nstill of a very primitive type.\n\nWith the wider diffusion of knowledge in the days of the Toltecs, and\nmore especially with the establishment later on of an initiated\npriesthood and an Adept emperor, increased opportunities were offered\nto the people for the attainment of a truer conception of the divine.\nThe few who were ready to take full advantage of the teaching offered,\nafter having been tried and tested, were doubtless admitted into the\nranks of the priesthood which then constituted an immense occult\nfraternity. With these, however, who had so outstripped the mass of\nhumanity, as to be ready to begin the progress of the occult path, we\nare not here concerned, the religions practised by the inhabitants of\nAtlantis generally being the subject of our investigation.\n\nThe power to rise to philosophic heights of thought was of course\nwanting to the masses of those days, as it is similarly wanting to the\ngreat majority of the inhabitants of the world to-day. The nearest\napproach which the most gifted teacher could make in attempting to\nconvey any idea of the nameless and all-pervading essence of the\nKosmos was necessarily imparted in the form of symbols, and the sun\nnaturally enough was the first symbol adopted. As in our own days too\nthe more cultivated and spiritually minded would see through the\nsymbol, and might sometimes rise on the wings of devotion to the\nFather of our spirits, that\n\n    \"Motive and centre of our soul's desire,\n    Object and refuge of our journey's end\"\n\nwhile the grosser multitude would see nothing but the symbol, and\nwould worship it, as the carved Madonna or the wooden image of the\ncrucified one is to-day worshipped throughout Catholic Europe.\n\nSun and fire worship then became the cult for the celebration of which\nmagnificent temples were reared throughout the length and breadth of\nthe continent of Atlantis, but more especially in the great \"City of\nthe Golden Gates\"--the temple service being performed by retinues of\npriests endowed by the State for that purpose.\n\nIn those early days no image of the Deity was permitted. The sun-disk\nwas considered the only appropriate emblem of the godhead, and as such\nwas used in every temple, a golden disk being generally placed so as\nto catch the first rays of the rising sun at the vernal equinox or at\nthe summer solstice.\n\nAn interesting example of the almost unalloyed survival of this\nworship of the sun-disk may be instanced in the Shinto ceremonies of\nJapan. All other representation of Deity is in this faith regarded as\nimpious, and even the circular mirror of polished metal is hidden from\nthe vulgar gaze save on ceremonial occasions. Unlike the gorgeous\ntemple decorations of Atlantis however, the Shinto temples are\ncharacterized by an entire absence of decoration--the exquisite finish\nof the plain wood-work being unrelieved by any carving, paint or\nvarnish.\n\nBut the sun-disk did not always remain the only permissible emblem of\nDeity. The image of a man--an archetypal man--was in after days placed\nin the temples and adored as the highest representation of the divine.\nIn some ways this might be considered a reversion to the Rmoahal\nworship of the Manu. Even then the religion was comparatively pure,\nand the occult fraternity of the \"Good Law\" of course did their utmost\nto keep alive in the hearts of the people the spiritual life.\n\nThe evil days, however, were drawing near when no altruistic idea\nshould remain to redeem the race from the abyss of selfishness in\nwhich it was destined to be overwhelmed. The decay of the ethical idea\nwas the necessary prelude to the perversion of the spiritual. The hand\nof every man fought for himself alone, and his knowledge was used for\npurely selfish ends, till it became an established belief that there\nwas nothing in the universe greater or higher than themselves. Each\nman was his own \"Law, and Lord and God,\" and the very worship of the\ntemples ceased to be the worship of any ideal, but became the mere\nadoration of man as he was known and seen to be. As is written in the\n_Book of Dzyan_, \"Then the Fourth became tall with pride. We are the\nkings it was said; we are the Gods.... They built huge cities. Of rare\nearths and metals they built, and out of the fires vomited, out of the\nwhite stone of the mountains and of the black stone, they cut their\nown images in their size and likeness, and worshipped them.\" Shrines\nwere placed in temples in which the statue of each man, wrought in\ngold or silver, or carved in stone or wood, was adored by himself. The\nricher men kept whole trains of priests in their employ for the cult\nand care of their shrines, and offerings were made to these statues as\nto gods. The apotheosis of self could go no further.\n\nIt must be remembered that every true religious idea that has ever\nentered into the mind of man, has been consciously suggested to him by\nthe divine Instructors or the Initiates of the Occult Lodges, who\nthroughout all the ages have been the guardians of the divine\nmysteries, and of the facts of the supersensual states of\nconsciousness.\n\nMankind generally has but slowly become capable of assimilating a few\nof these divine ideas, while the monstrous growths and hideous\ndistortions to which every religion on earth stands as witness, must\nbe traced to man's own lower nature. It would seem indeed that he has\nnot always even been fit to be entrusted with knowledge as to the mere\nsymbols under which were veiled the light of Deity, for in the days of\nthe Turanian supremacy some of this knowledge was wrongfully divulged.\n\nWe have seen how the life and light giving attributes of the sun were\nin early times used as the symbol to bring before the minds of the\npeople all that they were capable of conceiving of the great First\nCause. But other symbols of far deeper and more real significance were\nknown and guarded within the ranks of the priesthood. One of these was\nthe conception of a Trinity in Unity. The Trinities of most sacred\nsignificance were never divulged to the people, but the Trinity\npersonifying the cosmic powers of the universe as Creator, Preserver,\nand Destroyer, became publicly known in some irregular manner in the\nTuranian days. This idea was still further materialized and degraded\nby the Semites into a strictly anthropomorphic Trinity consisting of\nfather, mother and child.\n\nA further and rather terrible development of the Turanian times must\nstill be referred to. With the practice of sorcery many of the\ninhabitants had, of course, become aware of the existence of powerful\nelementals--creatures who had been called into being, or at least\nanimated by their own powerful wills, which being directed towards\nmaleficent ends, naturally produced the elementals of power and\nmalignity. So degraded had then become man's feelings of reverence and\nworship, that they actually began to adore these semi-conscious\ncreations of their own malignant thought. The ritual with which these\nbeings were worshipped was blood-stained from the very start, and of\ncourse every sacrifice offered at their shrine gave vitality and\npersistence to these vampire-like creations--so much so, that even to\nthe present day in various parts of the world, the elementals formed\nby the powerful will of these old Atlantean sorcerers still continue\nto exact their tribute from unoffending village communities.\n\nThough inaugurated and widely practised by the brutal Turanians, this\nblood-stained ritual seems never to have spread to any extent among\nthe other sub-races, though human sacrifices appear to have been not\nuncommon among some branches of the Semites.\n\nIn the great Toltec empire of Mexico the sun-worship of their\nforefathers was still the national religion, while the bloodless\nofferings to their beneficent Deity, Quetzalcoatl, consisted merely of\nflowers and fruit. It was only with the coming of the savage Aztecs\nthat the harmless Mexican ritual was supplemented with the blood of\nhuman sacrifices, which drenched the altars of their war-god,\nHuitzilopochtli, and the tearing out of the hearts of the victims on\nthe summit of the Teocali may be regarded as a direct survival of the\nelemental-worship of their Turanian ancestors in Atlantis.\n\nIt will be seen then that as in our own days, the religious life of\nthe people embraced the most varied forms of belief and worship. From\nthe small minority who aspired to initiation, and had touch with the\nhigher spiritual life--who knew that good will towards all men,\ncontrol of thought, and purity of life and action were the necessary\npreliminaries to the attainment of the highest states of consciousness\nand the widest realms of vision--innumerable phases led down through\nthe more or less blind worship of cosmic powers, or of anthropomorphic\ngods, to the degraded but most widely extended ritual in which each\nman adored his own image, and to the blood-stained rites of the\nelemental worship.\n\nIt must be remembered throughout that we are dealing with the\nAtlantean race only, so that any reference would be out of place that\nbore on the still more degraded fetish-worship that even then\nexisted--as it still does--amongst the debased representatives of the\nLemurian peoples.\n\nAll through the centuries then the various rituals composed to\ncelebrate these various forms of worship were carried on, till the\nfinal submergence of Poseidonis, by which time the countless hosts of\nAtlantean emigrants had already established on foreign lands the\nvarious cults of the mother-continent.\n\nTo trace the rise and follow the progress in detail of the archaic\nreligions, which in historic times have blossomed into such diverse\nand antagonistic forms, would be an undertaking of great difficulty,\nbut the illumination it would throw on matters of transcendent\nimportance may some day induce the attempt.\n\nIn conclusion, it would be vain to attempt to summarize what is\nalready too much of a summary. Rather let us hope that the foregoing\nmay lend itself as the text from which may be developed histories of\nthe many offshoots of the various sub-races--histories which may\nanalytically examine political and social developments which have been\nhere touched on in the most fragmentary manner.\n\nOne word, however, may still be said about that evolution of the\nrace--that progress which all creation, with mankind at its head, is\never destined to achieve century by century, millennium by millennium,\nmanvantara by manvantara, and kalpa by kalpa.\n\nThe descent of spirit into matter--these two poles of the one eternal\nsubstance--is the process which occupies the first half of every\ncycle. Now the period we have been contemplating in the foregoing\npages--the period during which the Atlantean race was running its\ncourse--was the very middle or turning point of this present\nmanvantara.\n\nThe process of evolution which in our present Fifth Race has now set\nin--the return, that is, of matter into spirit--had in those days\nrevealed itself in but a few isolated individual cases--forerunners of\nthe resurrection of the spirit.\n\nBut the problem, which all who have given the subject any amount of\nconsideration must have felt to be still awaiting a solution, is the\nsurprising contrast in the attributes of the Atlantean race. Side by\nside with their brutal passions, their degraded animal propensities,\nwere their psychic faculties, their godlike intuition.\n\nNow the solution of this apparently insoluble enigma lies in the fact\nthat the building of the bridge had only then been begun--the bridge\nof Manas, or mind, destined to unite in the perfected individual the\nupward surging forces of the animal and the downward cycling spirit of\nthe God. The animal kingdom of to-day exhibits a field of nature where\nthe building of that bridge has not yet been begun, and even among\nmankind in the days of Atlantis the connection was so slight that the\nspiritual attributes had but little controlling power over the lower\nanimal nature. The touch of mind they had was sufficient to add zest\nto the gratification of the senses, but was not enough to vitalize the\nstill dormant spiritual faculties, which in the perfected individual\nwill have to become the absolute monarch. Our metaphor of the bridge\nmay carry us a little further if we consider it as now in process of\nconstruction, but as destined to remain incomplete for mankind in\ngeneral for untold millenniums--in fact, until Humanity has completed\nanother circle of the seven planets and the great Fifth Round is half\nway through its course.\n\nThough it was during the latter half of the Third Root Race and the\nbeginning of the Fourth that the Manasaputra descended to endow with\nmind the bulk of Humanity who were still without the spark, yet so\nfeebly burned the light all through the Atlantean days that few could\nbe said to have attained to the powers of abstract thought. On the\nother hand the functioning of the mind on concrete things came well\nwithin their grasp, and as we have seen it was in the practical\nconcerns of their every-day life, especially when their psychic\nfaculties were directed towards the same objects, that they achieved\nsuch remarkable and stupendous results.\n\nIt must also be remembered that Kama, the fourth principle, naturally\nobtained its culminating development in the Fourth Race. This would\naccount for the depths of animal grossness to which they sank, whilst\nthe approach of the cycle to its nadir inevitably accentuated this\ndownward movement, so that there is little to be surprised at in the\ngradual loss by the race of the psychic faculties, and in its descent\nto selfishness and materialism.\n\nRather should all this be regarded as part of the great cyclic process\nin obedience to the eternal law.\n\nWe have all gone through those evil days, and the experiences we then\naccumulated go to make up the characters we now possess.\n\nBut a brighter sun now shines on the Aryan race than that which lit\nthe path of their Atlantean forefathers. Less dominated by the\npassions of the senses, more open to the influence of mind, the men of\nour race have obtained, and are obtaining, a firmer grasp of\nknowledge, a wider range of intellect. This upward arc of the great\nManvantaric cycle will naturally lead increasing numbers towards the\nentrance of the Occult Path, and will lend more and more attraction to\nthe transcendent opportunities it offers for the continued\nstrengthening and purification of the character--strengthening and\npurification no longer directed by mere spasmodic effort, and\ncontinually interrupted by misleading attractions, but guided and\nguarded at every step by the Masters of Wisdom, so that the upward\nclimb when once begun should no longer be halting and uncertain, but\nlead direct to the glorious goal.\n\nThe psychic faculties too, and the godlike intuition, lost for a time\nbut still the rightful heritage of the race, only await the individual\neffort of re-attainment, to give to the character still deeper insight\nand more transcendent powers. So shall the ranks of the Adept\ninstructors--the Masters of Wisdom--be ever strengthened and\nrecruited, and even amongst us to-day there must certainly be some,\nindistinguishable save by the deathless enthusiasm with which they are\nanimated, who will, before the next Root Race is established on this\nplanet, stand themselves as Masters of Wisdom to help the race in its\nupward progress.\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[Footnote 1: Students of geology and palaeontology will know that these\nsciences regard the \"Cro-Magnon man\" as prior to the \"Furfooz,\" and\nseeing that the two races ran alongside each other for vast periods of\ntime, it may quite well be that the individual \"Cro-Magnon\" skeleton,\nthough representative of the second race, was deposited in the\nquaternary strata thousands of years before the individual Furfooz man\nlived on the earth.]\n\n\n\n\nTHE LOST LEMURIA\n\n\n\n\nFOREWORD.\n\n\nThe object of this paper is not so much to bring forward new and\nstartling information about the lost continent of Lemuria and its\ninhabitants, as to establish by the evidence obtainable from geology\nand from the study of the relative distribution of living and extinct\nanimals and plants, as well as from the observed processes of physical\nevolution in the lower kingdoms, the facts stated in the \"Secret\nDoctrine\" and in other works with reference to these now submerged\nlands.\n\n\n\n\nThe Lost Lemuria.\n\n\nIt is generally recognised by science that what is now dry land, on\nthe surface of our globe, was once the ocean floor, and that what is\nnow the ocean floor was once dry land. Geologists have in some cases\nbeen able to specify the exact portions of the earth's surface where\nthese subsidences and upheavals have taken place, and although the\nlost continent of Atlantis has so far received scant recognition from\nthe world of science, the general concensus of opinion has for long\npointed to the existence, at some prehistoric time, of a vast southern\ncontinent to which the name of Lemuria has been assigned.\n\n[Sidenote: Evidence supplied by Geology and by the relative\ndistribution of living and extinct Animals and Plants.]\n\n\"The history of the earth's development shows us that the distribution\nof land and water on its surface is ever and continually changing. In\nconsequence of geological changes of the earth's crust, _elevations_\nand _depressions_ of the ground take place everywhere, sometimes more\nstrongly marked in one place, sometimes in another. Even if they\nhappen so slowly that in the course of centuries the seashore rises or\nsinks only a few inches, or even only a few lines, still they\nnevertheless effect great results in the course of long periods of\ntime. And long--immeasurably long--periods of time have not been\nwanting in the earth's history. During the course of many millions of\nyears, ever since organic life existed on the earth, land and water\nhave perpetually struggled for supremacy. Continents and islands have\nsunk into the sea, and new ones have arisen out of its bosom. Lakes\nand seas have been slowly raised and dried up, and new water basins\nhave arisen by the sinking of the ground. Peninsulas have become\nislands by the narrow neck of land which connected them with the\nmainland sinking into the water. The islands of an archipelago have\nbecome the peaks of a continuous chain of mountains by the whole floor\nof their sea being considerably raised.\n\n\"Thus the Mediterranean at one time was an inland sea, when in the\nplace of the Straits of Gibraltar, an isthmus connected Africa with\nSpain. England even during the more recent history of the earth, when\nman already existed, has repeatedly been connected with the European\ncontinent and been repeatedly separated from it. Nay, even Europe and\nNorth America have been directly connected. The South Sea at one time\nformed a large Pacific Continent, and the numerous little islands\nwhich now lie scattered in it were simply the highest peaks of the\nmountains covering that continent. The Indian Ocean formed a continent\nwhich extended from the Sunda Islands along the southern coast of Asia\nto the east coast of Africa. This large continent of former times\nSclater, an Englishman, has called _Lemuria_, from the monkey-like\nanimals which inhabited it, and it is at the same time of great\nimportance from being the probable cradle of the human race, which in\nall likelihood here first developed out of anthropoid apes.[2] The\nimportant proof which Alfred Wallace has furnished, by the help of\nchorological facts, that the present Malayan Archipelago consists in\nreality of two completely different divisions, is particularly\ninteresting. The western division, the Indo-Malayan Archipelago,\ncomprising the large islands of Borneo, Java and Sumatra, was\nformerly connected by Malacca with the Asiatic continent, and probably\nalso with the Lemurian continent just mentioned. The eastern division\non the other hand, the Austro-Malayan Archipelago, comprising Celebes,\nthe Moluccas, New Guinea, Solomon's Islands, etc., was formerly\ndirectly connected with Australia. Both divisions were formerly two\ncontinents separated by a strait, but they have now for the most part\nsunk below the level of the sea. Wallace, solely on the ground of his\naccurate chorological observations, has been able in the most accurate\nmanner to determine the position of this former strait, the south end\nof which passes between Balij and Lombok.\n\n\"Thus, ever since liquid water existed on the earth, the boundaries of\nwater and land have eternally changed, and we may assert that the\noutlines of continents and islands have never remained for an hour,\nnay, even for a minute, exactly the same. For the waves eternally and\nperpetually break on the edge of the coast, and whatever the land in\nthese places loses in extent, it gains in other places by the\naccumulation of mud, which condenses into solid stone and again rises\nabove the level of the sea as new land. Nothing can be more erroneous\nthan the idea of a firm and unchangeable outline of our continents,\nsuch as is impressed upon us in early youth by defective lessons on\ngeography, which are devoid of a geological basis.\"[3]\n\nThe name Lemuria, as above stated, was originally adopted by Mr.\nSclater in recognition of the fact that it was probably on this\ncontinent that animals of the Lemuroid type were developed.\n\n\"This,\" writes A. R. Wallace, \"is undoubtedly a legitimate and highly\nprobable supposition, and it is an example of the way in which a study\nof the geographical distribution of animals may enable us to\nreconstruct the geography of a bygone age....\n\n\"It [this continent] represents what was probably a primary zoological\nregion in some past geological epoch; but what that epoch was and what\nwere the limits of the region in question, we are quite unable to say.\nIf we are to suppose that it comprised the whole area now inhabited by\nLemuroid animals, we must make it extend from West Africa to Burmah,\nSouth China and Celebes, an area which it possibly did once\noccupy.\"[4]\n\n\"We have already had occasion,\" he elsewhere writes, \"to refer to an\nancient connection between this sub-region (the Ethiopian) and\nMadagascar, in order to explain the distribution of the Lemurine type,\nand some other curious affinities between the two countries. This view\nis supported by the geology of India, which shows us Ceylon and South\nIndia consisting mainly of granite and old-metamorphic rocks, while\nthe greater part of the peninsula is of tertiary formation, with a few\nisolated patches of secondary rocks. It is evident, therefore, that\nduring much of the tertiary period,[5] Ceylon and South India were\nbounded on the north by a considerable extent of sea, and probably\nformed part of an extensive Southern Continent or great island. The\nvery numerous and remarkable cases of affinity with Malaya, require,\nhowever, some closer approximation with these islands, which probably\noccurred at a later period. When, still later, the great plains and\ntablelands of Hindostan were formed, and a permanent land\ncommunication effected with the rich and highly developed\nHimalo-Chinese fauna, a rapid immigration of new types took place, and\nmany of the less specialised forms of mammalia and birds became\nextinct. Among reptiles and insects the competition was less severe,\nor the older forms were too well adapted to local conditions to be\nexpelled; so that it is among these groups alone that we find any\nconsiderable number of what are probably the remains of the ancient\nfauna of a now submerged Southern Continent.\"[6]\n\nAfter stating that during the whole of the tertiary and perhaps during\nmuch of the secondary periods, the great land masses of the earth were\nprobably situated in the Northern Hemisphere, Wallace proceeds, \"In\nthe Southern Hemisphere there appear to have been three considerable\nand very ancient land masses, varying in extent from time to time, but\nalways keeping distinct from each other, and represented more or less\ncompletely by Australia, South Africa and South America of our time.\nInto these flowed successive waves of life as they each in turn became\ntemporarily united with some part of the Northern land.\"[7]\n\nAlthough, apparently in vindication of some conclusions of his which\nhad been criticised by Dr. Hartlaub, Wallace subsequently denied the\nnecessity of postulating the existence of such a continent, his\ngeneral recognition of the facts of subsidences and upheavals of great\nportions of the earth's surface, as well as the inferences which he\ndraws from the acknowledged relations of living and extinct faunas as\nabove stated, remain of course unaltered.\n\nThe following extracts from Mr. H. F. Blandford's most interesting\npaper read before a meeting of the Geological Society deals with the\nsubject in still greater detail:--[8]\n\n\"The affinities between the fossils of both animals and plants of the\nBeaufort group of Africa and those of the Indian Panchets and Kathmis\nare such as to suggest the former existence of a land connexion\nbetween the two areas. But the resemblance of the African and Indian\nfossil faunas does not cease with Permian and Triassic times. The\nplant beds of the Uitenhage group have furnished eleven forms of\nplants, two of which Mr. Tate has identified with Indian Rajmahal\nplants. The Indian Jurassic fossils have yet to be described (with a\nfew exceptions), but it has been stated that Dr. Stoliezka was much\nstruck with the affinities of certain of the Cutch fossils to African\nforms; and Dr. Stoliezka and Mr. Griesbach have shown that of the\nCretaceous fossils of the Umtafuni river in Natal, the majority (22\nout of 35 described forms) are identical with species from Southern\nIndia. Now the plant-bearing series of India and the Karoo and part of\nthe Uitenhage formation of Africa are in all probability of\nfresh-water origin, both indicating the existence of a large land area\naround, from the waste of which these deposits are derived. Was this\nland continuous between the two regions? And is there anything in the\npresent physical geography of the Indian Ocean which would suggest its\nprobable position? Further, what was the connexion between this land\nand Australia which we must equally assume to have existed in Permian\ntimes? And, lastly, are there any peculiarities in the existing fauna\nand flora of India, Africa and the intervening islands which would\nlend support to the idea of a former connexion more direct than that\nwhich now exists between Africa and South India and the Malay\npeninsula? The speculation here put forward is no new one. It has long\nbeen a subject of thought in the minds of some Indian and European\nnaturalists, among the former of whom I may mention my brother [Mr.\nBlandford] and Dr. Stoliezka, their speculations being grounded on the\nrelationship and partial identity of the faunas and floras of past\ntimes, not less than on that existing community of forms which has led\nMr. Andrew Murray, Mr. Searles, V. Wood, jun., and Professor Huxley to\ninfer the existence of a Miocene continent occupying a part of the\nIndian Ocean. Indeed, all that I can pretend to aim at in this paper\nis to endeavour to give some additional definition and extension to\nthe conception of its geological aspect.\n\n\"With regard to the geographical evidence, a glance at the map will\nshow that from the neighbourhood of the West Coast of India to that of\nthe Seychelles, Madagascar, and the Mauritius, extends a line of coral\natolls and banks, including Adas bank, the Laccadives, Maldives, the\nChagos group and the Saya de Mulha, all indicating the existence of a\nsubmerged mountain range or ranges. The Seychelles, too, are mentioned\nby Mr. Darwin as rising from an extensive and tolerably level bank\nhaving a depth of between 30 and 40 fathoms; so that, although now\npartly encircled by fringing reefs, they may be regarded as a virtual\nextension of the same submerged axis. Further west the Cosmoledo and\nComoro Islands consist of atolls and islands surrounded by barrier\nreefs; and these bring us pretty close to the present shores of Africa\nand Madagascar. It seems at least probable that in this chain of\natolls, banks, and barrier reefs we have indicated the position of an\nancient mountain chain, which possibly formed the back-bone of a tract\nof later Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and early Tertiary land, being related\nto it much as the Alpine and Himalayan system is to the\nEuropaeo-Asiatic continent, and the Rocky Mountains and Andes to the\ntwo Americas. As it is desirable to designate this Mesozoic land by a\nname, I would propose that of Indo-Oceana. [The name given to it by\nMr. Sclater, _viz._, Lemuria, is, however, the one which has been most\ngenerally adopted.] Professor Huxley has suggested on palaeontological\ngrounds that a land connexion existed in this region (or rather\nbetween Abyssinia and India) during the Miocene epoch. From what has\nbeen said above it will be seen that I infer its existence from a far\nearlier date.[9] With regard to its depression, the only present\nevidence relates to its northern extremity, and shows that it was in\nthis region, later than the great trap-flows of the Dakhan. These\nenormous sheets of volcanic rock are remarkably horizontal to the east\nof the Ghats and the Sakyadri range, but to the west of this they\nbegin to dip seawards, so that the island of Bombay is composed of the\nhigher parts of the formation. This indicates only that the depression\nto the westward has taken place in Tertiary times; and to that extent\nProfessor Huxley's inference, that it was after the Miocene period, is\nquite consistent with the geological evidence.\"\n\nAfter proceeding at some length to instance the close relationship of\nmany of the fauna in the lands under consideration (Lion, Hyaena,\nJackal, Leopard, Antelope, Gazelle, Sand-grouse, Indian Bustard, many\nLand Molusca, and notably the Lemur and the Scaly Anteater) the writer\nproceeds as follows:--\n\n\"Palaeontology, physical geography and geology, equally with the\nascertained distribution of living animals and plants, offer thus\ntheir concurrent testimony to the former close connexion of Africa and\nIndia, including the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. This\nIndo-Oceanic land appears to have existed from at least early Permian\ntimes, probably (as Professor Huxley has pointed out) up to the close\nof the Miocene epoch;[10] and South Africa and Peninsular India are\nthe existing remnants of that ancient land. It may not have been\nabsolutely continuous during the whole of this long period. Indeed,\nthe Cretaceous rocks of Southern India and Southern Africa, and the\nmarine Jurassic beds of the same regions, prove that some portions of\nit were, for longer or shorter periods, invaded by the sea; but any\nbreak of continuity was probably not prolonged; for Mr. Wallace's\ninvestigations in the Eastern Archipelago have shown how narrow a sea\nmay offer an insuperable barrier to the migration of land animals. In\nPalaeozoic times this land must have been connected with Australia, and\nin Tertiary times with Malayana, since the Malayan forms with African\nalliances are in several cases distinct from those of India. We know\nas yet too little of the geology of the eastern peninsula to say from\nwhat epoch dates its connexion with Indo-Oceanic land. Mr. Theobald\nhas ascertained the existence of Triassic, Cretaceous, and Nummulitic\nrocks in the Arabian coast range; and Carboniferous limestone is known\nto occur from Moulmein southward, while the range east of the Irrawadi\nis formed of younger Tertiary rocks. From this it would appear that a\nconsiderable part of the Malay peninsula must have been occupied by\nthe sea during the greater part of the Mesozoic and Eocene periods.\nPlant-bearing rocks of Raniganj age have been identified as forming\nthe outer spurs of the Sikkim Himalaya; the ancient land must\ntherefore have extended some distance to the north of the present\nGangetic delta. Coal both of Cretaceous and Tertiary age occurs in the\nKhasi hills, and also in Upper Assam, but in both cases associated\nwith marine beds; so that it would appear that in this region the\nboundaries of land and sea oscillated somewhat during Cretaceous and\nEocene times. To the north-west of India the existence of great\nformations of Cretaceous and Nummulitic age, stretching far through\nBaluchistan and Persia, and entering into the structure of the\nnorth-west Himalaya, prove that in the later Mesozoic and Eocene ages\nIndia had no direct communication with western Asia; while the\nJurassic rocks of Cutch, the Salt range, and the northern Himalaya,\nshow that in the preceding period the sea covered a large part of the\npresent Indus basin; and the Triassic, Carboniferous, and still more\nrecent marine formations of the Himalaya, indicate that from very\nearly times till the upheaval of that great chain, much of its present\nsite was for ages covered by the sea.\n\n\"To sum up the views advanced in this paper.\n\n\"1st. The plant-bearing series of India ranges from early Permian to\nthe latest Jurassic times, indicating (except in a few cases and\nlocally) the uninterrupted continuity of land and fresh water\nconditions. These may have prevailed from much earlier times.\n\n\"2nd. In the early Permian, as in the Postpliocene age, a cold climate\nprevailed down to low latitudes, and I am inclined to believe in both\nhemispheres simultaneously. With the decrease of cold the flora and\nreptilian fauna of Permian times were diffused to Africa, India, and\npossibly Australia; or the flora may have existed in Australia\nsomewhat earlier, and have been diffused thence.\n\n\"3rd. India, South Africa and Australia were connected by an\nIndo-Oceanic Continent in the Permian epoch; and the two former\ncountries remained connected (with at the utmost only short\ninterruptions) up to the end of the Miocene period. During the latter\npart of the time this land was also connected with Malayana.\n\n\"4th. In common with some previous writers, I consider that the\nposition of this land was defined by the range of coral reefs and\nbanks that now exist between the Arabian sea and East Africa.\n\n\"5th. Up to the end of the Nummulitic epoch no direct connexion\n(except possibly for short periods) existed between India and Western\nAsia.\"\n\nIn the discussion which followed the reading of the paper, Professor\nRamsay \"agreed with the author in the belief in the junction of Africa\nwith India and Australia in geological times.\"\n\nMr. Woodward \"was pleased to find that the author had added further\nevidence, derived from the fossil flora of the mesozoic series of\nIndia, in corroboration of the views of Huxley, Sclater and others as\nto the former existence of an old submerged continent ('Lemuria')\nwhich Darwin's researches on coral reefs had long since foreshadowed.\"\n\n\"Of the five now existing continents,\" writes Ernst Haeckel, in his\ngreat work \"The History of Creation,\"[11] \"neither Australia, nor\nAmerica, nor Europe can have been this primaeval home [of man], or the\nso-called 'Paradise,' the 'cradle of the human race.' Most\ncircumstances indicate Southern Asia as the locality in question.\nBesides Southern Asia, the only other of the now existing continents\nwhich might be viewed in this light is Africa. But there are a number\nof circumstances (especially chorological facts) which suggest that\nthe primeval home of man was a continent now sunk below the surface of\nthe Indian Ocean, which extended along the south of Asia, as it is at\npresent (and probably in direct connection with it), towards the east,\nas far as Further India and the Sunda Islands; towards the west, as\nfar as Madagascar and the south-eastern shores of Africa. We have\nalready mentioned that many facts in animal and vegetable geography\nrender the former existence of such a South Indian continent very\nprobable. Sclater has given this continent the name of Lemuria, from\nthe semi-apes which were characteristic of it. By assuming this\nLemuria to have been man's primaeval home, we greatly facilitate the\nexplanation of the geographical distribution of the human species by\nmigration.\"\n\nIn a subsequent work, \"The Pedigree of Man,\" Haeckel asserts the\nexistence of Lemuria at some early epoch of the earth's history as an\nacknowledged fact.\n\nThe following quotation from Dr. Hartlaub's writings may bring to a\nclose this portion of the evidence in favour of the existence of the\nlost Lemuria:--[12]\n\n\"Five and thirty years ago, Isidore Geoffrey St. Hilaire remarked\nthat, if one had to classify the Island of Madagascar exclusively on\nzoological considerations, and without reference to its geographical\nsituation, it could be shown to be neither Asiatic nor African, but\nquite different from either, and almost a fourth continent. And this\nfourth continent could be further proved to be, as regards its fauna,\nmuch more different from Africa, which lies so near to it, than from\nIndia which is so far away. With these words the correctness and\npregnancy of which later investigations tend to bring into their full\nlight, the French naturalist first stated the interesting problem for\nthe solution of which an hypothesis based on scientific knowledge has\nrecently been propounded, for this fourth continent of Isidore\nGeoffrey is Sclater's 'Lemuria'--that sunken land which, containing\nparts of Africa, must have extended far eastwards over Southern India\nand Ceylon, and the highest points of which we recognise in the\nvolcanic peaks of Bourbon and Mauritius, and in the central range of\nMadagascar itself--the last resorts of the almost extinct Lemurine\nrace which formerly peopled it.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Evidence obtained from Archaic Records.]\n\nThe further evidence we have with regard to Lemuria and its\ninhabitants has been obtained from the same source and in the same\nmanner as that which resulted in the writing of the _Story of\nAtlantis_. In this case also the author has been privileged to obtain\ncopies of two maps, one representing Lemuria (and the adjoining\nlands) during the period of that continent's greatest expansion, the\nother exhibiting its outlines after its dismemberment by great\ncatastrophes, but long before its final destruction.\n\nIt was never professed that the maps of Atlantis were correct _to a\nsingle degree_ of latitude, or longitude, but, with the far greater\ndifficulty of obtaining the information in the present case, it must\nbe stated that still less must these maps of Lemuria be taken as\nabsolutely accurate. In the former case there was a globe, a good\nbas-relief in terra-cotta, and a well-preserved map on parchment, or\nskin of some sort, to copy from. In the present case there was only a\nbroken terra-cotta model and a very badly preserved and crumpled map,\nso that the difficulty of carrying back the remembrance of all the\ndetails, and consequently of reproducing exact copies, has been far\ngreater.\n\nWe were told that it was by mighty Adepts in the days of Atlantis that\nthe Atlantean maps were produced, but we are not aware whether the\nLemurian maps were fashioned by some of the divine instructors in the\ndays when Lemuria still existed, or in still later days of the\nAtlantean epoch.\n\nBut while guarding against over-confidence in the absolute accuracy of\nthe maps in question, the transcriber of the archaic originals\nbelieves that they may in all important particulars, be taken as\napproximately correct.\n\n[Sidenote: Probable Duration of the Continent of Lemuria.]\n\nA period--speaking roughly--of between four and five million years\nprobably represents the life of the continent of Atlantis, for it is\nabout that time since the Rmoahals, the first sub-race of the Fourth\nRoot Race who inhabited Atlantis, arose on a portion of the Lemurian\nContinent which at that time still existed. Remembering that in the\nevolutionary process the figure four invariably represents not only\nthe nadir of the cycle, but the period of shortest duration, whether\nin the case of a Manvantara or of a race, it may be assumed that the\nnumber of millions of years assignable as the life-limit of the\ncontinent of Lemuria must be very much greater than that representing\nthe life of Atlantis, the continent of the Fourth Root Race. But in\nthe case of Lemuria no dates can be stated with even approximate\naccuracy. Geological epochs, so far as they are known to modern\nscience, will be a better medium for contemporary reference, and they\nalone will be dealt with.\n\n[Sidenote: The Maps.]\n\nBut not even geological epochs, it will be observed, are assigned to\nthe maps. If, however, an inference may be drawn from all the evidence\nbefore us, it would seem probable that the older of the two Lemurian\nmaps represented the earth's configuration from the Permian, through\nthe Triassic and into the Jurassic epoch, while the second map\nprobably represents the earth's configuration through the Cretaceous\nand into the Eocene period.\n\nFrom the older of the two maps it may be seen that the equatorial\ncontinent of Lemuria at the time of its greatest expansion nearly\ngirdled the globe, extending as it then did from the site of the\npresent Cape Verd Islands a few miles from the coast of Sierra Leone,\nin a south-easterly direction through Africa, Australia, the Society\nIslands and all the intervening seas, to a point but a few miles\ndistant from a great island continent (about the size of the present\nSouth America) which spread over the remainder of the Pacific Ocean,\nand included Cape Horn and parts of Patagonia.\n\nA remarkable feature in the second map of Lemuria is the great length,\nand at parts the extreme narrowness, of the straits which separated\nthe two great blocks of land into which the continent had by this time\nbeen split, and it will be observed that the straits at present\nexisting between the islands of Bali and Lomboc coincide with a\nportion of the straits which then divided these two continents. It\nwill also be seen that these straits continued in a northerly\ndirection by the west, not by the east coast of Borneo, as conjectured\nby Ernst Haeckel.\n\nWith reference to the distribution of fauna and flora, and the\nexistence of so many types common to India and Africa alike, pointed\nout by Mr. Blandford, it will be observed that between parts of India\nand great tracts of Africa there was direct land communication during\nthe first map period, and that similar communication was partially\nmaintained in the second map period also; while a comparison of the\nmaps of Atlantis with those of Lemuria will demonstrate that\ncontinuous land communication existed, now at one epoch, and now at\nanother, between so many different parts of the earth's surface, at\npresent separated by sea, that the existing distribution of fauna and\nflora in the two Americas, in Europe and in Eastern lands, which has\nbeen such a puzzle to naturalists, may with perfect ease be accounted\nfor.\n\nThe island indicated in the earlier Lemurian map as existing to the\nnorth-west of the extreme promontory of that continent, and due west\nof the present coast of Spain, was probably a centre from which\nproceeded, during long ages, the distribution of fauna and flora above\nreferred to. For--and this is a most interesting fact--it will be seen\nthat this island must have been the nucleus, from first to last, of\nthe subsequent great continent of Atlantis. It existed, as we see, in\nthese earliest Lemurian times. It was joined in the second map period\nto land which had previously formed part of the great Lemurian\ncontinent; and indeed, so many accretions of territory had it by this\ntime received that it might more appropriately be called a continent\nthan an island. It was the great mountainous region of Atlantis at its\nprime, when Atlantis embraced great tracts of land which have now\nbecome North and South America. It remained the mountainous region of\nAtlantis in its decadence, and of Ruta in the Ruta and Daitya epoch,\nand it practically constituted the island of Poseidonis--the last\nremnant of the continent of Atlantis--the final submergence of which\ntook place in the year 9564 B.C.\n\nA comparison of the two maps here given, along with the four maps of\nAtlantis, will also show that Australia and New Zealand, Madagascar,\nparts of Somaliland, the south of Africa, and the extreme southern\nportion of Patagonia are lands which have _probably_ existed through\nall the intervening catastrophes since the early days of the Lemurian\nperiod. The same may be said of the southern parts of India and\nCeylon, with the exception in the case of Ceylon, of a temporary\nsubmergence in the Ruta and Daitya epoch.\n\nIt is true there are also remains still existing of the even earlier\nHyperborean continent, and they of course are the oldest known lands\non the face of the earth. These are Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen,\nthe most northerly parts of Norway and Sweden, and the extreme north\ncape of Siberia.\n\nJapan is shown by the maps to have been above water, whether as an\nisland, or as part of a continent, since the date of the second\nLemurian map. Spain, too, has doubtless existed since that time. Spain\nis, therefore, with the exception of the most northerly parts of\nNorway and Sweden, _probably_ the oldest land in Europe.\n\nThe indeterminate character of the statements just made is rendered\nnecessary by our knowledge that there _did_ occur subsidences and\nupheavals of different portions of the earth's surface during the ages\nwhich lay between the periods represented by the maps.\n\nFor example, soon after the date of the second Lemurian map we are\ninformed that the whole Malay Peninsula was submerged and remained so\nfor a long time, but a subsequent upheaval of that region must have\ntaken place before the date of the first Atlantean map, for, what is\nnow the Malay Peninsula is there exhibited as part of a great\ncontinent. Similarly there have been repeated minor subsidences and\nupheavals nearer home in more recent times, and Haeckel is perfectly\ncorrect in saying that England--he might with greater accuracy have\nsaid the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, which were then joined\ntogether--\"has repeatedly been connected with the European continent,\nand been repeatedly separated from it.\"\n\nIn order to bring the subject more dearly before the mind, a tabular\nstatement is here annexed which supplies a condensed history of the\nanimal and plant life on our globe, bracketed--according to\nHaeckel--with the contemporary rock strata. Two other columns give the\ncontemporary races of man, and such of the great cataclysms as are\nknown to occult students.\n\n[Sidenote: Reptiles and Pine Forests.]\n\nFrom this statement it will be seen that Lemurian man lived in the age\nof Reptiles and Pine Forests. The amphibious monsters and the gigantic\ntree-ferns of the Permian age still flourished in the warm damp\nclimates. Plesiosauri and Icthyosauri swarmed in the tepid marshes of\nthe Mesolithic epoch, but, with the drying up of many of the inland\nseas, the Dinosauria--the monstrous land reptiles--gradually became\nthe dominant type, while the Pterodactyls--the Saurians which\ndeveloped bat-like wings--not only crawled on the earth, but flew\nthrough the air. The smallest of these latter were about the size of a\nsparrow; the largest, however, with a breadth of wing of more than\nsixteen feet, exceeding the largest of our living birds of to-day;\nwhile most of the Dinosauria--the Dragons--were terrible beasts of\nprey, colossal reptiles which attained a length of from forty to fifty\nfeet.[13] Subsequent excavations have laid bare skeletons of an even\nlarger size. Professor Ray Lankester, at a meeting of the Royal\nInstitution on 7th January, 1904, is reported to have referred to a\nbrontosaurus skeleton of sixty-five feet long, which had been\ndiscovered in the Oolite deposit in the southern part of the United\nStates of America.\n\n                         |Depth of|                  |                       |              |                  |\n        Rock Strata.     | Strata.|   Races of Men.  |       Cataclysms.     |   Animals.   |      Plants.     |\n                         |  Feet. |                  |                       |              |                  |\n-------------------------+--------+------------------+-----------------------+--------------+------------------|\nLaurentian }             |        |First Root Race   |                       |              |                  |\n           } Archilithic |        |which being Astra |                       |Skull-less    |Forest of gigantic|\nCambrian   }     or      |  70,000|could leave       |                       |Animals.      |Tangle and other  |\n           } Primordial  |        |no fossil remains.|                       |              |Thallus Plants.   |\nSilurian   }             |        |                  |                       |              |                  |\n                         |        |                  |                       |              |                  |\nDevonian   }             |        |                  |                       |              |                  |\n           }Palaeolithic |        |Second Root Race  |                       |              |                  |\nCoal       }     or      |  42,000|which was Etheric.|                       |Fish.         |Fern Forests.     |\n           } Primary.    |        |                  |                       |              |                  |\nPermian    }             |        |                  |                       |              |                  |\n                         |        |                  |                       |              |                  |\nTriassic   }             |        |                  |Lemuria is said to have|              |                  |\n           } Mesolithic  |        |Third Root Race   |perished before the    |              |Pine and Palm     |\nJurassic   }     or      |  15,000|or Lemurian.      |beginning of the Eocene|Reptiles.     |Forests.          |\n           } Secondary   |        |                  |age.                   |              |                  |\nCretaceous }             |        |                  |                       |              |                  |\n                         |        |                  |The main Continent of  |              |                  |\nEocene     }             |        |                  |Atlantis was destroyed |              |                  |\n           } Cenolithic  |        |Fourth Root Race  |in the Miocene period  |              |                  |\nMiocene    }     or      |   5,000|or Atlantean.     |about 800,000 years    |Mammals.      |Forests of        |\n           } Tertiary.   |        |                  |ago.  Second great     |              |Deciduous Trees.  |\nPliocene   }             |        |                  |catastrophe? about     |              |                  |\n                         |        |                  |200,000 years ago.     |              |                  |\nDiluvial or}             |        |                  |Third great catastrophe|              |                  |\nPleistocene} Quarternary |        |Fifth Root Race   |about 80,000 years ago.|More          |Cultivated        |\n           }     or      |     500|or Aryan.         |Final submergence of   |differentiated|Forests.          |\nAlluvial   }Anthopolithic|        |                  |Poseidonis 9564 B.C.   |Mammals.      |                  |\n\nAs it is written in the stanzas of the archaic Book of Dzyan, \"Animals\nwith bones, dragons of the deep, and flying sarpas were added to the\ncreeping things. They that creep on the ground got wings. They of the\nlong necks in the water became the progenitors of the fowls of the\nair.\" Modern science records her endorsement. \"The class of birds as\nalready remarked is so closely allied to Reptiles in internal\nstructure and by embryonal development that they undoubtedly\noriginated out of a branch of this class.... The derivation of birds\nfrom reptiles first took place in the Mesolithic epoch, and this\nmoreover probably during the Trias.\"[14]\n\nIn the vegetable kingdom this epoch also saw the pine and the\npalm-tree gradually displace the giant tree ferns. In the later days\nof the Mesolithic epoch, mammals for the first time came into\nexistence, but the fossil remains of the mammoth and mastodon, which\nwere their earliest representatives, are chiefly found in the\nsubsequent strata of the Eocene and Miocene times.\n\n[Sidenote: The Human Kingdom.]\n\nBefore making any reference to what must, even at this early date, be\ncalled the human kingdom, it must be stated that none of those who, at\nthe present day, can lay claim to even a moderate amount of mental or\nspiritual culture _can_ have lived in these ages. It was only with the\nadvent of the last three sub-races of this Third Root Race that the\nleast progressed of the first group of the Lunar Pitris began to\nreturn to incarnation, while the most advanced among them did not take\nbirth till the early sub-races of the Atlantean period.\n\nIndeed, Lemurian man, during at least the first half of the race, must\nbe regarded rather as an animal destined to reach humanity than as\nhuman according to our understanding of the term; for though the\nsecond and third groups of Pitris, who constituted the inhabitants of\nLemuria during its first four sub-races, had achieved sufficient\nself-consciousness in the Lunar Manvantara to differentiate them from\nthe animal kingdom, they had not yet received the Divine Spark which\nshould endow them with mind and individuality--in other words, make\nthem truly human.\n\n[Sidenote: Size and Consistency of Man's Body.]\n\nThe evolution of this Lemurian race, therefore, constitutes one of the\nmost obscure, as well as one of the most interesting, chapters of\nman's development, for during this period not only did he reach true\nhumanity, but his body underwent the greatest physical changes, while\nthe processes of reproduction were twice altered.\n\nIn explanation of the surprising statements which will have to be made\nin regard to the size and consistency of man's body at this early\nperiod it must be remembered that while the animal, vegetable and\nmineral kingdoms pursued the normal course, on this the fourth globe,\nduring the Fourth Round of this Manvantara, it was ordained that\nhumanity should run over in rapid succession the various stages\nthrough which its evolution had passed during the previous rounds of\nthe present Manvantara. Thus the bodies of the First Root Race in\nwhich these almost mindless beings were destined to gain experience,\nwould have appeared to us as gigantic phantoms--if indeed we could\nhave seen them at all, for their bodies were formed of astral matter.\nThe astral forms of the First Root Race were then gradually enveloped\nin a more physical casing. But though the Second Root Race may be\ncalled physical--their bodies being composed of ether--they would have\nbeen equally invisible to eyesight as it at present exists.\n\nIt was, we are told, in order that the Manu, and the Beings who aided\nhim, might take means for improving the physical type of humanity\nthat this epitome of the process of evolution was ordained. The\nhighest development which the type had so far reached was the huge\nape-like creature which had existed on the three physical planets,\nMars, the Earth and Mercury in the Third Round. On the arrival of the\nhuman life-wave on the Earth in this the Fourth Round, a certain\nnumber, naturally, of these ape-like creatures were found in\noccupation--the residuum left on the planet during its period of\nobscuration. These, of course, joined the in-coming human stream as\nsoon as the race became fully physical. Their bodies may not then have\nbeen absolutely discarded; they may have been utilized for purposes of\nreincarnation for the most backward entities, but it was an\nimprovement on this type which was required, and this was most easily\nachieved by the Manu, through working out on the astral plane in the\nfirst instance, the architype originally formed in the mind of the\nLogos.\n\nFrom the Etheric Second Race, then, was evolved the Third--the\nLemurian. Their bodies had become material, being composed of the\ngases, liquids and solids which constitute the three lowest\nsub-divisions of the physical plane, but the gases and liquids still\npredominated, for as yet their vertebrate structure had not solidified\ninto bones such as ours, and they could not, therefore, stand erect.\nTheir bones in fact were pliable as the bones of young infants now\nare. It was not until the middle of the Lemurian period that man\ndeveloped a solid bony structure.\n\nTo explain the possibility of the process by which the etheric form\nevolved into a more physical form, and the soft-boned physical form\nultimately developed into a structure such as man possesses to-day, it\nis only necessary to refer to the permanent physical atom.[15]\nContaining as it does the essence of all the forms through which man\nhas passed on the physical plane, it contained consequently the\npotentiality of a hard-boned physical structure such as had been\nattained during the course of the Third Round, as well as the\npotentiality of an etheric form and all the phases which lie between,\nfor it must be remembered that the physical plane consists of four\ngrades of ether as well as the gases, liquids and solids which so many\nare apt to regard as alone constituting the physical. Thus, every\nstage of the development was a natural process, for it was a process\nwhich had been accomplished in ages long past, and all that was needed\nwas for the Manu and the Beings who aided him, to gather round the\npermanent atom the appropriate kind of matter.\n\n[Sidenote: Organs of Vision.]\n\nThe organs of vision of these creatures before they developed bones\nwere of a rudimentary nature, at least such was the condition of the\ntwo eyes in front with which they sought for their food upon the\nground. But there was a third eye at the back of the head, the\natrophied remnant of which is now known as the _pineal gland_. This,\nas we know, is _now_ a centre solely of astral vision, but at the\nepoch of which we are speaking it was the chief centre not only of\nastral but of physical sight. Referring to reptiles which had become\nextinct, Professor Ray Lankester, in a recent lecture at the Royal\nInstitution, is reported to have drawn special attention \"to the size\nof the parietal foramen in the skull which showed that in the\nichthyosaurs the parietal or pineal eye on the top of the head must\nhave been very large.\" In this respect he went on to say mankind were\ninferior to these big sea lizards, \"for we had lost the third eye\nwhich might be studied in the common lizard, or better in the great\nblue lizard of the South of France.\"[16]\n\nSomewhat before the middle of the Lemurian period, probably during the\nevolution of the third sub-race, the gigantic gelatinous body began\nslowly to solidify and the soft-boned limbs developed into a bony\nstructure. These primitive creatures were now able to stand upright,\nand the two eyes in the face gradually became the chief organs of\nphysical sight, though the third eye still remained to some extent an\norgan of physical sight also, and this it did till the very end of the\nLemurian epoch. It, of course, remained an actual organ, as it still\nis a potential focus, of psychic vision. This psychic vision continued\nto be an attribute of the race not only throughout the whole Lemurian\nperiod, but well into the days of Atlantis.\n\nA curious fact to note is that when the race first attained the power\nof standing and moving in an upright position, they could walk\nbackwards with almost as great ease as forwards. This may be accounted\nfor not only by the capacity for vision possessed by the third eye,\nbut doubtless also by the curious projection at the heels which will\npresently be referred to.\n\n[Sidenote: Description of Lemurian Man.]\n\nThe following is a description of a man who belonged to one of the\nlater sub-races--probably the fifth. \"His stature was gigantic,\nsomewhere between twelve and fifteen feet. His skin was very dark,\nbeing of a yellowish brown colour. He had a long lower jaw, a\nstrangely flattened face, eyes small but piercing and set curiously\nfar apart, so that he could see sideways as well as in front, while\nthe eye at the back of the head--on which part of the head no hair, of\ncourse, grew--enabled him to see in that direction also. He had no\nforehead, but there seemed to be a roll of flesh where it should have\nbeen. The head sloped backwards and upwards in a rather curious way.\nThe arms and legs (especially the former) were longer in proportion\nthan ours, and could not be perfectly straightened either at elbows or\nknees; the hands and feet were enormous, and the heels projected\nbackwards in an ungainly way. The figure was draped in a loose robe of\nskin, something like rhinoceros hide, but more scaly, probably the\nskin of some animal of which we now know only through its fossil\nremains. Round his head, on which the hair was quite short, was\ntwisted another piece of skin to which were attached tassels of bright\nred, blue and other colours. In his left hand he held a sharpened\nstaff, which was doubtless used for defence or attack. It was about\nthe height of his own body, _viz._, twelve to fifteen feet. In his\nright hand was twisted the end of a long rope made of some sort of\ncreeping plant, by which he led a huge and hideous reptile, somewhat\nresembling the Plesiosaurus. The Lemurians actually domesticated these\ncreatures, and trained them to employ their strength in hunting other\nanimals. The appearance of the man gave an unpleasant sensation, but\nhe was not entirely uncivilised, being an average common-place\nspecimen of his day.\"\n\nMany were even less human in appearance than the individual here\ndescribed, but the seventh sub-race developed a superior type, though\nvery unlike any living men of the present time. While retaining the\nprojecting lower jaw, the thick heavy lips, the flattened face, and\nthe uncanny looking eyes, they had by this time developed something\nwhich might be called a forehead, while the curious projection of the\nheel had been considerably reduced. In one branch of this seventh\nsub-race, the head might be described as almost egg-shaped--the small\nend of the egg being uppermost, with the eyes wide apart and very near\nthe top. The stature had perceptibly decreased, and the appearance of\nthe hands, feet and limbs generally had become more like those of the\nnegroes of to-day. These people developed an important and\nlong-lasting civilisation, and for thousands of years dominated most\nof the other tribes who dwelt on the vast Lemurian continent, and even\nat the end, when racial decay seemed to be overtaking them, they\nsecured another long lease of life and power by inter-marriage with\nthe Rmoahals--the first sub-race of the Atlanteans. The progeny,\nwhile retaining many Third Race characteristics, of course, really\nbelonged to the Fourth Race, and thus naturally acquired fresh power\nof development. Their general appearance now became not unlike that of\nsome American Indians, except that their skin had a curious bluish\ntinge not now to be seen.\n\nBut surprising as were the changes in the size, consistency, and\nappearance of man's body during this period, the alterations in the\nprocess of reproduction are still more astounding. A reference to the\nsystems which now obtain among the lower kingdoms of nature may help\nus in the consideration of the subject.\n\n[Sidenote: Processes of Reproduction.]\n\nAfter instancing the simplest processes of propagation by self-division,\nand by the formation of buds (Gemmatio), Haeckel proceeds, \"A third mode\nof non-sexual propagation, that of the formation of germ-buds\n(Polysporogonia) is intimately connected with the formation of buds. In\nthe case of the lower, imperfect organisms, among animals, especially in\nthe case of the plant-like animals and worms, we very frequently find\nthat in the interior of an individual composed of many cells, a small\ngroup of cells separates itself from those surrounding it, and that this\nsmall isolated group gradually develops itself into an individual, which\nbecomes like the parent and sooner or later comes out of it.... The\nformation of germ buds is evidently but little different from real\nbudding. But, on the other hand, it is connected with a fourth kind of\nnon-sexual propagation, which almost forms a transition to sexual\nreproduction, namely, the formation of germ cells (Monosporogonia). In\nthis case it is no longer a group of cells but a single cell, which\nseparates itself from the surrounding cells in the interior of the\nproducing organism, and which becomes further developed after it has\ncome out of its parent.... Sexual or amphigonic propagation\n(Amphigonia) is the usual method of propagation among all higher animals\nand plants. It is evident that it has only developed at a very late\nperiod of the earth's history, from non-sexual propagation, and\napparently in the first instance from the method of propagation by\ngerm-cells.... In all the chief forms of non-sexual propagation\nmentioned above--in fission, in the formation of buds, germ-buds, and\ngerm-cells--the separated cell or group of cells was able by itself to\ndevelop into a new individual, but in the case of sexual propagation,\nthe cell must first be fructified by another generative substance. The\nfructifying sperm must first mix with the germ-cell (the egg) before the\nlatter can develop into a new individual. These two generative\nsubstances, the sperm and the egg, are either produced by one and the\nsame individual hermaphrodite (Hermaphroditismus) or by two different\nindividuals (sexual-separation).\n\n\"The simpler and more ancient form of sexual propagation is through\ndouble-sexed individuals. It occurs in the great majority of plants,\nbut only in a minority of animals, for example, in the garden snails,\nleeches, earth-worms, and many other worms. Every single individual\namong hermaphrodites produces within itself materials of both\nsexes--eggs and sperm. In most of the higher plants every blossom\ncontains both the male organ (stamens and anther) and the female organ\n(style and germ). Every garden snail produces in one part of its\nsexual gland eggs, and in another part sperm. Many hermaphrodites can\nfructify themselves; in others, however, reciprocal fructification of\nboth hermaphrodites is necessary for causing the development of the\neggs. This latter case is evidently a transition to sexual separation.\n\n\"Sexual separation, which characterises the more complicated of the\ntwo kinds of sexual reproduction, has evidently been developed from\nthe condition of hermaphroditism at a late period of the organic\nhistory of the world. It is at present the universal method of\npropagation of the higher animals.... The so-called virginal\nreproduction (Parthenogenesis) offers an interesting form of\ntransition from sexual reproduction to the non-sexual formation of\ngerm-cells which most resembles it.... In this case germ-cells which\notherwise appear and are formed exactly like egg-cells, become capable\nof developing themselves into new individuals without requiring the\nfructifying seed. The most remarkable and the most instructive of the\ndifferent parthenogenetic phenomena are furnished by those cases in\nwhich the same germ-cells, according as they are fructified or not,\nproduce different kinds of individuals. Among our common honey bees, a\nmale individual (a drone) arises out of the eggs of the queen, if the\negg has not been fructified; a female (a queen, or working bee) if the\negg has been fructified. It is evident from this, that in reality\nthere exists no wide chasm between sexual and non-sexual reproduction,\nbut that both modes of reproduction are directly connected.\"[17]\n\nNow, the interesting fact in connection with the evolution of Third\nRace man on Lemuria, is that his mode of reproduction ran through\nphases which were closely analogous with some of the processes above\ndescribed. Sweat-born, egg-born and Androgyne are the terms used in\nthe Secret Doctrine.\n\n\"Almost sexless, in its early beginnings, it became bisexual or\nandrogynous; very gradually, of course. The passage from the former to\nthe latter transformation required numberless generations, during\nwhich the simple cell that issued from the earliest parent (the two in\none), first developed into a bisexual being; and then the cell,\nbecoming a regular egg, gave forth a unisexual creature. The Third\nRace mankind is the most mysterious of all the hitherto developed\nfive Races. The mystery of the 'How' of the generation of the distinct\nsexes must, of course, be very obscure here, as it is the business of\nan embryologist and a specialist, the present work giving only faint\noutlines of the process. But it is evident that the units of the Third\nRace humanity began to separate in their pre-natal shells, or eggs,\nand to issue out of them as distinct male and female babes, ages after\nthe appearance of its early progenitors. And, as time rolled on its\ngeological periods, the newly born sub-races began to lose their natal\ncapacities. Toward the end of the fourth _sub-race_, the babe lost its\nfaculty of walking as soon as liberated from its shell, and by the end\nof the fifth, mankind was born under the same conditions and by the\nsame identical process as our historical generations. This required,\nof course, millions of years.\"[18]\n\n[Sidenote: Lemurian Races still Inhabiting the Earth.]\n\nIt may be as well again to repeat that the almost mindless creatures\nwho inhabited such bodies as have been above described during the\nearly sub-races of the Lemurian period can scarcely be regarded as\ncompletely human. It was only after the separation of the sexes, when\ntheir bodies had become densely physical, that they became human even\nin appearance. It must be remembered that the beings we are speaking\nof, though embracing the second and third groups of the Lunar Pitris,\nmust also have been largely recruited from the animal kingdom of that\n(the Lunar) Manvantara. The degraded remnants of the Third Root Race\nwho still inhabit the earth may be recognised in the aborigines of\nAustralia, the Andaman Islanders, some hill tribes of India, the\nTierra-del-Fuegans, the Bushmen of Africa, and some other savage\ntribes. The entities now inhabiting these bodies must have belonged to\nthe animal kingdom in the early part of _this_ Manvantara. It was\nprobably during the evolution of the Lemurian race and before the\n\"door was shut\" on the entities thronging up from below, that these\nattained the human kingdom.\n\n[Sidenote: Sin of the Mindless.]\n\nThe shameful acts of the mindless men at the first separation of the\nsexes had best be referred to in the words of the stanzas of the\narchaic Book of Dzyan. No commentary is needed.\n\n\"During the Third Race the boneless animals grew and changed, they\nbecame animals with bones, their chayas became solid.\n\n\"The animals separated first. They began to breed. The two-fold man\nseparated also. He said, 'Let us as they; let us unite and make\ncreatures.' They did.\n\n\"And those that had no spark took huge she-animals unto them. They\nbegat upon them dumb races. Dumb they were themselves. But their\ntongues untied. The tongues of their progeny remained still. Monsters\nthey bred. A race of crooked red-hair-covered monsters going on all\nfours. A dumb race to keep the shame untold.\" (And an ancient\ncommentary adds 'when the Third separated and fell into sin by\nbreeding men-animals, these (the animals) became ferocious, and men\nand they mutually destructive. Till then, there was no sin, no life\ntaken.').\n\n\"Seeing which the Lhas who had not built men, wept, saying. 'The\nAmanasa [mindless] have defiled our future abodes. This is Karma. Let\nus dwell in the others. Let us teach them better lest worse should\nhappen.' They did.\n\n\"Then all men became endowed with Manas. They saw the sin of the\nmindless.\"\n\n[Sidenote: Origin of the Pithecoid and the Anthropoid Apes.]\n\nThe anatomical resemblance between Man and the higher Ape, so\nfrequently cited by Darwinists as pointing to some ancestors common to\nboth, presents an interesting problem, the proper solution of which is\nto be sought for in the esoteric explanation of the genesis of the\npithecoid stocks.\n\nNow, we gather from the Secret Doctrine[19] that the descendants of\nthese semi-human monsters described above as originating in the sin of\nthe \"mindless,\" having through long centuries dwindled in size and\nbecome more densely physical, culminated in a race of Apes at the time\nof the Miocene period, from which in their turn are descended the\npithecoids of to-day. With these Apes of the Miocene period, however,\nthe Atlanteans of that age renewed the sin of the \"mindless\"--this\ntime with full responsibility, and the resultants of their crime are\nthe species of Apes now known as Anthropoid.\n\nWe are given to understand that in the coming Sixth Root Race, these\nanthropoids will obtain human incarnation, in the bodies doubtless of\nthe lowest races then existing upon earth.\n\nThat part of the Lemurian continent where the separation of the sexes\ntook place, and where both the fourth and the fifth sub-races\nflourished, is to be found in the earlier of the two maps. It lay to\nthe east of the mountainous region of which the present Island of\nMadagascar formed a part, and thus occupied a central position around\nthe smaller of the two great lakes.\n\n[Sidenote: Origin of Language.]\n\nAs stated in the stanzas of Dzyan above quoted, the men of that epoch,\neven though they had become completely physical, still remained\nspeechless. Naturally the astral and etherial ancestors of this Third\nRoot Race had no need to produce a series of sounds in order to convey\ntheir thoughts, living as they did in astral and etherial conditions,\nbut when man became physical he could not for long remain dumb. We are\ntold that the sounds which these primitive men made to express their\nthoughts were at first composed entirely of vowels. In the slow course\nof evolution the consonant sounds gradually came into use, but the\ndevelopment of language from first to last on the continent of Lemuria\nnever reached beyond the monosyllabic phase. The Chinese language of\nto-day is the sole great lineal descendant of ancient Lemurian\nspeech[20] for \"the whole human race was at that time of one language\nand of one lip.\"[21]\n\nIn Humboldt's classification of language, the Chinese, as we know, is\ncalled the _isolating_ as distinguished from the more highly evolved\n_agglutinative_, and the still more highly evolved _inflectional_.\nReaders of the _Story of Atlantis_ may remember that many different\nlanguages were developed on that continent, but all belonged to the\n_agglutinative_, or, as Max Mueller prefers to call it, the\n_combinatory_ type, while the still higher development of\n_inflectional_ speech, in the Aryan and Semitic tongues, was reserved\nfor our own era of the Fifth Root Race.\n\n[Sidenote: The First Taking of Life.]\n\nThe first instance of sin, the first taking of life--quoted above from\nan old commentary on the stanzas of Dzyan, may be taken as indicative\nof the attitude which was then inaugurated between the human and the\nanimal kingdom, and which has since attained such awful proportions,\nnot only between men and animals, but between the different races of\nmen themselves. And this opens up a most interesting avenue of\nthought.\n\nThe fact that Kings and Emperors consider it necessary or appropriate,\non all state occasions, to appear in the garb of one of the fighting\nbranches of their service, is a significant indication of the\napotheosis reached by the combative qualities in man! The custom\ndoubtless comes down from a time when the King was the warrior-chief,\nand when his kingship was acknowledged solely in virtue of his being\nthe chief warrior. But now that the Fifth Root Race is in ascendency,\nwhose chief characteristic and function is the development of\nintellect, it might have been expected that the dominant attribute of\nthe Fourth Root Race would have been a little less conspicuously\nparaded. But the era of one race overlaps another, and though, as we\nknow, the leading races of the world all belong to the Fifth Root\nRace, the vast majority of its inhabitants still belong to the Fourth,\nand it would appear that the Fifth Root Race has not yet outstripped\nFourth Race characteristics, for it is by infinitely slow degrees that\nman's evolution is accomplished.\n\nIt will be interesting here to summarise the history of this strife\nand bloodshed from its genesis during these far-off ages on Lemuria.\n\nFrom the information placed before the writer it would seem that the\nantagonism between men and animals was developed first. With the\nevolution of man's physical body, suitable food for that body\nnaturally became an urgent need, so that in addition to the antagonism\nbrought about by the necessity of self-defence against the now\nferocious animals, the desire of food also urged men to their\nslaughter, and as we have seen above, one of the first uses they made\nof their budding mentality was to train animals to act as hunters in\nthe chase.\n\nThe element of strife having once been kindled, men soon began to use\nweapons of offence against each other. The causes of aggression were\nnaturally the same as those which exist to-day among savage\ncommunities. The possession of any desirable object by one of his\nfellows was sufficient inducement for a man to attempt to take it by\nforce. Nor was strife limited to single acts of aggression. As among\nsavages to-day, bands of marauders would attack and pillage the\ncommunities who dwelt at a distance from their own village. But to\nthis extent only, we are told, was warfare organised on Lemuria, even\ndown to the end of its seventh sub-race.\n\nIt was reserved for the Atlanteans to develop the principle of strife\non organised lines--to collect and to drill armies and to build\nnavies. This principle of strife was indeed the fundamental\ncharacteristic of the Fourth Root Race. All through the Atlantean\nperiod, as we know, warfare was the order of the day, and battles were\nconstantly fought on land and sea. And so deeply rooted in man's\nnature during the Atlantean period did this principle of strife\nbecome, that even now the most intellectually developed of the Aryan\nraces are ready to war upon each other.\n\n[Sidenote: The Arts.]\n\nTo trace the development of the Arts among the Lemurians, we must\nstart with the history of the fifth sub-race. The separation of the\nsexes was now fully accomplished, and man inhabited a completely\nphysical body, though it was still of gigantic stature. The offensive\nand defensive war with the monstrous beasts of prey had already begun,\nand men had taken to living in huts. To build their huts they tore\ndown trees, and piled them up in a rude fashion. At first each\nseparate family lived in its own clearing in the jungle, but they soon\nfound it safer, as a defence against the wild beasts, to draw together\nand live in small communities. Their huts, too, which had been formed\nof rude trunks of trees, they now learnt to build with boulders of\nstone, while the weapons with which they attacked, or defended\nthemselves against the Dinosauria and other wild beasts, were spears\nof sharpened wood, similar to the staff held by the man whose\nappearance is described above.\n\nUp to this time agriculture was unknown, and the uses of fire had not\nbeen discovered. The food of their boneless ancestors who crawled on\nthe earth were such things as they could find on the surface of the\nground or just below it. Now that they walked erect many of the wild\nforest trees provided them with nuts and berries, but their chief\narticle of food was the flesh of the beasts and reptiles which they\nslew, tore in pieces, and devoured.\n\n[Sidenote: Teachers of the Lemurian Race.]\n\nBut now there occurred an event pregnant with consequences the most\nmomentous in the history of the human race. An event too full of\nmystical import, for its narration brings into view Beings who\nbelonged to entirely different systems of evolution, and who\nnevertheless came at this epoch to be associated with our humanity.\n\nThe lament of the Lhas \"who had not built men\" at seeing their future\nabodes defiled, is at first sight far from intelligible. Though the\ndescent of these Beings into human bodies is not the chief event to\nwhich we have to refer, some explanation of its cause and its result\nmust first be attempted. Now, we are given to understand that these\nLhas were the highly evolved humanity of some system of evolution\nwhich had run its course at a period in the infinitely far-off past.\nThey had reached a high stage of development on their chain of worlds,\nand since its dissolution had passed the intervening ages in the bliss\nof some Nirvanic condition. But their karma now necessitated a return\nto some field of action and of physical causes, and as they had not\nyet fully learnt the lesson of compassion, their temporary task now\nlay in becoming guides and teachers of the Lemurian race, who then\nrequired all the help and guidance they could get.\n\nBut other Beings also took up the task--in this case voluntarily.\nThese came from the scheme of evolution which has Venus as its one\nphysical planet. That scheme has already reached the Seventh Round of\nits planets in its Fifth Manvantara; its humanity therefore stands at\na far higher level than ordinary mankind on this earth has yet\nattained. They are \"divine\" while we are only \"human.\" The Lemurians,\nas we have seen, were then merely on the verge of attaining true\nmanhood. It was to supply a temporary need--the education of our\ninfant humanity--that these divine Beings came--as we possibly, long\nages hence, may similarly be called to give a helping hand to the\nbeings struggling up to manhood on the Jupiter or the Saturn chain.\nUnder their guidance and influence the Lemurians rapidly advanced in\nmental growth. The stirring of their minds with feelings of love and\nreverence for those whom they felt to be infinitely wiser and greater\nthan themselves naturally resulted in efforts of imitation, and so the\nnecessary advance in mental growth was achieved which transformed the\nhigher mental sheath into a vehicle capable of carrying over the human\ncharacteristics from life to life, thus warranting that outpouring of\nthe Divine Life which endowed the recipient with individual\nimmortality. As expressed in the archaic stanzas of Dzyan, \"Then all\nmen became endowed with Manas.\"\n\nA great distinction, however, must be noted between the coming of the\nexalted Beings from the Venus scheme and that of those described as\nthe highly evolved humanity of some previous system of evolution. The\nformer, as we have seen, were under no karmic impulse. They came as\nmen to live and work among them, but they were not required to assume\ntheir physical limitations, being in a position to provide appropriate\nvehicles for themselves.\n\nThe Lhas on the other hand had actually to be born in the bodies of\nthe race as it then existed. Better would it have been both for them\nand for the race if there had been no hesitation or delay on their\npart in taking up their Karmic task, for the sin of the mindless and\nall its consequences would have been avoided. Their task, too, would\nhave been an easier one, for it consisted not only in acting as guides\nand teachers, but in improving the racial type--in short, in evolving\nout of the half-human, half-animal form then existing, the physical\nbody of the man to be.\n\nIt must be remembered that up to this time the Lemurian race consisted\nof the second and third groups of the Lunar Pitris. But now that they\nwere approaching the level reached on the Lunar chain by the first\ngroup of Pitris, it became necessary for these again to return to\nincarnation, and this they did all through the fifth, sixth and\nseventh sub-races (indeed, some did not take birth till the Atlantean\nperiod), so that the impetus given to the progress of the race was a\ncumulative force.\n\nThe positions occupied by the divine beings from the Venus chain were\nnaturally those of rulers, instructors in religion, and teachers of\nthe arts, and it is in this latter capacity that a reference to the\narts taught by them comes to our aid in the consideration of the\nhistory of this early race.\n\n[Sidenote: The Arts continued.]\n\nUnder the guidance of their divine teachers the people began to learn\nthe use of fire, and the means by which it could be obtained, at first\nby friction, and later on by the use of flints and iron. They were\ntaught to explore for metals, to smelt and to mould them, and instead\nof spears of sharpened wood they now began to use spears tipped with\nsharpened metal.\n\nThey were also taught to dig and till the ground and to cultivate the\nseeds of wild grain till it improved in type. This cultivation carried\non through the vast ages which have since elapsed has resulted in the\nevolution of the various cereals which we now possess--barley, oats,\nmaize, millet, etc. But an exception must here be noted. Wheat was not\nevolved upon this planet like the other cereals. It was a gift of the\ndivine beings who brought it from Venus ready for the food of man. Nor\nwas wheat their only gift. The one animal form whose type has not been\nevolved on our chain of worlds is that of the bee. It, too, was\nbrought from Venus.\n\nThe Lemurians now also began to learn the art of spinning and weaving\nfabrics with which to clothe themselves. These were made of the coarse\nhair of a species of animal now extinct, but which bore some\nresemblance to the llamas of to-day, the ancestors of which they may\npossibly have been. We have seen above that the earliest articles of\nclothing of Lemurian man were robes of skin stripped from the beasts\nhe had slain. These skins he still continued to wear on the colder\nparts of the continent, but he now learnt to cure and dress the skin\nin some rude fashion.\n\nOne of the first things the people were taught was the use of fire in\nthe preparation of their food, and whether it was the flesh of animals\nthey slew or the pounded grains of wheat, their modes of cooking were\nclosely analogous to those we hear of as existing to-day among savage\ncommunities. With reference to the gift of wheat so marvellously\nbrought from Venus, the divine rulers doubtless realised the\nadvisability of at once procuring such food for the people, for they\nmust have known that it would take many generations before the\ncultivation of the wild seeds could provide an adequate supply.\n\nRude and barbarous as were the people during the period of the fifth\nand sixth sub-races, such of them as had the privilege of coming in\ncontact with their divine teachers were naturally inspired with such\nfeelings of reverence and worship as helped to lift them out of their\nsavage condition. The constant influx, too, of more intelligent beings\nfrom the first group of the Lunar Pitris, who were then beginning to\nreturn to incarnation, helped the attainment of a more civilised\nstate.\n\n[Sidenote: Great Cities and Statues.]\n\nDuring the later part of the sixth, and the seventh sub-race they\nlearnt to build great cities. These appear to have been of cyclopean\narchitecture, corresponding with the gigantic bodies of the race. The\nfirst cities were built on that extended mountainous region of the\ncontinent which included, as will be seen in the first map, the\npresent Island of Madagascar. Another great city is described in the\n\"Secret Doctrine\"[22] as having been entirely built of blocks of lava.\nIt lay some 30 miles west of the present Easter Island, and it was\nsubsequently destroyed by a series of volcanic eruptions. The gigantic\nstatues of Easter Island--measuring as most of them do about 27 feet\nin height by 8 feet across the shoulders--were probably intended to be\nrepresentative not only of the features, but of the height of those\nwho carved them, or it may be of their ancestors, for it was probably\nin the later ages of the Lemuro-Atlanteans that the statues were\nerected. It will be observed that by the second map period, the\ncontinent of which Easter Island formed a part had been broken up and\nEaster Island itself had become a comparatively small island, though\nof considerably greater dimensions than it retains to-day.\n\nCivilisations of comparative importance arose on different parts of\nthe continent and the great islands where the inhabitants built cities\nand dwelt in settled communities, but large tribes who were also\npartially civilised continued to lead a nomadic and patriarchial life;\nwhile other parts of the land--in many cases the least accessible, as\nin our own times--were peopled by tribes of extremely low type.\n\n[Sidenote: Religion.]\n\nWith so primitive a race of men, at the best, there was but little in\nthe shape of religion that they could be taught. Simple rules of\nconduct and the most elementary precepts of morality were all that\nthey were fitted to understand or to practise. During the evolution of\nthe seventh sub-race, it is true that their divine instructors taught\nthem some primitive form of worship and imparted the knowledge of a\nSupreme Being whose symbol was represented as the Sun.\n\n[Sidenote: Destruction of the Continent.]\n\nUnlike the subsequent fate of Atlantis, which was submerged by great\ntidal waves, the continent of Lemuria perished by volcanic action. It\nwas raked by the burning ashes and the red-hot dust from numberless\nvolcanoes. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, it is true, heralded\neach of the great catastrophes which overtook Atlantis, but when the\nland had been shaken and rent, the sea rushed in and completed the\nwork, and most of the inhabitants perished by drowning. The Lemurians,\non the other hand, met their doom chiefly by fire or suffocation.\nAnother marked contrast between the fate of Lemuria and Atlantis was\nthat while four great catastrophes completed the destruction of the\nlatter, the former was slowly eaten away by internal fires, for, from\nthe time when the disintegrating process began towards the end of the\nfirst map period, there was no cessation from the fiery activity, and\nwhether in one part of the continent or another, the volcanic action\nwas incessant, while the invariable sequence was the subsidence and\ntotal disappearance of the land, just as in the case of Krakatoa in\n1883.\n\nSo closely analogous was the eruption of Mount Pelee, which caused the\ndestruction of St. Pierre, the capital of Martinique, about two years\nago, to the whole series of volcanic catastrophes on the continent of\nLemuria, that the description of the former given by some of the\nsurvivors may be of interest. \"An immense black cloud had suddenly\nburst forth from the crater of Mont Pelee and rushed with terrific\nvelocity upon the city, destroying everything--inhabitants, houses and\nvegetation alike--that it found in its path. In two or three minutes\nit passed over, and the city was a blazing pyre of ruins. In both\nislands [Martinique and St. Vincent] the eruptions were characterised\nby the sudden discharge of immense quantities of red-hot dust, mixed\nwith steam, which flowed down the steep hillsides with an\never-increasing velocity. In St. Vincent this had filled many valleys\nto a depth of between 100 feet and 200 feet, and months after the\neruptions was still very hot, and the heavy rains which then fell\nthereon caused enormous explosions, producing clouds of steam and dust\nthat shot upwards to a height of from 1500 feet to 2000 feet, and\nfilled the rivers with black boiling mud.\" Captain Freeman, of the\n\"Roddam,\" then described \"a thrilling experience which he and his\nparty had at Martinique. One night, when they were lying at anchor in\na little sloop about a mile from St. Pierre, the mountain exploded in\na way that was apparently an exact repetition of the original\neruption. It was not entirely without warning; hence they were enabled\nto sail at once a mile or two further away, and thus probably saved\ntheir lives. In the darkness they saw the summit glow with a bright\nred light; then soon, with loud detonations, great red-hot stones were\nprojected into the air and rolled down the slopes. A few minutes later\na prolonged rumbling noise was heard, and in an instant was followed\nby a red-hot avalanche of dust, which rushed out of the crater and\nrolled down the side with a terrific speed, which they estimated at\nabout 100 miles an hour, with a temperature of 1000 deg. centigrade. As\nto the probable explanation of these phenomena, no lava, he said, had\nbeen seen to flow from either of the volcanoes, but only steam and\nfine hot dust. The volcanoes were, therefore, of the explosive type;\nand from all his observations he had concluded that the absence of\nlava-flows was due to the material within the crater being partly\nsolid, or at least highly viscous, so that it could not flow like an\nordinary lava-stream. Since his return this theory had received\nstriking confirmation, for it was now known that within the crater of\nMont Pelee there was no lake of molten lava, but that a solid pillar\nof red-hot rock was slowly rising upwards in a great conical,\nsharp-pointed hill, until it might finally overtop the old summit of\nthe mountain. It was nearly 1000 feet high, and slowly grew as it was\nforced upwards by pressure from beneath, while every now and then\nexplosions of steam took place, dislodging large pieces from its\nsummit or its sides. Steam was set free within this mass as it cooled,\nand the rock then passed into a dangerous and highly explosive\ncondition, such that an explosion must sooner or later take place,\nwhich shivered a great part of the mass into fine red-hot dust.\"[23]\n\nA reference to the first Lemurian map will show that in the lake lying\nto the south-east of the extensive mountainous region there was an\nisland which consisted of little more than one great mountain. This\nmountain was a very active volcano. The four mountains which lay to\nthe south-west of the lake were also active volcanoes, and in this\nregion it was that the disruption of the continent began. The seismic\ncataclysms which followed the volcanic eruptions caused such\nwide-spread damage that by the second map period a large portion of\nthe southern part of the continent had been submerged.\n\nA marked characteristic of the land surface in early Lemurian times\nwas the great number of lakes and marshes, as well as the innumerable\nvolcanoes. Of course, all these are not shown on the map. Only some of\nthe great mountains which were volcanoes, and only some of the largest\nlakes are there indicated.\n\nAnother volcano on the north-east coast of the continent began its\ndestructive work at an early date. Earthquakes completed the\ndisruption, and it seems probable that the sea shown in the second map\nas dotted with small islands to the south-east of the present Japan,\nindicates the area of seismic disturbance.\n\nIn the first map it will be seen that there were lakes in the centre\nof what is now the island-continent of Australia--lakes where the land\nis at present exceedingly dry and parched. By the second map period\nthose lakes had disappeared, and it seems natural to conjecture that\nthe districts where those lakes lay, must, during the eruptions of the\ngreat volcanoes which lay to the south-east (between the present\nAustralia and New Zealand), have been so raked with red-hot volcanic\ndust that the very water-springs were dried up.\n\n[Sidenote: Founding of the Atlantean Race.]\n\nIn concluding this sketch, a reference to the process by which the\nFourth Root Race was brought into existence, will appropriately bring\nto an end what we know of the story of Lemuria and link it on to that\nof Atlantis.\n\nIt may be remembered from previous writings on the subject that it was\nfrom the _fifth_ or Semitic sub-race of the Fourth Root Race that was\nchosen the nucleus destined to become our great Fifth or Aryan Root\nRace. It was not, however, until the time of the _seventh_ sub-race on\nLemuria that humanity was sufficiently developed physiologically to\nwarrant the choice of individuals fit to become the parents of a new\nRoot Race. So it was from the seventh sub-race that the segregation\nwas effected. The colony was first settled on land which occupied the\nsite of the present Ashantee and Western Nigeria. A reference to the\nsecond map will show this as a promontory lying to the north-west of\nthe island-continent which embraced the Cape of Good Hope and parts of\nwestern Africa. Having been guarded for generations from any admixture\nwith a lower type, the colony gradually increased in numbers, and the\ntime came when it was ready to receive and to hand on the new impulse\nto physical heredity which the Manu was destined to impart.\n\nStudents of Theosophy are aware that, up to the present day, no one\nbelonging to our humanity has been in a position to undertake the\nexalted office of Manu, though it is stated that the founding of the\ncoming Sixth Root Race will be entrusted to the guidance of one of our\nMasters of Wisdom--one who, while belonging to our humanity, has\nnevertheless reached a most exalted level in the Divine Hierarchy.\n\nIn the case we are considering--the founding of the Fourth Root\nRace--it was one of the Adepts from Venus who undertook the duties of\nthe Manu. Naturally he belonged to a very high order, for it must be\nunderstood that the Beings who came from the Venus system as rulers\nand teachers of our infant humanity did _not_ all stand at the same\nlevel. It is this circumstance which furnishes a reason for the\nremarkable fact that may, in conclusion, be stated--namely, that there\nexisted in Lemuria a Lodge of Initiation.\n\n[Sidenote: A Lodge of Initiation.]\n\nNaturally it was not for the benefit of the Lemurian race that the\nLodge was founded. Such of them as were sufficiently advanced were, it\nis true, taught by the Adept Gurus, but the instruction they required\nwas limited to the explanation of a few physical phenomena, such as\nthe fact that the earth moves round the sun, or to the explanation of\nthe different appearance which physical objects assumed for them when\nsubjected alternately to their physical sight and their astral vision.\n\nIt was, of course, for the sake of those who, while endowed with the\nstupendous powers of transferring their consciousness from the planet\nVenus to this our earth, and of providing for their use and their work\nwhile here appropriate vehicles in which to function, were yet\npursuing the course of their own evolution.[24] For their sake it\nwas--for the sake of those who, having entered the Path, had only\nreached the lower grades, that this Lodge of Initiation was founded.\n\nThough, as we know, the goal of normal evolution is greater and more\nglorious than can, from our present standpoint, be well imagined, it\nis by no means synonymous with that expansion of consciousness which,\ncombined with and alone made possible by, the purification and\nennoblement of character, constitute the heights to which the Pathway\nof Initiation leads.\n\nThe investigation into what constitutes this purification and\nennoblement of character, and the endeavour to realise what that\nexpansion of consciousness really means are subjects which have been\nwritten of elsewhere.\n\nSuffice it now to point out that the founding of a Lodge of Initiation\nfor the sake of Beings who came from another scheme of evolution is an\nindication of the unity of object and of aim in the government and the\nguidance of _all_ the schemes of evolution brought into existence by\nour Solar Logos. Apart from the normal course in our own scheme, there\nis, we know, a Path by which He may be directly reached, which every\nson of man in his progress through the ages is privileged to hear of,\nand to tread, if he so chooses. We find that this was so in the Venus\nscheme also, and we may presume it is or will be so in all the schemes\nwhich form part of our Solar system. This Path is the Path of\nInitiation, and the end to which leads is the same for all, and that\nend is Union with God.\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[Footnote 2: Haeckel is correct enough in his surmise that Lemuria was\nthe cradle of the human race as it now exists, but it was not out of\nAnthropoid apes that mankind developed. A reference will be made later\non to the position in nature which the Anthropoid apes really occupy.]\n\n[Footnote 3: Ernst Haeckel's \"Hist. of Creation,\" 2nd ed., 1876, Vol.\n1., pp. 360-62.]\n\n[Footnote 4: Alfred Russell Wallace's \"The Geographical Distribution\nof Animals--with a study of the relations of living and extinct Faunas\nas elucidating the past changes of the Earth's Surface.\" London:\nMacmillan & Co., 1876. Vol. 1., pp. 76-7.]\n\n[Footnote 5: Ceylon and South India, it is true, have been bounded on\nthe north by a considerable extent of sea, but that was at a much\nearlier date than the Tertiary period.]\n\n[Footnote 6: Wallace's \"Geographical Distribution, etc.\" Vol. 1., pp.\n328-9.]\n\n[Footnote 7: Wallace's \"Geographical Distribution, etc.,\" Vol. ii., p.\n155.]\n\n[Footnote 8: H. F. Blandford \"On the age and correlations of the\nPlant-bearing series of India and the former existence of an\nIndo-Oceanic Continent,\" see Quarterly Journal of the Geological\nSociety, Vol. xxxi., 1875, pp. 534-540.]\n\n[Footnote 9: A reference to the maps will show that Mr. Blandford's\nestimate of date is the more correct of the two.]\n\n[Footnote 10: Parts of the continent of course endured, but the\ndismemberment of Lemuria is said to have taken place before the\nbeginning of the Eocene Age.]\n\n[Footnote 11: Vol ii., pp. 325-6.]\n\n[Footnote 12: Dr. G. Hartlaub \"On the Avifauna of Madagascar and the\nMascarene Islands,\" see \"The Ibis,\" a Quarterly Journal of\nOrnithology. Fourth Series, Vol. i., 1877, p. 334.]\n\n[Footnote 13: Ernst Haeckel's \"History of Creation,\" Vol. ii., pp.\n22-56.]\n\n[Footnote 14: Ernst Haeckel's \"History of Creation,\" Vol. ii., pp.\n226-7.]\n\n[Footnote 15: For a further account of the permanent atoms on all the\nplanes, and the potentialities contained in them with reference to the\nprocesses of death and re-birth, see \"Man's Place in Universe.\" pp.\n76-80.]\n\n[Footnote 16: The \"Standard,\" 8th Jan., 1904.]\n\n[Footnote 17: Ernst Haeckel's \"The History of Creation,\" 2nd ed., Vol.\ni., pp. 193-8.]\n\n[Footnote 18: \"The Secret Doctrine,\" Vol. ii., p. 197.]\n\n[Footnote 19: Vol. ii., pp. 683 and 689.]\n\n[Footnote 20: It must, however, be noted that the Chinese _people_ are\nmainly descended from the fourth or Turanian sub-race of the Fourth\nRoot Race.]\n\n[Footnote 21: \"Secret Doctrine,\" Vol. ii., p. 198.]\n\n[Footnote 22: Vol. ii., p. 317.]\n\n[Footnote 23: The \"Times,\" 14th Sept., 1903.]\n\n[Footnote 24: The heights reached by them will find their parallel\nwhen our humanity will, countless aeons hence, have reached the Sixth\nRound of our chain of worlds, and the same transcendent powers will be\nthe possession of ordinary mankind in those far-off ages.]\n\n\n\n\nMAPS\n\n\n[Illustration: NO. 1 THE WORLD ABOUT 1,000,000 YEARS AGO, DURING MANY\nPREVIOUS AGES, AND UP TO THE CATASTROPHE OF ABOUT 800, 000 YEARS AGO.\n\nATLANTIS AT ITS PRIME]\n\n[Illustration: NO 2 THE WORLD AFTER THE CATASTROPHE OF 800,000 YEARS AGO\nAND UP TO THE CATASTROPHE OF ABOUT 200,000 YEARS AGO.\n\nATLANTIS IN ITS DECADENCE]\n\n[Illustration: NO 3 THE WORLD AFTER THE CATASTROPHE OF 200,000 YEARS AGO\nAND UP TO THE CATASTROPHE OF ABOUT 80,000 YEARS AGO.\n\nRUTA & DAITYA]\n\n[Illustration: NO 4 THE WORLD AFTER THE CATASTROPHE OF 80000 YEARS AGO\nAND UP TO THE FINAL SUBMERGENCE OF POSEIDONIS IN 9,564 B.C.\n\nPOSEIDONIS]\n\n[Illustration: No.1 LEMURIA at its greatest extent.]\n\n[Illustration: No.2 LEMURIA at a later period.]","title":"The Story of Atlantis and the Lost Lemuria","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":39332}