{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_22127/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_22127","id":"gutenberg_22127","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22127","summary":null,"tags":["Category: History - Modern (1750+)","Category: Journals","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Notes and Queries","Questions and answers -- Periodicals"],"text":"Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins\nand the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at\nhttps://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images\ngenerously made available by The Internet Library of Early\nJournals.)\n\n\n\n\n\nTranscriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they\nare listed at the end of the text.\n\n{49}\n\nNOTES AND QUERIES:\n\nA MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,\nGENEALOGISTS, ETC.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\"When found, make a note of.\"--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNo. 34.]\nSATURDAY, JUNE 22. 1850.\n[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCONTENTS.\n\n\n  NOTES:--                                                        Page\n    The Agapemone of the Sixteenth Century, by E. F.\n      Rimbault, LL.D.                                               49\n    Punishment of Death by Burning, by C. Ross and Rev.\n      A. Gatty                                                      50\n    Folk Lore:--Death-bed Mystery--Easter Eggs--May\n      Marriages--\"Trash\" or \"Skriker\"                               51\n    Notes on Milton                                                 53\n    Colvil's Whigg's Supplication                                   53\n\n  QUERIES:--\n    Hubert le Soeur's Six Brass Statues by E. F. Rimbault, LL.D.    54\n    Bishop Jewell's Library                                         54\n    The Low Window                                                  55\n    Minor Queries:--North Sides of Churchyards--Hatfield--Ulrich\n      von Hutten--Simon of Ghent--Boetius--Gloucestershire Gospel\n      Tree--Churchyards--Epitaphs--Anthony Warton--Cardinal's\n      Hat--Maps of London--Griffith of Penrhyn--Mariner's\n      Compass--Pontefract on the Thames                             55\n\n  REPLIES:--\n    Study of Geometry in Lancashire by T. T. Wilkinson              57\n    Queries Answered, No. 8., by Bolton Corney                      60\n    Meaning of Bawn                                                 60\n    Replies to Minor Queries:--Births, Marriages, &c.--M. or\n      N.--Arabic Numerals--Comment in Apocalypsin--Robert\n      Deverell--Hippopotamus--Ashes to Ashes--Dr. Maginn's\n      Miscellanies--Living Dog better than a Dead Lion--Gaol\n      Chaplains--Rome, Ancient and Modern--Trianon                  60\n\n  MISCELLANIES:--\n    Aboriginal Chambers near Tilbury--Mistake in Conybeare and\n      Howson's Life of St. Paul                                     62\n\n  MISCELLANEOUS:--\n    Notes on Books, Catalogues, Sales, &c.                          63\n    Books and Odd Volumes Wanted                                    63\n    Notices to Correspondents                                       63\n    Advertisements                                                  64\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNotes.\n\nTHE \"AGAPEMONE\" OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.\n\nAs it is not generally known that the \"Agapemone\" had a prototype in the\ncelebrated _Family of Love_, some account of this \"wicked sect\" may not at\nthis moment be without interest to your readers:--\n\n    \"Henry Nicholas, a Westphalian, born at Munster, but who had lived a\n    great while at Amsterdam, and some time likewise at Embden, was the\n    father of this family. He appeared upon the stage about the year 1540,\n    styled himself the _deified man_, boasted of great matters, and seemed\n    to exalt himself above the condition of a human creature. He was, as he\n    pretended, greater than Moses and Christ, because Moses had taught\n    mankind to _hope_, Christ to _believe_, but he to _love_; which last\n    being of more worth than both the former, he was consequently greater\n    than both those prophets.\"--See Brandt's _Hist. of the Reform, &c., in\n    the Low Countries_, vol. i. p. 105, ed. 1720.\n\nAccording to some writers, however, the sect was not founded by Henry\nNicholas, but by David George, an Anabaptist enthusiast of Delft, who died\nin 1556; and indeed there is some reason to believe that the _Family of\nLove_ grew out of the heresies of the said George, with whom Nicholas had\nbeen on friendly terms.\n\n    \"'Not content,' says Fuller, speaking of Nicholas, 'to confine his\n    errors to his own country, over he comes into England, and in the\n    latter end of the reign of Edward the Sixth, joyned himself to the\n    Dutch congregation in London, where he seduced a number of artificers\n    and silly women.'\"--_Church. Hist._, p. 112, ed. 1655.\n\nOn the 12th of June, 1575, according to the historian Hollinshed,\n\n    \"Stood at Paule's Crosse five persons, Englishmen, of the sect termed\n    the Familie of Love, who there confessed themselves utterlie to detest\n    as well the author of that sect, H. N., as all his damnable errors and\n    heresies.\"\n\nA curious little volume on the history and doctrines of this sect appeared\nin the year 1572, from the pen of John Rogers, entitled _The Displaying of\nan horrible Secte of grosse and wicked Heretiques, naming themselves the\nFamily of Love, with the Lives of their Authors, and what Doctrine they\nteach in Corners. Imprinted at London for George Bishop._ 1579. 12mo.\nChristopher Vittall, a joiner of Southwark, who had been infected with the\ndoctrine of Arius some twenty years before, and whose credit was great\namongst the _Family of Love_, was at this period actively engaged in\nteaching their doctrines. He travelled about the country to disseminate\nthem; and was likewise author of a little book, in reply to Roger's\n_Displaying_ of the sect, printed in the same year.\n\nAt the close of the year 1580 the sect was increasing so rapidly in\nEngland, that the government took active measures for its suppression, and\nthe Queen issued a proclamation to search for the \"teachers or professors\nof the foresaid damnable sect,\" and to \"proceed severelie against them.\"\n{50} This proclamation may be seen in Hollinshed and in Camden's\n_Annals_.[1]\n\nAfter the death of Queen Elizabeth--\n\n    \"The Family of Love (or Lust rather),\" according to Fuller, \"presented\n    a tedious petition to King James, so that it is questionable whether\n    his Majesty ever graced it with his perusall, wherein they endeavoured\n    to cleare themselves from some misrepresentations, and by fawning\n    expression to insinuate themselves into his Majesty's good opinion.\"\n\nAfter printing the petition Fuller proceeds--\n\n    \"I finde not what effect this their petition produced, whether it was\n    slighted and the petitioners looked upon as inconsiderable, or beheld\n    as a few frantick folk out of their wits, which consideration alone\n    often melted their adversaries' anger into pity unto them. The main\n    design driven on in the petition is, to separate themselves from the\n    Puritans (as persons odious to King James), that they might not fare\n    the worse for their vicinity unto them; though these Familists could\n    not be so desirous to leave them as the others were glad to be left by\n    them. For if their opinions were so senseless, and the lives of these\n    Familists so sensuall as is reported, no _purity_ at all belonged unto\n    them.\"\n\nThe _Family of Love_, after being exposed and ridiculed both in \"prose and\nrime,\" finally \"gave up the ghost,\" and was succeeded by another \"wicked\nsect\" denominated the _Ranters_.\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT.\n\n[Footnote 1: It was reprinted in NOTES AND QUERIES, Vol. i. p. 17.]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPUNISHMENT OF DEATH BY BURNING.\n\nA woman was strangled and burnt for coining in front of the Debtors door,\nNewgate, on the 10th of March, 1789. I believe this to be the last instance\nin which this old punishment was inflicted, at least in the metropolis. The\nburning part of the ceremony was abolished by the 30 Geo. III., c. 48., and\ndeath by hanging made the penalty for women in cases of high or petty\ntreason. E. S. S. W.'s informants are wrong in supposing that the criminals\nwere burnt whilst living. The law, indeed, prescribed it, but the practice\nwas more humane. They were first strangled; although it sometimes happened\nthat, through the bungling of the executioner, a criminal was actually\nburnt alive, as occurred in the celebrated case of Katherine Hayes,\nexecuted for the murder of her husband in 1726. The circumstances of this\ncase are so remarkable, that, having referred to it, I am induced to\nrecapitulate the chief of them, in the belief that they will interest your\nreaders. Hayes, who was possessed of some little property, lodged with his\nwife Katherine in Tyburn, now Oxford Road. Mrs. Hayes prevailed upon two\nmen, named Billings (who lodged in the house) and Wood, a friend of Hayes,\nto assist her in murdering her husband. To facilitate that object, Hayes\nwas induced to drink the enormous quantity of seven bottles (at that time\nfull quarts) of Mountain wine, besides other intoxicating drinks. After\nfinishing the seventh bottle he fell on the floor, but soon after arose and\nthrew himself on a bed. There, whilst in a state of stupefaction, he was\ndespatched by Billings and Wood striking him on the head with a hatchet.\nThe murderers then held council as to the best mode of concealing their\ncrime, and it was determined that they should mutilate and dispose of the\nbody. They cut off the head, Mrs. Hayes holding a pail to catch the blood;\nand she proposed that the head should be boiled until the flesh came from\nthe skull. This advice was rejected on account of the time which the\nprocess suggested would occupy, and Billings and Wood carried the head in\nthe pail (it was at night) to the Horseferry at Westminster, and there cast\nit into the Thames. On the following day the murderers separated the limbs\nfrom the body, and wrapping them, together with the trunk, in two blankets,\ncarried them to Marylebone fields, and placed them in a pond. Hayes' head\nnot having been carried away by the tide, as the murderers expected it\nwould have been, was found floating at the Horseferry in the morning. The\nattention of the authorities was drawn to the circumstance, and the\nmagistrates being of opinion that a murder had been committed, caused the\nhead to be washed and the hair combed out, and then had it placed on a pole\nand exposed to public view in St. Margaret's churchyard, in the hope that\nit might lead to the discovery of the suspected crime. Great crowds of\npersons of all ranks flocked to St. Margaret's churchyard to see the head,\nand amongst the rest a young man named Bennett, who perceiving the likeness\nto Hayes, whom he knew, immediately went to Mrs. Hayes on the subject; but\nshe assured him that her husband was alive and well, which satisfied him. A\njourneyman tailor, named Patrick, also went to see the head, and on his\nreturn told his fellow workmen that it was Hayes. These workmen, who also\nhad known Hayes, then went to look at the head, and felt the same\nconviction. It happened that Billings worked at the same shop in which\nthese men were employed in Monmouth Street, and when he came to work next\nmorning, they told him of the circumstance. Billings, however, lulled their\nsuspicious by declaring that he had left Mr. Hayes at home that morning.\nAfter the head had been exhibited for four days in the churchyard, the\nmagistrates caused it to be placed in spirits, in a glass vessel, and in\nthat state it continued to be exposed to public view. Two friends of Hayes,\nnamed Ashley and Longmore, who had seen the head without imagining that it\nwas his, some time after called on Mrs. Hayes, on separate occasions, to\ninquire for her husband, whose absence began to be noticed. Ashley and\nLongmore were mutual {51} friends, and their suspicions being excited by\nthe contradictory statements which Mrs. Hayes had given to them, they went\nto look again at the head, when a minute examination satisfied them that it\nhad belonged to Hayes. The apprehension of the murderers was the result. On\nthe day they were brought up for examination, the trunk and limbs of the\nmurdered man were found. Wood and Billings confessed and pleaded guilty.\nKatherine Hayes put herself on her country, was tried and convicted. Wood\ndied in prison. Billings was hanged in Marylebone fields, near the pond in\nwhich Hayes's body had been concealed. Katherine Hayes was executed at\nTyburn, under circumstances of great horror; for, in consequence of the\nfire reaching the executioner's hands, he left his hold of the rope with\nwhich he ought to have strangled the criminal, before he had executed that\npart of his duty, and the result was, that Katherine Hayes was burnt alive.\nThe wretched woman was seen, in the midst of flames, pushing the blazing\nfaggots from her, whilst she yelled in agony. Fresh faggots were piled\naround her, but a considerable time elapsed before her torments ended. She\nsuffered on the 3rd of November, 1726. This tragedy forms the subject of a\ncomic ballad which is attributed to Swift.\n\nC. ROSS.\n\nThe communication of E. S. S. W. (Vol. ii., p. 6.), which is as interesting\nas it is shocking, induces me to send you a short extract from _Harrison's\nDerby and Nottingham Journal, or Midland Advertiser_. The number of this\njournal which is dated Thursday, September 23, 1779, contains as follows:--\n\n    \"On Saturday two prisoners were capitally convicted at the Old Bailey\n    of high treason, viz. Isabella Condon, for coining shillings in\n    Cold-Bath-Fields; and John Field, for coining shillings in Nag's Head\n    Yard, Bishopsgate Street. They will receive sentence to be drawn on a\n    hurdle to the place of execution; _the woman to be burnt_, and the man\n    to be hanged.\"\n\nI presume that the sentence which the woman underwent was not executed. The\nbarbarous fulfilment of such a law was, it may be hoped, already obsolete.\nThe motives, however, upon which this law was grounded is worth noting:--\n\n    \"In treason of every kind,\" says Blackstone, \"the punishment of women\n    is the same, and different from that of men. For, _as the decency due\n    to the sex forbids the exposing and publicly mangling their bodies_,\n    their sentence (which is to the full as terrible to sensation as the\n    other) is to be drawn to the gallows, and there to be burned alive.\"\n    \"But,\" says the foot-note, \"by the statute 30 Geo. III. c. 48., women\n    convicted in all cases of treason, shall receive judgment to be drawn\n    to the place of execution, and there to be hanged by the neck till\n    dead.\"\n\nThe law, therefore, under which a woman could be put to death by burning,\nwas repealed in 1790.\n\nBlackstone elsewhere says:--\n\n    \"The humanity of the English nation has authorized, by a tacit consent,\n    an almost general mitigation of such part of those judgments as savours\n    of torture and cruelty: a sledge or hurdle being usually allowed to\n    such traitors as are condemned to be drawn; and there being very few\n    instances (and those accidental or by negligence) of any persons being\n    embowelled or burned, till previously deprived of sensation by\n    strangling.\"\n\nThis corroborates the conclusion of E. S. S. W., that the woman he\ndescribes was strangled at the stake to which her neck was bound.\n\nI wish to suggest to any of your legal or other well-informed\ncorrespondents, who will have the kindness to take a little trouble for the\nbenefit of your general readers, that an instructive and interesting\ncommunication might be made by noting down the periods at which the various\nmore revolting punishments under the English law were repealed, or fell\ninto disuse. For instance, when torture, such as the rack, was last\napplied; when embowelling alive and quartering ceased to be practised; and\nwhose was the last head that fell under the axe's bloody stroke. A word\nalso on the use of the pillory, ducking-stool, stocks, &c. would interest.\nAny illustrations of the modification of our penal code would throw\nvaluable light on the philosophy and improvement of the national character.\nAnd I believe it would appear that the Reformation gradually swept away the\nblack horrors of the torture-room; that the butchery of the headsman's\nblock ceased at the close of the civil contest which settled the line of\nregal succession; and that hanging, which is the proper death of the cur,\nis now reserved for those only who place themselves out of the pale of\nhumanity by striking at human life.\n\nALFRED GATTY.\n\nEcclesfield.\n\nE. S. S. W. (Vol. ii., p. 6.) will find a case of burning in _Dodsley's\nAnnual Register_, 1769, p. 117.: a Susannah Lott was burned for the murder\nof her husband at Canterbury, Benjamin Buss, her paramour, being hanged\nabout fifteen minutes before she was burned.\n\nT. S. N.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nFOLK LORE.\n\n_Death-bed Mystery._--In conversation with an aged widow,--as devout and\nsensible as she is unlettered,--I yesterday learned a death-bed mystery\nwhich appeared new to me, and which (if not more commonly known than I take\nit to be) you may perhaps think worthy of a place in \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\"\nto serve as a minor satellite to some more luminous communication, in reply\nto B. H. at Vol. i., p. 315. My informant's \"_religio_\" (as she appears to\nhave derived it by tradition from her mother, and as confirmed by her own\nexperience in the case of a father, a {52} husband, several children, and\nothers), is to the effect that a considerable interval _invariably_ elapses\nbetween the first semblance of death, and what she considers to be the\ndeparture of the soul.\n\nAbout five minutes after the time when death, to all outward appearance,\nhas taken place, \"the last breath,\" as she describes, may be seen to issue\nwith a vapour, or \"steam,\" out of the mouth of the departed.\n\nThe statement reminds me of Webster's argument, in his _Display of supposed\nWitchcraft_, chap. xvi., where, writing of the bleeding of corpses in\npresence of their murderers, he observes:\n\n    \"If we physically consider the union of the soul with the body by the\n    mediation of the spirit, then we cannot rationally conceive that the\n    soul doth utterly forsake that union, until by putrefaction, tending to\n    an absolute mutation, it is forced to bid farewell to its beloved\n    tabernacle; for its not operating _ad extra_ to our senses, doth not\n    necessarily infer its total absence. And it may be, that there is more\n    in that of _Abel's blood crying unto the Lord from the ground_, in a\n    physical sense than is commonly conceived,\" &c.\n\nSir Kenelm Digby (I think I remember) has also made some curious remarks on\nthis subject, in his observations on the _Religio Medici_ of Sir T. Brown.\n\nJ. SANSOM.\n\n_Easter Eggs._-The custom of dyeing eggs at Easter (alluded to, Vol. i.,\npp. 244. and 397.) prevails in different parts of Cumberland, and is\nobserved in this city probably more specially than in any other part of\nEngland. On Easter Monday and Tuesday the inhabitants assemble in certain\nadjacent meadows, the children all provided with stores of hard-boiled\neggs, coloured or ornamented in various ways,--some being dyed an even\ncolour with logwood, cochineal, &c.; others stained (often in a rather\nelegant manner) by being boiled in shreds of parti-coloured ribbons; and\nothers, again, covered with gilding. These they tumble about upon the grass\nuntil they break, when they finish off by eating them. These they call\n_pace_-eggs, being no doubt a corruption for _pasche_.\n\nThis custom is mentioned by Brande as existing among the modern Greeks; but\nI believe it will be found more or less in almost all parts of Christendom.\n\nI observed when in Syria during Easter quantities of eggs similarly dyed;\nbut it did not occur to me at the time to inquire whether the practice was\nconnected with the season, and whether it was not confined to the native\nChristians.\n\nInformation upon this point, and also upon the general origin of this\nancient custom, would be interesting.\n\nA SUBSCRIBER.\n\nCarlisle, June 3. 1850.\n\n_May Marriages_ (Vol. i., p. 467.).--This superstition is one of those\nwhich have descended to Christianity from Pagan observances, and which the\npeople have adopted without knowing the cause, or being able to assign a\nreason. Carmelli tells us that it still prevailed in Italy in 1750.[2] It\nwas evidently of long standing in Ovid's time as it had passed then into a\nproverb among the people; nearly two centuries afterwards Plutarch (_Quaest.\nRom._ 86.) puts the question: [Greek: Dia ti toi Maiou menos ouk agontai\ngunaikas], which he makes a vain endeavour to answer satisfactorily. He\nassigns three reasons: _first_, because May being between April and June,\nand April being consecrated to Venus, and June to Juno, those deities held\npropitious to marriage were not to be slighted. The Greeks were not less\nobservant of fitting seasons and the propitiation of the [Greek: gamelioi\ntheoi]. _Secondly_, on account of the great expiatory celebration of the\n_Lemuria_, when women abstained from the bath and the careful cosmetic\ndecoration of their persons so necessary as a prelude to marriage rites.\n_Thirdly_, as some say, because May was the month of old men, _Majus a\nMajoribus_, and therefore June, being thought to be the month of the young,\n_Junius a Junioribus_, was to be preferred. The Romans, however, held other\nseasons and days unpropitious to matrimony, as the days in February when\nthe Parentalia were celebrated, &c. _June_ was the favourite month; but no\nmarriage was celebrated without an augury being first consulted and its\nauspices proved favourable (_Val. Max._ lib. ii. c. 1.). It would be well\nif some such superstitions observance among us could serve as a check to\nill-advised and ill-timed marriages; and I would certainly advise all\nprudent females to continue to think that\n\n \"The girls are all stark naught that wed in May.\"\n\nS. W. SINGER.\n\nMickleham, June 12.\n\n[Footnote 2: Storia di Vari Costumi, t. ii. p. 221.]\n\n_\"Trash\" or \"Skriker.\"_--Many hundreds of persons there are in these\ndistricts who place implicit credence in the reality of the appearance of a\ndeath sign, locally termed _trash_ or _skriker_. It has the appearance of a\nlarge black dog, with long shaggy hair, and, as the natives express it,\n\"eyes as big as saucers.\" The first name is given to it form the peculiar\nnoise made by its feet when passing along, resembling that of a heavy shoe\nin a miry road. The second appellation is in allusion to the sound of its\nvoice when _heard_ by those parties who are unable to _see_ the appearance\nitself. According to the statements of parties who have seen the _trash_\nfrequently, it makes its appearance to some member of that family from\nwhich death will shortly select his victim; and, at other times, to some\nvery intimate acquaintance. Should any one be so courageous as to follow\nthe appearance, it usually makes its retreat with its eyes _fronting_ {53}\nthe pursuer, and either sinks into the earth with a _strange noise_, or is\nlost upon the slightest momentary inattention. Many have attempted to\nstrike it with any weapon they had at hand; but although the appearance\nstood its ground, no _material_ substance could ever be detected. It may be\nadded that \"trash\" does not confine itself to churchyards, though\nfrequently seen in such localities.\n\nT. T. W.\n\nBurnley.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNOTES ON MILTON.\n\n(Continued from Vol. i., p. 387.)\n\n          _L'Allegro._\n\nOn l. 6. (D.):--\n\n \"Where triumphant Darkness hovers\n  With a sable wing, that covers\n  Brooding Horror.\"\n              _Crashaw_, Psalm xxiii.\n\nOn l. 11. (G.) Drayton has this expression in his _Heroical Epistles_:--\n\n \"Find me out one so young, _so fair, so free_.\"\n              _King John to Matilda._\n\nand afterwards,--\n\n         \"Leave that accursed cell;\n  There let black Night and Melancholy dwell.\"\n\nOn l. 24. (G.) Most probably from a couplet in Burton's _Anatomy of\nMelancholy_:--\n\n \"And ever and anon she thinks upon the man,\n  That was so fine, so fair, _so blith, so debonaire_.\"\n              P. 3. Sc. 2. p. 603. ed. 1621. 4to.\n\nAnd in Randolph's _Aristippus_,--\n\n \"A bowle of wine is wondrous boone chere\n  To make one _blith, buxome, and deboneere_.\"\n              P. 13. ed. 1630. 4to.\n\nOn l. 27. (G.):--\n\n \"_Manes._ Didst thou not find I did _quip_ thee?\n \"_Psyllus._ No, verily; why, what's a _quip_?\n \"_Manes._ We great girders call it a short saying of a sharp wit, with a\n     bitter sense in a sweet word.\"\n              _Alexander and Campaspe, Old Plays_,\n              vol. ii. p. 113. ed. 1780.\n\n \"Then for your Lordship's _Quippes_ and quick jestes,\n  Why Gesta Romanorum were nothing to them.\"\n      _Sir Gyles Goosecappe_, a Com., Sig. G. 2. 4to. 1606.\n\n_Crank_ is used in a different sense by Drayton:--\n\n \"Like Chanticleare he crowed _crank_,\n  And piped full merily.\"\n              Vol. iv. p. 1402. ed. 1753.\n\nOn l. 31. (M.):--\n\n \"There dainty Joys laugh at white-headed Caring.\"\n              _Fletcher's Purple Island_, C. vi. St. 35.\n\nOn l. 42. (G.):--\n\n \"The cheerful lark, mounting from early bed,\n  With sweet salutes awakes the drowsy Light;\n  The earth shee left, and up to Heaven is fled:\n  There chants her Maker's praises out of sight.\"\n              _Purple Island_, C. ix. St. 2.\n\n \"From heaven high to chase the cheareless darke,\n  With mery note her lowd salutes the morning larke.\"\n              _Faery Queene_, B. i. c. 11.\n\nOn l. 45. (G.):--\n\n \"The chearful birds, chirping him sweet good-morrow,\n  With nature's music do beguile his sorrow.\"\n              _Sylvester's Du Bartas._\n\nOn l. 67. (G.) See note already inserted in \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" p. 316.\n\nOn l. 75. (G.):--\n\n \"In May the meads are not so _pied with flowers_.\"\n              _Sylvester's Du Bartas._\n\nOn l. 78. (G.) So in _Comus_:--\n\n \"And casts a gleam over the _tufted grove_.\"\n              v. 225.\n\nOn l. 80. (G.):--\n\n \"Loadstar of Love and Loadstone of all hearts.\"\n              _Drummond._\n\nOn l. 117. (Anon.) See extracts from the _Diary of a Lover of Literature_.\nTo me this line seems to allude to the imagination in sleep:--\n\n \"Such sights as youthful poets dream.\"\n\nOn l. 121. (G.):--\n\n \"Yet served I, gentles, seeing _store_\n  _Of dainty girls_ beside.\"\n              _Albion's England_, p. 218. 4to. 1602.\n\nOn l. 125. (G.):--\n\n \"_In saffron robes_ and all his solemn rites,\n  Thrice sacred _Hymen_.\"\n              _Sylvester's Du Bartas._\n\nand in Spanish Tragedy:--\n\n \"The two first the nuptial torches bore,\n  As brightly burning as the mid-day's sun:\n  But after them doth _Hymen_ hie as fast,\n  Clothed in sable and a _saffron robe_.\"\n\nOn l. 187. (G.):--\n\n \"Marrying their sweet tunes to the angels' lays.\"\n              _Sylvester's Du Bartas._\n\nOn l. 144. (D.):--\n\n     \"Those precious mysteries that dwell\n  In Music's ravished soul.\"\n              _Crashaw's Music's Duet._\n\nJ. F. M.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nCOLVIL'S WHIGG'S SUPPLICATION.\n\nHeber possessed a curious MS. volume entitled _A Poetical Miscellany,\nselected from the Works of the Men of Genius of the XVIIth Century_. In\nPart XI. of the _Bibliotheca Heberiana_ it is thus described:--\n\n    \"The first part of this volume was obviously collected by a Scotchman,\n    and it includes pieces by Ben Jonson, Wither, Dr. Donne, &c. It must\n    have been made in the latter part of the reign of Charles I. The second\n    portion of the volume is a later production; a humourous poem, called a\n    _Whig's Supplication_, by {54} S. C., in which there is a remarkable\n    notice of Cleveland, Donne, and 'Bass Divine.' The latter name somebody\n    has ignorantly altered, not knowing, probably, who 'Bass Divine' was.\n    The poem is in imitation of Hudibras, both in style and metre.\"\n\nIt is somewhat singular that the writer of this notice never suspected that\nthe _author_ of the second part, and the _collector_ of the first part of\nthe volume, was Samuel Colvil, whose celebrated poem, _The Whigg's\nSupplication, or the Scotch Hudibras_, went through so many editions, from\n1667 to 1796. This \"mock poem\", as the author terms it, turns upon the\ninsurrection of the Covenanters in Scotland in the reign of Charles the\nSecond. An interesting notice of it, and other imitations of Hudibras, will\nbe found in the _Retrospective Review_, vol. iii. pp. 317-335.\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nQueries.\n\nHUBERT LE SOEUR'S SIX BRASS STATUES.\n\nIn a curious MS. Diary of the early part of the seventeenth century, lately\ncome into my possession, I find the following entry concerning the\nsculptor, Hubert le Soeur:--\n\n    \"March 7. 1628. Had an interview with y^e famous and justly renowned\n    artiste H. le Sueur, who, being late come to this countrie, I had never\n    seene before. He showed me several famous statues in brasse.\"\n\nThis is probably the earliest notice of the celebrated pupil of John of\nBologna after his settlement in England. Dallaway, in his _Anecdotes of the\nArts in England_ (p. 395.), after stating that Hubert le Soeur arrived here\nabout the year 1630, says,--\n\n    \"If he was associated with Pierre Tacca, who finished the horse in the\n    equestrian statue of Henry IV. in 1610, left incomplete on the death of\n    his master, John of Bologna, two years preceding, he must have been far\n    advanced in life. Three only of his works in bronze are now known with\n    certainty to exist: the equestrian statue of Charles I. [at Charing\n    Cross], a bust of the same monarch with a casque in the Roman style\n    [now at Stourhead], and a statue in armour of William Herbert, Earl of\n    Pembroke, Lord High Chamberlain and Chancellor of Oxford. The last was\n    given to the University by T., Earl of Pembroke, about the time of the\n    restoration.\"\n\nThe \"several famous statues in brasse\" alluded to by the writer of the\nDiary above quoted, were probably those which afterwards ornamented the\ngardens of St. James's Palace. Peacham, in his _Complete Gentleman_ (2nd\nedit., 4to. 1634), having spoken of the collection of statues at Arundell\nHouse, says:--\n\n    \"King Charles also, ever since his coming to the Crown, hath amply\n    testified a royal liking of ancient Statues, by causing a whole army of\n    foreign Emperors, Captains, and Senators, all at once to land on his\n    coasts, to come and do him homage and attend him in his Palaces of\n    Saint James and Somerset House. A great part of these belonged to the\n    great Duke of Mantua; and some of the old Greek marble bases, columns,\n    and altars were brought from the ruins of Apollo's temple at Delos, by\n    that noble and absolutely complete gentleman, Sir Kenelm Digby, Kn^t.\n    In the garden of St. James, there are also _half a dozen brass\n    statues_, rare ones, cast by Hubert le Sueur, his Majesty's servant,\n    now dwelling in St. Bartholomew's, London; the most industrious and\n    excellent statuary, in all materials, that ever this country enjoyed.\n    The best of them is the Gladiator, moulded from that in Cardinal\n    Borghesi's Villa, by the procurement and industry of ingenious Master\n    Gage. And at this present, the said Master Sueur hath divers other\n    admirable moulds to cast in brass for his Majesty, and among the rest,\n    that famous Diana of Ephesus. But the great Horse with his Majesty upon\n    it, twice as great as the life, and now well nigh finished, will\n    compare with that of the New Bridge at Paris, or those others at\n    Florence and Madrid, though made by Sueur, his master John de Bologna,\n    that rare workman, who not long since lived at Florence.\"\n\nThe bronze statue of the Gladiator originally stood (according to Ned\nWard's _London Spy_) in the Parade facing the Horse Guards. Dodsley\n(_Environs_, iii. 741.) says it was removed by Queen Anne to Hampton Court,\nand from thence, by George the Fourth, to the private grounds of Windsor\nCastle, where it now is. Query, What has become of the other five \"famous\nstatues in brass?\"\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBISHOP JEWELL'S LIBRARY.\n\nWhat became of Bishop Jewell's library? Cassan mentions (_Lives of Bishops\nof Salisbury_, vol. ii. p. 55.) that\n\n    \"He had collected an excellent library of books of all sorts, not\n    excepting the most impertinent of the Popish authors, and here it was\n    that he spent the greatest and the best part of his time,\" &c.\n\nBishop Jewell died Sept. 22. 1571.\n\nIn the Account Books of Magdalen College, Oxford, I find the following\nitems:--\n\n    \"A. D. 1572. Solut. D^{no} Praesidi equitanti Sarisbur. pro libris per\n    billam, iij^{li} xvi^s.\n\n    \"Solut. pro libris D^{ni}, episcopi Sar., c^{li}.\n\n    \"A. D. 1574. Solut per Dom. Praesidem pro libris M^{ri} Jewell,\n    xx^{li}.\"\n\nWhether these books were a portion only, or the whole of the library of\nBishop Jewell, I am unable to discover; nor am I aware at present whether\nBishop Jewell's autograph is in any of the books of Magdalen College\nLibrary. The president was Lawrence Humphrey, author of a Life of Jewell.\n\nMAGDALENENSIS.\n\n{55}\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTHE LOW WINDOW.\n\nThe low windows in the chancel of so many of our ancient churches have\nproved a fruitful source of discussion among archaeologists, and numerous\ntheories have been advanced respecting their use. Perhaps the words of the\nchameleon in the fable might be addressed to many who have attempted to\naccount for their existence, \"You all are right and all are wrong\"--right\nin your supposition that they were thus used; but wrong in maintaining that\nthis was the exclusive purpose. Some example, in fact, may be adduced\nirreconcileable with any particular conjecture, and sufficient to overturn\nevery theory which may be set up. One object assigned is, the distribution\nof alms; and it is surely reasonable to imagine that money collected at the\noffertory should have been given to paupers from the chancel through this\nconvenient aperture. The following passage from the _Ecclesiologist_,\nquoted in page 441. of \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" has induced me to bring this\nsubject forward:--\n\n    \"In them (churchyards) prayers are not now commonly poured forth to\n    God, nor are doles distributed to his poor.\"\n\nNow it must be admitted that relief could scarcely be given to a crowd of\nimportunate claimants without the interposition of some barrier; and where\ncould a more appropriate place be found than the low window? Can any of\nyour readers, therefore, oblige me with some information upon these points?\nWhere were the alms bestowed, if not here? An almonry is described in some\nrecent works as \"a building near the church.\" What authority is there for\nsuch an assertion, and do any examples of such structures remain? What\nevidence is there that this business was transacted in the churchyard, in\nthe porch, or in any particular part of the edifice?\n\nAlthough these mysterious openings are probably, with one or two exceptions\nin Normandy, peculiar to this country, it is desirable to ascertain where\nthe poor on the Continent usually receive such charitable donations. In an\ninterior of a Flemish cathedral, by an artist of the sixteenth century, a\nman is represented in the act of delivering bread to a number of eager\nbeggars, from a sort of pew; showing, at least, as above remarked, that\nsome such protection was requisite.\n\nThere is another Query connected with this subject, which I beg to submit.\nSome ancient frescoes were lately discovered in the chapel of Eton College,\nwith a compartment containing (according to a letter in the\n_Ecclesiologist_) a bishop administering the Holy Communion to a converted\nJew, through a low window. Can any one, from recollection or the inspection\nof drawings, (for the original has disappeared,) assure me that he does not\nhold in his hand a piece of money, or a portion of bread, for the supply of\nhis bodily wants?\n\nT.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Queries.\n\n_North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated._--In the West of England I have\nfound an opinion to prevail in rural parishes, that the north side of our\nchurchyards was left unconsecrated very commonly, in order that the youth\nof the village might have the use of it as a playground. And, in one\nparish, some few years ago, I had occasion to interrupt the game of\nfootball in a churchyard on the \"revel\" Sunday, and again on another\nfestival. I also found some reluctance in the people to have their friends\nburied north of the church.\n\nIs there any ground for believing that our churchyards were ever thus\nconsecrated on the south side of the church to the exclusion of the north?\n\nJ. SANSOM.\n\n_Hatfield--Consecration of Chapel there._--Le Neve, in his _Lives of\nProtestant Bishops_ (ii. 144.), states, that Richard Neile, Bishop of\nLincoln, went to Hatfield, 6th May, 1615, to consecrate the chapel in the\nhouse there lately built by Robert, Earl of Salisbury. I have applied to\nthe Registrar of Lincoln diocese, in which Hatfield was (until recently)\nlocally situated, for a copy of the notarial act of consecration; but it\nappears that the register of Bishop Neile was taken away or destroyed in\nthe Great Rebellion, and that, consequently, no record of his episcopality\nnow exists at Lincoln.\n\nLe Neve says he had the most part of his account of Bishop Neile from\nThomas Baker, B.D. of St. John's College, Cambridge, who had it from a\ngrandson of the Bishop's. He quotes also Featley's MS. Collections.\n\nCan any of your readers inform me whether Bishop Neile's episcopal register\nfor Lincoln is in existence, or whether any transcript of it is known? or\nif any evidence, confirmatory of Le Neve's statement of the fact and date\nof the consecration of the chapel of Hatfield, is known to exist?\n\nWILLIAM H. COPE.\n\nP.S. I have examined Dr. Matthew Hutton's transcripts of the Lincoln\nregisters, in the Harleian MSS., but they do not come down to within a\ncentury of Bishop Neile's episcopate.\n\n_Ulrich von Hutten_ (Vol. i., p. 336.).--In one of the _Quarterly Reviews_\nis an account of Ulrich von Hutten and the _Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum_.\nWill S. W. S., or any one who takes interest in Ulrich, tell me where it\nis? A meagre article in the _Retrospective Review_, vol. v. p. 56.,\nmentions only one edition of the _Epstolae_, Francfurti ad Mainum, 1643. Is\nthere any recent edition with notes? Mine, Lond. 1710, is without, and\nremarkable only for its dedication to Isaac Bickerstaffe, Esq., and the\ncurious mistake which Isaac made when he acknowledged it in _The Tatler_,\nof supposing the letters genuine. Is it known to what {56} scholar we are\nindebted for so neat an edition of a book then so little known in England,\nand so little in accordance with English taste at that time?\n\nH. B. C.\n\nUniversity Club, May 29.\n\n_Simon of Ghent._--Can any of your correspondents give me any information\nconcerning Simon, Bishop of Salisbury in 1297-1315, further than what is\nsaid of him in _Godwini de Praesulibus Angliae_, and in Wanley's Catalogue,\nwhere he is mentioned as the author of _Regulae Sanctimonialium Ordinis Sti\nJacobi_? Why is he called \"Gandavensis,\" or \"De Gandavo,\" seeing that he is\nsaid to have been born in London?\n\nJ. MORTON.\n\n_Boetius' Consolations of Philosophy._--Alfred the Great translated this\nwork into Anglo-Saxon; Chaucer, Queen Elizabeth, and Lord Preston into\nEnglish.\n\n_Has Queen Elizabeth's work_ (which she executed during her captivity\nbefore she ascended the throne) _been printed?_ Richard Viscount Preston's\nappeared first, I believe, in 1712, in 12mo. _How often has it been\nreprinted?_ What other English translations have been made, and what are\nthe latest?\n\nJARTZBERG.\n\n_Gloucestershire Gospel Tree._--Mary Roberts, in her _Ruins and Old Trees\nassociated with Historical Events_, gives a very pretty account of a\ncertain _Gospel Tree_. Can any kind correspondent inform me where in\nGloucestershire it is situated? Although a native of the county, I never\nheard of it.\n\nW. H. B.\n\n_Churchyards--Epitaphs._--Up to the time of the Norman Conquest,\nchurchyards appear to have been considered almost as sacred as churches;\nbut soon after that period, though regarded as places of sanctuary, they\nwere often used for profane purposes. I recollect reading of fairs and\nrustic sports being held in them as early as John's reign, but\nunfortunately I have not been an observer of your motto, and know not now\nwhere to refer for such instances. I shall therefore feel obliged to any of\nyour readers who will specify a few instances of the profanation of\nchurchyards at different periods, or refer me to works where such may be\nfound. Churchyards appear to have been used in special cases for sepulture\nfrom the year 750, but not commonly so used till the end of the fourteenth\ncentury. Are there any instances of sepulchral monuments, between the above\ndates, now existing in churchyards?\n\nStone crosses, evidently of Saxon or very early Roman structure, are found\nin churchyards, but I am not aware of any sepulchral monuments detached\nfrom the church of the same date. I shall be glad of any notices of early\nmonuments or remarkable epitaphs in churchyards. When did churchyards cease\nto be places of sanctuary? What is the exact meaning of the word \"yard?\"\nand was not \"God's acre\" applied to Christian cemeteries before sepulture\nwas admitted in churches or churchyards?\n\nW. H. K.\n\nDrayton Beauchamp, June 10.\n\n_Anthony Warton._--Who was Anthony Warton, minister of the word at\nBreamore, in Hampshire, and author of _Refinement of Zion_, London, 1657?\nAnother Anthony Warton was matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford, 2nd\nNov., 1665, at sixteen, as son of Francis Warton, of Breamore, Hants,\nplebeian. He remained clerk till 1671; chaplain from 1671 to 1674;\ninstituted vicar of Godalming, Surrey, in 1682; obiit 15th March, 1714-15.\nHe was father of Thomas Warton, Demy and Fellow of Magdalen College, vicar\nof Basingstoke, Hants, and of Cobham, Surrey, Professor of Poetry in the\nUniversity of Oxford, 1718-28; who was father of the more celebrated Thomas\nWarton, Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and of Joseph Warton, Head\nMaster of Winchester School.\n\nManning says (_History of Surrey_, vol. i. p. 648.) that Anthony Warton,\nvicar of Breamore, Hants, was younger brother of Michael Warton, Esq., of\nBeverley, but originally of Warton Hall in Lancashire. Both Wood and\nManning seem to have confounded the first Anthony with the clerk, &c. of\nMagdalen. Was the former brother of Francis?\n\nMAGDALENENSIS.\n\n_Cardinal's Hat._--O'Halloran mentions the cardinal's\nhat--\"birede\"--\"biretrum\"--as the hat anciently worn by the Irish doctors.\nWhat is its history?\n\nJ. SANSOM.\n\n_Maps of London._--I should be grateful to any of your correspondents who\ncould inform me whether there are any maps of London before that of Aggas?\nwhat they are? and where they are to be found? The date of Aggas's map is\nsupposed to be about 1560, and must have been after 1548, as the site of\nEssex House in the Strand is there called \"Paget Place.\" There is a MS. map\nby Anthony Van Den Wyngerde in the Sutherland Collection in the Bodleian,\nthe date of which would be about 1559.\n\nEDWARD FOSS.\n\n_Griffith of Penrhyn._--Can any of your correspondents refer me to a good\npedigree of GRIFFITH OF PENRHYN AND CARNARVON?\n\nWILLIAM D'OYLY BAYLEY.\n\nCoatham, near Redcar.\n\n_The Mariner's Compass._--What is the origin of the _fleur-de-lis_ with\nwhich the northern radius of the compass-card is always ornamented?\n\nNAUTILUS.\n\n_Pontefract on the Thames._--Permit me to ask, through the medium of your\nuseful publication, where Pontefract _on the Thames_ was situate in {57}\nthe fourteenth century? Several documents of Edw. II. are dated from Shene\n(Richmond); in 1318, one from Mortelak; in 1322, one from Istelworth; and\nseveral are dated _Pountfrcyt_, or _Pontem fractum super Thamis_. (See\nRymer's _Foedera_). It is very clear that this Pountfrcyt on the Thames\nmust have been at no great distance from Shene, Mortlake, and Isleworth,\nalso upon the Thames; and this is further corroborated by the dates\nfollowing, from the places alluded to, so closely.\n\n<pointing hand> N.\n\nJune 14. 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nReplies.\n\nON THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF THE STUDY OF GEOMETRY IN LANCASHIRE.\n\nThe extensive study of geometry in Lancashire and the northern counties\ngenerally is a fact which has forced itself upon the attention of several\nobservers; but none of these have attempted to assign any reasons for so\nsingular an occurrence. Indeed, the origin and progress of the study of any\nparticular branch of science, notwithstanding their attractive features,\nhave but rarely engaged the attention of those best qualified for the\nundertaking. Fully satisfied with pursuing their ordinary courses of\ninvestigation, they have scarcely ever stopped to inquire _who_ first\nstarted the subject of their contemplations; nor have they evinced much\nmore assiduity to ascertain the _how_, the _when_, or in _what_ favoured\nlocality he had his existence: and hence the innumerable misappropriations\nof particular discoveries, the unconscious traversing of already exhausted\nfields of research, and many of the bickerings which have taken place\namongst the rival claimants for the honour of priority.\n\nMr. Halliwell's _Letters on the Progress of Science_ sufficiently show that\nthe study of geometry was almost a nonentity in England previously to the\ncommencement of the eighteenth century. Before this period Dr. Dee, the\ncelebrated author of the preliminary discourse to Billingsley's _Euclid_,\nhad indeed resided at Manchester (1595), but his residence here could\neffect little in flavour of geometry, seeing, as is observed by a writer in\nthe _Penny Cyclopaedia_--\n\n    \"The character of the lectures on Euclid was in those days extremely\n    different from that of our own time ... the propositions of Euclid\n    being then taken as so many pegs to hang a speech upon.\"\n\nSimilar remarks evidently apply to Horrocks and Crabtree (1641); for\nalthough _both_ were natives of Lancashire, and the latter a resident in\nthe vicinity of Manchester, their early death would prevent the exertion of\nany considerable influence; nor does it appear that they ever paid any\nattention to the study of the ancient geometry. Richard Towneley, Esq., of\nTowneley (1671), is known to have been an ardent cultivator of science, but\nhis residence was principally in London. It may, however, be mentioned to\nhis honour, _that he was the first to discover what is usually known as\n\"Marriotte's Law\"_ for the expansion of gases. At a later period\n(1728-1763), the name of \"John Hampson, of Leigh, in Lancashire,\" appears\nas a correspondent to the _Lady's Diary_; but since he mostly confined his\nspeculations to subjects relating to the Diophantine Analysis, he cannot be\nconsidered as the originator of the revival in that branch of study now\nunder consideration. Such being the case, we are led to conclude that the\n\"Oldham Mathematical Society\" was really the great promoter of the study of\nthe ancient geometry in Lancashire; for during the latter half of the last\ncentury, and almost up to the present date, it has numbered amongst its\nmembers several of the most distinguished geometers of modern times. A\ncursory glance at some of the mathematical periodicals of that date will\nreadily furnish the names of Ainsworth, whose elegant productions in pure\ngeometry adorn the pages of the _Gentleman's_ and _Burrow's Diaries_;\nTaylor, the distinguished tutor of Wolfenden; Fletcher, whose\ninvestigations in the _Gentleman's Diary_ and the _Mathematical Companion_\nentitle him to the highest praise; Wolfenden, acknowledged by all as one of\nthe most profound mathematicians of the last century; Hilton, afterwards\nthe talented editor of that \"work of rare merit\" the _Liverpool Student_;\nand last, though not least, the distinguished Butterworth, whose elegant\nand extensive correspondence occupies so conspicuous a place in the\n_Student_, the _Mathematical Repository_, the _Companion_, the _Enquirer_,\nthe _Leeds Correspondent_, and the _York Courant_. Besides these, we find\nthe names of Mabbot, Wood, Holt (Mancuniensis), Clarke (Salfordoniiensis),\nas then resident at Manchester and in constant communication with, if not\nactually members of the society; nor can it be doubted from the evidence of\nexisting documents that the predilection for the study of the ancient\ngeometry evinced by various members of this Lancashire School, exercised\nconsiderable influence upon the minds of such distinguished proficients as\nCunliffe, Campbell, Lowry, Whitley, and Swale.\n\nHence it would seem that _many_, and by no means improbable, reasons may be\nassigned for \"the very remarkable circumstance of the geometrical analysis\nof the ancients having been cultivated with eminent success in the northern\ncounties of England, and particularly in Lancashire.\" Mr. Harvey, at the\nYork meeting of the British Association in 1831, eloquently announced \"that\nwhen Playfair, in one of his admirable papers in the _Edinburgh Review_,\nexpressed a fear that the increasing taste for analytical science would at\nlength drive the {58} ancient geometry from its favoured retreat in the\nBritish Isles; the Professor seemed not to be aware that there existed a\ndevoted band of men in the north, resolutely bound to the pure and ancient\nforms of geometry, who in the midst of the tumult of steam engines,\ncultivated it with unyielding ardour, preserving the sacred fire under\ncircumstances which would seem from their nature most calculated to\nextinguish it.\" Mr. Harvey, however, admitted his inability clearly to\ntrace the \"true cause of this remarkable phenomenon,\" but at the same time\nsuggested that \"a taste for pure geometry, something like that for\nentomology among the weavers of Spitalfields, may have been transmitted\nfrom father to son; but who was the distinguished individual _first_ to\ncreate it, in the peculiar race of men here adverted to, seems not to be\nknown.\" However, as \"the two great restorers of ancient geometry, Matthew\nStewart and Robert Simson, it may be observed, lived in Scotland,\" he asks\nthe important questions:--\"Did their proximity encourage the growth of this\nspirit? Or were their writings cultivated by some teacher of a village\nschool, who communicated by a method, which genius of a transcendental\norder knows so well how to employ, a taste for these sublime inquiries, so\nthat at length they gradually worked their way to the anvil and the loom?\"\n\nAn attentive consideration of these questions in all their bearings has\nproduced in the mind of the writer a full conviction that we must look to\nother sources for the revival of the study of the ancient geometry than\neither the writings of Stewart or Simson. It has been well observed by the\nmost eminent geometer of our own times, Professor Davies--whose signature\nof PEN-AND-INK (Vol. ii., p. 8.) affords but a flimsy disguise for his\nwell-known _propria persona_--that \"it was a great mistake for these\nauthors to have written their principal works in the Latin language, as it\nhas done more than anything else to prevent their study among the only\ngeometers of the eighteenth century who were competent to understand and\nvalue them;\" and it is no less singular than true, as the same writer\nelsewhere observes, \"that whilst Dr. Stewart's writings were of a kind\ncalculated to render them peculiarly attractive to the non-academic school\nof English geometers, they remain to this day less generally known than the\nwritings of any geometer of these kingdoms.\" The same remarks, in a\nslightly qualified form, may be applied to most of the writings of Simson;\nfor although his edition of Euclid is now the almost universally adopted\ntext-book of geometry in England, at the time of its first appearance in\n1756 it did not differ so much from existing translations as to attract\nparticular attention by the novelty of its contents. Moreover, at this time\nthe impulse had already been given and was silently exerting its influence\nupon a class of students of whose existence Dr. Simson appears to have been\ncompletely ignorant. In one of his letters to Nourse (_Phil. Mag._, Sept.\n1848, p. 204.) he regrets that \"the taste for the ancient geometry, or\nindeed any geometry, seems to be quite worn out;\" but had he instituted an\nexamination of those contemporary periodicals either wholly or partially\ndevoted to mathematics, he would have been furnished with ample reasons for\nentertaining a different opinion.\n\nWe have every reason to believe that the publication of Newton's\n_Principia_ had a powerful effect in diffusing a semi-geometrical taste\namongst the academical class of students in this country, and it is equally\ncertain that this diffusion became much more general, when Motte, in 1729,\npublished his translation of that admirable work. The nature of the\ncontents of the _Principia_, however, precluded the possibility of its\nbeing adapted to form the taste of novices in the study of geometry; it\nserved rather to exhibit the _ne plus ultra_ of the science, and produced\nits effect by inducing the student to master the rudimentary treatises\nthoroughly, in order to qualify himself for understanding its\ndemonstrations, rather than by providing a series of models for his\nimitation. A powerful inducement to the study of pure geometry was\ntherefore created by the publication of Motte's translation: ordinary\nstudents had here a desirable object to obtain by its careful cultivation,\nwhich hitherto had not existed, and hence when Professor Simpson, of\nWoolwich, published his _Algebra_ and the _Elements of Geometry_ in 1745\nand 1747, a select reading public had been formed which hailed these\nexcellent works as valuable accessions to the then scanty means of study.\nNor must the labours of Simpson's talented associates, Rollinson and\nTurner, be forgotten when sketching the progress of this revival. The pages\nof the _Ladies' Diary_, the _Mathematician_, and the _Mathematical\nExercises_, of which these gentlemen were severally editors and\ncontributors, soon began to exhibit a goodly array of geometrical\nexercises, whilst their lists of correspondents evince a gradual increase\nin numbers and ability. The publication of Stewart's _General Theorems_ and\nSimson's edition of _Euclid_, in 1746 and 1756, probably to some extent\nassisted the movement; but the most active elements at work were\nundoubtedly the mathematical periodicals of the time, aided by such\npowerful auxiliaries as Simpson's _Select Exercises_ (1752) and his other\ntreatises previously mentioned. It may further be observed that up to this\nperiod the mere English reader had few, if any means of obtaining access to\nthe elegant remains of the ancient geometers. Dr. Halley had indeed given\nhis restoration of Apollonius's _De Sectione Rationis_ and _Sectione\nSpatii_ in 1706. Dr. Simson had also issued his edition of the _Locis\nPlanis_ in 1749; but unfortunately the very language in which these\nvaluable works were written, precluded the possibility of {59} these\nunlettered students being able to derive any material advantages from their\npublication: and hence arises another weighty reason why Simpson's writings\nwere so eagerly studied, seeing they contained the leading propositions of\nsome of the most interesting researches of the Alexandrian School.\n\nAfter the death of Simpson, the Rev. John Lawson, who appears to have\ninherited no small portion of the spirit of his predecessors, began to take\nthe lead in geometrical speculations; and having himself carefully studied\nthe principal writings of the ancient geometers, now formed the happy\nproject of unfolding these treasures of antiquity to the general reader, by\npresenting him with English translations of most of these valuable remains.\nWith this view he published a translation of Vieta's restoration of\n_Apollonius on Tangencies_, in 1764, and to this, in the second edition of\n1771, was added the _Treatise on Spherical Tangencies_, by Fermat, which\nhas since been reprinted in the _Appendix to the Ladies' Diary_ for 1840.\nIn 1767 appeared Emerson's _Treatise on Conic Sections_; a work which,\nnotwithstanding its manifest defects, contributed not a little to aid the\nstudent in his approaches to the higher geometry, but whose publication\nwould probably have been rendered unnecessary, had Dr. Simson so far\nloosened himself from the trammels of the age, as to have written his own\nadmirable treatise in the English language. The frequency, however, with\nwhich Mr. Emerson's treatise has been quoted, almost up to the present\ndate, would appear to justify the propriety of including _it_ amongst the\nmeans by which the study of geometry was promoted during the last\ngeneration. The success which attended Mr. Lawson's first experiment\ninduced him to proceed in his career of usefulness by the publication, in\n1772, of the _Treatise on Determinate Section_; to which was appended an\namended restoration of the same work by Mr. William Wales, the well-known\ngeometer, who attended Captain Cook as astronomer, in one of his earlier\nvoyages. In 1773 appeared the _Synopsis of Data for the Construction of\nTriangles_, which was followed in 1774 by his valuable _Dissertations on\nthe Geometrical Analysis of the Ancients_; and although the author used an\nunjustifiable freedom with the writings of others, Dr. Stewart's more\nespecially, it is nevertheless a work which probably did more to advance\nthe study of the ancient geometry than any other separate treatise which\ncould be named. As these publications became distributed amongst\nmathematicians, the _Magazines_, the _Diaries_, and various other\nperiodicals, began to show the results of the activity which had thus been\ncreated; geometrical questions became much more abundant, and a numerous\nlist of contributions appeared which afford ample proof that their able\nauthors had entered deeply into the spirit of the ancient geometry. During\nthe year 1777 Mr. Lawson issued the first portion of Dr. Simson's\nrestoration of _Euclid's Porisms_, translated from the _Opera Reliqua_ of\nthat distinguished geometer; and though the work was not continued,\nsufficient had already been done to furnish the generality of students with\na clue to the real nature of this celebrated enigma of antiquity. The last\nof these worthy benefactors to the non-academic geometers of the last\ncentury was Mr. Reuben Burrow, who by publishing in 1779 his _Restitution\nof Apollonius Pergaeus on Inclinations_ gave publicity to a valuable relic\nwhich would otherwise have remained buried in the Latin obscurity of Dr.\nHorsley's more elaborate production.\n\nDuring the greater portion of the time just reviewed, Mr. Jeremiah\nAinsworth was resident in the neighbourhood of Manchester, and so early as\n1761 was in correspondence with the editors of the _Mathematical Magazine_.\nHe subsequently associated with Mr. George Taylor, a gentleman of kindred\nhabits, then resident in the immediate vicinity, and these worthy veterans\nof science, as time wore on, collected around them a goodly array of pupils\nand admirers, and hence may truly be said not only to have laid the\nfoundation of the \"Oldham Society,\" but also to have been the fathers of\nthe Lancashire school of geometers. Such then was the state of affairs in\nthe mathematical world at the period of which we are speaking; all the\nworks just enumerated were attracting the attention of all classes of\nstudents by their novelty or elegance; Dr. Hutton and the Rev. Charles\nWildbore had the management of the _Diaries_, each vieing with the other in\noffering inducements for geometrical research; whilst both, in this\nrespect, for a time, had to contend against the successful competition of\nReuben Burrow, the talented editor of Carnan's _Diary_: correspondents\nconsequently became numerous and widely extended, each collecting around\nhim his own select circle of ardent inquirers; and thus it was, to use the\nwords of Mr. Harvey, and answer the questions proposed, that inquiries\nwhich had hitherto been \"locked up in the deep, and to them unapproachable\nrecesses of Plato, Pappus, Apollonius and Euclid * * porisms and loci,\nsections of ratio and of space, inclinations and tangencies,--subjects\nconfined among the ancients to the very greatest minds, (became) familiar\nto men whose condition in life was, to say the least, most unpropitious for\nthe successful prosecution of such elevated and profound pursuits.\"\n\nThe preceding sketch is respectfully submitted as an attempt to answer the\nqueries of PEN-AND-INK, so far as Lancashire is concerned. It is not\nimprobable that other reasons, equally cogent, or perhaps corrective of\nseveral of the preceding, may be advanced by some of your more learned\ncorrespondents, whose experience and means of reference are superior to my\nown. Should any such {60} be induced to offer additions or corrections to\nwhat is here attempted, and to extend the inquiry into other localities,\nyour pages will afford a most desirable medium through which to compare\n_notes_ on a very imperfectly understood but most important subject of\ninquiry.\n\nT. T. WILKINSON.\n\nBurnley, Lancashire, June 5. 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nQUERIES ANSWERED, NO. 8.\n\nPassing over various queries of early date, on which it has been my\nintention to offer some suggestions, I have _endeuoyred me_, as Master\nCaxton expresses it, to illustrate three subjects recently mooted.\n\n_Trianon_ (No. 27.).--The origin of this name is thus stated by M. Dolort,\nin his excellent work entitled _Mes voyages aux environs de Paris_, ii. 88.\n\n    \"_Le grand Trianon._--Appele au 13^e siecle _Triarmun_, nom d'une\n    ancienne paroisse, qui etait divisee en trois villages dependant du\n    diocese de Chartres. Cette terre, qui appartenait aux moines de\n    Sainte-Genevieve, fut achetee par Louis XIV. pour agrandir le parc de\n    Versailles, et plus tard il y fit coustruire le chateau.\"\n\n_Wood paper_ (No. 32.).--At the close of the last century a patent was\ngranted to Matthias Koops for the manufacture of paper from _straw_,\n_wood_, &c. In September 1800, he dedicated to the king a _Historical\naccount of the substances which have been used to describe events_, in\nsmall folio. The volume is chiefly printed on paper _made from straw_; the\nappendix is on _paper made from wood alone_. Both descriptions of paper\nhave borne the test of time extremely well. Murray, in his _Practical\nremarks on modern paper_, speaks of Koops and his inventions with much\nignorance and unfairness.\n\n_Tobacco in the East_ (No. 33.).--Relying on the testimony of Juan Fragoso,\nphysician to Felipe II. of Spain, I venture to assert that tobacco is not\nindigenous to the East. To the same effect writes Monardes. Nevertheless,\nit was cultivated in Java as early as the year 1603. Edmund Scott, factor\nfor the East India Company at Bantam, thus describes the luxuries of the\nJavans:--\n\n    \"They are very great eaters--and they haue a certaine hearbe called\n    _bettaile_ which they vsually have carryed with them wheresoeuer they\n    goe, in boxes, or wrapped vp in cloath like a suger loafe: and also a\n    nutt called _pinange_, which are both in operation very hott, and they\n    eate them continually to warme them within, and keepe them from the\n    fluxe. They doe likewise take much _tabacco_, and also _opium_.\"--_An\n    exact discovrse_ etc. _of the East Indians_, London, 1606. 4^o. Sig. N.\n    2.\n\nBOLTON CORNEY.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nMEANING OF \"BAWN.\"\n\n_Bawn_ (Vol. i, p. 440.) has been explained as \"the outer fortification,\ninclosing the court-yard of an Irish castle or mansion, and was generally\ncomposed of a wall with palisadoes, and sometimes flankers.\"\n\nThe word _bawn_ or _bane_ (the _a_ pronounced as in the English word _hat_)\nis still applied in the south of Ireland to the spot of ground used as a\nplace for milking the cows of a farm, which, for obvious reasons, is\ngenerally close to the farm-house. Before the practice of housing cattle\nbecame general, every country gentleman's house had its _bawn_ or _bane_.\nThe necessity for having such a place well fenced, and indeed fortified, in\na country and period when cattle formed the chief wealth of all parties,\nand when the country was infested by Creaghadores and Rapparees, is\nobvious; and hence the care taken in compelling the \"undertakers in Ulster\"\nto have at least \"a good bawn after the Irish fashion.\" In Munster the word\n_bane_ or _bawn_ is used to express land that has been long in grass;\n_tholluff bawn_ being used to signify grass land about to be brought into\ncultivation; and _tholluff breagh_, or _red land_, land which has been\nrecently turned. To _redden land_ is still used to express either to plough\nland, or, more generally, to turn land with the spade.\n\nNow the _milking field_ was, and is always kept in grass, and necessarily\nreceiving a good deal of manure, would usually be _white_ from the growth\nof daisies and white clover. Hence such a field would be called the _white_\nfield: and from this to the general application of the phrase to grass land\nthe transition is easy and natural. It may be proper to add, that in Kerry,\nparticularly, the word is pronounced _bawn_, in speaking _Irish_; but the\nsame person will call it _bane_, if mentioning such land in English. The\n_a_ in the latter word is, as I said before, pronounced like the _a_ in\nhat.\n\nThe Irish for a _cow_ being _bo_, the phrase may have had its origin\ntherefrom. On this matter, as on all relating to Irish antiquities, the\nreaders of \"NOTES AND QUERIES\" may be glad to have a sure person to refer\nto; and they cannot refer to a more accomplished Irish scholar and\nantiquarian than \"Eugene Curry\". His address is, \"Royal Irish Academy,\nGrafton Street, Dublin.\"\n\nKERRIENSIS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nReplies To Minor Queries.\n\n_Births, Marriages, &c., Taxes on_ (Vol. ii., p. 10.).--The first instance,\nthat I am aware of, of a tax on marriages in this country, occurs in the 5\nof Wm. and Mary, c. 21. The war in which William engaged soon rendered it\nnecessary to tax other incidents of humanity; and accordingly the 6 & 7 Wm.\nIII. c. 6. was passed, granting to his Majesty certain {61} rates and\nduties upon marriages, births, deaths, and burials, and upon bachelors and\nwidowers (a widely-spread net), for the term of five years, \"for carrying\non the war against France with vigour.\" The taxes on births, marriages, and\nburials were continued indefinitely by the 7 & 8 Wm. III. c. 35. I know not\nwhen this act was repealed; but by the 23 George III. c. 67., taxes were\nagain imposed on burials, births, marriages, and christenings; and by 25\nGeorge III. c. 75. these taxes were extended to Dissenters. By the 34\nGeorge III. c. 11., the taxes were repealed, and they ceased on October\n1st, 1794. The entries in the parish register noticed by ARUN, refer to\nthese taxes. Query, Were our ancestors justified in boasting that they were\n\"free-born\" Englishmen as long as one of these taxes existed?\n\nC. ROSS.\n\n_M._ or _N._ (Vol. i., p. 415.).--These must, I think, be the initials of\nsome words, and not originating in a corruption of nom, as suggested. We\nhave in the marriage service:--\n\n  \"'I publish the banns of marriage between M. of ---- and N. of ----.'\n  \"The curate shall say unto the man,\n  \"M. 'Wilt thou have this woman,' &c.\n  \"The priest shall say unto the woman,\n  \"N. 'Wilt thou have this man,' &c.\n  \"The man says: 'I, M. take thee N. to my wedded wife,' &c.\n  \"The woman says: 'I, N. take thee M. to my wedded husband,'\" &c.\n  Again, \"Forasmuch as M. and N. have consented together,\" &c.\n\nAll these passages would go to show that the letters are initials either of\nsome word by which the sex was denoted, or of some very common Christian\nnames of each sex, which were formerly in use.\n\nI grant that, in the baptismal service, N. may possibly stand for nomen.\n\nTHOS. COX.\n\nPreston.\n\n_Arabic Numerals._--I am not entitled to question either the learning or\nthe \"acumen\" of the Bishop of Rochester; but I am entitled to question the\n_interpretation_ which E. S. T. tells us (Vol. ii., p.27.) he puts upon the\nCastleacre inscription. My title to do so is this:--that in the year of\ngrace 1084 the Arabic numerals were not only of necessity unknown to the\n\"plaisterers\" of those walls, but even (as far as evidence has been yet\nadduced) to the most learned of England's learned men.\n\nAs to the regular order in crossing himself, that will entirely depend upon\nwhether the plaister was considered to be a knight's shield, and the\nfigures the blazonry, or not. Is it not, indeed, stated in one of your\nformer numbers, that this very inscription was to be read 1408, and not\n1048? I have already hinted at the necessity of _caution_ in such cases;\nand Mr. Wilkinson of Burnley has given, in a recent number of your work,\ntwo exemplifications. The Bishop of Rochester certainly adds another;\nthough, of course, undesignedly.\n\nT. S. D.\n\nShooter's Hill, June 7.\n\n_Comment. in Apocalypsin_ (Vol. i., p. 452.).--There was a copy of this\nvolume in the library of the Duke of Brunswick; and in the hope that Sir F.\nMadden may succeed in obtaining extracts, or a sight of it, I intimate just\nas much, though not in this kingdom. (See Von der Hardt's _Autographa\nLutheri et Coaetaneorum_, tom. iii. 171.) You do not seem to have any copy\nwhatever brought to your notice. This collection was, it appears from the\n_Centifolium Lutheranum_ of Fabricius (p. 484.), bequeathed by the Duke to\nthe library at Helmstad.\n\nNOVUS.\n\n_Robert Deverell_ (Vol. i., p. 469.).--If my information is too scanty to\ndeserve a place among the Replies, you may treat it as a supplement to Dr.\nRimbault's Query. Mr. Deverell also published (according to Lowndes) _A New\nView of the Classics and Ancient Arts, tending to show the invariable\nConnexion with the Sciences_, 4to. Lond. 1806; and _Discoveries in\nHieroglyphics and other Antiquities_, 6 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1813,--which was\nsuppressed by the author after a few copies had been sold. I have the\nsecond and third volumes, being all that relates to Shakspeare. They\nconsist of an edition of Hamlet, Lear, Othello, Merchant of Venice, and the\nthird satire of Horace, copiously illustrated with notes and woodcuts,\nintended to prove that in the works in question, in common with \"all the\nclassics and the different specimens of the arts which have come down to us\nfrom the ancients, no part of them is to be understood without supposing\nthat they were mere vehicles of knowledge, not intended to meet the eye or\nthe understanding on the first inspection or perusal;\" in short, that all\nthe phrases, characters, and incidents are merely allusions to the\nappearances of the moon! a representation of which, and of Shakspearian\ncharacters, &c., bearing supposed resemblance to its lights and shadows,\nform the staple of the illustrations. I collect from passages in these\nvolumes, that the first was devoted to a similar illustration of Hudibras.\nThe whole affair seems to afford indications of insanity. In the\n_Biographical Dictionary of Living Authors_, 8vo., Lond. 1816, I find that\nin 1802 he was returned to Parliament by the borough of Saltash, in\nCornwall: and from the same authority it also appears that, in addition to\nthe works above noticed, he was the author of _A Guide to the Knowledge of\nthe Ancients_, 1803, and _A letter to Mr. Whitbread on two Bills pending in\nParliament_, 8vo. 1807.\n\nJ. F. M.\n\n{62} _The Hippopotamus._--_The Scotch Kilt._--I was on the point of\naddressing a Minor Query to you, when No. 33. arrived, and therein I saw a\nMajor Query from L. (p.36.), which prompts an immediate answer. He asks,\n\"Has there been a live hippopotamus in Europe since the reign of Commodus?\"\nTo be sure there has, and Capitolinus would have set him right. A goodly\nassemblage of animals of all sorts was collected by Gordianus Pius, but\nused by the elder Philip, for the celebration of the secular games on the\n1000th anniversary of the building of Rome, or A.D. 248. Among them were 32\nelephants, 10 tigers, 10 elks, 60 lions, 30 leopards, 10 hyaenas, 1\nhippopotamus, 1 rhinoceros, 40 wild horses, 20 wild asses, and 10 giraffes,\nwith a vast quantity of deer, goats, antelopes, and other beasts. \"And,\" it\nis added in Captain Smyth's Roman Catalogue, \"still further to increase the\npublic _hilarity_, 2000 gladiators were matched in mortal affray.\"\n\nThe portrait of the hippopotamus exhibited on that splendid occasion is\nwell represented upon the large brass medals of Otacilia Severa, Philip's\nwife, and on those of their son, Philip Junior. That of Otacilia is\ndescribed at length in Captain Smyth's work.\n\nNow for my Minor Query. Can you, Sir, or any of your intelligent\ncorrespondents, oblige me by saying who introduced the kilt into Scotland\nand when? However it may wound local prejudice, I fear our northern\nbrethren will find its use to be much more recent than they seem willing to\nbe aware of. At present I will not put a rider on the question, by asking,\nwhether an Englishman first gave it them: but perhaps you, Sir, will sift\nit thoroughly, even although a whole corps of rabid MacNicolls should enter\nthe field against you.\n\n[Sigma]\n\n_Ashes to Ashes_ (Vol. ii., p. 22.).--The word is taken from Genesis,\nxviii. 27.:\n\n    \"I have taken upon me to speak unto the LORD, which am but dust and\n    ashes.\"\n\nIt is plain that this has nothing to do with the treatment of the corpse;\nbut that whatever the exact meaning of the word in Hebrew may be, it is\nsynonymous with dust. As to dust, this is perfectly plain in Genesis, iii.\n19.:\n\n    \"Till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken; for\n    dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.\"\n\nHere burial seems to be distinctly meant.\n\nThe Latin word _cinis_, which denotes ashes produced by burning, is derived\nfrom the Greek, which denotes natural dust, I forget whether burnt ashes\nalso.\n\nC. B.\n\n_Dr. Maginn's Miscellanies_ (Vol. i., p. 470.).--Mr. Tucker Hunt (brother\nof Mr. F. Knight Hunt, author of _The Fourth Estate, a History of\nNewspapers, &c. &c._) showed me some years since a collections of these\npapers from various sources, which he proposed to publish, and which I was\nvery glad to learn, as I had always regretted that Dr. Maginn had left no\nmemorial of his splendid talents in a seperate publication, but frittered\naway his genius in periodicals. As \"J. M. B.\" appears very anxious to\nobtain an authentic reference to any article contributed by the Dr., I\nthink if he could communicate with Mr. Tucker Hunt, it might be of great\nassistance. I have not the latter's address, but probably a note to the\ncare of his brother's publisher, \"D. Bogue, Fleet Street\", might lead to a\ncommunication.\n\nW. H. LAMMIN.\n\nFulham, June 5. 1850\n\n_Living Dog better than a dead Lion_.--For an answer to my Query at Vol.\ni., pp. 352. 371., where I asked for the authority upon which Baunez gave\n_Homer_ credit for the expression (which is evidently none of his), \"quod\nleoni mortuo etiam lepores insultant,\" a friend has referred me to\n_Antholog. Graec._. 8vo. Lipsiae, 1794, tom. iv. p. 112.; out of which you\nmay, perhaps, think it not too late to insert the following Epigr. xi.\n\n  [Greek: \"Hos apo Hektoros titroskomenou hupo Hellenon,]\n  [Greek: Ballete nun meta potmon emon demas. hotti kai autai]\n  [Greek: Nekrou soma leontos ephubrizousi lagooi.\"]\n\nJ. SANSOM.\n\n_Gaol Chaplains_ (Vol. ii., p. 22.) were made universal by act of\nparliament in the fourth year of George IV. Before that they may have\nexisted in some places. In Gloucestershire from 1786.\n\nC. B.\n\n_Rome Ancient and Modern_ (Vol. ii., p. 21.)--Such a map as your\ncorrespondent A. B. M. describes, was at Rome in 1827. It was by Vasi. I\ngot it, but never saw it in England.\n\nC. B.\n\n_Trianon_ (Vol. ii., p. 47.).--In justice to myself, and in reply to your\ncorrespondent C., who believes I have \"not the slightest authority\" for my\nexplanation of the word _Trianon_, I beg to refer him to the French\ndictionaries, in some of which, at all events, he will find it thus\nwritten: _Trianon_, subst. masc., _a pavilion_.\n\nJ. K. R. W.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMiscellanies\n\n_Aboriginal Chambers near Tilbury_ (Vol. i., p. 462.).--Mr. Cook, of\nAbeley, Essex, having seen this Query, which had been kindly quoted into\n_The Athenaeum_ of the 25th ultimo, communicated to that journal on\nSaturday, June 1st, the following information respecting two of these\ncaves, the result of a personal examination of them:--\n\n    \"The shafts are five in number; and are situated at {63} the edge of\n    Hanging Wood, in the parish of Chadwell, about three miles from Grays\n    Pier. I descended two of them in 1847, by means of a rope and pulley\n    fixed to the branch of a neighbouring tree,--taking the precaution to\n    have a lighted lanthorn swinging a few yards beneath me. They were\n    between eighty and ninety feet in depth,--their diameter at the top six\n    feet, gradually diminishing to three feet at the bottom. There was a\n    great deal of drift sand at the bottom of the shaft, extending a\n    considerable way up, which nearly blocked up the entrance to the\n    chambers. By treading down the sand I soon gained an entrance, and\n    found five chambers communicating with the shaft--three on one side and\n    two on the other. In form they were nearly semicircular. Their\n    dimensions were small, not exceeding thirty feet in length by fifteen\n    in width, but very lofty; they were quite dry and free from foul air.\n    The chambers in both shafts corresponded exactly with each other in\n    size, form, and number. I trust this brief account may be of some\n    service to those gentlemen who intend to explore them, and should be\n    most happy to afford any assistance in my power.\"\n\n_Mistake in Conybeare and Howson's Life of St. Paul._--In the splendid and\nlearned _Life of St. Paul_, now publishing by Messrs. Longmans, there\noccurs in a note a broad assertion, but quite erroneous, which may mislead\nthose who would be inclined to take it without examination, induced by the\ngeneral accuracy and learning of the work. At page 35, note 1., the writer\nsays, \"It is remarkable that the Sadducees are mentioned in no other books\nof the New Testament, except St. Matthew and the Acts.\" I mentioned this as\na _fact_ to a friend, who immediately remembered a passage in St. Luke,\nchap. xx. v. 27.: \"Then came to him certain of the Sadducees,\" &c. I then\nturned out Sadducees in Cruden, and there found only Matthew and Acts\nreferred to. On looking at the passage of St. Mark parallel to the\nabovementioned of St. Luke, I read, \"Then came unto him the Sadducees,\" &c.\n(xii. 18.) The note, therefore, should end, \"except the first three Gospels\nand the Acts.\"\n\nE. S. JACKSON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMiscellaneous.\n\nNOTES ON BOOKS, CATALOGUES, SALES, ETC.\n\nThe Rev. W. Haslam, the author of _Perran Zabuloe_, has just issued a\nlittle volume entitled _The Cross and the Serpent, being a brief History of\nthe Triumph of the Cross through a long Series of Ages in Prophecy, Types,\nand Fulfilments_. Though the present work belongs to one of the two classes\nwhich, for obvious reasons, we do not undertake to notice in our columns,\nthere is so much of curious matter illustrative of Folk Lore, early\nremains, and old-world customs, in the third part of it, as to justify our\ndirecting the attention of our antiquarian readers to the archaeology of the\nvolume. The Druidic Beltein or Midsummer Fire still burns brightly, it\nappears, in Cornwall. We shall endeavour to transfer to our Folk Lore\ncolumns some passages on this and other cognate subjects.\n\nMr. Russell Smith announces a series of _Critical and Historical Tracts_ on\nthe subject of, I. _Agincourt_; II. _First Colonists of New England_ (this\nis already issued); and III. Milton, a _Sheaf of Gleanings after his\nBiographers and Annotators_. The name of Joseph Hunter, F.S.A., which\nfigures upon their title-pages, is a sufficient warrant that they will\ndeserve the attention of the historical student.\n\nMr. M. A. Denham, the author of the interesting _Collection of Proverbs and\nPopular Sayings relating to the Seasons, Weather, &c._, published by the\nPercy Society, also intends to issue some Tracts (limited to fifty copies\nof each) illustrative of the antiquities of the northern parts of the\nkingdom. The first is to be on _The Slogans or Slughorns of the North of\nEngland_; the second, on _\"Some of the Manners and Customs\"_ of the North.\n\nWe have received the following Catalogues:--Joseph Lilly's (7. Pall Mall)\nCatalogue of a Choice and Valuable Collection of Rare, Curious, and Useful\nBooks; William Andrews' (7. Corn Street, Bristol) Catalogue, Part IV.,\n1850, Books just bought from the Deanery, Armagh, &c.; and J. Russell\nSmith's (4. Old Compton Street, Soho) Bibliotheca Historica et\nTopographica; Books illustrating the History, Antiquities, and Topography\nof Great Britain and Ireland.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.\n\n(_In continuation of Lists in former Nos._)\n\nGREY'S METHOD OF LEARNING HEBREW.\n\n[The edition that contains the _History of Joseph_ as a Praxis, _not_ that\nwhich contains the Proverbs.]\n\nOAKLEY ON OUR LORD'S PASSION.\n\n*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be\nsent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNotices to Correspondents.\n\nTITLE AND INDEX TO VOLUME THE FIRST. _A Double Number will be published\nnext week, containing Title and copious Index to the First Volume, price\n9d., or stamped to go post free,_ 11d.\n\n_The Monthly Part will be ready at the same time, price 1s._ 9d.,\n_including the Title and Index._\n\nDELTA. _The following appears to us the true reading of the legend of the\nseal transmitted:_--\n\n  + MINATIVS. T. MRRIS. PPOx. ECCLExIES:SCE:\n              MRIE. D'. GALLATE.\n\n_There appears little doubt as to the last word, whatever may be the\nlocality intended. \"Gallatum\" has been used for \"Wallop\" in Hampshire, but\nit is doubtful if this seal applies to that place._\n\nC. F. O. _The Phigaleian Marbles are in the British Museum. The casts\ndescribed were modelled from them by an accomplished London Artist._\n\n_Errata._--No. 33., p. 39, 40., in the article _Cosas de Espana_, Te_r_eda\nshould be Te_x_eda; and for Carrascon, which recently _had_ been reprinted,\nread _has_. {64}\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTO BOOKSELLERS, PRINTERS, STATIONERS, and LITERARY MEN in General, a\nCountry Business, established upwards of Fifty Years, and yielding a net\nprofit of 300_l_. per annum, is now to be sold a great Bargain: it embraces\nPrinting, Bookselling, and Stationery; is carried on in the West of\nEngland, on premises admirably adapted for its various branches, and held\nat a very Low Rental. About 1200l. or 1300l. will be required for the\npurchase of the Stock, Printing Presses, &c., (which is of the best\ndescription), one-third of which may remain on approved Security. Address\nby Letter only to T. W., Messrs. 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ROGER NORTH, Attorney-General to James. I.\nNow first printed from the original MS. and edited, with copious Notes, by\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT, LL.D., F.S.A, &c. &c. Quarto; with a Portrait;\nhandsomely printed in 4to.; half-bound in morocco, 15_s_.\n\nThis interesting MS., so frequently alluded to by Dr. Burney in the course\nof his \"History of Music,\" has been kindly placed at the disposal of the\nCouncil of the Musical Antiquarian Society, by George Townshend Smith,\nEsq., Organist of Hereford Cathedral. But the Council, not feeling\nauthorised to commence a series of literary publications, yet impressed\nwith the value of the work, have suggested its independent publication to\ntheir Secretary, Dr. Rimbault, under whose editorial care it accordingly\nappears.\n\nIt abounds with interesting Musical Anecdotes; the Greek Fables respecting\nthe origin of Music; the rise and progress of Musical Instruments; the\nearly Musical Drama; the origin of our present fashionable Concerts; the\nfirst performance of the Beggar's Opera, &c.\n\nA limited number having been printed, few copies remain for sale: unsold\ncopies will shortly be raised in price to 1l. 11s. 6d.\n\nFolio, price 30s.\n\nTHE CHORAL RESPONSES AND LITANIES OF THE UNITED CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND\nIRELAND. Collect from Authentic Sources. By the Rev. 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One object of the present work is to furnish new\ncontributions to the History of our National Folk-Lore; and especially some\nof the more striking Illustrations of the subject to be found in the\nWritings of Jacob Grimm and other Continental Antiquaries.\n\nCommunications of inedited Legends, Notices of remarkable Customs and\nPopular Observances, Rhyming Charms, &c. are earnestly solicited, and will\nbe thankfully acknowledged by the Editor. They may be addressed to the care\nof Mr. Bell, Office of \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTHE LATEST WORK ON NINEVEH.\n\nNow ready, Fourth Edition, with upwards of 100 Plates and Woodcuts, 2 vols.\n8vo., 36_s_.\n\nNINEVEH AND ITS REMAINS: being a Narrative of Researches and Discoveries\namidst the Ruins of Assyria. With an account of the Chaldean Christians of\nKurdistan; the Yezidis, or Devil-worshippers; and an Enquiry into the\nManners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians. By AUSTEN H. 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Fleet\nStreet aforesaid.--Saturday, June 22. 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCorrections made to printed original.\n\np. 52 \"gamelioi theoi\" - \"gamelioi theio\" in original.\n\np. 56 \"admitted in churches or churchyards.\" - \"chuchyards\" in original.","title":"Notes and Queries, Number 34, June 22, 1850: A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":14785}