{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_22624/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_22624","id":"gutenberg_22624","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22624","summary":null,"tags":["Category: British Literature","Category: History - Modern (1750+)","Category: Journals","Category: Language & Communication","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Notes and Queries","Questions and answers -- Periodicals"],"text":"Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins\nand the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at\nhttps://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images\ngenerously made available by The Internet Library of Early\nJournals.)\n\n\n\n\n\n{353} NOTES AND QUERIES:\n\nA MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,\nGENEALOGISTS, ETC.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\"When found, make a note of.\"--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNo. 52.]\nSATURDAY, OCTOBER 26, 1850.\n[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCONTENTS.\n\nCONTENTS.\n\n                                                              Page\n\n  NOTES:--\n\n  Address to our Friends                                       353\n\n  Shakspeare's Use of the Words \"Captious\" and \"Intenible,\"\n  by S. W. Singer      354\n\n  Oratories of the Nonjurors, by J. Yeowell                    354\n\n  Hogarth's Illustrations of Hudibras                          355\n\n  Folk Lore:--Overyssel Superstition--Death-bed Superstitions--Popular\n  Rhyme--Death-bed Mystery--Bradshaw\n  Family                                                       356\n\n  Advice to the Editor, and Hints to his Contributors          357\n\n  Minor Notes:--Rollin's Ancient History and History\n  of the Arts and Sciences--Jezebel--Clarendon, Oxford\n  Edition of 1815--Macaulay's Country Squire--Miching\n  Mallecho                                                     357\n\n  QUERIES:--\n\n  The Inquisition: The Bohemian Persecution                    358\n\n  Minor Queries:--Osnaburg Bishopric--Meaning of\n \"Farlief\"--Margaret Dyneley--Tristan d'Acunha--Production\n  of Fire by Friction--Murderer hanged\n  when pardoned--Passage from Burke--Licensing of\n  Books--Le Bon Gendarme                                       358\n\n  REPLIES:--\n\n  Tasso translated by Fairfax                                  359\n\n  Ale-Draper--Eugene Aram                                      360\n\n  On the Word \"Gradely,\" by B. H. Kennedy and\n  G. J. Cayley                                                 361\n\n  Collar of Esses      362\n\n  Replies to Minor Queries:--Symbols of the Evangelists--Becket's\n  Mother--Passage in Lucan--Combs buried\n  with the Dead--The Norfolk Dialect--Conflagration\n  of the Earth--Wraxen                                         363\n\n  MISCELLANEOUS:--\n\n  Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c.                       366\n\n  Books and Odd Volumes Wanted                                 367\n\n  Notices to Correspondents                                    367\n\n  Advertisements                                               367\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNOTES.\n\nADDRESS TO OUR FRIENDS.\n\nWe this day publish our fifty-second Number. Every Saturday, for twelve\nmonths, have we presented to our subscribers our weekly budget of \"NOTES,\"\n\"QUERIES,\" and \"REPLIES;\" and in so doing, we trust, we have accomplished\nsome important ends. We have both amused and instructed the general reader;\nwe have stored up much curious knowledge for the use of future writers; we\nhave procured for scholars now engaged in works of learning and research,\nmany valuable pieces of information which had evaded their own immediate\npursuit; and, lastly, in doing all this, we have powerfully helped forward\nthe great cause of literary truth.\n\nIn our Prospectus and opening address we made no great promise of what our\npaper should be. That, we knew, must depend upon how far the medium of\nintercommunication we had prepared should be approved and adopted by those\nfor whose special use it had been projected. We laid down a literary\nrailway: it remained to be seen whether the world of letters would travel\nby it. They have done so: we have been especially patronised by first-class\npassengers, and in such numbers that we were obliged last week to run an\nextra train.\n\nIt is obvious that the use of a paper like \"NOTES AND QUERIES\" bears a\ndirect proportion to the extent of its circulation. What it aims at doing\nis, to reach the learning which lies scattered not only throughout every\npart of our own country, but all over the literary world, and to bring it\nall to bear upon the pursuits of the scholar; to enable, in short, men of\nletters all over the world to give a helping hand to one another. To a\ncertain extent, we have accomplished this end. Our last number contains\ncommunications not only from all parts of the metropolis, and from almost\nevery county in England, but also from Scotland, Ireland, Holland, and even\nfrom Demerara. This looks well. It seems as if we were in a fair way to\naccomplish our design. But much yet remains to be done. We have recently\nbeen told of whole districts in England so benighted as never to have heard\nof \"NOTES AND QUERIES;\" and after an interesting question has been\ndiscussed for weeks in our columns, we are informed of some one who could\nhave answered it immediately if he had seen it. So long as this is the case\nthe advantage we may confer upon literature and literary men is necessarily\nimperfect. We do what we can to make known our existence through the\ncustomary modes of announcement, and we gratefully acknowledge the kind\nassistance and encouragement we derive from our brethren of the public\npress; but we would respectfully solicit {354} the assistance of our\nfriends this particular point. Our purpose is aided, and our usefulness\nincreased by every introduction which can be given to our paper, either to\na Book Club, to a Lending Library, or to any other channel of circulation\namongst persons of inquiry and intelligence. By such introductions scholars\nhelp themselves as well as us, for there is no inquirer throughout the\nkingdom who is not occasionally able to throw light upon some of the\nmultifarious objects which are discussed in our pages.\n\nAt the end of our first twelvemonth we thank our subscribers for the\npatronage we have received. We trust we shall go on week by week improving\nin our work of usefulness, so that at the end of the next twelvemonth we\nmay meet them with the same pleasure as on the present occasion. We will\ncontinue to do whatever is in our power, and we rely upon our friends to\nhelp us.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nSHAKSPEARE'S USE OF THE WORDS \"CAPTIOUS\" AND \"INTENIBLE.\"\n\nIn the following passage of _All's Well that Ends Well_, Act i. Sc. 3.,\nwhere Helena is confessing to Bertram's mother, the Countess, her love for\nhim, these two words occur in an unusual sense, if not in a sense peculiar\nto the great poet:--\n\n \"I love your son:--\n  My friends were poor, but honest, so's my love:\n  Be not offended, for it hurts not him,\n  That he is lov'd of me: I follow him not\n  By any token of presumptuous suit;\n  Nor would I have him till I do deserve him:\n  Yet never know how that desert may be.\n  I know I love in vain; strive against hope;\n  Yet, in this _captious and intenible_ sieve\n  I still pour in the waters of my love,\n  And lack not to lose still.\"\n\nJohnson was perplexed about the word _captious_; \"which (says he) I never\nfound in this sense, yet I cannot tell what to substitute, unless _carious_\nfor rotten!\" Farmer supposed _captious_ to be a contraction of _capacious_!\nSteevens believed that _captious_ meant _recipient_, capable of receiving;\nwhich interpretation Malone adopts. Mr. Collier, in his recent edition of\nShakspeare, after stating Johnson's and Farmer's suggestions, says, \"where\nis the difficulty? It is true that this sense of _captious_ may not have an\nexact parallel; but the intention of Shakspeare is very evident: _captious_\nmeans, as Malone says, capable of _taking_ or _receiving_; and _intenible_\n(printed _intemible_ in the first folio, and rightly in the second)\nincapable of _retaining_. Two more appropriate epithets could hardly be\nfound, and a simile more happily expressive.\"\n\nWe no doubt all know, by intuition as it were, what Shakspeare meant; but\n\"the great master of English,\" as MR. HICKSON very justly calls him, would\nnever have used _captious_, as applied figuratively to a _sieve_, for\n_capable of taking or receiving_.\n\n_Intenible_, notwithstanding the hypercriticism of Mr. Nares (that \"it is\nincorrectly used by Shakspeare for _unable to hold_;\" and that \"it should\nproperly mean _not to be held_, as we now use _untenable_\") was undoubtedly\nused in the former sense, and it was most probably so accepted in the\npoet's time; for in the _Glossagraphia Anglicana Nova_, 1719, we have\n\"Untenable, that _will not or cannot hold_ or be holden long.\"\n\nWith regard to _captious_, it is not so much a matter of surprise that none\nof all these learned commentators should fail in their _guesses_ at the\nmeaning, as that none of them should have remarked that the sense of the\nLatin _captiosus_, and of its congeners in Italian and old French, is\n_deceitful_, _fallacious_; and Bacon uses the word for _insidious,\nensnaring_. There can be no doubt that this is the sense in which\nShakspeare used it. Helen speaks of her hopeless love for Bertram, and\nsays:\n\n    \"I know I love in vain, strive against hope; yet in this _fallacious_\n    and _unholding_ sieve I still pour in the waters of my love, and fail\n    not to lose still.\"\n\nWhen we speak of a _captious_ person, do we mean one _capable of taking or\nreceiving_? Then how much more absurd would it be to take it in that\nimpossible sense, when figuratively applied in the passage before us!\nBertram shows himself _incapable of receiving_ Helena's love: he is truly\n_captious_ in that respect.\n\nIn French the word _captieux_, according to the Academy, is only applied to\nlanguage, though we may say _un homme captieux_ to signify a man who has\nthe art of _deceiving_ or leading into error by captious language.\n\nIt is not impossible that the poet may have had in his mind the fruitless\nlabour imposed upon the Danaides as a punishment, for it has been thus\nmoralised:\n\n    \"These virgins, who in the flower of their age pour water into pierced\n    vessels which they can never fill, what is it but to be always\n    bestowing over love and benefits upon the ungrateful.\"\n\nS. W. SINGER.\n\nMickleham, Oct. 4. 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nORATORIES OF THE NONJURORS.\n\nAs the nooks and corners of London in olden times are now engaging the\nquiet musings of most of the topographical brotherhood, perhaps you can\nspare a nook or a corner of your valuable periodical for a few notes on the\nOratories of those good men and true--the Nonjurors. \"These were honourable\nmen in their generation,\" and were made of most unbending materials.\n\n{355} On the Feast of St. Matthias, Feb. 24, 1693, the consecrations of Dr.\nGeorge Hickes and Thomas Wagstaffe were solemnly performed according to the\nrites of the Church of England, by Dr. William Lloyd, bishop of Norwich;\nDr. Francis Turner, bishop of Ely; and Dr. Thomas White, bishop of\nPeterborough, at the Bishop of Peterborough's lodgings, at the Rev. William\nGiffard's house at Southgate in Middlesex: Dr. Ken, bishop of Bath and\nWells, giving his consent.\n\nHenry Hall was consecrated bishop in the oratory of the Rev. Father in\nChrist, John B---- [Blackburne?], in Gray's Inn, on the festival of St.\nBarnabas, June 11, 1725.\n\nHilkiah Bedford was consecrated in the oratory of the Rev. R---- R----\n[Richard Rawlinson], in Gray's Inn, on the festival of St. Paul, Jan. 25,\n1720. Ralph Taylor was also consecrated at the same time and place.\n\nHenry Gandy was consecrated at his oratory in the parish of St. Andrew's,\nHolborn, on the festival of St. Paul, Jan. 25, 1716.\n\nGrascome was interrupted by a messenger whilst he was ministering to his\nlittle congregation in Scroope's Court, near St. Andrew's Church.\n\nJeremy Collier officiated at Broad Street, London, assisted by the Rev.\nSamuel Carte, the father of the historian.\n\nMr. Hawkes officiated for some time at his own house opposite to St. James'\nPalace.\n\nOn Easter-day, April 13, 1718, at the oratory of his brother, Mr. William\nLee, dyer, in Spitalfields, Dr. Francis Lee read a touching and beautiful\ndeclaration of his faith, betwixt the reading of the sentences at the\noffertory and the prayer for the state of Christ's church. It was addressed\nto the Rev. James Daillon, Count de Lude, then officiating.\n\nCharles Wheatly, author of _A Rational Illustration of the Book of Common\nPrayer_, in a letter to Dr. Rawlinson, the nonjuring titular bishop of\nLondon, says:\n\n    \"I believe most of the books in Mr. Laurence's catalogue were really in\n    his library. Most of his chapel furniture I had seen; but his pix, and\n    his cruet, his box for unguent, and oil, I suppose you do not inquire\n    after.\"\n\nRoger Laurence was the learned author of _Lay Baptism Invalid_. Query,\nWhere did he officiate?\n\nThe Rev. John Lindsay, the translator of Mason's _Vindication of the Church\nof England_, for many years officiated as minister of a nonjuring\ncongregation in Trinity Chapel, Aldersgate Street, and is said to have been\ntheir last minister.\n\nThoresby, in his _Diary_, May 18, 1714, says, \"I visited Mr. Nelson (author\nof the _Fasts and Festivals_), and the learned Dr. George Hickes, who not\nbeing at liberty for half an hour, I had the benefit of the prayers in the\nadjoining church, and when the Nonjuring _Conventicle_ was over, I visited\nthe said Dean Hickes, who is said to be bishop of ----\" [Thetford]. Both\nNelson and Hickes resided at this time in Ormond Street; probably the\nconventicle was at one of their houses. It should be noted that Thoresby,\nhaving quitted the Conventicles of the Dissenters, had only recently joined\nwhat he calls the Church _established by law_. He appears to have known as\nmuch about the principles of the Nonjurors as he did of Chinese music.\n\nDr. Welton's chapel in Goodman's Fields being visited (1717) by Colonel\nEllis and other justices of the peace, with proper assistants, about two\nhundred and fifty persons were found there assembled, of whom but forty\nwould take the oaths. The doctor refusing them also, was ordered to be\nproceeded against according to law.\n\nThis reminds me of another Query. What has become of Dr. Welton's famous\nWhitechapel altar-piece, which Bishop Compton drove out of his church. Some\ndoubts have been expressed whether that is the identical one in the Saint's\nChapel of St. Alban's Abbey. A friend has assured the writer that he had\nseen it about twenty years ago, at a Roman Catholic meeting-house in an\nobscure court at Greenwich. It is not there now. The print of it in the\nlibrary of the Society of Antiquaries is accompanied with these MS. lines\nby Mr. Mattaire:--\n\n \"To say the picture does to him belong,\n  Kennett does Judas and the painter wrong;\n  False is the image, the resemblance faint,\n  Judas, compared to Kennett, was a saint.\"\n\nOne word more. The episcopal seal of the nonjuring bishops was a shepherd\nwith a sheep upon his shoulders. The crozier which had been used by them,\nwas, in 1839, in the possession of John Crossley Esq., of Scaitcliffe, near\nTodmorden.\n\nJ. YEOWELL.\n\nHoxton.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nHOGARTH'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF HUDIBRAS.\n\n    \"Butler's _Hudibras_, by Zach. Grey, LL.D. 2 vols. 8vo. Cambridge,\n    1744.\n\n    \"Best edition. Copies in fine condition are in considerable request.\n    The cuts are beautifully engraved, and Hogarth is much indebted to the\n    designer of them; but who he was does not appear.\"\n\nThe above remarks in Lowndes's _Bibliographical Manual_ having caught my\nattention, they appeared to me somewhat obscure and contradictory; and as\nthey seemed rather disparaging to the fame of Hogarth, of whose works and\ngenius I am a warm admirer, I have taken some pains to ascertain what may\nhave been Mr. Lowndes's meaning.\n\nOn examining the plates in Dr. Grey's edition, they are all inscribed \"_W.\nHogarth inv^t, J. Mynde sc^t_.\" {356} How, then, can Hogarth be said to be\n_much indebted to the designer of them_, if we are to believe the words on\nthe plates themselves--\"_W. Hogarth inv^t\"?_\n\nIt is clear that Mr. Lowndes supposes the designer of these plates to have\nbeen some person distinct from Hogarth; and he was right in his conjecture;\nbut he was ignorant of the name of the artist alluded to.\n\nWhoever he was, he can have little claim to be regarded as the original\ndesigner; he was rather employed as an expurgator; for these plates are\ncertainly copies of the two sets of plates invented and engraved by Hogarth\nhimself in 1726.\n\nAll that this second designer performed was, to revise the original designs\nof Hogarth's, in order to remove some _glaring indecencies_; and this, no\ndoubt, is what Mr. Lowndes means, when he says that \"_Hogarth is much\nindebted to the designer of them_.\"\n\nThe following passage in a letter from Dr. Ducaral to Dr. Grey, dated Inner\nTemple, May 10th, 1743, printed In Nichols's _Illustrations_, will furnish\nus with _the name_ of the artist in question:--\n\n    \"I was at _Mr. Isaac Wood's the painter_, who showed me the twelve\n    sketches of _Hudibras_, which he designs for you. I think they are\n    extremely well adapted to the book, and that the designer shows how\n    much he was master of the subject.\"\n\nIn the preface to this edition, Dr. Grey expresses his obligations \"to the\ningenious _Mr. Wood, painter, of Bloomsbury-square_.\"\n\nIn the fourth volume of Nichols's _Illustrations of Literature_ are some\ninteresting letters from Thos. Potter, Esq., to Dr. Grey, which throw much\nlight on the subject of this edition of _Hudibras_.\n\nI cannot conclude these observations without expressing my dissent from the\npraise bestowed upon the engravings in this work. Mr. Lowndes says \"_the\ncuts are beautifully engraved_.\" With the exception of the head of Butler\nby Vertue, the rest are very spiritless and indifferent productions.\n\nJ. T. A.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nFOLK LORE.\n\n_Overyssel Superstition._--Stolen bees will not thrive; they pine away and\ndie.\n\nJANUS DOUSA.\n\n_Death-bed Superstitions._--When a child is dying, people, in some parts of\nHolland, are accustomed to shade it by the curtains from the parent's gaze;\nthe soul being supposed to linger in the body as long as a compassionate\neye is fixed upon it. Thus, in Germany, he who sheds tears when leaning\nover an expiring friend, or, bending over the patient's couch, does but\nwipe them off, enhances, they say, the difficulty of death's last struggle.\nI believe the same poetical superstition is recorded in _Mary Barton, a\nTale of Manchester Life_.\n\nJANUS DOUSA.\n\n_Popular Rhyme._--The following lines very forcibly express the condition\nof many a \"country milkmaid,\" when influence or _other considerations_\nrender her incapable of giving a final decision upon the claims of two\nopposing suitors. They are well known in this district, and I have been\ninduced to offer them for insertion, in the hope that if any of your\ncorrespondents are possessed of any variations or additional stanzas, they\nmay be pleased to forward them to your interesting publication.\n\n \"Heigh ho! my heart is low,\n  My mind runs all on _one_;\n  W for William true,\n  But T for my love Tom.\"\n\nT. W.\n\nBurnley, Lancashire\n\n_Death-bed Mystery._--It may, perhaps, interest MR. SANSOM to be informed\nthat the appearance described to him is mentioned as a known fact in one of\nthe works of the celebrated mystic, Jacob Behmen, _The Three Principles_,\nchap. 19. \"Of the going forth of the Soul.\" I extract from J. Sparrow's\ntranslations., London, 1648.\n\n    \"Seeing then that Man is so very earthly, therefore he hath none but\n    earthly knowledge, except he be regenerated in the Gate of Deep. He\n    always supposeth that the Soul (at the deceasing of the Body) goeth\n    only out at the Mouth, and he understandeth nothing concerning its deep\n    Essences above the Elements. _When he seeth a blue Vapor go forth out\n    of the Mouth of a dying Man_ (which maketh a strong smell all over the\n    chamber), then he supposeth that is the Soul.\"\n\nA. ROFFE.\n\n_Bradshaw Family._--There is a popular belief in this immediate part of the\ncountry, which was formerly a stronghold of the Jacobites, that no Bradshaw\nhas ever flourished since the days of the regicide. They point to old halls\nformerly in possession of Bradshaws, now passed into other hands, and shake\ntheir heads and say, \"It is a bad name,--no Bradshaw will come to good.\" I\nheard this speech only yesterday in connexion with Halton Hall (on the\nLune); but the feeling is common, and not confined to the uneducated\nclasses.\n\nHaigh Hall remains in the possession of the descendants of the family from\nwhich Judge Bradshaw was descended, because, so said my informant, the\nheiress married a \"loyal Lindsay\" (the Earl of Balcarras).\n\nE. C. G.\n\nLancaster.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n{357} ADVICE TO THE EDITOR, AND HINTS TO HIS CONTRIBUTORS.\n\nMy signature [Greek: S]. having been adopted by another correspondent, I\nhave been obliged to discontinue it.\n\nMy other signature [Greek: Ph]., which I have used since your commencement,\nis in your last number applied to the contribution of another gentleman,\nalthough the same number contains two articles of mine with that signature.\n\nAs this is palpably inconvenient, pray accept the following\n\n      ADVICE TO THE EDITOR\n\n  A contributor sending a Note or a Query,\n    Considers what signature's better;\n  And lest his full name too oft should prove weary,\n    He sometimes subscribes with a letter.\n\n  This letter in English or Greek thus selected,\n    As his personal mark he engages;\n  From piracy, therefore, it should be protected,\n    Throughout all the rest of your pages.\n\n  By a contrary practice confusion is sown,\n    And annoyance to writers of spirit,\n  Who wish not to claim any Notes but their own,\n    Or of less or superior merit.\n\n  I submit in such cases no writer would grumble,\n    But give you his hearty permission,\n  When two correspondents on one mark should stumble,\n    To make to the last an addition.\n\n  You are bound to avoid ev'ry point that distresses,\n    And prevent all collision that vexes,\n  Preserving the right of each collar of SS,\n    And warding the blows of cross XX.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMINOR NOTES.\n\n_Rollin's Ancient History and History of the Arts and Sciences._--It may be\nuseful to note, for the benefit of some of your student readers, that the\nmost procurable editions of Rollin's _Ancient History_ are deficient,\ninasmuch as they do not contain his History of the Arts and Sciences, which\nis an integral part of the work. After having possessed several editions of\nthe work of Rollin, I now have got Blackie's edition of 1837, in 3 vols.\n8vo., edited by Bell; and I learn from its preface that this is the only\nedition published since 1740 containing the History of the Arts and\nSciences.\n\nHow comes it that the editions since 1740 have been so castrated?\n\nIOTA.\n\nLiverpool, October 16. 1850.\n\n_Jezebel._--The name of this queen is, I think, incorrectly translated in\nall the _Bible Dictionaries_ and _Cyclopaedias_ that have come under my\nnotice. It was common amongst all ancient nations to give _compound_ names\nto persons, partly formed from the names of their respective _divinities_.\nThis observation applies particularly to the Assyrians, Babylonians, and\ntheir dependencies, together with the Phoenicians, Carthaginians,\nEgyptians, and Greeks. Hence we find, both in scripture and profane\nhistory, a number of names compounded of _Baal_, such as _Baal_-hanan, Gen.\nxxxvi. 38., the gift, grace, mercy, or favour of _Baal_; the name of the\ncelebrated Carthaginian general, Hanni_bal_, is the same name transposed.\nThe father of the Tyrian prince, Hiram, was called Abi_bal_, my father is\n_Baal_, or _Baal_ is my father. Esh_baal_, the fire of _Baal_; Jerub_baal_,\nlet _Baal_ contend, or defend his cause; Meri_baal_, he that resists\n_Baal_, or strives against the _idol_, were Hebrew names, apparently\nimposed to ridicule those given in honor of _Baal_. The father of _Jezebel_\nwas called Eth_baal_, Kings xvi. 31., (classically, Itho_balus_,) with\n_Baal_, towards _Baal_, or him _that rules_. Lastly, Hasdru_bal_ signifies\nhelp or assistance of _Baal_. Will some of the talented contributors to\n\"NOTES AND QUERIES\" inform me what is the _composition_ and _meaning_ of\n_Jezebel_, as it has hitherto baffled my own individual researches? Is it\nthe contracted _feminine form_ of Hasdru_bal_?\n\nW. G. H.\n\n_Clarendon, Oxford Edition of 1815._--The following curious fact, relating\nto the Oxford edition of Lord Clarendon's History in 1815, was communicated\nto me by a gentleman who was then officially interested in the publication,\nand personally cognisant of the circumstances.\n\nIn the year 1815, the University of Oxford determined to reprint\nClarendon's _History of the Rebellion_, and to add to it that of the Irish\nrebellion; but as it was suspected by one of the delegates of the press,\nthat the edition from which they were printing the \"Irish Rebellion\" was\nspurious, as it attributed the origin of the rebellion _to the Protestants\ninstead of the Catholics_; a much earlier copy was procured from Dublin,\nthrough the chaplain of the then Lord Lieutenant, which _reversed the\naccusation_ which was contained in the copy from which the University had\nbeen about to print.\n\nJ. T. A.\n\nSeptember 30. 1850.\n\n_Macaulay's Country Squire._--I suppose I may take it for granted that all\nthe world has long since been made merry by Mr. Macaulay's description of\n\"the country squire on a visit to London in 1685.\" (_History of England_,\nvol. i. p. 369.)\n\nI am not aware that Steele's description of a country gentleman under\nsimilar circumstances has ever been referred to; it is certainly far from\nbeing as graphic as Mr. Macaulay's; but the one may at all events serve to\nillustrate the other, and to prove that Urbs had not made any very great\nprogress in _urbanity_ between 1685 and 1712.\n\n    \"If a country gentleman appears a little curious in observing the\n    edifices, signs, clocks, coaches, and dials, {358} it is not to be\n    imagined how the polite rabble of this town, who are acquainted with\n    these objects, ridicule his rusticity. I have known a fellow with a\n    burden on his head steal a hand down from his load, and slily twirl the\n    cock of a squire's hat behind him; and while the offended person is\n    swearing or out of countenance, all the wag-wits in the highway are\n    grinning in applause of the ingenious rogue that gave him the tip, and\n    the folly of him who had not eyes all round his head to prevent\n    receiving it.\"--_Spectator_, No. 354.\n\nC. FORBES.\n\nOctober 11.\n\n_Miching Mallecho._--The Writer of the review of _Urquhart's Travels_ in\nthe _Quart. Rev._ for March 1850, who is, in all probability, identical\nwith the author of the _Handbook of Spain_, felicitously suggests that\n_Miching Mallecho_ is a mere misprint for the Spanish words _Mucho\nMalhecho_, _much mischief_: _Hamlet_, iii. 2. Imagining that I had seen\nthis ingenious conjecture somewhere in print before, I referred to, and was\ndisappointed when I found it not in Knight's _Shakspeare_ (library ed.).\nRecently, in looking over Dr. Maginn's admirable dissections of _Dr.\nFarmer's Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare_, I discovered what I was in\nsearch of, and beg to present it to the notice of your readers.\n\n    \"That the text is corrupt, I am sure; and I think Dr. Farmer's\n    substitution of _mimicking malhecco_, a most unlucky attempt at\n    emendation. In the old copies it is _munching malicho_, in which we\n    find traces of the true reading, _mucho malhecho_, much mischief.\n\n    \"'Marry, _mucho malhecho_--it means mischief.'\"--_Fraser's Magazine_,\n    Dec. 1839, p. 654.\n\nJ. M. B.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nQueries.\n\nTHE INQUISITION--THE BOHEMIAN PERSECUTION.\n\nMy query as to the authorship of _The Adventures of Gaudentio di Lucca_ has\ndrawn so satisfactory a reply from your correspondents (whom I beg to thank\nmost heartily for the information they have communicated), that I am\ninduced to ask you to aid me in ascertaining the authorships of the\nfollowing works of which I have copies:--\n\n    \"Histoire de l'Inquisition et son Origine. A Cologne, chez Pierre\n    Marteau, M.DC.XCIII.\" 1 vol. 12mo.\n\nIs this the same work as that mentioned in Watt's _Bib. Brit._ as--\n\n    \"The History of the Inquisition and its Origin, by James Marsollier,\n    1693.\" 12mo.?\n\nI have often searched for a copy of this work in English, but have never\nfound it. Was it ever translated into English?\n\n    \"L'INQUISIZIONE PROCESSATA OPERA STORICA E CURIOSA, Divisa in due Tomi.\n    IN COLONIA APPRESSO PAULO DELLA TENAGLIA, M.DC.LXXXI.\"\n\nI should like to know something of the authorship of these volumes, and of\nthe circumstances under which they were published.\n\n    \"The Slaughter-House, or a brief description of the Spanish\n    Inquisition, &c., gathered together by the pains and study of James\n    Salgado.\" N.D.\n\nThe biographical dictionaries within my reach give no account of Salgado.\nWho was he?\n\n    \"Historia Persecutionium Ecclesiae Bohemicae jam inde a primordiis\n    Conversionis suae ad Christianismum hoc est, 894, ad annum usque 1632,\n    Ferdinando Secundo Austriaco regnante, &c., anno Domini M D CXLVIII.\" 1\n    vol. 32mo.\n\nI have an English translation of this small work, published in 1650. Can\nany of your readers inform me who were the authors? (The preface concludes,\n\"In our banishment in the year 1632. N. N. N., &c.\")\n\nIOTA.\n\nLiverpool, October, 1850.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Queries.\n\n_Osnaburg Bishopric._--Can any of your correspondents inform me who\nsucceeded the late Duke of York as Bishop of Osnaburg? how the Duke of York\nattained it? and whether there were any ecclesiastical duties attached to\nit? or whether the appointment was a lay one?\n\nB. M.\n\n_Meaning of \"Farlief\"._--May I ask for a definition of the word \"farlief\",\nused in Devonshire to designate some service or payment to the lord of the\nmanor by his copyholders, apparently analogous to the old feudal \"relief\"?\n\nV. J. S.\n\n_Margaret Dyneley._--In Stanford Dingley Church, Berkshire, there is a\n\"brass\" of _Margaret Dyneley_, from whose family, I presume, the parish has\nreceived its appellation of _Dingley_. As, however, I have not yet\nsucceeded in obtaining any account as to this lady or her ancestors, I\nshould feel obliged by any information which your learned correspondents\nonly be able to afford.\n\nJ. H. K.\n\n_Tristan d'Acunha._--COSMOPOLITE will be glad to have references to any\nauthentic sources of information respecting the island of Tristan d'Acunha.\n\n_Production of Fire by Friction._--In most of the accounts written by\npersons who have visited the South Sea Islands, we meet with descriptions\nof the method adopted by the natives to produce fire by the rapid attrition\nof two bits of wood. Now I wish to ask whether any person has ever seen the\nsame effect produced in this country by similar means? If not, to what\ncause is the difficulty--if such difficulty really exists--attributable?\n\n{359} Does it depend upon the nature of the wood used, the condition of the\natmosphere, or the dexterity of the operator? I have not quoted any\nparticular passages, as they are sufficiently familiar to readers of\nvoyages and travels in the South Sea hemisphere; and although they exhibit\nsome diversity in the _modus operandi_, the principle involved is\nessentially the same in each mode. I need scarcely add, that I am of course\nwell aware of the means by which, whether by accident or design, heat is\nordinarily generated by friction in this country.\n\nD.\n\nRotherfield.\n\n_Murderer hanged when pardoned._--I have a copy of the _Protestant's\nAlmanack_ for 1680, full of MS. notes of the period, written by one of the\nCrew family. Among other matter it states:\n\n    \"A man was hung for a murder in Southwark (I think), notwithstanding\n    the king's pardon had been obtained for him, and he actually had it in\n    his pocket at the time.\"\n\nWill some kind friend oblige me with further information of this case, or\ntell me where I may obtain it?\n\nGILBERT.\n\n_Burke, Passage from._--The following passage is quoted as a motto _from\nBurke_:--\n\n    \"The swarthy daughters of Cadmus may hang their trophies on high, for\n    when all the pride of the chisel and the pomp of heraldry yield to the\n    silent touches of time, a single line, a half worn-out inscription,\n    remain faithful to their trust.\"\n\nIn what composition of Burke's is it to be found?\n\nQ.(2.)\n\n_Licensing of Books._--Can any of your readers inform me what was the law\nin 1665 relative to the licensing of books? also when it was introduced (or\nrevived), and when modified? I find in a manual of devotion printed in that\nyear the following page, after the preface:--\n\n    \"I have perused this book, and finding nothing in it but what may tend\n    to the increase of private devotion and piety, I recommend it to my\n    Lord the Bishop of London for his licence to have it printed.\"\n\nJO. DURESME.\n\n     \"Imprimatur:\n  Tho. Grigg, R. P. D. Hamff.\n      Ep. Lond. a Sac. Dom.\n  Ex AEdibus, Lond.\n      Mart. 28. 1665.\"\n\nR. N.\n\n_Captain John Stevens._--I should be glad to learn some account of _Capt.\nJohn Stevens_, the continuator of Dugdale's _Monasticon_ in 1722. He is\ngenerally considered to have edited the English abridgment of the\n_Monasticon_, in one vol. 1718, though a passage in Thoresby's _Diary_\nmentions that it contained \"some reflections upon the Reformation, which\nthe _Spanish Priest_, who is said to be translator and abridger of the\nthree Latin volumes, would not omit.\"\n\nA note by the editor of Thoresby's _Diary_ says that--\n\n    \"Mr. Gough was uncertain by whom this Translation and Abridgment was\n    prepared. He supposed that it was done by Captain Stevens, the author,\n    or rather compiler of a valuable, Supplement to the _Monasticon_, in\n    which he was assisted by Thoresby.\"\n\nJ. T. A.\n\n_Le Bon Gendarme._--Close to the boundary stone which separates the\nparishes of Fulham and Hammersmith, and facing the lane which leads to\nBrook Green, on the Hammersmith Road, is a way-side public-house, known as\n\"The Black Bull.\" So late as three months ago, in addition to the sign of\nthe Black Bull, there was painted over the door, but somewhat high up, a\nworn-out inscription, \"Le Bon Gendarme,\" as if that had originally been the\nname of the inn. These words have been lately effaced altogether: but as\nthey no doubt relate to some circumstance or adventure which had happened\nin or near to the place, perhaps some reader of the \"NOTES AND QUERIES\"\nwill have the goodness to satisfy the curiosity of one who has asked at the\ninn in vain for a solution.\n\nU. U. C.\n\nUniversity Club.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nREPLIES.\n\nTASSO TRANSLATED BY FAIRFAX.\n\nThe variation in the first stanza of Fairfax's _Godfrey of Bulloigne_ has\nbeen long known to bibliographers, and was pointed out in _The Critical\nReview_ more than thirty years ago. I cannot fix on the particular number,\nbut it contained a long notice of the version of Tasso by Fairfax, and the\nvery stanzas extracted by T. N. The translator could not please himself\nwith the outset of his undertaking, and hence the recorded substitution;\nbut it is not known that he carried his fastidiousness so far as to furnish\na _third_ version of the first stanza, as well as of the \"Argument\" of the\nintroductory canto, differing from both the others. In the instance pointed\nout by T. N. the substitution was effected by pasting the _approved_ stanza\nover the _disapproved_ stanza; but the _third_ version was given by\nreprinting the whole leaf, which contains other variations of typography,\nbesides such as it was thought necessary to make in the first stanza.\n\nI formerly had copies of the book, dated 1600, including all three\nvariations; but the late Mr. Wordsworth having one day looked particularly\nat that with the reprinted leaf, and expressing a {360} strong wish to\npossess it, I gave it to him, and I presume that it remained in his library\nat his death. What I speak of happened full twenty years ago.\n\n_The Critical Review_ of the date I refer to (I am pretty confident that it\nwas of the early part of 1817) contained a good deal of information\nregarding Fairfax and his productions; but it did not mention one fact of\nimportance to show the early estimation and popularity of his translation\nof the _Gerusalemme Liberata_, viz., that although it was published in\n1600, it is repeatedly quoted in _England's Parnassus_, printed in the same\nyear, and containing extracts, as most people are aware, from all the\ndistinguished poets of that day, and somewhat earlier. This circumstance\nascertains also that Fairfax's Tasso came out before _England's Parnassus_,\nalthough both bear the date of 1600 on the title-pages.\n\nTHE HERMIT OF HOLYPORT.\n\n_Fairfax's Tasso._--In my copy of the second edition, 1624, the first\nstanza of the first book is given precisely as in Mr. Knight's reprint. But\nin the very beautiful edition published by Bensley, 1817, and edited by Mr.\nSinger, that stanza which T. N. terms an \"elegant variation,\" introduces\nthe canto. The editor's preface states that the _first_ edition, 1600, had\nbeen followed in that re-impression, \"admitting some few corrections of\nerrors, and emendations of orthography, from the _second_, I printed in\n1624.\" Of this second edition it is remarked that \"it appears to have been\nrevised by some careful corrector of the press; yet nothing material is\nchanged but the orthography of particular words.\" No notice is taken of the\ndifference between the first stanza of the second edition, and that of the\nfirst edition, identical with the cancel in T. N.'s copy. Possibly, _both_\nthe copies of these two editions, which happened to come under the editor's\nnotice, had this cancel, and so presented no variation from each other. If,\nhowever, _all_ the copies of the second edition contained the stanza as\ngiven by Mr. Knight, and Mr. Singer's opinion (drawn from the dedicatory\nverses to Prince Charles, prefixed to _some_ copies of the second edition)\nthat this edition _was_ seen, and probably corrected, by the author, be\nwell-founded, it would seem to follow that Fairfax finally preferred the\nstanza in this its first and later state, and as it appears in Mr. Knight's\nedition. If the \"cancel-slip\" be an \"elegant\" variation, may not the\noriginal stanza be regarded as more vigorous?\n\nG. A. S.\n\n_Fairfax's Tasso._--In the elegant edition published by Mr. Singer in 1817,\nthe first stanza is printed according to the variation noticed by your\ncorrespondent T. N. (Vol. ii., p. 325.), \"I sing the warre,\" &c., and the\noriginal stanza is printed at the end of the first book, with a note\nstating that the pasted slip is found \"in most copies\" of the first\nedition. My copy contains no such peculiarity, but it is of course possible\nthat the pasted slip may have been removed. The second edition (folio,\nLondon, 1624) has the stanza in the form in which it originally stood in\nthe first, beginning \"The sacred armies,\" &c.\n\nJ. F. M\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nALE-DRAPER.--EUGENE ARAM.\n\n(Vol. ii., p. 310.)\n\nYour correspondent D. asks whether the word _ale-draper_ was ever in \"good\nuse.\" The only place in which I can find it is Bailey's _Dictionary_, where\nit occurs thus:\n\n    \"Ale-draper (a humorous name), a seller of malt liquors; an\n    alehouse-keeper or victualler.\"\n\nThe humour, I suppose, consists in applying to one kind of occupation that\nwhich was commonly given to another; in taking _draper_ from the service of\ncloth, and pressing it by force into that of _ale_. That it was ever\nconsidered as a word of respectable standing, can hardly be imagined. In\nsuch writers as Tom Brown it is most likely to occur.\n\n1. With reference to Eugene Aram, D.'s remark about the\n_over-ingeniousness_ of his defence has been anticipated by Paley, who was\npresent at the trial, and said that Aram would not have been hanged had he\nless studiously defended himself. That laboured address to the jury must\nhave employed his thoughts for years. I should like very much to know\nwhether anyone has ever attempted to verify the references which he gives\nto the cases in which he says that bones have been found. The style of the\nspeech has been much praised, but is surely not very surprising when it is\nconsidered that Johnson had previously written the _Rambler_. The\ncomposition wants ease.\n\n2. Ever since I began to read about Eugene Aram, and that is some years\nago, I have had a settled opinion that his attainments, and perhaps his\nabilities, had been greatly overrated. He was doubtless a man of\nconsiderable mental powers; but we cannot but suspect that had he acquired\nall the learning which is attributed to him, he would have attracted more\nnotice than it was his fortune to obtain.\n\n3. Mr. Scatchard's attempts, and all other attempts, to clear him from\n\"blood-guilty stain,\" must be equally futile, for he himself confessed his\nguilt while he was in prison.\n\nSome time ago, a dozen years or more, there appeared in the _Literary\nGazette_, as a communication from a correspondent, an anecdote concerning\nAram, which well deserves to be repeated. During the time that he was in\nthe school of Lynn, it was the custom for the head-master, at the\ntermination of every half-year, to invite the parents of the boys to an\nentertainment, and all {361} who accepted the invitation were expected to\nbring with them the money due on account of their sons, which, _postquam\nexempta fames epulis_, they paid into the head-master's hands. The master\nwould thus retire to rest with a considerable sum in his possession. On one\nof these occasions, after he had gone to his chamber and supposed that all\nthe family were in bed, he heard a noise in a passage not far distant, and,\ngoing out to see what was the cause of it, found Aram groping about in the\ndark, who, on being asked what he wanted, said that he had been obliged to\nleave his room on a necessary occasion, and had missed his way to the place\nwhich he sought. The passage was not one into which he was likely to wander\nby mistake, but the master accepted his excuse, and thought no more of the\nmatter till Aram was arrested for the robbery and murder of Clarke, when he\nimmediately recollected the circumstance, and suspected that he had\nintended on that night to commit another robbery or murder. I have not the\nnumber of the _Literary Gazette_ in which this statement was given to refer\nto, but I am sure that I have repeated the substance of it correctly, and\nremember that it was inserted as being worthy of credit. It is another\nillustration of the fact that the nature of a man is unchangeable.\n\nBulwer's novel, which elevates Aram from a school-assistant into a private\ngentleman, may have pleased those, if there were such, who knew nothing of\nArum's acts before they began to read it. But all who knew what Aram was,\nmust be disgusted at the threshold. I regarded the book, at the time of its\nappearance, as one of the most presumptuous falsifications of biography\nthat had ever been attempted. It is not easy to see why Bulwer might not\nhave made an equally interesting story, if he had kept Aram in his proper\nstation.\n\nJ. S. W.\n\nStockwell.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nON THE WORD \"GRADELY.\"\n\nPermit me to make a few remarks on the word _gradely_:--\n\n1. It seems to have no connexion with the Latin noun _gradus_, Angl.\n_grade_, step.\n\n2. Its first syllable, _grade_, is both a substantive and an adjective; and\n_gradely_ itself both adjective and adverb, as _weakly_, _sickly_, _godly_,\n&c.\n\n3. It is not confined to Lancashire or to England, but appears in Scotland\nas _graith_ (ready), _graith_ (furniture); whence _graithly_ (readily), to\n_graith_, _grathe_, or _graid_ (prepare), &c. See Jamieson's _Sc. Dict._\nand _Supplement_.\n\n4. It is in fact the Anglo-Saxon _gerad_, which is both substantive and\nadjective. As a substantive it means condition, arrangement, plan, reason,\n&c. As an adjective, it means prudent, well-prepared, expert, exact, &c.\nThe _ge_ (Gothic _ga_) is merely the intensive prefix; the root being _rad_\nor _rath_. The form in _ly_ (adjective or adverb), without the prefix _g_,\nappears in the Anglo-Saxon _raedlic_, prudent, expert; _raedlice_,\nexpertly. This interesting root, which appears as _re_, _ra_, _red_, _rad_,\n_rath_, &c.; sometimes by transposition, as _er_, _ar_, _erd_, &c. (perhaps\nalso as _reg_, _rag_, _erg_, _arc_, &c.), seems to represent the nobler\nqualities of man: thought, reason, counsel, speech, deliberate action; and\nperhaps, also, government.\n\nThus in the Semitic family of languages we have the radicals _raa_ (saw,\nforesaw, counselled); _radha_ (helped, ruled); _rathad_ (arranged); _rato_\n(directed, instructed); and others, with their numerous derivatives.\n\nThe Indo-European family gives us, in Sanscrit, _ra_ or _rae_ (ponder,\nexperience); _rat_ (speak); _radh_ (accomplish); _raj_ (excel); _ragh_\n(attain, reach); and others, with derivatives. In Greek, _rheo_ (speak),\ntransp. _ero_ or _wero_ (whence _verbum_, _wort_, _word_); _rhero_ or\n_rhedo_ (do), transp. _erdo_, also _ergo_ (whence _werke_, _work_); _archo_\n(rule), and others, with derivatives. In Latin, _reor_ (think), whence\n_ratus_ and _ratio_ (reason); _res_ (thing, action); _rego_ (rule), with\nderivatives (_rex_, _regula_, _rectus_, &c.). In Celtic (Welsh), _rhe_\n(active); _rheswm_ (reason); _rhaith_ (judgment, right); _rhi_ (prince);\n_rhag_ (van, before). In Sclavonic, _rada_, _rade_ (counsel); _redian_ (to\ndirect), &c.\n\nIn the Teutonic dialects (Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, German, Dutch, Swedish,\nDanish, Icelandic, Scotch, and English) the forms of this root are very\nnumerous. Thus we have, in Anglo-Saxon, _rad_, _raed_ (counsel);\n_raedlich_, _grad_, as above, whence _geradien_ (to prepare), and other\nwords. In German, _rede_ (discourse); _rath_ (counsel); _reden_ (to speak);\n_regel_ (a rule); _recht_ (right); _gerecht_ (just); _gerade_ (exactly),\n&c.; _bereiten_ (prepare), &c. In English, _ready_, _read_, _rule_,\n_right_, _riddle_, _reason_, _rather_, to which we must add _gradely_. In\nScotch, _red_, _rede_, _rade_, _rath_, &c., with the words mentioned above;\nof which _graith_ (furniture) is the German _geraeth_. Your readers will\nderive much information on this class of words by reference to Jamieson,\nunder _red_, _rede_, _rath_, _graith_, &c.\n\nBENJ. H. KENNEDY.\n\nShrewsbury, Oct. 19.\n\n_Gradely_.--It seems rather a rash step to differ from the mass of critical\nauthority with which your last number has brought this shy, old-fashioned\nprovincial word into a blaze of literary notoriety. Yet I cannot help\nconceiving the original form of this adverb to be _grathedly_ ([Old\nEnglish: geraethlic], root [Old English: raeth], with the preteritive prefix\n[Old English: ge]) or _gerathely_. In our Yorkshire dialect, to _grathe_\n(pronounced _gradhe_) means, to make ready, to put in a state of _order_ or\n_fitness_. A man inconveniently accoutred or furnished with implements for\nthe performance of some operation on which he was employed, {362} observed\nto me the other day, \"I's ill grathed for't job\"--rather a terse Saxon\ncontrast to my latinized paraphrase.\n\n_Grathedly_ would then mean, \"In a state of good order, fitness, readiness,\nor perfection.\"\n\nTo the cognate German _gerade_ adv., I find the senses, \"directly, just,\nexactly, _perfectly_, rightly.\"\n\nThe prevailing impression given by your numerous testimonials as to the\ncharacter of the word _gradely_, is one of decency, order, rightness,\nperfectness.\n\nI fancy the whole family (who might be called the children of _rath_), viz.\n[Old English: raeth], _rathe_ (_gerathe, grathedly, gradely_), _rather_ (only\na Saxon form of _readier_), have as a common primeval progenitor the\nSanscrit [Sanskrit: radh] (_radh_), which is interpreted \"a process towards\nperfection;\" in other words, \"a becoming ready.\"\n\nG. J. CAYLEY.\n\nWydale, Oct. 21.\n\nP.S.--_Greadly_ is probably a transposition for _geradly_. The Yorkshire\npronunciation of _gradely_ is almost as if written _grared-ly_.\n\nI think it probable that the words _greed, greedily_, are from the same\nradicle. By the way, is _radix_ perhaps derived from [Sanskrit: rad]\n(_rad_), a tooth (from the fang-like form of roots), whence _rodere_ and\npossibly _radius_?\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nCOLLAR OF ESSES.\n\nAlthough the suggestion made by C. (Vol. ii., p. 330.), _viz._ that the\nCollar of Esses had a \"mechanical\" origin, resulting from the mode of\nforming \"the chain,\" and that \"the _name_ means no more than that the links\nwere in the shape of the letter S.,\" could only be advocated by one\nunacquainted with the real formation of the collar, yet, as I am now\npledged before the readers of \"NOTES AND QUERIES\" as the historiographer of\nlivery collars, it may be expected that I should make some reply. This may\nbe accompanied with the remark, that, about the reign of Henry VIII., a\ncollar occurs, which might be adduced in support of the theory suggested by\nthe REV. MR. ELLACOMBE, and adopted by C. It looks like a collar formed of\nesses; but it is not clear whether it was meant to do so, or was merely a\nrich collar of twisted gold links. That was the age of ponderous gold\ncollars, but which were arbitrary features of ornamental costume, not\ncollars of livery. Such a collar, however, resembles a series of esses\nplaced obliquely and interlaced, as thus: _SSSS_; not laid flat on their\nsides, as figured by C. Again, it is true an (endless) _chain_ of linked\nesses was formed merely by attaching the letters [three letter Ss\nhorizontally] like hooks together. This occurs on the cup at Oriel College,\nOxford, engraved in Shaw's _Ancient Furniture_ in Shelton's _Oxonia\nIllustrata_, and in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for August last; but the\nconnexion of this with the English device is at least very doubtful. The\ncup is not improbably of foreign workmanship, and Menneus assigns such a\ncollar to the knights of Cyprus; even there the S was not without its\nattributed import:\n\n    \"Per literam autem S. quae _Silentii_ apud Romanos nota fuit, secretum\n    societatis et amicitiae simulachrum, individuamque pro patriae defensione\n    _Societatem_ denotari.\"--_Fr. Mennenii Deliciae Equest. Ordinum_, 1613.\n    12mo. p. 153.\n\nHowever, the answer to the suggestion of MR. ELLACOMBE and C. consists in\nthis important distinction, that the Lancastrian livery collar was _not a\nchain_ of linked esses, but a collar of leather or other stiff material,\nupon which the letters were _distinctly_ figured at certain intervals; and\nwhen it came to be made of metal only, the letters were still kept distinct\nand upright. On John of Ghent's collar, in the window of old St. Paul's\n(which I have already mentioned in p. 330.), there are only five,\n\n  S       S       S       S       S,\n\nat considerable intervals. On the collar of the poet Gower the letters\noccur thus,--\n\n  SSSSS       SSSSS.\n\nOn that of Queen Joan of Navarre, at Canterbury, thus,--\n\n  S | S | S | S | S | S |\n\nThere is then, I think, little doubt that this device was the _symbolum_ or\n_nota_ of some word of which S was the initial letter; whether _Societas_,\nor _Silentium_, or _Souvenance_, or _Soveraigne_, or _Seneschallus_, or\nwhatever else ingenuity or fancy may suggest, this is the question,--a\nquestion which it is scarcely possible to settle authoritatively without\nthe testimony of some unequivocal contemporary statement. But I flatter\nmyself that I have now clearly shown that the esses were neither the _links\nof a chain_ nor yet (as suggested in a former paper) identical with the\n_gormetti fremales_, or horse-bridles, which are said to have formed the\nlivery collar of the King of Scots.\n\nJOHN GOUGH NICHOLS.\n\n \"Christus purpureum gemmati textus in auro\n  Signabat Labarum, Clypeorum insignia Christus\n  Scripserat; ardebat summis crux addita cristis.\"\n\nBy the same sort of reasoning--viz. conjecture--that MR. JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS\nadheres to the opinion that the Collar of SS. takes its name from the word\n_Seneschallus_, it might be contended that the initial letters of the lines\nabove quoted mystically stand for \"Collar, S. S.\" Enough, however, has\nalready been written on this unmeaning point to show that some of us are\n\"great gowks,\" or, in other words, stupid guffs, to waste so much pen, ink,\nand paper on the subject.\n\nThere are other topics, however, connected with the Collar of SS. which are\nof real interest to a {363} numerous section of the titled aristocracy in\nthe United Kingdom; and it is with these, as bearing upon the heraldic and\ngentilitial rights of the subject, that I am desirous to grapple. MR.\nNICHOLS, and those who pin faith upon his _dicta_, hold that the Collar of\nSS. was a livery ensign bestowed by our kings upon certain of their\nretainers, in much the same sense and fashion as Cedric the Saxon is said\nto have given a collar to Wamba, the son of Witless. For myself, and all\nthose entitled to carry armorial bearings in the kingdom, I repudiate the\nnotion that the knightly golden Collar of SS. was ever so conferred or\nreceived. Further, I maintain that there was a distinction between what MR.\nNICHOLS calls \"the Livery Collar of SS.,\" and the said knightly golden\nCollar of SS., as marked and broad as is the difference between the Collar\nof the Garter and the collar of that four-footed dignitary which bore the\ninscription,\n\n \"I am the Prince's Dog at Kew,\n  Pray whose Dog are you?\"\n\nIn his last communication MR. NICHOLS lays it down that \"livery collars\nwere perfectly distinct from collars of knighthood;\" adding, they did not\nexist until a subsequent age. Of course the collars of such royal orders of\nknighthood as have been established since the days of our Lancastrian kings\nhad necessarily no existence at the period to which he refers. But Gough\n(not MR. GOUGH NICHOLS) mentions that the Collar of SS. was upon the\nmonument of Matilda Fitzwalter, of Dunmow, who lived in the reign of King\nJohn; and Ashmole instances a monument in the collegiate church at Warwick,\nwith the portraiture of Margaret, wife of Sir William Peito, said to have\nbeen sculptured there in the reign of Edward III. What credit then are we\nto attach to MR. N.'s averment, that the \"Collar of Esses was not a badge\nof knighthood, nor a badge of personal merit, but was a collar of livery,\nand the idea typified by livery was feudal dependence, or what we now call\nparty?\" What sort of feudal dependence was typified by the ensign of\nequestrian nobility upon the necks of the two ladies named, or upon the\nneck of Queen Joan of Navarre? MR. NICHOLS states that in the first\nLancastrian reigns the Collar of SS. had no pendant, though, afterwards, it\nhad a pendant called \"the king's beast.\" On the effigy of Queen Joan the\ncollar certainly has no pendant, except the jewelled ring of a trefoil\nform. But on the ceiling and canopy of the tomb of Henry IV., his arms, and\nthose of his queen (Joan of Navarre), are surrounded with Collars of SS.,\nthe king's terminating in an eagle volant (rather an odd sort of a beast),\nwhilst the pendant of the queen's has been defaced.\n\nMR. NICHOLS, in a postscript, puts this query to the antiquaries of\nScotland: \"Can any of them help me to the authority from which Nich. Upton\nderived his livery collar of the King of Scotland de gormettis fremalibus\nequorum?\" If Mr. N. puts this query from no other data than the citation\ngiven in my former paper upon this subject (vide Vol. ii., p. 194.), he\nneed not limit it to the antiquaries of Scotland. Upton's words are as\nfollows:--\n\n    \"Rex etiam scocie dare solebat pro signo vel titulo suo, unum collarium\n    de gormettis fremalibus equorum de auro vel argento.\"\n\nThis passage neither indicates that a King of Scotland is referred to, nor\ndoes it establish that the collar was given as a livery sign or title. It\nmerely conveys something to this purport, that the king was accustomed to\ngive to his companions, as a sign or title, a collar of gold or silver\nshaped like the bit of a horse's bridle.\n\nMR. NICHOLS takes exception to Favine as an heraldic authority. Could that\nerudite author arise from his grave, I wonder how he would designate MR.\nNICHOLS'S lucubrations on livery collars, &c. But hear Matthew Paris: that\nlearned writer says Equites Aurati were known in his day \"by a gold ring on\ntheir thumbs, by a chain of gold about their necks, and gilt spurs.\" Let us\nlook to Scotland: Nesbit says, vol. ii. p. 87.:\n\n    \"Our knights were no less anciently known by belts than by their gilt\n    spurs, swords, &c. In the last place is the collar, an ensign of\n    knightly dignity among the Germans, Gauls, Britains, Danes, Goths, &c.\n    In latter times it was the peculiar fashion of knights amongst us to\n    wear golden collars composed of SS.\"\n\nBrydson, too, in his _Summary View of Heraldry in reference to the Usages\nof Chivalry, and the General Economy of the Feudal System_, (a work of\nuncommon ingenuity, deserving to be called the Philosophy of Heraldry),\nobserves, p. 186, ch. v., that knights were distinguished by an investiture\nwhich implied superior merit and address in arms--by the attendance of one\nor more esquires--by the title SIR--by wearing a crest--a helmet of\npeculiar form--apparel peculiarly splendid--polished armour of a particular\nconstruction--gilded spurs--and a GOLDEN COLLAR.\n\nHe states, ch. iv., p. 132.:\n\n    \"In the fifth dissertation of Du Cange it is shown that the splendid\n    habits which the royal household anciently received at the great\n    festivals, were called 'LIVERIES,' being delivered or presented from\n    the king.\"\n\nBut he nowhere countenances for a moment any of the errors entertained by\nMR. JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, which these remarks are intended to explode.\n\nMR. NICHOLS has not yet answered B.'s query. Nor can he answer it until he\npreviously admits that he is wrong upon the four points enumerated in my\nopening article (Vol. ii., p. 194.).\n\nARMIGER.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n{364} Replies to Minor Queries\n\n_Symbols of the Evangelists_ (Vol. i., pp. 375. 471.; vol. ii., pp. 13. 45.\n205.).--Should the inquirer not have access to the authorities which, as is\nstated in p. 471., are referred to by DR. WORDSWORTH, or not have leisure\nto avail himself of his copious references, he may be glad to find that in\nthe _Thesaurus Theologico Philologicus_ (vol. ii. pp. 57.-62.), there is a\ndissertation containing an analysis of more than fifty authors, who have\nillustrated the visions of Ezekiel and St. John, and an explanation of the\nSententiarum Divortia of Irenaeus, Jerome, and Augustine, respecting the\napplication of the symbols, or of the quaestio vexata--quodnam animal cui\nEvangelistae comparandum sit. Thomasius, the author of this dissertation,\nsuggests that to recall to mind the symbol applied to Luke, we should\nremember the expression denoting elephantes, _boves lucas_. Abundant\ninformation is also supplied on this subject by that hierophantic\nnaturalist, Aldrovandus, _de Quadrup. Bisulcis_, p. 180. et seq. Nor should\nDaubuz be neglected, the learned commentator on the Revelations.\n\nT. J.\n\n_Becket's Mother_ (Vol. ii., pp. 106. 270.).--In support of the view of MR.\nFOSS with regard to Becket's mother, against that propounded by J. C. R.\n(Vol. ii., p. 270.), I would mention that _Acon_ is the ordinary mediaeval\nname for the city of _Acre_, and appears in the earlier deeds relating to\nthe hospital in Cheapside, while the modern form occurs in those of later\ndate; _e.g._ Pat. 18 Edw. II., \"S. Thomae Martyris _de Aconia_;\" Pat. 14\nEdw. III., \"S. Thomae Martyris Cantuarensis de _Acon_;\" but Rot. Parl. 23\nHen. VI., \"Saint Thomas the Martir of _Acres_,\" \"the Martyr of Canterbury\nof _Acres_.\" (Deeds in Dugdale, _Monast._ vi. 646, 647.)\n\nThis would seem to identify the distinctive name of the hospital with the\ncity in the Holy Land but the following passage from the _Chronicle_ of\nMatthew of Westminster (p. 257.) seems quite conclusive on this point, as\nit connects that city with Becket in a manner beyond all dispute:--\n\n    \"Anno gratiae 1190. Obsessa est _Acon_ circumquaque Christianorum\n    legionibus, et arctatur nimis. _Capella Sancti Thomae martyris ibidem\n    aedificatur_.\"\n\nIf, as J. C. R. supposes, there was no connexion between the saint and Acre\nin Syria, the foundation of a chapel to his honour in or near that city\nwould seem quite unaccountable. However this may be, the truth of the\nbeautiful legend of his mother can, I fear, be never proved or disproved.\n\nWhile on this subject, let me, at the risk of being tedious to your\nreaders, quote the amusing tale told by Latimer, with regard to this\nhospital, in his \"Sixth Sermon preached before Edward VI.\" (Parker Soc ed.,\np. 201.):--\n\n    \"I had rather that ye should come [to hear the Word of God] as the tale\n    is by the gentlewoman of London: one of her neighbours met her in the\n    street and said, 'Mistress, whither go ye?' 'Marry,' said she; 'I am\n    going to St. Thomas of Acres, to the sermon; I could not sleep all this\n    last night, and I am going now thither; I never failed of a good nap\n    there.' And so I had rather ye should go a-napping to the sermons than\n    not to go at all.\"\n\nOn the name \"S. Nicholas _Acon_,\" I can throw no light. Stow is quite\nsilent as to its signification.\n\nE. VENABLES.\n\nHerstmonceux.\n\n_Becket's Mother._--I am, in truth, but a new subscriber, and when I wrote\nthe remarks on MR. FOSS's note (Vol. ii., p. 270.), had not seen your first\nvolume containing the communications of MR. MATTHEWS (p. 415.) and DR.\nRIMBAULT (p. 490.). The rejection of the story that Becket's mother was a\nSaracen rests on the fact that no trace of it is found until a much later\ntime, when the history of \"St. Thomas of Canterbury\" had been embellished\nwith all manner of wonders. MR. MATTHEWS may find some information in the\n_English Review_, vol. vi. pp. 40-42. DR. RIMBAULT is mistaken in saying\nthat the life of St. Thomas by Herbert of Boshain \"is published in the\n_Quadrilogus_, Paris, 1495.\" It was one of the works from which the\n_Quadrilogus_ was _compiled_; but the only entire edition of it is that by\nDr. Giles, in his _S. Thomas Cantauriensis_.\n\nJ. C. R.\n\n_Passage in Lucan_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).--The following are parallel passages\nto that in Lucan's _Pharsalia_, b. vii. 814., referred to by MR. SANSOM.\n\nOvid. _Metam._ 1. 256.:--\n\n \"Esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur affore tempus,\n  Quo mare, quo tellus, correptaque regia coeli\n  Ardeat; et mundi moles operos laboret.\"\n\nCic. _De Nat. Deor._ 11. 46.:--\n\n    \"Ex quo eventurum nostri putant id, de quo Panaetium addubitare\n    dicebant, ut ad extremum omnis mundus ignesceret; cum, humore consumto,\n    neque terra ali posset neque remearet aer; cujus ortus, aqua omni\n    exhausta, esse non posset,\" etc.\n\nCic. _De Divinatione_, 1. 49.:--\n\n    \"Nam et natura futura praesentiunt, ut aquarum fluxiones et\n    deflagrationem futuram aliquando coeli atque terrarum,\" etc.\n\nCic. _Acad. Quaest._ iv. 37.:--\n\n    \"Erit ei persuasum etiam, solem, lunam, stellas omnes, terram, mare,\n    deos esse ... fore tamen aliquando ut omnis hic mundus ardore\n    deflagret,\" etc.\n\nCic. _Somn. Scipionis,_ vii.:--\n\n    \"Propter eluviones exustionesque terrarum quas accidere tempore certo\n    necesse est, non modo aeternam, sed ne diuturnam quidem gloriam assequi\n    possumus.\"\n\nSeneca, _Consol. ad Marciam_, sub fine:--\n\n    \"Cum tempus advenerit quo se mundus renovaturus {365} extinguat ... et\n    omni flagrante materia uno igne quicquid nunc ex disposito lucet,\n    ardebit.\"\n\nId. _Natural Quaest_. iii. 28.:--\n\n    \"Qua ratione inquis? Eadem qua conflagratio futura est ... Aqua et\n    ignes terrenis dominantur. Ex his ortus et ex his interitus est,\" etc.\n\nThere are also the Sybilline verses (quoted by Lactantias _de Ira Dei_,\ncap. xxiii.):--\n\n \"[Greek: Kai pote ten orgen theon ouk eti praunonta,]\n  [Greek: All' exembrithonta, kai exoluonta te gennan]\n  [Greek: Anthropon, hapasan hup' empresmou perthonta.]\"\n\nPlato has a similar passage in his _Timaeus_; and many others are quoted by\nMatthew Pole in his _Synopsis Criticorum Script. Sacrae Interpretum_; on 2\nPet. iii. 6. 10.; to which I beg to refer MR. SANSOM; and also to Burnet's\n_Sacred Theory of the Earth_, book iii. ch. 3.\n\nT. H. KERSLEY.\n\nKing William's College, Isle of Man.\n\n_Combs buried with the Dead_ (Vol. ii., pp. 230. 269.).--On reference to\nSir Thomas Browne's _Hydriotaphia_, I find two passages which may supply\nthe information your correspondent seeks as to the reason for combs being\nburied with human remains. In section i., pp. 26, 27. (I quote from the\nEdinburgh reprint of 1822, published by Blackwood) the author says:\n\n    \"In a field of Old Walsingham, not many months past (1658), were digged\n    up between forty and fifty urns, deposited in a dry and sandy soil, not\n    a yard deep, not far from one another, not all strickly of one figure,\n    but most answering these described; some containing two pounds of\n    bones, distinguishable in skulls, ribs, jaws, thigh-bones, and teeth,\n    with fresh impressions of their combustion, besides extraneous\n    substances, like pieces of small boxes, or _combs_, handsomely wrought,\n    handles of small brass instruments, brazen nippers, and in one some\n    kind of opale.\"\n\nAnd again he says (pp. 36, 37.):\n\n    \"From exility of bones, thinness of skulls, smallness of teeth, ribs,\n    and thigh-bones, not improbable that many thereof were persons of minor\n    age, or women. Confirmable also from things contained in them. In most\n    were found substances resembling _combs_, plates like boxes, fastened\n    with iron pins, and handsomely overwrought like the necks or bridges of\n    musical instruments, long brass plates overwrought like the handles of\n    neat implements, _brazen nippers to pull away hair_, and in one a kind\n    of opale, yet maintaining a bluish colour.\n\n    \"Now that they accustomed to burn or bury with them things wherein they\n    excelled, delighted, or which were dear unto them, either as farewells\n    unto all pleasure, or vain apprehension that they might use them in the\n    other world, is testified by all antiquity.\"\n\nThe instances which he appends relate only to the Pagan period, and he does\nnot appear to have known that a similar practice prevailed in the sepulture\nof Christians--if, indeed, such a custom was general, and not confined to\nthe particular case mentioned by your correspondent.\n\nJ. H. P. LERESCHE.\n\n_The Norfolk Dialect_ (Vol. ii., p. 217.).--\n\n_Mauther._--A word peculiar to East Anglia, applied to a girl just grown\nup, or approaching to womanhood.\n\n\"Ipse eodem agro [Norfolciensi] ortus, a Dan. _moer_,\" virgo, puella,\n\"deflectit.\"--_Spelman_.\n\nSpelman assures us, in endeavouring to rescue the word from the contempt\ninto which it had fallen, that it was applied by our very early ancestors,\neven to the noble virgins who were selected to sing the praises of heroes;\nthey were called _scald-moers_, q.d. singing mauthers!\n\n \"En quantum in spreta jam voce antiquae gloria.\"\n\n \"Ray spells the word _mothther_.\n\n \"_P._ I am a _mother_ that do want a service.\n\n \"_Qu._ O thou'rt a Norfolk woman (cry thee mercy),\n      Where maids are _mothers_, and _mothers_ are maids.\"--R. Brome's\n          _Engl. Moor_, iii. 1.\n\nIt is written also _modder_.\n\n \"What! will Phillis then consume her youth as an ankresse,\n  Scorning daintie Venus?  Will Phillis be a _modder_,\n  And not care to be call'd by the deare-sweete name of a mother?\"--A.\n      Fraunce's _Ivy Church_, A. 4. b.\n\n \"Away! you talk like a foolish _mauther_\"--\n\nsays Restive to Dame Pliant in _Ben Jonson. Alchemist_, IV. 7. So Richard\nsays to Kate, in _Bloomfield's Suffolk ballad:--_\n\n \"When once a giggling _mawther_ you,\n    And I a red-faced chubby boy.\"--_Rural Tales_, 1802, p. 5.\n\nPerhaps it is derived from the German [Fraktur: magd] with the termination\neen or -den added, as in the Lincolnshire dialect, hee-der, and shee-der,\ndenote the male and female sex.\n\n_Gotsch._--A jug or pitcher with one ear or handle. Forby thinks it may be\nderived from the Italian _gozzo_, a throat.\n\n_Holl._--From the Saxon holh. German [Fraktur: hohle], a ditch.\n\n_Anan!_ = How! what say you? Perhaps an invitation to come near, in order\nto be better heard, from the Saxon nean, near. Vid. Brockett's,--Jennings,\nand Wilbraham's Chesh. Glossaries.\n\n_To be Muddled._--That is, confused, perplexed, tired. Doubtless from the\nidea of thickness, want of clearness; so, muddy is used for a state of\ninebriety.\n\n_Together._--In Low Scotch, thegether, seemingly, but not really, an\nadverb, converted to a noun, and used in familiarly addressing a number of\npersons collectively. Forby considers _to_ and the article _the_ identical;\nas to-day, to-night, in Low Scotch, the day, the night, are in fact, this\nday, this night; so {366} that the expression together may mean \"the\ngathering,\" the company assembled.\n\nThe authorities I have used are Forby's _Vocabulary of East Anglia_; Moor,\n_Suffolk Words and Phrases_; and Lemon, _English Etymology_; in which, if\nICENUS will refer, he will find the subject more fully discussed.\n\nE. S. T\n\n_Conflagration of the Earth_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).--The eventful period when\nthis globe, or \"the fabric of the world,\"[1] will be \"wrap'd in flames\" and\n\"in ruin hurl'd,\" is described in language, or at least, in sense similar\nto the quotations of our correspondent in p. 89., by the poets,\nphilosophers, fathers, and divines here referred to:--\n\nLucan, lib. i. 70. et seqq. 75.:--\n\n    \"Omnia mistis Sidera sideribus concurrent.\"\n\nSeneca _ad Marciam_, cap. ult.:--\n\n    \"Cum tempus advenerit, quo se mundus renovaturus extinguat, viribus\n    ista se suis cedent, et sidera sideribus incurrent, et omni flagrante\n    materia uno igne quicquid nunc ex disposito lucet, ardebit.\"\n\n_Quaest. Nat._ iii. 27., which contains a commentary on St. Peter's\nexpression, \"Like a thief in the night:\"--\n\n    \"Nihil, inquit, difficile est Naturae, ubi ad finem sui properat. Ad\n    originem rerum parce utitur viribus, dispensatque se incrementis\n    fallentibus; subito ad ruinam et toto impetu venit ... Momento fit\n    cinis, diu silua.\"\n\nCompare Sir T Browne's _Rel. Med._ s. 45.\n\nSeneca, _Hercul. Oet._ 1102.\n\nOvid. _Metamorph._ lib. i. s. viii.\n\nDiplilus as quoted by Dr. H. More, _Vision. Apoc._ vi. 9.\n\nCicero, _Acad._ lib. ii. 37. \"Somn. Scipionis.\"\n\n---- _de Nat. Deorum._ lib. ii. 46.\n\nPliny, _Nat. Hist._ lib. vii. cap. 16.\n\nThese are the opinions of writers before Christ; whether they were derived\nfrom Scripture, it is not now my purpose to discuss. See also Lipsii\n_Physiologia._ On the agreement of the systems of the Stoics, of the Magi,\nand of the Edda, see Bishop Percy's Notes to Mallet's _Northern\nAntiquities_, vol. ii.\n\nThe general conflagration and purgatorial fire were among the tenets of the\nSibylline books, and maintained by many Fathers of the Greek and Latin\nchurches down to the sixth century. See _Blondel on the Sibyls_, and\nArkudius _adversus_ Barlaam. Among modern writers on this subject, it will\nbe sufficient to name Magius _de Mundi Exustione_, Dr. H. More, and Dr T.\nBurnet. Ray, in the third of his _Physico-Theological Discourses_,\ndiscusses all the questions connected with the dissolution of the world.\n\nT. J.\n\n[Footnote 1: Magius, \"that prodigy of learning en pure perte\" (Villebrune),\nconcludes from the words of the text \"the _heavens_ shall pass away,\" that\nthe _universe_ will be dissolved; but that it will undergo mutation only,\nnot annihilation.--Cf. Steuches _de Perenni Philosophia_, lib. x. ]\n\n_Wraxen_, (Vol. ii., p. 207.).--G. W. SKYRING will find the following\nexplanation in Halliwell's _Dictionary of Provincial and Archaic Words_,\n\"to grow out of bounds, spoken of weeds,\" c. Kent. Certainly an expressive\nterm as used by the Kentish women.\n\nJ. D. A.\n\n_Wraxen._--Probably analogous to the Northumbrian \"_wrax_, wraxing,\nwraxed,\" signifying to stretch or (sometimes) to sprain.\n\nA peasant leaving overworked himself, would say he had _wraxed_ himself;\nafter sitting, would walk to _wrax_ his legs. Falling on the ice would have\n_wraxed_ his arm; and of a rope that has stretched considerably, he would\nsay it had _wraxed a gay feck_.\n\nIt may possibly have come, as a corruption, from the verb _wax_, to grow.\nIt is a useful and very expressive word, although not recognised in polite\nlanguage.\n\nS. T. R.\n\n_Wraxen._--Rax or Wrax is a very common word in the north of England,\nmeaning to stretch, so that when the old Kentish woman told MR. SKYRING'S\nfriend her children were wraxen, she meant their minds were so\noverstretched during the week, that they required rest on Sunday.\n\nW.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMiscellaneous.\n\nNOTES OF BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.\n\nOf the various changes which have been made of late years in public\neducation, there is not one so generally admitted to be an improvement as\nthat which has made the study of\n\n             \"The tongue\n  Which Shakspeare spake,\"\n\nan essential part of the system and probably no individual has so\neffectually contributed towards this important end as Dr. Latham, the third\nedition of whose masterly and philosophical volume, entitled _The English\nLanguage_, is mow before us. Dr. Latham has ever earnestly and successfully\ninsisted on the _disciplinal_ character of grammatical studies in general,\ncombined with the fact, that the grammatical study of one's own language is\nexclusively so; and having established this theory, he has, by the\nproduction of various elementary works, exhibiting a happy combination of\ngreat philological acquirements with the ability to apply them in a logical\nand systematic manner, enabled those who shared his views to put that\ntheory into practice. Hence the change in our educational system to which\nwe have alluded. His volume entitled _The English Language_ is, however,\naddressed to a higher class of {367} readers, and this third edition may\njustly be pronounced the most important contribution to the history of our\nnative tongue which has yet been produced; and, as such every student of\nour early language and literature must, with us, bid it welcome.\n\nWe have received the following Catalogues;--Cole's (15. Great Turnstile,\nHolborn) List No. XXIX. of curious Old Books; Kerslake's (3. Park Street,\nBristol) Valuable Books containing Selections from Libraries at Conishead\nPriory; of Prof. Elrington; T. G. Ward, &c.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.\n\n_Odd Volumes_\n\nCAMDEN'S BRITANNIA, ed. by Gough, Vol. I.\n\nWARTON'S Edition of POPE. 8vo. 1797 Vol. IX. In boards.\n\n*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be\nsent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNotices to Correspondents.\n\nV. F. S. _will find an answer to his Query respecting_ \"Auster Tenements\"\n_in our first Vol_., p. 307.\n\nJ. C., _who inquires respecting the author of the oft-quoted saying_, \"Quem\nDeus vult perdere,\" _is referred to our first Vol._, pp. 347. 351. 421.\n476.; _and to a further illustration of it in_ No. 50., p. 317.\n\n_We have received_ \"A Plan for a Church-History Society,\" _by the Rev. Dr.\nMaitland, to which we will call the attention of our readers next week._\n\nW. L. B.'_s description of the coin found at Horndon is not sufficiently\nclear. It is, doubtless, a billon piece of the lower empire. If he will\nsend us an impression, in_ sealing-wax, _we may probably be enabled to give\nhim a description of it._\n\nCLERICUS. \"As Lazy as Ludlam's Dog\" _is one of the sayings quoted by\nSouthey in_ The Doctor. See, too, NOTES AND QUERIES, Vol. I., pp. 382. 475.\n\nARMIGER _will find a letter addressed to him at the Publisher's._\n\nVOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious\nIndex, is now ready, price_ 9s. 6d., _bound in cloth, and may be had, by\norder, of all Booksellers and Newsmen._\n\n_The Monthly Part for October, being the Fifth of_ Vol. II., _is also now\nready, price_ 1s. 3d.\n\n    Errata. In No. 51. p. 347, for \"[Greek: theion]\" read \"[Greek: theon];\"\n    for \"Perchi\" read \"Perche;\" and also the curious misprints (caused by a\n    transposition of type) alluded to in the following note:--\n\n    \"Referring to my friend R. G.'s 'Bibliographical Queries' (which are\n    always worth referring to), will you allow me to ask yourself, and him\n    if you cannot tell, whether it is by the mistake of your printer, or of\n    the original one, that in the fourth Query (p. 324. line 10.) the\n    letters of two words are so transposed that 'Vrbe germanie' is turned\n    into 'Vrbanie germe?'\"\n\nS. R. M.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nIn 8vo., price 6d. (by post, 8d.),\n\nA PLAN for a CHURCH-HISTORY SOCIETY. By S. R. MAITLAND D.D. F.R.S. and\nF.A.S., sometime Librarian to the late Archbishop of Canterbury, and Keeper\nof the MSS. at Lambeth.\n\nRIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nJOURNAL FRANCAIS, publie a Londres. COURRIER de l'EUROPE, fonde en 1840,\nparaissant le Samedi, donne dans chaque numero les nouvelles de la semaine,\nles meilieurs articles de tous les journaux de Paris, la Semaine,\nDramatique par Th. 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Edit. 8vo. 1850. 3s. 6d.\n\nKAYSER'S BUeCHER-LEXICON, from 1750 to 1846. 6 vols. 4to., and Index, to\n1832, 5l. 8s. Vol. VII., 1833--1841, 35s. Vol VIII., 1841--1846, 37s.\n\n***A General Catalogue of all Books published in Germany.\n\nBIBLIOGRAPHIE BIOGRAPHIQUE, ou Dictionnaire de 26,000 Ouvrages, tant\nanciens que modernnes, relatifs a l'Histoire de la Vie publicque et privee\ndes Hommes celebres, par E. M. OETTINGER. Clth. brds. imp. 4to. Leipzig.\n2l. 8s.\n\n***Arranged alphabetically under the heads of the persons whose biographies\nare enumerated.\n\nBIBLIOTHEK der schoenen Wissenshaften (German Belles-Lettres), 2 vols.\n8vo.--Vol. II., 1836--1845, 8vo. 6s.\n\nSCHWAB und KLUePFEL.--Wegweiser durch die Literatur der Deutschen. 2d Ed.\n8vo. 1847. 5s.\n\nBIBLIOTHECA JURIDICA.--Works on Roman, International, German Law. &c.,\npublished in Germany from 1750--1830, (price 6s. 6d.). 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Supplements, with Indexes to 1848.\nStockholm.\n\nDUTCH CATALOGUES.--Naamlijst van Bocken, 1790--1838, and 2 Supplements to\n1848.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n_The following Catalogues, being not merely Catalogues of Stock, may be\nhad_ gratis:--\n\n1. WILLIAMS and NORGATES'S CATALOGUE OF GERMAN THEOLOGICAL BOOKS, 2 Stamps.\n\n2. WILLIAMS and NORGATE'S CATALOGUE OF GENERAL GERMAN LITERATURE, 4 Stamps.\n\n3. WILLIAMS and NORGATES SCHOOL CATALOGUE OF ELEMENTARY AND CLASSICAL\nWORKS. Greek and Latin, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, &c., 1 Stamp.\n\n4. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE'S CLASSICAL CATALOGUE. Supplement from 1844--1849,\n1 Stamp. A complete Catalogue reprinting.\n\n5. WILLIAMS AND NORGATES'S LINGUISTIC AND ORIENTAL CATALOGUES (Reprinting).\n\n6. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE'S GERMAN BOOK CIRCULAR. NEW BOOKS published\nQuarterly and sent Gratis to their Customers.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nWILLIAMS AND NORGATE,\n\nIMPORTERS OF GERMAN, CLASSICAL, ORIENTAL, DUTCH, DANISH, SWEDISH, RUSSIAN\nBOOKS, &C.\n\n14. HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPrinted by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New\nStreet Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; and\npublished by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St.\nDunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet\nStreet aforesaid.--Saturday, October 26. 1850.","title":"Notes and Queries, Number 52, October 26, 1850: A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":13784}