{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_23023/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_23023","id":"gutenberg_23023","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23023","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Encyclopedias/Dictionaries/Reference","Category: Essays, Letters & Speeches","Category: History - Other","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Notes and Queries","Questions and answers -- Periodicals"],"text":"Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins\nand the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at\nhttp://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images\ngenerously made available by The Internet Library of Early\nJournals.)\n\n\n\n\n\nTranscriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they\nare listed at the end of the text.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n{213}\n\nNOTES AND QUERIES:\n\nA MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,\nGENEALOGISTS, ETC.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\"When found, make a note of.\"--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNo. 201.]\nSATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 3. 1853.\n[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCONTENTS.\n\n  NOTES:--\n                                                           Page\n  \"That Swinney\"                                            213\n\n  Monumental Inscription in Peterborough Cathedral, by\n  Thos. Wake                                                215\n\n  FOLK LORE:--Superstition of the Cornish Miners--\n  Northamptonshire Folk Lore                                215\n\n  Shakspeare Correspondence                                 216\n\n  MINOR NOTES:--Lemon-juice administered in Gout\n  and Rheumatism--Weather Proverbs--Dog Latin--Thomas\n  Wright of Durham--A Funeral Custom                        217\n\n  QUERIES:--\n\n  Littlecott--Sir John Popham, by Edward Foss               218\n\n  Early Edition of the New Testament, by A. Boardman        219\n\n  MINOR QUERIES:--Ravilliac--Emblem on a Chimney-piece--\n  \"To know ourselves diseased,\" &c.--\"Paetus\n  and Arria\"--Heraldic Query--Lord Chancellor\n  Steele--\"A Tub to the Whale\"--Legitimation (Scotland)--\n  \"Vaut mieux,\" &c.--Shakspeare First Folio--\n  The Staffordshire Knot--Sir Thomas Elyot--\n  \"Celsior exsurgens pluviis,\" &c.--The Bargain Cup--\n  School-Libraries.--Queen Elizabeth and her\n  \"true\" Looking-glass--Bishop Thomas Wilson--\n  Bishop Wilson's Works--Hobbes, Portrait of                219\n\n  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Brasenose, Oxford--\n  G. Downing--Unkid--Pilgrim's Progress--John\n  Frewen--Histories of Literature--\"Mrs. Shaw's\n  Tombstone\"                                                221\n\n  REPLIES:--\n\n  Cranmer and Calvin, by the Rev. H. Walter                 222\n\n  Barnacles, by Sir J. E. Tennent and T. J. Buckton         223\n\n  Dial Inscriptions, by Cuthbert Bede, B.A.                 224\n\n  The \"Saltpeter Maker\"                                     225\n\n  Tsar, by T. J. Buckton, &c.                               226\n\n  \"Land of Green Ginger,\" by John Richardson and\n  T. J. Buckton                                             227\n\n  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Stereoscopic Angles--\n  Protonitrate of Iron--Photographs in natural\n  Colours--Photographs by artificial Lights                 227\n\n  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Vandyke in America--\n  Title wanted: Choirochorographia--Second Growth\n  of Grass--Snail-eating--Sotades--The Letter \"h\"\n  in \"humble\"--Lord North--Singing Psalms and\n  Politics--Dimidiation by Impalement--\"Inter\n  cuncta micans,\" &c.--Marriage Service--Widowed\n  Wife--Pure--Mrs. Tighe--Satirical Medal--\"They\n  shot him dead at the Nine-Stone Rig\"--Hendericus\n  du Booys: Helena Leonore de Sieveri--House-marks,\n  &c.--\"Qui facit per alium, facit per se\"--\n  Engin-a-verge--Campvere, Privileges of--Humbug:\n  Ambages--\"Going to Old Weston\"--Reynolds's\n  Nephew--The Laird of Brodie--Mulciber--Voiding\n  Knife--Sir John Vanbrugh--Portrait of Charles I.--\n  Burial in an erect Posture--Strut-Stowers and\n  Yeathers or Yadders--Arms of the See of York--\n  Leman Family--Position of Font                            228\n\n  MISCELLANEOUS:--\n\n  Notes on Books, &c.                                       234\n\n  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                              234\n\n  Notices to Correspondents                                 234\n\n  Advertisements                                            235\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNotes.\n\n\"THAT SWINNEY.\"\n\nJunius thus wrote to H. S. Woodfall in a private note, to which Dr. Good\nhas affixed the date July 21st, 1769 (vol. i. p. 174.*)\n\n    \"That Swinney is a wretched but dangerous fool. He had the impudence to\n    go to Lord G. Sackville, whom he had never spoken to, and to ask him\n    whether or no he was the author of Junius: take care of him.\"\n\nThis paragraph has given rise to a great deal of speculation, large\ninferences have been drawn from it, yet no one has satisfactorily answered\nthe question, who was \"that Swinney?\"\n\nThat neither Dr. Good nor Mr. George Woodfall, the editors of the edit. of\n1812, knew anything about him, is manifest from their own bald note of\nexplanation, \"A correspondent of the printers.\" Some reports say that he\nwas a collector of news for the _Public Advertiser_, and subsequently a\nbookseller at Birmingham, but I never saw any one fact adduced tending to\nshow that there was any person of that name so employed. Others that the\nRev. Dr. Sidney Swinney was the party referred to: and Mr. Smith, in his\nexcellent notes to the _Grenville Papers_, vol. iii. p. lxviii., _assumes_\nthis to be the fact. I incline to agree with him, but have only inference\nto strengthen conjecture. What may be the value of that inference will\nappear in the progress of this inquiry, Who was Dr. Sidney Swinney?\n\nReports collected by Mr. Butler, Mr. Barker, Mr. Coventry, and others, say\nthat the Doctor had been chaplain to the Russian Embassy, chaplain to the\nEmbassy at Constantinople, and chaplain to one of the British regiments\nserving in Germany. Mr. Falconer, in his _Secret Revealed_, p. 22., quotes\na paragraph from one of Wray's letters to Lord Hardwick with reference to\nthe proceedings at the Royal Society:\n\n    \"Dr. Swinney, your Lordship's friend, presented his father-in-law\n    Howell's book.\"\n\nSwinney's father-in-law, here called Howell, was John Zephaniah Holwell, a\nremarkable man, whose name is intimately associated with the early history\nof British India, one of the few survivors of the Black Hole imprisonment,\nthe successor of {214} Clive as governor, and a writer on many subjects\nconnected with Hindoo antiquities. Swinney enrols him amongst his heroes,\n\n \"Holwell, Clive, York, Lawrence, Adams, Coote,\n  Of Draper, Bath-strung for his baffled suit.\"\n\nAnd he refers, in a note, to those\n\n    \"Ungrateful monsters (heretofore in a certain trading company), who\n    have endeavoured to vilify and sully one of the brightest characters\n    that ever existed.\"\n\nI learn farther, from a volume of _Fugitive Pieces_, published by Dr.\nSwinney, that he was the son of Major Mathew Swinney, whom after his\nflourishing fashion he calls on another occasion \"Mathew Swinney of\nimmortal memory;\" from one of his dedications that the Doctor himself was\neducated at Eton; from the books of the Royal Society that he was of Clare\nHall, Cambridge; from dates and dedications, that from 1764 to 1768, he was\ngenerally resident at Scarborough; and from the _Gentleman's Magazine_,\nthat he died there 12th November, 1783.\n\nThat Swinney had been chaplain to the Russian Embassy I have no reason to\nbelieve; but that he had been in the East for a time, possibly as chaplain\nto the Embassy at Constantinople, is asserted in the brief biographical\nnotice in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, and would _seem to be proved_ by a\nwork which he published in 1769, called--\n\n    \"A Tour through some parts of the Levant: in which is included An\n    Account of the Present State of the Seven Churches in Asia. Also a\n    brief Explanation of the Apocalypse. By Sidney Swinney, D.D.\"\n\nNothing, however, can be inferred from a title-page of Swinney's. Here we\nhave two or three distinct works referred to:--_A Tour_, including \"An\nAccount of the Seven Churches,\" and the \"Explanation of the Apocalypse.\"\nNow I must direct attention to the fact, that from the peculiar punctuation\nand phraseology--the full-stop after Asia in this title-page--it may have\nbeen Swinney's intention to indicate, without asserting, that the Account\nof the Apocalypse _only_ was by Sidney Swinney. If so, though Swinney's\nname alone figures in the title-page of the work, he is responsible only\nfor one or two notes!\n\nI would not have written conjecturally on this subject if I could have\navoided it; but though Swinney was a F.A.S. F.R.S., and though the work is\ndedicated to the Fellows of those Societies, no copy of it is to be found\nin the libraries of either, or in the British Museum. I cannot, therefore,\nbe sure that my own copy is perfect. What that copy contains is thus set\nforth in half a dozen lines of introduction:\n\n    \"Before I [S. S.] enter upon the more important part of my dissertation\n    [The Explanation of the Apocalypse], it may not be improper to give you\n    some account of the present state of the Seven Churches in Asia, as\n    they are, _which was communicated to me_ by a certain _friend of mine_,\n    in the description of a short tour which _he_ made through the\n    principal parts of the Levant: should they be accompanied with a few\n    casual notes _of my own_, I trust the work will not be less acceptable\n    to you on that account.\"\n\nIt must be obvious, after this declaration, that the _Tour_ set forth so\nconspicuously in the title-page, was not written by Swinney. Now the\n\"Itinerary\" which follows is advowedly \"wrote by _the author of the\npreceding account_,\" and this brings the reader and the work itself to \"The\nEnd!\"\n\nThe truth I suspect to have been this:--Swinney was not prudent and was\npoor, and raised money occasionally, after the miserable fashion of the\ntime, by publishing books on subscription, and receiving subscriptions in\nanticipation of publication.\n\nAbout this time, from 1767 to 1769, he published a _Sermon_; _The Ninth\nSatire of Horace_, a meaningless trifle of a hundred lines, swollen, by\nprinting the original and notes, into a quarto; a volume of _Fugitive\nPieces_; and the first canto of _The Battle of Minden, a Poem in three\nBooks, enriched with critical Notes by Two Friends, and with explanatory\nNotes by the Author_. Of the latter work, as of the _Tour_, I have never\nseen but one copy, a splendid specimen of typography, splendidly bound,\ncontaining the first and second canto. Whether the third canto was ever\npublished is to me doubtful; some of your correspondents may be able to\ngive you information. My own impression is that it was not, and for the\nfollowing reasons.\n\nSwinney, it appears, had received subscriptions for the work, and promised\nin his prospectus _a plan of the battle_, and _portraits_ of the heroes,\nwhich the work does not contain. \"However, to make some little amends\" to\nhis \"generous subscribers,\" Swinney announces his intention to present them\nwith \"_three_ books instead of _one_.\"\n\nThe first book is dedicated to Earl Waldegrave, who commanded \"the six\nBritish regiments of infantry\" on the \"ever memorable 1st August, 1759,\"\nand a note affixed states that \"Book the Second\" will be published on 1st\nJanuary, and \"Book the Third\" on 1st of August.\n\nBut the public, as Swinney says, were kept \"in suspense\" almost three years\nfor the second book, which was not published until 1772; and in the\ndedication of this second book, also to Earl Waldegrave, Swinney says:\n\n    \"Doubtless many of my subscribers have thought me very unmindful of the\n    promise I made them in my printed proposal, in which I undertook to\n    publish my poem out of hand. Ill health has been the sole cause of my\n    disappointing their expectations. A fever of the nerves ... for these\n    four years, has rendered me incapable.... In my original proposals I\n    undertook to publish this work in two books. [In the introduction he\n    says, as I have just quoted, _one_ book.] Poetical {215} matter hath\n    increased upon me to such a degree, in the genial climate of Languedoc,\n    as to have enabled me to compose several more books on this interesting\n    subject, all which I purpose presenting my subscribers with at the\n    original price of half a guinea.... Many months ago this Second Book\n    was printed off; but on my arrival in town from Montauban (whither I\n    purpose to return), I found there were so many faults and blunders in\n    it throughout, that I was under the necessity of condemning five\n    hundred copies to the inglorious purpose of defending pye bottoms from\n    the dust of an oven.... Profit, my Lord, has not been my motive for\n    publishing: if it had, I should be egregiously disappointed, for\n    instead of gaining I shall be a considerable loser by the publication;\n    and yet many of my subscribers have _given me four, five, and six times\n    over and above the subscription-price for my Poem. How even the\n    remaining books will see the light must depend entirely upon my\n    pecuniary, not my poetical abilities_. The work is well nigh completed;\n    but not one solitary brother have I throughout the airy regions of Grub\n    Street who is poorer than I. It is not impossible, however, but when\n    _some of my partial friends shall know this_, they may _enable me by\n    their bounty_ to publish out of hand.\"\n\nThis leads me to doubt whether the third book was ever published, for I\nthink the most \"partial\" of his friends--those who had given \"four, five,\nand six times over and above the subscription price\"--must have had enough\nin two books. If it were not published, it is a curious fact that, in a\npoem called _The Battle of Minden_, the battle of Minden is not mentioned;\nthough not more extraordinary perhaps than the omissions of the\n\"Explanation of the Apocalypse\" in his previous work.\n\nI come now to the question, Why did Junius speak so passionately and\ndisrespectfully of Swinney, and what are the probabilities that Swinney had\nnever before (July) 1769 spoken to Lord G. Sackville? These I must defer\ntill next week.\n\nT. S. J.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nMONUMENTAL INSCRIPTION IN PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL.\n\nThe following Notes occur on a fly-leaf at the end of a copy of Gunton's\n_History of Peterborough Cathedral_, and appear to have been written soon\nafter that book was printed:\n\n    \"Among other things omitted in this history, I cannot but take notice\n    of one ancient inscription upon a tomb in y^e body of the church,\n    written in old Saxon letters, as followeth:\n\n    [Cross] 'WS : KI : PAR : CI : PASSEZ : PVR : LE : ALME : ESTRAVNGE : DE\n    : WATERVILLE : PRIEZ.'\n\n    \"This inscription may seem to challenge some relation to William de\n    Waterville, one of the abbots of this church. (See p. 23.)\"\n\n    \"On Sennour Gascelin de Marrham's tomb, mentioned p. 94., these letters\n    seem to be still legible:\n\n    'CI : GIST : EDOVN : GASCELIN : SENNOVR : DE MARRHAM : IADIS : DE : RI\n    : ALM.. ^{DI} EV EST MERCIS : PATER : NOSTER.'\"\n\n    \"In St. Oswald's Chapel, on y^e ground round the verge of a stone:\n\n    'HIC IACET COR.... ROBERTI DE SVTTON ABBATIS ISTIVS MONASTERII CVIVS\n    ANIMA REQVIESCAT IN PACE. AMEN.'\"\n\n    \"In y^e churchyard is this inscription:\n\n    [Cross] 'ANA IOANNIS DE S[=C]O IVONE QVO[=A] P[IO]RIS PMA [=A] M\n    [=D]IIII PACE REQVIESCAT. AMEN.'\n\n    \"This may probably relate to Ivo, sub-prior of this monastery, whose\n    anniversary was observed in y^e Kalends of March. (See page 324. of\n    this book.)\"\n\n    \"In y^e churchyard:\n\n     'Joannes Pocklington, S. S. Theologiae doctor, obiit\n      Nov. 14, A. D^i. 1642.'\n\n     'Anne Pocklington, 1655.'\n\n     'Mary, y^e wife of John Towers, late Lord Bp. of\n      Peterborough, dyed Nov. 14, A.D. 1672.'\n\n     'Quod mori potuit praestantissimae foeminae\n      Compton Emery\n      Filiae Joannis Towers S. T. P.\n      Hujus Ecclesiae quondam Episcopi\n      Viduae Roberti Rowell LL. D.\n      Nec non charissimae conjugis\n      Richardi Emery Gen:\n      In hoc tumulo depositum: Feb. 4.\n      A^o AEtatis 54,\n      A^o Domini 1683.'\"\n\nA marginal note states that \"The Chapter-house and Cloyster sold in 1650\nfor 800l., to John Baker, Gent., of London.\"\n\nH. THOS. WAKE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nFOLK LORE.\n\n_Superstition of the Cornish Miners_ (Vol. viii., p. 7.).--I cannot find\nthe information desired by your correspondent in the Cornish antiquaries,\nand have in vain consulted other works likely to explain this tradition;\nbut the remarks now offered will perhaps be interesting in reference to the\n_nation_ alluded to. The Carthaginians being of the same race, manners, and\nreligion as the Phoenicians, there are no particular data by which we can\nascertain the time of their first trading to the British coast for the\ncommodity in such request among the traders of the East. The genius of\nCarthage being more martial than that of Tyre, whose object was more\ncommerce than conquest, it is not improbable that the former might by force\nof arms have established a settlement in the Cassiterides, and by this\nmeans have secured that monopoly of tin which the Phoenicians and their\ncolonies indubitably enjoyed for several centuries. Norden, in his\n_Antiquities of Cornwall_, mentions it as a tradition universally received\nby the inhabitants, that their tin mines were formerly wrought by the Jews.\nHe adds that these old works are there at this day called Attal Sarasin,\nthe ancient {216} cast-off works of the Saracens, in which their tools are\nfrequently found. Miners are not accustomed to be very accurate in\ndistinguishing traders of foreign nations, and these Jews and Saracens have\nprobably a reference to the old merchants from Spain and Africa; and those\nemployed by them might possibly have been Jews escaped the horrors of\ncaptivity and the desolation which about that period befel their country.\n\n    \"The Jews,\" says Whitaker (_Origin of Arianism_, p. 334.), \"denominated\n    themselves, and were denominated by the Britons of Cornwall,\n    _Saracens_, as the genuine progeny of Sarah. The same name, no doubt,\n    carried the same reference with it as borne by the genuine, and as\n    usurped by the spurious, offspring of Abraham.\"\n\nBIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.\n\n_Northamptonshire Folk Lore_ (Vol. vii., p. 146.).--In Norfolk, a ring made\nfrom nine sixpences freely given by persons of the opposite sex is\nconsidered a charm against epilepsy. I have seen nine sixpences brought to\na silversmith, with a request that he would make them into a ring; but\n131/2d. was not tendered to him for making, nor do I think that any\nthreehalfpences are collected for payment. After the patient had left the\nshop, the silversmith informed me that such requests were of frequent\noccurrence, and that he supplied the patients with thick silver rings, but\nnever took the trouble to manufacture them from the sixpences.\n\nA similar superstition supposes that the sole of the left shoe of a person\nof the same age, but opposite sex, to the patient, reduced to ashes is a\ncure for St. Anthony's fire. I have seen it applied with success, but\nsuppose its efficacy is due to some astringent principle in the ashes.\n\nE. G. R.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nSHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.\n\n_On Two Passages in Shakspeare._--Taking up a day or two since a Number of\n\"N. & Q.,\" my attention was drawn to a new attempt to give a solution of\nthe difficulty which has been the torment of commentators in the following\npassage from the Third Act of _Romeo and Juliet_:\n\n \"Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,\n  Towards Phoebus' mansion; such a waggoner\n  As Phaeton would whip you to the West,\n  And bring in cloudy night immediately.--\n  Spread thy close curtain, love-performing Night,\n  That _runaways'_ eyes may wink, and Romeo\n  Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen.\"\n\n\"Runaways'\" being a manifest absurdity, the recent editors have substituted\n\"unawares,\" an uncouth alteration, which, though it has a glimmering of\nsense, appears to me almost as absurd as the word it supplies. In this\ndilemma your correspondent MR. SINGER ingeniously suggests the true reading\nto be,--\n\n \"That _rumourers'_ eyes may wink, and Romeo\n  Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen.\"\n\nNo doubt this is a felicitous emendation, though I think it may be fairly\nobjected that a rumourer, being one who deals in what he hears, as opposed\nto an observer, who reports what he sees, there is a certain\ninappropriateness in speaking of a rumourer's eyes. Be this as it may, I\nbeg to suggest another reading, which has the merit of having spontaneously\noccurred to me on seeing the word \"runaways'\" in your correspondent's\npaper, as if obviously suggested by the combination of letters in that\nword. I propose that the passage should be read thus:\n\n \"Spread thy close curtain, love-performing Night,\n  That _rude day's_ eyes may wink, and Romeo\n  Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen.\"\n\nA subsequent reference to Juliet's speech has left no doubt in my mind that\nthis is the true reading, and so obviously so, as to make it a wonder that\nit should have been overlooked. She first asks the \"fiery-footed steeds\" to\nbring in \"cloudy night,\" then night to close her curtain (that day's eyes\nmay wink), that darkness may come, under cover of which Romeo may hasten to\nher. In the next two lines she shows why this darkness is propitious, and\nthen, using an unwonted epithet, invokes night to give her the opportunity\nof darkness:\n\n             \"Come, _civil_ night,\n  Thou sober suited matron all in black,\n  And learn me how to lose a winning game,\" &c.\n\nThe peculiar and unusual epithet \"civil,\" here applied to night, at once\nassured me of the accuracy of the proposed reading, it having evidently\nsuggested itself as the antithesis of \"rude\" just before applied to day;\nthe civil, accommodating, concealing night being thus contrasted with the\nunaccommodating, revealing day. It is to be remarked, moreover, that as\nthis epithet _civil_ is, through its ordinary signification, brought into\nconnexion with what precedes it, so is it, through its unusual meaning of\n_grave_, brought into connexion with what follows, it thus furnishing that\nequivocation of sense of which our great dramatist is so fond, rarely\nmissing an opportunity of \"paltering with us in a double sense.\"\n\nI think, therefore, I may venture to offer you the proposed emendation as\nrigorously fulfilling all the requirements of the text, while at the same\ntime it necessitates a very trifling literal disturbance of the old\nreading, since by the simple change of the letters _naw_ into _ded_, we\nconvert \"runaways'\" into \"rude day's,\" of which it was a very easy\nmisprint.\n\nHaving offered you an emendation of my own, I cannot miss the opportunity\nof sending you {217} another, for which I am indebted to a critical student\nof Shakspeare, my friend Mr. W. R. Grove, the Queen's Counsel. In _All's\nWell that ends Well_, the third scene of the Second Act opens with the\nfollowing speech from Lafeu:\n\n    \"They say miracles are past; and we have our philosophical persons to\n    make modern and familiar things, supernatural and causeless. Hence is\n    it that we make trifles of terrors; ensconcing ourselves in a seeming\n    knowledge when we should submit ourselves to an unknown fear.\"\n\nOn reading this passage as thus printed, it will be seen that the two\nsentences of which it is composed are in direct contradiction to each\nother; the first asserting that we have philosophers who give a causeless\nand supernatural character to things ordinary and familiar: the second\nstating as the result of this, \"that we make trifles of terrors,\" whereas\nthe tendency would necessarily be to make \"terrors of trifles.\" The\nconfusion arises from the careless pointing of the first sentence. By\nsimply shifting the comma at present after \"things,\" and placing it after\n\"familiar,\" the discrepancy between the two sentences disappears, as also\nbetween the two members of the first sentence, which are now at variance.\nIt should be pointed thus:\n\n    \"They say miracles are past; and we have our philosophical persons to\n    make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless.\"\n\nIt is singular that none of the editors should have noticed this defect,\nwhich I have no doubt will hereafter be removed by the adoption of a simple\nchange, that very happily illustrates the importance of correct\npunctuation.\n\nR. H. C.\n\n_Shakspeare's Skull_.--As your publication has been the medium of many\nvaluable comments upon Shakspeare, and interesting matter connected with\nhim, I am induced to solicit information, if you will allow me, on the\nfollowing subject. I have the _Works of Shakspeare_, which being in one\nvolume 8vo., I value as being more portable than any other edition. It was\npublished by Sherwood without any date affixed, but probably about 1825.\nThere is a memoir prefixed by Wm. Harvey, Esq., in which, p. xiii., it is\nstated that while a vault was being made close to Shakspeare's, when Dr.\nDavenport was rector, a young man perceiving the tomb of Shakspeare open,\nintroduced himself so far within the vault that he could have brought away\nthe skull, but he was deterred from doing so by the anathema inscribed on\nthe monument, of--\n\n    \"Curs'd be he that moves my bones.\"\n\nThis is given upon the authority of Dr. Nathan Drake's work on Shakspeare,\nin two vols. 4to. Now in this work much is given which is copied into the\nmemoir, but I do not there find this anecdote, and perhaps some reader of\n\"N. & Q.\" may supply this deficiency, and state where I may find it. I may\nbe allowed to state, that Pope's skull was similarly stolen and another\nsubstituted.\n\nI annex Wheler's remark that no violation of the grave had, up to the time\nof his work, taken place.\n\n    \"Through a lapse of nearly two hundred years have his ashes remained\n    undisturbed, and it is to be hoped no sacrilegious hand will ever be\n    found to violate the sacred repository.\"--_History of\n    Stratford-upon-Avon_, by R. B. Wheler (circa 1805?), 8vo.\n\nA SUBSCRIBER.\n\n_On a Passage in \"Macbeth.\"_--MR. SINGLETON (Vol. vii., p. 404.) says,\n\"Vaulting ambition, that _o'erleaps_ itself,\" is nonsense--the thing is\nimpossible; and proposes that \"vaulting ambition\" should \"rest his hand\nupon the pommel, and _o'erleap_ the saddle (sell),\" a thing not uncommon in\nthe feats of horsemanship.\n\nDid MR. SINGLETON never _o'erleap_ himself, and be too late--later than\n_himself_ intended? Did he never, in his younger days, amuse himself with a\n_soprasalto_; or with what Donne calls a \"vaulter's sombersault?\" Did he\nnever hear of any little plunderer, climbing a wall, _o'erreaching_ himself\nto pluck an apple, and falling on the other side, into the hands of the\ngardener? \"By like,\" says Sir Thomas More, \"the manne there _overshotte_\nhimself.\"\n\nWhat was the _manne_ about? Attempting such a perilous gambol, perhaps, as\ncorrecting Shakspeare.\n\nTo {overleap, overreach, overshoot} himself are merely, to {leap, reach,\nshoot}, over or beyond the mark himself intended.\n\nQ.\n\n  Bloomsbury.\n\nP.S.--MR. ARROWSMITH reminds us of the old saw, that \"great wits jump.\" He\nshould recollect also that they sometimes _nod_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Notes.\n\n_Lemon-juice administered in Gout and Rheumatism._--At a time when\nlemon-juice seems to be frequently administered in gout and rheumatism, as\nthough it were an entirely new remedy, I have been somewhat amused at the\nfollowing passage, which may also interest some of your readers; it occurs\nin _Scelta di Lettere Familiari degli Autori piu celebri ad uso degli\nstudiosi della lingua Italiana_, p. 36., in a letter \"Di Don Francesco a\nTeodoro Villa\":\n\n    \"Io non posso star meglio di quel che sto, e forse perche uso di spesso\n    il bagno freddo, e beo limonata a pranzo e a cena da molti mesi. Questa\n    e la mia quotidiana bevanda, e dacche mi ci sono messo, m' ha fatto un\n    bene che non si puo dire. Di quelle doglie di capo, {218} che un tempo\n    mi sconquassavano le tempie, non ne sento piu una. Le vertigini, che un\n    tratto mi favorivano si di spesso, se ne sono ite. Sino un reumatismo,\n    che m' aveva afferrato per un braccio, s' e dileguato, cosi ch'io farei\n    ora alla lotta col piu valente marinaro calabrese che sia. L' appetito\n    mio pizzica del vorace. Che buona cosa il sugo d' un limone spremato\n    nell' acqua, e indolciato con un po' di zucchero! Fa di provarlo,\n    Teodoro. Chi sa che non assesti il capo e lo stomaco auche a te.\"\n\nS. G. C.\n\n_Weather Proverbs_.--Are these proverbs worth recording?\n\n \"Rain before seven, fine before eleven.\"\n\n \"A mackerel sky and mare's tails,\n  Make lofty ships carry low sails.\"\n\n \"If the rain comes before the wind,\n  Lower your topsails and take them in:\n  If the wind comes before the rain,\n  Lower your topsails and hoist them again.\"\n\nThe expressions in the latter two are maritime, and the rhymes not very\nchoice; but they hold equally in terrestrial matters, and I have seldom\nfound them wrong.\n\nRUBI.\n\n_Dog Latin_.--The answer of one of your late correspondents (E. M. B., Vol.\nvii., p. 622.) on the subject of \"Latin--Latiner,\" has revived a Query in\nyour First Volume (p. 230.) as to the origin of this expression which does\nnot appear to have been answered. I do not remember having seen any\nexplanation of the term, but I have arrived at one for myself, and present\nit to your readers for what it is worth. Nothing, it must be admitted, can\nbe more inconsistent with the usual forms of language than the Latin of\nmediaeval periods; it is often, in fact, not Latin at all, but merely a\nLatin form given to simple English or other words, and admitting of the\ngreatest variety. Now of all animals the distinctions of breed are perhaps\nmore numerous in the canine race than any other. The word \"mongrel,\"\noriginally applied to one of these quadruped combinations of variety, has\nlong been used to signify anything in which mixture of class existed,\nespecially of a debasing kind, to which such mixture generally tends.\nNothing could be more appropriate than the application of the term to the\n\"infima latinitas\" of the Middle Ages; and from \"mongrel\" the transition to\nthe name of the genus from that of the degenerate species appears to me to\nbe very easy, though fanciful.\n\nJ. B--T.\n\n_Thomas Wright of Durham_.--In the _Philosophical Magazine_ for April,\n1848, I gave an account of the \"Original Theory or new Hypothesis of the\nUniverse\" of Thomas Wright, whose anticipations of modern speculation on\nthe milky way, the central sun, and some other points, make him one of the\nmost remarkable astronomical thinkers of his day. In the biography in the\n_Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1793, he is described as struggling for a\nlivelihood when a young man, and no account is given of the manner in which\nhe obtained the handsome competence with which he emerges in 1756, or\nthereabouts. A few days after my account was published, I was informed (by\nCaptain James, R.E.) that a large four-foot orrery, constructed by Wright\nfor the Royal Academy at Portsmouth, was still in that town; and that by\nthe title of \"J. Harrises Use of the Globes\" it appears that he (Wright)\nkept his shop at the _Orrery_, near Water Lane, Fleet Street (No. 136),\nunder the title of instrument-maker to his Majesty. In an edition of Harris\n(the 8th, 1767), which I lately met with, the above is described as \"late\nthe shop of Thomas Wright,\" &c. By the advertisements which this work\ncontains, Wright must have had an extensive business as a philosophical\ninstrument-maker. The omission in the biography is a strange one. Possibly\nsome farther information may fall in the way of some of your readers.\n\nA. DE MORGAN.\n\n_A Funeral Custom_.--At Broadwas, Worcestershire, in the valley of the\nTeame, it is the custom at funerals, on reaching \"the Church Walk,\" for the\nbearers to set down the coffin, and, as they stand around, to bow to it.\n\nCUTHBERT BEDE, B. A.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nQueries.\n\nLITTLECOTT--SIR JOHN POPHAM.\n\nEvery one knows the tradition attached to the manor of Littlecott in\nWiltshire, and the alleged means by which Chief Justice Sir John Popham\nacquired its possession. It is told by Aubrey, Sir Walter Scott, and many\nothers, and is too notorious to be here repeated. Let me ask you or your\nlearned correspondents whether there exists any refutation of a charge so\nseriously detrimental to the character of any judge, and so inconsistent\nwith the reputation which Chief Justice Popham enjoyed among his\ncotemporaries? See Lord Ellesmere's notice of him in the case of the\nPostnati (_State Trials_, ii. 669.), and Sir Edward Coke's flattering\npicture of him at the end of Sir Drew Drury's case (_Reports_, vi. 75.).\nAre there any records showing that a Darell was ever in fact arraigned on a\ncharge of murder, and the name of the judge who presided at the trial? Is\nthe date known of the death of the last Darell who possessed the estate, or\nthat of Sir John Popham's acquisition of it? The discovery of these might\nthrow great light on the subject, and possibly afford a complete\ncontradiction.\n\nSir Francis Bacon, in his argument against Sir John Hollis and others for\ntraducing public justice, states that--\n\n    \"Popham, a great judge in his time, was complained of by petition to\n    Queen Elizabeth; it was committed {219} to four privy councillors, but\n    the same was found to be slanderous, and the parties punished in the\n    court.\"--_State Trials_, vol. ii. p. 1029.\n\nIf this petition could be discovered, and it should turn out that the\nslander complained of in it had reference to this story, the investigation\nwhich it then underwent by the four privy councillors, and the chief\njustice's enjoyment of his high office for so many subsequent years, would\ngo far to prove the utter falsehood of the charge. This is a \"consummation\ndevoutly to be wished\" by every one who feels an interest in the purity of\nthe bench, and particularly by the present possessors of the estate, who\nmust be anxious for their ancestor's fame.\n\nYour useful publication has acted the part of the \"detective police\" in the\nelucidation of many points of history less interesting than this, and I\ntrust you will consider the case curious enough to justify a close\nexamination.\n\nEDWARD FOSS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nEARLY EDITION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT.\n\nI should be greatly obliged if I could obtain through \"N. & Q.\" when,\nwhere, and by whom an imperfect black-letter copy of the New Testament,\nlately come into my possession, was printed, and also who was the\ntranslator of it.\n\nIt is bound in boards, has three thongs round which the sheets are\nstitched, seems never to have been covered with cloth, leather, or other\nmaterial like our modern books, has had clasps, and is four inches long and\ntwo inches thick.\n\nThe chapters are divided generally into four or five parts by means of the\nfirst letters of the alphabet. The letters are neither placed equidistant,\nnor do they always mark a fresh paragraph.\n\nIt is not divided into verses. There are a few marginal references, and the\nchapter and letter of the parallel passages are given.\n\nCrosses are placed at the heads of most chapters, and also throughout the\ntext, without much apparent regularity. It contains a few rude cuts of the\nApostles, &c. The Epistles of St. Peter and St. John are placed before that\nto the Hebrews.\n\nLetters are frequently omitted in the spelling, and this is indicated by a\ndash placed over the one preceding the omitted letter. A slanting mark (/)\nis the most frequent stop used. I will transcribe a few lines exactly as\nthey occur, only not using the black-letter.\n\n    \"B. As some spake of the temple/ howe yt was garnesshed with goodly\n    stones and iewels he sayde. The dayes will come/ when of these thyngis\n    which ye se shall not be lefte stone upon stone/ that shall not be\n    throwen doune. And they asked hym sayinge/ Master wh[=e] shall these\n    thynges be? And what sygnes wil there be/ when suche thynges shal come\n    to passe.\"--St. Luke, ch. xxi.\n\nLand is spelt _londe_; saints, _sainctis_; authority, _auctorite_, &c.\n\nA. BOARDMAN.\n\nP.S. It commences at the 19th chapter of St. Matthew, and seems perfect to\nthe 21st chapter of Revelation.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Queries.\n\n_Ravilliac_.--I have read that a pyramid was erected at Paris upon the\nmurder of Henry IV. by Ravilliac, and that the inscription represented the\nJesuits as men--\n\n    \"Maleficae superstitonis, quorum instinctu peculiaris adolescens\n    (Ravilliac) dirum facinus instituerat.\"--_Thesaur. Hist._, tom. iv.\n    lib. 95, ad ann. 1598.\n\nWe are also informed that he confessed that it was the book of Mariana the\nJesuit, and the traitorous positions maintained in it, which induced him to\nmurder the king, for which cause the book (condemned by the parliament and\nthe Sorbonne) was publicly burnt in Paris. Is the pyramid still remaining?\nIf not, when was it taken down or destroyed, and by whom or by whose\nauthority?\n\nCLERICUS (D).\n\n_Emblem on a Chimney-piece_.--In the committee room of the Church\nMissionary Society, Nos. 16. and 17. Upper Sackville Street, Dublin, a\ncurious emblem-picture is carved on the centre of the white marble\nchimney-piece. An angel or winged youth is sleeping in a recumbent posture;\none arm embraces a sleeping lion, in the other hand he holds a number of\nbell flowers. In the opposite angle the sun shines brightly; a lizard is\nbiting the heel of the sleeping youth. I shall not offer my own conjectures\nin explanation of this allegorical sculpture, unless your correspondents\nfail to give a more satisfactory solution.\n\nATH CELIATH.\n\n_\"To know ourselves diseased,\" &c_.--\n\n    \"To know ourselves diseased, is half the cure.\"\n\nWhence?\n\nC. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.\n\n  Birmingham.\n\n\"_Paetus and Arria_.\"--Can you inform me who is the author of _Paetus and\nArria, a Tragedy_, 8vo., 1809?\n\nIn Genest's _Account of the English Stage_, this play is said to be written\nby a gentleman of the University of Cambridge. Can you tell me whether this\nis likely to be W. Smyth, the late Professor of Modern History in that\nuniversity, who died in June, 1849?\n\nGW.\n\n_Heraldic Query_.--A. was killed in open rebellion. His son B. lived in\nretirement under a fictitious name. The grandson C. retained the assumed\nname, and obtained new arms. Query, {220} Can the descendants of C. resume\nthe arms of A.? If so, must they substitute them for the arms of C., or\nbear them quarterly, and in which quarters?\n\nFRANCIS P.\n\n_Lord Chancellor Steele._--Is any pedigree of William Steele, Esq., Lord\nChancellor of Ireland temp. Commonwealth, extant; and do any of his\ndescendants exist?\n\nIt is believed he was nearly related to Captain Steel, governor of Beeston\nCastle, who suffered death by military execution in 1643 on a charge of\ncowardice.\n\nSTATFOLD.\n\n_\"A Tub to the Whale.\"_--What is the origin of this phrase?\n\nPIMLICO.\n\n_Legitimation_ (_Scotland_).--Perhaps some of your Scotch readers \"learned\nin the law\" would obligingly answer the subjoined Queries, referring to\nsome decisions.\n\n1. Will entail property go to a _bastard_, _legitimated before the Union_\nunder the great seal (by the law of Scotland)?\n\n2. Will titles and dignities descend?\n\n3. Will armorial bearings?\n\nM. M.\n\n  Inner Temple.\n\n_\"Vaut mieux,\" &c._--The proverb \"Vaut mieux avoir affaire a Dieu qu'a ses\nsaints\" has a Latin origin. What is it?\n\nM.\n\n_Shakspeare First Folio._--Is there any _obtainable_ edition of Shakspeare\nwhich follows, or fully contains, the first folio?\n\nM.\n\n_The Staffordshire Knot._--Can any of your readers give the history of the\nStaffordshire knot, traced on the carriages and trucks of the North\nStaffordshire Railway Company?\n\nT. P.\n\n_Sir Thomas Elyot._--I shall be extremely obliged by a reference to any\nsources of information respecting Sir Thomas Elyot, Knight, living in the\ntime of Henry VIII., son of Sir Richard Elyot, Knight, of Suffolk.\n\nI shall be glad also to know whether a short work (among others of his in\nmy possession) entitled _The Defence of good Women_, printed in London by\nThomas Berthelet, 1545, is at all a rare book?\n\nH. C. K.\n\n_\"Celsior exsurgens pluviis,\" &c._--\n\n \"Celsior exsurgens pluviis, nimbosque cadentes,\n  Sub pedibus cernens, et caeca tonitrua calcans.\"\n\nCan you oblige me by stating where the above lines are to be found? They\nappear to me to form an appropriate motto for a balloon.\n\nJ. P. A.\n\n_The Bargain Cup._--Can the old English custom of drinking together upon\nthe completion of a bargain, be traced back farther than the Norman era?\nDid a similar custom exist in the earlier ages? Danl. Dyke, in his\n_Mysteries_ (London, 1634), says:\n\n    \"The Jews being forbidden to make couenants with the Gentiles, they\n    also abstained from drinking with them; because that was a ceremonie\n    vsed in striking of couenants.\"\n\nThis is the only notice I can find among old writers touching this custom,\nwhich is certainly one of considerable antiquity: though I should like\nconfirmation of Dyke's words, before I can recognise an ancestry so remote.\n\nR. C. WARDE.\n\n  Kidderminster.\n\n_School-Libraries._--I am desirous of ascertaining whether any of our\npublic schools possess any libraries for the general reading of the\nscholars, in which I do not include mere school-books of Latin, Greek, &c.,\nwhich, I presume, they all possess, but such as travels, biographies, &c.\n\nBoys fresh from these schools appear generally to know nothing of general\nreading, and from the slight information I have, I fear there is nothing in\nthe way of a library in any of them. If not, it is, I should think, a very\nmelancholy fact, and one that deserves a little attention: but if any of\nyour obliging correspondents can tell me what public school possesses such\na thing, and the facilities allowed for reading in the school, I shall take\nit as a favour.\n\nWELD TAYLOR.\n\n  Bayswater.\n\n_Queen Elizabeth and her \"true\" Looking-glass._--An anecdote is current of\nQueen Elizabeth having in her later days, if not during her last illness,\ncalled for a _true_ looking-glass, having for a long time previously made\nuse of one that was in some manner purposely falsified.\n\nWhat is the original source of the story? or at least what is the authority\nto which its circulation is mainly due? An answer from some of your\ncorrespondents to one or other of these questions would greatly oblige\n\nVERONICA.\n\n_Bishop Thomas Wilson._--In Thoresby's Diary, A.D. 1720, April 17 (vol. ii.\np. 289.), is the following entry:\n\n    \"Easter Sunday ... after evening prayers supped at cousin Wilson's with\n    the Bishop of Man's son.\"\n\nWas there any relationship, and what, between this \"cousin Wilson,\" and the\nbishop's son, Dr. Thomas Wilson? I should be glad of any information\nbearing on any or on all these subjects.\n\nWILLIAM DENTON.\n\n_Bishop Wilson's Works._--The REV. JOHN KEBLE, Hursley, near Winchester,\nbeing engaged in writing the life and editing the works of Bishop Wilson\n(Sodor and Man), would feel obliged by {221} the communication of any\nletters, sermons, or other writings of the bishop, or by reference to any\nincidents not to be found in printed accounts of his life.\n\n_Hobbes, Portrait of_.--In the _Memoirs_ of T. Hobbes, it is stated that a\nportrait of him was painted in 1669 for Cosmo de Medici.\n\nI have a fine half-length portrait of him, on the back of which is the\nfollowing inscription:\n\n \"Thomas Hobbes, aet. 81. 1669.\n  J^{os}. Wick Wrilps, Londiensis, Pictor Caroli 2^{di}. R.\n  pinx^t.\"\n\nIs this painter the same as John Wycke, who died in 1702, but who is not, I\nthink, known as a portrait painter?\n\nCan any of your readers inform me whether a portrait of Hobbes is now in\nthe galleries at Florence, and, if so, by whom it was painted? It is\npossible that mine is a duplicate of the picture which was painted for the\nGrand Duke.\n\nW. C. TREVELYAN.\n\n  Wallington.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Queries with Answers.\n\n_Brasenose, Oxford_.--I am anxious to learn the origin and meaning of the\nword _Brasenose_. I have somewhere heard or read (though I cannot recall\nwhere) that it was a Saxon word, _brasen haus_ or \"brewing-house;\" and that\nthe college was called by this name, because it was built on the site of\nthe brewing-house of King Alfred. All that Ingram says on the subject is\nthis:\n\n    \"This curious appellation, which, whatever was the origin of it, has\n    been perpetuated by the symbol of a brazen nose here and at Stamford,\n    occurs with the modern orthography, but in one undivided word, so early\n    as 1278, in an Inquisition, now printed in the _Hundred Rolls_, though\n    quoted by Wood from the manuscript record.\"--See his _Memorials of\n    Oxford_.\n\nCUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.\n\n    [Our correspondent will find the notice of King Alfred's brew-house in\n    the review of Ingram's _Memorials_ in the _British Critic_, vol. xxiv.\n    p. 139. The writer says, \"There is a spot in the centre of the city\n    where Alfred is said to have lived, and which may be called the native\n    place or river-head of three separate societies still existing,\n    University, Oriel, and Brasenose. Brasenose claims his palace, Oriel\n    his church, and University his school or academy. Of these Brasenose\n    College is still called, in its formal style, 'the King's Hall,' which\n    is the name by which Alfred himself, in his laws, calls his palace; and\n    it has its present singular name from a corruption of _brasinium_, or\n    _brasin-huse_, as having been originally located in that part of the\n    royal mansion which was devoted to the then important accommodation of\n    a brew-house.\" Churton, in his _Life of Bishop Smyth_, p. 277., thus\n    accounts for the origin of the word:--\"Brasen Nose Hall, as the Oxford\n    antiquary has shown, may be traced as far back as the time of Henry\n    III., about the middle of the thirteenth century; and early in the\n    succeeding reign, 6th Edward I., 1278, it was known by the name of\n    Brasen Nose Hall, which peculiar name was undoubtedly owing, as the\n    same author observes, to the circumstance of a nose of brass affixed to\n    the gate. It is presumed, however, this conspicuous appendage of the\n    portal was not formed of the mixed metal, which the word now denotes,\n    but the genuine produce of the mine; as is the nose, or rather face, of\n    a lion or leopard still remaining at Stamford, which also gave name to\n    the edifice it adorned. And hence, when Henry VIII. debased the coin,\n    by an alloy of _copper_, it was a common remark or proverb, that\n    'Testons were gone to Oxford, to study in _Brasen_ Nose.'\"]\n\n_G. Downing_.--Can any one point out to me a biography of G. Downing, or at\nleast indicate a work where the dates of the birth and death of this\ncelebrated statesman may be found? He was English ambassador in the Hague\nprevious to and in the year 1664, and to him Downing Street in London owes\nits name. A very speedy answer would be most welcome.--From the\n_Navorscher_.\n\nA. T. C.\n\n    [In Pepys's _Diary_, vol. i. p. 2. edit. 1848, occurs the following\n    notice of Sir George Downing:--\"Wood has misled us in stating that Sir\n    George Downing was a son of Dr. Calibut Downing, the rector of Hackney.\n    He was beyond doubt the son of Emmanuel Downing, a London merchant, who\n    went to New England. It is not improbable that Emmanuel was a near\n    kinsman of Calibut; how related has not yet been discovered. Governor\n    Hutchinson, in his _History of Massachusetts_, gives the true account\n    of Downing's affiliation, which has been farther confirmed by Mr.\n    Savage, of Boston, from the public records of New England. Wood calls\n    Downing a sider with all times and changes; skilled in the common cant,\n    and a preacher occasionally. He was sent by Cromwell to Holland, as\n    resident there. About the Restoration, he espoused the King's cause,\n    and was knighted and elected M. P. for Morpeth, in 1661. Afterwards,\n    becoming Secretary to the Treasury and Commissioner of the Customs, he\n    was in 1663 created a Baronet of East Hatley, in Cambridgeshire, and\n    was again sent ambassador to Holland. His grandson of the same name,\n    who died in 1749, was the founder of Downing College, Cambridge. The\n    title became extinct in 1764, upon the decease of Sir John Gerrard\n    Downing, the last heir male of the family.\" According to Hutchinson,\n    Sir George died in 1684.]\n\n_Unkid_.--Can any of your readers inform me as to the derivation of this\nword, or give any instance of its recent use? I have frequently heard it in\nmy childhood (the early part of the present century) among the rural\npopulation of Oxon and Berks. It was generally applied to circumstances of\na melancholy or distressing character, but sometimes used to express a\npeculiar state of feeling, being apparently intended to convey nearly the\nsame meaning as the _ennui_ of the French. I {222} recollect an allusion to\nthe phrase somewhere in Miss Mitford's writings, who speaks of it as\npeculiar to Berks; but as I was then ignorant of Captain Cuttle's maxim, I\ndid not \"make a note of it,\" so that I am unable to lay my hand on the\npassage.\n\nG. T.\n\n  Reading.\n\n    [Mr. Sternberg also found this word in Northamptonshire: for in his\n    valuable work on _The Dialect and Folk Lore_ of that county occurs the\n    following derivation of it:--\"UNKED, HUNKID, _s_. lonely, dull,\n    miserable. 'I was so _unked_ when ye war away.' 'A _unked_ house,' &c.\n    Mr. Bosworth gives, as the derivative, the A.-S. _uncyd_, solitary,\n    without speech. In Batchelor's _List of Bedfordshire Words_, it is\n    spelt _ungkid_.\"]\n\n_Pilgrim's Progress_.--The common editions contain a _third_ part, setting\nforth the life of _Tender-conscience_: this third part is thought not to\nhave been written by Bunyan, and is omitted from some, at least, of the\nmodern editions. Can any of your readers explain by whom this addition was\nmade, and all about it? The subject of the _Pilgrim's Progress_\ngenerally--the stories of a similar kind which are said to have\npreceded--especially in Catholic times--the history of its editions and\nannotations, would give some interesting columns.\n\nM.\n\n    [Mr. George Offor, in his Introduction to _The Pilgrim's Progress_,\n    published by the Hanserd Knollys Society in 1847, notices the third\n    part as a forgery:--\"In a very few years after Bunyan's death, this\n    third part made its appearance; and although the title does not\n    directly say that it was written by Bunyan, yet it was at first\n    generally received as such. In 1695, it reached a second edition; and a\n    sixth in 1705. In 1708, it was denounced in the title to the ninth\n    edition of the second part, by a 'Note, _the third part, suggested to\n    be J. Bunyan's, is an imposture_.' The author of this forgery is as yet\n    unknown.\" Mr. Offor has also devoted fifty pages of his Introduction to\n    the conjectured prototypes of Bunyan's _Pilgrim's Progress_. He says,\n    \"Every assertion or suggestion that came to my knowledge has been\n    investigated, and the works referred to have been analysed. And beyond\n    this, every allegorical work that could be found, previous to the\n    eighteenth century, has been examined in all the European languages,\n    and the result is a perfect demonstration of the complete originality\n    of Bunyan.\"]\n\n_John Frewen_.--What is known of this divine? He was minister at Northiam\nin Sussex in 1611; and published, the following year, a small volume of\n_Sermons_, bearing reference to some quarrel between himself and\nparishioners. Are these _Sermons_ rare? Any particulars would be\nacceptable.\n\nR. C. WARDE.\n\n  Kidderminster.\n\n    [Accepted Frewen, Archbishop of York, was the eldest son of John\n    Frewen, \"the puritanical Rector of Northiam,\" as Wood calls him, and\n    indeed his name carries a symbol of his father's sanctity. Wood has\n    given a few particulars of John, who, he says, \"was a learned divine,\n    and frequent preacher of the time, and wrote, 1. _Fruitful Instructions\n    and Necessary Doctrine, to edify in the Fear of God, &c_., 1587. 2.\n    _Fruitful Instructions for the General Cause of Reformation, against\n    the Slanders of the Pope and League, &c_., 1589. 3. _Certain Choice\n    Grounds and Principles of our Christian Religion, with their several\n    Expositions, by Way of Questions and Answers, &c_., 1621, and other\n    things. He died in 1627 (about the latter end), and was buried in\n    Northiam Church, leaving then behind these sons, viz. Accepted,\n    Thankful, Stephen, Joseph, Benjamin, Thomas, Samuel, John, &c., which\n    John seems to have succeeded his father in the Rectory of Northiam; but\n    whether the said father was educated at Oxford, I cannot tell.\"]\n\n_Histories of Literature_.--Can any correspondent inform me of the best, or\none or two principal Histories of Literature, published in the English\nlanguage, with the names of the author and publisher; as well as, if\npossible, the size and price?\n\nILMONASTERIENSIS.\n\n    [Our correspondent cannot do better than procure Hallam's _Introduction\n    to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and\n    Seventeenth Centuries_, 3 vols. 8vo. (36s.). He may also consult with\n    advantage Dr. Maitland's _Dark Ages_, which illustrates the state of\n    religion and literature from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, 8vo.,\n    12s. and Berrington's _Literary History of the Middle Ages_, 3s. 6d.]\n\n\"_Mrs. Shaw's Tombstone_.\"--In Leigh's _Observations_ (London, 1660) are\nseveral quotations from a work entitled _Mrs. Shaw's Tombstone_. Where may\na copy of this be seen?\n\nR. C. WARDE.\n\n  Kidderminster.\n\n    [Mrs. Dorothy Shaw's _Tombstone, or the Saint's Remains_, 1658, may be\n    seen in the British Museum, Press-mark, 1418. i. 41.]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nReplies.\n\nCRANMER AND CALVIN.\n\n(Vol. viii., p. 182.)\n\nA correspondent who seems to delight in sibilants, signing, himself\nS. Z. Z. S., invites me to \"_preserve_, in your columns, the letter of\nCalvin to Cranmer, of which Dean Jenkyns has only given extracts,\" as\nnoticed by me in your Vol. vii., p. 621.\n\nI would not shrink from the trouble of transcribing the whole letter, if a\ncomplete copy were only to be found in the short-lived columns of a\nnewspaper, as inserted in the _Record_ of May 15, 1843, by Merle d'Aubigne;\nbut the Dean has given a reference to the volume in which both the letters\nhe cites are preserved and accessible, viz. _Calvin Epistles_, pp. 134,\n135., Genev. 1616. {223}\n\nS. Z. Z. S. justly observes that there are two points to be distinguished:\nfirst, Cranmer's wish that Calvin should assist in a general union of the\nchurches protesting against Romish errors; second, Calvin's offer to assist\nin settling the Church of England. He adds, \"The latter was declined; and\nthe reason is demonstrated in Archbishop Laurence's _Bampton Lectures_.\" I\nneither possess those lectures, nor the volume of Calvin's epistles; but\nall I have seen of the correspondence between him and Cranmer, in the\nParker Society's editions of Cranmer, and of original letters between\n1537-58, and in Jenkyns' _Remains of Cranmer_, indisposes me to believe\nthat Calvin made any \"offer to assist in settling the Church of England.\"\nIt appears from Dean Jenkyns' note, vol. i. p. 346., that Archbishop\nLaurence made a mistake in the order of the correspondence, calculated to\nmislead himself; and as to Heylyn's assertion, _Eccles. Restaur._, p. 65.,\nthat Calvin made such an offer and \"that the Archbishop (Cranmer) _knew_\nthe man and refused his offer,\" the Dean says:\n\n    \"He gives no authority for the later part of his statement, and it can\n    hardly be reconciled with Cranmer's letter to Calvin of March 20,\n    1552.\"\n\nThe contemptuous expression, he \"knew the man and refused his offer,\" is,\nin fact, utterly irreconcilable with Cranmer's language in all his three\nletters to Melancthon, to Bullinger, and to Calvin (Nos. 296, 297, 298. of\nParker Society's edition of _Cranmer's Remains_, and Nos. 283, 284, 285. of\nJenkyns' edition), where he tells each of the other two that he had written\nto Calvin from his desire--\n\n    \"Ut in Anglia, aut alibi, doctissimorum et _optimorum_ virorum synodus\n    convocaretur, in qua de puritate ecclesiasticae doctrinae, et praecipue de\n    consensu controversiae sacramentariae tractaretur.\"\n\nOr, as he said to Calvin himself:\n\n    \"Ut docti et pii viri, qui alios antecellunt eruditione et judicio,\n    convenirent.\"\n\nYour correspondent seems to have used the word \"demonstrated\" rather in a\nsurgical than in its mathematical sense.\n\nHaving taken up my pen to supply you with an answer to this historical\ninquiry, I may as well notice some other articles in your No. 199. For\nexample, in p. 167., L. need not have referred your readers to Halliwell's\n_Researches in Archaic Language_ for an explanation of Bacon's word\n\"bullaces.\" The word may be seen in Johnson's _Dictionary_, with the\ncitation from Bacon, and instead of vaguely calling it \"a small black and\ntartish plum,\" your botanical readers know it as the _Prunus insititia_.\n\nAgain, p. 173., J. M. may like to know farther, that the Duke of\nWellington's clerical brother was entered on the boards of St. John's\nCollege, Cambridge, as Wesley, where the spelling must have been dictated\neither by himself, or by the person authorised to desire his admission. It\ncontinued to be spelt Wesley in the Cambridge annual calendars as late as\n1808, but was altered in that of 1809 to Wellesley. The alteration was\nprobably made by the desire of the family, and without communicating such\ndesire to the registrary of the university. For it appears in the edition\nof _Graduati Cantabrigienses_, printed in 1823, as follows:\n\n    \"Wesley, Gerard Valerian, Coll. Joh. A. M. 1792. Comitis de Mornington,\n    Fil. nat. 4^{tus}.\"\n\nIn p. 173., C. M. INGLEBY may like to know, as a clue to the origin of his\n_apussee and_, that I was taught at school, sixty years ago, to call & _And\nper se_, whilst some would call it _And-per-se-and_.\n\nIn the same page, the inquirer B. H. C. respecting the word _mammon_, may\nlike to know that the history of that word has been given at some length in\np. 1. to p. 68. of the Parker Society's edition of Tyndale's _Parable of\nthe wicked Mammon_, where I have stated that it occurs in a form identical\nwith the English in the Chaldee Targum of Onkelos on Exod. viii. 21., and\nin that of Jonathan on Judges, v. 9., as equivalent to riches; and that in\nthe Syriac translation it occurs in a form identical with [Greek: Mamona],\nin Exod. xxi. 30., as a rendering for [Hebrew: K\\holam\\P\\segol\\R], the\nprice of satisfaction. In B. H. C.'s citation from Barnes, _even_ seems a\nmisprint for _ever_. The Jews did not again fall into actual idolatry after\nthe Babylonish captivity; but we are told that in the sight of God\ncovetousness is idolatry.\n\nHENRY WALTER.\n\n  Hasilbury Bryan.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBARNACLES.\n\n(Vol. viii., p. 124.)\n\nA Querist quoting from Porta's _Natural Magic_ the vulgar error that \"not\nonly in Scotland, but in the river Thames, there is a kind of shell-fish\nwhich get out of their shells and grow to be ducks, or such like birds,\"\nasks, what could give rise to such an absurd belief? Your correspondent\nquotes from the English translation of the _Magia Naturalis_, A.D. 1658;\nbut the tradition is very ancient, Porta the author having died in 1515\nA.D. You still find an allusion in _Hudibras_ to those--\n\n \"Who from the most refin'd of saints,\n  As naturally grow miscreants,\n  As _barnacles_ turn Soland geese,\n  In th' islands of the Orcades.\"\n\nThe story has its origin in the peculiar formation of the little mollusc\nwhich inhabits the multivalve shell, the _Pentalasmis anatifera_, which by\na fleshy peduncle attaches itself by one end to the bottoms of ships or\nfloating timber, whilst from the other {224} there protrudes a bunch of\ncurling and fringe-like cirrhi, by the agitation of which it attracts and\ncollects its food. These cirrhi so much resemble feathers, as to have\nsuggested the leading idea of a bird's tail: and hence the construction of\nthe remainder of the fable, which is thus given with grave minuteness in\n_The Herbal, or General Historie of Plants_, gathered by John Gerarde,\nMaster in Chirurgerie: London, 1597:\n\n    \"What our eyes have seen, and our hands have touched, we shall declare.\n    There is a small island in Lancashire called the Pile of Foulders,\n    wherein are found the broken pieces of old and bruised ships, some\n    whereof have been cast thither by shipwreck; and also the trunks or\n    bodies, with the branches of old and rotten trees, cast up there\n    likewise, whereon is found a certain spume or froth, that in time\n    breedeth unto certain shells, in shape like those of a mussel, but\n    sharper pointed, and of a whitish colour; wherein is contained a thing\n    in form like a lace of silk finely woven as it were together, of a\n    whitish colour; one end whereof is fastened unto the inside of the\n    shell, even as the fish of oysters and mussels are; the other end is\n    made fast unto the belly of a rude mass or lump, which in time cometh\n    to the shape and form of a bird. When it is perfectly formed, the shell\n    gapeth open, and the first thing that appeareth is the foresaid lace or\n    string; next come the legs of the bird hanging out and as it groweth\n    greater, it openeth the shell by degrees, till at length it is all come\n    forth, and hangeth only by the bill. In short space after it cometh to\n    full maturity, and falleth into the sea, where it gathereth feathers,\n    and groweth to a fowl, bigger than a mallard, and lesser than a goose;\n    having black legs, and a bill or beak, and feathers black and white,\n    spotted in such manner as our magpie, called in some places a\n    Pie-Annet, which the people of Lancashire call by no other name than a\n    tree-goose; which place aforesaid, and all those parts adjacent, do so\n    much abound therewith, that one of the best may be bought for\n    threepence. For the truth hereof, if any doubt, may it please them to\n    repair unto me, and I shall satisfy them by the testimony of credible\n    witnesses.\"--Page 1391.\n\nGerarde, who is doubtless Butler's authority, says elsewhere, that \"in the\nnorth parts of Scotland, and the islands called Orcades,\" there are certain\ntrees whereon these tree-geese and barnacles abound.\n\nThe conversion of the fish into a bird, however fabulous, would be scarcely\nmore astonishing than the metamorphosis which it actually undergoes--the\nyoung of the little animal having no feature to identify it with its final\ndevelopment. In its early stage (I quote from Carpenter's _Physiology_,\nvol. i. p. 52.) it has a form not unlike that of the crab, \"possessing eyes\nand powers of free motion; but afterwards, becoming fixed to one spot for\nthe remainder of its life, it loses its eyes and forms a shell, which,\nthough composed of various pieces, has nothing in common with the jointed\nshell of the crab.\"\n\nThough Porta wrote at Naples, the story has reference to Scotland; and the\ntradition is evidently northern, and local. As to SPERIEND's Query, What\ncould give rise to so absurd a story? it doubtless took its origin in the\nsimilarity of the tentacles of the fish to feathers of a bird. But I would\nadd the farther Query, whether the ready acceptance and general credence\ngiven to so obvious a fable, may not have been derived from giving too\nliteral a construction to the text of the passage in the first chapter of\nGenesis:\n\n    \"And God said, Let the _waters bring forth abundantly_ the moving\n    creature that hath life, and _the fowl_ that may fly in the open\n    firmament of heaven?\"\n\nJ. EMERSON TENNENT.\n\nDrayton (1613) in his _Poly-olbion_, iii., in connexion with the river Dee,\nspeaks of--\n\n    \"Th' anatomised fish, and fowls from planchers sprung,\"\n\nto which a note is appended in Southey's edition, p. 609., that such fowls\nwere \"_barnacles_, a bird breeding upon old ships.\" In the _Entertaining\nLibrary_, \"Habits of Birds,\" pp. 363-379., the whole story of this\nextraordinary instance of ignorance in natural history is amply developed.\nThe barnacle shells which I once saw in a sea-port, attached to a vessel\njust arrived from the Mediterranean, had the brilliant appearance, at a\ndistance, of flowers in bloom[1]; the foot of the _Lepas anatifera_\n(Linnaeus) appearing to me like the stalk of a plant growing from the ship's\nside: the shell had the semblance of a calyx, and the flower consisted of\nthe fingers (_tentacula_) of the shell-fish, \"of which twelve project in an\nelegant curve, and are used by it for making prey of small fish.\" The very\nancient error was to mistake the foot of the shell-fish for the neck of a\ngoose, the shell for its head, and the _tentacula_ for a tuft of feathers.\nAs to the body, _non est inventus_. The Barnacle Goose is a well-known\nbird: and these shell-fish, bearing, as seen out of the water, resemblance\nto the goose's neck, were ignorantly, and without investigation, confounded\nwith geese themselves, an error into which Albertus Magnus (d. 1280) did\nnot fall, and in which Pope Pius II. proved himself infallible.\nNevertheless, in France, the Barnacle Goose may be eaten on fast-days by\nvirtue of this old belief in its marine origin.\n\nT. J. BUCKTON\n\n[Footnote 1: See _Penny Cycl_., art. CIRRIPEDA, vii. 208., reversing the\nwoodcut.]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nDIAL INSCRIPTIONS.\n\n(Vol. iv., p. 507. Vol. v., p. 155., &c.)\n\nIn the churchyard of Areley-Kings, Worcestershire (where is the singular\nmemorial to Sir Harry Coningsby, which I mentioned at Vol. vi., {225} p.\n406.), is a curious dial, the pillar supporting which has its four sides\ncarved with figures of Time and Death, &c., and the following inscriptions.\n\nOn the south side, where is the figure of Time:\n\n          Consider\n\n \"Aspice--ut aspicias.\"\n\n \"Time's glass and scythe\n  Thy life and death declare,\n  Spend well thy time, and\n  For thy end prepare.\"\n\n     \"O man, now or never\n  While there is time, turn unto the Lord,\n      And put not off from day to day.\"\n\nOn the north side, where is the figure of Death standing upon a dead body,\nwith his dart, hour-glass, and spade:\n\n \"Three things there be in very deede,\n  Which make my heart in grief to bleede:\n  The first doth vex my very heart,\n  In that from hence I must departe;\n  The second grieves me now and then,\n  That I must die, but know not when;\n  The third with tears bedews my face,\n  That I must die, nor know the place.\n\n          I. W.\n      _fecit_, Anno D[=m]i.\n          1687.\"\n\n \"Behold my killing dart and delving spade;\n  Prepare for death before thy grave be made;\n                  for\n          After death there's no hope.\"\n\n \"If a man die he shall live again.\n  All the days of my appointed time\n  Will I wait till my days come.\"--_Job_ xiv. 14.\n\n \"The death of saints is precious,\n  And miserable is the death of sinners.\"\n\nThe east side of the pillar has the following:\n\n \"Si vis ingredi in vitam,\n  Serve mandata.\"\n\n \"Judgments are prepared for sinners.\"--_Prov_. xiv. 9.\n\nAnd on the west:\n\n     \"Sol non occidat\n  Super iracundiam vestram.\"\n\n \"Whatsoever ye would that men\n      Should do unto you,\n  Do ye even so unto them.\"\n\nI subjoin a few other dial inscriptions, copied from churches in\nWorcestershire.\n\nKidderminster (parish church):\n\n    \"None but a villain will deface me.\"\n\nHimbleton (over the porch):\n\n    \"Via Vitae.\"\n\nBromsgrove:\n\n    \"We shall ----\" (_i.e._ we shall die-all).\n\nShrawley:\n\n    \"Ab hoc nomento pendet aeternitas.\"\n\nCUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTHE \"SALTPETER MAKER.\"\n\n(Vol. vii., pp. 377. 433. 460. 530.)\n\nThe following humble petition will give an idea of the arbitrary power\nexercised by the \"Saltpeter maker\" in the days of Good Queen Bess; and of\nthe useful monopoly that functionary contrived to make of his employment,\nin defiance of county government:\n\n    \"Righte honorable, our humble dewties to yo^r good Lordshippe premised,\n    maye it please the same to be advertised, that at the Quarter sessions\n    holden at Newarke within this countie of Nottingham, There was a\n    generall Complaynte made unto us by the Whole Countrie, that one John\n    Ffoxe, saltpeter maker, had charged the Whole Countrie by his precepts\n    for the Caryinge of Cole from Selsonn, in the Countie of Nottingham,\n    unto the towne of Newarke w^{th}in the same countie; beinge sixteene\n    myles distante for the makeinge of saltpeter, some townes w^{th} five\n    Cariages and some w^{th} lesse, or els to geve him foure shillinges for\n    everie Loade, whereof he hath Recyved a great parte. Uppon w^{ch}\n    Complaynte we called the same Ffoxe before some of us at Newarke at the\n    Sessions, there to answere the premisses, and also to make us a\n    propc[=i]on what Loades of Coales would serve to make a thowsand of\n    saltpeter, To thend we might have sett some order for the preparing of\n    the same: But the said Ffoxe will not sett downe anie rate what would\n    serve for the makeinge of a Thowsande. Therefore we have thoughte good\n    to advertise your good Lordshippe of the premisses, and have appoynted\n    the clarke of the peace of this countie of Nottingham to attend yo^r\n    good Lordshippe to know yo^r Lordshippes pleasure about the same, who\n    can further informe yo^r good Lordshippe of the particularities\n    thereof, if it shall please yo^r good Lordshippe to geve him hearings,\n    And so most humblie take our Leaves, Newarke, the viij^{th} of Octob^r,\n    1589.\n\n     \"Your L^{pp} most humblie to Comaunde,\n\n      RO. MARKHAM,\n      WILLIAM SUTTON,\n      R[=AU]F BARTON, 1589,\n      N[=IH]S ROOS,\n      BRIAN LASSELS,\n      JOHN THORNHAGH.\"\n\nThe document is addressed on the back \"To the Right Honorable our verie\ngood Lord the Lord Burghley, Lord Heighe Threasoro^r of England, yeve\ntheis;\" and is numbered LXI. 72. among the Lansdowne MSS., B. M.\n\nThe proposal quoted below has no date attached, but probably belongs to the\nformer part of the seventeenth century:\n\n    \"THE SERVICE.\n\n    \"1. To make 500 Tunne of refined Saltpetre within his Ma^{ties}\n    dominions yearely, and continually, and cheaper.\n\n    2. _Without digging of homes or charging of carts, or any other charge\n    to the subject whatsoever._ {226}\n\n    3. To performe the whole service at our owne cost.\n\n    4. Not to hinder any man in his owne way of makeing saltpetre, nor\n    importation from forreine parts.\"\n\nThe following memorandum is underwritten:\n\n    \"Mr. Speaker hath our Bill; Be pleased to-morrow to call for it.\"\n\nThe original draft of the above disinterested offer may be seen Harl.\nCLVIII. fol. 272.\n\nFURVUS.\n\n  St. James's.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTSAR.\n\n(Vol. viii., p. 150.)\n\nThe difficulty in investigating the origin of this word is that the letter\n_c_, \"the most wonderful of all letters,\" says Eichhoff (_Vergleichung der\nSprachen_, p. 55.), sounds like _k_ before the vowels _a_, _o_, _u_, but\nbefore _e_, _i_, in French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch, as _s_, in\nItalian as _tsh_, in German as _ts_. It is always _ts_ in Polish and\nBohemian. In Russian it is represented by a special letter [Cyrillic: ts],\n_tsi_; but in Celtic it is always _k_. Conformably with this principle, the\nRussians, like the Germans, Poles, and Bohemians, pronounce the Latin _c_\nas _ts_. So Cicero in these languages is pronounced _Tsitsero_, very\ndifferently from the Greeks, who called him _Kikero_. The letter _tsi_ is a\nsupplementary one in Russian, having no corresponding letter in the Greek\nalphabet, from which the Russian was formed in the ninth century by St.\nCyril. The word to be sought then amongst cognate languages as the\ncounterpart of _tsar_ (or as the Germans write it _czar_) is _car_, as\npronounced in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch. The most\nprobable etymological connection that I can discover is with the Sanscrit\n[Sanskrit: car] _car_, to move, to advance; the root of the Greek [Greek:\nkarrhon], in English _car_, Latin _curro_, French _cours_. So Sanscrit\n_caras_, _carat_, movable, nimble; Greek [Greek: chraon], Latin _currens_.\nAnd Sanscrit _caras_, motion, Greek [Greek: choros], Latin _currus_,\n_cursus_, French _char_, English _car_, _cart_, &c. The early Russians were\ndoubtless wanderers, an off-shoot of the people known to the Greeks as\nScythians, and to the Hebrews and Arabians as Gog and Magog, who travelled\nin _cars_, occupying first one territory with their flocks, but not\ncultivating the land, then leaving it to nature and taking up another\nresting-place. It is certain that the Russians have many Asiatic words in\ntheir vocabulary, which must necessarily have occurred from their being for\nmore than two centuries sometimes under Tatar, and sometimes under Mongol\ndomination; and the origin of this word _tsar_ or _car_ may leave to be\nsought on the plateaus of North-east Asia. In the Shemitic tongues (Arabic,\nHebrew, Persian, &c.) no connexion of sound or meaning, so probable as the\nabove Indo-European one, is to be found. The popular derivations of\nNabupolassar, Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, &c., are not to be trusted. It is\nremarkable, however, that these names are significant in Russian. (See \"N.\n& Q.,\" Vol. vii., pp. 432, 433, _note_.) The cuneatic inscriptions may yet\nthrow light on these Assyrian names. In Russian the kingdom is _Tsarstvo_,\nthe king _Tsar_, his queen _Tsarina_, his son is _Tsarevitch_, and his\ndaughter _Tsarevna_. The word is probably pure Russian or Slavic. The\nRussian tsar used about two hundred years ago to be styled duke by foreign\ncourts, but he has advanced in the nomenclature of royalty to be an\nemperor. The Russians use the word _imperatore_ for emperor, _Kesar_ for\nCaesar, and _samodershetse_ for sovereign.\n\nT. J. BUCKTON.\n\n  Birmingham.\n\nIn Voltaire's _History of the Russian Empire_, it is stated that the title\nof Czar may possibly be derived front the _Tzars_ or _Tchars_ of the\nkingdom of Casan. When John, or Ivan Basilides, Grand Prince of Russia, had\ncompleted the reduction of this kingdom, he assumed this title, and it has\nsince continued to his successors. Before the reign of John Basilides, the\nsovereigns of Russia bore the name of _Velike Knez_, that is, great prince,\ngreat lord, great chief, which in Christian countries was afterwards\nrendered by that of great duke. The Czar Michael Federovitz, on occasion of\nthe Holstein embassy, assumed the titles of Great Knez and Great Lord,\nConservator of all the Russias, Prince of Wolodimir, Moscow, Novogorod,\n&c., Tzar of Casan, Tzar of Astracan, Tzar of Siberia. The name of _Tzar_\nwas therefore the title of those Oriental princes, and therefore it is more\nprobable for it to have been derived from the _Tshas_ of Persia than from\nthe Roman Caesars, whose name very likely never reached the ears of the\nSiberian Tzars on the banks of the Oby. In another part of Voltaire's\n_History_, when giving an account of the celebrated battle of Narva, where\nCharles XII., with nine thousand men and ten pieces of cannon, defeated\n\"the Russian army with eighty thousand fighting men, supported by one\nhundred and forty-five pieces of cannon,\" he says, \"Among the captives was\nthe son of a King of Georgia, whom Charles sent to Stockholm; his name was\n_Mittelesky Czarowitz_, or Czar's Son, which is farther proof that the\ntitle of Czar or Tzar was not originally derived from the Roman Caesars.\" To\nthe above slightly abbreviated description may not be uninterestingly added\nthe language of Voltaire, which immediately follows the first reference:\n\n    \"No title, how great soever, is of any signification, unless they who\n    bear it are great and powerful of themselves. The word _emperor_, which\n    denoted only the _general of an army_, became the title of the {227}\n    sovereigns of Rome and it is now conferred on the supreme governor of\n    all the Russias.\"\n\nA HERMIT AT HAMPSTEAD.\n\nI beg to inform J. S. A. that the right word is _Tsar_, and that it is the\nRussian word answering to our king or lord, the Latin _Rex_, the Persian\n_Shah_, &c. There may be terms in other languages that have an affinity\nwith it, but I believe we should seek in vain for a derivation.\n\nT. K.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\"LAND OF GREEN GINGER.\"\n\n(Vol. viii., p. 160.)\n\nI wish that R. W. ELLIOT of Clifton, whom I recognise as a former\ninhabitant of Hull, had given the authority on which he states, that \"It is\nso called from the sale of ginger having been chiefly carried on there in\nearly times.\" The name of this street has much puzzled the local\nantiquaries; and having been for several years engaged on a work relative\nto the derivations, &c., of the names of the streets of Hull, I have spared\nno pains to ascertain the history and derivation of the singular name of\nthis street.\n\nI offer then a conjecture as to its derivation as follows:--The ground on\nwhich this street stands was originally the property of De la Pole, Duke of\nSuffolk, on which he had built his stately manor-house. On the attainder of\nthe family it was seized by the king; and Henry VIII. several times held\nhis court here, on one of his visits having presented his sword to the\ncorporation. It was then, 1538, called Old Beverley Street, as seen in the\nsurvey made of the estates of Sir William Sydney, Kt. In a romance called\n_Piraute el Blanco_, it is stated \"The morning collation at the English\nCourt was _green ginger_ with good Malmsey, which was their custom, because\nof the coldness of the land.\" And in the _Foedera_, vii. 233., it is stated\nthat, among other things, the cargo of a Genoese ship, which was driven\nashore at Dunster, in Somersetshire, in 1380, consisted of green ginger\n(ginger cured with lemon-juice). In Hollar's Map of Hull, 1640, the street\nis there laid out as built upon, but without any name attached to it. No\nother plans of Hull are at present known to exist from the time of Hollar,\n1640, to Gent, 1735. In Gent's plan of Hull, it is there called \"The Land\nof Green Ginger;\" so that probably, between the years 1640 and 1735, it\nreceived its peculiar name.\n\nI therefore conjecture that, as Henry VIII. kept his Court here with his\nusual regal magnificence, green ginger would be one of the luxuries of his\ntable; that this portion of his royal property being laid out as a garden,\nwas peculiarly suitable for the growth of ginger--the same as Pontefract\nwas for the growth of the liquorice plant; and that, upon the property\nbeing built upon, the remembrance of this spot being so suitable for the\ngrowth of ginger for the Court, would eventually give the peculiar name, in\nthe same way that the adjoining street of Bowl-Alley-Lane received its\ntitle from the bowling-green near to it.\n\nJOHN RICHARDSON.\n\n  13. Savile Street, Hull.\n\nThis has long been a puzzle to the Hull antiquaries. I have often inquired\nof old persons likely to know the origin of such names of places at that\nsea-port as \"The Land of Green Ginger,\" \"Pig Alley,\" \"Mucky-south-end,\" and\n\"Rotten Herring Staith;\" and I have come to the conclusion, that \"The Land\nof Green Ginger\" was a very dirty place where horses were kept: a mews, in\nshort, which none of the Muses, not even with Homer as an exponent, could\nexalt ([Greek: Epea pteroenta en athanatoisi theoisi]) into the regions of\npoesy.\n\nGinger has been cultivated in this country as a _stove_ exotic for about\ntwo hundred and fifty years. In one of the histories of Hull, ginger is\nsupposed to have grown in this street, where, to a recent period, the\nstables of the George Inn, and those of a person named Foster opposite,\noccupied the principal portion of the short lane called \"Land of Green\nGinger.\" It is hardly possible that the true zingiber can have grown here,\neven in the manure heaps; but a plant of the same order (_Zingiberaceae_)\nmay have been mistaken for it. Some of the old women or marine school-boys\nof the Trinity House, in the adjoining lane named from that guild, or some\ndruggist, may have dropped, either accidentally or experimentally, a root,\nif not of the ginger, yet of some kindred plant. The magnificent _Fuchsia_\nwas first noticed in the possession of a seaman's wife by Fuchs in 1501, a\ncentury prior to the introduction of the ginger plant into England.\n\nT. J. BUCKTON.\n\n  Birmingham.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.\n\n_Stereoscopic Angles_.--The discussion in \"N. & Q.\" relative to the best\nangle for stereoscopic pictures has gone far towards a satisfactory\nconclusion: there are, however, still a few points which may be\nbeneficially considered.\n\nIn the first place, the kind of stereoscope to be used must tend to modify\nthe mental impression; and secondly, the _amount_ of reduction from the\nsize of the original has a considerable influence on the final result.\n\nIf in viewing a stereoscopic pair of photographs, they are placed _at the\nsame distance_ from the eyes as the _length of the focus of the lens used\nin producing them_, then without doubt the distance between the eyes, viz.\nabout two and a quarter {228} inches, is the best difference between the\ntwo points of view to produce a perfectly natural result; and if the points\nof operation be more distant from one another, as I have before intimated,\nan effect is produced similar to what would be the case if the pictures\nwere taken from a _model_ of the object instead of the object itself.\n\nWhen it is intended that the pictures taken are to be viewed by an\ninstrument that requires their distance from the eyes to be _less_ than the\nfocal length of the lens used in their formation, what is the result? Why,\nthat they subtend an angle larger than in nature, and are consequently\napparently _increased_ in bulk; and the obvious remedy is to _increase_ the\nangle between the points of generation in the exact ratio as that by which\nthe visual distance is to be lessened. There is one other consideration to\nwhich I would advert, viz. that as we judge of _distance_, &c. mainly by\nthe degree of _convergence_ of the optic axes of our two eyes, it cannot be\nso good to arrange the camera with its two positions quite parallel,\nespecially for objects at a short or medium distance, as to let its centre\nradiate from the principal object to be delineated; and to accomplish this\ndesideratum in the readiest way (for portraits especially), the ingenious\ncontrivance of Mr. Latimer Clark, described in the _Journal_ of the\nPhotographic Society, appears to me the best adapted. It consists of a\nmodification of the old parallel ruler arrangement on which the camera is\nplaced; but one of the sides has an adjustment, so that within certain\nlimits any degree of convergence is attainable. Now in the case of the\npictures alluded to by MR. H. WILKINSON in Vol. viii., p. 181., it is\nprobable they were taken by a camera placed in two positions parallel to\none another, and it is quite clear that only a _portion_ of the two\npictures could have been really stereoscopic. It is perfectly true that two\nindifferent negatives will often combine and form one good stereoscopic\npositive, but this is in consequence of one possessing that in which the\nother is deficient; and at any rate two _good_ pictures will have a\n_better_ effect; consequently, it is better that the two views should\ncontain exactly the same _range_ of vision.\n\nGEO. SHADBOLT.\n\n_Protonitrate of Iron_.--\"Being in the habit of using protonitrate of iron\nfor developing collodion pictures, the following method of preparing that\nsolution suggested itself to me, which appears to possess great\nadvantages:--\n\n  Water                       1 oz.\n  Protosulphate of iron      14 grs.\n  Nitrate of potash          10 grs.\n  Acetic acid                 1/2 drm.\n  Nitric acid                 2 drops.\n\nIn this mixture nitrate of potash is employed to convert the sulphate of\niron into nitrate in place of nitrate of baryta in Dr. Diamond's formula,\nor nitrate of lead as recommended by Mr. Sisson; the advantage being that\nno filtering is required, as the sulphate of potash (produced by the double\ndecomposition) is soluble in water, and does not interfere with the\ndeveloping qualities of the solution.\n\n\"The above gives the bright deposit of silver so much admired in Dr.\nDiamond's pictures, and will be found to answer equally well either for\npositives or negatives. If the nitric acid be omitted, we obtain the\neffects of protonitrate of iron prepared in the usual way.--JOHN SPILLER.\"\n\n(From the _Photographic Journal_.)\n\n_Photographs in natural Colours_.--As \"N. & Q.\" numbers among its\ncorrespondents many residents in the United States, I hope you will permit\nme to inquire through its columns whether there is really any foundation\nfor the very startling announcement, in Professor Hunt's _Photography_, of\nMr. Hill of New York having \"obtained more than fifty pictures from nature\nin all the beauty of native coloration,\" or whether the statement is, as I\nconclude Professor Hunt is inclined to believe, one of those hoaxes in\nwhich many of our transatlantic friends take so much delight.\n\nMATTER-OF-FACT.\n\n_Photographs by artificial Lights_.--May I ask for references to any\nmanuals of photography, or papers in scientific journals, in which are\nrecorded any experiments that have been made with the view of obtaining\nphotographs by means of artificial lights? This is, I have no doubt, a\nsubject of interest to many who, like myself, are busily occupied during\nthe day, and have only their evenings for scientific pursuits: while it is\nobvious, that if such a process can be successfully practised, there are\nmany objects--such as _prints_, _coins_, _seals_, _objects of natural\nhistory and antiquity_--which might well be copied by it, even though\nartificial light should prove far slower in its action than solar light.\n\nA CLERK.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nReplies to Minor Queries.\n\n_Vandyke in America_ (Vol. viii., p. 182.).--I would take the liberty of\nasking MR. BALCH of Philadelphia whom he means by Col. Hill and Col. Byrd,\n\"worthies famous in English history, and whose portraits by Vandyke are now\non the James River?\" I know of no Col. Hill or Byrd whom Vandyke could\npossibly have painted. I should also like to know what proof there is that\nthe pictures, whomsoever they represent, are by _Vandyke_. MR. BALCH says\nthat he favours us with this information \"_in answer to the query_\" (Vol.\nvii., p. 38.); but I beg leave to observe that it is by no means \"in answer\nto the query,\" which was about an _engraved_ portrait and not _picture_,\nand {229} his thus bringing in the Vandykes _a propos de bottes_ makes me a\nlittle curious about their authenticity.\n\nC.\n\n_Title wanted--Choirochorographia_ (Vol. viii., p. 151.).--The full title\nof the book inquired after is as follows:\n\n    \"[Greek: Choirochorographia]: sive, Hoglandiae Descriptio.--Plaudite\n    _Porcelli Porcorum pigra Propago_ (Eleg. Poet.): Londini, Anno Domini\n    1709. Pretium 2^d,\" 8vo.\n\nThe printer, as appears from the advertisement at the end of the volume,\nwas Henry Hills. The middle of the title-page is occupied by a coarsely\nexecuted woodcut, representing a boar with barbed instrument in his snout,\nand similar instrument on a larger scale under the head, surmounted with\nsome rude characters, which I read\n\n \"TURX TRVYE BEVIS O HAMTVN.\"\n\nThe dedication is headed, \"Augusto admodum & undiquaq; Spectabili Heroi\nDomini H---- S---- Maredydius Caduganus Pymlymmonensis, S.P.D.\" The entire\nwork appears to be written in ridicule of Hampshire, and to be intended as\na retaliation for work written by Edward Holdsworth, of Magd. Coll. Oxford,\nentitled _Muscipula, sive_ [Greek: kambro-muo-machia], published by the\nsame printer in the same year, and translated by Dr. Hoadly in the fifth\nvolume of Dodsley's _Miscellany_, p. 277., edit. 1782.\n\nQuery, Who was the author? and had Holdsworth any farther connexion with\nHampshire than that of having been educated at Winchester School?\n\nJ. F. M.\n\n_Second Growth of Grass_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--R. W. F. of Bath inquires\nfor other names than \"fog,\" &c. In Sussex we leave \"rowens,\" or \"rewens\"\n(the latter, I believe, a corruption), used for the second growth of grass.\n\nHalliwell, in his _Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words_, has\n\"_Rowens_, after-grass,\" as a Suffolk word. Bailey gives the word, with a\nsomewhat different signification; but he has \"_Rowen hay_, latter hay,\" as\na country word.\n\nWILLIAM FIGG.\n\n  Lewes.\n\nIn Norfolk this is called \"aftermath eddish,\" and \"rowans\" or \"rawins.\"\n\nThe first term is evidently from the A.-S. _maeth_, mowing or math:\nBosworth's _Dictionary_. Eddish is likewise from the A.-S. _edisc_,\nsignifying the second growth; it is used by Tusser, _October's Husbandry_,\nstanza 4.:\n\n \"Where wheat upon _eddish_ ye mind to bestow,\n  Let that be the first of the wheat ye do sow.\"\n\n_Rawings_ also occurs in Tusser, and in the _Promptorium Parvulorum_,\n_rawynhey_ is mentioned. In Bailey's _Dictionary_ it is spelt _rowen_ and\n_roughings_: this last form gives the etymology, for _rowe_, as may be seen\nin Halliwell, is an old form for _rough_.\n\nE. G. R.\n\nI have always heard it called in Northumberland, _fog_; in Norfolk,\n_after-math_; in Oxfordshire, I am told, it is _latter-math_. This term is\npure A.-Saxon, _maeth_, the mowing; the former word _fog_, and _eddish_\nalso, are to be found in dictionaries, but their derivation is not\nsatisfactory.\n\nC. I. R.\n\n_Snail eating_ (Vol. viii., p. 34).--The beautiful specimens of the large\nwhite snails were brought from Italy by Single-speech Hamilton, a gentleman\nof _vertu_ and exquisite taste, and placed in the grounds at Paynes Hill,\nand some fine statues likewise. On the change of property, the snails were\ndispersed about the country; and many of them were picked up by my\ngrandfather, who lived at the Grove under Boxhill, near Dorking. They were\nfound in the hedges about West Humble, and in the grounds of the Grove. I\nhad this account from my mother; and had once some of the shells, which I\nhad found when staying in Surrey.\n\nJULIA R. BOCKETT.\n\n  Southcote Lodge.\n\nThe snails asked after by MR. H. T. RILEY are to be met with near Dorking.\nWhen in that neighbourhood one day in May last, I found two in the hedgerow\non the London road (west side) between Dorking and Box Hill. They are much\nlarger than the common snail, the shells of a light brown, and the flesh\nonly slightly tinged with green. I identified them by a description and\ndrawing given in an excellent book for children, the _Parent's Cabinet_,\nwhich also states that they are to be found about Box Hill.\n\nG. ROGERS LONG.\n\nThe large white snail (_Helix pomatia_) is found in abundance about Box\nHill in Surrey. It is also plentiful near Stonesfield in Oxfordshire, where\nhave, at different periods, been discovered considerable remains of Roman\nvillas; and it has been suggested that this snail was introduced by the\nformer inhabitants of those villas.\n\nW. C. TREVELYAN.\n\n  Wallington.\n\n_Sotades_ (Vol. vii., p. 417.).--Sotades is the supposed inventor of\nPalindromic verses (see Mr. Sands' _Specimens of Macaronic Poetry_, p. 5.,\n1831. His enigma on \"Madam\" was written by Miss Ritson of Lowestoft).\n\nS. Z. Z. S.\n\n_The Letter \"h\" in \"humble\"_ (Vol. viii., p. 54).--The question has been\nraised by one of your correspondents (and I have not observed any reply\nthereto), as to whether it is a peculiarity of Londoners to pronounce the\n_h_ in _humble_. If, as a Londoner by birth and residence, I might be\nallowed to answer the Query, I should say that {230} the _h_ is never heard\nin _humble_, except when the word is pronounced from the pulpit. I believe\nit to be one of those, either Oxford or Cambridge, or both, peculiarities,\nof which no reasonable explanation can be given.\n\nI should be glad to hear whether any satisfactory general rule has been\nlaid down as to when the _h_ should be sounded, and when not. The only rule\nwhich occurs to me is to pronounce it in all words coming to us from the\nCeltic \"stock,\" and to pass it unsounded in those which are of Latin\norigin. If this rule be admitted, the pronunciation sanctioned by the\npulpit and Mr. Dickens is condemned.\n\nBENJAMIN DAWSON.\n\n  London.\n\n_Lord North_ (Vol. vii., p. 317. Vol. viii., p. 184.).--Is M. E. of\nPhiladelphia laughing at us, when he refers us to a _woodcut_ in some\nAmerican pictorial publication on the American Revolution for a true\nportraiture of the figure and features of King George III.; different, I\npresume, from that which I gave you. His woodcut, he says, is taken \"from\nan English engraving;\" he does not tell us who either painter or engraver\nwas--but no matter. We have hundreds of portraits by the best hands which\nconfirm my description, which moreover was the result of personal\nobservation: for, from the twentieth to the thirtieth years of my life, I\nhad frequent and close opportunities of approaching his Majesty. I cannot\nbut express my surprise that \"N. & Q.\" should have given insertion to\nanything so absurd--to use the gentlest term--as M. E.'s appeal to his\n\"woodcut.\"\n\nC.\n\n_Singing Psalms and Politics_ (Vol. viii., p. 56.).--One instance of the\nmisapplication of psalmody must suggest itself at once to the readers of\n\"N. & Q.,\" I mean the melancholy episode in the history of the Martyr King,\nthus related by Hume:\n\n    \"Another preacher, after reproaching him to his face with his\n    misgovernment, ordered this Psalm to be sung,--\n\n     'Why dost thou, tyrant, boast thyself,\n        Thy wicked deeds to praise?'\n\n    The king stood up, and called for that Psalm which begins with these\n    words,--\n\n     'Have mercy, Lord, on me, I pray;\n        For men would me devour.'\n\n    The good-natured audience, in pity to fallen majesty, showed for once\n    greater deference to the king than to the minister, and sung the psalm\n    which the former had called for.\"--_Hume's History of England_, ch. 58.\n\nW. FRASER.\n\n  Tor-Mohun.\n\n_Dimidiation by Impalement_ (Vol. vii., p. 630.).--Your correspondent D. P.\nconcludes his notice on this subject by doubting if any instance of\n\"Dimidiation by Impalement\" can be found since the time of Henry VIII. If\nhe turn to Anderson's _Diplomata Scotiae_ (p. 164. and 90.), he will find\nthat Mary Queen of Scots bore the arms of France dimidiated with those of\nScotland from A.D. 1560 to December 1565. This coat she bore as Queen\nDowager of France, from the death of her first husband, the King of France,\nuntil her marriage with Darnley.\n\nT. H. DE H.\n\n\"_Inter cuncta micans_,\" &c. (Vol. vi, p. 413.; Vol. vii., p. 510.).--The\nfollowing translation is by the Rev. Geo. Greig of Kennington. It preserves\nthe acrostic and mesostic, though not the telestic, form of the original:\n\n \"In glory rising see the sun,          Illustrious orb of day,\n  Enlightening heaven's wide expanse,   Expel night's gloom away.\n  So light into the darkest soul,     JESUS, Thou dost impart,\n  Uplifting Thy life-giving smiles      Upon the deaden'd heart;\n  Sun Thou of Righteousness Divine,     Sole King of Saints Thou art.\"\n\nH. T. GRIFFITH.\n\n  Hull.\n\n_Marriage Service_ (Vol. viii., p. 150.).--I have seen the Rubric carried\nout, in this particular, in St. Mary's Church, Kidderminster.\n\nCUTHBERT BEDE, B. A.\n\n_Widowed Wife_ (Vol. viii., p. 56.).--_Eur. Hec._ 612. \"Widowed wife and\nwedded maid,\" occurs in Vanda's prophecy; Sir W. Scott's _The Betrothed_,\nch. xv.\n\nS. Z. Z. S.\n\n_Pure_ (Vol. viii., p. 125.).--The use of the word _pure_ pointed out by\nOXONIENSIS is nothing new. It is a common provincialism now, and was\nformerly good English. Here are two examples from Swift (_Letters_, by\nHawkesworth, vol. iv. 1768, p.21.):\n\n    \"Ballygall will be a pure good place for air.\"\n\nIbid. p. 29.:\n\n    \"Have you smoakt the Tattler yet? It is much liked, and I think it a\n    _pure_ one.\"\n\nC. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.\n\n  Birmingham.\n\n\"Purely, I thank you,\" is a common reply of the country folks in this part\nwhen accosted as to their health. I recollect once asking a market-woman\nabout her son who had been ill, and received for an answer: \"Oh he's quite\n_fierce_ again, thank you, Sir.\" Meaning, of course, that he had quite\nrecovered.\n\nNORRIS DECK.\n\n  Cambridge.\n\n_Mrs. Tighe_ (Vol. viii., p. 103.).--\"There is a likeness of Mrs. Henry\nTighe, the authoress of 'Psyche,' in the _Ladies' Monthly Museum_ for\nFebruary, 1818. It is engraved by J. Hopwood, jun., from a drawing by Miss\nEmma Drummond. Underneath the engraving referred to, are the words 'Mrs.\nHenry Tighe;' but she is called in {231} the memoir, 'wife of William\nTighe, Esq., M.P. for Wicklow, whose residence is Woodstock, county of\nKilkenny, author of _The Plants_, a poem, 8vo.: published in 1808 and 1811;\nand _Statistical Observations on the County of Kilkenny_, 1800. Mrs. Tighe\nis described as having had a pleasing person, and a countenance that\nindicated melancholy and deep reflection; was amiable in her domestic\nrelations; had a mind well stored with classic literature; and, with strong\nfeelings and affections, expressed her thoughts with the nicest\ndiscrimination, and taste the most refined and delicate. Thus endued, it is\nto be regretted that Mrs. Tighe should have fallen a victim to a lingering\ndisease of six years at the premature age of thirty-seven, on March 24,\n1810.'--The remainder of the short notice does not throw any additional\nlight on Mrs. Tighe, or family; but if you, Sir, or the Editor of \"N. & Q.\"\nwish, I will cheerfully transcribe it.--I am, Sir, yours in haste,\n\nVIX.\n\n \"Belfast, Aug. 15.\"\n\n    [We are indebted for the above reply to the _Dublin Weekly Telegraph_,\n    which not only does us the honour to quote very freely from our pages,\n    but always most liberally acknowledges the source from which the\n    articles so quoted are derived.]\n\n_Satirical Medal_ (Vol. viii., p. 57.).--I have seen the same medal of Sir\nR. Walpole (the latest instance of the mediaeval _hell-mouth_ with which I\nam acquainted) bearing on the obverse--\"THE GENEROUSE (_sic_) DUKE OF\nARGYLE;\" and at the foot--\"NO PENTIONS.\"\n\nS. Z. Z. S.\n\n\"_They shot him dead at the Nine-Stone Rig_\" (Vol. viii., p. 78.).--Your\ncorrespondent the BORDERER will find the fragment of the ballad he is in\nsearch of commencing with the above line, in the second volume of the\n_Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_, p. 114. It is entitled \"Barthram's\nDirge,\" and \"was taken down,\" says Scott, \"by Mr. Surtees, from the\nrecitation of Anne Douglas, an old woman, who weeded his garden.\"\n\nSince the death of Mr. Surtees, however, it has been ascertained that this\nballad, as well as \"The Death of Featherstonhaugh,\" and some others in the\nsame collection, were composed by him and passed off upon Scott as genuine\nold Scottish ballads.\n\nFarther particulars respecting this clever literary imposition are given in\na review of the \"Memoir of Robert Surtees,\" in the _Athenaeum_ of August 7,\n1852.\n\nJ. K. R. W.\n\n_Hendericus du Booys: Helena Leonora de Sieveri_ (Vol. v., p. 370.).--Are\ntwo different portraits of each of these two persons to be found? By no\nmeans. There exists, however, a plate of each, engraved by C. Visscher; but\nthe first impressions bear the address of E. du Booys, the later that of E.\nCooper. As I am informed by Mr. Bodel Nijenhuis, Hendericus du Booys took\npart in the celebrated three-days' fight, Feb. 18, 19, and 20, 1653,\nbetween Blake and Tromp.--From the _Navorscher_.\n\nM.\n\n_House-marks, &c_. (Vol. vii., p. 594. Vol. viii., p. 62.).--May I be\nallowed to inform MR. COLLYNS that the custom he refers to is by no means\nof modern date. Nearly all the cattle which come to Malta from Barbary to\nbe stall-fed for consumption, or horses to be sold in the garrison, bring\nwith them their distinguishing marks by which they may be easily known.\n\nAnd it may not be out of place to remark, that being one of a party in the\nwinter of 1830, travelling overland from Smyrna to Ephesus, we reached a\nplace just before sunset where a roving band of Turcomans had encamped for\nthe night. On nearing these people we observed that the women were\npreparing food for their supper, while the men were employed in branding\nwith a hot iron, under the camel's upper lip, their own peculiar mark,--a\nvery necessary precaution, it must be allowed, with people who are so well\nknown for their pilfering propensities, not only practised on each other,\nbut also on all those who come within their neighbourhood. Having as\nstrangers paid our tribute to their great dexterity in their profession,\nthe circumstance was published at the time, and to this day is not\nforgotten.\n\nW. W.\n\n  Malta.\n\n\"_Qui facit per alium, facit per se_.\"--In Vol. vii., p. 488., I observe an\nattempt to trace the source of the expression, \"Qui facit per alium, facit\nper se.\" A few months since I met with the quotation under some such form\nas \"Qui facit per alium, per se facere videtur,\" in the preface to a book\non _Surveying_, by Fitzherbert (printed by Berthelet about 1535), where it\nis attributed to St. Augustine. As I know of no copy of the works of that\nfather in these parts (though I heard him quoted last Sunday in the\npulpit), I cannot at present verify the reference.\n\nJ. SLEEDNOT.\n\n  Halifax.\n\n_Engin-a-verge_ (Vol. vii., p. 619. Vol. viii., p. 65.).--H. C. K. is\nmistaken in his conjecture respecting this word, as the following\ndefinition of it will show:\n\n    \"_Engins-a-verge_. Ils comprenaient les diverges especes de catapultes,\n    les pierriers, &c.\"--Bescherelle, _Dictionnaire National_.\n\nB. H. C.\n\n_Campvere, Privileges of_ (Vol viii., p. 89.).--\"Jus Gruis liberae.\" Does\nnot this mean the privilege of using a crane to raise their goods free of\ndues, municipal or fiscal? _Grus_, _grue_, _krahn_, {232} _kraan_, all\nmean, in their different languages, crane the bird, and crane the machine.\n\nJ. H. L.\n\n_Humbug_--_Ambages_ (Vol. viii., p. 64.).--May I be permitted to inform\nyour correspondent that Mr. May was certainly correct when using the word\n\"ambages\" as an English word in his translation of Lucan.\n\nIn Howell's _Dictionary_, published in London in May 1660, I find it thus\nrecorded\n\n \"Ambages, or circumstances.\"\n \"Full of ambages.\"\n\nW. W.\n\n  Malta.\n\n\"_Going to Old Weston_\" (Vol. iii., p. 449.).--In turning over the pages of\nthe third volume of \"N. & Q.\" recently, I stumbled on ARUN'S notice of the\nabove proverb. It immediately struck me that I had heard it used myself a\nfew days before, without being conscious at the time of the similarity of\nthe expression. I was asking an old man, who had been absent from home,\nwhere he had been to? His reply was, \"To Old Weston, Sir. You know I must\ngo there before I die.\" Knowing that he had relatives living there, I did\nnot, at the time, notice anything extraordinary in the answer; but, since\nreading ARUN'S note, I have made some inquires, and find the saying is a\ncommon one on this (the Northamptonshire) side of Old Weston, as well as in\nHuntingdonshire. I have been unable to obtain any explanation of it, but\nthink the one suggested by your correspondent must be right. One of my\ninformants (an old woman upwards of seventy) told me she had often heard it\nused, and wondered what could be its meaning, when she was a child.\n\nW. W.\n\n  B---- Rectory, Northamptonshire.\n\n_Reynolds's Nephew_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--I think I can certify A. Z.\nthat two distinct branches of the Palmer family, the Deans, and another\nclaiming like kindred to Sir Joshua Reynolds, still exist; from which I\nconclude that Sir Joshua had at least two nephews of that name. I regret\nthat I cannot inform your correspondent as to the authorship of the piece\nabout which he inquires; but, in the event of A. Z. not receiving a\nsatisfactory answer to his Query through the medium of our publication, if\nhe will furnish me with any farther particulars he may possess on the\nsubject, I shall be happy to try what I can do towards possessing him with\nthe desired information.\n\nJ. SANSOM.\n\n  Oxford.\n\n_The Laird of Brodie_ (Vol. viii., p. 103.).--I. H. B. mistakes, I think,\nthe meaning of the lines. The idea is not that the Laird was less than a\ngentleman, but that he was a gentleman of mark; at least, I have never\nheard any other interpretation put upon it in Scotland, where the ballad of\n\"We'll gang nae mair a-roving,\" is a great favourite. King James is the\n_subject_ of the ballad. That merry monarch made many lively escapades, and\non this occasion he personated a beggarman. The damsel, to whom he\nsuccessfully paid his addresses, saw through the disguise at first; but\nfrom the king's good acting, when he pretended to be afraid that the dongs\nwould \"rive his meal pokes,\" she began to think she had been mistaken. Then\nshe expressed her disgust by saying, that she had thought her lover could\nnot be anything less than the Laird of Brodie, the highest untitled\ngentleman probably in the neighbourhood: implying that she suspected he\nmight be peer or prince.\n\nW. C.\n\n_Mulciber_ (Vol. viii., p. 102).--It may not be a sufficient answer to MR.\nWARD'S Query, but I wish to state that there was no \"Mayor of Bromigham\"\nuntil after the passing of the Reform Bill. I think that it may be inferred\nfrom the extract given below, that the mayor was no more a reality than the\nshield which he is said to have wrought:\n\n \"His shield was wrought, if we may credit Fame,\n  By Mulciber, the Mayor of Bromigham.\n  A foliage of dissembl'd senna leaves\n  Grav'd round its brim, the wond'ring sight deceives.\n  Embost upon its field, a battle stood,\n  Of leeches spouting hemorrhoidal blood.\n  The artist too expresst the solemn state,\n  Of grave physicians at a consult met;\n  About each symptom how they disagree!\n  But how unanimous in case of fee!\n  And whilst one ass-ass-in another plies\n  With starch'd civilities--the patient dyes.\"\n\nN. W. S.\n\n_Voiding Knife_ (Vol. vi., pp. 150. 280.).--The following quotation from\nLeland will throw more light on the ancient custom of _voyding_:\n\n    \"In the mean time the server geueth a voyder to the carver, and he doth\n    _voyde_ into it the trenchers that lyeth under the _knyues_ point, and\n    so cleanseth the tables cleane.\"--_Collectanea_, vol. vi. p. 11., \"The\n    Intronization of Nevill.\"\n\nQ.\n\n  Bloomsbury.\n\n_Sir John Vanbrugh_ (Vol. viii., pp. 65. 160.).--Previous to sending you my\nQuery about the birthplace of Sir John Vanbrugh, I had carefully gone\nthrough the Registers of the Holy Trinity parish, Chester, and had\ndiscovered the baptisms or burials of seven sons and six daughters of Mr.\nGiles Vanbrugh duly registered therein. Sir John's name is not included in\nthe list; therefore, if he was born in Chester, his baptism must have been\nregistered at one of the many other parish churches of this city. The\nregisters of St. Peter's Church, a neighbouring parish, have also been\n{233} examined, but contain no notice of the baptism of the future knight.\nI will, however, continue the chace; and should I eventually fall in with\nthe object of my search, will give my fellow-labourers the benefit of my\nexplorations. Mr. Vanbrugh sen. died at Chester, and was buried with\nseveral of his children at Trinity Church, July 19, 1689.\n\nT. HUGHES.\n\n  Chester.\n\n_Portrait of Charles I._--The portrait of Charles I. by Vandyke (the\nsubject of MR. BREEN'S Query, \"N. & Q.,\" Vol. viii., p. 151.) is no less\nthan the celebrated picture in which the monarch is represented standing,\nwith his right hand resting on a walking cane, and his left (the arm being\nbeautifully foreshortened) against his hip; and immediately behind him his\nhorse is held by an equerry, supposed to be the Marquis of Hamilton. The\npicture hangs in the great square room at the Louvre, close on the left\nhand of the usual entrance door, and is undoubtedly one of the finest in\nthat magnificent collection. As a portrait, it is without a rival. It is\nwell known in this country by the admirable engraving from it, executed in\n1782, by Sir Robert Strange.\n\nThe description of this picture in the Catalogue for 1852 _du Musee\nNationale du Louvre_, is as follows:--\n\n    \"Grave par Strange; par Bonnefoy; par Duparc;--Filhol, t. 1. pl. 5.\n\n    \"Collection de Louis XV.--Ce tableau, qui a ete execute vers 1635, ne\n    fut paye a van Dyck que 100 livres sterling. En 1754, il faisait\n    partie, suivant Descamps, du cabinet du marquis de Lassay. On trouve\n    cette note dans les memoires secrets de Bachaument,\" &c.\n\nThen follows the passage quoted by MR. BREEN. I can find no mention of a\nDubarry among the ancestors of the monarch.\n\nH. C. K.\n\n_Burial in an erect Posture_ (Vol. viii., p. 59.).--\n\n \"Pass, pass, who will yon chantry door,\n  And through the chink in the fractured floor\n  Look down, and see a grisly sight,\n  A vault where the bodies are buried upright;\n  There face to face and hand lay hand\n  The Claphams and Mauleverers stand.\"\n      Wordsworth, _White Doe of Rylstone_, Canto I.,\n          p. 5., line 17., new edition, 1837.\n\nSee note on line 17 taken from Whitaker's _Craven_:\n\n    \"At the east end of the north aisle of Bolton Priory Church is a\n    chantry belonging to Bethmesley Hall, and a vault where, according to\n    tradition, the Claphams were buried upright.\"\n\nF. W. J.\n\n_Strut-Stowers and Yeathers or Yadders_ (Vol. viii., p. 148.).--The former\nof these words is, I believe, obsolete, or nearly so. It means\nbracing-stakes: _strut_, in carpentry, is to _brace_; and _stower_ is a\nsmall kind of stake, as distinguished from the \"ten stakes\" mentioned in\nthe legend quoted by MR. COOPER.\n\nThe other word, _Yeather_ or _Yadder_, is yet in use in Northumberland\n(vid. Brockett's _Glossary_), and is mentioned by Charlton in his _History\nof Whitby_. The legend referred to by MR. COOPER is, I suspect, of modern\norigin but Dr. Young, in his _History of Whitby_, vol. i. p. 310.,\nattributes it to some of the monks of the abbey; on what grounds he does\nnot say. The records of the abbey contain no allusion to the legend; and no\nancient MS. of it, either in Latin or English, has ever been produced. The\n_penny-hedge_ is yearly renewed to this day but it is a service performed\nfor a different reason than that attributed in the legend. (See Young and\nCharlton's histories.)\n\nF. M.\n\nThe term _strut_ is commonly used by carpenters for a brace or stay.\n_Stower_, in Bailey's _Dictionary_, is a stake; Halliwell spells it\n_stoure_, and says it is still in use. Forby connects the Norfolk word\n_stour_, stiff, inflexible, applied to standing corn, with this word, which\nhe says is Lowland Scotch, and derives them both from Sui.-G. _stoer_,\nstipes. A _yeather_ or _yadder_ seems to be a rod to wattle the stakes\nwith. In Norfolk, wattling a live fence is called _ethering_ it, which\nword, evidently with _yeather_, may be derived from A.-S. _ether_ or\n_edor_, a hedge. The barons, therefore, had to drive their stakes\nperpendicularly into the sand, to put the strut-stowers diagonally to\nenable them to withstand the force of the tide, and finally to wattle them\ntogether with the yeathers.\n\nE. G. R.\n\n_Arms of See of York_ (Vol. viii., p. 111.).--It appears that the arms of\nthe See of York were certainly changed during Wolsey's time, for on the\nvaulting of Christ Church Gate, Canterbury, is a shield bearing (in\nsculpture) the same arms as those now used by the Metropolitan See of\nCanterbury, impaling those of Wolsey, and over the shield a cardinal's hat.\nThis gateway was built in 1517; yet in the parliament roll of 6th Henry\nVIII., 1515, the _keys_ and _crown_ are impaled with the arms of Wolsey as\nArchbishop of York (see fac-simile, published by Willement, 4to. Lond.\n1829), showing that the alteration was not generally known when the gateway\nwas built.\n\nAlthough the charges on the earlier arms of the See of York were the same\nas on that of Canterbury, the colours of their fields differed; for in a\nnorth window of the choir of York Minster is a shield of arms, bearing the\narms of Archbishop Bowett, who held the see from 1407 to 1423, impaled by\nthe pall and pastoral staff, on a field _gules_. The glass is to all\nappearance of the fifteenth century.\n\nT. WT.\n\n{234}\n\n_Leman Family_ (Vol. viii., p. 150.).--Without being able to give a\nsubstantial reply to R. W. L.'s Query, it may assist him to know that Sir\nJohn Leman had but _one_ brother (William), who certainly did not emigrate\nfrom his native land. Sir John died, March 26, 1632, without issue; and was\nburied in the chancel of St. Michael, Crooked Lane, London. His elder\nbrother, William, had five sons; all settled comfortably in England, and\nnot at all likely to have left their native country. One of the _Heralds'\nVisitations_ for the counties of Norfolk or Suffolk would materially assist\nyour Philadelphian correspondent.\n\nT. HUGHES.\n\n  Chester\n\n_Position of Font_ (Vol. vii., p. 149.).--In the church of Milton near\nCambridge, the font is _built into_ the north pier of the chancel arch; and\nfrom the appearance of the masonry, &c., this is evidently the original\nposition. I have visited some hundreds of churches, and this is the only\ninstance I have observed of a font in this position. Numerous instances\noccur where it is _built into_ the south-western pier of the nave.\n\nNORRIS DECK.\n\n  Cambridge.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMiscellaneous.\n\nNOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.\n\nOur worthy publisher has just issued a volume which will be welcome, for\nthe excellence of its matter and the beauty of its various illustrations,\nto all archaeologists. These _Memoirs illustrative of the History and\nAntiquities of Bristol and the Western Counties of Great Britain, and other\nCommunications made to the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute\nheld at Bristol in 1851_, certainly equal in interest and variety any of\ntheir predecessors, and whether as a memorial of their visit to Bristol to\nthose who attended the meeting, or as a pleasant substitute to those who\ndid not, will doubtless find a resting-place on the shelf of every member\nof the Society whose proceedings they record.\n\nWe cannot better recommend to our readers Dr. Madden's newly published\n_Life and Martyrdom of Savonarola, illustrative of the History of Church\nand State Connexion_, than by stating that this remarkable man, whom some\nProtestants have claimed as of their own creed, while as many Romanists\nhave rejected him as a heretic, is viewed by Dr. Madden as a monk of\nFlorence at the close of the fifteenth century, who was of opinion that the\nmortal enemy of Christ's gospel in all ages of the world had been mammon;\nthat simony was the sin against the Holy Ghost; that the interests of\nreligion were naturally allied with those of liberty; that the Arts were\nthe handmaids of both, of a Divine origin, and were given to earth for\npurposes that tended to spiritualise humanity; and who directed all his\nteachings, preachings, and writings to one great object, namely, _the\nseparation of religion from all worldly influences_. On this theme Dr.\nMadden discourses with great learning, and, some few passages excepted,\nwith great moderation; and the result is a Life of Savonarola, which gives\na far more complete view of his character and his writings than has\nheretofore been attempted.\n\nBOOKS RECEIVED.--_History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace\nof Versailles_, by Lord Mahon, Vol. V. This volume embraces the period\nbetween the early years of George III. and 1774, when Franklin was\ndismissed from his office of Deputy Postmaster-General; and, as it includes\nthe Junius period, gives occasion to Lord Mahon to avow his adherence to\n\"the Franciscan theory;\" while the Appendix contains two letters in support\nof the same view,--one from Sir James Macintosh, and one from Mr.\nMacaulay.--_Confessions of a Working Man, from the French of Emile\nSouvestre_. This interesting narrative, well deserving the attention both\nof masters and working men, forms Part XLVIII. of Longman's _Traveller's\nLibrary._--_Remains of Pagan Saxondom, principally from Tumuli in England,\ndrawn from the Originals:_ described and illustrated by J. Y. Akerman, Part\nVI. containing coloured engravings of the size of the originals of Fibulae\nand Bullae, from cemeteries in Kent; and Fibulae, Beads, &c. from a grave\nnear Stamford.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.\n\n  HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF NEWBURY. 8vo. 1839. 340 pages. Two Copies.\n  VANCOUVER'S SURVEY OF HAMPSHIRE.\n  HEMINGWAY'S HISTORY OF CHESTER. Large Paper. Parts I. and III.\n  CORRESPONDENCE ON THE FORMATION OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC BIBLE SOCIETY. 8vo.\n      London, 1813.\n  ATHENAEUM JOURNAL for 1844.\n  HOWARD FAMILY, HISTORICAL ANECDOTES OF, by Charles Howard. 1769. 12mo.\n  TOOKE'S DIVERSON'S OF PURLEY.\n  NUCES PHILOSOPHICAE, by E. Johnson.\n  PARADISE LOST. First Edition.\n  SHARPE'S (Sir Cuthbert) BISHOPRICK GARLAND. 1834.\n  LASHLEY'S YORK MISCELLANY. 1734.\n  DIBDIN'S TYPOGRAPHICAL ANTIQUITIES. 4to. Vol. II.\n  BAYLEY'S LONDINIANA. Vol. II. 1829.\n  THE SCRIPTURE DOCTRINE OF THE TRINITY JUSTIFIED. 1774.\n  PARKHURST ON THE DIVINITY OF OUR SAVIOUR. 1787\n  BERRIMAN'S SEASONABLE REVIEW OF WHISTON'S DOXOLOGIES. 1719.\n  ---------- SECOND REVIEW. 1719.\n\n*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send\ntheir names_.\n\n*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be\nsent to MR. BELL, Publisher of \"NOTES AND QUERIES.\" 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNotices to Correspondents.\n\nS. Z. Z. S. _We have a letter for this Correspondent; how shall it be\nforwarded?_\n\nJ. S. G. (Howden) _is thanked for his collection of Proverbial Sayings--all\nof which are however, we believe, too well known to justify their\nrepublication in our columns_.\n\nY. S. M._ would oblige us by naming the subject of the communications to\nwhich he refers_.\n\nPHOTOGRAPHY. MR. SISSON_'s communication is unavoidably postponed until our\nnext Number, in which_ MR. LYTE_'s_ Three New Processes _will also appear_.\n\n_A few complete sets of_ \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" Vols. i. _to_ vii., _price\nThree Guineas and a Half, may now be had; for which early application is\ndesirable_.\n\n\"NOTES AND QUERIES\" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country\nBooksellers may receive copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to\ntheir Subscribers on the Saturday_. {235}\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nINDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S\nHEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTHE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual\nremedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves\nfifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, intestinal,\nliver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, dyspepsia\n(indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn,\nflatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of the skin,\nrheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at sea,\nand under all other circumstances, debility in the aged as well as infants,\nfits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c.\n\n_A few out of 50,000 Cures:--_\n\n    Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de\n    Decies:--\"I have derived considerable benefits from your Revalenta\n    Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to\n    authorise the publication of these lines.--STUART DE DECIES.\"\n\n    Cure, No. 49,832:--\"Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia,\n    nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness\n    at the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's excellent\n    food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk.\"\n\n    Cure, No. 180:--\"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation,\n    indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and\n    which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured\n    by Du Barry's food in a very short time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony,\n    Tiverton.\"\n\n    Cure, No. 4,208:--\"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with\n    cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the\n    advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious\n    food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any\n    inquiries.--REV. JOHN W. FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk.\"\n\n_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._\n\n    \"Bonn, July 19. 1852.\n\n    \"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent,\n    nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases,\n    all kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of\n    body, as also diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys\n    and bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp\n    of the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and\n    hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most\n    satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,\n    where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and\n    bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the\n    troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the\n    conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of\n    incipient hectic complaints and consumption.\n\n     \"DR. RUD WURZER.\n     \"Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn.\"\n\nLondon Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her\nMajesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all\nrespectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably\npacked for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2s. 9d.; 2lb. 4s.\n6d.; 5lb. 11s.; 12lb. 22s.; super-refined, 5lb. 22s.; 10lb. 33s. The 10lb.\nand 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry\nCo., 77. Regent Street, London.\n\nIMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by spurious\nimitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and\nothers, the public will do well to see that each canister bears the name\nBARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, _without which\nnone is genuine_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nWESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.\n\n3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.\n\nFounded A.D. 1842.\n\n  _Directors._\n\n  H. E. Bicknell, Esq.\n  T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M. P.\n  G. H. Drew, Esq.\n  W. Evans, Esq.\n  W. Freeman, Esq.\n  F. Fuller, Esq.\n  J. H. Goodhart, Esq.\n  T. Grissell, Esq.\n  J. Hunt, Esq.\n  J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.\n  E. Lucas, Esq.\n  J. Lys Seager, Esq.\n  J. B. White, Esq.\n  J. Carter Wood, Esq.\n\n  _Trustees._\n\n  W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq.\n  _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.\n  _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.\n\nVALUABLE PRIVILEGE.\n\nPOLICES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary\ndifficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to\nsuspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in\nthe Prospectus.\n\nSpecimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in\nthree-fourths of the Profits:--\n\n  Age      _L  s.  d._\n   17       1  14   4\n   22       1  18   8\n   27       2   4   5\n   32       2  10   8\n   37       2  18   6\n   42       3   8   2\n\nARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.\n\nNow ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions.\nINDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING\nSOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in\nthe Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a\nMathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR\nSCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3.\nParliament Street, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.\n\nOTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every\nother form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its capability of\nElongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its extreme Portability,\nand its adaptation for taking either Views or Portraits.\n\nEvery Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames,\n&c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road,\nIslington.\n\nNew Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nIMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have,\nby an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal,\nthey may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any\nother hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and\nappreciation of half tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.\n\nApparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of\nPhotography. Instruction in the Art.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nHEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. It\ncontains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Bedsteads:\nalso of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts. And their new\nwarerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture\nChintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render their Establishment\ncomplete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms.\n\nHEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nBANK OF DEPOSIT.\n\n7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, London.\n\nPARTIES desirous of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan of\nthis Institution, by which a high rate of Interest may be obtained with\nperfect Security.\n\n  Interest payable in January and July.\n\n  PETER MORRISON,\n  Managing Director.\n\n  Prospectuses free on application.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nWANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES of\ntaste for fancy work,--by paying 21s. will be received as members, and\ntaught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired in a few easy\nlessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment and ready cash\npayment for her work. Apply personally to Mrs. Thoughey. N.B. Ladies taught\nby letter at any distance from London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nBENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X. in\nGold and Silver Cases, in five qualities. and adapted to all Climates, may\nnow be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made\nPatent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4\nguineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.\nDitto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with\nChronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket\nChronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully\nexamined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and\n4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.\n\nBENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the\nBoard of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,\n\n65. CHEAPSIDE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous\nViews, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.\n\nPortraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest\nDaguerreotypes, specimens of which my be seen at their Establishment.\n\nAlso every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this\nbeautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's,\nSanford's, and Canson Freres' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process.\nIodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.\n\nSold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13.\nPaternoster Row, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions\n(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at\nBLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of\nevery Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in\nall its Branches.\n\nCalotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.\n\n*** Catalogues may be had on application.\n\nBLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument\nMakers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.\n\n{236}\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS\n\nBY\n\nJOHN YONGE AKERMAN,\n\nFELLOW AND SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDEX to Remains of Antiquity of the Celtic,\nRomano-British, and Anglo-Saxon Periods. 1 vol. 8vo., price 15s. cloth,\nillustrated by numerous Engravings, comprising upwards of five hundred\nobjects.\n\nA NUMISMATIC MANUAL. 1 vol. 8vo., price One Guinea.\n\n*** The Plates which illustrate this Volume are upon a novel plan, and\nwill, at a glance, convey more information regarding the types of Greek,\nRoman, and English Coins, than can be obtained by many hours' careful\nreading. Instead of fac-simile Engraving being given of that which is\nalready an enigma to the tyro, the most striking and characteristic\nfeatures of the Coin are dissected and placed by themselves, so that the\neye soon becomes familiar with them.\n\nA DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins, from the Earliest\nPeriod to the taking of Rome under Constantine Paleologos. 2 vols. 8vo.,\nnumerous Plates, 30s.\n\nCOINS OF THE ROMANS relating to Britain. 1 vol. 8vo. Second Edition, with\nan entirely new set of Plates, price 10s. 6d.\n\nANCIENT COINS of CITIES and Princes, Geographically arranged and described,\ncontaining the Coins of Hispania, Gallia, and Britannia, with Plates of\nseveral hundred examples. 1 vol 8vo., price 18s.\n\nNEW TESTAMENT, Numismatic Illustrations of the Narrative Portions of\nthe.--Fine paper, numerous Woodcuts from the original Coins in various\nPublic and Private Collections. 1 vol. 8 vo., price 5s. 6d.\n\nAN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY of ANCIENT and MODERN COINS. In 1 vol. fcp.\n8vo., with numerous Wood Engravings from the original Coins, price 6s. 6d.\ncloth.\n\n    CONTENTS:--Section 1. Origin of Coinage--Greek Regal Coins. 2. Greek\n    Civic Coins. 3. Greek Imperial Coins. 4. Origin of Roman\n    Coinage--Consular Coins. 5. Roman Imperial Coins. 6. Roman British\n    Coins. 7. Ancient British Coinage. 8. Anglo-Saxon Coinage. 9. English\n    Coinage from the Conquest. 10. Scotch Coinage. 11. Coinage of Ireland.\n    12. Anglo-Gallic Coins. 13. Continental Money in the Middle Ages. 14.\n    Various Representatives of Coinage. 15. Forgeries in Ancient and Modern\n    Times. 16. Table of Prices of English Coins realised at Public Sales.\n\nTRADESMEN'S TOKENS, struck in London and its Vicinity, from the year 1618\nto 1672 inclusive. Described from the Originals in the Collection of the\nBritish Museum, &c. 15s.\n\nREMAINS OF PAGAN SAXONDOM, principally from Tumuli in England. Publishing\nin 4to., in Numbers, at 2s. 6d. With coloured Plates.\n\nA GLOSSARY OF PROVINCIAL WORDS and PHRASES in Use in Wiltshire. 12mo., 3s.\n\nTHE NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE is published Quarterly. Price 3s. 6d. each Number.\n\nJOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS.\n\nTHE GARDENER'S CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.\n\n(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY,)\n\nOf Saturday, August 27, contains Articles on\n\n  Agapanth, diseased\n  Agriculture, history of Scottish\n  Agricultural statistics\n  Allotment gardens, by Mr. Bailey\n  Apple trees, cider\n  Arrowroot, Portland, by Mr. Groves\n  Berberry blight\n  Books noticed\n  Calendar, horticultural\n  ---- agricultural\n  Cartridge, Captain Norton's\n  Cattle, Tortworth sale of\n  Chrysanthemum, culture of\n  Crayons for writing on glass, by M. Brunnquell\n  Crickets, traps for\n  Crops, returns respecting the state of\n  Dahlias, new\n  Eschscholtzia californica\n  Forest, New\n  Garden allotments, by Mr. Bailey\n  Glass, writing on, by M. Brunnquell\n  Gunnersbury Park\n  Hollyhocks, new\n  India, vegetable substances used in, for producing intoxication, by Dr.\n      Gibson\n  Leaves, variegated, by M. Carriere\n  Mangosteens\n  Marigold, white\n  Mildew, Continental Vine\n  National Floricultural Society\n  Norton's (Captain) cartridge\n  Oak, the\n  Pig Breeding\n  Potato Crop, returns respecting the state of in Ireland\n  Pots, garden\n  Reaping machines\n  Roses, soil for\n  Sale of cattle at Tortworth\n  Sap, motion of, by Mr. Lovell\n  Sheep, Leicester breed of\n  Statistics, agricultural\n  Timber, woody fibre of\n  Trees, woody fibre of\n  ---- movement of sap in, by Mr. Lovell\n  Vine mildew, Continental\n  Wheat crops, returns respecting the state of\n  ---- growing of, without ploughing\n  ---- after vetches\n  ---- Lois Weedon culture of, by the Rev. S. Smith\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTHE GARDENER'S CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to\nthe above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool prices,\nwith returns from Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool, and Seed\nMarkets, and a _complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the\ntransactions of the week_.\n\nORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington\nStreet, Covent Garden, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPERSIAN BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS.\n\nFIRDOUSI'S SHAH NAMEH, by MURAN, 4 vols. royal 8vo., Calcutta, 1809, hlf.\ncalf, neat, 6l. 16s.--Timur Namah, Persian MS., folio, yellow morocco\nextra, 5l. 5s.--Ferheng Jehangiry, with the Chattmeh, Persian MS., 2vols.\nfolio, calf, 3l. 3s.--Nizami's Works, a Superb Persian MS., stout folio,\nred morocco, 16l.--Sold by\n\nBERNARD QUARITCH, Oriental Bookseller, 16. Castle Street, Leicester Square.\n\n*** B. Q.'s Catalogue of Books in all the Languages of the World is\npublished Monthly, and is sent Gratis on Receipt of 12 Postage Stamps.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nDAGUERROTYPE MATERIALS.--Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes, Best and Cheapest.\nTo be had in great variety at\n\nM^cMILLAN's Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet Street.\n\nPrice List Gratis.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n8vo., price 21s.\n\nSOME ACCOUNT of DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE in ENGLAND, from the Conquest to the\nend of the Thirteenth Century, with numerous Illustrations of Existing\nRemains from Original Drawings. By T. HUDSON TURNER.\n\n    \"What Horace Walpole attempted, and what Sir Charles Lock Eastlake has\n    done for oil-painting--elucidated its history and traced its progress\n    in England by means of the records of expenses and mandates of the\n    successive Sovereigns of the realm--Mr. Hudson Turner has now achieved\n    for Domestic Architecture in this century during the twelfth and\n    thirteenth centuries.\"--_Architect._\n\n    \"The writer of the present volume ranks among the most intelligent of\n    the craft, and a careful perusal of its contents will convince the\n    reader of the enormous amount of labour bestowed on its minutest\n    details as well as the discriminating judgement presiding over the\n    general arrangement.\"--_Morning Chronicle._\n\n    \"The book of which the title is given above is one of the very few\n    attempts that have been made in this country to treat this interesting\n    subject in anything more than a superficial manner.\n\n    \"Mr. Turner exhibits much learning and research, and he has\n    consequently laid before the reader much interesting information. It is\n    a book that was wanted, and that affords us some relief from the mass\n    of works on Ecclesiastical Architecture with which of late years we\n    have been deluged.\n\n    \"The work is well illustrated throughout with wood-engravings of the\n    more interesting remains, and will prove a valuable addition to the\n    antiquary's library.\"--_Literary Gazette._\n\n    \"It is as a text-book on the social comforts and condition of the\n    Squires and Gentry of England during the twelfth and thirteenth\n    centuries, that the leading value of Mr. Turner's present publication\n    will be found to consist.\n\n    \"Turner's handsomely-printed volume is profusely illustrated with\n    careful woodcuts of all important existing remains, made from drawings\n    by Mr. Blore and Mr. Twopeny.\"--_Athenaeum._\n\nJOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNow ready, price 21s. uniform with the above,\n\nTHE DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. Vol. II.--THE FOURTEENTH\nCENTURY. By the Editor of \"The Glossary of Architecture.\"\n\nThis volume is issued on the plan adopted by the late Mr. Hudson Turner in\nthe previous volume: viz., collecting matter relating to Domestic buildings\nof the period, from cotemporary records, and applying the information so\nacquired to the existing remains.\n\nNot only does the volume contain much curious information both as to the\nbuildings and manners and customs of the time, but it is also hoped that\nthe large collection of careful Engravings of the finest examples will\nprove as serviceable to the profession and their employers in building\nmansions, as the Glossary was found to be in building churches.\n\nThe Text is interspersed throughout with numerous woodcuts.\n\nJOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nW. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of\nIndices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are\ngreatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in\nAntiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches\namong the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills or\nother Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature,\nHistory, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had\nconsiderable experiences.\n\n1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPrinted by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish\nof St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.\nBride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.\nFleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of\nLondon, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, September\n3, 1853.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCorrections made to printed original.\n\npage 215, \"MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTION IN PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL.\":\n'PETERBOROUH' in original.\n\npage 216, \"In this dilemma\": 'dilemna' in original.\n\npage 221, \"from the ninth to the twelfth centuries\": spurious 'in' before\n'from' in original.","title":"Notes and Queries, Number 201, September 3, 1853: A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":22406}