{"collection":"scripture-revelation","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_26167/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_26167","id":"gutenberg_26167","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26167","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Architecture","Category: Art","Category: History - British","Category: History - Early Modern (c. 1450-1750)","Category: History - Medieval/Middle Ages","Category: History - Royalty","Category: History - Schools & Universities","Category: Religion/Spirituality","King's College (University of Cambridge). Chapel"],"text":"Produced by Emmy and the Online Distributed Proofreading\nTeam at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from\nimages generously made available by The Internet\nArchive/American Libraries.)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA SHORT ACCOUNT OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL\n\n\n\n\n_LONDON AGENTS_\n\nSIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO. LTD.\n\n[Illustration: OUTSIDE]\n\n\n\n\nA SHORT ACCOUNT\n\nOF\n\nKING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL\n\nBY\n\nW. P. LITTLECHILD\n\n(CHAPEL CLERK)\n\n          _SECOND EDITION_\n          _With Illustrations_\n\n          =CAMBRIDGE:=\n          W. HEFFER & SONS LTD.\n          1921\n\n\n\n\nPreface to Second Edition\n\n\nTHE success which has attended this little work from its first\nappearance, and the approval with which it has been received prompts me\nto issue a second and revised edition.\n\nRegret has been expressed by some, that I omitted to give a description\nof all the windows, and that there were no illustrations in the first\nedition. This I have endeavoured to remedy by giving the subjects of all\nthe windows (with here and there a special note) and inserting some\npictures of the Chapel both inside and out, also the arms and supporters\n(a dragon and greyhound) of Henry VII, crowned rose and portcullis, from\nthe walls of the ante-chapel and the initials H.A. from the screen.\n\nI am indebted to Messrs. Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd., 1 Amen Corner,\nLondon, for the loan of the blocks of the former, which appeared in the\nlate Sir William St. John Hope's book _Heraldry for Craftsmen and\nDesigners_. The latter, together with three photographs of the Chapel,\nwere specially taken for me by Mr. A. Broom. I wish also to thank the\nProvost of Eton, Dr. M. R. James, for permission to use some part of his\ndescription of the windows. I am also indebted to Mr. J. Palmer Clark\nfor leave to reproduce the photograph of the ship in the window on the\nsouth side. I am also grateful to Mr. Benham and Dr. Mann for their\nassistance in compiling the lists of Provosts and Organists. I have\nagain to thank Sir G. W. Prothero, Honorary Fellow of the College, for\nreading through the manuscript and proofs of both editions and for his\nvaluable suggestions. In conclusion, I would ask for the kind indulgence\nof my readers for any errors that may be discovered in this little book,\nand shall be glad to have them pointed out to me.\n\n          W. P. L.\n\n  CAMBRIDGE,\n    ST. JAMES' DAY,\n  _July 25, 1921._\n\n\n\n\nIllustrations\n\n\n  OUTSIDE                                _Frontispiece_\n\n                                               PAGE\n\n  LOOKING EAST FROM PROVOST STALL   _face_      4\n\n  THE SCREEN FROM WEST END                      8\n\n  SHIP WINDOW                                  11\n\n  H.A. FROM THE SCREEN                         27\n\n  ARMS OF HENRY VII.                           35\n\n  ROSE AND PORTCULLIS                          35\n      (Badges of Henry VII.)\n\n\n\n\nThe Foundation\n\n\nIN the year 1441 Henry VI[1] founded King's College for a Rector and\ntwelve scholars. He remodelled his plan in 1443, and styled his\nfoundation the College of St. Mary and St. Nicholas.[2] It was to\nconsist of a Provost, seventy Fellows, or Scholars, together with\nChaplains, Lay Clerks, and Choristers. The court was originally on the\nnorth side of the present chapel opposite Clare College, and was the\nhome of many generations of Kingsmen until about 1825. In 1829 this\ncourt was sold to the University, and the buildings thereon were\ndemolished to make way for an extension of the University Library; but\nthe old entrance gateway was happily spared and incorporated with the\nnew Library building, and stands there, as a \"venerable and beautiful\nspecimen of architecture,\" at the present day.\n\nOn St. James' Day, July 25th, 1446, the King laid the foundation stone\nof the chapel, and so began a building which, as a distinguished member\nof the college (Lord Orford) said, would \"alone be sufficient to ennoble\nany age.\" It has been classed with the chapel of Henry VII at\nWestminster and Saint George's collegiate church at Windsor, as one of\n\"the three great royal chapels of the Tudor age\"; but there is no\nedifice, except Eton College Chapel, which forms in any way a fair\nsubject of comparison with that of King's College.\n\nThe _style_ is rich perpendicular, marking the point where the last\nGothic meets the early Renaissance. Nicholas Close has commonly been\nconsidered to be the architect. He was a man of Flemish family, and for\na few years held the cure of the parish of St. John Zachary, which\nchurch stood on the west side of Milne Street, and probably so close to\nit that the high altar of the church was on ground afterwards enclosed\nwithin the western bays of the Ante-Chapel. Close, in 1450, was\nappointed to the See of Carlisle, and in 1452 transferred to Lichfield.\nHe certainly received from the King the grant of a coat of arms for his\nservices, but it might fairly be said that John Langton, Master of\nPembroke College, and Chancellor of the University, who also had the\ntitle of \"Surveyor,\" a term generally admitted to be synonymous with\narchitect, has an equally strong claim. But Mr. G. G. Scott, in his\nessay on English Church Architecture, says \"the man who really should\nhave had the credit of conceiving this great work was the master-mason,\nReginald Ely, appointed by a patent of Henry VI to press masons,\ncarpenters, and other workers.\" According to Mr. Scott's view, \"Close\nand his successors did the work which in modern days would be done,\nthough less efficiently, by a building committee. But they were\necclesiastics, not architects; it is the master-mason, not the more\ndignified 'surveyor,' to whom the honour of planning the building should\nbe attributed.\"\n\n\n\n\nRoyal Benefactors\n\n\n[Illustration: LOOKING EAST FROM PROVOST STALL]\n\nBESIDES the founder, whose misfortunes hindered the completion of his\nwork, four successive kings aided in its erection. When Henry was taken\nprisoner at St. Albans in 1455, the Earls of Salisbury and Warwick\npromised to supply funds for the college buildings. For a time they kept\ntheir word, and some part of the L1,000 a year promised by Henry from\nthe Duchy of Lancaster continued to be paid; but the defeat of the King\nat the battle of Towton in 1461 and the subsequent overthrow of the\nLancaster dynasty checked progress. \"After a long time spent in hiding\nin secret places, wherein for safety's sake he was forced to keep close,\nhe was found and taken, brought as a traitor and criminal to London, and\nimprisoned in the Tower, and eventually suffered a violent death. He was\nburied at Chertsey Abbey, but his body was afterwards removed to Windsor\nCastle.\"[3] Still, the idea was there, and it remained for a later\ngeneration only to imitate and complete. In 1483, just before Edward\nIV's death, we find that nearly L1,300 had been spent on the chapel,\nabout L1,100 given by the King, and L100 by Thomas Rotherham, Archbishop\nof York, Lord Chancellor of England, formerly a Fellow of the College,\nbut it is not stated how the deficit was met. Richard III, on his\naccession, resumed the work with great vigour. Between May and December,\n1484, about L750 was spent, nearly all of which was provided by the\nking.\n\nIt is stated that in the year 1506 sufficient progress had been made in\nthe building to admit of the performance of divine service, at which\nHenry VII and his mother, Margaret Countess of Richmond, Foundress of\nSt. John's and Christ's Colleges, who were on a visit to Cambridge, were\npresent; and it is said that John Fisher, President of Queens' College,\nBishop of Rochester, took part as chief celebrant. Professor Willis, in\n_The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge_, takes\nexception to this statement. He is of opinion that, as the Screen and\nStall work was not finished until 1536, and as the old Chapel[4] did not\nfall down until 1537 (in fact it was used on the eve of the day on\nwhich it fell), it is unlikely that the new chapel was used for service\nuntil that time. He further quotes Dr. Caius to strengthen this view.\n\nHenry VII, who has been credited with an excessive tendency to\naccumulate treasure, was, next to the Founder, much the largest\ncontributor. A short time before his death in 1509[5], moved perhaps to\nemulate the liberal example of his pious mother, he gave L5,000 to the\ncollege, with instructions to his executors to finish the building. May\nwe not also think that Richard Fox, Founder of Corpus Christi College,\nOxford, Bishop of Winchester from 1500 to 1528, who was Henry VII's\nconstant adviser, Privy Seal, and one of his executors, had something to\ndo with this mark of Henry's generosity and favour? This sum of L5,000\nwas probably all spent by the beginning of 1512, when the King's\nexecutors made over to the Provost and scholars, in 1511-12, a second\nsum of L5,000.\n\nThus in 1515, in the 7th year of King Henry VIII's reign, the stonework\nof the chapel was completed; it had cost, in the present value of money,\nabout L160,000. The stone used in the construction is of different\nkinds. The white magnesian limestone from Huddlestone in Yorkshire is\nthat which was chiefly used in the lifetime of the Founder. The lower\npart of the walls was built of this; the upper part was built with stone\nbrought from Clipsham in Rutlandshire in 1477. A third kind, from Weldon\nin Northamptonshire, was used for the vaulting of the choir and\nante-chapel, executed in 1512 and the following years. The north and\nsouth porches were vaulted with a magnesian limestone, more yellow in\ncolour, from the Yorkshire quarry of Hampole.\n\nThe outside measurement of the chapel from turret to turret is 310 feet,\nthe said turrets being 146 feet high. The four westernmost buttresses on\nthe south and five on the north side are ornamented with heraldic\ndevices, crowns, roses, and portcullises, while on the set-offs\nseparating the stages are dragons, greyhounds, and antelopes bearing\nshields.\n\n[Illustration: THE SCREEN FROM WEST END]\n\nInside, the chapel is 289 feet long, 40 feet wide from pier to pier,\nand 80 feet high from the floor to the central point of the stone vault.\nThe _tracery_ of the roof is a fine specimen of the fan-vault which is\nrarely to be found in Continental architecture, but is the peculiar\nglory of the English style. It can truly be said that stone seems, by\nthe cunning labour of the chisel, to have been robbed of its weight and\ndensity and suspended aloft as if by magic, while the fretted roof is\nachieved with the wonderful minuteness and airy security of a cobweb.\nSimilar roofs appear in Bath Abbey (the architect of which was Dr.\nOliver King, a member of King's), in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, in\nHenry VII's Chapel at Westminster, in Sherborne Minster, and in the\nambulatory of the choir of Peterborough; but the earliest example of\nthis kind of vaulting is the cloister of Gloucester (1381-1412), of\nwhich the late Dean Spence speaks in the following lines:\n\n          \"Old Gloucester's peerless cloister, once the haunt\n           Of mitred Abbot and of monk in cowl.\n           Above we see the long fan-traceried arch;\n           Beneath are letter'd stones and human dust.\"\n\nThe same words can be applied to this chapel, for here we have the long\nfan-traceried arch, and beneath are stones and human dust, for many\nmembers of King's and others are buried within its walls.\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[1] Henry was born at Windsor in the year 1421. When Henry V was\ninformed that Catherine had borne him an heir he asked: Where was the\nboy born? At Windsor was the reply. Turning to his Chamberlain, he gave\nvoice to the following prophetic utterance:\n\n  \"I Henry born at Monmouth,\n   Shall small time reign, and much get;\n   But Henry of Windsor shall long reign and loose all.\n   But as God will, so be it.\"\n\n[2] The preamble to the charter granted by Henry in January 1441, and\nconfirmed by Act of Parliament in February of the same year, as\ntranslated, reads as follows:--\n\n         \"To the honour of Almighty God, in whose hand are\n         the hearts of Kings; of the most blessed and\n         immaculate Virgin Mary, mother of Christ; and also\n         of the glorious Confessor and Bishop Nicholas,\n         Patron of my intended College, on whose festival we\n         first saw the light.\"\n\n[3] In the College Library may be seen a small piece of silk in which\nhis bones were wrapped, and which was taken from the coffin by the late\nSir W. H. St. John Hope in the presence of Dr. M. R. James, when it was\nopened on the 4th November, 1910.\n\n[4] The accounts show that a chapel existed from the beginning, and that\nit stood between the south side of the old court and the north side of\nthe present Chapel. It consisted of a chancel, nave, and ante-chapel,\nand had a door at the west end, and east and west windows. It was richly\nfitted up; and numerous allusions to plate, hangings, relics, service\nbooks, vestments, choristers and large and small organs, show that the\nservices were performed with full attention to the ritual of the day.\n\n[5] He was buried in his chapel at Westminster beside that of his wife,\nElizabeth of York. Lord Bacon says \"He lieth at Westminster in one of\nthe stateliest and daintiest monuments of Europe both for the chapel and\nthe sepulchre. So that he dwelleth more richly dead in the monument of\nhis tomb than he did alive in Richmond or in any of his palaces.\"\n\n\n\n\nWork of Freemasons\n\n\nIT may be that some of my readers are members of the Masonic body. Mr.\nJohn Proctor Carter, sometime Fellow of King's and Eton, in writing a\nhistory of the chapel, published in 1867, writes thus: \"So many learned\nauthors have been at fault when they have ventured into the obscurity\nwhich envelops the history of the Freemasons, by a gang of whom this\nchapel, in common with, at all events, a large number of mediaeval\nbuildings were erected, that to say a word upon the subject may seem\npresumptuous. The theory of a traditional science, confined entirely to\nthe members of a secret society that had ramified over the whole of\ncivilised Europe, and to whom developments in architecture were due, has\nbeen pushed to extremity by some writers. By a natural reaction others\nhave been led to discredit altogether the existence of such a society,\nand to consider the masonic fraternity merely as one of the various\ntrade corporations or guilds whose relics have descended to our own day.\nBut apart from the argument drawn from universal belief, there is\nprobably sufficient evidence to show that the Freemasons were\ndistinguished to some extent from other guilds, partly by the possession\nof peculiar secrets, and partly by their religious character. They seem\nto have been as it were the knight-errants of architecture, and to have\ntravelled from city to city and country to country in the exercise of\nwhat they must have deemed a half sacred profession.\"\n\nAmple proof has been adduced that Henry VI was not only a Mason himself\n(having been admitted a member of the fraternity in 1450), but did a\ngood deal for the craft; and Freemasonry has much to thank him for. In a\nhistory of Westminster Abbey, written by the late Dean Farrar, is to be\nfound the following: \"Even the geometrical designs which lie at the base\nof its ground plan are combinations of the triangle, the circle, and the\noval.\" Masons' marks are to be found in various places on the walls in\nchapel.\n\n\n\n\nThe Windows\n\n\n[Illustration: SHIP WINDOW]\n\nAS I have previously mentioned, the building was begun in 1446, but,\nowing to the long Civil Wars, it dragged on until 1515; and it was in\nthat year that a contract was entered into with one Barnard Flower, to\nglaze the windows \"with good, clene, sure, and perfyte glass, according\nto the old and new lawe,\" or, as we should put it, the Old and New\nTestament. Barnard Flower died between July 25, 1517, the date of his\nwill, and August 14, 1517, the date when the will was proved, having\ncompleted only four windows, one of which is generally believed to be\nthat over the north door, while a second faces the organ on the same\nside. He describes himself as \"Barnard Floure, the Kinges glasyer of\nEngland, dwelling within the precynt of Saint Martin hospitale, in the\nBurgh of Southwark, in the county of Surrey.\" In 1526 two contracts\nwere entered into with other firms to complete the rest of the windows,\nwhich was done in 1531. Among the names of those who entered into the\nlast contract were two Flemings. Windows of a similar kind, although\nsmaller, are to be found at Fairford in Gloucestershire; these date from\nabout 1490.\n\nThe windows of the Chapel contain the finest series in the world of\npictures in glass on a large scale. The tracery is filled with heraldic\ndevices. At the top of the centre light are the Royal Arms as borne by\nHenry VII, and the rest of the badges are Roses, Crowns, Portcullises,\nHawthorn bushes and Fleur-de-lys, being all appropriate to Henry VII.\nThere are also the initials H. E. (Henry VII and Elizabeth of York) and\nH. K. for Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon as Prince and Princess of\nWales. These badges run all round the side windows. In each side window\nthere are four subjects, two side lights above and two below the transom\nor crossbar, while in the centre light are four figures, men and angels\nalternately, \"Messengers,\" as they are called, because they hold scrolls\nor tablets (in Latin) descriptive of the pictures at the sides. All the\nside windows, except the easternmost window on the south side, are\ncarried out in a similar manner.\n\nIn most cases the two lower pictures illustrate two scenes in the New\nTestament, and the two upper ones give types of these scenes drawn from\nthe Old Testament or elsewhere. There are exceptions to this\narrangement, as, for instance, the first two windows on the north side\nand in those illustrating the Acts of the Apostles.\n\nThe main _subjects of the windows_ are the life of the Virgin Mary and\nthe life of Christ. The scenes begin with the Birth of the Virgin, in\nthe westernmost window on the north side, and proceed through the\nprincipal events of our Lord's life to the Crucifixion in the east\nwindow. This is followed on the south side by the following events as\nrecorded in the Gospels, of which the last depicted is the Ascension in\nthe one opposite the organ. Next comes the history of the Apostles as\nrecorded in the Acts, while the legendary history of the Virgin occupies\nthe last two windows.[6]\n\nThe following diagram may be of use in helping my readers to decipher\nthe windows on the north and south sides.\n\n\n[Illustration:\n\n  --------------\n  |   | F  |   |\n  |   | o  |   |\n  |   | u  |   |\n  | 1 | r  | 2 |\n  |   |    |   |\n  |   | M  |   |\n  |   | e  |   |\n  |   | s  |   |\n  --------------\n  |   | s  |   |\n  |   | e  |   |\n  |   | n  |   |\n  | 3 | g  | 4 |\n  |   | e  |   |\n  |   | r  |   |\n  |   | s  |   |\n  -------------]\n\nFOOTNOTE:\n\n[6] The side windows are 49 feet in height from the base to the point of\nthe arch, and 16 feet in width.\n\n\n\n\nTHE SUBJECTS OF THE WINDOWS ARE AS FOLLOWS:\n\n\nNORTH SIDE\n\nWINDOW I. (WESTERNMOST.)\n\n  1. The offering of Joachim and   2. Joachim is bidden by an Angel to\n     Anna rejected by the High        return to Jerusalem, where he\n     Priest.                          would meet his wife at the Golden\n                                      Gate of the Temple.\n\n  3. Joachim and Anna at the       4. Birth of the Virgin.\n     Golden Gate of the\n     Temple.\n\n\nWINDOW II.\n\n  1. Presentation of a Golden      2. Marriage of Tobias and Sara.\n     Table (found by fishermen\n     entangled in their nets)\n     in the Temple of the Sun.\n\n  3. Presentation of the Virgin    4. Marriage of Joseph and Mary.\n     in the Temple.\n\nAt the bottom of each picture in this window there is a small\ncompartment containing a half-length figure of a man or angel bearing a\nlegend.\n\n\nWINDOW III.\n\n  1. The Temptation of Eve.        2. Moses and the Burning Bush.\n\n  3. The Annunciation.             4. The Nativity.[A]\n\n[A] Joseph, Mary, and a number of little angels adore the Child. Through\nan opening in the background are seen the Angels appearing to the\nShepherds.\n\n\nWINDOW IV.\n\n  1. The Circumcision of Isaac     2. The visit of the Queen of Sheba to\n     by Abraham.                      Solomon.\n\n  3. The Circumcision of Christ.   4. The Adoration of the Magi.[B]\n\n[B] The Virgin and Child on right: the Star above. Just above the Virgin\nin the picture the head of an Ox and an Ass may be seen.\n\n\nWINDOW V.\n\n  1. The Purification of Women     2. Jacob's Flight from Esau.[C]\n     under the Law.\n\n  3. The Presentation of Christ    4. The Flight into Egypt.\n     in the Temple.[D]\n\n[C] In the background on right Rebecca is seen bringing Jacob to Isaac\nto be blessed.\n\n[D] Simeon is a conspicuous figure.\n\n\nWINDOW VI.\n\n  1. The Golden Calf on a Ruby     2. The Massacre of the Seed Royal by\n     Pillar.                          Athaliah.\n\n  3. The Idols of Egypt            4. The Massacre of the Innocents.\n     falling.[E]\n\n[E] At the bottom are the figures 15017, generally read as a date\n(1517).\n\n\nWINDOW VII.\n\n  1. Naaman Washing in Jordan.     2. Jacob tempts Esau to sell his\n                                      birthright.\n\n  3. The Baptism of Christ.        4. The Temptation of Christ.[F]\n\n[F] Below in front the devil (represented as an old man) tempts Christ\nto turn stones into bread. Above on left the two are seen on the high\nmountain: on right they stand on the pinnacle of the temple.\n\n\nWINDOW VIII.\n\n  1. Elisha raises the             2. The Triumph of David.[G]\n     Shumanite's Son.\n\n  3. The raising of Lazarus.       4. The entry into Jerusalem.[H]\n\n\n[G] David enters on left balancing the huge head of Goliath on the point\nof a sword. On right are the women with musical instruments.\n\n[H] A man in a tree cuts down branches: others spread garments.\n\n\nWINDOW IX.\n\n  1. The Fall of Manna.            2. The Fall of the Rebel Angels.\n\n  3. The Last Supper.[I]           4. The Agony in the Garden.[J]\n\n[I] Christ on left stands and gives the sop to Judas, who bends over the\ntable from right. He is red-haired.\n\n[J] A cup is shown at the left upper corner, and an angel is represented\nas coming down to comfort our Lord. The disciples are shown asleep at\nthe bottom of the picture.\n\n\nWINDOW X.\n\n  1. Cain killing Abel.            2. Shemei cursing David.\n\n  3. The Betrayal.[K]              4. Christ mocked and blind-folded.[L]\n\n[K] Judas kisses Christ. Peter attacks Malchus.\n\n[L] Annas and other Jews look on from above.\n\n\nWINDOW XI.\n\n  1. Jeremiah imprisoned.          2. Noah mocked by Ham.\n\n  3. Christ before Annas.          4. Christ before Herod.\n\n\nWINDOW XII.\n\n  1. Job tormented.                2. Solomon crowned.\n\n  3. The Scourging of Christ.      4. Christ crowned with thorns.\n\n\nWINDOW XIII.\n\nThe _East Window_ is quite different. For one thing it is much larger,\nand has nine vertical divisions instead of five. Here, in the tracery,\nin addition to other heraldic badges, is the \"Dragon of the great\nPendragonship,\" holding a banner with the arms of Henry VII. Also there\nis seen the ostrich feather of the Prince of Wales with the motto \"Ich\nDien.\"[7]\n\nIn this window there are no Messengers with inscriptions; only six\nscenes from the Passion beginning at the bottom left hand corner, and\neach occupying three lights instead of two. In the first three lights\nbelow the transom is the Ecce Homo; in the centre three, Pilate washing\nhis hands, the final moment in the trial. Our Lord is represented in the\ncentre light with his back to the spectator. In the three on the right\nis Christ bearing the Cross. Here is shown Saint Veronica kneeling and\noffering to our Lord a handkerchief to wipe his face. The legend goes on\nto say that, when he returned it to her, his face was impressed upon it;\nand it is now one of the four great relics preserved in the piers of the\ndome of St. Peter's at Rome.\n\nAbove the transom, the left three lights contain the Nailing to the\nCross. In the centre three is Christ crucified between the thieves. At\nthe base of the Cross may be seen our Lord's robe on the ground, and two\nfigures kneeling upon it and pointing down to pieces of paper or dice, a\nscene depicting the fulfilment of the prophecy: \"They parted my garments\namong them and upon my vesture they did cast lots.\" In the right three\nlights the body of Christ is taken down from the Cross.\n\n\nSOUTH SIDE\n\n\nWINDOW XIV.\n\nThe Brazen Serpent, after a picture by Rubens, now in the National\nGallery.[M]\n\n  3. Naomi and her                 4. The Virgin and other Holy Women\n     Daughters-in-Law.                lamenting over the body of Christ.\n\n[M] There was originally only half a window here. The lower half was\nintended to have a building (which was in part begun) abutting on it.\nThis building was removed in 1827, and the lower part of the window\nopened up. The old glass was moved down to the lower lights in 1841, and\nin 1845 the glass which now occupies the upper main lights inserted by\nHedgeland. The only thing that can be said in its favour is its vivid\ncolours.\n\n\nWINDOW XV.\n\n  1. Joseph cast into the pit by   2. Israel going out of Egypt.\n     his brethren.\n\n  3. Burial of Christ.             4. The Harrowing of Hell.\n\n\nWINDOW XVI.\n\n  1. Jonah vomited up by the       2. Tobias returning to his Mother.\n     Whale.[N]\n\n  3. The Resurrection of           4. Christ appearing to his Mother\n     Christ.                          at prayer.\n\n[N] This subject is often asked about. The whale is represented as a\ngreat green monster with a large black patch for the open mouth. Jonah\nis shown in a recumbent position on the ground. At the back is part of a\nship, while in the extreme background may be seen Ninevah.\n\n\nWINDOW XVII.\n\n  1. Reuben at the pit, he finds   2. Darius visiting the lions' den\n     it empty, and Joseph gone.       finds Daniel alive.\n\n  3. The three Marys at the        4. Christ, with a spade, appears to\n     Sepulchre, which they find       Mary Magdalene in the garden.[O]\n     empty.\n\n[O] Mary Magdalene is also seen alone in the background, looking into\nthe Sepulchre.\n\n\nWINDOW XVIII.\n\n  1. The Angel Raphael meets       2. Habakuk feeding Daniel in the\n     Tobias.                          lions' den.\n\n  3. Christ meets the two          4. The Supper at Emmaus.\n     Disciples on the way\n     to Emmaus.\n\n\nWINDOW XIX.\n\n  1. The Return of the Prodigal    2. The meeting of Jacob and Joseph.\n     Son.[P]\n\n  3. The Incredulity of St.        4. Christ appearing to the Apostles\n     Thomas.                          _without_ Thomas.[Q]\n\n[P] In the upper part of the left hand light is depicted the killing of\nthe fatted calf.\n\n[Q] This subject and its type ought to precede numbers 1 and 3.\n\n\nWINDOW XX.\n\n  1. Elijah carried up to          2. Moses receives the Tables of Law.\n     Heaven.[R]\n\n  3. The Ascension of Christ.      4. The Descent of the Holy Ghost.\n\n[R] He casts his mantle, represented by a lovely piece of ruby glass,\ndown to Elisha.\n\n\nWINDOW XXI.\n\n  1. Peter and John heal the       2. The Apostles arrested.[S]\n     lame man at the gate of\n     the Temple.\n\n  3. Peter and the Apostles        4. The Death of Annanias.[U]\n     going to the Temple.[T]\n\n[S] In the background, Peter and John are seen bound to a pillar and\nscourged.\n\n[T] In the background, Peter preaching inside the building.\n\n[U] In the background is seen his body being carried out for burial.\n\n\nWINDOW XXII.\n\n  1. The Conversion of St. Paul.    2. Paul conversing with Jews at\n                                       Damascus.[V]\n\n  3. Paul and Barnabas at           4. Paul stoned at Lystra.\n     Lystra.\n\n[V] In the background he is seen being let down in a basket from a\nwindow. In this and the preceding window figures of St. Luke, habited as\na doctor, with his ox by him, alternate with figures of angels in the\ncentral light.\n\n\nWINDOW XXIII.\n\n  1. Paul and the Demoniac         2. Paul before the Chief Captain\n     Woman.                           Lysias at Jerusalem.\n\n  3. Paul saying farewell at       4. Paul before Nero.\n     Philippi.[W]\n\n[W] In this subject is a beautiful specimen of a late fifteenth century\nship. The ship has her sails furled, and is anchored by her port anchor\nas her starboard anchor is fished (_i.e._ made fast with its shank\nhorizontal) to the ship's side by her cable. An empty boat is alongside.\nAt the top of the mainmast is a fighting top from which project two\nlarge spears.\n\nAn excellent article on this ship was contributed by Messrs. H. H.\nBrindley, M.A., and Alan H. Moore, B.A., and read to the members of the\nCambridge Antiquarian Society in 1909.\n\n\nWINDOW XXIV.\n\n  1. The Death of Tobit.           2. The Burial of Jacob.\n\n  3. The Death of the Virgin.      4. The Funeral of the Virgin.\n\n\nWINDOW XXV.\n\n  1. The Translation of Enoch.     2. Solomon receives his mother\n                                      Bath-Sheba.\n\n  3. Assumption of the Virgin.     4. The Coronation of the Virgin.[X]\n\n[X] She kneels in the centre, full face. On right the Son, seated; on\nleft the Father, crowning Mary. The dove between. Angels playing music\nin front.\n\n\nWINDOW XXVI.\n\nThe _West Window_ was filled with stained glass depicting the Last\nJudgment, by Messrs. Clayton and Bell, of London, in 1879. There is no\ndoubt that in the original scheme of the windows this was intended to be\nthe subject of the west window.[8] Like the east window, it consists of\nnine lights, divided by a transom into two tiers. The general idea is to\nset forth the scene of the Judgment as within a vast hall of\nsemi-circular plan. In the central light of the upper tier is seated the\nfigure of our Lord on the throne of judgment. On each side of the\nprincipal figure are groups of angels jubilant with trumpets and bearing\nemblems of the Passion.\n\nOn the right and left, each in three divisions, are seated figures of\nApostles and other Saints. In the three lights below the figure of our\nLord are St. Michael and two other angels, the one on the dexter side\n(the left side as you look at it) bearing a Lily, the other on the\nsinister (right) holding a flaming sword. St. Michael in the centre is\nin full armour. He carries the scales of judgment, and rests one hand on\na cruciferous shield.\n\nThe lower portions of the lights show, on the one side, the resurrection\nof the blessed, with angels receiving them. A special feature of the\ndesign is seen in the lowermost portion near the centre. Here appears\nthe figure of the founder, King Henry VI. He rises from his grave gazing\nupward, and bearing in his hands a model of the chapel itself. On the\nother side the lost are shown, driven out by angels threatening them\nwith flaming swords.\n\nIn the tracery are arranged various shields and heraldic devices, which\ncomprise the arms of Queen Victoria, Henry VI, Henry VII, Henry VIII,\nthe Provost (Dr. Okes), the Visitor (the Bishop of Lincoln, Chr.\nWordsworth), F. E. Stacey, Esq. (the Donor), with those of King's\nCollege, Eton College, and the University.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nThe question has often been asked, How did the windows escape during the\n_Civil War_? There is one story that the west window was broken by\nCromwell's soldiers (who certainly were quartered in the chapel), and\nthat the rest of the glass was taken out and concealed inside the organ\nscreen. Another, which appears in a small book called \"The Chorister,\"\nis that all the glass was taken down and buried in pits in the college\ngrounds in one night by a man and a boy. Both these stories are entirely\nfictitious. The best answer to the question may be found in the words of\nthe Provost of Eton (Dr. M. R. James), who says, in one of his addresses\non the windows: \"It is most probable that Cromwell, anxious to have at\nleast one of the universities on his side, gave some special order that\nno wilful damage should be wrought on this building, which, then as now,\nwas the pride of Cambridge and of all the country round.\" The windows\nhave been taken out and re-leaded at various times--first between 1657\nand 1664; next in 1711-1712; thirdly in 1725-1730; fourthly in\n1757-1765; fifthly in 1847-1850; and fourteen of them (one in each year)\nin a period extending from 1893 to 1906, by the late Mr. J. E. Kempe,\nwhen several mistakes which then existed were put right.\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[7] This window from its base to the top of the arch is 53 feet and 25\nfeet wide.\n\n[8] This window is 49 feet from its base to the top of the arch and 33\nfeet 6 inches in width.\n\n\n\n\nThe Woodwork, Organ, etc.\n\n\n[Illustration: H.A. FROM THE SCREEN]\n\nTHE _Screen_ dividing the choir from the ante-chapel is one of the\nearliest and purest examples of renaissance woodwork in this country and\nis no doubt the work of foreign artists (probably Italian), several\nhaving been brought over and employed by Henry VIII. Carved upon it are\nthe badge of Anne Boleyn, a crowned falcon holding a sceptre; the\ninitials H. R., R. A., H. A., with true lovers' knots entwining these\ntwo letters; the arms of Henry VIII and Anne impaled; while below in the\nsame compartment is a bull's head caboched. This last is not a rebus[9]\nin the true sense of the term (for at least one would expect the letter\nN or something similar to appear), yet I venture to say it refers to\nAnne, and, with the rest, shows the date of the work to be 1533-1536,\nduring which period her influence was at its height. At the back of the\nProvost's stall is carved an admirable representation of St. George and\nthe dragon. Over the door on this side are the arms of King's and Eton\nemblazoned. The definition of the arms of King's is as follows: Sable,\nthree roses argent, a chief per pale, azure a fleur-de-lis of France,\nand gules a lion of England.[10] That of Eton is the same, with the\nexception of three lilies in the place of the roses.[11]\n\nThe organ was put up in 1688 by Rene Harris,[12] taking the place of one\nerected in 1606 by an organ-builder named Dalham; some portions of the\ncase date back to the time of Henry VIII. On the outer towers of the\norgan facing west are two angels holding trumpets. These were put up in\n1859, taking the place of two pinnacles, which in their turn were\nsubstituted for two figures about the size of David on this same side.\nIn 1859 the organ was much enlarged by Messrs. Hill, of London.\n\nThe _Coats of Arms_ at the back of the stalls on the north and south\nsides were put up at the expense of Thomas Weaver, a former Fellow of\nthe College, in 1633. Amongst them are the arms of England as they were\nat the time; those of Henry V, VI, VII, VIII, Eton and King's\nCollege--for Henry VI (no doubt following out the scheme adopted by\nWilliam of Wykeham, who founded Winchester School and New College,\nOxford) founded Eton also--also the arms of Cambridge University, and,\nto show a friendly feeling to the sister University, those of Oxford\nplaced on the opposite side. The canopies of the stalls and the panel\nwork east of them were executed in 1675-1679.\n\nThe _Altar Table_, from a design by Mr. Garner, was first used on Advent\nSunday, 1902; and the woodwork round the chancel was finished in 1911.\nThe architects were Messrs. Blow and Billary, the work being executed by\nMessrs. Rattee and Kett, the celebrated ecclesiastical builders, of\nCambridge.\n\nThe _Candelabra_ which stand within the Chancel, were the gift of\nMessrs. Bryan, Wayte, and Witts, sometime Fellows; conjointly with the\nCollege, and are of the date 1872.\n\nThe _Candlesticks_ on the Altar were given by Edward Balston, a former\nFellow, in 1850; and the _Cross_ (by Mr. Bainbridge Reynolds) is in\nmemory of the late Rev. Augustus Austen Leigh, Provost, 1889-1905.\n\nThe _Picture_ on the north side, \"The Deposition,\" by Daniel de\nVolterra, was presented to the College by the Earl of Carlisle in 1780.\nIt previously occupied the central position in the woodwork placed there\nin 1774, and was removed in 1896 when the east window was re-leaded. The\nhandsome _Lectern_ was given to the College by Robert Hacomblen, who was\nProvost from 1509 to 1528. The candle branches were added in 1668. It\nwas removed to the Library in 1774, where it remained until 1854.\n\nBefore I go on to speak of the side Chapels, I think it is worth\nrecording that on Wednesday, May 4, 1763, nine Spanish Standards taken\nat Manilla by Brigadier General Draper, formerly Fellow, were carried in\nprocession to the Chapel by the scholars of the College. A Te Deum was\nsung, and the Revd. William Barford, Fellow, and Public Orator, made a\nLatin oration. The colours were first placed on each side of the Altar\nrails, but afterwards were hung up on the Organ Screen; they eventually\nfound a resting-place in one of the South Chapels. About 20 years ago\nthey were sent to a needlework guild in London with a view to their\nbeing restored, but it was found they were too far gone. Some of the\nremnants that were returned are preserved in a glass case in the vestry,\nwhere they may be seen.\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[9] A rebus was invariably a badge or device forming a pun upon a man's\nsurname. It probably originated in the canting heraldry of earlier days.\nA large number of rebuses ending in \"ton\" are based upon a tun or\nbarrel; such are the _lup_ on a _ton_ of Robert Lupton, Provost of Eton\n1504, which appears in the spandrils of the door in the screen leading\ninto his chapel at Eton College, or the _kirk_ and _ton_ of Abbott\nKirkton on the deanery gate at Peterborough. The _eye_ and the _slip_ of\na tree, which form, together with a man falling from a tree (I slip!),\nthe rebuses of Abbot Islip, are well known. The _ox_ crossing a _ford_\nin the arms of Oxford, and the _Cam_ and its great _bridge_ in the arms\nof Cambridge are kindred examples.\n\n[10] \"The founder designed, by the colour of the field, to denote the\nperpetuity of his foundation; by the roses, his hope that the college\nmight bring forth the choicest flowers, redolent of science of every\nkind, to the honour and most devout worship of Almighty God and the\nundefiled virgin and glorious mother; and by the chief, containing\nportions of the arms of France and England, he intended to impart\nsomething of royal nobility, which might declare the work to be truly\nregal and renowned.\"--_Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge._\n\n[11] At a meeting of old Etonian generals at Eton on May 20, 1919, the\nfollowing reference was made to the arms of Eton:--\n\n  \"What bears Etona on her shield?\n     What each true son should be;\n   A lion valiant in the field;\n     At heart a fleur-de-lis.\"\n               _Daily Telegraph_, May 21, 1919.\n\n[12] Mr. T. F. Bumpas in his _London Churches, Ancient and Modern_,\nspeaks of him as an organ builder of some note. Renatus Harris he is\nthere styled. \"In 1663 the Benchers of the Temple Church being anxious\nof obtaining the best possible organ, we find him in competition with\none Bernard Schmidt, a German, who afterwards became Anglicized as\n'Father Smith.' Each builder erected an organ which were played on\nalternate Sundays. Dr. Blow and Purcell played upon Smith's organ, while\nDraghi, organist to the Queen Consort, Catherine of Braganza, touched\nHarrises. The conflict was very severe and bitter. Smith was successful.\nHarrises organ having been removed, one portion of it was acquired by\nthe parishioners of St. Andrew's, Holborn, while the other was shipped\nto Dublin, where it remained in Christ Church Cathedral until 1750, when\nit was purchased for the Collegiate Church of Wolverhampton. In 1684 he\ncompeted again with Father Smith for the contract for an organ for St.\nLaurance, Gresham Street, and was successful. In 1669 he built a fine\nlarge organ for St. Andrews, Undershaft.\" He was also engaged in 1693 to\nkeep in order the organ in Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge, at a yearly\nsalary of L3.\n\n\n\n\nThe Side Chapels\n\n\nI WOULD next draw the attention of my readers to two of the side\nchapels. The second from the west on the south side is known as\n_Hacumblen's Chapel_, and contains a brass marking the place of his\nburial. It also contains a tomb (the only one in the Chapel) to the\ngreat Duke of Marlborough's only son, John Churchill Marquis of\nBlandford, who died of the small-pox in 1702 while resident in College.\nIn the window next the Court is a portrait of the Founder, and the other\nfigure is St. John the Evangelist. In the tracery are the evangelistic\nsymbols and the four fathers of the Latin church--St. Jerome, St.\nAmbrose, St. Augustine and St. Gregory; and in the window which divides\nthe chantry from the Ante-chapel is to be seen the Annunciation, with,\non the one side, St. Ursula and the eleven thousand virgins, and St.\nChristopher with the infant Jesus; on the other, St. Anne with the\nBlessed Virgin, and St. John the Baptist with the Lamb.\n\nThe third chapel on the same side is _Provost Brassie's Chapel_, where\nhe was buried in 1558. In the window is some fifteenth century glass,\nwhich, having been removed from the north side chapels, was repaired in\n1857 and placed here. The Provost of Eton, whose knowledge of old glass\nmakes him a competent authority, is now of opinion that it was made for\nthe side Chapels, and was probably the gift of John Rampaine,\nVice-Provost in 1495.\n\nOf the remaining chantries on the south side, the first contains the\nMusic Library; the next three are to be utilized as a Library of Ancient\nTheological works; and the last two will be fitted up and dedicated, as\na War Memorial to those members of the College who made the great\nsacrifice in the War 1914-1919. Some fine Flemish glass, given by Mrs.\nLaurence Humphrey, and two lights purchased of St. Catherine's College,\nand other fragments of the XVth and XVIth century of great interest and\nbeauty have already been placed in the windows, and a reredos is in\ncourse of erection. In the window of the second chantry from the west on\nthe north side are the arms of Roger Goad (Provost 1569-1610) impaling\nthe arms of the College,[13] in a most beautiful floral border.\n\n[Illustration: ROSE AND PORTCULLIS. (Badges of Henry VII.)]\n\n[Illustration: ARMS OF HENRY VII. ]\n\nTwo other _Side Chapels_ deserve to be mentioned, viz. the two eastmost\non the north side, which were the first roofed with lierne vaulting. The\none furthest east has been lately restored to use for early celebrations\nof the Holy Communion and other devotional services. Visitors should pay\nspecial attention to the lovely doorway in stone through which you\nenter, and the one on the opposite side. In the apex of the arch are the\narms of Edward the Confessor, on the left those of East Anglia, on the\nright those of England. On that of the opposite side is a figure of the\nBlessed Virgin Mary at the top, flanked on the right by one of St.\nMargaret, and on the left by St. Catherine. These figures have been\ndefaced, probably by William Dowsing, who is said to have gone about the\ncountry like a lunatic, breaking windows, etc. He visited the College in\n1644.\n\nThe _Ante-chapel_ is profusely decorated with the arms of Henry VII,\nwith a dragon and greyhound as supporters, \"the dragon of the great\nPendragonship\" and the greyhound of Cecilia Neville, wife of Richard\nDuke of York in every severy, and with crowned roses and portcullis\nalternating with each other, intimating that, as the portcullis was the\nsecond defence of a fortress when the gate was broken down, so he had a\nsecond claim to the crown through his mother, daughter of John de\nBeaufort. After the accession of the Tudor dynasty there arose a mania\nfor heraldic devices; in some cases an unsatisfactory mode of\ndecoration, but in this building one that possesses not only historical\ninterest, but great decorative value.\n\nDuring the time when these styles of Gothic architecture prevailed that\nare now called the Decorated and the Perpendicular, the roof,[14] the\ncolumns, the stained glass windows, the seats, altar, tombs, and even\nthe flooring, were filled with emblasonment. Nor was heraldic ornament\nconfined to architecture; it formed the grand embellishment of the\ninterior of palaces and baronial castles.[15]\n\nIn the middle of one of the roses at the west end, toward the south, may\nbe seen a small figure of the Virgin Mary, about which Malden says:\n\"Foreigners make frequent enquiries, and never fail to pay it a\nreligious reverence, crossing their breasts at the sight, and addressing\nit with a short prayer.\" I cannot say that, in my long experience, I\nhave ever observed an instance of this.\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[13] Heads of Colleges have the right of impaling with their own arms\nthe arms of the College of which they are the head in the same way as a\nBishop impales the arms of the See over which he presides. Deans of\nsecular churches and the Regius Professors of Divinity at Cambridge\n(since 1590) have the same privilege.\n\n[14] Of Melrose it is written:\n\n  \"The keystone that locked each ribbed aisle\n   Was a fleur-de-lys or a quarterfoil.\"\n\n[15] \"The gorgeous halls which were on every side\n      With rich array and costly arras dight.\"\n\n\n\n\nMemorials of the Dead\n\n\nHAPPILY the chapel does not abound in _epitaphs_, a species of memorial\noften extravagant or even ridiculous, but there is one, viz. of Thomas\nCrouch, a former Fellow, M.P. for the University, who died 1679, written\nby himself, which, in my opinion, is of a high character. It is as\nfollows:\n\n                     \"At the last day\n          God will lay open the graves, and bring forth\n          All men from their sepulchres.\n          It shall be known, when that day\n          Shall come, what manner of man I was.\"\n\nOne may notice two striking features contained in this epitaph: (1) He\nbelieves in the resurrection; (2) he does not care what man thinks of\nhim, it is God who shall decide whether he was good or bad.\n\nMoney was not a dominant motive with those employed on our old\nbuildings, but master and man worked together for a common object, with\na common sympathy; and especially in our cathedrals and minsters they\nkept uppermost in their minds that they were working for the glory of\nGod. \"They thought not of a perishable home Who thus could build.\"\n\nFroude, in his _History of England_ (I. 51), says of our ancestors:\n\"They cannot come to us, and our imaginations can but feebly penetrate\nto them. Only among the aisles of the cathedrals, only as we gaze upon\ntheir silent figures sleeping on their tombs, some faint conceptions\nfloat before us of what these men were when they were alive.\"\n\nThere are four _Sepulchral Brasses_ on the floor of the chantries. The\nearliest one is that of Dr. William Towne, who is buried in the second\nchantry from the east, to which I have already referred as being the\nfirst roofed in. He is represented in academical costume; and on his\nhands hangs a scroll with the following words: \"Farewell to glory, to\nreputation in learning, to praise, to the arts, to all the vanity of\nthis world. God is my only hope.\"[16] Under his feet is the inscription:\n\"Pray for the soul of Master William Towne, Doctor of Divinity, once a\nFellow of this College, who died on the eleventh day of March, 1494.\nWhose soul God pardon. Amen.\" The words \"Pray for the soul\" and \"Whose\nsoul God pardon. Amen,\" have been partially effaced.[17]\n\nThe most ancient brass after Dr. Towne's is that of Dr. Argentine, who\nis buried in the vestry on the south side nearest to the east. His\nfigure is placed, according to his last desire, on the tombstone in his\ndoctoral robes, with his hands elevated towards the upper part of the\nstone, where there was formerly placed a Crucifix. From his mouth\nproceed these words: \"O Christ, Son of God and the Virgin, crucified\nLord, Redeemer of mankind, remember me.\" Below his feet are the words:\n\"This stone buries the body of John Argentine, Master of Arts,\nPhysician, Preacher of the Gospel; Passenger, remember, thou art mortal;\npray in an humble posture, that my soul may live in Christ, in a state\nof immortality.\" On a fillet round the tombstone the following words are\nengraved: \"Pray for the soul of John Argentine, Master of Arts, Doctor\nof Physick and Divinity, and Provost of this College, who died February\n2, 1507. May God have mercy on his soul. Amen.\"[18]\n\nThe next is that of Robert Hacumblen, in the second chantry from the\nwest on the same side. He is represented in ecclesiastical costume in\nprocessional vestments. On a label proceeding from his mouth is\ninscribed the following line: \"O Christ, be thy wounds my pleasing\nremedy.\" This applies to a shield in the sinister corner of the stone,\nwhich represents the five wounds of Christ. The shield in the dexter\ncorner is missing. It probably contained his coat of arms, which were:\nvert, a cross saltire argent between four lilies of the second. On the\nfillet, which on all sides surrounds the stone, are the words:\n\n          \"O Lord, judge me not according to my actions.\n           I have done nothing worthy in Thy sight.\n           Therefore I beseech Thy majesty,\n           That Thou, O God, wouldst blot out my iniquity.\n           Have mercy, Jesu.\"\n\nAt the corners are the evangelistic emblems. The inscription that was\nunder his feet has been taken away. It may be that it contained the\nwords \"Pray for the soul,\" etc.\n\nThe fourth brass is in the next chantry toward the east, and is that of\nRobert Brassie. He is also in ecclesiastical costume in processional\nvestments, without the cope exposing the almuce. The label that\nproceeded from his mouth is missing. At his feet are the following\nwords: \"Here lies Robert Brassie, Doctor of Divinity, formerly Provost\nof this College, who departed this life November 10, A.D. 1558.\"\n\nOn the walls of the Ante-chapel there are several _Memorial Brasses_.\nThe oldest is a diamond-shaped one, on the left of the south porch, to\nthe memory of John Stokys, Public Orator, who died 17th July, 1559. That\nof a similar shape on the right is a repousse tablet in copper, and is\nto the memory of J. K. Stephen, Fellow, who died February, 1892. In the\nlast bay is one to Richard Okes, Doctor in Theology, who was Provost of\nthe College from 1850 to 1888.\n\nOn the north wall there are seven tablets. Taking them in order of\ndeath, the first is to Roland Williams, S.T.P., Fellow, who died 15th\nFebruary, 1870. Then Henry Bradshaw, M.A., Fellow, University Librarian,\ndied 15th February, 1886; William Johnson (afterwards Cory), M.A.,\nFellow, and for many years a Master at Eton, died 1892; Charles Vickery\nHawkins, Scholar, died 6th August, 1894; John Henry Middleton, M.A.,\nProfessorial Fellow, Slade Professor, died 1896; Arthur Thomas Reid,\nScholar, who met his death in climbing a mountain near Bangor, North\nWales, September, 1907; Frederick Whitting, M.A., Senior Fellow, who was\nfor 24 years Bursar and 20 years Vice-Provost, died suddenly in London,\n1st January, 1911. Other tablets in the chantries commemorate various\nmembers of the College.\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[16] In all cases I have refrained from using the Latin, and have\ncontented myself with giving the English translation.\n\n[17] The words \"Pray for the soul,\" or \"May whose soul God pardon,\" were\nsufficient excuse for fanatics such as Dowsing to destroy or deface the\nbeautiful brasses in various parts of the kingdom. But the fanatics were\nnot alone to blame; for it is well known that churchwardens and even\nincumbents of our churches have in many cases taken up and sold the\nbrasses to satisfy some whim of their own in what they called\n\"restoration\" of the edifice over which they had charge.\n\n[18] It may appear to my readers somewhat strange that in this case the\nwords \"Pray for the soul\" and \"May God have mercy, &c.\" are intact.\nUntil 1898 this chantry had a boarded floor above the slab, the fillet\nround not being visible. The figure itself with label was affixed to a\nboard and placed in the vestry for those who cared to inspect it. When\nthe floor was removed the Brass was placed in its proper place on the\nslab and the whole inscription could then be seen. There are the\nmatrixes of four coats of arms. Probably they were King's, Eton, the\nUniversity, and Argentine's own coat, which was gules, three covered\ncups argent. At the upper corners of the fillet are the evangelistic\nemblems of St. Matthew and St. John, while those of St. Mark and St.\nLuke, which were evidently at the bottom, have been taken away.\n\n\n\n\nConclusion\n\n\nLIKE human beings, the chapel has received well-merited praise from\nmany, while some have used their knowledge (or want of it) to criticise.\nFuller speaks of it \"as one of the rarest fabricks in Christendom,\nwherein the stonework, woodwork, and glasswork contend which shall\ndeserve most admiration.\" To quote Carter again: \"It is entitled to be\nranked with the finest buildings of the world,\" although he further goes\non to say: \"The exterior aspect is perhaps justly open to some\ncriticism, but it has received unqualified abuse at the hands of some\nwriters.\" Ruskin was very severe, comparing it to a billiard table,\nturned upside down, the four corner turrets being the four legs; but he\nafterwards, it is said, retracted. The late Rev. Augustus Austen Leigh,\nProvost of the College from 1888 to 1905, in writing a history of the\nCollege, says: \"Like other really great works, King's Chapel produces an\nimpression which is instantaneous, and at the same time permanent. It\ndoes not disarm criticism, but it compels admiration. And if anyone is\ninclined to criticise, let him look at the exterior on a moonlight night\nfrom the south side of the Quadrangle, or from the top of Trinity\nStreet, or let him take his stand within the ante-chapel at the\nnorthwest corner on a bright summer's day, and cast his eye along the\ncoloured glass and stone vaulting till he catches a part of the east\nwindow rising above the stately rood-loft; and if he does not feel that\nthere is an inspiration in the building which is above criticism, he\nmust be a man that hath no music in himself.\"\n\nI cannot end this brief sketch better than by quoting Wordsworth's two\nfamous sonnets on King's College Chapel:--\n\n          \"Tax not the Royal Saint with vain expense,\n           With ill-matched aims the Architect who planned--\n           Albeit labouring for a scanty band\n           Of white-robed Scholars only--this immense\n           And glorious work of fine intelligence!\n           Give all thou canst; high Heaven rejects the lore\n           Of nicely-calculated less or more;\n           So deemed the man who fashioned for the sense\n           These lofty pillars, spread that branching roof\n           Self-poised, and scooped into ten thousand cells,\n           Where light and shade repose, where music dwells\n           Lingering--and wandering on as loth to die;\n           Like thoughts whose very sweetness yieldeth proof\n           That they were born for immortality.\n\n                .     .     .     .     .     .     .\n\n           What awful perspective! while from our sight\n           With gradual stealth the lateral windows hide\n           Their portraitures, their stone-work glimmers, dyed\n           In the soft chequerings of a sleepy light.\n           Martyr, or King, or sainted Eremite,\n           Whoe'er ye be, that thus, yourselves unseen,\n           Imbue your prison-bars with solemn sheen,\n           Shine on, until ye fade, with coming night.\n           But from the arms of silence--list! O list!\n           The music bursteth into second life;\n           The notes luxuriate, every stone is kissed\n           By sound, or ghost of sound, in mazy strife;\n           Heart-thrilling strains, that cast, before the eye\n           Of the devout, a veil of ecstasy!\n\n\n\n\nAppendix\n\nList of Provosts from the Year 1443\n\n\n          WILLIAM MILLINGTON, D.D.              April 10, 1443\n          JOHN CHEDWORTH, D.D.                  Nov. 5, 1446\n          [Y]ROBERT WOODLARKE, D.D.             May 17, 1452\n          WALTER FIELD, D.D.                    Oct. 15, 1479\n          JOHN DOGGET, D.C.L. (Oxon)            April 18, 1499\n          JOHN ARGENTINE, D.D. and M.D.         May 4, 1501\n          RICHARD HATTON, LL.D.                 Mar. 21, 1507\n          ROBERT HACUMBLEN, D.D.                June 28, 1509\n          EDWARD FOX, D.D.                      Sept. 27, 1528\n          [Z]GEORGE DAY                         June 5, 1538\n          SIR JOHN CHEKE, M.A.                  April 1, 1548\n          RICHARD ATKINSON, D.D.                Oct. 25, 1553\n          ROBERT BRASSIE, D.D.                  Oct. 3, 1556\n          PHILIP BAKER, D.D.                    Dec. 12, 1558\n          ROGER GOAD, D.D.                      Mar. 19, 1569\n          FOG NEWTON, D.D.                      May 15, 1610\n          WILLIAM SMITH, D.D.                   Aug. 22, 1612\n          SAMUEL COLLINS, D.D.                  April 25, 1615\n          BENJAMIN WHICHCOT, D.D.               Mar. 19, 1644\n          JAMES FLEETWOOD, D.D.                 June 29, 1660\n          SIR THOMAS PAGE, M.A.                 Jan. 16, 1675\n          [AA]JOHN COPLESTONE, D.D.              Aug. 24, 1681\n          CHARLES RODERICK, LL.D. and D.D.      Oct. 13, 1689\n          JOHN ADAMS, D.D.                      May 2, 1712\n          ANDREW SNAPE, D.D.                    Feb. 21, 1719\n          WILLIAM GEORGE, D.D.                  Jan. 30, 1742\n          JOHN SUMNER, D.D.                     Oct. 18, 1756\n          WILLIAM COOKE, D.D.                   Mar. 25, 1772\n          HUMPHREY SUMNER, D.D.                 Nov. 3, 1797\n          GEORGE THACKERAY, D.D.                April 4, 1814\n          RICHARD OKES, D.D.                    Nov. 2, 1850\n          AUGUSTUS A. LEIGH, M.A.               Feb. 9, 1889\n          MONTAGUE R. JAMES, Litt.D.            May 13, 1905\n          SIR WALTER DURNFORD, LL.D.            Nov. 16, 1918\n\n\nList of Organists from 1592\n\n          EDWARD GIBBONS, Mus.B. (Cantab. & Oxon)       1592-1599\n          JOHN TOMKINS, Mus.B. (Cantab.)                1606-1622\n          MATTHEW BARTON                                1622-1625\n          GILES TOMKINS                                 1625-1626\n          ---- MARSHALL                                 1626-1627\n          JOHN SILVER                                        1627\n          HENRY LOOSEMORE, Mus.B. (Cantab.)             1627-1671\n          THOMAS TUDWAY, Mus.D. (Cantab.)               1671-1728\n          ROBERT FULLER, Mus.B. (Cantab.)               1728-1743\n          JOHN RANDALL, Mus.D. (Cantab.)                1743-1799\n          JOHN PRATT                                    1799-1855\n          WILLIAM AMPS, M.A. (Cantab.)                  1855-1876\n          ARTHUR HENRY MANN, F.R.C.O., Mus.D.\n            (Oxon), 1882; M.A. (Cantab.), 1910          1876-\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[Y] The last Provost appointed by the Founder.\n\n[Z] It is very strange, but there is no evidence of Provost Day having\ntaken a degree of any kind. He was Master of St. John's College,\nCambridge, 1537; Provost, 1538; Bishop of Chichester, 1543. On making\nenquiry at Chichester, the answer is \"We have no reference whatever to\nhis having taken a degree, odd as this is to us.\"\n\n[AA] The last Provost nominated by the Crown.\n\n\n\n                PRINTED BY\n            W. HEFFER & SONS LTD.\n             CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTranscriber's Notes:\n\nObvious punctuation marks added.\n\nPage 4, \"bnried\" changed to \"buried\" (buried at Chertsey Abbey)\n\nPage 10, \"ravelled\" changed to \"travelled\" (have travelled from city)\n\nPage 36, \"Naaomi\" changed to \"Naomi\" (Naomi and her Daughters-in-Law)","title":"A Short Account of King's College Chapel","tradition":"scripture-revelation","translated_text":null,"word_count":9880}