{"collection":"philosophy-ethics","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_26401/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_26401","id":"gutenberg_26401","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26401","summary":null,"tags":["Buchanan's Journal of Man","Category: Philosophy & Ethics","Category: Sociology","Category: Teaching & Education","Medicine -- Periodicals","Phrenology -- Periodicals","Science -- Periodicals"],"text":"Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net\n\n\n\n\n\n                             BUCHANAN'S\n                           JOURNAL OF MAN.\n\n             VOL. I.         JUNE, 1887.        NO. 5.\n\n\n\n\nCONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN.\n\n\n  The Most Marvellous Triumph of Educational Science\n  The Grand Symposium of the Wise Men\n  The Burning Question in Education\n  MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE--Bigotry and Liberality; Religious\n    News; Abolishing Slavery; Old Fogy Biography; Legal\n    Responsibility in Hypnotism; Pasteur's Cure for Hydrophobia;\n    Lulu Hurst; Land Monopoly; Marriage in Mexico; The Grand\n    Symposium; A New Mussulman Empire; Psychometric Imposture; Our\n    Tobacco Bill; Extinct Animals; Education\n  Genesis of the Brain (concluded)\n\n\n\n\nTHE MOST MARVELLOUS TRIUMPH OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCE.\n\n\nIn the dull atmosphere which stagnates between the high walls of\ncolleges and churches wherein play the little eddies of fashionable\nliterature, which considers the authorship of an old play[1] more\ninteresting and important than the questions that involve the welfare\nof all humanity or the destiny of a nation,--an atmosphere seldom\nstirred by the strong, pure breezes of the mountain and the\nocean,--the best thought and impulse of which humanity is capable is\nstifled in its birth, or if it comes forth feels the overshadowing\ninfluence that chills its life.\n\n    [1] Mr. Lowell, having been minister to England, is profoundly\n    reverenced in Boston for his social position. His position\n    gives great weight to his suggestions. It is a moral power for\n    the use of which he is responsible, but with which he has\n    trifled. When a few earnest reformers thought that Mr.\n    Gladstone's grand statesmanship in preserving the peace of the\n    world deserved to be recognized and honored by Americans,\n    conservative, rank-worshipping Bostonians thought it would be\n    _indispensable_ to have Mr. Lowell's co-operation, and waited\n    his return from Europe. When Mr. Lowell was appealed to be had\n    nothing to say,--he _wanted rest_! And Boston had nothing to\n    say on that grand occasion, though Boston has a perfunctory\n    Peace Society!\n\n    But now Mr. Lowell comes out to call forth Bostonians for his\n    chosen themes, and what are they? The discussion of old\n    English dramatists! If there is anything more dead and\n    worthless than antiquated plays which are forgotten, what is\n    it? If there is anything more worthy of the name of _rubbish_,\n    pray let us know what it is. But Boston crowds to hear\n    disquisitions which from men in a different social position\n    would be voted a bore, and sits reverently and patiently to\n    catch his feeble and to many, scarce audible utterances. Is\n    not this the worship of triviality and trash! How different\n    would have been the action of John Hancock, of Samuel Adams,\n    of Fisher Ames, or of Wendell Phillips. The atmosphere of\n    European courts is debilitating to American Republicanism,\n    unless it be a profound sentiment of the heart. When my\n    brother-in-law returned from his position as minister to\n    Naples, I could see that he had learned to look upon the\n    common people as a rabble, and to sympathize only with the\n    aristocracy. Cassius M. Clay at St. Petersburg learned to\n    sympathize with the Russians, but he returned with no\n    impairment of his democratic principles.\n\nNot there, amid the pedantries of \"culture,\" do we find the atmosphere\nfor free and benevolent thought, but rather far away from such\ninfluences, in the forests, the mountain and prairie, where man comes\nmore nearly into communion with nature, and forgets the inheritance of\nancient error which every corporate institution preserves and\nperpetuates. It is to this widespread audience that the JOURNAL OF MAN\nappeals and offers a new suggestion.\n\nIn sending forth the \"New Education,\" hoping for some appreciative\nresponse from educational circles in which collegiate influences\nprevail, I did not deem it prudent to introduce some of the noblest\nthoughts that belong to the great theme. The book was sent forth\nlimited and incomplete, hoping that, heretical as it was, and quite\nirreverent toward the ignorance descended from antiquity, it might\nstill receive sufficient approbation and appreciation to justify later\nintroduction of matter that would have hindered its first reception.\n\nIt has reached the third edition, but it has been very apparent that\nits reception was cordial and enthusiastic only among the most\nprogressive minds, the number of which increases as we travel\nwestward, and San Francisco called for more copies than the leading\ncities of the East.\n\nThe time has now arrived (when this JOURNAL is hailed cordially\nthroughout the country) that I may venture to announce the most\nremarkable feature of the art and science of education. There is an\nadditional reason, too, for speaking out at this time, which should\nmortify the pride of an American citizen. The philanthropic science\nwhich I thought it imprudent to mention then in this free country, is\nbeginning to be studied in France, where such themes are not\nsuppressed by the sturdy dogmatism which is so prevalent and so\npowerful in the Anglo-Saxon race.\n\n\nTHE NEW METHOD IN FRANCE.\n\nAs the French National Scientific Association, in their meeting at\nGrenoble, two years ago, recognized in their most startling form the\nphenomena of human impressibility which are illustrated in the \"Manual\nof Psychometry,\" and reported the most marvellous experiments in\nmedicines,--an act of liberality which has no parallel in\nEnglish-speaking nations,--so at the late meeting of their Scientific\nCongress, as I learn from the German magazine, the _Sphinx_, the new\nprinciple of education was broached which I feared to present in the\n\"New Education,\" and was received with general approbation by that\nlearned body.\n\nOf course there was not a complete presentation of the subject, for\nthat would require a complete knowledge of the brain, which no\nscientific association claims at present, and which will have its\nfirst presentation to the readers of the JOURNAL OF MAN, but the\nprocess of educational development was studied by the French _savants_\nfrom the standpoint of mesmeric science and its leading methods, which\nare now (freed from the name of an individual) styled _hypnotism_; or,\nthe sleep-producing process.\n\nIn that passive and impressionable condition which is called hypnotic,\nmesmeric, somnambulic, or somniloquent, it has long been known that\nthe subject may be absolutely controlled by the operator, or by a\nsimple command or suggestion, or by his own imagination. This has been\nso often demonstrated before many hundred thousands of spectators,\nthat it is a matter of general knowledge everywhere among intelligent\npeople,--everywhere except, perhaps, in the thick darkness of medical\ncolleges, where ignorance upon such subjects has long been made the\ncriterion of respectability, and perhaps among a few very orthodox\ncongregations, where such things have been associated with the idea of\nwitchcraft, and considered very offensive to the Lord. Such was the\ndoctrine of my old contemporary at Cincinnati, Dr. Wilson, at the head\nof the leading orthodox congregation; and it was equally offensive to\nthe champion debater of Presbyterian orthodoxy, the Rev. N. L. Rice,\nwhom I arraigned before a vast audience for his antiquated falsehoods.\nIf the church and the college are getting a _little_ more enlightened\nnow, I cannot forget the condition in which I found them, of stubborn\nhostility to scientific progress, and these things _should not be\nforgotten_ until they have repented, reformed, and ceased to be a\nstationary obstruction.\n\nWe are not accustomed to look to a Catholic country like France for\nadvanced thought, yet, in these instances just mentioned, we find\nFrench scientists entertaining advanced ideas which the leaders of\nAmerican science treat with either indifference or hostility. The\n_Popular Science Monthly_ and medical journals generally treat all\nsuch matters with stubborn aversion and injustice. The learned\ncollaborators of Johnson's Cyclopedia were unwilling even to have the\nscience of psychometry mentioned in it, and it was introduced by the\npublisher against their protest. These things I mention now, that the\ngreat public to which I appeal may better understand the real value of\nthe opinions of those who stand in positions of authority and\ninfluence.\n\nI would not wish to diminish by harsh criticism the sentiment of\nreverence which is already too feeble in the American mind. We cannot\nbe too reverent to real intellectual and moral greatness, but to\nreverence beyond their worth the teachers of old inherited falsehoods,\nis to be a traitor to truth. The literature of to-day is controlled by\nancient or mediaeval errors, and the fresh science seeking expression\nin the JOURNAL OF MAN could not have found expression in periodical\nliterature. Our leading periodicals would not have opened their pages\nto the exposition of educational methods which is to be given in this\nessay. _Intolerance_ is the inheritance which the generation of to-day\nhas received from ancestors who two or three centuries ago delighted\nin hanging or even burning the exponents of opinions contrary to their\nown; and where intolerance is not in the way, the energy of literary\ncliques is exerted to hold exclusive possession of the field.\n\nWith this exordium, which the occasion seemed to require, let us\nproceed to consider the most powerful and radical measure, which\nbelongs to the science of education, and which has been developed by\nthe science of anthropology.\n\n\nDEFINITION OF EDUCATION.\n\nEducation, rightly understood, signifies the development of all the\nfaculties or capacities of the soul, and, as a necessary consequence,\nof the brain, in which that soul is lodged, and of the body, which is\nas essential to the brain as the brain is to the soul. For without the\nbrain there is no soul expression, and in proportion to the condition\nand development of the brain is the expression of all the soul\nfaculties. A soft and watery brain is always accompanied by feebleness\nof character and mind. In like manner the manifestations of the brain\ndepend for their strength upon the body, when the lungs and heart fail\nto send a vigorous current of arterial blood to the brain, its power\ndeclines proportionally; and when the current ceases entirely, the\naction of the brain itself ceases, and with its cessation all\nmanifestations of the soul cease also. Or when the disordered viscera\nfail to supply a healthy blood, as in fevers of a low type, the brain,\nlike all other organs, is brought down to the level of the depraved\nblood, and shows by its utter feebleness and by the incoherent\nexpressions of the patient that brain and soul depend upon the body\nfor their power and all their action in this life.[2]\n\n    [2] The insane folly which assumes, without a particle of\n    evidence, that everything depends upon mind, and that the\n    brain, the body, and their environment, which is continually\n    acting upon the _entire_ man, are of no importance whatever,\n    would not be worthy even of mere mention if it were not for\n    the fact that this form of delusion has of late become so\n    common, under the deceptive names of metaphysics, Christian\n    science, and mind-cure, when the theory is simply an attempt\n    to get rid of science and common sense.\n\n\nFOUR EDUCATIONAL METHODS.\n\nThe process of education by a teacher consists chiefly in establishing\nthe control of his stronger mind over that of the pupil, by placing\nthe latter in the most passive and receptive condition, in which the\npupil not only receives the intelligence he gives, but also feels the\ninfluence of his will and principles.\n\nThere are four methods by which the influence of the teacher is made\neffective: 1st, the power of conviction or reason; 2d, the spirit of\nobedience; 3d, the spirit of imitation; and 4th, the spirit of passive\nsympathy.\n\nIn the first method he addresses the understanding, enabling the pupil\nto understand what is best for him. If Socrates had been right in\nmaintaining that knowledge was the one thing needful to overcome\npractical errors, and that men sinned only through ignorance (which\nwas a very grave mistake), this would be the most effective method of\nteaching. But it is effective only with those who are conscientious\nand thoughtful, who are seeking to do right, and need only to be\ninstructed. It is entirely ineffective with the great majority of\nwrong doers, whose moral nature and self-control are insufficient to\ncurb their animalism.\n\nThe second method, the spirit of obedience, is the method of religion,\nwhich is far more effective. Jesus and other religious teachers\nimpress their followers that there is a great and benevolent power,\nthe power to which we are indebted for our present lives and our hope\nof unlimited future happiness,--to which we owe a profound gratitude,\nwith an unhesitating love and obedience. Our love should not be\nwithheld from our grand benefactor; and if his wisdom transcends our\nown, the wisest thing that we can do is to ascertain what that wisdom\ndictates, and obey it implicitly. That which we supremely love and\nreverence we delight in obeying.\n\n\nOBEDIENCE AND IMITATION.\n\nThe teacher or parent, therefore, should endeavor to hold something\nlike the Divine relation to the child,--should show a superiority of\nknowledge, an inflexible firmness, an unvarying love, and irresistible\nattraction, ever endeavoring to win love, while enforcing the\nsupremacy of his will, so that obedience may be a pleasure. Thus may a\nwoman with a masculine strength of will, or a man with feminine\nstrength of love, develop that willing obedience which insures the\nmoral elevation of the pupil. But whenever the teacher fails to elicit\nboth respect and love, his power for good is lost. In this evolution\nof good the power of the teacher is vastly enhanced by that of music,\nespecially in the form of song, when the pupil is made to sing songs\nof exalted sentiment; and there are very few natures so depraved as to\nresist long the combined power of exalted music and a superior\nteacher, to which should be added the social influence of numbers\nalready elevated by such influences.\n\nIn such schools, the power of the third element, _imitation_, is very\ngreat, for the pupil is generally more influenced by the example of\nhis numerous associates in the school and family, with whom he is\ncontinually in contact, than by that of his teacher.\n\nTo get the full benefit of imitation requires not only the influence\nof well-trained schoolmates, but systematic exercises in reading,\nsinging, declamation, and deportment, the teaching being given by\nexample.\n\nWhen a boy or girl is taught by example to express a noble sentiment\nin a natural manner, he is thereby compelled to feel the sentiment in\nsome degree with sincerity. When he is required to imitate and\npractice certain forms of politeness which express the best\nsentiments, those sentiments must gradually become a part of his\nnature. The acts of respect, of kindness and courtesy to which he may\nbe naturally averse, cannot be daily practised without rousing in his\nnature the sentiments to which they correspond.\n\n\nVALUE OF DANCING.\n\nAmong the many disciplinary methods which have been neglected in our\neducational systems, I would give a high rank to _dancing_. Rightly\nconducted, it embodies so much of grace, dignity, cheerfulness,\nplayfulness, health, and the desire of pleasing, as to entitle it to a\nhigh rank in the promotion of health and virtue. Dancing is one of the\nimitative arts, and involves the amiable influence of imitation, as\nwell as the more lively sentiments. The hostility of the orthodox\nchurches to this refining exercise is probably the effect of the\ninfernalism of their theology, which places mankind upon the brink of\nhell, in full view of the infinite agony of their friends, relatives,\nand ancestors, so as to render every sentiment but that of gloom and\nterror inappropriate. How bitter their hostility to all gaiety! \"Yes,\ndance, young woman,\" said a famous Methodist preacher about twenty\nyears ago, \"dance down to hell!\" At the same time, his own private\nrecord did not indicate any deep sincerity in his fear of hell. The\nsame hostility is still kept up, and overflows in the popular\nharangues of Rev. Sam Jones, and many others.\n\nPopular Christianity, in the majority of the churches, is therefore\none of the greatest hindrances to a normal educational system, and to\nsocial refinement, notwithstanding its support of some of the\nessential virtues.\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY METHOD.\n\nThe fourth method, of _passive sympathy_, is the most scientific, the\nmost novel and the most powerful of all,--the most competent to grasp\nthe helpless, hopeless, half idiotic, and half criminal classes and\nrestore them to normal intelligence and virtue. It was not mentioned\nin the \"New Education,\" for fear of alarming the orthodox stolidity of\nthe medical college and the church, but it will appear in future\neditions. It is the method of bringing the subject into absolute\nsympathy and absolute subordination under the operator.\n\nIt has been known throughout this century that certain persons can be\nbrought under the control of those of stronger wills, so as to realize\nthe thoughts, and even sensations of the operator, feeling what he\nfeels, tasting what he tastes, apparently more familiar with his body\nthan their own, and passively subject to his will. They are said to be\n_en rapport_ with him, and with no one else. In this condition his\nwill is substituted for their own, which is entirely passive, and he\nis able to fix impressions on their minds and produce changes in their\nfeelings and sentiments which may remain after his control is removed.\n\nIt is self-evident that in this process we have the most powerful\nlever ever discovered for uplifting the fallen, and doing more in an\nhour than can be done by the usual methods in many months. Why, then,\nhave we not had the benefit of this potent method throughout the\ncentury? The answer is one word, _Stolidity_! These proceedings, which\nare called magnetic, or named after Mesmer, mesmeric, have had to\nbattle for recognition, for existence even, against the college and\nthe church. The medical and clerical professions have been everywhere\neducated to deny, despise, and resist this species of science, and\nwould, if they had the power, suppress it by law, their education\nhaving made them ignorant of its merits and ignorant of its deeply\ninteresting literature. Prejudice and ignorance are inculcated as\neasily as science, and they are inculcated in all colleges.\n\nBut all who are acquainted with the history of animal magnetism during\nthe present century know that it has nobly fulfilled its mission as a\nsystem of therapeutics, by alleviating or curing all forms of disease\nof both body and mind. That which cures bodily diseases and sometimes\novercomes insanity has certainly power enough to modify the action of\nthe brain; and if the large number of magnetic physicians who have\nbeen successfully occupied in conquering disease had been employed in\nmodifying the action of the brain in the young, we might have had as\nsatisfactory reports of their success, which neither the medical nor\nthe clerical profession would have been so much moved by jealousy to\noppose.\n\nIn the light of anthropology, however, it is not necessary to adhere\nto the old formulae of the followers of Mesmer. The hypnotic or\nmesmeric state is simply a condition arising from the exercise and\npredominance of a faculty belonging to all human beings,--a faculty\nwhich may be evoked by other methods, or by the voluntary action of\nthe subject, or by the spontaneous action of the brain, as in those\nwho in sleep pass into the state of somnambulism, and go forth in the\nnight, walking in dangerous places with perfect safety, but in an\nunconscious state.\n\nThis condition is also produced by gentle manipulations over the head\ntoward the eyes, or upon the chest down to the epigastrium (pit of the\nstomach). The reason of these processes was entirely unknown until my\ndiscovery of the organ of Somnolence in the temples, and the\ncorresponding region in the body showed that the results were produced\nby manipulations which concentrated the nervous action to those two\nlocations.\n\n[Illustration]\n\nThe entranced or mesmeric state, in which the subject is in a dreamy\ncondition with but little power of will and with extreme\nsusceptibility, which is also a state of great mental clearness, may\nbe produced by directly stimulating the proper organs with the\nfingers, which should be placed upon the organ of Somnolence on each\nside of the head, in the temples, about an inch horizontally behind\nthe brow. In persons who are impressible this produces a quiet dreamy\nfeeling, and a disposition to close the eyes. If carried further, the\neyes become closed so that it is difficult to open them, and the\nunconscious state soon follows. The same effect may be produced by\nplacing the hand on the body just below the breastbone (sternum). In\nthis condition, the character, or action of the brain, is under the\ncontrol of the operator, and by gently applying his hand over any\nportion of the brain, its organs may be brought into predominant\nactivity, while other organs may be quelled or quieted by gentle\ndispersive manipulations. Thus, placing the hand gently on the top of\nthe head, touching very lightly, all the amiable or moral organs will\nbe brought into play, producing the most admirable and pleasing\ndisposition; or if the operator has the necessary knowledge of the\nlocations he may bring out each faculty separately, such as Love,\nHope, Religion, Kindness, Conscientiousness, Firmness, Cheerfulness,\nImitation, etc.\n\nAt the same time, if there be any evil propensities, such as a\nquarrelsome, irritable temper, a love of turbulence and cruelty,\nselfishness, avarice, jealousy, etc., all of which lie at the base of\nthe brain, they may be for the time entirely suppressed by gentle\ndispersive manipulations from the organs of such propensities either\ndown toward the chest or upward.\n\nWhat I state thus of the moral and selfish tendencies or faculties is\nequally applicable to all the faculties and their organs. We may\nstimulate all forms of intelligence, observation, memory, or reason,\nor check excessive intellectual activity when it disturbs sleep and\nexhausts the brain. We may thus cultivate modesty, obedience,\nprudence, industry, application, imagination, refinement,\ntruthfulness, faith, spirituality, originality, invention, literary\ncapacity, patience, perseverance, fortitude, hardihood, health,\ntemperance, and, in short, every good quality that we desire to see\ndeveloped, if we understand cerebral science; and if we understand\nonly its general-outlines we can at least improve the character by\ngiving a predominance to the superior regions of the brain.\n\nBut while this may be done more effectively in the somnolized\ncondition, it is not absolutely necessary to induce that condition.\nSpeaking of the entire fourteen hundred millions now on the globe, we\nmay say that a large majority are susceptible, in various degrees, of\nfeeling such influences without any previous somnolizing. Nearly all\nthe inhabitants of the torrid zone are subject to such influences in\ntheir habitual condition, and actually require no medicine, because\ntheir treatment by the hand of an enlightened anthropologist familiar\nwith therapeutic sarcognomy will control all their diseases. The\ngreatest triumphs of sarcognomy are yet to be realized in such\nclimates.\n\nIn the United States, the susceptibility increases as we go South. The\nmajority of the southern population are impressible, and there are\nsome who would even maintain that a majority are, in the North; and\ncertainly magnetic healers have been very successful in New England.\n\nBut whatever may be the case with adults, I believe that a majority of\nthe young everywhere possess a considerable degree of impressibility,\nand that the mother's hand, gently applied upon the upper surface of\nthe head, will generally quiet the evil passions and promote good\nhumor.\n\nThis is more especially true of girls. It is rare to find one who does\nnot show in her youth, especially from ten to twenty years of age, a\ndegree of susceptibility which makes her a good subject for the manual\ntreatment of disease, and also for improving the action of the brain,\nby the scientific use of the hand upon the head, by which despondent,\nrestless, fretful, hysterical, or other evil conditions may be quickly\novercome. The speedy relief of headache is especially remarkable.\n\nMy own experiments upon the brain have been made for the development\nand cultivation of science, or the assistance of the sick. I have not\nhad time to undertake the systematic cultivation and change of\ncharacter by such processes in the young; but when I see how quickly\nand completely the condition of a patient may be changed, and all\ncloudy, depressed conditions of the brain removed,--how easily I can\nproduce a state of insanity, idiocy, or pugnacity, and as quickly\nremove it entirely,--I cannot doubt that a little perseverance in\ncultivating the nobler qualities until they become by habit a second\nnature will change even the most depraved, if the process be begun in\nchildhood or youth and steadily maintained, unless there be a great\norganic deficiency in the brain, which cannot be remedied.\n\nThe teacher of the future, duly educated in anthropology, will lay\naside the rod, and will find in the scientific application of his\nhands the means of overcoming acquired or even hereditary evils; and\nspecial asylums will be established, in which the most degenerate\nyouth may be restored to honor, not by cerebral treatment alone, but\nby all the appliances of industry, music, religion, and love, which\nhave already reformed so many youthful criminals at Lancaster, Ohio,\nand given them to society as good citizens.\n\nThe method of direct operation on the brain, which was introduced by\nmy discovery in 1841, is that with which I am more familiar, but the\nmesmeric method has long been known, and the modification of this,\nwhich might be called the imaginative method, has been made familiar\nduring the last fifty years under the popular name of psychology, and\nsometimes under the absurd name of electro-biology.\n\nThis method is simply that of assuming control of the subject when he\nis in the passive state, and making him believe anything he is told,\nas, for example, that a handkerchief is a snake, that a piece of money\nis burning hot, or that he is a king, a hero, an orator, an\nauctioneer, or anything else suggested by the fancy of the operator,\nwhich is at once carried into personation by the subject. This is a\nfamiliar, popular exhibition, which never fails to attract and amuse,\nbut has unfortunately not been applied to its philanthropic uses in\nhealing disease and elevating the character. If disease can be\novercome by making the subject believe a glass of pure water a\npowerful restorative medicine, or by believing himself marvellously\nwell and vigorous; or if his vicious or indolent habits can be\novercome by making him for a time believe himself a religious saint or\nan energetic business man,--such experiments should be made a powerful\nadjunct in education, and in the reformation of criminals; and this\napplication has recently been made in France, which has the honor of\nleading in this important philanthropy.\n\nThe passive state required may be produced by fixing the gaze intently\nfor a few minutes upon some object near the eyes which requires them\nto be turned inward, or by gazing at the eyes of the operator. The\noperator tells him if his eyes are shut that he cannot open them, or\nthat he cannot lift his foot, or cannot step across a certain mark,\nand he seems unable to do so, but does readily whatever his operator\nsuggests, and believes himself to be whatever his operator\nsays--experiments which have been made a source of infinite amusement\nto public audiences.\n\nFor example, about forty-five years ago a Mr. Keeley was making such\nexhibitions in Louisville, and found an old lawyer named Dozier a good\nsubject. He informed Mr. Dozier on the platform that he was Mr. Polk,\nPresident of the United States, whereupon he attempted to assume a\ncorresponding dignity. Then, bringing up Mr. Geo. D. Prentice, the\nwitty editor of the _Louisville Journal_, he informed the\nquasi-President Polk that this was his wife, Mrs. Polk, just arrived,\nwhereupon an amusingly cordial reception of the quasi-wife occurred.\n\nThe utilization of these principles by the French is shown in the\nfollowing translation from the German.\n\n    HYPNOTISM AND EDUCATION.\n\n    BY EDGAR BERILLON.\n\n    [Translated from the German in _Sphinx_, for the JOURNAL OF\n    MAN.]\n\n    The careful study which the school of the medical faculty of\n    Nancy has devoted to the phenomena of suggestion, and their\n    actual progress in that department, present the question\n    whether the time has not arrived for teachers to participate\n    in this scientific movement.\n\n    The numerous observations by Dr. August Voisin of the\n    Salpetriere have positively proved in his own practice not\n    only the curability of mental diseases, but the great\n    assistance which may be given to moral culture, so that we\n    might successfully introduce hypnotism in educational schools.\n    Dr. Voisin with great ease cured his first patient in the\n    trial of hypnotic suggestion--a girl by the name of Johanna\n    Schaaf, who was not only a thief, but dissolute, lazy, and\n    unclean. He transformed her into an honest industrious, neat,\n    and obedient person. For several years she could not be\n    induced to read a line. Under the control of Dr. Voisin she\n    was made to read several pages of a moral work, which she\n    repeated before the class. Then with great facility he roused\n    her feelings of sympathy, which appeared to have become\n    extinct. This cure was so thorough that she has since been\n    appointed a nurse in the hospital, and has given complete\n    satisfaction, showing herself quite conscientious.\n\n    Many other experiments were made quite satisfactorily, and\n    similar results were produced in his city practice. In one\n    case, by hypnotic suggestion treatment Dr. Voisin transformed\n    the character of a quarrelsome woman, making her a mild\n    affectionate wife to her husband. Voisin's experiments related\n    principally to adults, but Dr. Liebeault of Nancy made\n    experiments with children, of which he has mentioned two\n    cases. Once a child was brought to his clinic with great\n    suffering from a nervous affection, but would not submit to a\n    hypnotic treatment till her little brother present offered\n    himself, not being afraid. When he was put to sleep his mother\n    told the physician that the boy in school was always in the\n    lower grades, without making any progress. While in the sleep\n    he was strongly impressed for diligence and zeal, and the\n    subsequent result was perfect; within six weeks he became an\n    example of diligence and perseverance, and soon got promoted.\n    The second case was that of a young idiot. He was incapable of\n    intellectual culture, and could not be taught reading or\n    arithmetic. Dr. Liebeault submitted him to many hypnotic\n    sittings, making a very great effort to rouse his attention,\n    though he seemed to have no capacity for being instructed.\n    Finally he succeeded so well that after two months he could\n    read, and could cipher in the four rules of arithmetic. A\n    great number of similar cases were treated by Dr. Dumont at\n    Nancy with decided success.\n\n    In one of his clinics Prof. Bernheim maintained that all\n    children are receptive of hypnotic suggestion or transference\n    of thought, and even more so when they enter the age of\n    reasoning. Not only in sleep, but also in the waking\n    condition, they may be affected; and the school of Nancy\n    deserves great credit for presenting this important matter to\n    the world in its true light.\n\n    One of the signs of the hypnotic sleep or state is the\n    automatic condition of the individual. In consequence of\n    having for the time an enfeebled will, the individual will\n    yield to all impressions upon it; and this weakness of will\n    may take place in a wakeful state, when, if there is no\n    opposition, the individual will accept all assurances in good\n    faith. In case there is no exertion of influence by others,\n    the subject will act by his or her own imagination. Such\n    auto-suggestion is the result of a tendency to imitation which\n    seems to be developed in children particularly, and develops\n    in the waking state in undisciplined minds or in a fatigued\n    and passive state.\n\n    These important principles and facts render it the duty of\n    every educator to study the efficacy of suggestion and\n    imitation in children. The experiments made thus far,\n    authorize us to establish the following rules for practice:\n\n    If we have to deal with children of lazy, unintelligent, and\n    indifferent character, we should confine ourselves to\n    practicing verbal suggestion in their waking state, and to be\n    effective it would be best to follow the experiments at Nancy,\n    especially of Dr. Liebeault, and make great effort to gain the\n    implicit confidence of the child. Seat it by itself on a\n    chair, place your hand on its forehead, and enforce the\n    suggestions by a mild voice and patient manner, but with firm\n    determination.\n\n    When, however, our treatment is to ameliorate the future\n    destiny of the children,--when their faculty of observation is\n    deficient, when they have no diligence whatever, and are full\n    of vicious, headstrong, evil inclinations, it is our opinion\n    that by all means we should apply hypnotism fully to these\n    degenerate creatures. The suggestions in the hypnotic sleep\n    are of greater efficacy, more durable and profound, and\n    probably in many cases it will be necessary to repeat these\n    procedures frequently, until the imperfect intellectual\n    faculties are developed, and the evil inclinations suppressed.\n    Thus may we guide these young souls to a better and purer\n    future.\n\n    In conclusion, I do not hesitate to assert the importance of\n    hypnotism, in spite of all objections in its application to\n    the mental and physical faculties of healthy persons. Its\n    application as an educational method will be of vast\n    importance to sick and depraved subjects.\n\nThe train of thought in the above essay, which Dr. Berillon has\npublished in the September number of his _Revue de l'Hypnotisme_,\ninspired the contents of a lecture presented at the Scientific\nCongress at Nancy (August, 1886), out of which arose a discussion in\nwhich Dr. Liebault observed that the facts mentioned by Dr. Berillon\nare entirely true. \"My long practice,\" said he, \"has permitted me to\ngather a great number of other cases, which will sustain the doctrines\nof the speaker. I have never seen a child continue entirely\nunreceptive of suggestion treatment. In the persons, children, and\nadults, with whom I have experimented, counting by thousands, I have\nnever observed the least injurious consequences whatever.\"\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nThe report of the discussion given us above in _Sphinx_ shows that\nthese important suggestions met with only one unfriendly criticism,\nand that of little force. M. Desjardins, Esq., suggested that it was\nhighly important that other honorable gentlemen, like Dr. Liebault,\nDr. Voisin, and Dr. Dumont, should be officially appointed to carry on\nsuch experiments. He expressed his desire that the Congress should\nrecommend that hypnotic suggestion for the purpose of moral\nimprovement should be tried upon the worst class of pupils in the\npublic schools. The suggestion was seconded with energy by Dr.\nLeclerc, who expressed his surprise that any one should object. It may\nbe said to have met with the general approbation of the Congress.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nThe _Public Ledger_ of Philadelphia published last year the following\nsketch of the progress of the marvellous in France:\n\n    MARVELS OF MIND AND BODY.\n\n    For several years past a number of French physicians have been\n    experimenting on hypnotised or mesmeric subjects and on\n    hysterical patients, with results of the most extraordinary\n    character. It is our purpose to very briefly describe some of\n    these remarkable experiments, from which, we may say, the\n    standing of the doctors engaged in them, and the critical care\n    with which they were conducted, seem to remove all questions\n    of fraud or inaccuracy.\n\n    In these hypnotic experiments as practised by Dr. Charcot, of\n    the Salpetriere; by Dr. Bernheim, Professors Beaunis and\n    Liegeois and other persons of high professional standing, the\n    most striking feature is that the influence exerted upon the\n    patient does not vanish with the conclusion of the experiment,\n    but may produce its effects days, weeks or even months\n    afterwards, when the patient is seemingly in a normal state\n    and controlled solely by his own thoughts. For instance, a\n    sensitive person may be hypnotised, or mesmerized, to use the\n    better known word, and it be suggested to him by the\n    experimenter to go at a certain hour of the next or some\n    succeeding day and shoot some person and then deliver himself\n    up to justice. On being brought back to the normal state no\n    recollection of this suggestion is present in his mind. And\n    yet, if the experiment work as truly as it often seemingly has\n    worked, he will endeavor at the time fixed to perform the\n    action indicated, with the full belief that the impulse to do\n    so is his own. We may quote some instances in corroboration of\n    this seemingly improbable statement.\n\n    CASES OF HYPNOTIC SUGGESTION.--Among minor instances of this\n    result, Frederick Myers relates that he suggested to a\n    hypnotised subject, who was engaged in coloring a sketch, that\n    it would be a good idea to paint the bricks blue. He repeated\n    his suggestion several times, and then brought the subject to\n    the normal state. She had no recollection of what had passed,\n    yet on resuming her painting some time afterwards she\n    hesitated, and then said to a lady companion, \"I suppose it\n    would never do to paint these bricks blue.\" \"Why blue?\" \"Oh,\n    it only occurred to me that it would look rather nice.\" She\n    acknowledged that the idea of blue bricks had been\n    persistently in her mind, with the notion that the color would\n    look well.\n\n    In another instance, Dr. Bernheim, of Nancy, suggested to a\n    hypnotised person to take Dr. X.'s umbrella when awake, open\n    it, and walk twice up and down the gallery. On being awakened\n    he did so, but with the umbrella _shut_. When asked why he\n    acted so, he replied: \"It is an idea. I take a walk\n    sometimes.\" \"But why have you taken Dr. X.'s umbrella?\" \"Oh, I\n    thought it was my own. I will replace it.\"\n\n    These are harmless instances of this strange power. There are\n    others the reverse of harmless in this significance. One or\n    two of these we may quote: Prof. Liegeois, in his recently\n    published pamphlet, \"Of Hypnotism in its relations to Civil\n    and Criminal Law,\" describes experiments with the subjects of\n    M. Liebault, a well-known hypnotiser. In these experiments he\n    took pains to induce the patients to commit crimes. As he\n    relates, Mdlle. A. E. (a very amiable young lady) was made to\n    fire at her own mother with a pistol, which she had no means\n    of knowing was unloaded. The same lady was made to accuse\n    herself before a judge of having assassinated an intimate\n    friend with a knife. Yet in both these instances she was wide\n    awake at the time and supposed that she was acting from her\n    own impulse.\n\n    Many other instances might be given, but these will suffice\n    for illustration. As to the length of time in which such a\n    suggestion may remain operative, Prof. Beaunis relates a case\n    in which he suggested to a hypnotised subject that he would\n    call on her on the next New Year's day (172 days after the\n    date of the experiment). On that date, being perfectly\n    conscious, she seemed to see him walk into the room where she\n    was, pay his compliments, and retire. She insisted that this\n    had really happened, and could not be convinced to the\n    contrary. A striking feature of this incident was that he\n    seemed to be dressed in summer attire (as at the date of\n    experiment), though it was now the dead of winter.\n\n    A natural conclusion from the facts above detailed is, that\n    the strange power here indicated might prove a very dangerous\n    weapon in the hands of an unscrupulous man. If a person can\n    suggest to a subject in the hypnotic sleep that, at a certain\n    future day, he or she shall kill a person obnoxious to the\n    experimenter, or perform some other criminal act, and if the\n    act be duly performed, the subject being in a seemingly normal\n    state, and fully convinced that he acted solely through an\n    impulse originating in his own mind, it might appear as if\n    there was little safety left for honest people, and that a\n    villain might carry out his murderous schemes with perfect\n    impunity. In such a case as we have said, the mind of the\n    patient would cease to be his own, but would partly belong to\n    the person whose deadly thoughts it contained, and whose\n    involuntary agent it had become. Will the jurisprudence of the\n    future have to take account of such possibilities as this? Yet\n    it must be remembered that the great majority of people are\n    not susceptible to hypnotic influence, and that those whose\n    will can be so completely subjected to that of another are\n    comparatively few. Very few such have yet been found in\n    France. In America, the realm of a less excitable people,\n    still fewer could be found.\n\n    It may be said, moreover, that this influence in several cases\n    has been exerted for the good of the patient. One instance is\n    given in which the patient was a great smoker and drinker, and\n    voluntarily gave up both under the influence of hypnotic\n    suggestion. Several other cases of the same kind are related,\n    while a humorous instance is given of an idle school boy who,\n    impelled by a hypnotic suggestion, became a very ardent\n    student. After working off that spell, however, he obstinately\n    refused to be hypnotised again, apparently with the impression\n    that there was something uncanny in his unusual fit of\n    devotion to study.\n\n\n\n\nTHE GRAND SYMPOSIUM OF THE WISE MEN OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.\n\n\nThe question of our future destiny is paramount to all others in\ndignity and importance. Upon this subject all wise men must have clear\nand positive views. The editor of the _Christian Register_ of Boston,\naccording to the very common idea that men in prominent positions as\nprofessors and decorated with college honors must be the wisest,\nthought it well to ask them if science could take cognizance of the\nquestion of immortality, and if its verdict was for or against a\nfuture life. Such questions he addressed to twenty-three professors,\npresidents, doctors of laws, etc. But he did not reflect that there\nwere several hundred gentlemen in Boston who had more knowledge on\nthis subject, and who could give him positive and reliable\ninformation, and he entirely forgot that the only scientist who has\nexamined this question from the physiological standpoint resides in\nBoston.\n\nThe editor did not obtain what he was ostensibly seeking, but he did\nobtain an amount of evidence of ignorance, in high places, which I\nshould be happy to record, but for the fact that it would occupy more\nthan half of one number of the JOURNAL OF MAN. Nevertheless, I cannot\ndeprive my readers of the pleasure and amusement derived from this\ncorrespondence. I have condensed the responses into a readable compass\nleaving out their useless verbiage, and putting them in a poetic form,\nas poetry best expresses the essence and spirit of an author's\nthought. I think the learned gentlemen, if they could peruse these\ndoggerel rhymes, would acknowledge that their meaning has been\nexpressed even more plainly and forcibly than in their own prose. The\nreader will observe that of the whole twenty-three only two appear to\nhave any knowledge on the subject, the famous A. R. Wallace and the\nbrilliant Dr. Coues. The following is the essence or rather\nquintessence of the voluminous responses in the order in which they\nwere published. The learned gentlemen ought to feel grateful for the\nincreased candor, brevity and explicitness of their replies, when\nboiled down into the rhyming form, bringing out new beauties which\nwere not apparent in the original nebulous condition of vagueness in\nwhich some of them disclaim opposition to immortality, while their\nonly immortality is that of atoms and force.\n\nWhile there is something amusing in these responses (which I shall\ncarefully file away for the future), which may furnish matter for\nsurprise and laughter in a more enlightened age, and which may cause\nthe writers, if they live long enough, to realize a feeling of shame\nfor the wilful ignorance or affectation of ignorance displayed, we\ncannot overlook the very serious fact that the educational leadership\nof our country is in the hands of men of whom a large proportion are\ndestitute of the very foundation of the sentiment of religion, while\nanother large portion are so utterly regardless of scientific truth as\nto ignore the best attested facts, which are continually in progress\nwithin their reach--a degree of bigotry which is not surpassed in the\nhistory of the \"Dark Ages.\" Verily the shadow of those ages rests upon\nthe leading institutions of to-day.\n\n\n1. Response of PROF. CHARLES A. YOUNG, LL.D., of Princeton College.\n\n  I must confess this creed of Immortality\n  Hath not in the light of science much reality;\n  But all such questions are beyond our science,\n  And revelation is our sole reliance.\n\n\n2. PROF. JAMES D. DANA, LL.D., of Yale College.\n\n  Though very much hurried--not to say flurried,\n  I will venture to say, as my answer to-day,\n  There is nothing in science to prevent our reliance\n  On the solemn reality of life's immortality.\n\n\n3. PROF. ASA GRAY, LL.D., Harvard University.\n\n  Were the gospel light out, we should all be in doubt,\n  For science looks on, astride of the fence,\n  And never can tell us the whither or whence;\n  But I shrewdly suspect it is slightly inclined\n  To harmonize now with the Orthodox mind.\n\n\n4. PROF. JOSEPH LEIDY, M.D., LL.D., University of Pennsylvania.\n\n  Your doctrine of life eternal\n  And everything else supernal\n  Might well he pronounced an infernal;\n                         Delusion!\n  For Solomon said at an ancient date\n  That everything dieth early or late,\n  And man or beast, or small or great,\n  Hath but one fate.\n  Your future life is an awful bore;\n  I've tried life once, and I want it no more.\n  You may guess and imagine o'er and o'er,\n  But where's the proof?\n  Yet nevertheless, I won't deny\n  You may live without brains in realms on high,\n  But as for myself I'd rather not try,\n  I'd rather die.\n\n\n5. SIMON NEWCOMB, LL.D., F.R.A.S., etc.\n\n  Science deals only with matters of sense,\n  It has nothing to do with a mere pretence.\n  'Tis one thing to say, that the soul survives,\n  And another to say that a cat has nine lives;\n  But I do not say the one or the other,\n  Nor affirm nor deny that the monkey's my brother.\n  I've nothing to say of angels or sprites,\n  Or the spooks that appear in the darkest of nights.\n  For if we can't see them, nor chase them nor tree them,\n  They can't be detected, nor caught and dissected,\n  So science must be mum--and I, too, am dumb.\n\n\n6. J. P. LESLEY, State Geologist of Pennsylvania, an ex-Reverend.\n\n  Science knows nothing about this matter,\n  But fancy may come to talk and flatter.\n  And as all mankind in this agree,\n  There's a future life for you and for me.\n  Let science slide; we'll go with the tide,\n  Uplift ourselves above the sod,\n  And claim to be a part of God;\n  Though God extends through time and space,\n  While man, alas! soon ends his race,\n  And whether he lives his own life again\n  Or is lost in the infinite, I do not think plain.\n\n\n7. LESTER F. WARD, A.M., of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington.\n\n  As for immortal life, I must confess,\n  Science hath never, never answered \"yes.\"\n  Indeed all psycho-physical sciences show,\n  If we'd be logical, we must answer no!\n  Man cannot recollect before being born,\n  And hence his future life must be \"in a horn.\"\n  There must be _parte ante_, if there's a _parte post_,\n  And logic thus demolishes every future ghost.\n  Upon this subject the voice of science\n  Has ne'er been ought but stern defiance.\n  Mythology and magic belong to \"_limbus fatuorum_\"\n  If fools believe them, we scientists deplore 'em\n  But, nevertheless, the immortal can't be lost,\n  For every atom has its bright eternal ghost.\n\n\n8. EDWARD MORSE, Ph.D., of Salem.\n\n  That immortality which Science denies\n  Cannot be admitted by those who are wise,\n  For if we give up and concede Immortality,\n  There's nothing to check its wide Universality.\n  The toad-stool and thistle, the donkey and bear\n  Must live on forever,--the Lord knows where.\n  I tell you, dear sir, that Science must wake up\n  And grapple these spooks to crush them, and break up\n  This world of delusion of Phil. D's and D.D's,\n  Who are all in the dark, as dear Huxley agrees,\n  Proud Huxley's \"The Prince of Agnostics,\" you see,\n  And Huxley and I do sweetly agree.\n\n\n9. PROF. JOSIAH PARSONS COOKE, LL.D. of Harvard University.\n\n  I freely confess that the life of the dead\n  Is a mystery alike to the heart and the head\n  Of all the mortals that dwell on earth,\n  Although revealed since our Saviour's birth,\n  And I fully believe in the old-fashioned God,\n  Who, walking in Eden, made man of a clod;\n  And I fully believe the same Deity still\n  Controls all things, here by the fiat of will.\n\n\n10. EDWARD D. COPE, A.M., Ph.D., author of \"Theology of Evolution.\"\nDr. Cope answers in a very voluminous and intricate manner, but the\nfollowing is the essence of his answer.\n\n  Of life eternal little can we know,\n  And yet we hope some glimmerings may grow,\n  By patient inference as facts appear.\n  I hope there's something coming near.\n  Science but sees extinction in our death,\n  And life the incident of fleeting breath.\n  We travel round the ologies to see\n  Naught but a grand revolving mystery;\n  But then if we have a controlling mind,\n  Why should not God have the same kind?\n  \"Kinetogenesis\" was ruled by will,\n  The conscious thought goes with it still,\n  And as conscious thought erst \"ruled the roast,\"\n  Why may it not become a ghost?\n  But as ghosts are like a vapor mixed,\n  All speculation is lost betwixt\n  The possible this, and the possible that,\n  And so philosophy falls flat.\n\n\n11. SIR JOHN WILLIAM DAWSON, LL.D., F.R.S., Principal of McGill\nUniversity, Montreal.\n\n  We are bound to believe in eternal life,\n  'Tis an instinct which in humanity's rife,\n  Of savages, some have been found so low,\n  As neither a God or a heaven to know;\n  If civilized men sink down to their level,\n  They are on the highway to the realms of the Devil.\n\n\n12. J. STERRY HUNT, LL.D., F.R.S.\n\n  In a terrible hurry, I cannot say much,\n  But Science, I think, opposes all such\n  Belief in the future. But God is so great,\n  I accept what he gives as my future state.\n\n\n13. WILLIAM JAMES, M.D., Prof. Philosophy, Harvard University.\n\n  I can only say my philosophy floats\n  In the German life-boat of Prof. Lotze,\n  At one opinion we both arrive,\n  That all who ought to will survive.\n\n\n14. BENJAMIN APTHORP GOULD, LL.D., Astronomer, Cambridge.\n\n  My faith is firm, but I have no time\n  To explain it all in this tuneful rhyme.\n  Science cannot say much, I fear,\n  But must admit that God is here,\n  And if the priests would let us alone,\n  Perhaps a little more might be known.\n  Spirit is fact, and this I assume,\n  For Matter is nothing but solid Gloom.\n\n\n15. ALFRED R. WALLACE, the compeer of Darwin.\n\n  Spiritual science has told the whole story\n  Of the claims of mankind to realms of glory.\n  Our facts are abundant, harmonious and true,\n  They satisfy me and should satisfy you.\n  No baseless hypothesis shapes our knowledge,\n  No dogmatic rule derived from a college,\n  As we fearless explore the worlds unseen,\n  And learn what all their mysteries mean.\n  The science we study is truly Divine,\n  They only reject it who are mentally blind.\n\n\n16. THOMAS HILL, D.D., LL.D., Ex-President of Harvard.\n\n  As for life after death, a life without breath,\n  Though science says no, I don't think it's so,\n  For 'tis well understood our God is too good\n  To create us and cherish, and then let us perish.\n\n\n17. PROF. ASAPH HALL, LL.D., of the National Observatory, Washington.\n\n  Metaphysics and science are still our reliance,\n  Taking them for our guide, we can't quite decide,\n  But as we incline, a doctrine we find.\n\n\n18. PROF. ELLIOTT COUES, M.D., Ph.D., Scientist and Theosophist.\n\n  I think that science is bound to answer\n  Every question that comes to hand, sir.\n  Then why do some scientists fail to acknowledge\n  Discoveries made outside of their college?\n  There's a reason for all things that come to pass,\n  And no man likes to be proved an ass;\n  And hence they refuse to agree with St. Paul,\n  The spiritual body is all in all.\n\n\n19. HERBERT SPENCER, British Philosopher, as reported by Rev. M. J.\nSavage.\n\n  'Tis all in a muddle we cannot make out,\n  Nor does evolution diminish the doubt;\n  The facts that we get prove very refractory,\n  And I cannot find anything quite satisfactory.\n\n\n20. PROF. CHARLES S. PIERCE, A.M., of Johns Hopkins University, (a\nvoluminous reply).\n\n  I've looked this question through and through,\n  But for future life the prospect's blue.\n  Psychic Researchers have gathered up much,\n  But it crumbles to dust beneath my touch.\n  'Tis nothing but rubbish that Society brings,\n  For the ghosts they have found are the stupidest things,\n  Poor \"starveling\" idiots, all of that ilk,\n  Who are coming back here to cry over \"spilled milk.\"\n  Serenely we smile at \"the lamp of Aladdin,\"\n  And stories of ghosts about this world gadding.\n  Yet after all, I don't believe in Spencer,\n  In Kant or in Comte, or in any of them, sir;\n  Nor in Christendom's sacred and reverend creed,\n  Though weaklings adopt it because they have need;\n  But I believe in this world's events,\n  And a life regulated by common sense.\n\n\n21. DANIEL COIT GILMAN, LL.D., President of Johns Hopkins University.\n\n  Man hath soul-freedom here on earth,\n  And from Almighty God hath birth;\n  Therefore, should stand in faith sublime,\n  And fear no science of our time.\n\n\n22. F. A. P. BARNARD, President of Columbia College, New York.\n\n  Your question stands outside of science,\n  Of any science that is mine,\n  The only doctrine worth reliance,\n  Comes from the old Bible--Still Divine.\n\n\n23. PROF. T. HUXLEY, British Philosopher, etc.\n\n  If a soul works with brains, can it work without?\n  Would seem to be a matter somewhat in doubt.\n  If you know that it can, pray tell me why?\n  If you know that it can't, you know more than I.\n  You may answer such questions if you know how,\n  But I'll not wait a moment to hear you now!\n\n\n\n\nTHE BURNING QUESTION IN EDUCATION.\n\n\nIf our left hand had been mangled, and continued to be an inflamed,\nulcerating mass, though carried in a sling and treated by all the\nsurgeons of repute around us,--never through a long life giving any\npromise of restoration or even relief,--would not its restoration be\nthe most prominent question in our minds?\n\nSociety has a crushed, ulcerous, and painful hand upon which the\ndoctors of the college and church have expended such skill as they\nhave in their occasional perfunctory visits, and the hand grows no\nbetter, but rather worse, during the whole existence of the American\nRepublic.\n\nThe existence of an increasing mass of crime, pauperism, and insanity\nis the crushed and diseased hand of civilized society, to which and to\nits obvious, natural method of healing I have vainly endeavored, in\nthe \"New Education,\" to call the attention of our clergy and our\nteachers. It is true that three editions of that book have been\ndisposed of to the delight of progressive thinkers, but it has made\nlittle impression on those who control public institutions and public\nopinion. Why is this?\n\nThere are sounds in nature too finely delicate to be heard by the\naverage ear, and rays beyond the violet too fine for the average human\neye, though visible to those of superior nervous endowments. So in the\nworld of thought there are ethical conceptions too high and pure for\nthe multitude,--conceptions so far away from their habitual life that\nthey cannot appreciate or sympathize with them. Such conceptions\nconstitute the ethical system of education, which is competent to\nbanish crime, and to introduce a higher social condition, as has been\namply proved by its imperfect introduction in the Lancaster, Ohio, and\nother reformatory schools.\n\nWhy is not this made the prominent theme in every religious society,\nas prominent as temperance? True, intemperance supplies us the\nmajority of criminals, but when the criminal is prepared in the\nhot-bed of alcohol, society transplants him into a richer soil,\nimpregnated with a greater amount of filth than the saloon, and\ncultivates him into the full-blown, hardened villain, for whom there\nis nothing but a career of crime, very costly indeed to society.\n\nWhy is this insane course pursued? Because society has not the\nChristianity which it professes, and the pulpit has not learned how to\ninstil the Divine law of love, while the college cares nothing about\nit.\n\nSociety itself is _criminally indifferent_, and barbarously cruel. Its\nonly thought in reference to its debased members is not their lost\ncondition, and how to redeem them, but how to punish them revengefully\nfor their evil deeds, in imitation of the Divine Demon whom orthodox\ntheology recognizes as its model. Until society has enough of\nbenevolence or enough of practical sagacity to get rid of this common\nimpulse of brute life, we shall continue to have an energetic,\nskilful, and formidable army of criminals, spread all over the land,\nlevying an immense tax upon respectable citizens, and requiring an\nincreasing army of police to restrain them.\n\nThe best discourse that has yet been preached in a Boston pulpit was\nonce delivered in Trinity Church by the assistant minister, Mr. Allen,\na few weeks since, which was made the basis of an admirable article on\n\"our prisoners\" in the _Banner of Light_ of April 2. Mr. Allen treated\nthis subject in the spirit of the \"New Education,\" showing that our\npenal system, instead of reforming criminals, educates and perfects\nthem in crime, under which system crime is continually and alarmingly\nincreasing, the statistics which he gives being of the same terrible\ncharacter as those presented in the \"New Education,\" showing that our\ndemoralization is progressing beyond that of any other country. His\nstatistics, which I have not examined in detail, show that there were\nmore than eight times as many prisoners in this country in 1880 as\nthere were in 1850. In Massachusetts, and especially in Boston, the\nproportion of criminal population was still greater.\n\nEngland, having adopted a reformatory system, has kept the criminal\npopulation in check,--brought it down to one in 18,000, while we have\none to every 837, because our prisons are colleges of crime instead of\nhouses of reformation. A criminal population of 5,000 in Massachusetts\nis kept under this debasing system, excepting about 700 in the\nreformatory at Concord and the women's prison at Sherburne. Our\ncriminals are held for punishment amid evil influences, and turned out\nonly qualified to prey upon society again, since they have the brand\nof shame upon them.\n\nThe only proper and wholesome view of this subject, the only view\ncompatible with ethical or religious principles, is that our\nunfortunate criminal brethren need our loving care instead of\nvindictive hate. They should never be sent to prison for any definite\nterm of confinement, as a punishment, but, like lunatics and pauper\npatients, should be placed under care and control until they are\ncured. Every criminal who will not obey the law in freedom should be\nsent to prison for life, under a kind and humane system, there to earn\nhis own support and in some cases to repay the damage he has done, and\nin all cases to remain there until he has, beyond all doubt, become so\nthoroughly reformed that he may be safely entrusted with freedom. To\nencourage in the work of reformation, he should be from time to time\nrewarded by enlargement of his privileges and enjoyments, just in\nproportion as he proves himself worthy; and after enjoying partial\nfreedom for years, with faithful and exemplary deportment, he should\nbe granted full liberty, on the sole condition of reporting himself at\ncertain regular periods, that a supervision may be retained over his\nconduct, and confinement renewed if ever he should prove unworthy of\nentire freedom.\n\nThis system has been tried with entire success, and travellers speak\nof seeing prisoners in Ireland half emancipated, working in the\nfields, whom they should not have distinguished from the common\nlaborers. That courageous philanthropist, the late Burnham Wardwell,\nadopted a system of moral government in the Virginia penitentiary,\nunder which punishment was almost abolished; and he was able to send\nout convicts in the city, under paroles, without any doubt that they\nwould faithfully return. Under a similar system at Lancaster, Ohio,\nwalls and locks were made unnecessary, and the youthful convicts went\nout freely, when permitted to mingle with the neighboring youth. When\ntheir reformation was completed, which did not require over three\nyears, they went forth to lead an honest life; and subsequent reports\nshowed that they walked in the path of respectability and honor.\n\nThe mother's love never abandons the idiot and criminal; but, alas!\nsociety is neither mother nor father nor brother to its unfortunate\nmembers, and hence society suffers, as we ever suffer from violation\nof the Divine law.\n\n\n\n\nMISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.\n\n\nBIGOTRY AND LIBERALITY, THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.--Upon these subjects it\nis customary to find a mingling of contradictions. Leading New England\nliterati, who inherit all the narrowness and self-sufficiency of\nBritish conservatism, are frequently impelled to utter expressions\nwhich would lead the reader to think them persons of liberal and\nprogressive minds. Such expressions we find in the writings of Dr.\nHolmes, a thorough medical bigot and sceptic; R. W. Emerson, who\nclosed his eyes against modern spiritual science, and adored the\nignorance of Greece; Col. Higginson, the most intolerant and scornful\nopponent of psychic science; Dr. F. H. Hedge and President Elliot, who\nrepresent the status of Harvard College. This was recently brought to\nmind by seeing the admirable expressions of Dr. Hedge at the 150th\nanniversary of West Church, Boston, now under the ministry of Rev. C.\nA. Bartol. For this church Dr. Hedge claims an unsectarian character.\n\nDr. Hedge says, \"Let there be schools of dogmatic theology, as many as\nyou please, but the church should not be a school of dogmatic\ntheology. It should be a school of practical Christianity, inspired,\nexpounded, and enforced by the pulpit. I can conceive of a church\nwhich should be so undogmatic, so unpolemic, as to command the\nrespect, engage the interest, and secure the co-operation of all who\ncare less for the prevalence of their specialty than they do for the\nmaintenance of public worship.\" There is one Boston pulpit at present\nconducted in this spirit, but it is very feebly sustained. There was\nanother, and it was occupied with brilliant ability, but Boston would\nnot sustain it. It is vacant now. Boston prefers theology to religion,\nbut it is growing slowly, and there are pulpits that are slowly\napproaching the unsectarian position--very slowly; while the Rev. Mr.\nJ. Savage displays a refreshing freedom of thought, and has been more\nsuccessful than any other clergyman in carrying a large congregation\nwith him, a solitary specimen of a successful though unsectarian\nteacher in Boston.\n\n\nRELIGIOUS NEWS.--\"During the past few months, the Chinese authorities\nin various parts of the empire have issued proclamations to the\npeople, calling on them to live at peace with Christian missionaries\nand converts, and explaining that the Christian religion teaches men\nto do right, and should therefore be respected. These documents have\nbeen published in so many parts of China that it is probable that\nevery viceroy in the eighteen provinces has received instructions on\nthe subject, and that there is a concerted movement throughout the\nempire to bring all classes of the population to a knowledge of the\ndangers of persecuting missionaries and native Christians, and to\nremove popular delusions respecting the objects and teachings of\nChristian missionaries.\"\n\n\"The Jesuits appear to meet with little toleration anywhere but in\nGreat Britain. The sultan has now issued a decree enacting that\nhenceforth they are not to open any new schools in the Ottoman empire,\nthat they are not to teach except in schools placed under the\nauthority of the Porte, and that all the schools now conducted by them\nare placed under the supervision of the State, and must be subjected\nto a rigorous supervision.\"\n\n\"Divine worship is a somewhat costly affair in Great Britain, says the\n_World_. The one hour's service in Westminster Abbey on the 21st of\nJune, when the great personages of the realm are to assemble for the\npurpose of prayer, is to cost the moderate sum of $100,000. Commoners\nand ordinary people will not be admitted within the portals of the\nsacred edifice, yet it is their pockets which will be taxed for the\npurpose of enabling the princes and lords to pray in due state for the\npreservation of the Queen.\"\n\n\"The monument to the memory of Giordano Bruno in Rome, is completed,\nbut permission to erect it has been refused by the Municipal Council\nof that holy city. This denial is easily explained when it is learned\nthat a majority of the council are clergymen, or under their\ninfluence.\"\n\nGovernor Marmaduke has signed the bill recently passed by the Missouri\nlegislature, making Sunday virtually a Puritanical Sabbath. A powerful\nprotest was presented to the Governor, respectfully requesting him not\nto sign the obnoxious bill, but it seems he yielded, says the _Jewish\nTimes_, to the wishes of a few fanatics, backed by scheming\npoliticians.\n\n\nABOLISHING SLAVERY.--It is pleasant to learn that the movement in\nfavor of abolishing slavery in Brazil is making excellent progress,\ndespite some discouragements. Long ago the Legislature fixed the date\nby which every slave in the empire must be freed; but the chamber of\ndeputies, acting in opposition to the senate, has lately put a strange\ninterpretation upon certain of the clauses of the most recent law upon\nthe subject, which will have the effect of delaying the latest day of\nenfranchisement a further 18 months. The Brazilian public has\nexpressed great indignation at this ill-advised action; and, by way of\nprotest, the recent progress of the emperor throughout the province of\nSan Paulo was made the occasion of liberating many slaves at the cost\nof the local municipalities. When a prominent abolitionist, Senator\nBonifacio, of Santos, died, recently, his native town honored his\nmemory by enfranchising the whole of the slaves within its\njurisdiction. Herein Santos was but following the example of the\nprovinces of Ceara and the Amazons, in both of which the last slave\nwas freed some years ago. It is, perhaps, wise to add that the\nslave-owners are being quite fairly treated in the way of\ncompensation.--_St. James Gazette._\n\nBokhara the noble, the richest, most enlightened, and most holy of all\nMahommedan nations in Central Asia, and beyond it, has just officially\ndeclared the complete abolition of slavery. Up to the present this\ncurse had not altogether disappeared, although it was generally\nassumed that, since Russia secured control over the Ameer's country,\nit had quite ceased to exist.\n\nFourteen years ago, M. Eugene Schuyler, the author of \"Turkestan,\" in\norder to demonstrate to the Russian government that its prestige had\nnot put a stop to the slave trade, as was then alleged, purchased a\nyoung boy slave for one hundred roubles, the average price of the\nhuman article in Bokhara, and brought him to St. Petersburg. The boy\nwas subsequently apprenticed to a Tartar watchmaker, and later became\na convert to the Russian church. According to a letter in the Russian\n_Official Gazette_, the young Ameer's decree, finally freeing all the\nbondmen within his dominion, was promulgated Nov. 19, 1886.\n\n\nOLD FOGY BIOGRAPHY.--It seems that biography as well as history will\nhave to be re-written in the light of modern progress. _Appleton's\nCyclopedia of American Biography_ has sent out its first volume,\nedited by Gen. Wilson and Prof. John Fiske. The sources of this volume\ndo not promise much liberality, and the first volume does not show it.\nWhile professing to record the lives of all who are eminent or\nnoteworthy, it fulfils this promise by recording many who are not very\neminent or noteworthy; indeed, Mr. Lowell says, by way of commendation,\nthat he has hunted for obscure names and found them. What then is the\nreason of the omission of the Hon. Cassius M. Clay, our former\nminister to Russia, one of the most conspicuous figures for many years\nin American politics and _par excellence_, the lion of the struggle\nwhich ended in negro emancipation? His life, recently published is a\nvolume of fascinating and romantic interest. Mr. Clay might treat this\nomission as the old Roman said of having a statue in the forum--that\nhe would rather men should ask why he had _no_ statue there, than to\nask why his statue was there. Dr. Joseph Rodes Buchanan is briefly\nnoticed, his name incorrectly spelled, a catalogue of his publications\ngiven, and a volume attributed to him which was written by the\nnotorious Dr. John Buchanan of Philadelphia. But nothing is said of\nthe new school of philosophy, or of the new sciences, established by\nDr. Buchanan. Evidently this is old fogy biography. The editors have\ngathered their material with a scoop, unable to distinguish between\ndirt, pebbles and jewels. Nevertheless they have made a valuable\nrecord if not a fair one.\n\n\nLEGAL RESPONSIBILITY IN SOMNOLENT CONDITIONS.--In the Academy of\nMedicine at Paris, Dr. Mesnet made a report of his experience in\nhypnotism, showing that somnambulic or mesmeric subjects were not\naccountable for their acts in that condition. In this case, the\npatient, a youth of nineteen years, had been subject to somnambulic\nattacks in which he acted strangely, and, on one occasion, had openly\ntaken several articles of furniture from a shop, for which he was\narrested, when he fell again into somnolence and was sent to the Hotel\nDieu. Dr. Mesnet, for an experiment, gazed firmly at him, and got him\nin magnetic rapport and then ordered him to steal the watch of one of\nthe students the next day. He manifested a great deal of repugnance to\nthis command, but yielded, and the next day came with the student,\nwith whom he talked. After a time he fixed his eyes on the student's\nwatch and appeared mentally agitated, his breathing hurried, and his\nlimbs trembling, his face red in one part and pallid in another. In\nthis condition, he put forth his hand in an indecisive manner, stole\nthe watch, put it in his pantaloons pocket, and ran down the stairs,\nwhere he was arrested and wakened up. He indignantly denied the theft,\nand fell into such agitation it required a number to hold him. He fell\nagain into the hypnotic state from which they could not rouse him\nthen, as it was owing to a mental cause. Dr. M. concluded by showing\nthe importance of this matter being understood by magistrates that\nthey may not punish irresponsible parties.\n\n\nPASTEUR'S CURE FOR HYDROPHOBIA.--I am by no means convinced that M.\nPasteur has really discovered a remedy for hydrophobia, says\nLabouchere in the _London Truth_. The Anti-Vivisection Society has\npublished a tabular statement, which shows that from March, 1885, to\nthe present date, 63 persons who have been treated by his system have\ndied. Against this, I should like to know how many persons really\nsuffering from hydrophobia have been cured by it.\n\nThe immense interest of the medical profession and the public in\nPasteur's method of inoculation with hydrophobia virus is due mainly\nto the _Stolid Skepticism_ of the medical profession. Other methods of\ncure have been far more successful, but they have been shamefully\nneglected, for medical colleges are always indifferent, if not hostile\nto improvements not originating in their own clique. The cures that\nhave been effected by the use of Scutellaria (Skull-cap), and of\nXanthium are far beyond anything achieved by inoculation. I recollect\nmany reports published by farmers, about sixty years ago, of their\ncures of hydrophobia by skull-cap.\n\nThe latest statement concerning Pasteurism is that of Miss Frances\nPower Cobbe, who writes to the _London Globe_:\n\n\"Ramon was not the forty-fifth, but the seventy-sixth patient who had\ndied after receiving the Pasteurian treatment for hydrophobia. Of\nthese seventy-six victims thirty-nine were inoculated in Paris under\nthe first method, seventeen in Russia and twenty in Paris under the\nsecond or 'intensive' method. For the verification of this statement I\nbeg to enclose a complete list of all the patients, with dates of\ndeath, and authority for each record. Your readers who may be\ninterested in the bursting of this huge medical bubble of Pasteurism\nwill do well to procure the book just published in Paris, 'M. Pasteur\net la Rage,' by M. Zutand, editor of the _Journal de Medecine_. It\nproves pretty clearly that M. Pasteur does not cure rabies, but gives\nit by his inoculation in a new and no less deadly form, bearing the\nominous title of 'Rage de Laboratoire.'\"\n\n\nLULU HURST.--This wonderful medium who displayed such astonishing\nmuscular powers has changed her name. Mrs. Buchanan psychometrically\ndescribed and explained her wonderful powers, and predicted that they\nwould soon cease. A Southern newspaper says:\n\n\"Paul M. Atkinson, of Chattanooga, Tenn., who achieved quite a\nreputation as manager of Lulu Hurst, the young lady who possessed such\nmarvellous magnetic powers, was married to that lady a few days ago at\nher home near Cedartown, Ga. Miss Hurst, since her wonderful power\ndeserted her, has been attending school, and graduated in December\nlast. It is reported that the fortune of $200,000 she amassed while on\nthe stage has been trebled since by lucky investments.\"\n\n\nLAND MONOPOLY.--_The Kansas City Times_ publishes a list of the\nleading foreign corporations that own lands in the United States,\nshowing an aggregate of 20,740,000 acres, equal to more than one-half\nof England. Well, Americans may as well work to support foreign as\nhome idlers; but a generation is nearing the voting age that will\nobject to doing either.\n\n\nMARRIAGE IN MEXICO.--A newspaper correspondent from California, writes:\n\n\"You may not be aware, as I was not till recently, that Juarez, the\nnative-blood President of Mexico acting, I presume, under authority of\nCongress, decreed that all children born, or that should be born in\nMexico, should be legitimate, regardless of all laws of the Church or\nState. So rigorous, expensive, and despotic had become the control of\nthe clergy that not one in ten of the children of Mexico were born\n'legitimate,' the people did not marry. This stroke of the State at\nthe Church was the 'holy terror' that broke its back; but it liberated\nthe people, and settled the differences between the 'higher' and lower\nclasses in a manner that has left marriage in Mexico in the hands of\nthe contracting parties where it properly belongs.\"\n\n\nTHE GRAND SYMPOSIUM.--The wise (?) men express themselves in our\nsymposium upon immortality. Their utter blindness to the grand\ndisplays of immortality, which have long challenged attention, and\ntheir reference to every obscure and blind path for its search, remind\none of Carlyle's expression in reference to Comte. \"I found him to be\none of those men who go up in a balloon and take a lighted candle to\nlook at the stars.\" What a deep shadow upon the intellectual landscape\nof America is seen in this picture of collegiate ignorance in contrast\nwith foreign enlightenment. While the sovereigns of England, France,\nand Russia have been communing with the higher world, our college\npresidents have their heads and eyes covered with the cowl of monkish\nsuperstition and ignorance.\n\nSurely the search for truth is the most imperative of duties for those\nwho are chosen to lead the rising generation. They who fail in this\nduty are as guilty as the sentinels who sleep or carouse upon their\nposts. The eloquent words of Rev. J. K. Applebee are appropriate to\nsuch offences: \"The man who is not true to the highest thing within\nhim, does a treble wrong. He wrongs himself; he wrongs all whom he\nmight have influenced for good; he wrongs all the willing workers for\nhumanity by heaping on their shoulders extra toils and extra\nresponsibilities.\" What is the difference between the Barnard, Hill,\nGilman, Elliott, Newcomb, Youmans, and their sympathizers to-day, and\nthe old time opponents of Galileo, Columbus, and Harvey. The men who\nrely upon learning or memory represent the past, while those who rely\nupon investigation and intuition represent the future. They are ever\nin conflict, and ever illustrate the truth of Goethe's remark that\n\"Error belongs to the libraries, truth to the human mind.\"\n\n\nA NEW MUSSULMAN EMPIRE has been established on the Red Sea, east of\nthe territory occupied by the followers of the Mahdi. Mohammed Abu is\nthe Sultan, and Kassala is his residence. His army has 8000 men.\n\n\nPSYCHOMETRIC IMPOSTURE.--Those who wish to understand and practice\npsychometry should avoid being duped by an _ignorant_ pretender who\nprofesses to _develop_ their psychometric faculties--a pretence which\nis a self-evident imposition.\n\n\nOUR TOBACCO BILL.--The _American Grocer_ estimates the total annual\nexpenditure for tobacco in the United States, at $256,500,000. The\nestimates of cost are as follows: Liquor, $700,000,000; tobacco,\n$256,500,000; sugar, $187,000,000; coffee, tea, and cocoa,\n$130,000,000; schools, $110,000,000.\n\n\nEXTINCT ANIMALS.--Wonderful bones have been dug up in Spokane County,\nWashington Territory--nine mammoths, a cave bear, hyenas, extinct\nbirds, and a sea turtle. One of the tusks measured twelve feet nine\ninches long, and twenty-seven inches round, weighing 295 pounds. Some\nof the ribs were eight feet long. The molar teeth weighed eighteen\npounds each. The pelvic arch was six feet across; a man could walk\nthrough it erect. The monster was estimated to be eighteen and\none-half feet high, and to weigh twenty tons.\n\n\nEDUCATION is making great progress in France. The number of colleges\nand the number of children at school are greatly increased. There are\nnow five and a quarter millions attending primary schools. Politicians\nclaim that whenever the people in a department are well educated they\nbecome republicans.\n\n\n\n\nGENESIS OF THE BRAIN\n\n(_Continued from page 32._)\n\n\nIs there anything miraculous or extravagant in believing that this\ninvisible potentiality, which has such magical transforming and\ndeveloping power, but which has never been known to arise from\ncombinations of matter, has an origin which is, like itself,\nspiritual? For we can obtain matter from matter, and spirit from\nspirit, but never obtain spirit or life from dead matter.\n\nThe genesis of the human brain is therefore a microcosmic epitome of\nthe macrocosmic evolution, controlled by the \"over-soul\"--the Divine\npower, of which we know so little.\n\nTo return to the embryo brain, which gives us visibly the epitome of\nthe evolution of vertebrated animals,--why is it not also an epitome\nof the entire animal kingdom, from the radiata, articulata, and\nmollusca to the vertebrata, instead of representing the evolution of\nvertebrates alone? It may be so. It may be that man and other animals\nin germination pass through _all_ stages, from the lowest to the\nhighest; but the microscope cannot reveal the fact, for the jelly-like\nor fluid conditions of the nervous system during the first month after\nconception do not enable us to discover any organization or outline\nfrom which anything can be learned. And yet, from certain interesting\nexperiments in sarcognomy which have never been performed except by\nmyself or my pupils, I am disposed to believe that the germinal\nprocess of man goes beyond the beginning of the animal kingdom, and\nthat he retains in his constitution spiritual elements which might not\nimproperly be called, not a photograph, but a psychograph of the\nentire animal kingdom,--yea, of everything that lives, and even of the\nmineral elements that have no life.\n\nThese things are wonderful and grand indeed, but the self-sufficient\npowers that rule the world of human society have no desire to know\nthem, and hence I have been content to enjoy them alone, or with a few\nenlightened friends.\n\nIt is in the second month of life in the womb that the fish form of\nbrain is distinctly apparent, as shown by Tiedemann. The fish form is\nthat in which we have only a rudiment of the cerebrum, which is so\nlarge in man. Behind the little cerebrum, which is smaller than the\nbulb of the olfactory nerve, we have the middle brain or optic lobes,\nwhich give origin to the optic nerves, and behind them the cerebellum.\n\nLet it be understood that the cerebrum is the psychic brain, the\ncerebellum the physiological brain, and the optic lobes the\nintermediate or psycho-physiological brain, not sufficient to give the\nanimal its character and propensities, but sufficient to guide it in\nswimming about.\n\n[Illustration]\n\nWhat the cerebrum is when fully developed in man has already been\nshown; what it is in the fishy stage of development, when it is the\nsmaller portion of the brain, may be understood by a dissection given\nin Serres \"Anatomie Comparee du Cerveau,\" representing the brain of\nthe codfish dissected or opened from above. In this figure H is the\nspinal cord, E the cerebellum, C the optic lobes divided, and B the\ncerebrum divided, showing the radiating fibres of the corpus striatum,\nm, from which the cerebrum begins its development.\n\nWhen animal life reaches a high development, the functions which are\ndiffused become concentrated into special organs. Intelligence or\npsychic life is concentrated in the cerebrum, and entirely removed\nfrom the spinal cord. The physiological energy apart from the psychic,\nis concentrated in the cerebellum, and thus the intermediate\npsycho-physiological organ, the optic lobes or quadrigemina, being no\nlonger important, dwindles to become the smallest part of the brain.\n\n[Illustration: EXPLANATION.--In the codfish, roach, and flounder, II\nis the cerebellum, n the optic lobes, in front of which is the\ncerebrum, from which the olfactory nerve extends forward. Behind the\ncerebellum is the superior end of the spinal cord. The letter c is\nplaced on the restiform bodies or posterior part of the medulla\noblongata of the cod. The engravings show the upper surfaces of the\nbrains, as we look down upon them.]\n\nIf the reader will look at the sketch of the brains of the codfish,\nflounder, and roach, as figured by Spurzheim, he will see in each a\nvery small cerebrum, a larger cerebellum, and still larger middle\nbrain or optic lobes. This is the model on which the human brain is\nfirst developed, when in the second month it becomes possible to study\nit with the microscope. It presents to view in the third month three\nvesicles of soft neurine, the one which is to form the cerebellum\nbeing larger than that which is to become the cerebrum.\n\nThese are three brains of different grades, formed alike on the same\nvesicular plan. The resemblance of the optic lobes to the cerebrum is\nvery striking, and when we open them we see what corresponds to the\nlateral ventricles of the cerebrum, with a structure at the bottom\ncorresponding in position and character with the inferior ganglion of\nthe cerebrum. The subdivision of function is similar to that of the\ncerebrum, the anterior portion of these lobes being of an\nintellectual, perceptive character, and the posterior the seat of the\nimpulses. This has been demonstrated also in the experiments of\nvivisectors, in which the irritation of the posterior part has\nproduced a vocal utterance or bark. Spurzheim gives a view of the\nbrain of the pike with an optic lobe partially opened, to show the\nventricle.\n\nThe cerebellum or physiological brain is formed on the same general\nplan, having its energetic or forcible functions in the posterior\ninferior regions, and its more sensitive functions located anteriorly.\n\nIn the embryo of twelve weeks a great advance has taken place; the\noptic lobes or quadrigemina are still large, but the cerebrum is\nlarger than all the remainder. Still, it has not yet developed what\nmight be called frontal and occipital lobes. The basis of the middle\nlobe, which is the most physiological portion of the cerebrum, being\ndevoted to the sensibility, appetites, and muscular impulses, is that\nwhich first presents itself, being the first outgrowth from the great\ninferior ganglion or summit of the spinal system. As human brains\ndegenerate to a lower type they approximate this form. The frontal and\noccipital lobes dwindle and the principal mass remaining is that in\nthe basis of the skull between the ears. We see this form distinctly\nin congenital idiots. The embryo cerebrum here represented measures\nbut three lines vertically, four lines in length, and five lines in\nthickness. (The line is the twelfth of an inch.) The nerve membrane of\nthis hollow cerebrum is barely a fourth of a line thick. The\ncerebellum, formed in the same way by projection from the summit of\nthe spinal cord, making two leaves that come together on the median\nline, has also a cavity contained between them, and just behind the\nmedulla oblongata, which is finally reduced to the little space called\nthe fourth ventricle, when the cerebellum grows to become a solid\nbody.\n\n[Illustration: 12 Weeks]\n\nThe growth of the cerebrum and cerebellum into solid bodies instead of\nvesicles is effected by the folding together of the primitive membrane\nas furrows appear upon its surface, by which it is changed into folds\nor convolutions, each of which (like the fold of a ruffle) may be cut\nout from its neighbors and opened from its inner side, like a book. It\nresembles a book also in the fact that it contains innumerable ideas\nor psychic elements, and the psychometer might read from each\nconvolution as a book the impressions recorded in it. In its place in\nthe brain it is like a book in a library; and as the book offers on\nits back a title expressive of its contents, so we label each\nconvolution with its proper title.\n\nIn addition to the folding process, a complex growth of fibres uniting\nin the corpus callosum completes the solidification, but not so\nthoroughly as to prevent our reopening and spreading out the\nconvolutions by exercising a little dexterity. This was a puzzle to\nsome of the anatomists in the time of Gall, but I have found no\ndifficulty in opening out the convolutions to the extent of five or\nsix inches square. The cerebellum, too, though its ventricle is\nobliterated, is susceptible also of a manipulation, showing that it\nhas some traces of its original formation.\n\nFrom the twelve weeks embryo to those of twenty-one weeks and of seven\nmonths we trace a progressive development and a commencement of the\nfurrows that form the convolutions.\n\nThus we perceive in the essential plan of the brain its two organs,\ncerebrum and cerebellum, are hollow spheres which grow gradually into\nsolid bodies, filling their interior cavities, of which the lateral\nventricles in the cerebrum, which have been explained, are the\nremnants.\n\nThe great importance of these anatomical details arises from the fact\nthat they show us the true central region of the brain from which its\ndevelopment must be determined; and although this work, designed for\nthe general reader, cannot say much of the brain, it is necessary to\nshow its true conformation to enable us to estimate the living brain\ncorrectly, so as to describe accurately living men, study the forms of\ncrania, and derive some profit in ethnological studies from the forms\nof crania which to the ethnologists of the present time are of very\nlittle value or significance, since they neither have nor claim a\nknowledge of the psychic functions of the brain. I trust, therefore,\nmy readers will not neglect these anatomical memoranda, which they\nwill find very valuable.\n\n[Illustration: 21 Weeks 7 Months;\nIn the brain of seven months, the right hemisphere is out open\nhorizontally, showing the ventricle.]\n\nI am not aware that any anatomical, physiological, or phrenological\nwriter has given the exposition of the principles of cerebral\ndevelopment which I have been presenting for nearly half a century,\nalthough the anatomical facts are patent to all who choose to examine\ncerebral embryology, and think of what dissection reveals, instead of\nbeing thoughtlessly occupied in the mere details of dissection without\nrising to a comprehension of the Divine plan. Indeed, the\nphrenological school have positively misconceived and misstated the\nprinciples of cerebral development. We can hardly be said to have had\nany phrenological anatomists since the time of Gall and Spurzheim\nsufficiently interested in comparative human development to trace its\nbasis in anatomy, for the able work of Solly presented the brain\nsolely as seen by the science of dissection, and not by the science of\ndevelopment and psychic function.\n\nGall and Spurzheim, understanding cerebral structure themselves,\nfailed to state certain principles which were necessary to guard\nagainst misconception; and they did not realize its necessity, because\ntheir methods did not include the functions of the base of the brain.\nMr. George Combe, who has been the great popular exponent of their\nsystem, for which he was well qualified by his clear, philosophic\nmind, adopted the erroneous idea, in which he has been followed by all\nsubsequent writers on the subject, that the cerebral organs were to be\nregarded as so many cones, starting from their apex at the medulla\noblongata and extending to their base at the surface of the skull.\nHence their development was to be estimated by measuring the distance\n(with a pair of callipers) from the cavity of the ear (which\ncorresponds very nearly to the medulla oblongata) to the locations of\nthe organs on the frontal superior and posterior surfaces of the head.\n\nIn my first study of phrenology over fifty years ago, I adopted this\nmethod, and diligently measured heads with callipers, relying on the\nresults, until I found them decidedly erroneous. I came upon the\nastounding fact that the head of a prominent citizen of New Orleans,\nwhen measured in this way, indicated by the height of the upper region\na character entitling him to rank among the saints, when in fact he\nwas notorious for the unrestrained energy of his violent and vicious\npropensities. Engaging then in more careful study and dissection of\nthe brain, I found why the rule was so deceptive; as the basilar\nregion is developed below the ventricles, giving depth, while the\ncoronal region developed above gives height, and the measurement from\nthe ear to the top of the head included both depth and height, it\nmight be a very large measurement from animal predominance or basilar\ndepth alone, as it was in the case that first revealed the error of\nMr. Combe.\n\nIn such cases of animal predominance we find that the moral region\ndoes not rise above the forehead, but runs back flat without\nelevation, while the depth of the ear below the level of the brain and\nthe massiveness of the base of the brain running into a large neck\nshow plainly that the animal organs rule.\n\nIn the more noble characters, the rounded elevation of the coronal\nregion, combined with the moderate depth and thickness of the base of\nthe brain, make it easy to see that their vertical measurement is due\nto height and not to depth. The great error of the phrenological\nschool has been in estimating moral development by the total vertical\nmeasurement, and estimating animal development without regard to\ndepth, which is its chief indication.\n\n[Illustration]\n\nIn a profile view, a line drawn from the middle of the forehead\nbackward, horizontally, is sufficiently near the line of the lateral\nventricles to enable us to compare the upward and downward development\nof the brain. In the two profiles here presented we see a marked\ndifference of character illustrated by drawing a line back\nhorizontally from the brow. The head in front, which is that of a\nprivate citizen of excellent character, named Smith, I obtained in\nFlorida nearly fifty years ago. At the same time I obtained the other,\nwhich is that of a French count who lost his life on the coast of\nFlorida by wreck when engaged in a contraband slave trade with Cuba.\nIn the count we observe much less elevation and much greater depth. He\nis especially deficient in Benevolence.\n\nIn proportion as men or animals rise in the scale of virtue the brain\nis developed above the level of the face, and in proportion as they\nincline to gross brutality the development falls behind the face; and\nthere is no exception to this law, either in quadrupeds, birds, or\nreptiles. Indeed, notwithstanding the smallness of the brains of\nfishes, their portraits show that this law applies also to them--as if\nnature had determined to warn mankind of the character of every\nanimal. Alas for the dulness of human observers! Our naturalists and\nanatomists have said not one word of the most conspicuous fact that\nmay be seen in the general survey of the animal kingdom.[3]\n\n    [3] The reader may naturally ask why have I not demonstrated\n    this assertion before the scientific world. The reason is,\n    that dogmatism rules in the sphere of natural science, and no\n    communication would receive fair treatment which contravened\n    the opinions of editors or the mass of prevalent opinion in\n    colleges and scientific societies. It would be peremptorily\n    rejected from our leading scientific magazine, the _Popular\n    Science Monthly_.\n\nTo return to the theory of cerebral development: The reader will\nunderstand by referring to the last chapter that the summit of the\nspinal system or great inferior ganglion of the brain, bearing the\nnames of optic thalami and corpora striata, is the true beginning of\nthe cerebrum, instead of the medulla oblongata, which _does not_\ncontain the fibres of the cerebral organs. And as this beginning is a\nlittle in front of the ear and its first radiating fibres are nearly\non the horizontal line just mentioned, it follows that we may locate\naccordingly a centre from which cerebral development may be estimated;\nand when we take this true centre we may describe around it a circle,\nand find that the circle singularly coincides with the outline of the\ncranium, so that if we add to that circle the outlines of the nose,\nmouth, and chin, we have sketched a well-developed head of strong\ncharacter, and ascertained the method of studying the development of\nthe brain, which has so remarkably been overlooked.\n\n[Illustration]\n\nNo one can begin the study of brain development in men and animals\nguided by a correct system without being delighted with the uniform\naccuracy of the science; for even the incomplete and inaccurate\nscience of Gall and Spurzheim, marred in its application by\nmisconceptions of anatomy, has proved sufficiently correct and\ninstructive to maintain its hold upon the minds of all students of\nnature, by giving them more truth than error, and _sometimes_ giving\nthe truth with marvellous accuracy. The errors they did not attempt to\ninvestigate.[4]\n\n    [4] I would merely mention, as a familiar example of such\n    errors, that an enlightened student of phrenology called upon\n    me yesterday, to whom phrenologists had given the character of\n    avaricious selfishness and an incapacity for friendship, which\n    indeed was the correct application of the old system, but was\n    the reverse of his true character. The old system did not\n    explain friendship correctly, and entirely mislocated the\n    organ of avarice by placing it in the temples. The gentlemen\n    had never before received a correct description from\n    phrenologists he had visited.\n\n\n\n\nBUSINESS DEPARTMENT.\n\n\nThe establishment of a new Journal is a hazardous and expensive\nundertaking. Every reader of this volume receives what has cost more\nthan he pays for it, and in addition receives the product of months of\neditorial, and many years of scientific, labor. May I not therefore\nask his aid in relieving me of this burden by increasing the\ncirculation of the Journal among his friends?\n\nThe establishment of the Journal was a duty. There was no other way\neffectively to reach the people with its new sphere of knowledge.\nBuckle has well said in his \"History of Civilization,\" that \"No great\npolitical improvement, no great reform, either legislative or\nexecutive, has ever been originated in any country by its ruling\nclass. The first suggestors of each steps have invariably been bold\nand able thinkers, who discern the abuse, denounce it, and point out\nthe remedy.\"\n\nThis is equally true in science, philanthropy, and religion. When the\nadvance of knowledge and enlightenment of conscience render reform or\nrevolution necessary, the ruling powers of college, church,\ngovernment, capital, and the press, present a solid combined\nresistance which the teachers of novel truth cannot overcome without\nan appeal to the people. The grandly revolutionary science of\nAnthropology, which offers in one department (Psychometry) \"the dawn\nof a new civilization,\" and in other departments an entire revolution\nin social, ethical, educational, and medical philosophy, has\nexperienced the same fate as all other great scientific and\nphilanthropic innovations, in being compelled to sustain itself\nagainst the mountain mass of established error by the power of truth\nalone. The investigator whose life is devoted to the evolution of the\ntruth cannot become its propagandist. A whole century would be\nnecessary to the full development of these sciences to which I can\ngive but a portion of one life. Upon those to whom these truths are\ngiven, who can intuitively perceive their value, rests the task of\nsustaining and diffusing the truth.\n\nThe circulation of the Journal is necessarily limited to the sphere of\nliberal minds and advanced thinkers, but among these it has had a more\nwarm and enthusiastic reception than was ever before given to any\nperiodical. There must be in the United States twenty or thirty\nthousand of the class who would warmly appreciate the Journal, but\nthey are scattered so widely it will be years before half of them can\nbe reached without the active co-operation of my readers, which I most\nearnestly request.\n\nProspectuses and specimen numbers will be furnished to those who will\nuse them, and those who have liberal friends not in their own vicinity\nmay confer a favor by sending their names that a prospectus or\nspecimen may be sent them. A liberal commission will be allowed to\nthose who canvass for subscribers.\n\n\nEnlargement of the Journal.\n\nThe requests of readers for the enlargement of the Journal are already\ncoming in. It is a great disappointment to the editor to be compelled\neach month to exclude so much of interesting matter, important to\nhuman welfare, which would be gratifying to its readers. The second\nvolume therefore will be enlarged to 64 pages at $2 per annum.\n\n\n\"Irene, or the road to Freedom.\" 612 pages, $1; published by H. N.\nFowler, 1123 Arch street, Philadelphia; called the \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\nof Woman Slavery.\" Ostensibly a novel, it is a _doctrinaire_ book,\npresenting a series of almost impossible incidents to enable the\ncharacters to present their ideas of woman's rights and wrongs and\nconjugal relations. The full development of the writer's doctrines\n(who is a woman) is postponed to another volume. The ideas in this\nwould please only the most extreme radicals. The Journal is\nover-loaded with its special themes, and has not room for discussions\nof such subjects.\n\n\nCOLLEGE OF THERAPEUTICS.\n\nThe eighth session is now in progress with an intelligent class. The\nninth session will begin next November. I do not approve of medical\nlegislation, but if it could be considered just to prohibit medical\npractice without a college education, it would be much more just to\nprohibit magnetic and electric practice without such practical\ninstruction as is given in the College of Therapeutics and at present\nnowhere else.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n                          LIGHT ON THE WAY.\n\n    GEO. A. FULLER, Editor and Publisher.\n                          MRS. G. DAVENPORT STEVENS, Asst. Editor.\n\n                        TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION:\n\n         Twelve Numbers, 60 cts.     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Physicians, surgeons, dentists and private families\nsupplied with this vapor, liquefied, in cylinders of various\ncapacities. It should be administered the same as Nitrous Oxide, but\nit does not produce headache and nausea as that sometimes does. For\nfurther information pamphlets, testimonials, etc., apply to\n\n                                      DR. U. K. 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Payment in\nadvance.\n\n[Hand pointing right] The circulation of the OFFERING in every State\nand Territory now makes it a very desirable paper for advertisers.\nAddress,\n\n                  SPIRITUAL OFFERING, Ottumwa, Iowa\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n    Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first\n    issue of the volume. The article GENESIS OF THE BRAIN is\n    continued from the previous issue's page 32. Liebault,\n    Liebeault are retained as spelled in the quoted documents.","title":"Buchanan's Journal of Man, June 1887: Volume 1, Number 5","tradition":"philosophy-ethics","translated_text":null,"word_count":17732}