{"collection":"scripture-revelation","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_27009/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_27009","id":"gutenberg_27009","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27009","summary":null,"tags":["Category: British Literature","Category: History - Modern (1750+)","Category: Journals","Category: Religion/Spirituality","Notes and Queries","Questions and answers -- Periodicals"],"text":"Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins\nand the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at\nhttp://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images\ngenerously made available by The Internet Library of Early\nJournals.)\n\n\n\n\n\nTranscriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they\nare listed at the end of the text.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n{485}\n\nNOTES AND QUERIES:\n\nA MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,\nGENEALOGISTS, ETC.\n\n\"When found, make a note of.\"--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNo. 212.]\nSATURDAY, NOVEMBER 19. 1853.\n[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCONTENTS.\n\n  NOTES:--                                              Page\n\n    Party-Similes of the Seventeenth Century:--No. 1.\n      \"Foxes and Firebrands.\" No. 2. \"The Trojan\n      Horse\"                                             485\n    Testimonials to Donkeys, by Cuthbert Bede, B.A.      488\n    Longevity in Cleveland, Yorkshire, by William Durrant\n      Cooper                                             488\n    Rev. Josiah Pullen                                   489\n\n    FOLK LORE:--Ancient Custom in Warwickshire--\n      Nottinghamshire Customs                            490\n\n    MINOR NOTES:--A Centenarian Couple--\"Veni,\n      vidi, vici\"--Autumnal Tints--Variety is pleasing--\n      Rome and the Number Six--Zend Grammar--The\n      Duke's First Victory--Straw Paper--American\n      Epitaph                                            490\n\n  QUERIES:--\n\n    Laurie (?) on Currency, &c.                          491\n    \"Donatus Redivivus\"                                  492\n\n    MINOR QUERIES:--Henry Scobell--The Court House\n      --Ash-trees attract Lightning--Symbol of Sow, &c.\n      --Passage in Blackwood--Rathband Family--\n      Encaustic Tiles from Caen--Artificial Drainage--\n      Storms at the Death of Great Men--Motto on Wylcotes'\n      Brass--\"Trail through the leaden sky,\" &c.--\n      Lord Audley's Attendants at Poictiers--Roman\n      Catholic Bible Society                             493\n\n    MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS--\"Vox Populi Vox\n      Dei\"--\"Lanquettes Cronicles\"--\"Our English\n      Milo\"--\"Delights for Ladies\"--Burton's Death\n      --Joannes Audoenus--Hampden's Death                494\n\n  REPLIES:-\n\n    \"Pinece with a Stink,\" by W. Pinkerton, &c.          496\n    Monumental Brasses abroad, by Josiah Cato            497\n    Milton's \"Lycidas,\" by C. Mansfield Ingleby          497\n    School Libraries, by Weld Taylor and G. Brindley\n      Acworth                                            498\n    Cawdray's \"Treasurie of Similies,\" and Simile of\n      Magnetic Needle, by Rev. E. C. Harington, &c.      499\n    \"Mary, weep no more for me,\" by J. W. Thomas         500\n\n    PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Clouds in Photographs\n      --Albumenized Paper--Stereoscopic Angles\n      --Photographic Copies of MSS.                      501\n\n    REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Lord Cecil's \"Memorials\"\n      --Foreign Medical Education--Encyclopaedias\n      --Pepys's Grammar--\"Antiquitas Saeculi Juventus\n      Mundi\"--Napoleon's Spelling--Black as a mourning\n      Colour--Chanting of Jurors--Aldress--Huggins\n      and Muggins--Camera Lucida--\"When Orpheus\n      went down\"--The Arms of De Sissone--Oaths of\n      Pregnant Women--Lepel's Regiment--Editions of\n      the Prayer Book prior to 1662--Creole--Daughter\n      pronounced \"Dafter\"--Richard Geering--Island       502\n\n  MISCELLANEOUS:--\n\n    Books and Odd Volumes wanted                         505\n    Notices to Correspondents                            505\n    Advertisements                                       505\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNotes.\n\nPARTY-SIMILES OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY--NO. I. \"FOXES AND FIREBRANDS.\"\nNO. II. \"THE TROJAN HORSE.\"\n\nWith Englishmen, at least, the seventeenth was a century pre-eminent for\nquaint conceits and fantastic similes: the literature of that period,\nwhether devotional, poetical, or polemical[1], was alike infected with the\nuniversal mania for strained metaphors, and men vied with each other in\ngiving extraordinary titles to books, and making the {486} contents justify\nthe title. Extravagance and the far-fetched were the gauge of wit: Donne,\nHerbert, and many a man of genius foundered on this rock, as well as\nCowley, who acted up to his own definition:\n\n \"In a true Piece of Wit _all things_ must be,\n    Yet all things there agree;\n  As in the _Ark_, join'd without force or strife,\n  All creatures dwelt--all creatures that had life.\"\n\nIt is not, however, for the purpose of illustrating this mania that I am\nabout to dwell on the two similes which form the subject of my present\nNote: I selected them as favourite party-similes which formed a standing\ndish for old Anglican writers; and also because they throw light on the\nhistory of religious party in England, and thus form a suitable supplement\nto my article on \"High Church and Low Church\" (Vol. viii., p. 117.).\n\nAs the object of the Church of England, in separating from Rome, was the\n_reformation_, not the _destruction_ of her former faith, by the very act\nof reformation she found herself opposed to two bodies; namely, _that_ from\nwhich she separated, and the ultra-reformers or Puritans, who clamoured for\na _radical_ reformation.\n\nTaking these as the Scylla and Charybdis--the two extremes to be\navoided--the Anglican Church hoped to attain the safe and golden mean by\nsteering between these opposites, and find, in this _via media_ course, the\npath of truth.\n\nAccordingly, her divines abound with warnings against the aforesaid Scylla\nand Charybdis, and with exhortations to cleave to the middle line of\nsafety. Acting on the proverb that _extremes meet_, they were ever drawing\nparallels between their two opponents. On the other hand, the Puritans\nstoutly contended that _they_ were the true middle-men; and in their turn\ntraced divers similarities and parallels betwixt \"Popery and Prelacy,\" the\n\"Mass Book and Service Book.\"[2]\n\nWithout farther preface, I shall give the title of a curious work, which\nwill tell its own story:\n\n    \"_Foxes and Firebrands_; or _A Specimen of the Danger and Harmony of\n    Popery and Separation_. Wherein is proved from undeniable Matter of\n    Fact and Reason, that Separation from the Church of England is, in the\n    Judgment of Papists, and by Experience, found the most Compendious way\n    to introduce Popery, and to ruine the Protestant Religion:\n\n     '_Tantum Religio potuit suadere Malorum._'\"\n\nA work under this title was published, if I mistake not, in London in 1678\nby Dr. Henry Nalson; in 1682, Robert Ware reprinted it with a second part\nof his own; and in 1689 he added a _third_ and last part in 12mo., uniform\nwith the previous volume.[3] In the Epist. Ded. to Part II. the writer says\nof the Church of England:\n\n    \"The Papists on the one hand, and the Puritans on the other, did\n    endeavour to sully and bespatter the glory of her Reformation: the one\n    taxing it with innovation, and the other with superstition.\"\n\nThe Preface to the Third Part declares that the object of the whole work is\n\"to reclaim the most haggard Papists\" and Puritans.\n\nWheatly, in treating of the State Service for the 29th of May, remarks:\n\n    \"The Papists and Sectaries, like Sampson's Foxes, though they look\n    contrary ways, do yet both join in carrying Fire to destroy us: their\n    End is the same, though the method be different.\"--_Rational Illust. of\n    the Book of Common Prayer_, 3rd edit., London, 1720, folio.\n\nThe following passage occurs in _A Letter to the Author of the Vindication\nof the Clergy_, by Dr. Eachard, London, 1705:\n\n    \"I have put in hard, I'll assure you, in all companies, for two or\n    three more: as for example, _The Papist and the Puritan being tyed\n    together like Sampson's Foxes_. I liked it well enough, and have\n    beseeched them to let it pass for a phansie; but I could never get the\n    rogues in a good humour to do it: for they say that _Sampson's foxes_\n    have been so very long and so very often tied together, that it is high\n    time to part them. It may be because something very like it is to be\n    found in a printed sermon, which was preached thirty-eight years ago:\n    it is no flam nor whisker. It is the forty-third page upon the right\n    hand. Yours go thus, viz. _Papist and Puritan, like Sampson's Foxes,\n    though looking and running two several ways, yet are ever joyned\n    together the tail._ My author has it thus, viz. _The Separatists and\n    the Romanists consequently to their otherwise most distant principles\n    do fully agree, like Sampson's Foxes, tyed together by the tails, to\n    set all on fire, although their faces look quite contrary ways._\"--P.\n    34.\n\nIt would be easy to multiply passages in which this simile occurs; but what\nI have given is {487} suffcient for my purpose, and I must leave room for\n\"The Trojan Horse.\"[4]\n\nI must content myself with giving the title of the following work, as I\nhave never met with the book itself: _The Trojan Horse, or The Presbyterian\nGovernment Unbowelled_, London, 1646.\n\nIn a brochure of Primate Bramhall's, entitled\n\n    \"A Faire Warning for England to take heed of the Presbyterian\n    Government.... Also the Sinfulnesse and Wickednesse of the _Covenant_,\n    to introduce that Government upon the Church of England.\"\n\nthe second paragraph of the first page proceeds:\n\n    \"But to see those very men who plead so vehemently against all kinds of\n    tyranny, attempt to obtrude their own dreames not only upon their\n    fellow-subjects, but upon their sovereigne himself, contrary to the\n    dictates of his own conscience, contrary to all law of God and man; yea\n    to compell forreigne churches to dance after their pipe, to worship\n    that counterfeit image which they feign to have fallen down from\n    Jupiter, and by force of arms to turne their neighbours out of a\n    possession of above 1400 years, to make roome for their _Trojan Horse_\n    of ecclesiastical discipline (a practice never justified in the world\n    but either by the Turk or by the Pope): this put us upon the defensive\n    part. They must not think that other men are so cowed or grown so tame,\n    as to stand still blowing of their noses, whilst they bridle them and\n    ride them at their pleasure. It is time to let the world see that _this\n    discipline_ which they so much adore, is _the very quintessence of\n    refined Popery_.\"\n\nMy copy of this tract has no place or date: but it appears to have been\nprinted at the Hague in 1649. It was answered in the same year by \"Robert\nBaylie, minister at Glasgow,\" whose reply was \"printed at Delph.\"\n\nAs the tide of the time and circumstance rolled on, this simile gained\nadditional force and depth; and to understand the admirable aptitude of its\napplication in the passage I shall next quote, a few preliminary remarks\nare necessary.\n\nThere was always in the Church of England a portion of her members who\ncould not forget that the Puritans, though external to her communion, were\nyet fellow Protestants; that they differed not in kind, but in degree--and\nthat these differences were insignificant compared with those of Rome. At\nthe same time, they reflected that perhaps the Church of England was not\nexactly in the middle, and that she would not lose were she to move a\nlittle nearer the Puritan side. Accordingly, various attempts were made to\nenlarge the terms of her communion, and eject from her service-book any\nlingering \"relics of Popery\" which might offend the weaker brethren yclept\nthe Puritans: thus to make a grand Comprehension Creed--a Church to include\nall Protestants.\n\nThis was tried in James I.'s reign at the Savoy Conference; but in spite of\nBaxter's strenuous efforts and model prayer-book, it was a failure. Even\nArchbishop Sancroft was led to attempt a similar Comprehensive Scheme, so\nterrified was he at the dominance of the Roman Church in the Second James's\nreign: however, William's accession, and his becoming a nonjuror, crossed\nhis design. In 1689, Tillotson, Burnet, and a number of William's\n\"Latitudinarian\" clergy made a bold push for it. A Comprehension Bill\nactually passed the House of Lords, but was thrown out by the Commons and\nConvocation. From William's time toleration and encouragement were extended\nto all save \"Popish Recusants;\" so that there were a large number in the\nChurch of England ready to assist their comrades _outside_ in breaking down\nher fences. The High Churchmen, however, as may be guessed, would not sit\ntamely by, and see the leading idea of the Anglican Church thrown to the\nwinds, her _via media_ profaned, her park made a common, and her\ndistinctive doctrines and fences levelled to the ground. What _their_\nfeelings were, may be gathered from this indignant invective:\n\n    \"The most of the inconveniences we labour under to this day, owe their\n    original to the weakness of some and to the cowardice of others of the\n    clergy. For had they stood stiff and inflexible at first against the\n    encroachments and intrigues of a Puritanical faction, like a threefold\n    cord, we could not have been so easily shattered and broken. The\n    dissenters, as well skilled in the art of war, have besieged the Church\n    in form: and at all periods and seasons have raised their batteries,\n    and carried on their saps and counter-scarps against her. They have\n    left no means unessayed or practised, to weaken her. And when open\n    violence has been baffled, and useless, _stratagem_ and contrivance\n    have supplied what force could never effect. Hence it is, that under\n    the cant of _conscience_ and _scruple_, they have feigned a compliance\n    of embracing her communion; if such and such ceremonies and rules that\n    then stood in force could be omitted, or connived at: and having once\n    broke ground on her discipline, they have continued to carry on their\n    trenches, and had almost brought the _Great Comprehension-Horse_ within\n    our walls; whilst the _complying_, or the _moderate_ clergy (as they\n    are called), like the infatuated _Trojans_, helped forward the\n    _unwieldy machine_; nor were they aware of the danger and destruction\n    that might have issued out of him.\"--_The Entertainer_, London, 1718,\n    p. 153.[5]\n\n{488}\n\nI shall but add a postscript to my former Note. In \"N. & Q.\" (Vol. viii.,\np. 156.), a number of pamphlets on High Church and Low Church are referred\nto. A masterly sketch of the two theories is given at pp. 87, 88. of Mr.\nKingsley's _Yeast_, London, 1851.\n\nJARLTZBERG.\n\n[Footnote 1: Dr. Eachard, in his work on _The Grounds and Occasions of the\nContempt of the Clergy and Religion inquired into_, London, 1712, after\nably showing up the pedantry of some preachers, next attacks the\n\"indiscreet and horrid Metaphor Mongers.\" \"Another thing that brings great\ndisrespect and mischief upon the clergy ... is their packing their sermons\nso full of similitudes\" (p. 41.). Eachard has a museum of curiosities in\nthis line. _The Puritan Pulpit_, however, far outstrips even the incredible\nnonsense and irreverence which he adduces. Let any one curious in such\nmatters dip into a collection of Scotch Sermons of the seventeenth century.\nSir W. Scott, in some of his works, has endeavoured to give a faint idea of\nthe extraordinary way in which passages of Holy Scripture were applied in\nthe same century. I have a very curious _book of soliloquies_, which\nunfortunately wants the title-page. From internal evidence, however, it\nappeals to have been written in Ireland in the seventeenth century: the\nwriter signs himself \"P. P.\" The editor of this little 12mo., in \"An\nEpistle to the Reader,\" after reprehending \"the wits of our times\" for\n\"quibbling and drolling upon the Bible,\" says immediately after:--\"This\nauthor's _innocent abuse of Scripture_ is so far from countenancing, that\nit rather shames and condemns that licentious and abominable practice. Nor\ncan we admit of the most useful allusions without that harmless (nay\nhelpful and advantageous) [Greek: katachresis], or abuse here practised:\nwherein the words are indeed used to another, but yet to a Holy end and\npurpose, besides that for which they were at first instituted and\nintended.\" The most reverend of our readers must need smile, were I to give\na specimen of this \"innocent abuse.\"\n\nWhile noticing the false wit which passed current in that century, we must\nnot forget that the same age produced a South and a Butler: and that in\nbeauty of simile, few, if any, surpass Bishop Jeremy Taylor.]\n\n[Footnote 2: An Analysis of the \"divers pamphlets published against the\nBook of Common Prayer\" would make a very curious volume. Take a passage\nfrom the _Anatomy of the Service Book_, for instance: \"The cruellest of the\nAmerican savages, called the Mohaukes, though they fattened their captive\nChristians to the slaughter, yet they eat them up at once; but the\nService-book savages eat the servants of God by piece-meal: keeping them\nalive (if it may be called a life) _ut sentiant se mori_, that they may be\nthe more sensible of their dying\" (p. 56.). Sir Walter Scott quotes a\ncurious tract in _Woodstock_, entitled _Vindication of the Book of Common\nPrayer against the Contumelious Slanders of the Fanatic Party terming it_\n\"Porridge.\" The author of this singular and rare tract (says Sir W.)\nindulges in the allegorical style, till he fairly hunts down the allegory.\nThe learned divine chases his metaphor at a very cold scent, through a\npamphlet of his mortal quarto pages.--See a _Parallel of the Liturgy with\nthe Mass Book, Breviary, &c._, by Robert Baylie. 1661, 4to.]\n\n[Footnote 3: [See \"N. & Q.,\" Vol. viii., p. 172.--ED.]]\n\n[Footnote 4: See Grey's _Hudibras_, Dublin, 1744, vol. ii. p. 248., vol. i.\npp. 150, 151., where allusions both to \"The Trojan Mare\" and tying \"the fox\ntails together\" occur. Butler was versed in the controversies of his day,\nand, moreover, loved to satirise the metaphor mania by his exquisitely\ncomic similes.]\n\n[Footnote 5: Let any one interested in the history of Comprehension refer\nto the proceedings relative to the formation of the \"Evangelical Alliance.\"\nJeremy Collier gives a curious parallel:--\"Lord Burleigh, upon some\ncomplaint against the Liturgy, bade the Dissenters draw up another, and\ncontrive the offices in such a form as might give general satisfaction to\ntheir brethren. Upon this overture the first classis struck out their\nlines, and drew mostly by the portrait of Geneva. This draught was referred\nto the consideration of a second classis, who made no less than _six\nhundred_ exceptions to it. The third classis quarrelled with the\ncorrections of the second, and declared for a new model. The fourth refined\nno less upon the third. The treasurer advised all these reviews, and\ndifferent committees, on purpose to break their measures and silence their\nclamours against the Church. However, since they could not come to any\nagreement in a form for divine service, he had a handsome opportunity for a\nrelease: for now they could not decently importune him any farther. To part\nsmoothly with them, he assured their agents that, when they came to any\nunanimous resolve upon the matter before them, they might expect his\nfriendship, and that he should be ready to bring their scheme to a\nsettlement.\" Collier's _Hist._, vol. viii. p. 16. See Cardwell's _Hist. of\nthe Conference connected with the Revision of the Book of Common Prayer_,\nLondon, 1849, 8vo. See also _Quarterly Review_, vol. 1. pp. 508-561., No.\nC. Jan. 1834. The present American Prayer Book is formed on the\nComprehension scheme. Last year Pickering published a _Book of Common\nPrayer of the Church of England, adapted for General Use in other\nProtestant Churches_, which is well worth referring to.\n\nThose who wished to \"comprehend\" at the Roman side of the _via media_ were\nvery few. Elizabeth and Laud are the most prominent instances. Charles I.,\nand afterwards the Nonjurors, had schemes of communion with the Greek\nChurch. A _History of Comprehension_ would involve a historical notice of\nthe Thirty-nine Articles, and the plan of Comprehension maintained by some\nto be the intention of their framers. It should include also distinctive\nsketches of the classes formerly denominated _Church Papists_ and _Church\nPuritans_.]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTESTIMONIALS TO DONKEYS.\n\nThe following extract from an article on \"Angling in North Wales,\" which\nappeared in _The Field_ newspaper of October 22nd, contains a specimen of\nan entirely original kind of testimonial, which seems to me worthy of\npreservation in \"N. & Q.'s\" museum of curiosities:\n\n    \"Beguiled by the treacherous representations of a certain Mr. Williams,\n    and the high character of his donkeys, I undertook the ascent of Dunas\n    Bran, and poked about among the ruins of Crow Castle on its summit,\n    where I found nothing of any consequence, except an appetite for my\n    dinner. The printed paper which Mr. Williams hands about, deploring the\n    loss of his 'character,' and testifying to the wonderful superiority of\n    all his animals, is rather amusing. Mr. Williams evidently never had a\n    donkey 'what wouldn't go.' This paper commences with an affidavit from\n    certain of the householders and _literati_ of Llangollen, that he 'had\n    received numerous testimonials, all of which we are sorry to say _has_\n    been lost.' Those preserved, however, and immortalised in print,\n    suffice to establish Mr. Williams' reputation:\n\n    \"Mr. W. and his son and daughter bear testimony to the civility and\n    attention of Mr. Williams _and_ his donkeys.\n\n    \"S. P., Esquire, attended at the Haud Hotel, 24th June, 1851, and\n    engaged four of Mr. Williams' donkeys for the use of a party of ladies,\n    who expressed themselves highly gratified. The animals were remarkably\n    tractable, and void of stupidity.\n\n    \"Mrs. D. A. B. visited Valle Crucis Abbey on the back of Mr. Williams'\n    ass, and is well satisfied.\n\n     \"Sept. 4. 1852.\n          This is to certify that\n            LADY MARSHALL\n        Is to Donkeys very partial,\n        And no postilion in a car, shall\n      Ever more her drive\n        O'er all the stones;\n        On 'Jenny Jones'\n      She'll ride while she's alive!\"\n\nThose who have visited Malvern will remember the vast quantity of donkeys\nwho rejoice in the cognomen of \"The Royal Moses.\" Their history is as\nfollows:--When the late Queen Dowager was at Malvern, she frequently\nascended the hills on donkey-back; and on all such occasions patronised a\npoor old woman, whose stud had been reduced, by a succession of\nmisfortunes, to a solitary donkey, who answered to the name of \"Moses.\" At\nthe close of her visit, her majesty, with that kindness of heart which was\nsuch a distinguishing trait in her character, not only liberally rewarded\nthe poor old woman, but asked her if there was anything that she could do\nfor her which would be likely to bring back her former prosperity. The old\nwoman turned the matter over in her mind, and then said, \"Please your\nmajesty to give a name to my donkey.\" This her Majesty did. \"Moses\" became\n\"the Royal Moses;\" every body wanted to ride him; the old woman's custom\nincreased, and when the favoured animal died (for he is dead) he left\nbehind him a numerous family, all of whom called after their father, \"the\nRoyal Moses.\"\n\nCUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nLONGEVITY IN CLEVELAND, YORKSHIRE.\n\nA cursory conversation with a lady in her eighty-fifth year, now living at\nSkelton in Cleveland, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, when she {489}\ndeprecated the notion that she was one of the _old_ inhabitants, led me to\ninquire more particularly into the duration of life in that township. The\nminister, the Rev. W. Close, who has been the incumbent since the year\n1813, and who has had the duties to perform, and the registers to keep,\ntherefore, from about the period of the act which required the age to be\nstated, now forty years ago, was most willing to give me aid and extracts\nfrom the burial register, from the commencement of 1813 to August, 1852,\nduring which period 799 persons were buried. The extracts show these\nextraordinary facts.\n\nOut of the 799 persons buried in that period, no less than 263, or nearly\none-third, attained the age of 70. Of these two, viz. Mary Postgate, who\ndied in 1816, and Ann Stonehouse, who died in 1823, attained respectively\nthe ages of 101. Nineteen others were 90 years of age and upwards, viz. one\nwas 97, one was 96, one was 95, four were 94, one was 93, five were 92,\nthree were 91, and three were 90. Between the ages of 80 and 90 there died\n109, of whom thirty-nine were 85 and upwards, and seventy were under 85;\nand between the ages of 70 and 80 there died 133, of whom sixty-five were\n75 years and upwards, and sixty-eight were between 70 and 75. In one page\nof the register containing eight names, six were above 80, and in another\nfive were above 70.\n\nIn this parish of Skelton there is now living a man named Moon, 104 years\nold, who is blind now, but managed a small farm till nearly or quite 100;\nand a blacksmith named Robinson Cook, aged 98, who worked at his trade till\nMay last.\n\nIn the chapelry of Brotton, which adjoins Skelton township, and has been\nalso under the spiritual charge of Mr. Close, the longevity is even more\nremarkable. Out of 346 persons buried since the new register came into\nforce in 1813, down to 1st October, 1853, no less than 121, or more than\none-third, attained the age of 70. One Betty Thompson, who died in 1834,\nwas 101; nineteen were more than 90, of whom one was 98, two were 97, three\nwere 95, one was 93, four were 92, five were 91, and three were 90; there\nwere forty-four who died between 80 and 90 years old, of whom nineteen were\n85 and upwards, and twenty-five were between 80 and 85; and there were\nfifty-seven who died between the ages of 70 and 80, of whom no less than\nthirty-one were 75 and upwards. The average of the chapelry is increased\nfrom the circumstance that sixteen bodies of persons drowned in the sea in\nwrecks, and whose ages were not of course very great, are included in the\nwhole number of 346 burials. That celibacy did not lessen the chance of\nlife, was proved by a bachelor named Simpson, who died at 92, and his\nmaiden sister at 91.\n\nI am told that the neighbouring parish of Upleatham has also a high\ncharacter for longevity, but I had not the same opportunity of examining\nthe register as was afforded me by Mr. Close.\n\nAnd now for a Query. What other, if any district in the north or south,\nwill show like or greater longevity?\n\nWILLIAM DURRANT COOPER.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nREV. JOSIAH PULLEN.\n\nEvery Oxford man regards with some degree of interest that goal of so many\nof his walks, Joe Pullen's tree, on Headington Hill. So at least it was in\nmy time, now some thirty years since. Perhaps the following notices of him,\nwho I suppose planted it, or at all events gave name to it, may be\nacceptable to your Oxford readers. They are taken from that most curious\ncollection (alas! too little known) the Pocket-books of Tom Hearne, vol.\nliii. pp. 25-35., now in the Bodleian:\n\n    \"Jan. 1, 1714-15. Last night died Mr. Josiah Pullen, A.M., minister of\n    St. Peter's in the East, and Vice-Principal of Magdalen Hall. He had\n    also a parsonage in the country. He was formerly domestick chaplain to\n    Bishop Sanderson, to whom he administered the sacrament at his death.\n    He lived to a very great age, being about fourscore and three, and was\n    always very healthy and vigorous. He was regular in his way of living,\n    but too close, considering that he was a single man, and was wealthy.\n    He seldom used spectacles, which made him guilty of great blunders at\n    divine service, for he would officiate to the last. He administered the\n    Sacrament last Christmas Day to a great congregation at St. Peter's,\n    which brought his illness upon him. He took his B.A. degree May 26,\n    1654. He became minister of St. Peter's in the East anno 1668, which\n    was the year before Dr. Charlett was entered at Oxford.\"--P. 25.\n\n    \"Jan. 7, Friday. This day, at four in the afternoon, Mr. Pullen was\n    buried in St. Peter's Church, in the chapel at the north side of the\n    chancell. All the parishioners were invited, and the pall was held up\n    by six Heads of Houses, though it should have been by six Masters of\n    Arts, as Dr. Radcliffe's pall should have been held up by Doctors in\n    Physic, and not by Doctors of Divinity and Doctors of Law.\"--P. 32.\n\nDr. Radcliffe's funeral had taken place in the preceding month.\n\nIn Nichols's _Literary Anecdotes_, vol. iv. p. 181., is the following\nepitaph of Pullen, drawn up by Mr. Thomas Wagstaffe:\n\n    \"Hic jacet reverendus vir Josia Pullen, A.M. Aulae Magd. 57 annos vice\n    principalis, necnon hujusce ecclesiae Pastor 39 annos. Obiit 31^o\n    Decembris, anno Domini 1714, aetatis 84.\"\n\nFrom the notice of Thomas Walden, in Johnson's _Lives of the Poets_, it\nappears that Yalden was a pupil of Pullen. (See also Walton's _Life of\nSanderson_, towards the end.) I hope this may elicit some farther account\nof a man whose name has survived so long in Oxford memory. {490}\n\nAs to the tree, I have some recollection of having heard that it had a few\nyears ago a narrow escape of being thrown down, sometime about the\nvice-chancellorship of Dr. Symons, who promptly came forward to the rescue.\nWas it ever in such peril? and, if so, was it preserved?\n\nBALLIOLENSIS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nFOLK LORE.\n\n_Ancient Custom in Warwickshire._--In Sir William Dugdale's _Diary_, under\nthe year 1658, is noted the following:\n\n    \"On All Hallow Even, the master of the family antiently used to carry a\n    bunch of straw, fired, about his corne, saying,\n\n     'Fire and red low,\n      Light on my teen low.'\"\n\nCan any of your readers learned in ancient lore explain the custom and the\nmeaning of the couplet, well as its origin? Does it now at all prevail in\nthat county?\n\nJ. B. WHITBORNE.\n\n_Nottinghamshire Customs._--1. The 29th of May is observed by the Notts\njuveniles not only by wearing the usual piece of oak-twig, but each young\nloyalist is armed with a nettle, as coarse as can be procured, with which\ninstrument of torture are coerced those unfortunates who are unprovided\nwith \"royal oak,\" as it is called. Some who are unable to procure it\nendeavour to avoid the penalty by wearing \"dog-oak\" (maple), but the\npunishment is always more severe on discovery of the imposition.\n\n2. On Shrove Tuesday, the first pancake cooked is given to Chanticleer for\nhis sole gratification.\n\n3. The following matrimonial custom prevails at Wellow or Welley, as it is\ncalled, a village in the heart of the county. The account is copied from\nthe _Notts Guardian_ of April 28, 1853:\n\n    \"Wellow. It has been a custom from time immemorial in this parish, when\n    the banns of marriage are published, for a person, selected by the\n    clerk, to rise and say 'God speed them well,' the clerk and\n    congregation responding, Amen! Owing to the recent death of the person\n    who officiated in this ceremony, last Sunday, after the banns of\n    marriage were read, a perfect silence prevailed, the person chosen,\n    either from want of courage or loss of memory, not performing his part\n    until after receiving an intimation from the clerk, and then in so\n    faint a tone as to be scarcely audible. His whispered good wishes were,\n    however, followed by a hearty Amen, mingled with some laughter in\n    different parts of the church.\"\n\nI do not know whether any notices of the above have appeared in \"N. & Q.,\"\nand send to inquire respecting 1. and 3. whether a similar custom holds\nelsewhere; and whether 2. has any connexion with the disused practice of\ncock-shying?\n\nFURVUS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Notes.\n\n_A Centenarian Couple._--The obituary of _Blackwood's Magazine_ for August,\n1821, contains the following:\n\n    \"Lately, in Campbell, County Virginia, Mr. Chas. Layne, sen., aged 121\n    years, being born at Albemarle, near Buckingham county, 1700. He has\n    left a widow aged 110 years, and a numerous and respectable family down\n    to the fourth generation. He was a subject of four British sovereigns,\n    and a citizen of the United States for nearly forty-eight years. Until\n    within a few years he enjoyed all his faculties, and excellent health.\"\n\nThe above extract is followed by notices of the deaths of Anne Bryan, of\nAshford, co. Waterford, aged 111; and Wm. Munro, gardener at Rose Hall,\naged 104.\n\nCUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.\n\n_\"Veni, vidi, vici.\"_--To these remarkable and well-known words of the\nRoman general, I beg to forward two more sententious despatches of\ncelebrated generals:\n\n  _Suwarrow._ \"Slava bogu! Slava vam!\n              Krepost Vzala, yiatam.\"\n\n \"Glory to God and the Empress! Ismail's ours.\"\n\nIt is also stated, I do not know on what authority, that the old and\nlamented warrior, Sir Charles Napier, wrote on the conquest of Scinde,\n\"Peccavi.\"\n\nPerhaps some of your correspondents could add a few more pithy sentences on\na like subject.\n\nG. LLOYD.\n\nDublin.\n\n_Autumnal Tints._--Scarce any one can have failed to notice the unusual\nrichness and brilliance of the autumnal tints on the foliage this year. I\nhave more particularly remarked this in Clydesdale, the lake districts of\nCumberland and Westmoreland, and in Somersetshire and Devonshire. Can any\nof the contributors to \"N. & Q.\" inform me if attributable to the\nextraordinary wetness of the season?\n\nR. H. B.\n\n_Variety is pleasing._--Looking over my last year's note-book, I find the\nfollowing _morceau_, which I think ought to be preserved in \"N. & Q.:\"\n\n    \"Nov. 30, 1851. Observed in the window of the Shakspeare Inn a written\n    paper running thus:\n\n         'To be raffled for:\n      The finding of Moses, and six\n            Fat geeze(!!).\n          Tickets at the bar.'\"\n\nR. C. WARDE.\n\nKidderminster.\n\n_Rome and the Number Six._--It has been remarked lately in \"N. & Q.\" that\nin English history, the reign of the second sovereign of the same name has\nbeen infelicitous. I cannot turn to the {491} note I read, and I forget\nwhether it noticed the remarks in Aubrey's _Miscellanies_ (London, 8vo.,\n1696), that \"all the _second_ kings since the Conquest have been\nunfortunate.\" It may be worth the while to add (what is remarked by Mr.\nMatthews in his _Diary of an Invalid_), that the number _six_ has been\nconsidered at Rome as ominous of misfortune. Tarquinius Sextus was the very\nworst of the Tarquins, and his brutal conduct led to a revolution in the\ngovernment; under Urban the Sixth, the great schism of the West broke out;\nAlexander the Sixth outdid all that his predecessors amongst the Tarquins\nor the Popes had ventured to do before him; and the presentiment seemed to\nreceive confirmation in the misfortunes of the reign of his successor Pius\nVI., to whose election was applied the line:\n\n \"Semper sub sextis perdita Roma fuit.\"\n\nW. S. G.\n\nNewcastle-on-Tyne.\n\n_Zend Grammar._--The following fragment on Zend grammar having fallen in my\nway, I inclose you a copy, as the remarks contained in it may be of service\nto Oriental scholars.\n\nI am unable to state the author's name, although I suspect the MS. to be\nfrom a highly important quarter. The subject-matter, however, is\nsufficiently important to merit publication.\n\n    \"The _Zend_, of disputed authenticity, and the _Asmani Zuban_, a\n    notoriously fictitious tongue, compared.\"\n\n    \"It is well known that Sanscrit words abound in _Zend_; and that some\n    of its inflexions are formed by the rules of the Vyacaran or _Sanscrit_\n    grammar.\n\n    \"It would therefore seem quite possible that by application of these\n    rules a grammar might be written of the _Zend_. Would such a\n    composition afford any proof of the disputed point--the authenticity of\n    the _Zend_?\n\n    \"I think it would not, and support my opinion by reasons founded on the\n    following facts.\n\n    \"The _Asmani Zuban_ of the Desstu is most intimately allied to Persian.\n    It is, in fact, fabricated out of that language, as is shown by clear\n    internal evidence. Now the grammatical structure of this fictitious\n    tongue is identical with that of Persian: and hence by following the\n    rules of Persian grammar, a grammar of the _Asmani Zuban_ might be\n    easily framed. But would this work advance the cause of forgery, and\n    tend to invest it with the quality of truth? No more, I answer, and for\n    the same reason, than is a grammar of the _Zend_, founded on the\n    Vyacaran, to be received in proof of the authenticity of that\n    language.\"\n\nKENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE.\n\n_The Duke's first Victory._--Perhaps it may interest the future author of\nthe life of the Duke of Wellington to be informed of his _first victory_.\nIt was not in India, as commonly supposed, but on Donnybrook Road, near\nDublin, that his first laurels were won. This appears from the _Freeman's\nJournal_, September 18th, 1789, where we learn that in consequence of a\nwager between him and Mr. Whaley of 150 guineas, the Hon. Arthur Wesley\nwalked from the five-mile stone on Donnybrook Road to the corner of the\ncircular road in Leeson Street, in fifty-five minutes, and that a number of\ngentlemen rode with the walker, whose horses he kept in a tolerable smart\ntrot. When it is recollected that those were Irish miles, even deducting\nthe distance from Leeson Street to the Castle, whence the original\nmeasurements were made, this walk must be computed at nearly six English\nmiles.\n\nOMICRON.\n\n_Straw Paper._--Various papers manufactured of straw are now in the market.\nThe pen moves so easily over any and all of them, that literary men should\ngive them a trial. As there seems considerable likelihood of this\nmanufacture being extensively introduced, on account of the dearness of\nrags, &c., it is to be hoped that it will not be _improved_ into the\nresemblance of ordinary paper. Time was when ordinary paper could be\nwritten on in comfort, but that which adulterated Falstaff's sack spoiled\nit for the purpose, and converted it into limed twigs to catch the winged\npen.\n\nM.\n\n_American Epitaph_ (Vol. viii., p. 273.).--The following lines are to be\nseen on a tombstone in Virginia:\n\n \"My name, my country, what are they to thee?\n  What whether high, or low, my pedigree?\n  Perhaps I far surpassed all other men:\n  Perhaps I fell behind them all--what then?\n  Suffice it, stranger, that thou see'st a tomb,\n  Thou know'st its use; it hides--no matter whom.\"\n\nW. W.\n\nMalta.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nQueries.\n\nLAURIE (?) ON CURRENCY, ETC.\n\nI have before me a bulky volume, apparently unpublished, treating of\ncurrency and of many other politico-economical affairs; the authorship of\nwhich I am desirous of tracing. If any reader of \"N. & Q.\" can assist my\nsearch I shall feel greatly obliged to him.\n\nThis volume extends to 936 closely printed pages, and is altogether without\ndivisions either of book, chapter, or section. It has neither title-page,\nconclusion, imprint, or date; and my copy seems to consist of revises or\n\"clean sheets\" as they came from the press. The main gist of the work is\nthus described, apparently by the author himself, in a MS. note which\noccupies the place of the title-page:\n\n    \"It is here meant to show that in civilised nations money is an\n    emanating circulable wealth and power, {492} without which individuals\n    cannot go on in improvement on independent principles. It resolves\n    wealth into the forms most conducive to this object, and prepares for\n    the highest services both individuals and communities.\"\n\nThe book, however, is extremely discursive, and no small portion of it is\ndevoted to foreign politics. Thus, of the \"Eastern Question,\" the author\ndisposes in this fashion:\n\n    \"Austria, to answer its destination, ought to comprise Wallachia,\n    Bessarabia, Moldavia, and, following the line of demarcation drawn by\n    the Danube, the whole territory at its debouchment.... Turkey cannot\n    regard the sacrifices proposed as of much importance, when such\n    security as that now in contemplation could be obtained. The whole\n    strength of her immense empire is at present drained to support her\n    contest on this very barrier with Russia. But that barrier, it is\n    evident, would this way be effectually secured: for Austria has too\n    many points of importance to protect, to dream of creating new ones on\n    this feeble yet extended confine of her domains.\"--Pp. 835, 836.\n\nFrom internal evidence, the book appears to have been written between 1812\nand 1815. It is printed in half-sheets, from sig. A to sig. 6 B, and three\nhalf-sheets are wanting, viz. E, 5 Q, and 5 R. In place of the last two,\nthe following MS. note is inserted:\n\n    \"The speculations in the two following sheets included views that\n    related to the disorganised state of Turkey, and the unhappy dependence\n    of the Bourbon family; which are now, from the changes which have taken\n    place, altogether unfit for publication.\"\n\nThe sole indication of the authorship which I have observed throughout the\nvolume lies in the following foot-note, at p. 893.:\n\n    \"This is all that seems to be necessary to say on the subject of\n    education. In a treatise published by me a few years ago, entitled\n    _Improvements in Glasgow_, I think I have exhausted,\" &c.[6]\n\nThe only treatise with such a title which I find in Watt's _Bibliotheca\nBritannica_ is thus entered:\n\n    \"LAURIE, David. Proposed improvements in Glasgow. Glasg., 1810,\n    8vo.--Hints regarding the East India Monopoly, 1813. 2s.\"\n\nMy _Queries_ then are these:\n\n1. Is anything known of such a treatise on \"circulable wealth,\" &c., as\nthat which I have named?\n\n2. Is any biographical notice extant of the \"David Laurie\" mentioned by\nWatt?\n\nI may add that the volume in question was recently purchased along with\nabout 1000 other pamphlets and books, chiefly on political economy: all of\nwhich appear to have formerly belonged to the late Lord Bexley, and to have\nbeen for the most part collected by him when Chancellor of the Exchequer.\n\nE.\n\nOld Trafford, near Manchester.\n\n[Footnote 6: I find no mention of Mr. Laurie, or of his \"Improvements in\nGlasgow,\" in Cleland's _Annals of Glasgow_, published in 1816, nor is he\nmentioned in Mr. McCulloch's _Literature of Political Economy_.]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\"DONATUS REDIVIVUS.\"\n\nCan you, or any of your correspondents, give me any information relative to\nthe history or authorship of the following pamphlet?--\n\n    \"Donatus Redivivus: or a Reprimand to a modern Church-Schismatick, for\n    his Revival of the Donatistical Heresy of Rebaptization, in Defiance to\n    the Judgment and Practice of the Catholick Church, and of the Church of\n    England in particular. In a Letter to Himself. London, 1714.\"\n\nThe same tract (precisely identical, except in the title-page) is also to\nbe found with the following title:\n\n    \"Rebaptization condemned. Wherein is shown, 1. That to Rebaptize any\n    Person that was once Baptiz'd, even by Laymen, in the name of the\n    Sacred Trinity, is contrary to the Practice of the Catholick Church in\n    all Ages. 2. That it is repugnant to the Principles and Practice of the\n    Church of England. 3. The Pernicious Consequences of such a Practice.\n    By the Author of Plain Dealing, or Separation without Schism,\" &c.\n    London, 1716.\n\nI am aware that, according to Dr. Watt, the author of _Plain Dealing_ was\nCharles Owen, D.D., but he makes no mention of _Donatus Redivivus_, and I\nam unable to discover any account of Dr. Charles Owen or his writings\nelsewhere. There appears to have been a reply to _Donatus Redivivus_,\npurporting to be from the pen of a Mrs. Jane Chorlton. This I have never\nseen, and have only learned of its existence from a subsequent pamphlet\nwith the following title:\n\n    \"The Amazon Disarm'd: or, the Sophisms of a Schismatical Pamphlet,\n    pretendedly writ by a Gentlewoman, entituled An Answer to Donatus\n    Redivivus, exposed and confuted; being a further Vindication of the\n    Church of England from the scandalous imputation of Donatism or\n    Rebaptization. London, 1714.\"\n\nThe dedication of this last tract begins as follows:\n\n    \"To the Reverend Mr. L--ter, and the Demi-reverend Mr. M--l--n.\n\n    \"Gentlemen,\n\n    \"This letter belongs to you upon a double account, as you were the\n    chief Actors in the late Rebaptizaton, and are the supposed Vindicators\n    of it, in the Answer to Donatus: a Treatise writ in Defence of the\n    Sentiments of the Church, which you father upon a Dissenting Minister,\n    and disingenuously point out to Mr. O----n by Name,\" &c.\n\nThe point which I wish particularly to ascertain is, whether Dr. Charles\nOwen was really the {493} author of either of the tracts I have mentioned;\nand if so, who he was, and where I can find an account of him and his\nwritings.\n\n[Greek: Halieus].\n\nDublin.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Queries.\n\n_Henry Scobell._--Henry Scobell, compiler of a well-known Collection of\nActs, was for several years clerk to the Long Parliament. I should be glad\nto learn what became of him after the dissolution of that assembly.\n\nA LEGULEIAN.\n\n_The Court House._--This place is situated in Painswick, in\nGloucestershire, and has been described to me as an old out-of-the-way\nplace. Where can I meet with a full description of it? Is the tradition\nthat a king--supposed to be either the first or second Charles--ever slept\nthere true?\n\nF. M.\n\n_Ash-trees attract Lightning._--Is it true that ash-trees are more\nattractive to lightning than any others? and the reason, because the\nsurface of the ground around is drier than round other trees?\n\nC. S. W.\n\n_Symbol of Sow, &c._--A sow suckled by a litter of young pigs is a common\nrepresentation carved on the bosses of the roofs of churches. What is this\nsymbolical of?\n\nF. G. C.\n\nOttery St. Mary.\n\n_Passage in Blackwood._--\n\n    \"I sate, and wept in secret the tears that men have ever given _to the\n    memory of those that died before the dawn_, and by the treachery of\n    earth our mother.\"--_Blackwood's Magazine_, December, 1849, p. 72., 3rd\n    line, second column.\n\nWill some of your readers give information respecting the above words in\nItalic?\n\nD. N. O.\n\n_Rathband Family._--Can any of your readers assist me in distinguishing\nbetween the several members of this clerical family, which flourished\nduring the period of the Commonwealth, and immediately preceding? From\nPalmer's _Nonconformist Mem._ (vol. i. p. 520.), there was a Mr. William\nRathband, M.A., ejected from Southwold, a member of Oxford University, who\nwas brother to Mr. Rathband, sometime preacher in the Minster of York, and\nson of an old Nonconformist minister, Mr. W. Rathband, who wrote against\nthe Brownists.--I should feel obliged by any information which would\nidentify them with the livings they severally held.\n\nOLIVER.\n\n_Encaustic Tiles from Caen._--In the town of Caen, in Normandy, is an\nancient Gothic building standing in the grounds of the ancient convent of\nthe Benedictines, now used as a college. This building, which is commonly\nknown as the \"Salle des Gardes de Guillaume le Conquerant,\" was many years\nago paved with glazed emblazoned earthenware tiles, which were of the\ndimensions of about five inches square, and one and a quarter thick; the\nsubjects of them are said to be the arms of some of the chiefs who\naccompanied William the Conqueror to England. Some antiquaries said these\ntiles were of the age of William I.; others that they could only date from\nEdward III. I find it stated in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for March, 1789,\nvol. lix. p. 211., that twenty of the tiles above spoken of were taken up\nby the Benedictine monks, and sent as a present to Charles Chadwick, Esq.,\nHealey Hall, Lancashire, in 1786. The rest of the tiles were destroyed by\nthe revolutionists, with the exception of some which were fortunately saved\nby the Abbe de la Rue and M. P. A. Lair, of Caen. What I wish to inquire\nis, firstly, who was Charles Chadwick, Esq.? and secondly, supposing that\nhe is no longer living, which I think from the lapse of time will be most\nprobable, does any one know what became of the tiles which he had received\nfrom France in 1786?\n\nGEORGE BOASE.\n\nP.S.--The _Gentleman's Magazine_ gives a plate of these tiles, as well as a\nplate of some others with which another ancient building, called \"Grand\nPalais de Guillaume le Conquerant,\" was paved.\n\nAlverton Vean, Penzance.\n\n_Artificial Drainage._--Can any of your correspondents refer me to a work,\nor works, giving a history of draining marshes by machines for raising the\nwater to a higher level? Windmills, I suppose, were the first machines so\nused, but neither Beckmann nor Dugdale informs us when first used. I have\nfound one mentioned in a conveyance dated 1642, but they were much earlier.\nAny information on the history of the drainage of the marshes near Great\nYarmouth, of which Dugdale gives passing notice only, would also be very\nacceptable to me.\n\nE. G. R.\n\n_Storms at the Death of great Men._--Your correspondent at Vol. vi., p.\n531., mentions \"the storms which have been noticed to take place at the\ntime of the death of many great men known to our history.\"\n\nA list of these would be curious. With a passing reference to the familiar\ninstance of the Crucifixion, as connected with all history, we may note, as\nmore strictly belonging to the class, those storms that occurred at the\ndeaths of \"The Great Marquis\" of Montrose, 21st May, 1650; Cromwell, 3rd\nSeptember, 1658; Elizabeth Gaunt, who was burnt 23rd October, 1685, and\nholds her reputation as the last female who suffered death for a political\noffence in England; and Napoleon, 5th May, 1821; as well as that which\nsolemnised {494} the burial of Sir Walter Scott, 26th September, 1832.\n\nW. T. M.\n\nHong Kong.\n\n_Motto or Wylcotes' Brass._--In the brass of Sir John Wylcotes, Great Tew\nChurch, Oxfordshire, the following motto occurs:\n\n \"IN . ON . IS . AL.\"\n\nI shall feel obliged if any one of your numerous correspondents will\nenlighten my ignorance by explaining it to me.\n\nW. B. D.\n\nLynn.\n\n_\"Trail through the leaden sky,\" &c._--\n\n \"Trail through the leaden sky their bannerets of fire.\"\n\nWhere is this line to be found, as applied to the spirits of the storm?\n\nR. C. WARDE.\n\nKidderminster.\n\n_Lord Audley's Attendants at Poictiers._--According to the French historian\nFroissart, four knights or esquires, whose names he does not supply,\nattended the brave Lord Audley at the memorable battle of Poictiers, who,\nsome English historians say, were Sir John Delves of Doddington, Sir Thomas\nDutton of Dutton, Sir Robert Fowlehurst of Crewe (all these places being in\nCheshire), and Sir John Hawkstone of Wrinehill in Staffordshire; whilst\nothers name Sir James de Mackworth of Mackworth in Derbyshire, and Sir\nRichard de Tunstall _alias_ Sneyde of Tunstall in Staffordshire, as _two of\nsuch knights or esquires_. The accuracy of Froissart as an historian has\nnever been questioned; and as he expressly names only _four_ attendants on\nLord Audley at the battle of Poictiers, it is extremely desirable it should\nbe ascertained if possible which of the six above-named knights really were\nthe companions of Lord Audley Froissart alludes to; and probably some of\nyour learned correspondents may be able to clear up the doubts on the point\nraised by our historians.\n\nT. J.\n\nWorcester.\n\n_Roman Catholic Bible Society._--About the year 1812, or 1813, a Roman\nCatholic Bible Society was established in London, in which Mr. Charles\nButler, and many other leading gentlemen, took a warm part. How long did it\ncontinue? Why was it dissolved? Did it publish any annual _reports_, or\nissue any book or tract, besides an edition of the New Testament in 1815?\nWhere can the fullest account of it be found?\n\nWill any gentleman be kind enough to _sell_, or even to _lend_, me Blair's\n_Correspondence on the Roman Catholic Bible Society_, a pamphlet published\nin 1813, which I have not been able to meet with at a bookseller's shop,\nand am very desirous to see.\n\nHENRY COTTON.\n\nThurles, Ireland.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Queries with Answers.\n\n_\"Vox Populi Vox Dei.\"_--Lieber, in the last chapter of his _Civil\nLiberty_, treating of this dictum, ascribes its origin to the Middle Ages,\nacknowledging, however, that he is unable to give anything very definite.\nSir William Hamilton, in his edition of the _Works_ of Thomas Reid, gives\nthe concluding words of Hesiod's _Works and Days_ thus:\n\n    \"The word proclaimed by the concordant voice of mankind fails not; for\n    in man speaks God.\"\n\nAnd to this the great philosopher adds:\n\n \"Hence the adage (?), 'Vox Populi vox Dei.'\"\n\nThe sign of interrogation is Sir William Hamilton's, and he was right to\nput it; for whatever the psychological connexion between Hesiod's dictum\nand V. P. V. D. may be, there is surely no historical. \"Vox Populi vox Dei\"\nis a different concept, breathing the spirit of a different age.\n\nHow far back, then, can the dictum in these very words be traced?\n\nDoes it, as Lieber says, originally belong to the election of bishops by\nthe people?\n\nOr was it of Crusade origin?\n\nAmerica begs Europe to give her facts, not speculation, and hopes that\nEurope will be good enough to comply with her request. Europe has given the\nserious \"V. P. V. D.\" to America, so she may as well give its history to\nAmerica too.\n\nAMERICUS.\n\n    [As this Query of AMERICUS contains some new illustration of the\n    history of this phrase, we have given it insertion, although the\n    subject has already been discussed in our columns. The writer will,\n    however, find that the earliest known instances of the use of the\n    sayings are, by William of Malmesbury, who, speaking of Odo yielding\n    his consent to be Archbishop of Canterbury, A.D. 920, says: \"Recogitans\n    illud Proverbium, _Vox Populi Vox Dei_;\" and by Walter Reynolds,\n    Archbishop of Canterbury, who, as we learn from Walsingham, took it as\n    his text for the sermon which he preached when Edward III. was called\n    to the throne, from which the people had pulled down Edward II.\n    AMERICUS is farther referred to Mr. G. Cornewall Lewis' _Essay on the\n    Influence of Authority in Matters of Opinion_ (pp. 172, 173., and the\n    accompanying notes) for some interesting remarks upon it. See farther,\n    \"N. & Q.,\" Vol. i., pp. 370. 419. 492.; Vol. iii., pp. 288. 381.]\n\n_\"Lanquettes Cronicles.\"_--Of what date is the earliest printed copy of\nthese Chronicles? The oldest I am acquainted with is 1560, in quarto\n(continued up to 1540 by Bishop Cooper). Is this edition rare?\n\nR. C. WARDE.\n\nKidderminster.\n\n    [The earliest edition is that printed by T. Berthelet, 4to., 1549. The\n    first two parts of this Chronicle, {495} and the beginning of the\n    third, as far as the seventeenth year after Christ, were composed by\n    Thomas Lanquet, a young man of twenty-four years of age. Owing to his\n    early death, Bishop Cooper finished the work; and his part, which is\n    the third, contains almost thrice as much as Lanquet's two parts, being\n    taken from Achilles Pyrminius. When it was finished, a surreptitious\n    edition appeared in 1559, under the title of Lanquet's _Chronicle_;\n    hereupon the bishop protested against \"the vnhonest dealynge\" of this\n    book, edited by Thomas Crowley, in the next edition, entitled Cooper's\n    _Chronicle_, \"printed in the house late Thomas Berthelettes,\" 1560. The\n    running title to the first and second parts is, \"Lanquet's Chronicle;\"\n    and to the third, \"The Epitome of Chronicles.\" The other editions are,\n    \"London, 1554,\" 4to., and \"London, 1565,\" 4to. We should think the\n    edition of 1560 rare: it was in the collections of Mr. Heber and Mr.\n    Herbert. In this work the following memorable passage occurs, under the\n    year 1542:--\"One named Johannes Faustius fyrste founde the crafte of\n    printynge in the citee of Mens in Germanie.\"]\n\n_\"Our English Milo.\"_--Bishop Hall extols in his _Heaven upon Earth_ the\nvalour of a countryman in a Spanish bull-fight (see p. 335., collected ed.\n_Works_, 1622). Of whom does he speak?\n\nR. C. WARDE.\n\nKidderminster.\n\n    [If we may offer a conjecture, in the passage cited the bishop seems to\n    refer to that \"greatest scourge of Spain\" Sir Walter Raleigh, and not\n    so much to a bull-fight as to the Spanish Armada. The bishop is\n    prescribing Expectation as a remedy for Crosses, and says, \"Is it not\n    credible what a fore-resolved mind can do--can suffer? Could our\n    English Milo, of whom Spain yet speaketh, since their last peace, have\n    overthrown that furious beast, made now more violent through the rage\n    of his baiting, if he had not settled himself in his station, and\n    expected?\" Sir Walter's \"fore-resolved and expectant mind\" was shown in\n    the publication of his treatise, _Notes of Directions for the Defence\n    of the Kingdom_, written three years before the Spanish invasion of\n    1588.]\n\n_\"Delights for Ladies.\"_--I lately picked up a small volume entitled--\n\n    \"Delights for Ladies; to adorn their Persons, Tables, Closets, and\n    Distillatories, with Beauties, Bouquets, Perfumes, and Waters. Reade,\n    practise, and censure.\" London, Robert Young. 1640.\n\nWho is the author of this interesting little work? Some one has written on\nthe fly-leaf, \"See Douce's _Illustrations of Shakspeare_, vol. i. p. 69.,\nwhere there is a reference to this curious little book;\" but as I cannot\nreadily lay my hand on Douce, I will feel obliged for the information\nsought for from any of your valued correspondents.\n\nGEORGE LLOYD.\n\nDublin.\n\n    [The author was Sir Hugh Plat, who, says Harte, \"not to mention his\n    most excellent talents, was the most ingenious husbandman of the age he\n    lived in. In a word, no man ever discovered, or at least brought into\n    use, so many new sorts of manure.\" The _Delights for Ladies_ first\n    appeared in 1602, and passed through several editions. Douce merely\n    quotes this work. Plat was the author of several other works: see Watt\n    and Lowndes.]\n\n_Burton's Death._--Did Burton, author of _Anatomy of Melancholy_, commit\nsuicide?\n\nC. S. W.\n\n    [The supposition that Robert Burton committed suicide originated from a\n    statement found in Wood's _Athenae_, vol. ii. p. 653. (Bliss). Wood\n    says, \"He, the said R. Burton, paid his last debt to nature in his\n    chamber in Christ Church, at or very near that time which he had some\n    years before foretold from the calculation of his own nativity; which,\n    being exact, several of the students did not forbear to whisper among\n    themselves that, rather than there should be a mistake in the\n    calculation, he sent up his soul to heaven through a slip about his\n    neck.\"]\n\n_Joannes Audoenus._--I shall be obliged by any notices of the personal or\nliterary history of John Owen, the famous Latin epigrammatist, in addition\nto those furnished by the _Athenae Oxonienses_. Wood remarks, that \"whereas\nhe had made many epigrams on several people, so few were made on or written\nto him. Among the few, one by Stradling, and another by Dunbar, a Scot,\" I\nhave met with one allusion to him among the epigrams of T. Bancroft, 4to.,\nLond. 1639, signat. A 3.:\n\n             \"_To the Reader._\n\n  Reader, till Martial thou hast well survey'd,\n  Or Owen's wit with Jonson's learning weighed,\n  Forbeare with thanklesse censure to accuse\n  My writ of errour, or condemne my Muse.\"\n\nAs translators of Audoenus, Wood mentions, in 1619, Joh. Vicars, usher of\nChrist's Hospital school, as having rendered some select epigrams, and\nThomas Beck six hundred of Owen's, with other epigrams from Martial and\nMore, under the title of _Parnassi Puerperium_, 8vo., Lond. 1659. In\naddition to these I find, in a catalogue of Lilly, King Street, Covent\nGarden, No. 4., 1844:\n\n    \"HAYMAN, Robert. Certaine Epigrams out of the First Foure Bookes of the\n    excellent Epigrammatist Master John Owen, translated into English at\n    Harbor Grace in Bristol's Hope, anciently called Newfoundland, 4to.,\n    unbound; a rare poetical tract, 1628, 10s. 6d.\"\n\nBALLIOLENSIS.\n\n    [The personal and literary history of John Owen (_Audoenus_) is given\n    in the _Biographia Britannica_, vol. v., and in Chalmers' and Rose's\n    Biographical Dictionaries.]\n\n_Hampden's Death._--Was the great patriot Hampden actually slain by the\nenemy on Chalgrove Field? or was his death, as some have asserted, {496}\ncaused by the bursting of his own pistol, owing to its having been\nincautiously overcharged?\n\nT. J.\n\nWorcester.\n\n    [See the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for May, 1815, p. 395., for \"A true and\n    faithfull Narrative of the Death of Master Hambden, who was mortally\n    wounded at Challgrove Fight, A.D. 1643, and on the 18th of June.\" From\n    this narrative we learn, that whilst Hampden was fighting against\n    Prince Rupert at Chalgrove Field, he was struck with two carbine-balls\n    in the shoulder, which broke the bone, and terminated fatally.]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nReplies.\n\n\"PINECE WITH A STINK.\"\n\n(Vol. viii., pp. 270. 350.)\n\nI would not have meddled with this subject if R. G., getting on a wrong\nscent, had not arrived at the very extraordinary conclusion that Bramhall\nmeant a \"pinnace,\" and an \"offensive composition well known to sailors!\"\n\nThe earliest notice that I have met with of the _pinece_ in an English\nwork, is in the second part of the _Secrets of Maister Alexis of Piemont_,\ntranslated by W. Warde, Lond. 1568. There I find the following\nsecrets--worth knowing, too, if effective:\n\n    \"_Against stinking vermin called Punesies._--If you rub your bedsteede\n    with squilla stamped with vinaigre, or with the leaves of cedar tree\n    sodden in oil, you shall never feel punese. Also if you set under the\n    bed a payle full of water the puneses will not trouble you at all.\"\n\nButler, in the first canto of the third part of _Hudibras_, also mentions\nit thus:\n\n \"And stole his talismanic louse--\n  His flea, his morpion, and punaise.\"\n\nIf the Querist refers to his French dictionary he will soon discover the\nmeaning of _morpion_ and _punaise_--the latter without doubt the _pinece_\nof Bishop Bramhall. Cotgrave, in his _French-English Dictionary_, London,\n1650, defines _punaise_ to be \"the noysome and stinking vermin called the\nbed punie.\"\n\nIt may be bad taste to dwell any longer on this subject; but as it\nillustrates a curious fact in natural history, and as it has been well\nsaid, that whatever the Almighty has thought proper to create is not\nbeneath the study of mankind, I shall crave a word or two more.\n\nThe _pinece_ is not originally a native of this country; and that is the\nreason why, so many years after its first appearance in England, it was\nknown only by a corruption of its French name _punaise_, or its German\nappellation _wandlaus_ (wall-louse). Penny, a celebrated physician and\nnaturalist in the reign of Henry VII., discovered it at Mortlake in rather\na curious manner. Mouffet, in his _Theatrum Insectorum_ (Lond. 1634), thus\nrelates the story:\n\n    \"Anno 1503, dum haec Pennio scriptitaret, Mortlacum Tamesin adjacentem\n    viculum, magna festinatione accersebatur ad duas nobiles, magno metu ex\n    cimicum vestigiis percussas, et quid nescio contagionis valde veritas.\n    Tandem recognita, ac bestiolis captis, risu timorem omnem excussat.\"\n\nMouffet also tells us that in his time the insect was little known in\nEngland, though very common on the Continent, a circumstance which he\nascribes to the superior cleanliness of the English:\n\n    \"Munditiem frequentemque lectulorum et culcitrarem lotionem, cum Galli,\n    Germani, et Itali minus curant, pariunt magis hane pestem, Angli autem\n    munditei et cultus studiosissimi rarius iis laborant.\"\n\nRay, in his _Historia Insectorum_, published in 1710, merely terms it the\n_punice_ or wall-louse; indeed, I am not aware that the modern name of the\ninsect appears in print previous to 1730, when one Southal published _A\nTreatise of Buggs_. Southal appears to have been an illiterate person; and\nhe erroneously ascribes the introduction of the insect into this country to\nthe large quantities of foreign fir used to rebuild London after the Great\nFire.\n\nThe word _bug_, signifying a frightful object or spectre, derived from the\nCeltic and the root of _bogie_, bug-aboo, bug-bear--is well known in our\nearlier literature. Spenser, Shakspeare, Milton, Beaumont and Fletcher,\nHolinshed and many others, use it; and in Matthew's _Bible_, the fifth\nverse of the ninety-first psalm is rendered:\n\n    \"Thou shalt not nede to be afraid of any bugs by night.\"\n\nThus we see that a real \"terror of the night\" in course of time, assumed,\nby common consent, the title of the imaginary evil spirit of our ancestors.\n\nOne word more. I can see no difficulty in tracing the derivation of the\nword _humbug_, without going to Hamburg, Hume of the Bog, or any such\ndistant sources. In Grose's _Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue_, I find the\nword _hum_ signifying deceive. Peter Pindar, too, writes writes:\n\n \"Full many a trope from bayonet and drum\n  He threaten'd but behold! 'twas all a hum.\"\n\nNow, the rustic who frightens his neighbour with a turnip lanthorn and a\nwhite sheet, or the spirit-rapping medium, who, for a consideration, treats\nhis verdant client with a communication from the unseen world, most\ndecidedly humbugs him; that is, hums or deceives him with an imaginary\nspirit, or bug.\n\nW. PINKERTON.\n\nHam.\n\nI take it that the editor of Archbishop Bramhall's _Works_ was judicious in\nnot altering the {497} word _pinece_ to _pinnace_, as an object very\ndifferent from the latter was meant; _i. e._ a _cimex_, who certainly\n_revenges_ any attack upon his person with a _stink_. _Pinece_ is only a\nmistaken orthography of _punese_, the old English name of the obnoxious\ninsect our neighbours still call a _punaise_ (see Cotgrave _in voce_).\nFlorio says \"Cimici, a kinde of vermine in Italie that breedeth in beds and\nbiteth sore, called punies or wall-lice.\" We have it in fitting company in\n_Hudibras_, III. 1.:\n\n \"And stole his talismanic louse,\n  His flea, his morpion, and punese.\"\n\nThis is only one more instance of the danger of altering the orthography,\nor changing an obsolete word, the meaning of which is not immediately\nobvious. The substitution of _pinnace_ would have been entirely to depart\nfrom the meaning of the Archbishop.\n\nS. W. S.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nMONUMENTAL BRASSES ABROAD.\n\n(Vol. vi., p. 167.)\n\nA recent visit to the cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle enables me to add the\nfollowing Notes to the list already published in \"N. & Q.\"\n\nThe brasses are five in number, and are all contained in a chapel on the\nnorth-west side of the dome:\n\n1. Arnoldus de Meroide, 1487, is a mural, rectangular plate (3' . 10\" x 2'\n. 4\"), on the upper half of which are engraved the Virgin and Child, to\nwhom an angel presents a kneeling priest, and St. Bartholomew with knife\nand book.\n\n2. Johannes Pollart, 1534, is also mural and rectangular (5' . 2-1/2\" x 2' .\n4\"), but is broken into two unequal portions, now placed side by side. The\nupper half of the larger piece has the following engraving:--In the centre\nstands the Virgin, wearing an arched imperial crown. Angels swing censers\nabove her head. St. John Baptist, on her right hand, presents a kneeling\npriest in surplice and alb; and St. Christopher bears \"the mysterious\nChild\" on her left. The lower half contains part of the long inscription\nwhich is completed on the smaller detached piece.\n\n3. Johannes et Lambertus Munten, 1546. This is likewise mural and\nrectangular (2' . 11-1/2\" x 2' . 1\"). It is _painted_ a deep blue colour, and\nhas an inscription in gilt letters, at the foot of which is depicted an\nemaciated figure, wrapped in a shroud and lying upon an altar-tomb: large\nworms creep round the head and feet.\n\n4. Johannes Paiel, 1560. Mural, rectangular (3' . 4\" x 2' . 4-1/4\"). This is\n_painted_ as the last-mentioned plate, and represents the Virgin and Child\nin a flaming aureole. Her feet rest in a crescent, around which is twisted\na serpent; on her right hand stand St. John Baptist and the Holy Lamb, each\nbearing a cross; and to her left is St. Mary Magdalene, who presents a\nkneeling priest.\n\n5. Henricus de .... This is on the floor in front of the altar-rails, and\nconsists of a rectangular plate (2' . 9\" x 2' . 1\"), on which is\nrepresented an angel wearing a surplice and a stole semee of crosses\nfitchee, and supporting a shield bearing three fleurs-de-lis, with as many\ncrosses fitchee. A partially-effaced inscription runs round the plate,\nwithin a floriated margin, and with evangelistic symbols at the corners.\n\nIn the centre of the choir of Cologne Cathedral lies a _modern_ rectangular\nbrass plate (8' . 10\" x 3' . 11\") to the memory of a late archbishop,\nFerdinandus Augustus, 1835.\n\nBeneath a single canopy is a full-length picture of the archbishop in\neucharistic vestments (the stole unusually short), a pall over his\nshoulders, and an elaborate pastoral staff in his hand.\n\nJOSIAH CATO.\n\nKennington.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nMILTON'S \"LYCIDAS.\"\n\n(Vol. ii., p. 246.; Vol. vi., p. 143.)\n\nYour correspondent JARLTZBERG, at the first reference, asks for the sense\nof the passage,--\n\n \"Besides what the grim wolf with privy paw\n  Daily devours apace, and nothing sed:\n  But that two-handed engine at the door\n  Stands ready to smite once, and smite no more.\"\n\nMy own view of this passage strongly testifies against the interpretation\nof another passage at the second reference.\n\nThe _two-handed engine_, I am positive, is St. Michael's sword. Farther on\nin the poem the bard addresses the angel St. Michael (according to Warton),\nwho is conceived as guarding the Mount from enemies with a drawn sword, for\nin this form I apprehend does tradition state the vision to have been seen;\nand he bids him to desist from looking out for enemies towards the coast of\nSpain, and to \"look homeward,\" at one of his own shepherds who is being\nwashed ashore, in all probability upon this very promontory. Milton\nelsewhere (_Par. Lost_, book vi. 251.) speaks of the \"huge two-handed sway\"\nof this sword of St. Michael; and here, in _Lycidas_ he repeats the epithet\nto identify the instrument which is to accomplish the destruction of the\nwolf. St. Michael's sword is to smite off the head of Satan, who at the\ndoor of Christ's fold is, \"with privy paw,\" daily devouring the hungry\nsheep. Note here that, according to some theologians, the archangel\nMichael, in prophecy, means Christ himself. (See the authorities quoted by\nHeber, _Bampton Lectures_, iv. note _l_, p. 242.) Hence it is His business\nto preserve _His own_ sheep. In the Apocalypse the final blow of St.\nMichael's (or Christ's) two-edged sword, which {498} is to cleave the\nserpent's head, is made a distinct subject of prophecy. (See Rev. xii.\n7-10.)\n\nWhile on this subject allow me to ask, Can a dolphin waft? Can a shore\nwash?\n\nC. MANSFIED INGLEBY.\n\nBirmingham.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nSCHOOL LIBRARIES.\n\n(Vol. viii., pp. 220. 395.)\n\nIn returning thanks to those of your correspondents who replied to my\nQuery, I ought, perhaps, to have begged to learn such of our public schools\nthat were _without_ libraries, as the best means of obtaining for them\nbequests or gifts that would form a nucleus of a good library. For example,\na correspondent informs me that the governors of Queen Elizabeth's Grammar\nSchool, Wimborne, Dorset, are laying by 10l. a year towards the purchase of\nbooks for that purpose: that having no library at present, there now is a\nfavourable opportunity for either a gift or a bequest: but I should in any\ncase prefer a selection of works likely to prove readable for young people,\nas history, biography, travels, and the popular works of science.\n\nI can quite imagine that Eton, Winchester, Westminster, Harrow, Shrewsbury,\nand other similar great schools, would have such libraries, but these are\nnot half the number of our public foundations; the wealthy schools above\nmentioned, and the rich men's children who go to them, would be in a sad\nplight indeed were they not amply provided for in such matters. But there\nare others whose mission is not less important, perhaps more so; and on\nthis head none would be better pleased than I to find I laboured under an\n\"erroneous impression,\" as remarked by ETONENSIS. The English public\nappeared to have an \"erroneous impression\" that they were better provided\nwith books than any other people a short time ago, till it was disproved\nwhen the agitation respecting parochial libraries was set on foot, the\nfacts appearing on the institution of the Marylebone public library.\n\nIt has been shown that in France and Germany the public libraries, and the\nvolumes in them, far exceed any that we possess; a strange fact, when we\nare better provided with standard authors than any other language in the\nworld. I should much wish these brief parallels answered. The city of Lyons\nhas a magnificent public library of 100,000 vols., open to all; how many\nhas her rival Manchester? Boulogne has a public library of 16,000 vols.;\nhow many has Southampton? From the obliging notices of correspondents in\n\"N. & Q.,\" we have had several articles on parochial libraries, and the sum\nof the whole appears to be most miserable; surely some bad system has\nprevailed either in not having proper places for them, or in some other\nfault. In one place the resident clergyman sells them: surely if they were\ncombined under some enlarged plan, people desirous of making bequests or\ngifts would do so very willingly when they knew they would be cared for and\nmade use of; for it is probably the case that private libraries are more\nnumerous here than abroad, and that there are altogether more books in the\ncountry. I am told by a correspondent that in his time there were no books\nat Christ's Hospital, therefore the bequest made is, I presume, a late one;\nand if such is the case, it will be a favourable opportunity for the\ngovernors of that school to enlarge the collection and make it available to\nthe scholars.\n\nIf, therefore, our schools are no better provided than our public\nlibraries, the inquiry may be of service; but if they are, it cannot do\nharm to know their condition. It is true I have heard of but one public\nschool hitherto that has no library and wants one, but I shall remain\nunsatisfied till other returns make their appearance in \"N. & Q.\" or\nprivately, when, if it should appear I have taken a wrong opinion, I shall\nbe as please as anybody else to find myself mistaken.\n\nWELD TAYLOR.\n\nBayswater.\n\nIn answer to your correspondent MR. WELD TAYLOR'S Query on this subject,\nmay I be allowed to say that at Tonbridge School, where I was educated,\nthere is a very good general library, consisting of the best classical\nworks in our own language, travels, chronicles, histories, and the best\nworks of fiction and poetry, and I believe all modern periodicals.\n\nThis library is under the care of the head boy for the time being, and he,\nwith the other monitors, acts as librarian. Books are given out, I believe,\ndaily; the library is maintained by the boys themselves, and few leave the\nschool without making some contribution to its funds, or placing some work\non its shelves.\n\nThe head master, the Rev. Dr. Welldon, approves of all books before they\nare added to the library.\n\nThere is also what is called the \"Sunday Library,\" consisting of standard\nworks of theology and church history, and other works, chiefly presented by\nthe head and other masters, to induce a taste for such reading.\n\nI am sorry that MR. WELD TAYLOR should have to complain of the _general_\nignorance of public schoolboys; but I know I may on behalf of the head boy\nof Tonbridge say, he will be happy to acknowledge any contribution from MR.\nWELD TAYLOR, which he may be disposed to give, towards the removal of this\ncharge.\n\nG. BRINDLEY ACWORTH.\n\nStar Hill, Rochester.\n\n{499}\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nCAWDRAY'S \"TREASURIE OF SIMILIES,\" AND SIMILE OF MAGNETIC NEEDLE.\n\n(Vol. viii., p. 386.)\n\nThere can be no doubt as to the authorship of the _Store-house of\nSimilies_. The work is now before me, and the title-page is as follows:\n\n    \"A Treasurie or Store-house of Similies; both Pleasaunt, Delightfull,\n    and Profitable for all Estates of Men in Generall: newly collected into\n    Heades and Common Places. By Robert Cawdray. London: printed by Thomas\n    Creede, 1609.\"\n\nThe only reference to his Life, which I can find, is in \"The Epistle\nDedicatorie;\" and two ancestors of mine, \"Sir John Harington, Knight, and\nthe Worshipful James Harington, Esquire, his brother,\" in which, when\nassigning his reasons for the \"Dedication,\" he says:\n\n    \"Calling to mind (right worshipfuls) not only the manifold curtesies\n    and benefits, which I found and received, now more than thirty years\n    ago, _when I taught the grammar schoole at Okeham in Rutland_, and\n    sundry times since, of the religious and virtuous lady, Lucie\n    Harington,\" &c.\n\nThe \"Dedication\" is subscribed \"Robert Cawdray.\" Cawdray was also the\nauthor of a work _On the Profit and Necessity of Catechising_, London,\n1592, 8vo.\n\nE. C. HARINGTON.\n\nThe Close, Exeter.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nThe \"Epistle Dedicatorie,\" as well as the title-page, appears to be wanting\nin J. H. S.'s copy of Robert Cawdray's _Store-house_, which was \"printed by\nThomas Creede, London, 1609.\" From this we find that it was dedicated to\n\"his singular benefactors, Sir John Harington, Knight, as also to the\nWorshipfull James Harington, Esquire, his brother,\" whose \"great kindness\nand favourable good will (during my long trouble, and since)\" the author\nafterwards \"calls to mind,\" and also the \"manifold curtesies and benefites\nwhich I found and received, now more than thirtie years agoe (when I taught\nthe Grammar School at Okeham in Rutland, and sundrie times since) of the\nreligious and vertuous lady, _Lucie Harington_ your Worship's Mother, and\nmy especial friend in the Lord.\" Would this be the \"lady, a prudent woman,\"\nwho \"had the princess Elizabeth committed to her government\" (vide Fuller's\n_Worthies_, Rutlandshire)?\n\nJ. H. S.'s Query recalls two examples of the \"magnetic needle simile\" (Vol.\nvi. and vii. _passim_), which Cawdray has garnered in his _Store-house_,\nand which fact would probably account for their appearance in many sermons\nof the period, as the book being expressly intended to \"lay open, rip up,\nand display in their kindes,\" \"verie manie most horrible and foule vices\nand dangerous sinnes of all sorts;\" and the \"verie fitte similitudes\" being\nfor the most part \"borrowed from manie kindes and sundrie naturall things,\nboth in the Olde and New Testament,\" and being as the writer says \"for\npreachers profitable,\" would find a place on many a clerical shelf; and its\ncontents be freely used to \"learnedly beautifie their matter, and brauely\ngarnish and decke out\" their discourses. I fear that I have already\nencroached too much on your valuable space, but send copies for use at\ndiscretion. In the first, the \"Sayler's Gnomon\" is used as an emblem of the\nconstancy which ought to animate every \"Christian man;\" and in the second,\nof steadfastness amidst the temptations of the world. I shall be glad to\nknow more of Cawdray than the trifles I have gathered from his book:\n\n    \"Euen as the Sayler's Gnomon, or rule, which is commonly called the\n    mariner's needle, doth alwayes looke towards the north poole, and will\n    euer turne towards the same, howsoeuer it bee placed: which is\n    maruellous in that instrument and needle, whereby the mariners doo\n    knowe the course of the windes: Euen so euerie Christian man ought to\n    direct the eyes of his minde, and the wayes of his heart, to Christ;\n    who is our north poole, and that fixed and constant north starre,\n    whereby we ought all to bee governed: for hee is our hope and our\n    trust; hee is our strength, whereupon wee must still relie.\"\n\n    \"Like as the Gnomon dooth euer beholde the north starre, whether it be\n    closed and shutte uppe in a coffer of golde, siluer, or woode, neuer\n    loosing his nature: So a faithfull Christian man, whether hee abound in\n    wealth, or bee pinched with pouertie, whether hee bee of high or lowe\n    degree in this worlde, ought continually to haue his faith and hope\n    surely built and grounded uppon Christ: and to haue his heart and minde\n    fast fixed and settled in him, and to follow him through thicke and\n    thinne, through fire and water, through warres and peace, through\n    hunger and colde, through friendes and foes, through a thousand\n    perilles and daungers, through the surges and waues of enuie, malice,\n    hatred, euill speeches, rayling sentences, contempt of the worlde,\n    flesh, and diuell: and, euen in death itselfe, bee it neuer so bitter,\n    cruell, and tyrannicall; yet neuer to loose the sight and viewe of\n    Christ, neuer to giue ouer our faith, hope, and trust in him.\"\n\nSIGMA.\n\nStockton.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nRobert Cawdray, the author of _A Treasurie or Store-house of Similes_, was\na Nonconformist divine of learning and piety. Having entered into the\nsacred function about 1566, he was presented by Secretary Cecil to the\nrectory of South Luffenham in Rutlandshire. After he had been employed in\nthe ministry about twenty years, he was cited before Bishop Aylmer and\nother high commissioners, and charged with having omitted parts of the Book\nof Common Prayer in public worship, {500} and with having preached against\ncertain things contained in the book. Having refused, according to Strype,\nto take the oath to answer all such articles as the commissioners should\npropose, he was deprived of his ministerial office. Mr. Brook, however, in\nhis _Lives of the Puritans_, states that though he might at first have\nrefused the oath, yet that he afterwards complied, and gave answers to the\nvarious articles which he proceeds to detail at length. He was cited again\non two subsequent occasions; and, on his third appearance, being required\nto subscribe, and to wear the surplice, he refused, and was imprisoned, and\nultimately deprived. He applied to Lord Burleigh to intercede on his\nbehalf, and his lordship warmly espoused his cause, and engaged Attorney\nMorrice to undertake his defence, but his arguments proved ineffectual. Mr.\nCawdray, refusing to submit, was brought before Archbishop Whitgift, and\nother high commissioners, May 14, 1590, and was degraded and deposed from\nthe ministry and made a mere layman. The above account is abridged from\nBrook's _Lives of the Puritans_, London, 1813, pp. 430-43.\n\n[Greek: Halieus].\n\nDublin.\n\nP. S. Besides the _Treasurie of Similies_, I find the following work under\nhis name in the Bodleian Catalogue:\n\n    \"A Table Alphabeticall; conteyning and teaching the True Writing and\n    Vnderstanding of hard vsuall English Wordes, borrowed from the Hebrew,\n    Greeke, Latine, or French, &c. London. 8vo. 1604.\"\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nThe title of this work is--\n\n    \"A Treasurie or Store-house of Similies; both Pleasant, Delightfull,\n    and Profitable for all Estates of Men in Generall: newly collected into\n    Heades and Common Places. By Robert Cawdray. Thomas Creed, London,\n    1609, 4to.\"\n\nCawdray was rector of South Luffenham, in Rutland; and was deprived by\nBishop Aylmer for nonconformity in 1587. He appealed to the Court of\nExchequer, and his case was argued before all the judges in 1591. A report\nof the trial is in Coke's _Reports_, inscribed \"De Jure Regis\nEcclesiastico.\" There is a Life of Cawdray in Brook's _Lives of the\nPuritans_ (vol. i. pp. 430-443.), which contains an interesting account of\nhis examination before the High Commission, extracted from a MS. register.\nNotices of him will also be found in Neal's _Puritans_, 1837 (vol. i. pp.\n330. 341.); and Heylin's _History of the Presbyterians_, 1672 (fol. p.\n317.).\n\nJOHN I. DREDGE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\"MARY, WEEP NO MORE FOR ME.\"\n\n(Vol. viii., p. 385.)\n\nFor the following information respecting the author, and the original, I am\nindebted to the _Lady's Magazine_ of 1820, from which I copied it several\nyears ago.\n\nMr. Joseph Lowe, born at Kenmore in Galloway, 1750, the son of a gardener,\nat fourteen apprenticed to a weaver, by persevering diligence in the\npursuit of knowledge, was enabled in 1771 to enter himself a student in\nDivinity in the University of Edinburgh. On his return from college he\nbecame tutor in the family of a gentleman, Mr. McGhie of Airds, who had\nseveral beautiful daughters, to one of whom he was attached, though it\nnever was their fate to be united. Another of the sisters, Mary, was\nengaged to a surgeon, Mr. Alexander Miller. This young gentleman was\nunfortunately lost at sea, an event immortalised by _Mary's Dream_. The\nauthor was unhappy in his marriage with a lady of Virginia, whither he had\nemigrated, and died in 1798. This poem was originally composed in the\nScottish dialect, and afterwards received the polished English form from\nthe hand of its author.\n\n         \"MARY'S DREAM.\n\n \"The lovely moon had climb'd the hill,\n    Where eagles big aboon the Dee,\n  And, like the looks of a lovely dame,\n    Brought joy to every body's ee:\n  A' but sweet Mary deep in sleep,\n    Her thoughts on Sandy far at sea;\n  A voice drapt saftly on her ear--\n   'Sweet Mary, weep nae mair for me!'\n\n \"She lifted up her waukening een,\n    To see from whence the sound might be,\n  And there she saw young Sandy stand,\n    Pale, bending on her his hollow ee.\n 'O Mary dear, lament nae mair!\n    I'm in death's thraws aneath the sea:\n  Thy weeping makes me sad in bliss,\n    Sae Mary, weep nae mair for me!\n\n \"'The wind slept when we left the bay,\n    But soon it waked and raised the main;\n  And God he bore us down the deep--\n    Wha strave wi' him, but strave in vain.\n  He stretch'd his arm and took me up,\n    Tho' laith I was to gang but thee:\n  I look frae heaven aboon the storm,\n    Sae Mary, weep nae mair for me!\n\n \"'Take aff thae bride-sheets frae thy bed,\n    Which thou hast faulded down for me,\n  Unrobe thee of thy earthly stole--\n    I'll meet in heaven aboon wi' thee.'\n  Three times the gray cock flapp'd his wing,\n    To mark the morning lift his ee;\n  And thrice the passing spirit said,\n   'Sweet Mary, weep nae mair for me!'\"\n\nJ. W. THOMAS.\n\nDewsbury.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n{501}\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.\n\n_Clouds in Photographs_ (Vol. viii., p. 451.).--Your correspondent on this\nsubject may easily produce clouds on paper negatives by drawing in the\nlights on the back with common writing ink. There is usually some tint\nprinted with all negatives, therefore the black used will stop it out.\n\nIt is at the same time unfair and untrue to the art, because clouds cannot\nbe represented in the regular mode of practice. If they appear, as they do\nsometimes by accident, it is well to leave them; but in no art is any trick\nso easily detected as in photography, and it cannot add to any operator's\ncredit in expertness to practise them.\n\nW. T.\n\n_Albumenized Paper._--In a late Number of \"N. & Q.\" you published an\naccount of albumenizing paper for positives by MR. SHADBOLT. Having\nconsiderable experience in the manipulation of photographical art, I have\nbestowed great pains in testing the process he recommends; and, I regret to\nsay, the results are by no means satisfactory. I well know the delicacy\nwhich is required in applying the albumen _evenly_ to the surface of the\npaper, and am therefore not surprised to find that each of his\n\"longitudinal strokes\" remains clearly indicated, thereby entirely\ndestroying the effect of the picture.\n\nHe also advises that the paper should not be afterwards _ironed_, as it is\napt to produce flaws and spots on the albumenized surface; and he believes\nthat the chemical action of the nitrate of silver alone is sufficient to\ncoagulate the albumen, without the application of heat. This I have found\n_in practice_ to be incorrect: for when I have excited albumenized paper,\nto which a sufficient heat has not been applied, I have invariably observed\nthat a portion of the albumen becomes detached into the silver solution,\nmaking it viscid, and favouring its decomposition. Consequently, the sheets\n_last_ excited seldom retain their colour so long as those which are first\nprepared. But even laying aside the question of the coagulation of the\nalbumen, the paper, unless it is ironed, remains so \"cockled up,\" that it\nis not only unsightly, but very difficult to use. 100-grain solution of\nnitrate of silver (I presume to the ounce) is also recommended. In a late\nNumber, I find DR. DIAMOND uses a 40-grain solution with perfect success;\nand my own experience enables me to verify this formula as being\nsufficiently powerful:--no additional intensity of colour being obtained by\nthese strong solutions, it is a mere waste of material. Therefore I think\nyour correspondent fails in effecting either economy of material or time.\n\nHowever painful it may be to me to offer remarks at variance with the\nopinions of your kind and intelligent correspondents, yet I consider it a\nduty that yourself and readers should not be misled, and so interesting and\nelegant an art as photography brought into disrepute by experiments which,\nhowever well intentioned, plainly indicate a want of experience.\n\nK. N. M.\n\n    [MR. SHADBOLT'S scientific acquirements appeared to us to demand that\n    we should give insertion to his plan of albumenizing paper: although we\n    felt some doubts whether it did not contain the disadvantages which our\n    correspondent now points out. We had met with such complete success in\n    following out the process recommended by DR. DIAMOND in our 205th\n    Number, that we did not think it advisable to make any alteration. For\n    our own experience has shown us the wisdom, in photography as in other\n    matters, of holding fast that which is good.--ED.]\n\n_Stereoscopic Angles._--Notwithstanding the space you have devoted to this\nsubject, I find little practical information to the photographer: will you\ntherefore allow me to presume to offer you my mode, which, regardless of\nall scientific rules, I find to be perfectly successful in obtaining the\ndesired results?\n\nMy focussing-glass is ruled with a few perpendicular and horizontal lines\nwith a pencil, and I also cross it from corner to corner, which marks the\ncentre of the glass. These lines always allow me to place my camera level,\nbecause the perpendicular lines being parallel with any upright line\nsecures it.\n\nHaving taken a picture, I note well the spot of some object near the centre\nof the picture: thus, if a window or branch of a tree be upon the spot\nwhere the lines cross [Cross lines], I remove the camera in a straight line\nabout one foot for every ten yards distance from the subject, and bring the\nsame object to the same spot: I believe it is not very important if the\ncamera is moved more or less. This may be known and practised by many of\nyour friends; but I am sure others make a great difficulty in effecting\nthose satisfactory results which, as I have shown, may be so easily\nobtained.\n\nH. W. D.\n\n_Photographic Copies of MSS._--I am glad to find from your Notices to\nCorrespondents in Vol. viii., p. 456., that the applicability of\nphotography to the copying of MSS., or printed leaves, is beginning to\nexcite attention. The facility and cheapness of thus applying it (as I have\nbeen informed by a professional photographer) is so great, that I have no\ndoubt but that we shall shortly have it used in our great public libraries;\nso as to supersede the present slow, expensive, and uncertain process of\ncopying by hand. And it is in order to help to bring about so desirable a\nstate of things, that I send these few lines to your widely-circulated\njournal.\n\nM. D.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n{502}\n\nReplies to Minor Queries.\n\n_Lord Cecil's \"Memorials\"_ (Vol. viii., p. 442.).--Cecil's \"First Memorial\"\nis printed in Lord Somers's _Tracts_. It appears that Primate Ussher, and,\nsubsequently, Sir James Ware and his son Robert, had the benefit of\nextracts from Lord Burleigh's papers. MR. BRUCE may find the \"Examination\"\nof the celebrated Faithfull Comine, and \"Lord Cecyl's Letters,\" together\nwith other interesting documents, entered among the Clarendon MSS. in _Pars\naltera_ of the second volume of _Catal. Lib. Manuscr. Angl. et Hib._, Oxon.\n1697.\n\nR. G.\n\n_Foreign Medical Education_ (Vol. viii., pp. 341. 398.).--In addition to\nthe previous communications on this subject, I beg to refer your\ncorrespondent MEDICUS to Mr. Wilde's _Austria; its Literary, Scientific,\nand Medical Institutions, with Notes on the State of Science, and a Guide\nto the Hospitals and Sanitary Institutions of Vienna_, Dublin: Curry and\nCo., 1842.\n\nJ. D. MCK.\n\n_Encyclopaedias_ (Vol. viii., p. 385.).--Surely there must be many persons\nwho sympathise with ENCYCLOPAEDICUS in wishing to have a work _not_\nencumbered and swollen by the heavy and bulky articles to which he refers:\nperhaps there may be as many as would make it worth the while of some\npublisher to furnish one. Of course copyright, and all sorts of rights,\nmust be respected but that being done, there would be little else to do\nthan to cut out and wheel away the heavy articles from a copy of any\nencyclopaedia, and put the rest into the hands of a printer. The residuum\n(which is what we want) would probably be to a considerable extent the\nsame. When necessary additions had been made, the work would still be of\nmoderate size and price.\n\nN. B.\n\n_Pepys's Grammar_ (Vol. viii., p. 466.).--I am unable to answer MR.\nKEIGHTLEY'S Query, not having the slightest knowledge of short-hand; but I\nalways understood that the original spelling of every word in the _Diary_\nwas carefully preserved by the gentleman who decyphered it.\n\nNo estimate, however, of Pepys's powers of writing can be formed from the\nhasty entries recorded in his short-hand journal, and, as I conceive, they\nderive additional interest from the quaint terms in which they are\nexpressed.\n\nBRAYBROOKE.\n\n_\"Antiquitas Saeculi Juventus Mundi\"_ (Vols. ii. and iii. _passim_).--The\nfollowing instances of this thought occur in two writers of the seventeenth\ncentury:\n\n    \"Those times which we term vulgarly they Old World, were indeed the\n    youth or adolescence of it ... if you go to the age of the world in\n    general, and to the true length and longevity of things, we are\n    properly the older cosmopolites. In this respect the cadet may be\n    termed more ancient than his elder brother, because the world was older\n    when he entered into it. Nov. 2, 1647.\"--Howell's _Letters_, 11th\n    edit.: London, 1754, p.426.\n\nButler, in his _character_ of \"An Antiquary,\" observes:\n\n    \"He values things wrongfully upon their antiquity, forgetting that the\n    most modern are really the most ancient of all things in the world;\n    like those that reckon their pounds before their shillings and pence,\n    of which they are made up.\"--Thyer's edit., vol.ii. p. 97.\n\nJARLTZBERG.\n\n_Napoleon's Spelling_ (Vol. viii., p. 386).--The fact inquired after by\nHENRY H. BREEN is proved by the following extract from the _Memoires_ of\nBourrienne, Napoleon's private secretary for many years:\n\n    \"Je previens une fois pour toutes que dans les copies que je donnerai\n    des ecrits de Bonaparte, je retablirai l'orthographe, qui est en\n    general _si extraordinairement estropiee_ qu'il serait ridicule de les\n    copier exactement.\"--_Mem._ i. 73.\n\nC.\n\n_Black as a mourning Colour_ (Vol. viii., p. 411.).--Mourning habits are\nsaid first to appear in England in the time of Edward III. Chaucer and\nFroissart are the first who mention them. The former, in _Troylus and\nCreseyde_, says:\n\n \"Creseyde was in widowe's habit _black_.\"\n\nAgain:\n\n \"My clothes everichone\n  Shall _blacke_ ben, in tolequyn, herte swete,\n  That I am as out of this world gone.\"\n\nAgain, in the _Knights Tale_, Palamon appeared at a funeral\n\n \"In clothes _black_ dropped all with tears.\"\n\nFroissart says, the Earl of Foix clothed himself and household in _black_\non the death of his son. At the funeral of the Earl of Flanders black gowns\nwere worn. On the death of King John of France, the King of Cyprus wore\nblack. The very mention of these facts would suggest that black was not\nthen universally worn, but being gradually adopted for mourning.\n\nB. H. C.\n\n_Chanting of Jurors_ (Vol. vi., p. 315.).--No answer has yet been given to\nJ. F. F.'s Query on this, yet the expression \"to chant\" was not an unusual\none, if we may believe Lord Stratford:\n\n    \"They collected a grand jury in each county, and proceeded to claim a\n    ratification of the rights of the crown. The gentlemen on being\n    empanelled informed that the case before them was irresistible, and\n    that no doubts could exist in the minds of reasonable {503} men upon\n    it. His majesty was, in fact, indifferent whether they found for him or\n    no. 'And there I left them,' says Strafford, '_to chant_ together, as\n    they call it, over their evidence.' The counties of Roscommon, Sligo,\n    and Mayo instantly found a title for the king.\"\n\nThis extract is from a very eloquent article on Lord Strafford in the\n_British Critic_, No. LXVI. p. 485.\n\nW. FRASER.\n\nTor-Mohun.\n\n_Aldress_ (Vol. v., p. 582.).--Your correspondent COWGILL gives an instance\nof the use of this obsolete word in an epitaph in St. Stephen's, Norwich,\nand asks where else it may be met with. I have just found it in a\nmanuscript diary, under date 1561, and also as used in the same city:\n\n    \"A Speech made after Mr. Mayor Mingay's Dinner.\n\n    \"Master Mayor of Norwich; an it please your worship you have feasted us\n    like a kinge. God bless the Queen's grace. We have fed plentifully, and\n    now whilom I can speak plain English, I heartily thank you Master\n    Mayor, and so do we all. Answer, boys, answer! Your beere is pleasant\n    and potent, and soon catches us by the caput and stops our manners, and\n    so Huzza for the Queen's Majesty's Grace, and all her bonny brow'd\n    dames of honour! Huzza for Master Mayor and our good dame Mayoress, the\n    Alderman and his faire _Aldress_; there they are, God save them and all\n    this jolly company. To all our friends round country who have a penny\n    in their purse, and an English heart in their bodies, to keep out\n    Spanish Dons and Papists with their faggots to burn our whiskers. Shove\n    it about. Twirl your cup-cases, handle your jugs, and huzza for Master\n    Mayor and his good dame!\"\n\nHow long is it since the ladies of our civic dignitaries relinquished the\ndistinction here given to one of their order? What was the cup-case?\n\nCHARLES REID.\n\nPaternoster Row.\n\n_Huggins and Muggins_ (Vol. viii., p. 341.).--In the edition of Mallet's\n_Northern Antiquities_, edited by J. A. Blackwell, Esq., and published by\nBohn (_Antiquarian Library_, 1847), the following conjectural etymology of\nthe words Huggins and Muggins is given by the editor in a note on the word\n_Muninn_, in the glossary to the Prose Edda:\n\n    \"We cannot refrain for once from noticing the curious coincidence\n    between the names of Odin's ravens, Hugin and Munin--Mind and\n    Memory--and those of two personages who figure so often in our comic\n    literature as Messrs. Huggins and Muggins. _Huggins_, like _Hugh_,\n    appears to have the same root as _Hugin_, viz. _hugr_, mind, spirit;\n    and as Mr. Muggins is as invariably associated with Mr. Huggins, as one\n    of Odin's ravens was with the other (as mind is with memory), the name\n    may originally have been written _Munnins_, and _nn_ changed into _gg_\n    for the sake of euphony. Should this _conjecture_, for it is nothing\n    else, be well founded, one of the most poetical ideas in the whole\n    range of mythology would, in this plodding, practical, spilling-jenny\n    age of ours, have thus undergone a most singular metamorphosis.\"\n\nJNO. N. RADCLIFFE.\n\nDewsbury.\n\n_Camera Lucida_ (Vol. viii., p. 271.).--With my camera lucida I received a\nprinted sheet of instructions, from which the following extract is made, in\nanswer to CARET:\n\n    \"Those who cannot sketch comfortably, without perfect distinctness of\n    both the pencil and object, must observe, that the _stem_ should be\n    drawn out to the mark D, for all distant objects, and to the numbers 2,\n    3, 4, 5, &c. for objects that are at the distances of only 2, 3, 4, or\n    5 feet respectively, the stem being duly inclined according to a mark\n    placed at the bottom; but, after a little practice, such exactness is\n    wholly unnecessary. The farther the prism is removed from the paper,\n    that is, the longer the stem is drawn out, the larger the objects will\n    be represented in the drawing, and accordingly the less extensive the\n    view.\n\n    \"The nearer the prism is to the paper, the smaller will be the objects,\n    and the more extensive the view comprised on the same piece of paper.\n\n    \"If the drawing be two feet from the prism, and the paper only one\n    foot, the copy will be half the size of the original. If the drawing be\n    at one foot, and the paper three feet distant, the copy will be three\n    times as large as the original: and so for all other distances.\"\n\nT. B. JOHNSTON.\n\nEdinburgh.\n\n_\"When Orpheus went down\"_ (Vol. viii., pp. 196. 281.).--This seems to be\nrightly attributed to Dr. Lisle. See Dodsley's _Collection of Poems_, vol.\nvi. p. 166. (1758), where it is stated to have been imitated from the\nSpanish, and set to music by Dr. Hayes. It is not quite correctly given in\n\"N. & Q.\"\n\nJ. KELWAY.\n\n_The Arms of De Sissone_ (Vol. viii., p. 243.).--I beg to refer J. L. S. to\n_Histoire Genealogique et Chronologique de la Maison Royale de France,\n&c._, tom. viii. p. 537., Paris, 1733; and also to _Livre d'Or de la\nNoblesse_, p. 429., Paris, 1847.\n\nCLERICUS (D).\n\n_Oaths of Pregnant Women_ (Vol. v., p. 393.).--Women of the humbler classes\nin the British Islands appear to have an objection, when pregnant, to take\nan oath. I have not observed any attempt to explain or account for this\nprejudice. The same objection exists among the Burmese. Indeed, pregnant\nwomen there are, by long-observed custom, absolved from taking an oath, and\naffirm to their depositions, \"remembering their pregnant condition.\" The\nreason of this is as follows. The system of Budhism, as it prevails in the\nIndo-Chinese countries, consists essentially in the negation of a Divine\nProvidence. The oath of Budhists is an imprecation of evil on the swearer,\n{504} addressed to the innate rewarding powers of nature, animate and\ninanimate, if the truth be not spoken. This evil may be instantaneous, as\nsudden death from a fit, or from a flash of lightning; the first food taken\nmay choke the false swearer; or on his way home, a tiger by land, or an\nalligator by water, may seize and devour him. I have known an instance of\nthis occur, which was spoken of by hundreds as a testimony to the truth of\nthe system. Now it is supposed by Budhists that even an unconscious\ndeparture from truth may rouse jealous nature to award punishment. In the\ncase of pregnant women this would involve the unborn offspring in the\ncalamity. Hence women in that condition do not take an oath in Burmah.\n\nPH.\n\nRangoon.\n\n_Lepel's Regiment_ (Vol. vii., p. 501.).--J. K. may rest assured that no\ntrace can now be discovered of a regiment thus named, which existed in the\nyear 1707. I have searched the lists of cavalry and infantry regiments at\nthe battle of Almanza, fought April 25th of that year, and do not find this\nregiment mentioned. May I substitute for \"Lepel's\" regiment, \"Pepper's\"\nregiment? The colonelcy of that corps, now the 8th Royal Irish Hussars,\nbecame vacant by the fall of Brigadier-General Robert Killigrew at Almanza,\nand it was immediately conferred on the lieutenant-colonel of the corps,\nJohn Pepper, who held it until March 23, 1719.\n\nG. L. S.\n\n_Editions of the Prayer Book prior to 1662_ (Vol. vi., pp. 435. 564; Vol.\nvii. _passim_).--I have recently met with the following editions, which\nhave not, I think, been yet recorded in your pages:\n\n  1630. folio, London.\n  1639. 4to. Barker and Bill.\n  1661. 8vo. London, Duporti, Latin.\n\nThe first and third are in Mr. Darling's _Encyc. Bibl._, see columns 366,\n367; the second I saw at Mr. Straker's, Adelaide Street, Strand.\n\nWill some of your readers kindly tell me in what edition of the Prayer Book\nthe \"Prayers at the Healing\" are last met with? I have them in a Latin\nPrayer Book, 12mo. London, 1727.[7]\n\nW. SPARROW SIMPSON.\n\n[Footnote 7: It appears from a note in Pepys's _Diary_, June 23, 1660, that\nthe library of the Duke of Sussex contained four several editions of the\nBook of Common Prayer, all printed after the accession of the House of\nHanover, and all containing, as an integral part of the service, \"The\nOffice for the Healing.\"--ED.]\n\n_Creole_ (Vol. vii., p. 381. Vol. viii., p. 138.).--I have never met with\nany satisfactory explanation of the origin of this word; its meaning has\nundergone various modifications. At first it was limited in its application\nto the descendants of Europeans born in the colonies. By degrees it came to\nbe extended to all classes of the population of colonial descent and now it\nis indiscriminately employed to express things as well as persons, of local\norigin or growth. We say a _creole_ Negro, as contra-distinguished from a\nnegro born in Africa or elsewhere; a _creole_ horse, as\ncontra-distinguished from an English or an American horse; and we speak\n\"Creole\" when we address the uneducated classes in their native jargon.\n\nHENRY H. BREEN.\n\nSt. Lucia.\n\n_Daughter pronounced \"Dafter\"_ (Vol. viii., p. 292.).--This pronunciation\nis universal in North Cornwall and North-west Devonshire.\n\nJ. R. P.\n\n_Richard Geering_ (Vol. viii., p. 340.).--If Y. S. M. will favour me with\nthe parentage of \"Richard Geering, one of the six clerks in chancery in\nIreland,\" I shall be better able to judge whether he was of the family of\nGeering, Gearing, or Geary, of South Denchworth in the co. of Berks, of\nwhich family I have a pedigree. I can also supply their coat of arms and\ncrest. Any information of the Geerings, ancestors of the said Richard, the\nchancery clerk, will be acceptable to your occasional correspondent\n\nH. C. C.\n\nIf this Richard Geering is related to the Geerings of South Denchworth, in\nBerkshire, I refer Y. S. M. to Clare's _Hundred of Wanting_, Parker,\nOxford, 1824.\n\nThe Geerings bought the manor of Viscount Cullen. It was formerly in the\npossession of the Hydes: several of the Geering monuments are in the\nchurch. Their arms, Or, on two bars gules six mascles of the field, on a\ncanton sable a leopard's face of the first. The Geerings were long tenants\nof a part of the estate which they purchased; they are extinct in the male\nline. A grandson, John Bockett, Esq. (by the female line), of the last\nheir, possessed a small farm in the parish which was sold by him some years\nago. The manor now belongs to Worcester College, Oxford, who purchased it\nof Gregory Geering, gent., in 1758. The name is spelt Gearing and Geary in\nthe early registers.\n\nThe books in the small study (mentioned in \"N. & Q.\" some time ago) were\ngiven by Gregory Geering, Esq., Mr. Ralph Kedden, vicar of Denchworth, and\nMr. Edward Brewster, stationer, of London, most of which are attached by\nlong chains to the cases.\n\nJULIA R. BOCKETT.\n\nSouthcote Lodge.\n\n_Island_ (Vol. viii., p. 279.).--H. C. K. is quite right in saying that the\n_s_ has been inserted in this word: not, however, as he thinks, \"to\nassimilate {505} the Saxon and French terms,\" but from a fancied French or\nLatin derivation, just as _rime_ is spelt _rhyme_, because it was fancied\nthat it came from [Greek: rhuthmos]; and as critics and editors will print\n_coelum_ instead of _caelum_, contrary to all authority, because they have\ntaken it into their heads that it comes from [Greek: koilon]. We have also\n_spright_, _impregnable_, and other misspelt words, for which it is\ndifficult to assign a reason. But I think H. C. K. is altogether mistaken\nin connecting the A.-S. _ig_ (pr. _ee_), an island, with _eye_. It is\nevidently one of the original underived nouns of the Teutonic family, being\n_ig_ A.-S., _ey_ Icel., whence _oe_ Swed., _oe_ or _oee_ Dan., and which also\nappears in the German and Dutch _eiland_; while in the words for _eye_ the\n_g_ is radical, as _eage_ A.-S., _auga_ Icel., _auge_ Germ., _oog_ Dutch.\n\nT. K.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMiscellaneous.\n\nBOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.\n\nWHITTINGHAM'S POETS. Illustrated Edition.\n\nFORD'S HANDBOOK OF SPAIN. 1st Edition.\n\n*** Letters stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be\nsent to MR. BELL, Publisher of \"NOTES AND QUERIES.\" 186. Fleet Street.\n\nParticulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the\ngentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses are\ngiven for that purpose:\n\nBOYDELL'S SHAKSPEARE, with the Subscriber's Medal accompanying it.\n\nCARPENTER'S GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY. 8vo.\n\nBARETTI'S ENGLISH AND ITALIAN DICTIONARY. 2 Vols. 8vo.\n\n  Wanted by _Mr. Hayward_, Bookseller, Bath.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nASTRO-METEOROLOGICA: OR APHORISMS AND DISCOURSES OF THE BODIES CELESTIAL,\nby the Rev. John Goad. London. Folio. 1686.\n\nASTRO-METEOROLOGICA SANA. By the same Author. London. 1690.\n\nLEYDEN'S POETICAL WORKS. 1 Vol. 8vo. London. 1806.\n\n  Wanted by _Rev. W. Ewart_, Pimperne, Blandford, Dorset.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nWELLINGTON DISPATCHES. 13 Vols. Vols. II., III., and Index. (The full price\nwill be given.)\n\nSOUTHEY'S DOCTOR. Vols. III. and IV.\n\nPATRICK'S MENSA MYSTICA.\n\nSTRICKLAND'S QUEENS OF ENGLAND. Vols. III., IV., V., VI., VII., VIII., and\nX.\n\n  Wanted by _A. Holden_, Bookseller, Exeter.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNotices to Correspondents.\n\n_We are this Week unavoidably compelled to omit our usual_ NOTES ON BOOKS\n_and_ NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS.\n\n\"NOTES AND QUERIES\" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country\nBooksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to\ntheir Subscribers on the Saturday_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nFourth Edition of RUINS OF MANY LANDS.\n\nNOTICE.--A Fourth and Cheaper Edition, Revised and considerably Enlarged,\nof MR. MICHELL'S \"RUINS OF MANY LANDS,\" with Portrait, cloth, price 4s. 6d.\n\nThis Edition contains Remarks on Layard's latest Discoveries at Nineveh,\nand treats of nearly all the Ruins of Interest now in the world.\n\n  London: WILLIAM TEGG & CO.,\n  85. Queen Street Cheapside.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTO OLD BOOK AND MUSIC COLLECTORS.\n\nA CATALOGUE OF RARE, CURIOUS, AND VALUABLE SECOND-HAND BOOKS, and a List of\nMusic, GRATIS and POST FREE on Application to\n\n  W. BROUGH, 22. Paradise Street,\n  Birmingham.\n\nBooks of every Description purchased.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nORMEROD'S HISTORY OF CHESHIRE (wanting Parts II. & X.), Eight parts folio,\nPlates (Nine wanting), sewed, 2l. 2s.\n\n  W. BROUGH, 22. Paradise Street,\n  Birmingham.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nHEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. It\ncontains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Bedsteads;\nalso of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts. And their new\nwarerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture\nChintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render their Establishment\ncomplete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms.\n\n  HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers,\n  196. Tottenham Court Road.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPOLICY HOLDERS in other COMPANIES, and intending Assurers generally, are\ninvited to examine the Rates, Principles, and Progress of the SCOTTISH\nPROVIDENT INSTITUTION, the only Society in which the Advantages of Mutual\nAssurance can be secured by moderate Premiums. Established 1837. Number of\nPolicies issued 6,400, assuring upwards of Two and a Half Millions.\n\nFull Reports and every Information had (Free) on Application.\n\n*** Policies are now issued Free of Stamp Duty; and attention is invited to\nthe circumstance that Premiums payable for Life Assurance are now allowed\nas a Deduction from Income in the Returns for Income Tax.\n\n  GEORGE GRANT, Resident Sec.\n  London Branch, 12. Moorgate Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nLEEDS LIBRARY.\n\nLIBRARIAN.--Wanted, a Gentleman of Literary Attainments, competent to\nundertake the duties of Librarian in the Leeds Library. The Institution\nconsists of about 500 Proprietary Members, and an Assistant Librarian is\nemployed. The hours of attendance required will be from 10 A.M. to 8 P.M.\ndaily, with an interval of two hours. Salary 120l. a year. Applications,\nwith Certificates of Qualifications, must be sent by letter, post paid, not\nlater than 1st December next, to ABRAHAM HORSFALL, ESQ., Hon. Sec., 9. Park\nRow, Leeds.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nBOOK VARNISH (ROWBOTHAM'S).--This truly wonderful Varnish for restoring Old\nBindings, and giving them a freshness equal to new, is applied with a piece\nof sponge, and dries instantly. (See \"N. & Q.,\" Vol. vi., p. 335.) May be\nhad of J. ROWBOTHAM, India-Rubber Bookbinder, 70. Castle Street, two doors\neast of Berners Street, Oxford Street, in Bottles 1s. each, or by Order of\nany Bookseller or Druggist. A List of Prices for India-rubber Bookbinding\nmay be had on application.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPrice 2s. 6d., cloth lettered,\n\nSANITARY ECONOMY: its Principles and Practice; and its Moral Influence on\nthe Progress of Civilisation.\n\nW. & R. CHAMBERS, 3. Bride Court Passage, Fleet Street, London, and 339.\nHigh Street, Edinburgh; and sold by all Booksellers.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nSPECTACLES.--Every Description of SPECTACLES and EYE-GLASSES for the\nAssistance of Vision, adapted by means of Smee's Optometer: that being the\nonly correct method of determining the exact focus of the Lenses required,\nand of preventing injury to the sight by the use of improper Glasses.\n\nBLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nVIEWS IN LONDON.\n\nSTEREOSCOPES AND STEREOSCOPIC PICTURES.\n\nBLAND & LONG, 153. FLEET STREET, OPTICIANS and PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENT\nMAKERS, invite attentions to their Stock of STEREOSCOPES of all Kinds, and\nin various Materials; also, to their New and Extensive Assortment of\nSTEREOSCOPIC PICTURES for the same, in DAGUERREOTYPE, on PAPER, and\nTRANSPARENT ALBUMEN PICTURES on GLASS, including Views of London, Paris,\nthe Rhine, Windsor, &c. These Pictures, for minuteness of Detail and Truth\nin the Representation of Natural Objects, are unrivalled.\n\nBLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.\n\n*** \"Familiar Explanation of the Phenomena\" sent on Application.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nDAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS.--Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes. Best and Cheapest.\nTo be had in great variety at\n\nMcMILLAN'S Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet Street.\n\nPrice List Gratis.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n{506}\n\nEarly in December, in small 4to., Elegantly Printed on Toned Paper, and\nappropriately bound, price 30s.,\n\nAN ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF TUPPER'S PROVERBIAL PHILOSOPHY.\n\nThe Designs by C. W. Cope, R.A., J. C. Horsley, R.A., John Tenniel, Edwin\nH. Corbould, G. Dodgson, Edward Duncan, Birket Foster, John Gilbert, J.\nGodwin, William Harvey, W. L. Leitch, F. R. Pickersgill, and Joseph Severn.\nThe Ornamental Initials and Vignettes by Henry Noel Humphreys.\n\n  London: THOMAS HATCHARD, 187. Piccadilly.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nILLUSTRATED PRESENT BOOKS.\n\nJust published,\n\nGRAY'S ELEGY WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY CHURCHYARD. Illustrated on every Page\nwith Engravings on Wood from Drawings by BIRKET FOSTER, GEORGE THOMAS, and\na LADY. Crown 8vo. handsomely bound in blue cloth, or in enamelled boards,\nprice 7s. 6d.\n\n*** A few Copies will be bound in extra morocco by Mr. Hayday.\n\nJust ready,\n\nTHE WANDERINGS OF PERSILES AND SIGISMUNDA: A Northern Story. BY MIGUEL DE\nCERVANTES SAAVEDRA. Translated from the Spanish by a LADY. Illustrated with\na Portrait of CERVANTES. Fcap. 8vo., old style, price 10s. 6d.\n\n    \"This romance was the last work of Cervantes. The dedication to the\n    Count de Lemos was written the day after he had received extreme\n    unction.\"--_Extract from Preface._\n\nJust published, price 10s. 6d.,\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUM.\n\nPart V. Containing Four Pictures:\n\n  PORTSKEWIT. By Roger Fenton.\n  THE FISHERMAN'S DAUGHTER. By Joseph Cundall.\n  SALISBURY CATHEDRAL. By Russell Sedgfield.\n  BANKS OF THE COQUET. By Philip DelaMotte.\n\nParts I. II. III. and IV. are now reprinted.\n\nNow ready,\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC VIEWS OF CONSTANTINOPLE. Twenty Views of the most Important\nBuildings, taken by JAMES ROBERTSON, Esq. Imperial folio, half-bound\nmorocco, price 6l. 16s. 6d.\n\nJust published, price 16s.,\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES. Part II. By GEORGE SHAW, ESQ., of Queen's College,\nBirmingham.\n\n  THE FOREST AT NOON.\n  TANGLED BOUGHS.\n  \"BALD WITH DRY ANTIQUITY.\"\n  SOLITUDE.\n\nPart I. is now reprinted. Part III. is in preparation.\n\nJust published, fcap. 8vo. cloth, price 4s. 6d.,\n\nTHE PRACTICE OF PHOTOGRAPHY: A Manual for Students and Amateurs. By PHILIP\nH. DELAMOTTE, F.S.A. Illustrated with a Picture taken by the Collodion\nProcess.\n\n*** This Manual contains much practical information.\n\nNow ready, price 14s.,\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES. By HUGH OWEN, ESQ., of Bristol.\n\n  IVY BRIDGE, DEVON.\n  THE HARVEST FIELD.\n  A RIVER BANK.\n  WOODS IN SPRING.\n\nPart II. is just ready.\n\n  JOSEPH CUNDALL, 168. NEW BOND STREET.\n\n  Sold also by SAMPSON LOW & SON, 47. Ludgate Hill.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nXYLO-IODIDE OF SILVER, exclusively used at all the Photographic\nEstablishments.--The superiority of this preparation is now universally\nacknowledged. Testimonials from the best Photographers and principal\nscientific men of the day, warrant the assertion, that hitherto no\npreparation has been discovered which produces uniformly such perfect\npictures, combined with the greatest rapidity of action. In all cases where\na quantity is required, the two solutions may be had at Wholesale price in\nseparate Bottles, in which state it may be kept for for years, and Exported\nto any Climate. Full instructions for use.\n\nCAUTION.--Each Bottle is Stamped with a Red Label bearing my name, RICHARD\nW. THOMAS, Chemist, 10. Pall Mall, to counterfeit which is felony.\n\nCYANOGEN SOAP: for removing all kinds of Photographic Stains. Beware of\npurchasing spurious and worthless imitations of this valuable detergent.\nThe Genuine is made only by the Inventor, and is secured with a Red Label\nbearing this Signature and Address, RICHARD W. THOMAS, CHEMIST, 10. PALL\nMALL, Manufacturer of Pure Photographic Chemicals: and may be procured of\nall respectable Chemists, in Pots at 1s., 2s., and 3s. 6d. each, through\nMESSRS. EDWARDS, 67. St. Paul's Churchyard; and MESSRS. BARCLAY & CO., 95.\nFarringdon Street, Wholesale Agents.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nIMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand. have,\nby an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal,\nthey may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any\nother hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and\nappreciation of half tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.\n\nApparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of\nPhotography. Instruction in the Art.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous\nViews, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.\n\nPortraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest\nDaguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.\n\nAlso every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this\nbeautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\"THE EMPIRE,\"\n\nLONDON NEWSPAPER,\n\nOne of the Largest in Europe, is published every Saturday, by J. LIVESEY,\nCrane Court, Fleet Street, and can be had of all News Vendors throughout\nthe Country.\n\n\"The Empire\" contains a larger Miscellany of Foreign, Colonial,\nMetropolitan, and Provincial News, and more original articles and\ncontributions than almost any other Paper in the Kingdom, and its\ncirculation is already superior to that of two-thirds of the London Weekly\nPress.\n\n\"The Empire\" advocates a complete remodelling, by a New Reform Bill, of the\nrepresentative system; the abolition of the present panic-producing\nCurrency Restrictions; the development of Colonial Enterprise and\nProsperity; the Reform of Metropolitan City Abuses; and the protection of\nProvincial Interests from the despotism of the Centralisation system.\nProvincial readers will find in \"The Empire\" a constant discussion of\nquestions immediately interesting to themselves, and a large selection of\nnews from their respective localities.\n\nLiterary Articles and Critical Notices of Scientific Improvements, and of\nPublic Works at home and abroad, are supplied to \"The Empire\" by the ablest\nwriters and highest authorities of the day.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nFINE ART DISTRIBUTION.\n\nAs an appropriate accompaniment to a Paper which circulates in all parts of\nthe British Empire,--a copy of the magnificent\n\nEQUESTRIAN PORTRAIT OF HER MAJESTY,\n\nBy Count D'Orsay, Three Feet by Two Feet,\n\nValue ONE GUINEA,\n\nWill be presented to each Subscriber for Three Months, commencing from the\npresent month, November.\n\nTERMS:--Per Copy, 6d.; Three Months, 6s. 6d.; Six Months, 13s.; One Year,\n26s.\n\nAdvertisements inserted on Moderate Terms.\n\nOrders for \"The Empire\" may be sent to MR. ROBERT HARVEY, No. 1. Crane\nCourt, Fleet Street, London, or may be given to any News Vendor in town or\ncountry.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.--OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA,\nis superior to every other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist,\nfrom its capability of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment,\nits extreme Portability, and its adaptation for taking either Views or\nPortraits.--The Trade supplied.\n\nEvery Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames,\n&c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road,\nIslington.\n\nNew Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.--An EXHIBITION of PICTURES, by the most\ncelebrated French, Italian, and English Photographers, embracing Views of\nthe principal Countries and Cities of Europe, is now OPEN. Admission 6d. A\nPortrait taken by MR. TALBOT'S Patent Process, One Guinea; Three extra\nCopies for 10s.\n\n  PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION,\n  168. NEW BOND STREET.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's,\nSanford's, and Causon Freres' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process.\nIodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.\n\nSold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13.\nPaternoster Row, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n{507}\n\nSolicitors' & General Life Assurance Society.\n\n52. CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.\n\n_Subscribed Capital, ONE MILLION._\n\nTHIS SOCIETY PRESENTS THE FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES:\n\nThe Security of a Subscribed Capital of ONE MILLION.\n\nExemption of the Assured from all Liability.\n\nPremiums affording particular advantages to Young Lives.\n\nParticipating and Non-Participating Premiums.\n\nIn the former EIGHTY PER CENT. or FOUR-FIFTHS of the Profits are divided\namongst the Assured Triennially, either by way of addition to the sum\nassured, or in diminution of Premium, at their option.\n\nNo deduction is made from the four-fifths of the profits for Interest on\nCapital, for a Guarantee Fund, or on any other account.\n\nPOLICIES FREE OF STAMP DUTY and INDISPUTABLE, except in case of fraud.\n\nAt the General Meeting, on the 31st May last, A BONUS was declared of\nnearly Two PER CENT. per annum on the _amount assured_, or at the rate of\nfrom THIRTY to upwards of SIXTY per cent. on the _Premiums paid_.\n\nPOLICIES share in the Profits, even if ONE PREMIUM ONLY has been paid.\n\nNext DIVISION OF PROFITS in 1856.\n\nThe Directors meet on Thursdays at 2 o'Clock. Assurances may be effected by\napplying on any other day, between the hours of 10 and 4, at the Office of\nthe Society, where prospectuses and all other requisite information can be\nobtained.\n\n  CHARLES JOHN GILL. Secretary.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nWESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.\n\n3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.\n\nFounded A.D. 1842.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _Directors._\n\n  H. E. Bicknell, Esq.\n  T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M. P.\n  G. H. Drew, Esq.\n  W. Evans, Esq.\n  W. Freeman, Esq.\n  F. Fuller, Esq.\n  J. H. Goodhart, Esq.\n  T. Grissell, Esq.\n  J. Hunt, Esq.\n  J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.\n  E. Lucas, Esq.\n  J. Lys Seager, Esq.\n  J. B. White, Esq.\n  J. Carter Wood, Esq.\n\n  _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell,\n      Esq.\n  _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.\n  _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.\n\nVALUABLE PRIVILEGE.\n\nPOLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary\ndifficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to\nsuspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in\nthe Prospectus.\n\nSpecimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in\nthree-fourths of the Profits:--\n\n  Age       L   s.  d.\n   17       1  14   4\n   22       1  18   8\n   27       2   4   5\n   32       2  10   8\n   37       2  18   6\n   42       3   8   2\n\nARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.\n\nNow ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions.\nINDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING\nSOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in\nthe Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a\nMathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR\nSCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3.\nParliament Street, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nACHILLES LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY.--25. CANNON STREET, CITY.--The Advantages\noffered by this Society are Security, Economy and lower Rates of Premium\nthan most other Offices.\n\nNo charge is made for Policy Stamps or Medical Fees. Policies indisputable.\n\nLoans granted to Policy-holders.\n\nFor the convenience of the Working Classes, Policies are issued as low as\n20l., at the same Rates of Premium as larger Policies.\n\nProspectuses and full particulars may be obtained on application to\n\n  HUGH B. TAPLIN, Secretary.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nBANK OF DEPOSIT.\n\n7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, London.\n\nPARTIES desirous of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan of\nthis Institution, by which a high rate of Interest may be obtained with\nperfect Security.\n\nInterest payable in January and July.\n\n  PETER MORRISON.\n  Managing Director.\n\nProspectuses free on application.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, Description of\nupwards of 100 articles, consisting of\n\nPORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS, Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES,\nWRITING-DESKS. DRESSING-CASES, and other travelling requisites. Gratis on\napplication, or sent free by Post on receipt of Two Stamps.\n\nMESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their\nTravelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new\nPortmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles\nof the kind ever produced.\n\nJ. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nW. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of\nIndices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are\ngreatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in\nAntiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches\namong the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or\nother Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature,\nHistory, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had\nconsiderable experience.\n\n  1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS,\n  HATCHAM, SURREY.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nBENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION No. 1. Class X., in\nGold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may\nnow be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made\nPatent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4\nguineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.\nDitto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with\nChronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket\nChronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver 40 guineas. Every watch skilfully\nexamined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and\n4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.\n\nBENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the\nBoard of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,\n\n  65. CHEAPSIDE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nINDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S\nHEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTHE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual\nremedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves\nfifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, intestinal,\nliver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, dyspepsia\n(indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn,\nflatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of the skin,\nrheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at sea,\nand under all other circumstances, debility in the aged as well as infants,\nfits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c.\n\n_A few out of 50,000 Cures:--_\n\n    Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de\n    Decies:--\"I have derived considerable benefits from your Revalenta\n    Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to\n    authorise the publication of these lines.--STUART DE DECIES.\"\n\n    Cure, No. 49,832:--\"Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia,\n    nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness\n    at the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's excellent\n    food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk.\"\n\n    Cure, No. 180:--\"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation,\n    indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and\n    which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured\n    by Du Barry's food in a very short time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony,\n    Tiverton.\"\n\n    Cure, No. 4,208:--\"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with\n    cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the\n    advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious\n    food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any\n    inquiries.--REV. JOHN W. FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk.\"\n\n_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._\n\n    \"Bonn, July 19. 1852.\n\n    \"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent,\n    nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases,\n    all kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of\n    body, as also diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys\n    and bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp\n    of the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and\n    hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most\n    satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,\n    where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and\n    bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the\n    troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the\n    conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of\n    incipient hectic complaints and consumption.\n\n    \"DR. RUD WURZER.\n    \"Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn.\"\n\nLondon Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her\nMajesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all\nrespectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably\npacked for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2s. 9d.; 2lb. 4s.\n6d.; 5lb. 11s.; 12lb. 22s.; super-refined, 5lb. 22s.; 10lb. 33s. The 10lb.\nand 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry\nCo., 77. Regent Street, London.\n\nIMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by spurious\nimitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and\nothers, the public will do well to see that each canister bears the name\nBARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, _without which\nnone is genuine_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n{508}\n\nBOHN'S EXTRA VOLUMES.\n\nGRAMMONT'S MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF CHARLES II.\n\nTo which is added the\n\nPERSONAL HISTORY OF CHARLES, AND THE BOSCOBEL TRACTS;\n\nWith Fine Portrait of NELL GWYNNE.\n\nPost 8vo. cloth. Price 3s. 6d.\n\nCOUNT HAMILTON'S FAIRY TALES;\n\nWith Portrait.\n\nPost 8vo., cloth. Price 3s. 6d.\n\nRABELAIS' WORKS:\n\nTHE BEST TRANSLATIONS.\n\nWith Additional Notes by the Celebrated JOHN WILKES.\n\nComplete in 2 vols. post 8vo., cloth.\n\nPrice 3s. 6d.\n\n  HENRY G. BOHN,\n  YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNEW VOLUME OF MR. ARNOLD'S TACITUS.\n\nNow Ready, in 12mo., price 5s.\n\nCORNELIUS TACITUS, Part II. (Books XI.--XVI. of the ANNALES.) With ENGLISH\nNOTES, translated from the German of DR. KARL NIPPERDEY (with Additions),\nby the REV. HENRY BROWNE, M.A., Canon of Chichester. (Forming a new Volume\nof Arnold's \"Classics.\")\n\n  RIVINGTONS, Waterloo Place:\n\nOf whom may be had, with ENGLISH NOTES, by the late REV. T. K. ARNOLD,\n\n1. TACITUS, Part I. (ANNALES, Books I.-VI.) 6s.\n\n2. THUCYDIDES, Book I. 5s. 6d. (The SECOND BOOK in the Press.)\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nJust Published, price 1s.\n\nTHE STEREOSCOPE,\n\nConsidered in relation to the Philosophy of Binocular Vision. An Essay, by\nC. MANSFIELD INGLEBY, M.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge.\n\nLondon: WALTON & MABERLEY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster\nRow. Cambridge: J. DEIGHTON.\n\nAlso, by the same author, price 1s.,\n\nREMARKS on some of Sir William Hamilton's Notes on the Works of Dr. Thomas\nReid.\n\n    \"Nothing in my opinion can be more cogent than your refutation of M.\n    Jobert.\"--_Sir W. Hamilton._\n\nLondon: JOHN W. PARKER, West Strand, Cambridge: E. JOHNSON. Birmingham: H.\nC. LANGBRIDGE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nALBEMARLE STREET,_November, 1853_.\n\nMR. MURRAY'S FORTHCOMING WORKS.\n\nI.\n\nDR. WAAGEN'S TREASURES OF ART IN GREAT BRITAIN; being an Account of the\nChief Collections of Paintings, Sculptures, MSS., Miniatures, &c., in this\nCountry. 3 vols. 8vo.\n\nII.\n\nHANDBOOK OF ARCHITECTURE. By JAMES FERGUSSON. Being a Concise and Popular\nAccount of the different Styles prevailing in all Ages and Countries of the\nWorld. With a Description of the most Remarkable Buildings. With 1000\nIllustrations. 8vo.\n\nIII.\n\nKUGLER'S HISTORY OF PAINTING. (The Dutch, Flemish, French and Spanish\nSchools.) Edited by SIR EDMUND HEAD. Illustrated Edition. 2 vols. Post 8vo.\n\nIV.\n\nOLIVER GOLDSMITH'S WORKS: a New Library Edition, now first printed from the\nlast editions which passed under the Author's own eye. Edited by PETER\nCUNNINGHAM. 4 vols. 8vo.\n\nV.\n\nLIFE OF HORACE. By DEAN MILMAN. A New Edition, with Woodcuts and Coloured\nBorders. 8vo.\n\nVI.\n\nDEAN MILMAN'S HISTORY OF LATIN CHRISTIANITY, including that of the Popes to\nthe Pontificate of Nicholas V. 3 vols. 8vo.\n\nVII.\n\nMR. MANSFIELD PARKYNS' LIFE IN ABYSSINIA: during a Three Years' Residence\nin that Country. With Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo.\n\nVIII.\n\nSIX MONTHS IN ITALY. By GEORGE S. HILLARD. Post 8vo.\n\nIX.\n\nDR. J. D. HOOKER'S HIMALAYAN JOURNALS: or, NOTES OF AN ORIENTAL NATURALIST\nIN BENGAL. THE SIKHIM AND NEPAL HIMALAYAS, THE KHASIA MOUNTAINS, &c. With\nIllustrations. 2 vols. 8vo.\n\nX.\n\nTHE LATE DUKE OF WELLINGTON'S SPEECHES IN PARLIAMENT. Collected and\nArranged with his Sanction. 2 vols. 8vo.\n\nXI.\n\nSIR RODERICK MURCHISON'S SILURIA: or, a VIEW of the SILURIAN and other\nPRIMAEVAL ROCKS, and their IMBEDDED REMAINS. With Plates. 8vo.\n\nXII.\n\nSIR GARDNER WILKINSON'S POPULAR ACCOUNT OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. With 500\nWoodcuts. 2 vols. Post 8vo.\n\nXIII.\n\nREV. J. C. ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH to the Pontificate\nof Gregory the Great, A.D. 590: a Manual for general Readers as well as for\nStudents in Theology. 8vo.\n\nXIV.\n\nCOL. FANCOURT'S EARLY HISTORY OF YUCATAN, from the Discovery to the Close\nof the Seventeenth Century. With Map. 8vo.\n\nXV.\n\nDR. WM. SMITH'S SCHOOL HISTORY OF GREECE: with Chapters on the Literature,\nArt, and Domestic Manners of the Greeks. With Woodcuts. Post 8vo.\n\nXVI.\n\nESSAYS ON AGRICULTURE. By the late THOMAS GISBORNE. Post 8vo.\n\nXVII.\n\nTHE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES COMPARED WITH OUR OWN. By H. S.\nTREMENHEERE. Post 8vo.\n\nXVIII.\n\nSUNLIGHT THROUGH THE MIST: or PRACTICAL LESSONS drawn from the LIVES OF\nGOOD MEN, intended as a Sunday Book for Children. By A LADY. 16mo.\n\nXIX.\n\nHANDBOOK OF FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS, chiefly from English Authors. A New\nEdition, with an Index. Fcp. 8vo.\n\nXX.\n\nONCE UPON A TIME. By CHARLES KNIGHT. 2 vols. Fcp. 8vo.\n\nXXI.\n\nJESSE'S SCENES AND OCCUPATIONS OF COUNTRY LIFE. Third Edition, uniform with\n\"Jesse's Gleanings.\" Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo.\n\nXXII.\n\nBEAUTIES OF BYRON--PROSE AND VERSE. Selected by A CLERGYMAN. Fcp. 8vo.\n\nXXIII.\n\nMR. CROKER'S STORIES FOR CHILDREN. Selected from the History of England.\nCheaper Edition. Woodcuts. 16mo.\n\nJOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPrinted by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish of\nSt. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.\nBride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.\nFleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of\nLondon, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, November\n19, 1853.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCorrections made to printed original.\n\npage 497, \"This is on the floor\": 'This in' in original.","title":"Notes and Queries, Number 212, November 19, 1853: A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.","tradition":"scripture-revelation","translated_text":null,"word_count":22376}