{"collection":"philosophy-ethics","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_27570/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_27570","id":"gutenberg_27570","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27570","summary":null,"tags":["Buchanan's Journal of Man","Category: Archaeology & Anthropology","Category: Health & Medicine","Category: Journals","Category: Philosophy & Ethics","Category: Psychiatry/Psychology","Medicine -- Periodicals","Phrenology -- Periodicals","Science -- Periodicals"],"text":"Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net\n\n\n\n\n\n                             BUCHANAN'S\n                           JOURNAL OF MAN.\n\n             VOL. I.         JULY, 1887.        NO. 6.\n\n\n\n\nCONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN.\n\n\n    Magnetic Education and Therapeutics--The So-Called Scientific\n    Immortality--Review of the New Education--Victoria's Half\n    Century--Outlook of Diogenes--A Bill to Destroy the Indians\n    MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE--The Seybert Commission; The Evils\n      that need Attention; Condensed Items--Mesmerism in\n      Paris--Medical Freedom--Victoria's Jubilee; Delightful Homes\n    Outlines of Anthropology Continued--Cranioscopy--Illustrated\n\n\n\n\nMAGNETIC EDUCATION AND THERAPEUTICS.\n\nEXTRACTS FROM AN ESSAY BY DR. CHARLES DU PREL, IN SPHINX, TRANSLATED\nFOR THE JOURNAL OF MAN.\n\n\n    \"In the _Wiener Allgemeiner_ I spoke of the possibility of\n    moral education by means of magnetism, which has been carried\n    out.\" * * *\n\n    \"Dr. Bernheim, a Professor of the Medical Faculty in Nancy who\n    is a champion of hypnotism has written a book on 'Suggestion and\n    its Application in Therapeutics,' in which a great many hypnotic\n    cures are recorded.\"\n\n           *       *       *       *       *\n\n    \"Dr. ---- quotes Franklin against magnetism but Sprengel in his\n    Pharmacology says 'Franklin, sickly as he was, took no part\n    whatever in the investigation.' The Academy again investigated\n    (1825-31) somnambulism, discovered by Puysegur, Mesmer's\n    scholar. In their report of two year's investigation, eleven M.\n    D.'s unanimously pronounced in favor of all important phenomena\n    ascribed to somnambulism. A fairly complete synopsis of their\n    report will be found in my 'Philosophy of Mystics.'\"\n\n           *       *       *       *       *\n\n    \"Du Potet first studied medicine, but disgusted by the poor\n    results of Pharmacology he embraced magnetism. He performed a\n    series of mesmeric experiments in the Hotel Dieu of so potent a\n    nature that twenty M. D.'s of that celebrated hospital signed\n    the minutes of these proceedings. People ran after Du Potet,\n    pointing at him and crying 'The man who cures.'\"\n\n           *       *       *       *       *\n\n    \"The respect for medical therapeutics never has been at as low\n    an ebb as just now. The public cannot be blamed for this lack of\n    respect, for they have daily experiences of the ill results of\n    medicine. Even high medical authorities are of the opinion that\n    we have to-day a disintegration of medical principles worse than\n    ever. More uncertain than therapeutics is the manner of\n    diagnosing to-day! The public is well aware that each doctor has\n    something different to say or prescribe. I have a personal case\n    in point. During eighteen months I consulted seven different\n    doctors, and got seven different contrary diagnoses as well as\n    contradictory modes of treatment, and this, too, in the city of\n    Munich, which is hardly secondary to any other city for its\n    medical talent. Is there any cause to blame the public for\n    running to the magnetizers? I should do so myself if my magnetic\n    susceptibility was greater. In such magnetizers as even Mesmer,\n    Dr. B. can see nothing but charlatans, but I desire to make him\n    aware that a physician whose reputation he is cognizant of,\n    Prof. Nussbaum in Munich, said to his audience in College,\n    'Gentlemen, magnetism is the medicine of the future.' As I am\n    writing this I have been disturbed by a visitor desiring the\n    address of a reliable magnetizer, as the physician recommended a\n    magnetizer, as he was at his wits end.\"\n\n    \"In our medicine the adjunct sciences alone are scientific, and\n    we must respect their high grade; but therapeutics we have none.\n    Hence Mesmer should be called a benefactor to mankind, for he\n    has pointed out the correct way. He, with Hippocrates, says that\n    not the physician but nature cures--that the real therapeutics\n    consists only in aiding the _vis medicatrix naturae_. In this\n    direction the professors at Nancy and Paris are laboring. They\n    have given the experimental proof that _if the idea of an\n    organic change of the body is instilled into the mind of the\n    hypnotized, then such change will take place_. In this we have\n    a foundation for a PSYCHIC THERAPEUTICS which we hope will soon\n    put an end to the anarchic condition of medicine of the present\n    day. But the greatest curse to science of old, and which makes\n    its appearance even to-day, is that _the old ideas are the\n    greatest enemies of the new_.\"\n\n    \"Unfortunately it is the same in the thought realm as in\n    lifeless nature, _vis inertiae_--the law of indolence, according\n    to which nature remains in its condition to all eternity, until\n    she is forced into some new condition from a new cause. This\n    _vis inertiae_ is harder to conquer in the thought realm than in\n    lifeless nature, for Mesmer appeared a hundred years ago, and\n    yet to-day they call him \"a perfect charlatan.\" Braid, thirty\n    years ago, started hypnotism, but only after Hansen made a\n    multitude of experiments for profit and pleasure in the largest\n    cities of Germany, did the physicians wake up to the idea of\n    investigating it. They teach nothing of mesmerism or hypnotism\n    at the universities. Yes, even one year ago a professor of\n    medicine confessed to me, should I pronounce the word\n    somnambulism I'd be ruined. This is the manner in which ideas\n    are kept from medical students.\"\n\n    \"If medicine, in its results, could look with pride on its\n    therapeutics, it might be explained. But a therapeutics that\n    allows thousands of children to sink yearly into untimely graves\n    from all manner of diseases, that allows a large proportion of\n    grown persons to be decimated yearly by epidemics, that in its\n    psychiatry is perfectly impotent to stop the rapid increase of\n    insanity, that notoriously cannot cure a migraine, a cold, yea,\n    not even a corn,--such a system ought surely to have some\n    modesty, and be only too glad to accept improvements that tend\n    to ameliorate this condition.\"\n\n\nCONDITION OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.\n\nThese remarks of Dr. Du Prel, though somewhat exaggerated, are\nprobably based on truth in their reference to the backward condition\nof the medical profession in Europe, and of all that portion in\nAmerica which is essentially European, and governed by European\nauthority. But the healing art in America has been to a great extent\nemancipated by the spirit of American liberty, and in its actual\nresults among liberal physicians is far in advance of the European\nsystem. One signal proof of this was given at Cincinnati in 1849, when\nthat city was visited by a terrible epidemic of Asiatic cholera, which\nswept off five thousand of its inhabitants. The mortality of cholera\nunder old school practise had been from twenty-five to sixty per\ncent., the latter having been realized in hospitals at Paris. Under\nthe practice taught in our college at that time, the mortality in\n1,500 cases did not exceed six per cent.\n\nThe atmosphere of freedom in this country, and the absolute medical\nfreedom (until within a few years the colleges have procured medical\nlegislation to help their diplomas, and their graduates) have given a\nprogressiveness and practicality to American physicians which are\nbeginning to be recognized abroad.\n\nDr. Lawson Tait is eminent in the treatment of women in England. In\nthe _Medical Current_ of April 20th, he is quoted as expressing a\nregret that his time and money had not been directed to the Western\ninstead of the Eastern Hemisphere, when picking up his medical\nknowledge. He predicted that 'ere long it will be to the medical\ncolleges of America rather than to those of Europe that students will\ntravel.' Then he goes on to say:\n\n    \"American visitors abroad who have given weeks and months to see\n    me work, have one and all impressed me with their possession of\n    that feature of mind which in England I fear we do not possess,\n    the power of judging any question solely upon its merits, and\n    entirely apart from any prejudice, tradition, or personal bias.\n    No matter how we may struggle against it, tradition rules all we\n    do; we cannot throw off its shackles, and I am bound to plead\n    guilty to this weakness myself, perhaps as fully as any of my\n    countrymen may be compelled to do. I may have thrown off the\n    shackles in some instances, but I know that I am firmly bound in\n    others, and my hope is that my visit to a freer country and a\n    better climate may extend my mental vision.\"\n\n\nPOWER OF MAGNETISM AND SUGGESTION.\n\nThe suggestion of Du Prel as to the hypnotic teaching in France, that\nan idea impressed on the mind of the hypnotized will be realized in\nthe body is the basis of a great deal of therapeutic philosophy. It is\ntrue in practice just to the extent of human impressibility. A\ncheerful physician or friend, by encouraging words impresses the idea\nof recovery and thus sometimes produces it. Judicious friends never\nspeak in a discouraging manner to the invalid. The success of mind\ncure practitioners is based on this principle. They endeavor to\nimpress on the patient's mind the idea of perfect health, but they\nknow too little of the whole subject to know how to place the patient\nin that passive and receptive condition in which the results are most\npromptly and certainly produced.\n\nSuch methods are limited in their effect in proportion to human\nimpressibility and cannot possibly supersede all use of remedies which\nreach thousands of cases in which mental operations would be entirely\nfutile. But the power of animal magnetism over all diseases and\ninfirmities of mind and body has been so often demonstrated that its\nneglect is a deep disgrace to the medical colleges. A correspondent of\nthe _Daily Telegraph_ gives the following illustration of its power\nover drunkenness:\n\n    \"About eighteen months ago I was conversing with my friend B.,\n    who is an enthusiastic believer in mesmerism, and has repute as\n    an amateur practitioner. My contention was that his favorite\n    science (?) had contributed absolutely nothing to the world's\n    good to cause its recognition by either scientists or\n    philosophers. 'Can you give me,' said I, 'one instance in which\n    you have conferred an actual benefit by the practice of your\n    favorite art?' He related several, from which I selected the\n    following:--'There lives by my parsonage,' said my friend B., 'a\n    man who for many years, had been a confirmed drunkard.\n    Repeatedly were his wife and children forced to flee from him,\n    for when in his drunken frenzies, he attempted to murder them.\n    Again and again have I striven to induce him to flee from his\n    horrible vice, but my efforts were always futile. One day he\n    called to see me when he was suffering acutely from the effects\n    of drink. I resolved to place him under mesmeric influence. This\n    I did, and while subject to me made him promise not to touch\n    strong drink again, and if he attempted to break his pledge,\n    might the drink taste to him filthy as putrid soapsuds. I then\n    restored him to his normal state, and he left me. He kept his\n    unconsciously given promise. In the course of a couple of years\n    this man raised himself from a condition of poverty to the\n    comfortable position of a thriving market gardener. 'Not a\n    fortnight since,' resumed my friend, 'my neighbor's wife\n    laughingly said to me, 'There is no fear of my husband ever\n    drinking again, sir. You know he has to be in the market very\n    early in the morning with his vegetables. Yesterday morning,\n    while he was drinking a cup of coffee at the hotel an old mate\n    said to him, 'Why don't you drink some spirits; are you afraid?'\n    To show his mate that he was not afraid, he ordered a glass of\n    brandy, but no sooner did he put it in his mouth than he spat it\n    out again, saying the 'filthy stuff tasted like rotten\n    soapsuds.' My friend B. said, that, till he told me, to no one\n    had he mentioned the fact, and that what he did to his poor\n    neighbor he did in order to see if it were possible to use\n    mesmerism as a remedial agent in cases of drunkenness.\"\n\nThe power of control over the impressible condition (which is so\neasily developed into hypnotism) has been recently illustrated in\nFrance, and reports of the phenomena published in the _London News_,\nconcerning which Mr. Charles Dawbarn has published the following in\nthe _Banner of Light_:\n\n    \"According to the reports published in the _Daily News_ of\n    London, Eng., an attempt has been made by physicians in Paris,\n    France, to determine the duration of an hypnotic influence. Some\n    of my readers may not be aware that 'hypnotism' is a word coined\n    by the medical faculty to replace the term 'mesmerism,' which\n    they consider disreputably associated with spiritualism. These\n    physicians seem to have had some very fine sensitives upon whom\n    to operate. The first experiment was upon a lady of some means,\n    but having a mother and sister dependent upon her for support.\n    The hypnotizer first established his influence in the usual\n    manner, and then told the lady he wished her to go to a lawyer\n    the next day, and make her will in his favor. She protested, but\n    finally gave way. All memory of this promise seemed to be lost\n    as soon as she returned to her normal condition. But next day\n    she went to a lawyer, and although he begged her to remember her\n    mother and sister, the will was made just as suggested by the\n    physician. She was an affectionate daughter and told the lawyer\n    she was impelled to leave her property to a stranger by _an\n    influence which she could not resist_.\n\n    \"A second experiment with another sensitive was then tried. This\n    time the poor girl promised to poison a friend next day, she\n    carried away with her a dose prepared by the doctor. Not knowing\n    why, and like the other sensitive, _under an influence she could\n    not resist_, she gave her friend the harmless drug in a glass of\n    milk, and thus enacted the part of a murderer.\n\n    \"These experiments have the novelty of having been made by the\n    regular faculty; but thousands of Spiritualists have proved the\n    truth of an hypnotic influence lasting long after the apparent\n    release of the sensitive. We know, or ought to know, that the\n    hypnotic condition can be induced without visible passes; and\n    many of us have seen a sensitive under influence sitting\n    quietly, showing no sign of her slavery to the will of another.\n    We may go yet a step further and assert that men and women,\n    visible and invisible, are constantly psychologizing each other,\n    although we only use the term \"sensitive\" when the effect is\n    visible to our dull senses.\n\n    \"But Spiritualists as a whole have been converted by the\n    phenomena appealing to their outward senses, and know little and\n    care little for effects that can only be traced by shrewd,\n    careful and scientific experiment. Yet such facts as come to the\n    surface in those experiments with sensitives in France, are keys\n    with which to unlock some of life's darkest mysteries, and\n    expose the harsh treatment of many mediums.\n\n    \"Many of us have been greatly troubled by the conduct of our\n    mediums, and often puzzled by their careful prepared attempts at\n    fraud. Mediums we have met and loved, because they have given us\n    proof after proof of the 'gates ajar' for angel visitors, have\n    been presently detected in frauds that required days of careful\n    preparation. We have cried, 'Down with the frauds!' and insisted\n    that they should return to wash-tub and spade for an honest\n    living.\n\n    \"We have omitted to keep in view that one who is a medium\n    Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays must also be a medium Tuesdays,\n    Thursdays and Saturdays, and we have neglected to learn the\n    lessons of our own experience. I was talking recently to a\n    gentleman of prominence, twice sheriff of his county, who was\n    narrating with glee how he had mesmerised a young man, and then\n    told him, 'At noon to-morrow you will be lame, and it will last\n    two hours.' Of course it happened much to the poor fellows\n    perplexity, but my friend would have been surprised to discover\n    that therein was the entire case of the French sensitives and of\n    our poor mediums.\n\n    \"A very important thought is that an hypnotic influence need not\n    spring from any verbal expression. We all carry with us an\n    influence which strikes every sensitive we meet; and if we sit\n    with her when she is, of course, specially passive, she must\n    receive a yet more marked influence. There is a photographic\n    curiosity now often exhibited which, I think, illustrates the\n    thought I want to emphasize. A family or a class can be\n    photographed, one by one, at exactly the same focus and on the\n    same negative, with a result that you have a clear and distinct\n    face, not of any one's personality, but that actually combines\n    the features of the whole into a new individual unlike any of\n    the sitters.\"\n\n    \"This is the very influence we cast upon a sensitive when she\n    sits for us in a miscellaneous circle. We cannot say that any\n    one of us has powerfully affected her, but we know the entire\n    influence has got control and possession, and that influence\n    follows her, too often with irresistible power.\"\n\nThe publication of a work on animal magnetism by Binet and Fere of\nParis prompts the following sketch of the subject by the _Boston\nHerald_, a newspaper which pays great attention to anything foreign or\nanything from the old school profession, but ignores that which is\nAmerican and original. The reader will observe that the writers are\nall in the dark, unable to explain the phenomena they describe.\n\n\nPROGRESS OF MAGNETISM.\n\nOne of the most notable features of the scientific tendencies of the\npresent day is the extraordinary interest taken in the investigation\nof those peculiar physical and psychical conditions attending the\nstates now known collectively under the name of hypnotism, varying\nfrom lethargy, catalepsy, etc., to somnambulism. Until quite recently\nthese investigations have been frowned upon and tabooed in scientific\ncircles, and the fact that any man of scientific inclinations was\nknown to feel an interest in matters associated with \"mesmerism\" or\n\"animal magnetism\" was sufficient to make him an object of suspicion,\nand injure his good standing amongst his fellow-scientists. The result\nof the so-called investigations long ago instituted by the French\nAcademy, pronouncing in effect the whole subject a humbug and\ndelusion, has lain like an interdict upon further researches, and the\nwhole matter was left over, for the most part, to charlatans or to\npersons hardly capable of forming sound judgments or proceeding\naccording to the accurate methods demanded by modern science. Science,\nhowever, in the remarkable progress attained of late, has advanced so\nfar upon certain lines that it has been hardly possible to proceed\nfurther in those directions without entering upon the forbidden field.\nTherefore, the old signboards against trespassing have been taken\ndown. For \"mesmerism,\" that verbal scarecrow, has been substituted\n\"hypnotism,\" which word has had a wonderfully legitimatizing effect;\nwhile \"animal magnetism,\" that once flouted idea, has been proven to\nbe an existent fact by methods as accurate as those adopted by Faraday\nor Edison to verify their observations.\n\n\nEFFORTS OF SCIENTISTS.\n\nMany of the most eminent scientists of Europe are now devoting\nthemselves assiduously to these researches. Periodicals making a\nspecialty of the subject are now published in France, Germany, and\nEngland. A catalogue of the recent literature of hypnotism and related\nphenomena, compiled by Max Dessoir, was printed in the number of the\nGerman magazine called the _Sphinx_ for February of this year, and\nthis catalogue occupied nine pages. The list is limited to those works\nwritten on the lines laid under the methods of the modern school, all\nbooks being excluded whose authors hold to \"mesmeric\" theories, or who\nare even professional magnetizers. The catalogue is, therefore, as\nstrictly scientific as possible, and, being classified with German\nthoroughness under the different branches of the subject, such as\n\"hystero-hypnotism,\" \"suggestion,\" \"fascination,\" etc., it will prove\na valuable assistance to the student.\n\nIn this country the interest of scientists has not yet been aroused to\nan extent comparable with that of European investigators. Old\nprejudices have not entirely lost their potency. One of the most\neminent professors of a leading university is said to have been\nsubjected to ridicule from his colleagues because of a marked interest\nshown in the subject, and a Boston physician of high standing within a\nfew months confided to the writer that he had made use of hypnotic\nmethods, with gratifying success, in the case of a patient where\nordinary remedies had proven unavailing, but he did not venture to\nmake the results public, since his fellow doctors might be inclined to\ncondemn his action as \"irregular.\"\n\nA work embracing the whole subject has lately appeared in Paris, and,\nas it is to form a volume of the valuable International Scientific\nseries, published in English, French, German, and Italian, it can\nhardly fail to diffuse a correct popular understanding of the results\nthus far attained. The book is called \"Le Magnetism Animal\" (Animal\nMagnetism), and its authors are Messrs. Alfred Binet and Charles Fere\nof the medical staff of the Salpetriere Hospital for Nervous Disorders\nin Paris. It gives a history of the patient researches conducted at\nthat institution by the medical staff under the celebrated Prof.\nCharcot during the past nine years. These experiments have been\nprosecuted according to the most exact scientific methods, and with\nthe most extreme caution. The endeavor has been to obtain, first of\nall, the most elementary psychic phenomena, and to test every step in\nthe investigations by separate experiment, specially devised to prove\nthe good faith of the subject and the reality of his hallucination, to\neliminate the possibility of unconscious suggestion, to establish\nrelations with similar phenomena of disease or health in the domain of\nphysiology and psychology, and to note the modifications which can be\nbrought about by altering the conditions of the experiments. The\nauthors possess the great scientific virtue of never dogmatising. In\nthe entire book not a single law is laid down, not a single hypothesis\nis advanced, which is not reached by the most approved inductive\nprocesses. A great service of the book lies in its enunciation of new\nand trustworthy methods for studying the physiology of the brain in\nhealth and disease, while it brings into the realm of physical\nexperiment vexed questions of psychology heretofore given over to\nmetaphysical methods exclusively.\n\n\nTHE HYPNOTIC SLEEP\n\nIs described as a different form of natural sleep, and all the causes\nwhich bring on fatigue are capable of bringing on hypnotism in\nsuitable subjects. Two of the leading hypnotic states are lethargy and\ncatalepsy, the former being analogous to deep sleep, and the latter to\na light slumber. In lethargy the respiratory movements are slow and\ndeep; in catalepsy slight, shallow, very slow, and separated by a long\ninterval. In lethargy the application of a magnet over the region of\nthe stomach causes profound modifications in the breathing and\ncirculation, while there is no such effect in catalepsy. This shows\nthe connection of hypnotism with magnetism, and various other\nexperiments with magnets have produced some remarkable results. Here\nit may be added that Dr. Gessmann, a Vienna scientist who has made a\nspecialty of hypnotic studies, has invented and successfully applied\nan instrument called a hypnoscope, consisting of an arrangement of\nmagnets for the purpose of ascertaining whether any person is a good\nhypnotic subject.\n\nThe experiments demonstrate that sensation in the hypnotic states\nvaries between the two opposite poles of hyperaesthesia and\nanaeesthesia; in other words, the senses may be extraordinarily\nexalted, as in somnambulism, or, as in lethargy, they may be extinct,\nexcept sometimes hearing. In somnambulism the field of vision and\nacuteness of sight are about doubled, hearing is made very acute, and\nsmell is so intensely developed that a subject can find by scent the\nfragment of a card, previously given him to feel, and then torn up and\nhidden. The memory in somnambulism is similarly exalted. When awakened\nthe subject does not, as a rule, remember anything that occurred while\nhe was entranced, but, when again hypnotized, his memory includes all\nthe facts of his sleep, his life when awake and his former sleeps.\nRichet attests how somnambules recall with a luxury of detail scenes\nin which they have taken part and places they have visited long ago.\nM----, one of his somnambules, sings the air of the second act of the\nopera \"L'Africaine\" when she is asleep, but can not remember a note of\nit when awake.\n\nThere is a theory that no experience whatever of any person is lost to\nthe memory; it is only the power to recall it that is defective. The\nauthors of this work say that, while the exaltation of the memory\nduring somnambulism does not give absolute proof to the theory that\nnothing is lost, it proves at any rate that the memory of preservation\nis much greater than is generally imagined, in comparison with the\nmemory of reproduction, or recollection. \"It is evident,\" they say,\n\"that in a great number of cases, where we believe the memory is\ncompletely blotted out, it is nothing of the kind. The trace is always\nthere, but what is lacking is the power to evoke it; and it is highly\nprobable that if we were subjected to hypnotism, or the action of\nsuitable excitants, memories to all appearance dead might be revived.\"\n\nA comparison between the phenomena of awakening from natural and\nartificial sleep is instituted. In the case of dreams, recollection\nmore or less vivid persists for a few seconds, then becomes effaced.\nThis forgetfulness is even more marked in the case of hypnosis. On\nreturning to natural consciousness, the subject cannot recompose a\nsingle one of the scenes in which he has played his part as witness or\nactor. The loss, however, is not complete, for often a word or two is\nsufficient to bring back a whole scene, though this word or two coming\nfrom operator to subject, partakes more or less of the nature of a\nsuggestion.\n\n\nSUGGESTION.\n\n\"Suggestion,\" by which is meant the production of thoughts and actions\non the part of the subject through some indication or hint given by\nthe operator, is found to be analogous to dreaming. Say the authors:\n\"For suggestion to succeed, the subject must have naturally fallen, or\nbeen artificially thrown into a state of morbid receptivity: but it is\ndifficult to determine accurately the conditions of suggestionability.\nHowever, we may mention two. The first, the mental inertia of the\nsubject: * * * the consciousness is completely empty: an idea is\nsuggested, and reigns supreme over the slumbering consciousness, * * *\nThe second is psychic hyperexcitability, the cause of the aptitude for\nsuggestion.\" \"For example, we say to a patient: 'Look, you have a bird\nin your apron,' and no sooner are these simple words pronounced than\nshe sees the bird, feels it with her fingers, and sometimes even hears\nit sing.\" \"Again, in place of speech we engage the attention of the\npatient, and when her gaze has become settled and obediently follows\nall our movements, we imitate with the hand the motion of an object\nwhich flies. Soon the subject cries: 'Oh, what a pretty bird!' How has\na simple gesture produced so singular an effect?\"\n\n    \"It is admitted, however, that the hypothesis of the association\n    of ideas only partly covers the facts of suggestion, even when\n    stretched to include resemblances. For instance, when we charge\n    the brain of an entranced patient with some strange idea, such\n    as, 'On awakening you will rob Mr. So-and-so of his\n    handkerchief,' and on awakening, the patient accomplishes the\n    theft commanded, can we believe that in such a sequence there is\n    nothing more than an image associated with an act? In point of\n    fact, the patient has appropriated and assimilated the idea of\n    the experimenter. She does not passively execute a strange\n    order, but the order has passed in her consciousness from\n    passive to active. We can go so far as to say that the patient\n    has the will to steal. This state is complex and obscure,\n    hitherto no one has explained it. * * * The facts of paralysis\n    by suggestion completely upset classical psychology. The\n    experimenter who produces them so easily knows neither what he\n    produces nor how he does it. Take the example of a systematic\n    anaesthesia (paralysis of sensation). We say to the subject, 'On\n    awakening you will not see Mr. X., who is there before us; he\n    will have completely disappeared.' No sooner said than done; the\n    patient on awakening sees every one around her except Mr. X.\n    When he speaks she does not answer his questions; if he places\n    his hand on her shoulder she does not feel the contact; if he\n    gets in her way, she walks straight on, and is terrified at\n    being stopped by an invisible obstacle. * * * Here the laws of\n    association, which do such good service in solving psychological\n    problems, abandon us completely. Apparently they do not account\n    for all the facts of consciousness.\"\n\n\nPORTRAITS BY HALLUCINATION.\n\nA remarkable and suggestive series of experiments performed with\nportraits by hallucination is given in the book. These experiments\nshow, that if by suggestion a subject is made to see a portrait on a\nsheet of card board which is exactly alike on both sides, the image\nwill always be seen on the same side, and, however it is presented,\nthe subject will always place the card with the surfaces and edges in\nthe exact positions they occupied at the moment of suggestion, in such\na manner that the image can neither be reversed nor inclined. If the\nsurfaces are reversed, the image is no longer seen; if the edges, it\nis seen upside down. The subject is never caught in a mistake; the\nchanges may be made out of his sight, but the image is invariably seen\nin accordance with the primitive conditions, although absolutely no\ndifference is to be detected by the normal vision between the two\nblank surfaces.\n\nOne experiment brings out this fact clearly. On a white sheet of paper\nis placed a card equally white; with a fine point, but without\ntouching the paper, the contour of the card is followed while the idea\nof a line traced in black is suggested to the subject. The subject,\nwhen awakened, is asked to fold the paper according to these imaginary\nlines. He holds the paper at the distance at which it was at the\nmoment of suggestion, and folds it in the form of a rectangle exactly\nsuperposable on the card.\n\nA curious experiment in the same line has been often repeated by Prof.\nCharcot. The subject is given the suggestion of a portrait on a white\ncard, which is then shuffled up with a dozen cards all alike. On\nawakening, the subject is asked to run over the collection, without\nbeing told the reason why it is wished. When he comes to the card on\nwhich had been located the imaginary portrait, he at once perceives\nit. One detail of these experiments is very significant. Supposing we\nshow the imaginary portrait at a distance of two yards from the\nsubject's eyes, the card appears white, whereas a real photograph\nwould appear gray. If it is gradually brought nearer, the imaginary\nportrait at last appears, but it is necessary for it to be much nearer\nthan an ordinary photograph for the patient to recognize the subject.\nBy means of opera glasses we can make the patient recognize her\nhallucination at a distance at which she could not perceive it with\nthe naked eye. In short, the imaginary object which figures in the\nhallucination is perceived under the same conditions as if it were\nreal. Various other experiments are detailed in support of this\nformula. The opera glasses only act as if they were focussed upon the\npoint of hallucination, and in the case of a short-sighted subject\nthey had to be altered to allow for the defect of vision. If the\npatient looks through a prism the image is seen duplicated, although\nthe subject is absolutely ignorant of the properties of a prism, as\nwell as of the fact that the glass is a prism. A photograph of the\nplain white card used when the photograph was suggested may be\nsubstituted, and on being shown to the patient, the hallucinatory\nimage is seen just the same, even two years after the original\nexperiment, as was done in one case.\n\nSome strange phenomena of polarity are related. The following\nexperiments by MM. Binet and Fere are given in illustration: \"We give\na patient in somnambulism the common hallucination of a bird poised on\nher finger. While she is caressing the imaginary bird she is awakened\nand a magnet is brought near her head. After a few minutes she stops\nshort, raises her eyes and looks about in astonishment. The bird which\nwas on her finger has disappeared. She looks all over the ward and at\nlast finds it, for we hear her say, 'So you thought you would leave\nme, little bird.' After a few minutes the bird again disappears anew,\nbut almost immediately reappears. The patient complains from time to\ntime of a pain in the head at a point corresponding to what has been\ndescribed in this book as the visual centre (some distance above and\nslightly posterior to the ear).\" The magnet also has the same effect\nin suspending the real perception. One of the patients was shown a\nChinese gong and striker, and took fright on sight of the instrument.\nWhen a blow was struck she instantly fell into catalepsy. She was\nreawakened, and asked to look attentively at the gong; meanwhile,\nwithout her knowledge, a small magnet was brought near her head. After\na minute the instrument had completely disappeared from her sight.\nWhen it was struck with redoubled force, she only looked from side to\nside with an air of slight astonishment.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nThe mysteries which puzzle these writers are made plain by\nanthropology, and I have been presenting the explanation for over\nforty years to my pupils. The sensibility to hypnotic phenomena is due\nto the anterior portion of the middle lobe of the brain--to the\nportion which is developed one inch behind the external angle of the\neye, by exciting which we bring on the somnolent condition. The\npredominance of this region renders the person liable to the mesmeric\nphenomena.\n\nThe hypnoscope proposed is quite unnecessary. The proper test of\nmagnetic susceptibility is either to excite the organ of somnolence\nand observe if the eyes are disposed to close, or to pass your fingers\nover the outstretched hand of the subject, within one or two inches,\nand observe if he feels any impression. A distinct feeling of coolness\nis sufficient proof of magnetic susceptibility.\n\nLet those who wish to investigate the subject begin in accordance with\ntrue science by testing the sensitiveness of the hand. If sensitive,\nlet the subject sit in a passive state, while you touch the somnolent\nregion on the temples, one inch horizontally behind the brow. In from\none to ten minutes the eyes will show a disposition to close, winking\nrepeatedly until a dreamy condition arises, with a tendency to a\nconscious sleep. In this condition the susceptibility is extreme.\nExperiments in psychometry may be tried with success; the organs of\nthe brain may be excited, and many interesting experiments may be made\nby those who understand the brain, for intellectual purposes, or for\nthe promotion of health and cure of diseases.\n\nThe whole subject is thoroughly explained in the College of\nTherapeutics, making thereby a perfect guidance to health, and to\nprogress in philosophy, and supplying the great lack in all systems of\neducation--self-knowledge and the sublime art of health, longevity,\nand progress in Divine wisdom.\n\n\n\n\nTHE SO-CALLED SCIENTIFIC IMMORTALITY.\n\n\nThe Smithsonian Institution at Washington was founded for the increase\nand diffusion of knowledge. Guided by the contracted notions prevalent\namong scientists, it has not accomplished much for either object. The\ntheory of Lester F. Ward of this institution was paraphrased as\nfollows in the last JOURNAL:\n\n  As for immortal life I must confess,\n  Science has never, never answered \"yes.\"\n  Indeed all psycho-physiological sciences show,\n  If we'd be loyal, we must answer \"no!\"\n  Man cannot recollect before being born,\n  And hence his future life must be \"in a horn.\"\n  There must be a _parte ante_ if there's a _parte post_,\n  And logic thus demolishes every future ghost.\n  Upon this subject the voice of science\n  Has ne'er been aught but stern defiance.\n  Mythology and magic belong to \"_limbus fatuorum_;\"\n  If fools believe them, we scientists deplore 'em.\n  But, nevertheless, the immortal can't be lost,\n  For every atom has its bright, eternal ghost!\n\nMr. Ward appears to enjoy greatly this theory of his own final\nextinction, and he exclaims with infinite self-satisfaction, \"this\npure and ennobling sense of truth he would scorn to barter for the\nselfish and illusory hope of an eternity of personal existence.\" This\nis quite a jolly funeral indeed!\n\nIt is true Mr. Ward's very profound theories contradict an immense\nnumber of facts observed by wiser men than himself, but so much the\nworse for the facts,--they must not embarrass a Smithsonian\nphilosopher when he solves to his own satisfaction the vast problem of\nthe universe. This Mr. Ward thinks he has done. It is quite an\ningenious and laboriously constructed hypothesis, but like all other\nattempts to construct a grand philosophy without a basis of fact, it\nis hard to manufacture the theory and hard to comprehend it. Mr. Ward\nsays himself in the _Open Court_ that even to comprehend his doctrine\nwould require the \"careful reading of nearly 200 pages,\" while \"to see\nthe matter in precisely the same light as I see it would require the\nreading of the entire work of some 1400 pages!\" Really, Mr. Ward, the\nwriter who cannot sufficiently befuddle himself and his readers in\nfifty pages is not very skilful.\n\nNevertheless the Ward theory is one of the best that has ever been\ngotten up by the champions of nescience, and is worthy of a statement\nin the Journal as quite an improvement on the common expression of\nmaterialistic stolidity. He claims that he does not deny immortality,\nbut he recognizes no immortality of man--no human soul. He recognizes\nonly the immortality of the world, such as it is, which nobody denies.\nThe future life of man he considers nothing but an illusion, though\nthere is an immortality of intelligence _here_ in successive forms.\n\nThe doctrine, is that spirit, intelligence, or consciousness is a part\nof matter--that every atom has its own little share, which practically\namounts to nothing in its infinite subdivision, but when matter comes\ninto organized forms the spiritual powers thus aggregated and\norganized become an efficient spiritual energy; and the higher the\norganism the grander the power that is developed, man being the most\nperfect organization evolves the grandest spiritual power, as a\nsuperior violin evolves finer music than a tambourine. But the\nintelligence and will of man are only phenomena, like the music, and\nhave no existence beyond that of the organism that produces them. This\nis substantially the theory of materialists generally, and of the old\nschool medical colleges which consider human life a mere product of\nhuman tissues in combination--a doctrine conclusively refuted in\n\"Therapeutic Sarcognomy.\"\n\nThe special merit of the Ward theory lies in the supposition that mind\nand matter are elements everywhere inseparably united, and that human\nintelligence is developed by the aggregation and organization of the\nmind powers that reside in the atoms of matter,--an explanation which\ndoes not often occur to the exponents of materialism,--and has the\nmerit of ingenuity. The theory would do very well if it were not\ndemonstrable that life exists only from influx, and that human life\nand personality survive the body, and become known to every highly\norganized sensitive, who knows how to investigate such matters.\n\nThe Ward theory demolishes the Deity with the greatest ease, and\nplaces man, fleeting or evanescent as he is, at the summit of the\nuniverse! As he expresses it, \"The only intelligence in the universe\nworthy of the name is the intelligence of the organized beings which\nhave been evolved; and the highest manifestations of the psychic power\nknown to the occupants of this planet is that which emanates from the\nhuman brain. Thus does science invert the pantheistic pyramid.\"\n\nSuch is the fog that emanates from the institution that should help\nthe advance and diffusion of knowledge. No God! no soul! not even the\nawful power that Spencer blindly acknowledges--nothing but matter\nbubbling up and organizing itself into temporary forms that decay and\nare gone forever. We may well reciprocate his suggestion, and say that\nsuch doctrines belong to the _limbus fatuorum_, and, if enjoyed as Mr.\nWard enjoys them, they may well be called the \"fool's paradise.\" I\nthink Hegel has some similar notion--that God becomes conscious only\nin man, unconscious everywhere else! And even so brilliant a writer as\nM. Renan says, \"For myself I think that there is not in the universe\nany intelligence superior to that of man.\" In reading such expressions\nwe are strongly reminded of the poem on the \"rationalistic chicken,\"\nwhich would not admit that it ever came out of an egg. When the wisdom\nshown in the universe is so immensely beyond the comprehension of man,\nhow can he assume his own to be the highest wisdom?\n\nTo such dreary absurdities as this the _Open Court_ newspaper at\nChicago is devoted, and it has a bevy of well-educated friends and\nsupporters--well-educated as the world goes,--and graced with literary\ncapacity and culture, but educated into blindness and ignorance of the\nscientific phenomena of psychic science,--unwilling to investigate or\nincapable of candid investigation. The coterie sustaining such a\nnewspaper are precisely in the position of the contemporaries of\nGalileo, who refused to look through his telescope or study his\ndemonstrations.\n\nIt is not from any scientific spirit or scientific acumen that this\nmaterialistic coterie avoid psychometric and spiritual facts. The\nnewspapers which ignore or sneer at such knowledge are easily gulled\nin matters of science. A writer in the _Open Court_ upon the\npossibilities of the future, which he presents as being confined\n\"strictly to legitimate deductions from present knowledge,\" exhibits\nan amount and variety of ignorant credulity which ought not to have\ngained admission to an intelligent journal. He speaks of an unlimited\nfreedom of submarine navigation and navigation of the air which would\nnot have appeared possible to any but the most superficial sciolist.\nHe also speaks of an electroscope that will telegraph rays of light\n(!) and enable us thereby to see our most distant friends, and of\nstowing in a small compass electricity enough to exterminate an army.\nThis imaginative ignoramus adds, \"Give to our present biped\nacquaintance the ability to exterminate armies with a lightning flash,\nadded to the power of sailing at will through the air or of passing at\nwill and in safety beneath the ocean waves, and he would depopulate\nthe earth.\" The writer gives much more of this Munchausen stuff which\nis not worthy of notice except as an illustration of the feeble\nscientific intelligence with which many newspapers are edited. The\neditor of a really scientific journal referred to this article in the\n_Open Court_ \"as a proof of the danger of a little knowledge.\"[1]\n\n    [1] The air is certainly yet to be navigated when a\n        sufficient amount of power can be concentrated in the\n        machine, but at present we can do little more than float\n        with the wind. It is probable that an engine sufficiently\n        strong, built of the best steel, and propelled by the\n        explosive power of gun cotton, or some similar explosive,\n        would overcome the difficulty. If I were to construct such\n        an engine I would substitute for the lifting power of a\n        balloon that of a sail acting as a kite.\n\n\n\n\nREVIEW OF THE NEW EDUCATION.\n\nBY SAMUEL EADON, M.A., M.D., PH.D., F.S.A., ETC.\n\n\nI have read very carefully the third edition of the \"New Education,\"\nand feel impelled, in order to satisfy my conscientiousness, to write\na short article relative to the impressions which the reading of the\nbook produced in my mind.\n\nIt is a work of extraordinary merit. Like George Combe's \"Constitution\nof Man,\" it is highly suggestive; the fascination of the author was\nsuch that I could not help but write. To know its value and appreciate\nits lofty moral outpourings, people must buy the book and read for\nthemselves. The first thought would be that it is the production of an\noriginal thinker who had the courage to utter opinions fearless of\nresults, however antagonistic to the common-herd notions.\n\nIn all ages, the human understanding, the reasoning faculties, have\never been considered to hold the supremacy in the scale of\ndevelopment, of culture, and of advance toward a higher form of\ncivilization; the moral faculties were thought next in order, and then\nthe propensities common to all animal natures held the third or\ninferior position. This view of human nature has been handed down from\nan elder antiquity and still retains its hold largely in the\nuniversities and great public schools of the present day.\n\nIf this view of the nature of man be a correct one, there ought to be\na vast intellectual brotherhood of mankind; but it is not so. From the\ndays of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, this culture of the\nintellectual power has been continuously pursued, but with very\nslender results; for were this kind of education pursued for 100,000\nyears, the morale of society would be little better than it is at the\npresent time.\n\nDr. Buchanan takes quite a different view and makes the moral or\nethical faculties supreme, in development and culture, the intellect\nbeing the instruments for acquiring facts and the propensities the\nsteam to bring about the desired results. According to his views of\nman, our emotional faculties are of a higher or more God-like order\nthan our intellectual powers. The intellect being the hand-maid to the\nemotions, to _feel_ the force of truth is higher in mental excellence\nthan to _perceive_ it. Depth of emotions is the climax of spiritual\npower.\n\nThe ethical and aesthetic being the foundation of the New Education,\nDr. Buchanan, in a series of beautifully written chapters, enters into\ndetails in reference to what teachers should be, what the subjects\ntaught ought to be, and what are the shells and what the kernels of\nknowledge. He shows clearly that woman will ultimately be the\nregenerator of humanity, that education so far has been merely\nfractional and one-sided--that true development consists in the\nco-education of soul and body, the co-education of man and woman, the\nco-education of the material and spiritual worlds.\n\nThere are a million of teachers, and every one should have a copy of\nthis work. No man is fit to teach in the high sense advocated by this\nauthor unless he has thoroughly mastered this work. It is easy to pull\ndown a system, but not so easy to build it up; but in the New\nEducation the follies of the old educational systems are not only\nlevelled to the dust, but a higher and more practical, industrious,\nand crime-preventing system of training and teaching takes its place.\nThis book will become the grand educational Bible for teachers in all\ncountries where the English language is spoken.\n\nNor should it be in the hands of teachers only. Every intelligent\nfather and mother, anxious for the development of their sons and\ndaughters should study this book night and day. It should be\ntranslated into every European language, and also into Chinese and\nother Eastern tongues; the refined, aesthetic, and knowledge-loving\npeople of Japan, were the work translated into their language, would\nenjoy it intensely.\n\nHAMBROOK COURT, near Bristol, England.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nA Japanese scholar has already undertaken the translation of the \"New\nEducation\" in Japan. The JOURNAL has not room at present for the\nessays of correspondents, and I have only given a small portion of the\nessay of the learned Dr. Eadon, who is the most progressive member of\nthe medical profession in England.\n\n\n\n\nVICTORIA'S HALF CENTURY\n\n\nWe are nearing the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of Queen\nVictoria's reign. A London writer, reviewing the changes which have\ntaken place in the period marks these notable points: A strange\ncountry was England in those far-off days; there was but little\ndifference between the general state of society under William and the\ngeneral state of society under George II. If we compared the courts of\nGeorge IV. and William with the company of a low tap-room, we should\nnot flatter the tap-room. Broad-blown coarseness, rank debauchery,\nreckless prodigality, were seen at their worst in the abode of English\nmonarchs. A decent woman was out of place amid the stupid horrors of\nthe Pavilion or of Windsor; and we do not wonder at the sedulous care\nwhich the Queen's guardians employed to keep her beyond reach of the\nprevailing corruption. A man like the Duke of Cumberland would not now\nbe permitted to show his face in public save in the dock; but in those\ntimes his peculiar habits were regarded as quite royal and quite\nnatural. Jockeys, blacklegs, gamblers, prize-fighters were esteemed as\nthe natural companions of princes; and when England's king drove up to\nthe verge of a prize-ring in the company of a burly rough who was\nabout to exchange buffets with another rough, the proceeding was\nconsidered as quite manly and orthodox. Imagine the Prince of Wales\ndriving in the park with a champion boxer!\n\nA strange country indeed was England in those times; and to look\nthrough the newspapers and memoirs of fifty years ago is an amusement\nat once instructive and humiliating. The king dines with the premier\nduke, makes him drunk, and has him carefully driven round the streets,\nso that the public may see what an intoxicated nobleman is like. The\nsame king pushes a statesman into a pond, and screams with laughter as\nthe drenched victim crawls out. Morning after morning the chief man of\nthe realm visits the boxing-saloon, and learns to batter the faces and\nribs of other noble gentlemen. We hear of visits paid by royalty to an\nobscure Holborn tavern, where, after noisy suppers, the fighting-men\nwere wont to roar their hurricane choruses and talk with many\nblasphemies of by-gone combats. Think of that succession of ugly and\nfoul sports compared with the peace, the refinement, the gentle and\nsubdued manners of Victoria's court, and we see how far England has\ntravelled since 1837.\n\nFifty years ago our myriads of kinsmen across the seas were strangers\nto us, and the amazing friendship which has sprung up between the\nsubjects of Victoria and the citizens of the vast republic was\nrepresented fifty years ago by a kind of sheepish, good-humored\nignorance, tempered by jealousy. The smart packets left London and\nLiverpool to thrash their way across the Atlantic swell, and they were\nlucky if they managed to complete the voyage in a month--Charles\nDickens sailed in a vessel which took twenty-two days for the trip,\nand she was a steamer, no less! For all practical purposes England and\nAmerica are now one country. The trifling distance of 3,000 miles\nacross the Atlantic seems hardly worth counting, according to our\nmodern notions; and the American gentleman talks quite easily and\nnaturally about running over to London or Paris to see a series of\ndramatic performances or an exhibition of pictures. When Victoria\nbegan to reign the English people mostly regarded America as a dim\nregion, and the voyage thither was a fearsome understanding.\n\nThere is something in the catalogue of mechanical devices which almost\naffects the mind with fatigue. Fifty years ago the ordinary citizen\npicked up his ideas of all that was going on in the world from a\nsorely-taxed news-sheet; and a very blurred idea he managed to get at\nthe best. Poor folk had to do without the luxury of the news, and they\nwere as much circumscribed mentally as though they had been cattle; we\nremember a village where even in 1852 the common people did not know\nwho the Duke of Wellington was. No such thing as a newspaper had been\nseen there within the memory of man; only one or two of the natives\nhad seen a railway engine, and nobody in the whole village row had\nbeen known to visit a town. But now-a-days the villager has his\nhigh-class news-sheet; and he is very much discontented indeed if he\ndoes not see the latest intelligence from America, India, Australia,\nChina--everywhere. An American statesman's conversation of Monday\nafternoon is reported accurately in the London journals on Tuesday\nmorning; a speech of Mr. Gladstone's delivered at midnight on one day\nis summarized in New York and San Francisco the next day; the result\nof a race run at Epsom is known in Bombay within forty minutes. We use\nno paradox when we say that every man in the civilized world now lives\nnext door to everybody else; oceans are merely convenient pathways,\nhowling deserts are merely handy places for planting telegraph poles\nand for swinging wires along which thoughts travel between country and\ncountry with the velocity of lightning. We see that the world with its\nswarming populations is growing more and more like some great organism\nwhereof the nerve-centres are subtly, delicately connected by\nsensitive nerve-tissues. Even now, using a lady's thimble, two pieces\nof metal, and a little acid, we can speak to a friend across the\nAtlantic gulf, and before ten years are over, a gentleman in London\nwill doubtless be able to sit in his office and hear the actual tones\nof some speaker in New York.\n\nSo much has the magic half century brought about.\n\nIf we think of the scientific knowledge possessed by the most\nintelligent men when the Queen ascended the throne, we can hardly\nrefrain from smiling, for it seems as though we were studying the\nmental endowment of a race of children. The science of electricity was\nin its infancy; the laws of force were misunderstood; men did not know\nwhat heat really was. They knew next to nothing of the history of the\nglobe, and they accounted for the existence of varying species of\nplants and animals by means of the most infantine hypotheses. A\ncomplete revolution--vital and all-embracing--has altered our modes of\nthought, so that the man of 1887 can scarcely bring himself to\nconceive the state of mind which contented the man of 1837. We have\ndark doubts now, perplexing misgivings, weary uncertainties, painful\nconsciousness of limited powers; but along with these weaknesses we\nhave our share of certainties. Are we happier? Nay, not in mind. A\nquiet melancholy marks the words of all the men who have thought most\ndeeply and learned most. The wise no longer cry out or complain--they\naccept life and fate with calm sadness, and perhaps with prayerful\nresignation. We have learned to know how little we can know, and we\nsee with composure that even the miracles already achieved by the\nrestless mind of man are as nothing.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nThere is a far better reason than this for the sadness of thinking\nmen. It is that, with all the progress of science, art, and education,\npoverty, misery, disease, and crime still afflict society as they did\nin ruder ages, and our progress is _onward_, but not _upward_. It is\n_upward_ progress to which the JOURNAL OF MAN is devoted.\n\nIn the foregoing sketch very little is said of the real progress of\nthe age--the increase of education, the uprising of the people into\ngreater political power and liberty, the prostration of the power of\nthe church, which is destined to disestablishment, and the uprising of\nspiritual science.\n\nWhat is there in the reign of Victoria to be celebrated? Was there\never a more perfect specimen of barely respectable commonplace than\nthe reign of Victoria? What generous impulse, or what notable wisdom\nhas she ever shown? What has she done for the relief of Ireland, for\nthe improvement of a society full of pauperism, crime and suffering,\nor for the prevention of unjust foreign wars? When has she ever given\neven a respectable gift to any good object from her enormous income?\nBut virtue is not expected in sovereigns; they are expected only to\nenjoy themselves hugely, to make an ostentatious display, and consume\nall their benighted subjects give them.\n\nMrs. Stanton says:--\"The two great questions now agitating Great\nBritain are 'Coercion for Ireland,' and the 'Queen's Jubilee,' a\ntragedy and a comedy in the same hour.\"\n\nSpeaking of the Queen's Jubilee she says:\n\n    \"In this supreme moment of the nation's political crisis, the\n    Queen and her suite are junketing around in their royal yachts\n    on the coast of France, while proposing to celebrate her year of\n    Jubilee by levying new taxes on her people, in the form of penny\n    and pound contributions to build a monument to Prince Albert.\n    The year of Jubilee! While under the eyes of the Queen her Irish\n    subjects are being evicted from their holdings at the point of\n    the bayonet; their cottages burned to the ground; aged and\n    helpless men and women and newborn children, alike left\n    crouching on the highways, under bridges, hayricks and hedges,\n    crowded into poorhouses, jails and prisons, to expiate their\n    crimes growing out of poverty on the one hand and patriotism on\n    the other.\n\n    \"A far more fitting way to celebrate the year of Jubilee would\n    be for the Queen to scatter the millions hoarded in her private\n    vaults among her needy subjects, to mitigate, in some measure,\n    the miseries they have endured from generation to generation; to\n    inaugurate some grand improvement in her system of education; to\n    extend still further the civil and political rights of her\n    people; to suggest, perchance, an Inviolable Homestead Bill for\n    Ireland, and to open the prison doors to her noble priests and\n    patriots.\n\n    \"But instead of such worthy ambitions in the fiftieth year of her\n    reign, what does the Queen propose? With her knowledge and\n    consent, committees of ladies are formed in every county, town\n    and village in all the colonies under her flag, to solicit these\n    penny and pound contributions, to be placed at her disposal.\n\n    \"Ladies go from house to house, not only to the residences of\n    the rich, but to the cottages of the poor, through all the marts\n    of trade, the fields, the factories, begging pennies for the\n    Queen from servants and day-laborers.\"\n\nThese forced collections are not entirely for the benefit of the\nQueen, but are to be appropriated also to a vast variety of local\nobjects and institutions.\n\n\n\n\nTHE OUTLOOK OF DIOGENES.\n\n\nThe ancient philosopher Diogenes, whom even the presence of Alexander\ncould not overawe, is one of the most marked and heroic figures of\nancient history. It is said \"The Athenians admired his contempt for\ncomfort, and allowed him a wide latitude of comment and rebuke.\nPractical good was the chief aim of his philosophy; for literature and\nthe fine arts he did not conceal his disdain. He laughed at men of\nletters for reading the sufferings of Ulysses while neglecting their\nown; at musicians who spent in stringing their lyres the time which\nwould have been much better employed in making their own discordant\nnatures harmonious; at savants for gazing at the heavenly bodies while\nsublimely incognizant of earthly ones; at orators who studied how to\nenforce truth, but not how to practice it. * * * When asked what\nbusiness he was proficient in, he answered, 'to command men.'\"\n\nPsychometry brings up these ancient characters as vividly and\ntruthfully as history. Such psychometric descriptions are a continual\nmiracle. How the psychometers, knowing not of whom they are speaking,\nguided only by a mysterious intuition, should speak of the most\nancient characters as familiarly and truly as of our acquaintances\nto-day, will ever stand as a psychic miracle, to illustrate the Divine\nWisdom that established such a power in man. This is the daily\nexperience of Mrs. Buchanan. Her description of Diogenes was as\nfollows:\n\n    \"I think this is an ancient. There is something quaint about\n    him. He does not seem to follow anything or anybody. He lived a\n    natural life, indifferent to current teachings. He had peculiar\n    original ideas of his own as to life and its purposes, and seems\n    to be a man of philanthropic nature, not aesthetic, but very\n    indifferent as to personal appearance and habits, or as to\n    pleasing people, not at all fastidious. He did not mind people's\n    opinions in the least. They never disturbed him.\n\n    \"He had enough combativeness to fight his way through\n    difficulties. He had great self-reliance, and did not mind\n    obstacles. If he had to take part in disturbances, he was ready,\n    and had tact and tactics. He had a peculiar power of governing\n    men, and a peculiar way of gaining confidence and esteem. He did\n    not show off at all, and was not at all condescending. He had a\n    great deal of sagacity. He regarded as trifles things people\n    considered as momentous.\n\n    \"(To what country did he belong?) He was probably a Greek, but\n    he did not accord with anything of his time. He lived in the\n    future and anticipated great changes. He did not agree with any\n    contemporary religion, politics, fashions or manners, but was\n    very sarcastic upon them. He was a philosopher, devoted to the\n    useful, and cared nothing for the ornamental, either in\n    architecture, fashions or anything else. He might not make war\n    on the religion as he was not rancorous or rebellious, but he\n    had different ideas in himself, and was candid in expressing\n    them. He does not give much attention to modern times, but if he\n    were here he would enjoy modern improvements and benevolence,\n    but would denounce our fashions and our bigotry, and teach a\n    primitive style of living.\"\n\nLet us invoke the strong spirit of Diogenes whose sturdy freedom\nof thought was like that of Walt Whitman, to cooperate in the review\nof modern life. Such men are greatly needed to review a\ncorrupt civilization; and where is the civilization now, where was\nthere ever a civilization that was not corrupt? The function of\nDiogenes is not performed either by the pulpit or the press. A\nfew special journals are terribly severe on special evils, but the\nreformatory words of the press generally are few and far between, in\ncomparison to what is needed. The JOURNAL OF MAN does not\npropose to fill the hiatus and make war upon the myriad evils of\nsociety, but it must speak out, now and then, like Diogenes, especially\nwhen others neglect their duty.\n\nWhat is the condition of our legislative bodies? Where is there\none that does not provoke sharp criticism? The Albany correspondent\nof the _N. Y. Sun_, speaking of the legislative adjournment, says;\n\"Mr. William F. Sheehan, leader of the Democratic minority to the\nAssembly, summed up the work of the Legislature of 1887 when in\nhis address on the floor of the Assembly on the day of final adjournment,\nhe said: 'Prayer will ascend from thousands of hearts of the\ncitizens of this State at noon to-day for their deliverance from this\nLegislature. It began its session with the corrupt election of a\nUnited States Senator. It lived in bribery, and it dies a farce.'\nNo one here regrets the adjournment except the gamblers and the\nlobbyists. Even the lobbyists would be glad for a vacation, as their\nlabors in bidding for the legislative cattle the last month have been\nmost arduous. The people of Albany look on the Legislature as a\npestilence to which they must yearly submit, and they welcome its\ndeparture as a farmer does the going of a swarm of locusts from his\nfields.\n\n\"Whatever else may be said about the Legislature of 1887, no one ever\naccused it of being honest, and there is no doubt that it was\nindustrious.\"\n\nThis corrupt Legislature passed two very discreditable bills which\nwould have been made positively infamous if it had not been for the\nactive opposition of a few friends of liberty. One of these bills was\ndesigned to add to the stringency of the present obstructive medical\nlaw; the other was designed to assist the labors of Anthony Comstock\nin interrupting the circulation of popular physiological literature,\nunder pretence of suppressing obscenity.\n\nIn the Legislature of Pennsylvania, the law designed to suppress the\ncultivation of spiritual science by severe penalties, was favorably\nreported by a committee but prevented by popular indignation from\npassing. Yet the people were not sufficiently alert to prevent\nlegislation in favor of that monopoly the Standard Oil Company, which\nis considered a betrayal of justice.\n\nIn Illinois a bill was passed in the Senate and came near passing in\nthe House, which would have abolished all medical freedom and made it\na crime for any one but a licensed doctor to help the sick in any way,\neven by a prayer. Verily the spirit of American liberty does not\npervade American communities and American legislatures.\n\nIn Massachusetts the Old Puritanic Sunday Laws having fallen into\n\"_innocuous desuetude_,\" an attempt to give them a partial enforcement\nin Boston compelled a little legislative action and the result was\nwhat might have been expected in a State in which religious opinions\nare allowed to interfere with the credibility of a witness, and in\nwhich Diogenes, if he were here, would be struck with the vast\ninconsistency between the creed of Christendom and its practice, and\nthe vast disparity between the progress of modern knowledge and the\neffete system of education in our Universities. He would wonder why\nmodern colleges are more interested in the details of Greek life and\nletters than in the beneficent sciences of to-day of which the Greeks\nknew nothing.\n\nHe would wonder why the edicts of the Pagan emperor, Constantine,\nconcerning the observance of Sunday are observed and enforced as a\nreligious duty, while the Divine love inculcated by Jesus Christ,\nwhich forbids all strife and war, is no more regarded by Christian\nnations than by the rulers of ancient Rome.\n\nHe would look into the schools and universities professedly devoted to\nscience and literature, and ask why they have even less freedom of\ndiscussion and thought than the schools of Athens, every professor\nbeing interested to discourage the investigation of novelties in\nphilosophy instead of being ready to welcome original investigation.\n\nUnder the new Sunday law of Massachusetts, Sunday trains and steamboat\nlines are at the mercy of the railroad commissioners, who can stop\nevery one of them; but boating, yachting, and carriage driving on\nSunday are free to all who have the money to pay for them. But while\noutdoor frolic is free-and-easy, indoor enjoyment is prohibited.\nEverybody is liable to five dollar fines for _attending_ \"any sport,\ngame, or play\" on Sunday, unless it has been licensed, and private\nfamilies never ask a license for their own amusements. But _to be\npresent_ on Sunday \"_at any dancing_,\" brings a liability to a $50\nfine for each offence! What a terrible thing dancing is to be sure,\nthat looking on should cost $50, while a frolic in boating and\nyachting is unexceptionably holy, and the fast young men may kick up a\ndust, kill the horses, and smash the buggies with impunity, or kill\nthemselves by rowing in the hot sun, under whiskey stimulus on Sunday.\n\nThe laws for hotels and restaurants are even more absurd. Travellers,\nstrangers and lodgers may be freely entertained, but if _anybody else_\n(who is he?) comes into the house, or remains on the grounds about it,\non Sunday, the landlord can be fined as much as $50 at the first pop,\n$100 at the second pop, and at the third pop he is to be shut up and\ndeprived of his license. Somebody else must be a terrible fellow on\nSunday--and he is a dangerous customer on Saturday too, for if he\ncomes in on Saturday evening, or even lounges on the grounds, it is a\nfine of five dollars for the landlord. But who is he? How is the poor\nlandlord, or victualler to discover _somebody else_, who is neither\nlodger, stranger, nor traveller. The landlord cannot detect him, but\nall sheriffs, grand jurors, and constables are required to hunt for\nhim! _Vive la bagatelle!_\n\nStrictly private gambling is safe on Sunday, and our _Chevaliers\nd'Industrie_ may ruin a dozen families, and provoke suicide and\nmurder,--\"plate sin with gold\" and it is protected, and the swindling\nshyster is protected too on Sunday, for no civil process can be served\non that holy day; the rogue who is bothered on that day can get\nexemplary damages by this law of Sunday asylum. But the poor keeper of\na restaurant or of an inn, is the victim for old legislative boys to\nthrow stones at. They have provided a hundred dollar fine for every\ninnholder or victualler who keeps, or \"suffers to be kept,\" on his\npremises, any implements \"used in gaming,\" or which may be used for\n\"purposes of amusement,\" and does not prevent such things from being\nused on Sunday. So if he is not extremely vigilant throughout his\nhouse and grounds, he may be caught with a hundred dollar fine, OR be\nimprisoned three months in the House of Correction at the pleasure of\nthe magistrate!! and for every subsequent offense may be _imprisoned\nin the House of Correction_ as much as one year, and then required to\ngive security for obeying the law. Under such a law a malicious young\nhoodlum may contrive to send a landlord to jail.\n\nTo open a shop, warehouse, or workhouse on Sunday is a fifty dollar\noffense, and it is fifty dollars also for doing \"any manner of labor,\nbusiness or work\" on Sunday, unless the judge considers it a matter of\nnecessity or charity; nevertheless, the \"making of butter and cheese\"\nis good Sunday work, if we do not _open the doors_ which would bring\non a $50 fine. So is the work of steam, gas and electricity,\nnewspapers, telegraphs, telephones, druggists, milkmen, (bakers before\n10 and after 4,) boat houses, livery stables, ferry boats, and street\ncars. But to catch a fish or fire a pistol on Sunday is a $10 offense,\nand to look on at a game of chess is a $50 crime. However, the law\ndoes not punish whistling on Sunday, unless the whistler has\nspectators, then it is a $50 business for all concerned. To read\nLongfellow's Excelsior on Sunday to a parlor of company is a $50\ncrime. Reading Milton's Paradise Lost, or the American Declaration of\nIndependence would also rank as criminal business, being an\nentertainment, and a party of twenty playing a game of croquet may be\nfined a thousand dollars.\n\nVerily, if it were not for such hypocritical and asinine legislation\nas this, we might forget the history of New England witchcraft, and\nthe hanging of Quakers in sight of the spot where this law was enacted\nas an _improvement_ on a still worse, but practically obsolete\nstatute.\n\nSuch Sunday legislation is a fair evidence of the absence of true\nreligion, and the predominance of hypocrisy. It is not enforced, and\nis not expected to be. All the Sunday legislation in New York did not\nprevent the immense Syracuse Salt Works from carrying on their work\nday and night. Gov. Hill and the N. Y. Legislature have shown their\ncharacter by increasing the penalties of the Sunday laws, but they\nhave not approached the Massachusetts standard.\n\n\n\n\nA BILL TO DESTROY THE INDIANS.\n\nFrom the Boston Pilot.\n\n\nThe Puritans of New England and the Cavaliers of Virginia alike\ntreated the Indians as though they had no rights of manhood. The\nCatholics, Baptists, and Quakers treated them kindly and justly. The\nPuritans took Indian lands without permission or compensation. The\nCatholics, Baptists and Quakers bought lands from the Indians in an\nhonorable way.\n\nThe two policies have been in conflict for nearly three centuries.\n\nThe Government has held to the policy of buying lands from the\nIndians, thus recognizing their ownership; but it has not always paid\nthe price agreed upon. Now, under the lead of Senator Dawes Congress\nhas passed a bill which annuls the treaties, and overrides all\nproprietary rights of every tribe, except nine of the most civilized.\n\nHis bill is the \"Indian Land in Severalty Bill.\" It pretends to be in\nthe interest of the Indians, but that pretense is a fraud. It is\nwholly in the interest of railroad companies, land syndicates, and\nprivate white settlers.\n\nThe treaties of 1868 and 1876 guarantee the Sioux tribes undisturbed\npossession of their reservation in Dakota. Not an acre of that land\ncan be taken from them without the consent of three-fourths of them.\nSo read the treaties signed by the United States Commissioners and\nconfirmed by the United States Senate.\n\nThe Dawes Severalty Bill takes the Sioux reservation from the control\nof the Sioux without asking the consent of a single Indian, surveys it\nas though it was a body of public land, and then says to the Sioux:\nThe Government will return a small homestead for each of you, as\nindividuals, and after twenty-five years you shall have titles to\nthese small tracts, but the remainder of the reservation, (about\nfour-fifth) must be opened to white settlers.\n\nThe Sioux protest against this outrage, and have appealed to the\nNational Indian Defence Association at Washington, D. C., to protect\ntheir rights. This association has resolved to test the\nconstitutionality of this bill in the Supreme Court of the United\nStates, and asks all friends of justice to sustain them in this legal\ncontest.\n\n\n\n\nMISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.\n\n\nTHE SEYBERT COMMISSION has reported against the claims of\nSpiritualism. Their report will not even have the effect of the French\nAcademy report against animal magnetism, which checked its progress in\nthe medical profession but not among the people; but before the\ncentury passed, the medical profession has taken up the science in\nearnest, and re-named it hypnotism. The Seybert report will not even\nbe a temporary damper, for while thousands of inquirers, fully as\ncompetent as the commission, and many of them far more competent to\nthe investigation, have made themselves familiar with the facts, the\ncommission has done nothing but to emphasize the fact already familiar\namong the intelligent, of the prevalence of fraud among mediums.\nNotwithstanding the wonderful powers of Slade, no one acquainted with\nhis history would place any reliance on his integrity. The more\nintelligent Spiritualists understood such matters, and the Ladies' Aid\n(Spiritualist) Society of Boston, recently had considerable amusement\nin the exhibition in their parlors of the materializing and\ndematerializing wire apparatus used by the fraudulent medium, Mrs.\nRoss, which was said to have been carried in her bustle. Mrs. Ross\nwhen prosecuted for her frauds was found to be protected by the law of\ncoverture which makes the husband alone responsible. This is a relic\nof the idea of female subordination and obedience which ought to be\nabolished. The progress of spiritualism has been marked by as many\nfollies as that of any popular movement, and the bequest of $60,000,\nby Mr. Seybert, to the old fogies of the Pennsylvania University was\namong the stupidest of these follies. If a friend of Galileo had made\nsuch a bequest to the Catholic church in his time, to get an opinion\nof the new astronomy, it would have been as sensible a proceeding. It\nwill however have one good result; it will erect a permanent monument\nto the ignorance of the universities, a record from which they cannot\nhereafter escape. Prof. Leidy was one of the salaried commissioners\nwhose mental status was thus exhibited in the last journal:\n\n   \"Your doctrine of life eternal,\n   And everything else supernal,\n   Might well be pronounced an infernal\n                                   Delusion!\"\n\n\nTHE EVILS THAT NEED ATTENTION, mentioned in the JOURNAL for May, are\nas rampant as ever. The big combination in Chicago to raise the price\nof wheat by a corner, utterly burst on the 14th of June, leaving a few\nruined speculators. The _Chicago News_ says: \"What is called buying\nand selling futures in grain, is no more buying and selling in the\ninnocent and proper interpretation of the words than the wagering on\nhorse races is buying and selling horses. It is a species of gambling\nas pernicious to public morals as it is contrary to public policy.\"\nThe _Chicago Herald_ says, \"No one is in love with a cornerer who\ncorners. Nobody wastes any pity on a cornerer who gets cornered\nhimself.\" Such crimes in a petty way may be punished, but we need law\nfor the millionaire gamblers who not only rob each other, but fleece\nthe entire nation at the same time.\n\n\nCONDENSED ITEMS.--_Mesmerism, in Paris._ M. G. de Torcy has introduced\na mesmerized woman into the lion's cage, where she unconsciously puts\nher head in the lion's mouth: then, in a state of cataleptic rigidity,\nhead and feet resting on two stools, the lion is made to jump over the\nrigid body, then with paws resting on her body, to pull a string by\nhis teeth and thus fire a pistol. Of course this draws enthusiastic\naudiences. _Medical Freedom._ The attempts at restrictive medical\nlegislation have been defeated in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and\nMaine. In Maine, the bill had passed the Legislature and was approved\nby Gov. Bodwell, but upon re-consideration he vetoed it and the Senate\nthen rejected it. The Allopathic State Society is quite indignant and\ncalls it \"_atrocious_\" that they cannot enforce a law which the Senate\nand governor rejected. Mrs. Post in Iowa has been acquitted and will\nnot be punished at all for the awful crime of healing a patient by\nprayer! The acquittal appears to be on the ground of the\nunconstitutionally of the law. _The Victoria Jubilee_ in Faneuil Hall,\nBoston, called out an immense indignation meeting, and many eloquent\nprotests. But for the energy of the police a riot might have occurred\nat the time of the festival. _Delightful Homes._ Asheville, N. C.,\n2339 feet above tide water, has a delightful climate, especially for\npulmonary invalids. Northern Georgia is an elevated region of\nremarkable general health, and freedom from malarious and consumptive\ndiseases. California has still more delightful homes of health and\nbeauty. Colorado has twelve towns over 5,000 feet above the sea, and\nten over 10,000.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IV.--CRANIOSCOPY.\n\n\n    The Study of the Comparative Development of the Brain through\n    the Cranium--Importance of Cranioscopy--First Step--Facial\n    organs--Miller, Pestalozzi, Danton, Mirabeau--Caricatures--Upper\n    and lower parts of face--Female faces--Mode of comparing\n    organs--Mode of manipulation--Bony irregularities--Profile\n    comparison of height and depth--Vacca Pechassee and Lewis--Old\n    errors--Difficulties in estimation--Morbid\n    conditions--Criminals--Napoleon--Negro murderer.\n\n\n[Illustration: HUGH MILLER.]\n\n[Illustration: PESTALOZZI.]\n\n[Illustration: DANTON.]\n\n[Illustration: MIRABEAU.]\n\n\nThe reader now understands the conformation of the brain, and the\ngeneral character of its different regions. It is important that he\nshould as soon as possible begin the study of heads, and learn to\njudge correctly their development. When he can do this, he has an\ninexhaustible source of knowledge continually with him, and every new\nacquaintance becomes an interesting study in ascertaining the\nindications of his head and comparing them with his daily conduct and\nmanners. The more thorough and careful the study, the greater the\nsatisfaction and delight that it yields. The good cranioscopist\ncontinually grows in knowledge, and solves all the problems of\ncharacter presented in society. But he who simply studies the elements\nof character or organic faculties, and does not become acquainted with\nthe organs and their measurement, soon finds his knowledge too\nabstract and remote from his daily life; and, instead of increasing\nhis stock of knowledge on this subject, he continually loses more and\nmore of what he has gained. It was for this reason, mainly, that the\nmedical profession gradually dropped the discoveries of Gall, which\nwould never have ceased to interest them if they had learned to apply\nthem to the study of men and animals.\n\nI hope that no reader will neglect this chapter, or fail to reduce its\ninstructions to practice, for on that it depends whether he shall\nbecome a practical master of cerebral science, and be able to read\nevery character with which he meets.\n\nThe first step in studying a head is to observe its general\ncontour,--whether the forehead projects far in front of the ear, to\nindicate intellect; whether the upper surface rises above the forehead\nsufficiently to indicate the nobler qualities, and whether it is\nbalanced or overpowered by the breadth and depth of the base of the\nskull and thickness of the neck. In connection with this, we may\nobserve that the base of the brain is also expressed in the lower part\nof the face which corresponds to the organs for the expression of\nanimal force, while the upper part of the face is devoted to the\nexpression of the upper and anterior parts of the brain. The\nexpressional faculties shown in the face do not always coincide\nexactly with the real power of the organs thus expressed; but if they\ndo not, they at least indicate their activity and habitual display;\nfor faculties habitually indulged will show their organic indications\nin the face, while those which are suppressed or restrained will be\nless conspicuous in the face.\n\nThe reader will understand that organs located for observation on the\nface are organs of the brain lying behind the face, which may be\nreached and stimulated through it, as other organs are reached and\nstimulated through the cranium and integuments. The contour of the\nface cannot reveal the organs behind it by physical necessity, as does\nthe contour of the skull, yet observation induces me to rely upon\nestimates based on facial development. I think there is a\ncorrespondence of development between the brain and face, based upon\nvital laws, and also a direct influence of each organ upon the surface\nthat covers it, so that when the organ is excited the surface becomes\nflushed, and when it is kept inactive the surface becomes pale and\nwithered. This may be most readily observed at the organ of Love of\nStimulus, immediately in front of the cavity of the ear. The surface\npresents a shrunken appearance after many years of rigid abstinence,\nbut becomes plump, bloated, or high-colored, in those whose habits are\nintemperate. I have also observed an itching sensation at the surface\nwhen the organs behind it were active. Any one may observe a warmth\nand fulness in the upper part of the face when the social sentiments\nare very active. In the act of blushing, the flush comes upon the part\nof the face associated with modest and refined sentiments, the centre\nof which is below the external angle of the eye, at the lower margin\nof the cheek-bone.\n\nThe contrasting development of the upper and lower parts of the face\nmay be seen when we compare such characters as the enthusiastic\nphilanthropist and educational reformer, Pestalozzi, and the\nhigh-principled and intellectual Hugh Miller, the Scotch geologist,\nwith such as Danton, the terrible demagogue of the French revolution,\nand Mirabeau, the brilliant but unprincipled orator.\n\nNo skilful artist in caricature fails to observe these principles.\nWhen he would degrade a character, he magnifies the lower part of the\nface; and when he would represent a more refined character, the lower\npart of the face becomes correspondingly delicate.\n\nWhen _Puck_ would represent, a miserable wretch, he presents such a\nhead as the following; and when a New York journalist desired to\ncaricature an opponent as a saloon politician, he diminished the upper\nand developed the lower part of the head, as presented here.\n\n[Illustration: WRETCH.]\n\n[Illustration: SALOON POLITICIAN.]\n\nAll observers of countenance and character unconsciously act upon\nthese principles and recognize a great difference in the expressions\nof two faces,--one predominant in the lower and the other in the upper\nportion of the face. That there was any scientific basis for this was\nentirely unknown before my discoveries of the organs behind the face,\nwhich modify its development and expression. My lectures upon this\nsubject in 1842 were attended by the physiognomical writer, Redfield,\nwho derived from them many important suggestions.\n\nWhen the lower part of the face is massive, broad, and prominent,\nwhile the basilar region is broad and deep, with a stout neck, we know\nthe great force and activity of the animal nature, and unless the\nupper surface of the brain is well developed all over, we may expect\nsome excess in the way of violence, temper, selfishness, perversity,\nsensuality, dishonesty, avarice, rudeness of manners, moral\ninsensibility, slander, contentiousness, jealousy, envy, revenge, or\nsome other form of wickedness, according to the especial conformation.\n\nIn the faces of women, we find the activity of the amiable sentiments\nmarked by the fulness and roseate color of the upper part of the face,\nwhile the lower portion is more delicate than in the masculine face.\n\nBut although the facial developments generally correspond with the\nactivity of the organs expressed, the rule is not invariable, as the\nreader will learn hereafter that the facial developments may be\nmoderate when the character is not excitable or demonstrative.\n\nIf the upper surface of the head is sufficiently high, we know that\ngreat capacity for virtue exists, capable of restraining evil\ninclinations, and producing admirable traits of character, according\nto the organs especially developed.\n\nWhen we study the special organs we determine the special virtues or\nvices. For example, a head may have a good general development upward,\ngiving many very pleasing traits of character, and yet be so deficient\nin the region of conscientiousness (while the selfish group that gives\nbreadth at the ears is large) as to produce great moral unsoundness\nand a treacherous violation of obligations or disregard of principle.\n\nThe most delicate task in craniological study, and the most important,\nis the balancing of opposite tendencies belonging to antagonistic\norgans; and it was for the want of the knowledge of antagonisms that\nthe Gallian system so often failed in describing character and its\nrepresentatives before the public have made the most disastrous\nblunders. Shrewd and honest observers discovered the imperfections of\nthe science.[2]\n\n    [2] A letter just received from Australia states that the\n        writer had for many years been a student of phrenology, and\n        had ascertained from examining hundreds of crania that\n        phrenology \"stood on a basis of fact, but was wrong as well\n        as deficient in some of its details. But though I could\n        point to several parts of the skull where the readings of\n        professionals as well as myself were always unreliable, I\n        could not discover the real function of the organs in these\n        places.\"\n\nWhile the eye readily gives us the contour of heads that have not much\nhair, there is but little accurate judgment without the use of the\nhand, which is the first thing to be learned. Not the tips of the\nfingers, but the whole hand should be laid upon the head gently, to\ncover as much surface as possible, while with a gentle pressure we\ncause the scalp to move slightly, and thus feel through it the exact\nform of the cranium as correctly as if the bones were exposed to view.\nIf in this examination we find any sharp prominences, which might be\ncalled bumps, we attribute them to the growth of bone, which does not\nindicate the growth of the brain. The latter is indicated only by the\ngeneral contour.\n\nA little anatomical knowledge will prevent us from being deceived, and\nenable us to make due allowances. There are no great difficulties in\nmaking a correct estimate, and the anatomists who have taught their\npupils that correct cranial observations could not be made, only\nshowed their own ignorance of the subject. We must consider the\ncranium as though all osseous protuberances had been shaved off,\nleaving the smooth, curving contour of the skull. The principal\nprojection to be removed is the superciliary ridge corresponding to\nthe brow at the base of the forehead. It is formed by the projection\nof the external plate of the skull, leaving a separation or cavity\nbetween it and the inner plate, which cavity is called the frontal\nsinus, and is sometimes half an inch wide. As there is no positive\nmethod of determining its dimensions in the living head, there must\never be some doubt concerning the development of the perceptive organs\nwhich it covers. The superciliary ridge at the external angle of the\nbrow extends really as much as three-quarters of an inch from the\nbrain. From this angle a ridge of bone (the temporal arch) extends\nupward and backward, separating the lateral surface of the head from\nthe frontal and upper surfaces. This ridge is a convenient landmark,\nbut must be excluded from an estimate of development as it is merely\nosseous. It extends back on the head a little behind its middle. The\nsagittal suture on the median line of the upper surface usually\npresents a slight, bony elevation or ridge (see the engraving of the\nskull, Chapter III.), and the lambdoid suture on the back of the head\nis frequently rough. A superficial practical phrenologist (of great\npretensions) at Cincinnati, in examining the head of a gentleman of\nmild character, found the lambdoid suture quite rough, and gave him a\nterrifically pugnacious character, not knowing enough to distinguish\nbetween osseous and cerebral development. The occipital knob on the\nmedian line between the cerebrum and cerebellum, has been already\nmentioned. The mastoid process, the bony prominence behind the ear is\na projection exterior to the cerebellum. Where it starts from the\ncranium above and behind the cavity of the ear, we may judge of\nbasilar development by the breadth of the head, but the basilar depth\nwhich is more important is to be judged by the extension downward,\nwhich was illustrated in the last chapter by comparing the skulls of\nJ. R. Smith and the slave-trading count.\n\nTo judge the comparative strength of the higher and lower elements of\ncharacter, we look for the height above the forehead and the depth at\nand behind the ear, which is ascertained by placing the hand on the\nbase of the cranium behind the ears, while the height of the head is\nbest appreciated by placing a hand on the top with the fingers\nreaching down to the brow.\n\nIn a profile view the human head may be divided into three equal\nparts, the length of the nose being the central part, from the nose to\nthe end of the chin another, and the remainder above the nose the\nthird part. In inferior heads these three measurements are equal, the\nupper third extending to the top of the head; but in heads of superior\ncharacter the upper third extends only to the top of the forehead, and\nthe outline of the head rises a half breadth above the forehead, as\nthe following profiles show. In heads of the lowest character the\nbasilar depth exceeds the height, as in the French Count and the\nIndian Lewis.\n\nThe contour of a well-developed head forms a semicircle above the base\nline through the brow, and its elevation above that line is equal to\none half of the antero-posterior length of the head, while in the\ninferior class of heads the elevation is but four-tenths of the length\nor even less, and is hardly equal to the depth, while in the highest\nclass the elevation is one-half greater than the depth or even more.\nWe obtain another view of the comparative height and depth by drawing\nlines from the brow to the vertex and the base of the brain and\ncomparing the two angles thus formed. In the good head we observe the\ngreat superiority of the upper angle over that formed by the line to\nthe ear, the lower end of which corresponds to the lowest part of the\nbrain, the base of the cerebellum.\n\n[Illustration]\n\nTo take an illustration from nature, I would present the outlines of\ntwo Indian crania that I obtained in Florida,--Vacca Pechassee, or the\ncow chief, who headed a small tribe, and bore a good character among\nthe whites, and Lewis, an Indian of bad character in the same\nneighborhood (on the Appalachicola River), who was shot for his\ncrimes. (I might have obtained many more, but as the Seminole war was\nnot then over, I found that my own cranium was placed in considerable\ndanger by my explorations.)\n\n[Illustration: VACCA PECHASSEE]\n\n[Illustration: LEWIS]\n\nIn Vacca Pechassee the height is to the depth as 11 to 9; in Lewis as\n9 to 11. In J. R. Smith the height is to the depth as 12 to 10; in the\nslave trading count as 9 to 14. This is the correct method of cranial\nstudy, for comparing the moral and animal nature.\n\nThe basilar depth was entirely overlooked in the old method of\nphrenologists, and hence they were very often mistaken in judging the\nbasilar energy by breadth alone, of which there has been no more\nstriking example than that of the Thugs of India, whose heads (though\na tribe of murderers) were below the European average in basilar\nbreadth. These facts are so conspicuous to any careful observer that I\nbecame very familiar with them in the first six months of my study of\nheads fifty-two years ago.\n\nWhen the circulation of the brain is vigorous and regular, all\nportions being in regular activity, the fulness of the circulation\nbeing shown in the face, we may be sure that the character is fairly\nindicated by the cranium. The younger the individual the thinner the\ncranium, and the less the liability to deception by the thickness of\nthe bones. Female skulls are _generally_ more delicate than male, and\nalso more normal or uniform in their circulation. Hence there is less\ndifficulty in making an accurate estimate of women and of youth. The\ngreater difficulty is found in men of thick skulls and abnormal\nbrains, and these difficulties are in some cases insurmountable by\nmere measurement. It will become necessary in the depraved classes to\nlook at the condition of the circulation about the head, and the\nfacial indications of the organs that have been cultivated. If these\nare not sufficient to guide us we must fall back upon psychometry.\n\nThe morbid condition of the brain is a conspicuous fact, which we must\nnot ignore, and it is important to learn how to detect it in the\nappearance of the individual, or in his psychometric indications and\nPathognomy, which is itself a profound science and important guide to\ncharacter. (Pathognomy is the science of expression, and has an exact\nmathematical basis.)\n\nWe should bear in mind that it is just as possible to have impaired\nand unhealthy conditions in any part of the brain as to have them in\nthe stomach, liver, lungs, or spinal cord. Physical diseases are\ncontagious and so are moral. It is generally impossible to preserve\nthe moral organs and faculties of a youth in healthy condition who is\nallowed to associate habitually with the depraved; and it is very\ndifficult indeed for the mature adult to preserve his brain and mind\nin sound condition when compelled to associate with the depraved. To\nthose who are very impressible, the contagion of vice, bad temper,\nprofanity, turbulence, lying, obscenity, sullenness, melancholy, etc.,\nis as inevitable as the contagion of small pox.\n\nOur criminals are generally exposed to the contagion of crime in\nyouth, and as they advance they are immersed in this contagion in\nprisons, which are the moral pest-houses in which law maintains the\nintense contagion of criminal depravity. Napoleon was an admirable\nsubject for such contamination, and when we learn how he was reared\namid the lawlessness and general scoundrelism of Corsica, we do not\nwonder that he became an imperial brigand. The low ethical standard of\nmankind, generally, and especially of historians, has heretofore\nprevented a just estimate of the character of Napoleon. Royal\ncriminals have escaped condemnation; but the recent review of\nNapoleon's career by Taine gives a just philosophic estimate of the\nman, which coincides with the impartial estimation of psychometry.\n\n\n\n\nBUSINESS DEPARTMENT.\n\n\nThe establishment of a new Journal is a hazardous and expensive\nundertaking. Every reader of this volume receives what has cost more\nthan he pays for it, and in addition receives the product of months of\neditorial, and many years of scientific, labor. May I not therefore\nask his aid in relieving me of this burden by increasing the\ncirculation of the Journal among his friends?\n\nThe establishment of the Journal was a duty. There was no other way\neffectively to reach the people with its new sphere of knowledge.\nBuckle has well said in his \"History of Civilization,\" that \"No great\npolitical improvement, no great reform, either legislative or\nexecutive, has ever been originated in any country by its ruling\nclass. The first suggestors of such steps have invariably been bold\nand able thinkers, who discern the abuse, denounce it, and point out\nthe remedy.\"\n\nThis is equally true in science, philanthropy, and religion. When the\nadvance of knowledge and enlightenment of conscience render reform or\nrevolution necessary, the ruling powers of college, church,\ngovernment, capital, and the press, present a solid combined\nresistance which the teachers of novel truth cannot overcome without\nan appeal to the people. The grandly revolutionary science of\nAnthropology, which offers in one department (Psychometry) \"the dawn\nof a new civilization,\" and in other departments an entire revolution\nin social, ethical, educational, and medical philosophy, has\nexperienced the same fate as all other great scientific and\nphilanthropic innovations, in being compelled to sustain itself\nagainst the mountain mass of established error by the power of truth\nalone. The investigator whose life is devoted to the evolution of the\ntruth cannot become its propagandist. A whole century would be\nnecessary to the full development of these sciences to which I can\ngive but a portion of one life. Upon those to whom these truths are\ngiven, who can intuitively perceive their value, rests the task of\nsustaining and diffusing the truth.\n\nMrs. Croly of New York remarked in her address to the Women's Press\nAssociation of Boston. \"The general public resents the advocacy of a\ncause and resists any attempt to commit it to special ideas. A paper\nthat starts to represent a cause must be maintained by individual\neffort, and often at great sacrifice.\"\n\nThe circulation of the Journal is necessarily limited to the sphere of\nliberal minds and advanced thinkers, but among these it has had a more\nwarm and enthusiastic reception than was ever before given to any\nperiodical. There must be in the United States twenty or thirty\nthousand of the class who would warmly appreciate the Journal, but\nthey are scattered so widely it will be years before half of them can\nbe reached without the active co-operation of my readers, which I most\nearnestly request.\n\nProspectuses and specimen numbers will be furnished to those who will\nuse them, and those who have liberal friends not in their own vicinity\nmay confer a favor by sending their names that a prospectus or\nspecimen may be sent them. A liberal commission will be allowed to\nthose who canvass for subscribers.\n\n\nEnlargement of the Journal.\n\nThe requests of readers for the enlargement of the Journal are already\ncoming in. It is a great disappointment to the editor to be compelled\neach month to exclude so much of interesting matter, important to\nhuman welfare, which would be gratifying to its readers. The second\nvolume therefore will be enlarged to 64 pages at $2 per annum.\n\n\nCOLLEGE OF THERAPEUTICS.\n\nAn interesting session closed on the 10th of June. Students attending\na second course think they profited as much as by the first. The class\nadopted a strong expression of their high appreciation of the\ninstruction received, and the importance of the new sciences.\nEverything was harmonious, intelligent, and successful. Fine\npsychometric powers were developed in four-fifths of the students. A\nfuller report will appear in the next JOURNAL. The next course (the\nninth) will begin the first week of November next.\n\n\nUNLIKE ANY OTHER PAPER.\n\nThe _Spectator_, unlike other home papers, seeks (1) to acquaint every\nfamily with simple and efficient treatment for the various common\ndiseases, to, in a word, educate the people so they can avoid disease\nand cure sickness, thus saving enormous doctors' bills, and many\nprecious lives. (2) To elevate and cultivate the moral nature,\nawakening the conscience, and developing the noblest attributes of\nmanhood. (3) To give instructive and entertaining food to literary\ntaste, thus developing the mind. (4) To give just such hints to\nhousekeepers that they need to tell how to prepare delicious dishes,\nto beautify homes, and to make the fireside the most attractive spot\nin the world.\n\nWrite for terms for agents, and go to work. We give liberal commission\nto those who will canvas for the _Spectator_, and the paper so\ncommends itself to the people it is not difficult to secure\nsubscribers.\n\nThe young ladies among our subscribers will take much delight in the\nclear and practical article on how to secure and retain beauty. The\nformulas are the best, and instead of being injurious are beneficial,\nin cases where they are indicated. We feel sure the article will be\nhighly prized, and prove of great value.\n\nThe _Spectator_ is published on the sixth day of each month.\n\nAll communications should be addressed to the _American Spectator_,\nBoston, Mass. Money orders or drafts should be made payable to the\nSPECTATOR PUBLISHING COMPANY.\n\nIf you are not already a subscriber, send in your name at once. Only\nsixty cents for a whole year.\n\nShow your _Spectator_ to your friends and induce them to subscribe.\n\nOne correspondent writes, \"The _Spectator_ is indispensable to us. It\nhas already saved us having to call in a doctor on three or four\noccasions by its plain, common sense directions for the treatment of\ndisease.\"--_American Spectator._\n\n\nSUNDAY LEGISLATION.\n\nAt the annual meeting of the Free Religious Association in Boston,\n\"Judge Putnam showed, in a speech which called out much laughter and\napplause, that the Sunday law is not enforced, for it does not really\nmake our behavior different from what it would be without it, except\nin so far as it permits rascals to refuse to pay notes signed on that\nday, or bills for goods then purchased.\"\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n                     Mayo's Vegetable Anaesthetic.\n\nA perfectly safe and pleasant substitute for chloroform, ether,\nnitrous oxide gas, and all other anaesthetics. Discovered by Dr. U. K.\nMayo, April, 1883, and since administered by him and others in over\n300,000 cases successfully. The youngest child, the most sensitive\nlady, and those having heart disease, and lung complaint, inhale this\nvapor with impunity. It stimulates the circulation of the blood and\nbuilds up the tissues. Indorsed by the highest authority in the\nprofessions, recommended in midwifery and all cases of nervous\nprostration. Physicians, surgeons, dentists and private families\nsupplied with this vapor, liquefied, in cylinders of various\ncapacities. It should be administered the same as Nitrous Oxide, but\nit does not produce headache and nausea as that sometimes does. For\nfurther information pamphlets, testimonials, etc., apply to\n\n                                      DR. U. K. 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Richmond, 64 Union Park\nPlace, Chicago, Ill.\n\nAmong its contributors will be found our oldest and ablest writers. In\nit will be found Lectures, Essays upon Scientific, Philosophical, and\nSpiritual subjects, Spirit Communications and Messages.\n\nA Young Folks' Department has recently been added, edited by _Ouina_,\nthrough her medium, Mrs. Cora L. V. Richmond; also a Department, \"THE\nOFFERING'S School for Young and Old,\" A. Danforth, of Boston, Mass.,\nPrincipal.\n\n\nTERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: Per Year. $2.00; Six Months, $1.00; Three\nMonths, 50 cents.\n\nAny person wanting the _Offering_, who is unable to pay more than\n$1.50 per annum, and will so notify us, shall have it at that rate.\nThe price will be the same if ordered as a present to friends.\n\nIn remitting by mail, a Post-Office Money Order on Ottumwa, or Draft\non a Bank or Banking House in Chicago or New York City, payable to the\norder of D. M. Fox, is preferable to Bank Notes. Single copies 5\ncents; newsdealers 3 cents, payable in advance, monthly or quarterly.\n\nRATES OF ADVERTISING.--Each line of nonpareil type, 15 cents for first\ninsertion and 10 cents for each subsequent insertion. Payment in\nadvance.\n\n[Hand pointing right] The circulation of the OFFERING in every State\nand Territory now makes it a very desirable paper for advertisers.\nAddress,\n\n                  SPIRITUAL OFFERING, Ottumwa, Iowa\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n    Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first\n    issue of the volume.","title":"Buchanan's Journal of Man, July 1887: Volume 1, Number 6","tradition":"philosophy-ethics","translated_text":null,"word_count":18010}