{"collection":"philosophy-ethics","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_27703/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_27703","id":"gutenberg_27703","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27703","summary":null,"tags":["Buchanan's Journal of Man","Category: Archaeology & Anthropology","Category: Health & Medicine","Category: Philosophy & Ethics","Medicine -- Periodicals","Phrenology -- Periodicals","Science -- Periodicals"],"text":"Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net\n\n\n\n\n\n                             BUCHANAN'S\n                           JOURNAL OF MAN.\n\n            VOL. I.        SEPTEMBER, 1887.        NO. 8.\n\n\n\n\nCONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN.\n\n\n  Concord Symposium\n  Rectification of Cerebral Science\n  Human Longevity\n  MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE--An important Discovery; Jennie\n    Collins; Greek Philosophy; Symposiums; Literature of the Past;\n    The Concord School; New Books; Solar Biology; Dr. Franz\n    Hartmann; Progress of Chemistry; Astronomy; Geology Illustrated;\n    A Mathematical Prodigy; Astrology in England; Primogeniture\n    Abolished; Medical Intolerance and Cunning; Negro Turning White;\n    The Cure of Hydrophobia; John Swinton's Paper; Women's Rights\n    and Progress; Co-Education; Spirit writing; Progress of the\n    Marvellous\n  Chapter VII.--Practical Utility of Anthropology (Concluded)\n  Chapter VIII.--The Origin and Foundation of the New Anthropology\n\n\n\n\nTHE CONCORD SYMPOSIUM AND THEIR GREATEST CONTRIBUTION TO PHILOSOPHY.\n\n\nLet no one accuse the critic of irreverence, who doubts the wisdom of\nuniversities, and of pedantic scholars who burrow like moles in the\nmouldering remnants of antiquity, but see nothing of the glorious sky\noverhead. While I have no reverence for barren or wasted intellect, I\nhave the profoundest respect for the fruitful intellect which produces\nvaluable results--for the vast energy of the lower class of\nintellectual powers, which have developed our immense wealth of the\nphysical sciences and their useful applications. Indescribably grand\nthey are. The mathematicians, chemists, geologists, astronomers,\nbotanists, zoologists, anatomists, and the numerous masters of dynamic\nsciences and arts, have lifted the world out of the ruder elements of\nbarbarism and suffering.\n\nBut, as for the class of speculative talkers, whose self-sufficiency\nprompts them to assume the name of philosophers, to which they have no\nright, what have they ever done either to promote human welfare, or to\nassist human enlightenment and reveal the mysteries of life? Have they\nnot always been as blind as owls, bats, and moles, to daylight\nprogress? Are they not at this time utterly and _unconsciously_ blind\nto the progress of spiritual sciences, to the revelations of\npsychometry and anthropology--placing themselves, indeed, in that\nhopeless class who are too ignorant to know their ignorance, too far\nin the dark to know or suspect that there is any light?\n\nA remnant of these worshippers of antiquity still holds its seances at\nConcord, Mass., and publishes its amazingly dry _Journal of Speculative\nPhilosophy_. With the unconscious solemnity of earnestness, it still\ndigs into Aristotle's logic and speculations--the dryest material that\nwas ever used to benumb the brains of young collegians, and teach them\nhow _not to reason_, for Aristotle never had a glimmering conception\nof what the process of reasoning is. Yet all Concordians are not\nAristotelians; some of them have more modern ideas, and a vigorous,\nthough misdirected, mentality.\n\nProf. W. T. Harris, the leader of the Concordians, to whose\nlucubrations the newspapers give ample space, as those of the\nrepresentative man, made a second attempt to explore the Aristotelian\ndarkness, in which his first essay was totally lost.\n\nIf there is but a step from the sublime to the ridiculous, it is not\neven a step from the absurd to the ludicrous and amusing. The\nprofessional wit or joker is never so richly amusing as the man who is\nutterly unconscious that he is in the least funny, while heroically in\nearnest. The professed comedian never furnishes so much amusement as\nthe would-be heroic tragedian, who, like the Count Joannes, furnishes\nuproarious merriment for the whole evening.\n\nI have seen nothing in our Boston newspapers quite so amusing as the\nvery friendly and sympathetic report of Prof. Harris' most elaborate\nand laborious comments on the SYLLOGISMS, which reminds one of\nHopkinson's metaphysical and elaborate disquisition on the nature,\nproperties, relations, and essential entity of a salt-box. We do not\nlaugh at the professor as we did at Daniel Pratt, the \"Great American\nTraveller,\" whose travels are now ended; for, aside from his\nmetaphysical follies, Prof. Harris is a man of real merit and great\nintellectual industry, whose services in education will entitle him to\nbe remembered; but when the metaphysical impulse seizes him,\n\n  \"Who would not laugh if such a fool there be,\n  Who would not weep if Atticus were he.\"\n\nThe lecture of Prof. Harris was reported in the _Boston Herald_, in\nthe style of a gushing girl with her first lover, as a \"NEW STEP IN\nTHE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY,\" attended by a full audience as \"a rare\ntreat\" \"_like buckwheat-cakes fresh from the griddle_,\" for \"Prof.\nHarris took a decidedly _new step in Philosophy_,\" giving \"an insight\nwhich _no philosopher, ancient or modern, has attained_.\" Again,\nspeaking of it privately, Prof. Harris said, \"I got hold of the idea\nthree or four years ago, and I have been trying to work it out since.\nI regard it as my _best contribution to philosophy_.\" \"_Montes\nparturiunt_,\" What do they bring forth? Is it a mouse of respectable\nsize? The _Boston Herald_, which is generally smart, though never\nprofound, says of the symposium, \"It has set up Aristotle this year as\nits golden calf to be worshipped.\" \"But when you ask the question,\nwhat does all this talk amount to, it is difficult to give an\naffirmative answer.\" \"It is simply threshing straw over, again and\nagain.\" But it is not aware that the Concord straw is merely the dried\nweeds that Lord Bacon cut up and threw out of the field of respectable\nliterature over two hundred and sixty years ago. \"What man (says the\n_Herald_), with any serious purpose in life, has any time to waste\nover what somebody thinks Aristotle ought to have thought or said.\"\nAnd my readers may ask, why give the valuable space of the JOURNAL OF\nMAN to examining such trash? Precisely because _it is trash_, and yet\noccupies a place of honor, standing in the way of progress and\nrepresenting the tendencies of education for centuries, which still\nsurvive, though they may be said to have gone to seed. Concord\nrepresents University philosophy, as a dude represents fashion, and as\nUniversity philosophy is a haughty antagonist of all genuine\nphilosophy, it is important to illustrate its worthlessness.\n\nThe subject of Prof. Harris' lecture was \"Aristotle's Theory of the\nSyllogism, Compared with that of Hegel.\" As these two were the great\nmasters of obscurantism, the lecture should have been, of course, as\nperfect a specimen as either of darkness and emptiness. Omitting the\ndefinitions of syllogisms, which are familiar to all collegians, but\ntoo intolerably tedious to be inflicted on my readers, we find a very\nunexpected specimen of common sense following the talk about\nsyllogisms, which embodied Aristotle's ideas of Reason. Here it is:\n\"Logic is often called the art of reasoning, and many people study it\nwith a view to mastering an art of correct thinking, hoping thereby to\nget an instrument useful in the acquirement of truth. It may be\ndoubted, however, whether the mind gets much aid in the pursuit of\ntruth by studying logic.\" There is no doubt at all about it,--not one\nrational individual out of a hundred thousand collegians will confess\nthat he ever got any benefit in reasoning or in pursuing truth from\nAristotle's syllogistic formula. \"All men are mortal--Socrates is a\nman, and therefore Socrates is mortal.\"\n\nWhy, then, such a flourish of trumpets over some new trick in playing\nwith syllogism, when the whole thing is utterly worthless? And the\nProfessor upsets himself in his own lecture, thus: \"If the middle tub\nis contained in the big tub, and the little tub is contained in the\nmiddle tub, then the little tub is contained in the big tub.\" Hegel\nsays: \"Common sense in its reaction against such logical formality and\nartificiality turned away in disgust, and was of the opinion that it\ncould do without such a science as logic.\" Most true, Philosopher\nHegel, you have absurdities of your own on a gigantic scale, but you\ndo well to reject the petty absurdities of Aristotle.\n\nHow does Prof. Harris rise up from Hegel's fatal blow? He rises like\nAntaeus from touching the earth, and triumphantly shows that syllogisms\nare the most necessary of all things to humanity in its mundane\nexistence; that, in fact, we have all been syllogizing ever since we\nleft the maternal bosom to look at the cradle, the cat, and the dog.\nIn fact we never could have grown up to manhood, much less to be\nConcordian philosophers, if we had not been syllogizing all the days\nof our life, and, indeed, it is probable we shall continue syllogizing\nto all eternity, in the next life, if we have any growth in knowledge\nat all. Blessed be the memory of Aristotle, the great original and\nunrivalled discoverer of the syllogism, by means of which all human\nknowledge has been built up, and \"blessed be the man (as Sancho Panza\nsaid) who first invented sleep,\" by which we are relieved, to rest\nafter the mighty labors of the syllogism.\n\nAnd lo! we have been syllogizing all these years, alike when we listen\nto the nocturnal yowl of the tomcat, and to the morning song of the\nlark; alike, when we smell the rose, seize the orange, or devour the\ntempting oyster. In syllogism do we live and move, and have our being.\nThis is the grand discovery--the last great contribution to philosophy\nfrom Concord's greatest philosopher. We suddenly discover that we have\nbeen syllogizing like philosophers, as Mrs. Malaprop discovered that\nher children had been speaking English. The illustration of this\noverwhelming discovery is peculiarly happy, for he applies it to the\ndiscovery of a red flannel rag in the back yard or garden, and, after\ndetecting the red flannel by syllogism, he advances to the grander\nproblem of showing how, by philosophic methods, we can actually\ndistinguish an old tin can from an elephant. To enjoy this fully, the\nreader must take it himself from the reported lecture.\n\n    \"The act of recognition is an unconscious syllogistic process in\n    the second figure of the syllogism. I perceive something scarlet\n    in the garden. So far I recognize a host of attributes; it is a\n    real object; the place, surroundings and color are recognized.\n    The sensations were so familiar that the recognition was\n    inconceivably rapid. Then comes a slower process. The scarlet is\n    an attribute. What can the object be? I think it is a piece of\n    red flannel. The inference comes almost to the surface of\n    consciousness, but I have reasoned unconsciously: This object is\n    red. A piece of flannel is red; therefore this may be a piece of\n    red flannel. The middle term is predicate in both premises. The\n    unknown object is red. A familiar object (flannel) is red.\n    Hence, I recognize this as flannel. I identify the unknown\n    object with what is familiar in my mind. But the logician will\n    say that this reasoning is on the invalid mode of the second\n    figure, from which you can never draw an affirmative conclusion.\n    Precisely so, if you mean a necessary conclusion. But\n    sense-perception uses affirmative modes of the second figure and\n    derives probable knowledge therefrom. I make probable knowledge\n    more certain by verifying the inference or correcting it. I go\n    to the garden and pick up the object, and see the threads and\n    fiber of the wool. Or perhaps I find it was a piece of red\n    paper. But whatever it was, at the end I can say what I have\n    seen, only in so far as I have recognized or identified it.\n    Recognition proceeds by the second figure, and has chiefly the\n    non-valid modes. But it may use the valid modes, though in a\n    still less conscious manner. For instance, I recognized that the\n    object was not an elephant by this valid form; every elephant is\n    larger than a tin can; this object is not larger than a tin can;\n    therefore, this object is necessarily not an elephant; or, by\n    this other valid form, no elephant is as small as a tomato can;\n    this object is just the size of a tomato can; hence this object\n    is not an elephant. Had some one told me to look out and see an\n    elephant, my perception would unconsciously have taken one of\n    these forms. The scarlet is recognized as such only as it is\n    identified with a previous impression of scarlet. Here is our\n    third surprise in psychology. Unless there were a priori idea,\n    sense-perception could never begin. More, unless there were a\n    priori idea, it could not begin. For there must be two\n    recognitions before there can be a first new idea from\n    sense-perception. The fourth surprise is that directly with the\n    first activity of perception in the second figure of the\n    syllogism is joined a second activity which takes place in the\n    form of the first figure of the syllogism. As soon as I\n    perceived the red object to be a piece of flannel, I at once\n    reinforced my sense-perception by unlocking all my previous\n    store of knowledge stored up under the category of red flannel.\n    I unconsciously syllogized thus: 'All red flannel has threads of\n    warp and woof and a rough texture, caused by the coarse fibres\n    of wool curling up stiffly; this is a piece of red flannel;\n    hence this will be found to have these properties.' The act of\n    recognition is a subsumption of the object under a class by use\n    of the second figure of the syllogism.\n\n    \"Now begins the syllogistic activity under the form of the third\n    figure. There are a variety of attributes which I recognize by\n    the activity of the perceiving mind in the form of the first\n    figure, as it recognizes the general classes by the primary\n    activity in the form of the second figure. These attributes are\n    collected around the object as a centre of interest, and it is\n    now the middle term. These give a new element of experience,\n    thus: 'Major--this is a tin can; minor--it lies neglected in the\n    garden; conclusion--tin cans get abandoned to neglect.' And so\n    on, as to the use of the contents and the value of the can,\n    running out into a long series of inferences.\"\n\nAs we have now reached the seventh heaven of Concord philosophy, and\nknow how to distinguish an old tin can from an elephant, let us rest\nin peace, to meditate and enjoy its serene delights. We have had the\nsupreme satisfaction of listening to the modern Plato, the leader at\nConcord. The _Herald_ has informed us that on another day \"the school\nlistened with great satisfaction to Prof. Harris, who is constantly\nadding to the deep impression he has already made, and to the high\nopinion in which he is held as the most acute and profound thinker of\nthe times, in his field.\"\n\nLest the reader should fail to see in the foregoing what the _great\ncontribution_ to philosophy is, let us look in the _Open Court_ of\nChicago, which has a most affectionate partiality for metaphysical\nmystery. It says this \"Best contribution to philosophy\" \"may be summed\nup thus,\" \"We can perceive nothing but what we can identify with what\nwas familiar already.\" If this were true, the babe could never\nperceive anything, as it begins without any knowledge, and it would be\nimpossible for us to learn anything or acquire any new ideas. This is\nrather an amusing _discovery_! but it is barely possible or\nconceivable that there are some old fossils whose minds are in that\nmelancholy condition.\n\nP. S. After a few hours of repose to recover from mental fatigue and\ndigest the new wisdom so suddenly let loose upon mankind, we discover\nthe new aspect of the world of (Concord) philosophy. The great\nquestion of the future will be to syllogize or not to syllogize. Is it\npossible to distinguish an elephant from a tin can by any other method\nthan the syllogism? When that question is decisively settled, if it\never can be settled (for metaphysical questions generally last through\nthe centuries) Prof. Harris will have an opportunity to win still\nbrighter laurels, and make still greater contributions to philosophy,\nby finding more syllogisms. Will he not prove that mathematics is the\nsphere of syllogism also, for if two and two make four, does not the\nconception of four assume the position of the major predicate, which\nis the generalized idea of one to a quadruple extent, and also of twos\nduplicated. Thus the major predicate, that four is two twos, involves\nthe minor that two is the half of four and consequently that twice two\nis four. Q. E. D. The syllogism is irresistible.\n\nIf Prof. Harris should establish the mathematical syllogism and extend\nits power through all the realms of mathematics, as so industrious a\nthinker might easily do, he will have taken a step far in advance of\nPlato, and justly deserve a higher rank, for Plato (see his Phaedo) was\nterribly puzzled over the question how one and one make two. After\nmuch puzzling he decided finally that one and one became two \"by\n_participation in duality_.\" This was the first great step to\nintroduce philosophy into mathematics. Let Prof. Harris consummate\nthis great work either by syllogism or by \"_participation_.\"\n\nPerhaps he may introduce us to a still greater \"surprise\" by showing\nthat all metaphors and poetical figures of speech are constructed on\nsyllogistic principles. It can be done, but we must not lift the veil\nof wisdom too hastily, or rush in where Concord philosophers \"fear to\ntread.\" They have an endless future feast in the syllogisms, if they\nare faithful followers of Prof. Harris. But possibly there may be\nothers attracted to Concord who would give the school something less\ndry than metaphysics, or, some other sort of metaphysics. One of their\nmost esteemed orators made a diversion from the syllogism by\npresenting some other idea based on Aristotle, which ought to eclipse\nthe syllogism, for, according to the report, he said \"It is the most\n_momentous question that can engage the human attention_. It involves\nthe _reality of God_, of personal existence, and freedom among men,\nand of immortality.\"\n\nImmense it must be! Dominic Sampson would surely say \"_Prodigious!_\"\nAn attentive study of the obscure phraseology of this philosopher\nenables one to discover that the great and tragical question concerns\nthe reality of reality, or what the reality is, and whether it is real\nor not, and how we can find it out. The way to find out whether that\nwhich we think is, is or is not, is to go back to Aristotle, who is\nthe only man that ever understood the is-ness of the is. As the\nlecturer is reported to say, \"The _first sign_ of a movement in the\nright direction is the serious attention now being devoted in many\nquarters to the writings of Aristotle, who, in this, as in many other\nthings, will long remain the master of those that know.\" Evidently\nthose that don't go to Aristotle don't know anything about life,\nfreedom, God and immortality. How unfortunate we are, and how\nfortunate the professor is, must appear by his answer to the great\nquestion, reported as follows: \"Prof. Davidson discussed at length the\nnature of phenomena, taking the underlying basis that time and space\nare relations of the real to the phenomenal, and nothing but\nrelations; also that we not only have ideas of reality, but that\n_these ideas are the realities themselves_. Then the question is, if\nthe _concept of reality be reality itself_, how is this related to\nphenomena? There is a double relation, active and passive. * * *\nEternal realities are known to us only as terms of phenomena. They are\nin ourselves, and from the exigencies of our intelligence.\"\n\nThus we understand nothing whatever exists but our own cogitations,\nor, as the sailor jocosely expressed it--\"'Tis all in my eye\"--and\nafter these many years we are brought back to the famous expression of\nthe Boston Transcendentalist, \"we should not say _it rains, it snows_,\nwe should say _I rain, I snow_.\" This, gentle, patient reader, is no\nburlesque, that you have been reading, it is the wisdom of the Concord\nSymposium of professors and authors meeting near the end of the 19th\ncentury, and basking in the smiles of _cultured_ Boston! or at least\nthat portion which is devoted to the Bostonese idea of philosophy, and\nthinks the feeblest glimmer of antiquity worth more than the science\nof to-day. Such indeed are the sentiments of the President of Boston\nUniversity. And as for the wisdom of Concord, the _Open Court_, which\nis good authority, says: \"Dr. Harris and Prof. Davidson are, without\ndoubt, the _pillars of the school_; but there is some difference of\nopinion as to which is its _indispensable support_.\" An intelligent\nspectator would say that more metaphysical acumen and vigor has been\ndisplayed by DR. EDWARD MONTGOMERY than by all the remainder of those\nengaged in the blind hunt for philosophy at Concord.\n\nOn the last day of the Symposium, July 28, the report says \"The burden\nhas fallen wholly upon Prof. Harris, and he has borne it so as to\nexcite the _wonder and admiration_ of his listeners. He _went to the\nvery bottom of things_ as far as human thought could go, and there, as\nhe put it, was on solid rock, with no possibility of scepticism. Both\nhis forenoon and evening lectures were _masterly in their way_.\"\nExactly so; they were unsurpassed as a reproduction of the style and\nmanner of the Aristotelian folly which held Europe fast in that\nwretched period called the Dark Ages, which preceded the dawn of\nintelligence with Galileo.\n\nAbout one half of the reported lectures on Aristotle is, though\ncloudy, intelligible. The remainder is a fair specimen of that\nskimmy-dashy style of thought which glances over the surfaces of\nthings and never reaches their substance or reality, yet boasts of its\nunlimited profundity because it does not know the meaning of profound.\nSuch thinking must necessarily end in falsity and folly, of which the\nlecture gives many specimens, which it is worth while to quote, to\nshow what the devotees of antiquity call philosophy--thus:\n\n    \"If we cannot know the ultimate nature of being, then philosophy\n    is impossible, for philosophy differs from other kind of knowing\n    by seeking a first principle.\" \"The objects of philosophy then\n    include those of ontology. They are first the nature of the\n    ultimate being of the universe, the first principle, the idea of\n    God.\"\n\nThis is not philosophy, but might be called theology, and not\nlegitimate theology even, but supra-theological--for all sane theology\nadmits that man cannot know God. It is a desperate, insane suggestion\nthat we must know the unknowable, and that if we cannot do that we can\nhave no philosophy. Of course men who think this way know nothing of\nphilosophy, and are beyond the reach of reason.\n\nAgain, \"in the nature of the truly independent and true being, it sees\nnecessary transcendence of space and time, and this is essential\nimmortality.\" This is a fair specimen of the skimmy-dashy style.\nImmortality is not a \"transcendence of space,\" if that means anything\nat all, but a conscious existence without end. Perhaps by\n\"transcendence of space\" he means filling all the space there is, and\ngoing considerably beyond it where there is no space.\n\nHis idea of infinity is worthy of Aristotle or Hegel, to whom, in\nfact, it belongs--he says, \"self-conditioning is the form of the\nwhole, the form of that _which is its own other_.\" That something\nshould be \"its own other\" is just as clear as that it should be its\nown mother or father. Do such expressions represent any ideas, or do\nmetaphysicians use words as a substitute for ideas--verily they do, in\nHegelian metaphysics, and the same thing is done in asylums for the\ninsane.\n\nAgain, \"our knowledge of quantity is a knowledge of what is universal\nand necessary, and _hence_ is not derived from experience.\" If this is\ntrue of the professor, he knew all of mathematics before he opened his\neyes in the cradle. Common mortals know nothing of quantity or\nanything else, until they have had a little experience. If we know\neverything that is \"universal and necessary\" without experience, the\nlittle babes must be very wise indeed.\n\nAgain, \"causal energy is essentially a _self-separation_, for in order\nthat a cause A. may produce an effect in B. outside of it, cause A.\nmust detach or separate from itself the influence or energy which\nmodifies B.\" What does the earth _detach from itself_ when it causes a\nheavy body to fall? In chemical catalysis what does the second body\n\"detach from itself\" to produce change in the first, which is changed\nby its mere presence. The assertion is but partially true, applying\nonly to the transfer of force when one body strikes another. Aristotle\nhas some thoroughly absurd suggestions on the same subject which\nProfessor H. did not reproduce.\n\nHow does he grapple with the idea of God, which is the essence of his\nphilosophy? Here it is: \"The first principle as pure self-activity,\nmust necessarily have the permanent form of _knowing of knowing_, for\nthis root form of self-consciousness is entirely self-related. The\nself sees the essential self, the self-activity is the object of\nself.\" We are instructed! God _knows he knows_, and that is the very\nessence of his divinity--that is enough. In this profound expression\nwe have the consummation of philosophy, for the purpose of his\nphilosophy is to know God, \"_Nunc dimittis_,\" we need to know nothing\nmore,--_we know we know_, and so we are God's. \"This line of thought\nbrought up at every step some phase of Plato and Aristotle,\" said the\nprofessor, and we are thankful that he did not resurrect any more of\nthe puerilities of Athenian ignorance. \"Knowing of knowing\" is quite\nenough, which he repeats to be emphatic. \"All true being is in the\nform of the infinite or self-related, and related to itself as the\n_knowing of knowing_. All beings that are not this perfect form of\nself-knowing, either potentially or actually, must be parts of a\nsystem or world order which is produced in some way by true being or\nself-knowing. All potential self-knowings contain within themselves\nthe _power to realize_ their self-knowledge, and are therefore free\nbeings.\" This is a broad hint that men are gods and lands us in that\nrealm of folly of which Mrs. Eddy is the presiding genius. She is much\nindebted to the Concord philosophers for lending their respectability\nto her labyrinth of self-contradictions.\n\nOne quotation more, to give the essence of this Concord philosophy.\n\"The Divine Being exists for himself as one object. This gives us the\nLogos, or the only-begotten. The Logos _knows himself_ as personal\nperfection, and also as _generated_, though in an infinite past time.\nThis is its recognition of its first principle and its unbegotten\n'Father.' But whatever it knows in self-consciousness, it creates or\nmakes to exist,\" and more of the same sort.\n\nWe are overwhelmed with such a flood of wisdom! How the professor\nattained so intimate, familiar, and perfect a knowledge of the\ninfinite power, to which the fathomless depths of starry infinity are\nas nothing, is a great mystery. Was it by _Kabbala_ or by\n_Thaumaturgy_, or did he follow the sublime instructions of his great\nbrother Plato, and thrust his head through the revolving dome of the\nuniverse, where the infinite truth is seen in materialized forms.\n\nThe \"Divine\" Plato (of whom Emerson said, \"Plato is philosophy, and\nphilosophy is Plato\") described the immortal Gods as driving up in\nchariots through the dome of the heavens to _get upon the roof_, and\nlook abroad at infinite truth, as they stand or drive upon the\nrevolving dome, followed by _ambitious souls who barely get their\nheads through the roof_ with difficulty, and catch a hasty glimpse of\ninfinite truth, before they tumble back, or lame their wings, or\nperhaps drop into the body of some brute. The revolving dome and the\nambitious souls peeping through the roof, would be a good subject for\nthe next symposium. They might tell us whether these ambitious souls\nthat peep through the roof are Concordian philosophers, or belong to\nthe schools of Aquinas and _Duns Scotus_.\n\nThe philosophy of the Greeks is worth no more to-day than their\nchemistry or their physiology. The lingering superstition of believing\nbecause they had famous warriors, orators, statesmen, historians,\npoets, and sculptors, while entirely ignorant of science and\nphilosophy, that their philosophic puerilities are worthy of adoration\nin the 19th century, a superstition which makes a fetish of the\nwritings of Plato and Aristotle, has been tolerated long enough, and\nas no one has attempted to give a critical estimate of this effete\nliterature since Lord Bacon did something in that way, I shall not\nmuch longer postpone this duty.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nRECTIFICATION OF CEREBRAL SCIENCE.--In the October number the\nrectification of cerebral science as to psychic functions will be\nshown by appropriate engravings, showing how far the discoveries and\ndoctrines of Gall and Spurzheim are sustained by positive science. In\nthe further development of the subject, hereafter, the true value and\nproper position of the discoveries of Ferrier, and the continental\nvivisectionists will be explained, though but meagre contributions to\npsychology, they furnish very valuable additional information as to\nthe functions of the brain.\n\n\n\n\nHUMAN LONGEVITY.\n\n\nIs not longevity in some sense a measure of true civilization or\nimprovement of the race? It is certainly an evidence of conformity to\nthe Divine laws of life and health, which reward right action with\nhappiness, health, and long life. I cannot, therefore, think the study\nof longevity unimportant. To every one of us it is a vital question,\nfor death is regarded as the greatest calamity, and is the severest\npenalty of angry enemies, or of outraged laws.\n\nIt is our duty as well as privilege to perfect our constitution, and\nsee that it does not wear out too soon, that we are not prematurely\ncalled away from our duties. And I bring it as serious charge against\nmodern systems of education, that they tend to degenerate mankind, to\nimpair the constitution and to shorten life. That we should not submit\nto this, but should all aspire to live a century or longer, if we have\na fair opportunity, I seriously maintain, and that my readers may be\ninspired with a like determination, I take pleasure in quoting\nexamples.\n\nIn Dr. Cohausen's HERMIPPUS REDIVIVUS republished in 1744, I find the\nfollowing statements: \"It is very remarkable, that not only the sacred\nwriters, but all the ancient Chaldean, Egyptian, and Chinese authors\nspeak of the great ages of such as lived in early times, and this with\nsuch confidence that Xenophon, Pliny, and other judicious persons\nreceive their testimony without scruple. But to come down to later\ntimes, Attila, King of the Huns, who reigned in the fifth century,\nlived to 124, and then died of excess, the first night of his second\nnuptials with one of the most beautiful princesses of that age.\nPiastus, King of Poland, who from the rank of a peasant was raised to\nthat of a prince, in the year 824, lived to be 120, and governed his\nsubjects with such ability to the very last, that his name is still in\nthe highest veneration amongst his countrymen. Marcus Valerius\nCorvinus, a Roman Consul, was celebrated as a true patriot and a most\nexcellent person in private life, by the elder Cato, and yet Corvinus\nwas then upwards of a hundred. Hippocrates, the best of physicians\nlived to an 104, but Asclepiades, a Persian physician, reached 150.\nGalen lived in undisturbed health to 104; Sophocles, the tragic poet,\nlived to 130; Democritus, the philosopher, lived to 104; and Euphranor\ntaught his scholars at upward of 100; and yet what are these to\nEpiminedes of Crete, who, according to Theopompus, an unblemished\nhistorian, lived to upwards of 157. I mention these, because, if there\nbe any truth or security in history, we may rely as firmly on the\nfacts recorded of them as on any facts whatever. Pliny gives an\naccount that in the city of Parma, there were two of 130 years of age,\nthree of 120, at a certain taxation, or rather visitation, and in many\ncities of Italy, people much older, particularly at Ariminium, one\nMarcus Apponius, who was 150. Vincent Coquelin, a clergyman, died at\nParis in 1664, at 112. Lawrence Hutland, lived in the Orkneys to 170.\nJames Sands, an Englishman, towards the latter end of the last\ncentury, died at 140, and his wife at 120. In Sweden, it is a common\nthing to meet with people above 100, and Rudbekius affirms from bills\nof mortality signed by his brother, who was a bishop, that in the\nsmall extent of twelve parishes, there died in the space of\nthirty-seven years, 232 men, between 100 and 140 years of age, which\nis the more credible, since in the diet assembled by the late Queen of\nSweden, in 1713, the oldest and best speaker among the deputies from\nthe order of Peasants was considerably above 100. These accounts,\nhowever, are far short of what might be produced from Africa and North\nAmerica, that I confine myself to such accounts as are truly\nauthentic.\" All of these instances the doctor sustains by reference to\nhis authorities.\n\nTo the foregoing he adds the examples of teachers and persons who\nassociate with the young, to which he ascribes great value in\npromoting longevity. Thus, \"Gorgias, the master of Isocrates, and many\nother eminent persons, lived to be 108. His scholar, Isocrates, in the\n94th year of his age published a book, and survived the publication\nfour years, in all which time he betrayed not the least failure,\neither in memory or in judgment; he died with the reputation of being\nthe most eloquent man in Greece. Xenophilus, an eminent Pythagorean\nphilosopher, taught a numerous train of students till he arrived at\nthe age of 105, and even then enjoyed a very perfect health, and left\nthis world before his abilities left him. Platerus tells us that his\ngrandfather, who exercised the office of a preceptor to some young\nnobleman, married a woman of thirty when he was in the 100th year of\nhis age. His son by this marriage did not stay like his father, but\ntook him a wife when he was twenty; the old man was in full health and\nspirits at the wedding, and lived six years afterward. Francis Secordo\nHorigi, usually distinguished by the name of Huppazoli, was consul for\nthe State of Venice in the island of Scio, where he died in the\nbeginning of 1702, when he was very near 115. He married in Scio when\nhe was young, and being much addicted to the fair sex, he had in all\nfive wives, and fifteen or twenty concubines, all of them young,\nbeautiful women, by whom he had forty-nine sons and daughters, whom he\neducated with the utmost tenderness, and was constantly with them, as\nmuch as his business would permit. He was never sick. His sight,\nhearing, memory, and activity were amazing. He walked every day about\neight miles; his hair, which was long and graceful, became white by\nthe time that he was four-score, but turned black at 100, as did his\neyebrows and beard at 112. At 110 he lost all his teeth, but the year\nbefore he died he cut two large ones with great pain. His food was\ngenerally a few spoonfuls of broth, after which he ate some little\nthing roasted; his breakfast and supper, bread and fruit; his constant\ndrink, distilled water, without any addition of wine or other strong\nliquor to the very last. He was a man of strict honor, of great\nabilities, of a free, pleasant, and sprightly temper, as we are told\nby many travellers, who were all struck with the good sense and good\nhumor of this polite old man.\"\n\n\"In the same country (as Thomas Parr) lived the famous Countess of\nDesmond. From deeds, settlements, and other indisputable testimonies\nit appeared clearly that she was upwards of 140, according to the\ncomputation of the great Lord Bacon, who knew her personally, and\nremarks this particularity about her, that she thrice changed her\nteeth.\"\n\nThe stern scepticism of the medical profession and especially among\nits leaders has borne so heavily against all cheerful views of life\nand longevity, that at the risk of becoming monotonous I again refer\nto this subject and present examples of longevity which cannot be\ndenied, in addition to the list previously given. Medical collegiate\nscepticism can deny anything. Ultra sceptics deny centenarian life, as\nthey also denied the existence of hydrophobia, while those who\nadmitted its existence denied its curability.\n\nConnecticut alone furnishes a good supply of centenarians. Three years\nago Mr. Frederick Nash, of Westport, Conn, published a pamphlet giving\nthe old people living in Connecticut, including twenty-three\ncentenarians, whom he described. The names of twelve of these were as\nfollows:\n\n  Edmund R. Kidder, of Berlin, Aug. 17, 1784.\n  Jeremiah Austin, Coventry, Feb. 10, 1783.\n  Mrs. Lucy Luther, Hadlyme, Jan. 6, 1784.\n  Walter Pease, Enfield, March 29, 1784.\n  Egbert Cowles, Farmington, April 4, 1785.\n  Mrs. Eunice Hollister, Glastonbury, Aug. 9, 1784.\n  Mrs. Elsie Chittenden, Guilford, April 24, 1784.\n  Miss Eunice Saxton, Colchester, Sept. 6, 1784.\n  Marvin Smith, Montville, Nov. 18, 1784.\n  Mrs. Phebe Briggs, Sherman, Nov. 16, 1784.\n  Mrs. Elizabeth Buck, Wethersfield, Jan. 10, 1784.\n  Mrs. Clarissa D. Raymond, Milton, April 22, 1782.\n\nThe others are either of foreign birth or former slaves, whose precise\nages cannot be established.\n\nIn addition to this list the newspapers gave us Mrs. Abigail Ford of\nWashington, born in 1780, Mr. Darby Green of Reading, born in 1779,\nTryphena Jackson, colored, born in 1782, and Wm. Hamilton, Irish, also\nin 1782; and an old sailor in New Haven town house claims to have been\nborn in 1778.\n\nThe very careful investigation of Connecticut by Mr. Nash shows that\n\"the duration of human life in this State is greater than it was a\ngeneration ago. Then only one person in 500 lived to see 80 years. Now\none per cent of the population live to that age. The average age of\n6,223 persons is 83 years. The number of ages ranging from 84 to 89\nyears is large, and those who are 90 and over number 651; nine are 99,\nthirteen are 98, and eleven are 97. No age of less than 80 years has\nbeen recorded.\n\n\"It may be pleasing to our grandmothers to know that in this list of\nmore than 6,000, more than 4,000 are women, and that only eight of the\ntwenty centenarians are men. The list adds strength to what has\nalready been held as true, that married people always live longer than\nsingle, and it also shows that two spinsters have begun their second\ncentury. They are accompanied on the list by two sturdy bachelors.\"\n\nIn a sketch of centenarians published in November, 1884, are given the\nnames of Nathaniel H. Cole of Greenwich, R. I., born in 1783, Royal C.\nJameson, Papakating, N. J., born in 1784, Wm. Jovel of New Jersey, and\nLuther Catlin of Bridgewater, Pa., born in 1784. The last three took\nan active part in the last presidential election.\n\nIn Maine were reported Mrs. Sally Powers, Augusta, believed to be born\nin 1778, Mrs. Thankful Donnel of West Bath, 101, Mrs. Betsy Moody,\n102, Mrs. Philip Pervear of Sedgwick, 105, Jotham Johnson of Durham,\n100, Mrs. Small of Bowdoinham, 100. If alive to-day, they are three\nyears older.\n\nIn Vermont, from 1881 to 1884, sixteen centenarians died; and in the\nlast census of the United States there were 322.\n\nIn looking over my records I find so many other examples of\ncentenarian life that I shall not weary the reader by their\nrepetition, but examples running for over a century may be worth\nmentioning. Madame Lacene, one of the most brilliant women of France,\ndied a few years ago at Lyons in her 104th year. Her will was under\ncontest on account of her extreme age, but the court was fully\nsatisfied of her intellectual competence. In the olden time she had\noften entertained Mme. de Stael, Mme. Recamier, and Benj. Constant.\n\nThe oldest person in France, perhaps in the world, is said to be a\nwoman who lives in the village of Auberive, in Royans. She was born\nMarch 16, 1761, and is therefore 125 years old. The authentic record\nof her birth is to be found in the parish register of St. Just de\nClaix, in the department of the Isere.--_Scientific American._\n\n\"Among the professors at German universities there were no fewer than\n157 between the ages of seventy and ninety, of whom 122 still deliver\nlectures, seven of these being between eighty-five and eighty-nine\nyears of age. The oldest, Von Ranke, was in active service in his 90th\nyear. Elennich, of Breslau, only thirty-nine days younger, still shows\nenergy in anything he puts his hands to.\"\n\nMrs. Henry Alphonse of Concord, Mo., over 105, retained her memory and\neyesight without glasses till after 104. Mr. Charles Crowley died at\nSuncook, N. H. over 104. Frank Bogkin, a colored man of Montgomery,\nAla., was believed to be 115 at his death recently. When he was about\n60 years old, he earned money and purchased his freedom. Tony Morgan,\na blind negro, was recently living at Mobile, 105 years old. Pompey\nGraham of Montgomery, N. Y., lately died at 119, and retained his\nfaculties. Phebe Jenkins of Beaufort County, South Carolina, was\nbelieved to be 120 years old when she died about a year ago. Mrs.\nLouisa Elgin of Seymour, Indiana, whose mother lived to be 115, was\nrecently living at 105.\n\n\"Jennie White, a colored woman, died in St. Joseph, Mo., Monday last,\naged 122 years. She was born in the eastern part of Georgia, and when\ntwenty years of age was taken to Tennessee, where she remained for\nninety-six years. She had lived in St. Joseph about ten years. She was\na cook for Captain Waterfall, of George Washington's staff, during the\nwar of the Revolution. She remembered the death of Washington well,\nand used to tell a number of interesting stories about early times.\nShe died in full possession of all her mental faculties, but was a\ncripple and helpless.\"\n\nMALES AND FEMALES.--In the first number of the JOURNAL it was stated\nthat although women were from two to six per cent more numerous in\npopulation, more males were born by four to sixteen per cent. This was\na typographical error; it should have been from four to six per cent,\ngenerally four. The greatest excess of males is in illegitimate\nbirths. The reversal of proportions in the progress of life shows that\nthe male mortality is much greater than the female. Hence the more\ntranquil habits and greater predominance of the moral nature in women\nincreases their longevity, while the greater indulgence of the\npassions and appetites, the greater muscular and intellectual force\namong men, are hostile to longevity. Hence the establishment of a true\nreligion, or the application of the \"New Education,\" will greatly\nincrease longevity. It will also be increased by greater care of\nhealth in manufacturing establishments, and by diminishing the hours\nof labor; for exhausting physical labor not only shortens life but\npredisposes to intemperance. The injurious effect of excessive toil is\nshown in the shorter lives of the poor, and is enforced by Finlaison's\n\"Report on Friendly Societies to the British Parliament,\" which says\n(p. 211) \"The practicable difference in the distribution of sickness\nseems to turn upon the amount of the _expenditure of physical force_.\nThis is no new thing, for in all ages the enervation and decrepitude\nof the bodily frame has been observed to follow a prodigal waste of\nthe mental or corporeal energies. But it has been nowhere previously\nestablished upon recorded experience that the quantum of sickness\nannually falling to the lot of man is in a direct proportion to the\ndemands upon his muscular power. So it would seem, however.\"\n\nPhilanthropists should therefore unite in limiting the hours of daily\nlabor to ten or less. But more quiet pursuits have greater endurance;\nwomen keeping house have no ten hour limit, and the editor of the\nJOURNAL generally gives more than twelve hours a day to his daily\nlabor.\n\nA NEGRO 135 YEARS OLD.--The St. Louis _Globe Democrat_ says: James\nJames, a negro, and citizen of the United States, who resides at Santa\nRosa, Mexico, is probably the oldest man on earth. He was born near\nDorchester, S. C., in 1752, and while an infant was removed to Medway\nRiver, Ga., in the same year that Franklin brought down electricity\nfrom the thunder clouds. In 1772 there was quite an immigration into\nSouth Carolina, and his master, James James (from whom he takes his\nname), moved near Charleston, S. C., in company with a number of his\nneighbors. On June 4, 1776, when 24 years of age, a large British\nfleet, under Sir Peter Parker, arrived off Charleston. The citizens\nhad erected a palmetto-wood fort on Sullivan's Island, with twenty-six\nguns, manned by 500 troops under Col. Moultrie, and on June 28 the\nBritish made an attack by land and water, and were compelled to\nwithdraw after a ten-hours' conflict. It was during this fight that\nSergeant Jasper distinguished himself by replacing the flag, which had\nbeen shot away upon the bastion on a new staff. His master, James\nJames, manned one of the guns in this fight, and Jim, the subject of\nthis sketch, with four other slaves, were employed around the fort as\ngeneral laborers. Jim followed his master throughout the war, and was\nwith Gen. Moultrie at Port Royal, S. C., Feb. 3, 1779, when Moultrie\ndefeated the combined British forces of Prevost and Campbell. His\nmaster was surrendered by Gen. Lincoln at Charleston, S. C., on Feb.\n12, 1780, to the British forces, and this ends Jim's military career.\n\nHe remembers of the rejoicing in 1792 throughout the country in\nconsequence of Washington's election to the Presidency, he then being\n40 years of age. In this year his first master died, aged about 60\nyears. Jim then became the property of \"Marse Henry\" (Henry James),\nowning large estates and about thirty slaves near Charleston. On\naccount of having raised \"Marse Henry,\" Jim was a special favorite\nwith his master, and was allowed to do as he chose. His second master,\nHenry, died in 1815, about 55 years of age, and Jim, now at 63 years\nof age, became the property of James James, Henry's second son. In\n1833 the railroad from Charleston to Savannah was completed, then the\nlongest railroad in the world, and Jim, with his master, took a trip\nover the road, and was shown special favors on account of his age, now\n81. James James was ten years of age at his father's death, and when\nhe became of age he inherited large estates, slaves, etc., among whom\nwere \"old Uncle Jim\" and his family. James James in 1855 moved to\nTexas with all his slaves. He desired that his slaves should be free\nat his death, and in 1858 moved into Mexico, so that they could be\nfree before his death. James returned to the United States and died in\nTexas, and in 1865, after there were no longer slaves in the United\nStates, Uncle Jim's children and grandchildren returned to the United\nStates. Five years ago, at the age of 130, Jim could do light chores,\nbut subsisted mostly by contributions from the citizens, but for the\npast two years, not being able to walk, he remains for the most part\nin his little jacal, his wants being supplied by generous neighbors.\nThe rheumatism in his legs prevents him from walking.\n\nSo many cases of great longevity have recently been announced, that\ntheir detailed publication would be tedious. The New York _Sun_ says:\n\"A town in Cuba prides itself upon being the home of eleven women,\neach of whom is over 100 years of age.\" According to the census of\nGermany, December, 1875, there were 160 persons over 100 years of age,\nof whom there was one woman of 115 years, and another of 117, one man\nof 118, and another of 120. Our own country has a better record of\nlongevity than this.\n\nLet us rest content with the fact that the world has many\ncentenarians, and that we too are free to live a hundred years, if our\nancestors have done their duty in transmitting a good constitution,\nand we have done our duty in preserving it.\n\n\n\n\nMISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.\n\n\nAN IMPORTANT DISCOVERY.--In the New Education I have endeavored to\nshow that there are qualities of the atmosphere which science has not\nyet recognized, which are of the highest importance to human health,\nand that an atmosphere may have vitalizing or devitalizing qualities\nwith apparently the same chemical composition, because some vitalizing\nelement has been added or subtracted.\n\nThis vitalizing element, though analogous to electricity, is not\nidentical with it. We find it absent in a room that has been recently\nplastered, and is not quite dry. Sleeping in such a room is positively\ndangerous. We find the same negative depressing condition wherever\nevaporation has been going on in the absence of sunlight, which\nappears to supply the needful element.\n\nAs evaporation carries off this vitalizing element, precipitation or\ncondensation seems to supply it, especially precipitation from the\nupper regions of the atmosphere to which it is carried by evaporation,\nand to which it is supplied by sunshine. Hence we experience a\ndelightful freshness of the atmosphere after a summer shower, or on a\nfrosty morning, when the moisture is not only precipitated, but\ncondensed into frost. Frost gives off more of the exhilarating element\nof watery vapor than dew, because it is a step farther in\ncondensation. Hence there is a healthful, bracing influence in cold\nclimates, where all the moisture is firmly frozen, and a very\nunpleasant, depressing influence when a thaw begins. The vicinity of\nmelting snow, or a melting iceberg, is unpleasant and promotive of\ncatarrh and pulmonary diseases.\n\nThe pleasant influence of the fresh shower ceases when the fallen\nmoisture begins to evaporate, and the dewy freshness of the early morn\nbefore sunrise ceases as the dew evaporates. The most painfully\ndepressing atmosphere is that which sometimes comes in cold weather\nfrom Northern regions which have long been deprived of sunshine.\n\nThis element of health, which physiologists have neglected to\ninvestigate, has recently been sought by Dr. B. W. Richardson of\nEngland. The Popular Science News (of Boston) says:--\n\n    \"Dr. B. W. Richardson of England, in making some investigations\n    upon the physiological effects of breathing pure oxygen by\n    various animals, has discovered, that, by simply passing the gas\n    a few times through the lungs, it becomes \"devitalized,\" or\n    incapable of supporting life, although its chemical composition\n    remains the same, and all carbonic dioxide and other impurities\n    are removed. He also found, that, by passing electric sparks\n    through the gas, it became \"revitalized,\" and regained its usual\n    stimulating effect upon the animal economy. The devitalized\n    oxygen would still support life in cold-blooded animals, and\n    combustible bodies would burn in it as brilliantly as ever. Dr.\n    Richardson considers that, while the gas is in contact with the\n    tissues or blood of a warm-blooded animal, some quality\n    essential to its life-supporting power is lost. The subject is\n    an interesting and important one, and deserves a more thorough\n    investigation.\"\n\n\nJENNIE COLLINS has passed on to her reward above. It would be wrong to\nneglect mentioning the remarkable career of this devoted woman, who\nfor thirty-five years has been the guardian angel of the poor and\nstruggling women of Boston. Rising from friendless poverty, she became\nwidely known as a champion of human rights, and woman's rights, and,\nfinally, as the founder and indefatigable sustainer of that benevolent\ninstitution widely known as Boffin's bower. Her literary powers were\nfinely displayed in a little volume entitled \"Nature's Aristocracy,\"\nand her mental vigor was shown in many public addresses. Jennie\nCollins was a noble illustration of the best form of Spiritualism. She\nwas accompanied, inspired, and sustained by spirit influence, but did\nnot deem it expedient to let this fact be generally known. The world\nis not yet enlightened.\n\n\nGREEK PHILOSOPHY.--The essential pedantic stupidity of Aristotle's\nlogic, and its power to belittle and benumb the intelligence of its\nreverential students has been shown in every college where this effete\nstudy is kept up. We have no better illustration of late than its\neffect on Prof. Harris, who is a very intelligent and useful citizen,\nbut who has been so befogged by such studies as to suppose that his\npedantic talk about syllogisms embodies an important contribution to\nphilosophy, and indeed it was announced as such by his reporter. The\nsuperstitious reverence for Greek literature is impressed on all young\ncollegians, and few recover from it. Sir William Hamilton and R. W.\nEmerson, who were much more intellectual and brilliant than Prof.\nHarris, were as badly afflicted as he with this Greek superstition,\nwhich has been implanted in school boys so young that it dominates\ntheir whole lives with the energy of a prenatal condition. The only\nvery silly things ever written by the brilliant Emerson were those\npassages in which he speaks of Plato; and the silliest thing in the\nlife of Hamilton is the way in which he exulted over some trivial\nmodification of Aristotle's syllogistic ideas, which was about as\ntrivial as that of Prof. Harris, and allowed himself to be publicly\nflattered by one of his students in the most fulsome manner for the\nwonderful profundity of his wisdom, that could even add something to\nthe divine wisdom of Aristotle.\n\nTo tell a Greek idolater that the divine Plato thought it a great\nMYSTERY that one and one should make two, that he declared it to be\nincomprehensible to him, and thought the only possible solution of the\nmystery to be, that two is produced \"by _participation in duality_,\"\nwould surprise him; but he would be still more surprised to learn that\nthis is only a specimen brick of Plato's divine philosophy, as it\nabounds in similar puerilities. I have long since reviewed this effete\nphilosophy of an ignorant age, and shown its true character, but my\nwork has never been offered to a bookseller. Yet it shall not be\nsuppressed. The destruction of stultifying superstitions is as\nnecessary in education and literature as in religion. The ponderous\nblows of Lord Bacon upon this Greek superstition of the literary\nclasses did not prove fatal, for the same reason that animal organisms\nof a low, cold-blooded, grade are hard to kill,--they must be cut up\nin fragments before their death becomes complete; superstitions and\nbeliefs that have no element of intelligent reason, and are\nperpetuated by social influence, authority, and domination over the\nyoung become a blind force that resists all influence from reason.\n\nIf my readers are interested in the destruction of venerable and\npowerful falsehoods that stand in the way of every form of progress, I\nmay be tempted to publish a cheap edition of my work on Greek\nPhilosophy and Logic. It is not in the least presumptuous to lay hands\nupon this venerable illusion, and show that it has not even the\nvitality of a ghost. It is but a simulacrum or mirage, and it is but\nnecessary to approach it fearlessly, and walk through it, to discover\nits essential nonentity.\n\n\nSYMPOSIUMS deserves a good report. One of the philosophers, whose\ndoctrines were poetically paraphrased in the report of the scientific\nresponses upon human immortality, writes that he enjoyed the poetical\nparaphrase very much, and never laughed over anything so heartily. It\nwould be pleasant to hear the real sentiments of the remainder. It\nwould be equally interesting to hear how Prof. Harris and the other\nConcordians enjoy the little sketch of their symposium.\n\n\nLITERATURE OF THE PAST.--\"In an article on the 'Archetypal Literature\nfor the Future,' by Dr. J. R. Buchanan, which appears in the JOURNAL\nOF MAN for March, the writer foreshadows a time to which the American\nmind is fast advancing when the literature of the past will take its\nplace amongst the mouldering mass which interests the antiquarian, but\nhas no positive influence in guiding the thoughts and actions of the\npassing generation. There are some indications of a movement in that\ndirection in other countries, though the vast majority, including many\nSpiritualists and Theosophists, still explore the records of past\nages, looking for the light which is shining all about them in the\npresent, unrealized.\"--_Harbinger of Light_, Australia.\n\n\nTHE CONCORD SCHOOL.--We are glad that the Concord School is over, and\nwe should think that the people that have been there would be glad to\nget home and take part in the things which interest average folks. If\npeople like that sort of thing and can afford it, there is no reason\nwhy they should not go there and stay. But to the average man the\nwhole thing looks about as near time wasted as anything which even\nBoston furnishes to the \"uncultured\" world outside.--_Boston Record._\n\n\nNEW BOOKS.--\"THE HIDDEN WAY across the threshold, or the mystery which\nhath been hidden for ages and from generations,--an explanation of the\nconcealed forces in every man to open the temple of the soul and to\nhave the guidance of the unseen hand.--By J. C. Street, A. B. N.,\nFellow of S. S. S., and of the Brotherhood Z. Z. R. R. Z. Z.\" Lee &\nShepard, publishers, Boston ($3.50). This is a very handsome volume of\nnearly 600 pages, which I have not had time to examine. It appears to\nbe chiefly a compilation with quotation marks omitted, written in the\nsmooth and pleasing style common in spiritual literature, without any\nattempt at scientific analysis or criticism. Sharp critics condemn it,\nbut it suits the popular taste and inculcates good moral lessons. I\nshall examine it hereafter.\n\n\n\"SOLAR BIOLOGY--a scientific method of delineating character,\ndiagnosing disease, determining mental, physical, and business\nqualifications, conjugal adaptability, etc., etc., from the date of\nbirth.--By HIRAM E. BUTLER, with illustrations.\" Boston, Esoteric\nPublishing Company, 478 Shawmut Avenue ($5.00). This is a handsome\nvolume, which, from a hasty examination, appears to be a large\nfragment of Astrology, containing its simplest portion, requiring no\nabstruse calculations, and hence adapted to popular circulation. It is\nmeeting with some success, but those who feel much interest in\nastrology prefer to take in the whole science, which has a much larger\nnumber of votaries than is commonly supposed.\n\n\nDR. FRANZ HARTMANN, of Germany, has published some interesting volumes\nrecently, on \"Paracelsus,\" \"White and Black Magic,\" and \"Among the\nRosicrucians,\" which I have had no time to examine. A valuable essay\nfrom Dr. Hartmann is on file for publication in the JOURNAL, in which\nhe compares the doctrines of the occult philosophy with those\npresented in the JOURNAL OF MAN.\n\n\nPROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.--FORTY NEW SUBSTANCES.--\"During the decade\nending with 1886 over forty discoveries of new elementary substances\nwere announced, while the entire number previously known was less than\nseventy. No less than nine were detected by Crookes last year. The\nlist is likely to be lengthened quite as materially in the current\ntwelvemonth, as A. Pringle already claims to have found six new\nelements in some silurian rocks in Scotland. Five of these are said to\nbe metals, and the other is a substance resembling selenium, which the\ndiscoverer calls hesperisium. One metal is like iron, but does not\ngive some of its reactions; another resembles lead, is quite fusible\nand volatile, and forms yellow and green salts; another, named\nerebodium, is black; the fourth is a light-gray powder, and the last\nis dark in color.\"\n\n\nASTRONOMY.--\"The absolute dimensions of a globular star cluster have\nbeen studied by Mr. J. E. Gore of the Liverpool Astronomical Society.\nThese clusters consist of thousands of minute stars, possibly moving\nabout a common center of gravity. One of the most remarkable of these\nobjects is 13 Messier, which Proctor thinks is about equal to a first\nmagnitude star. Yet Herschel estimated that it is made up of fourteen\nthousand stars. The average diameter of each of these components must\nbe forty-five thousand two hundred and ninety-eight miles, and each\nstar in this wonderful group may be separated from the next by a\ndistance of nine thousand million miles.\"\n\n\"According to the computations of M. Hermite, a French astronomer, the\ntotal number of stars visible to the naked eye of an observer of\naverage visual power does not exceed 6000. The northern hemisphere\ncontains 2478, and the southern hemisphere contains 3307 stars. In\norder to see this number of stars, the night must be moonless, the sky\ncloudless, and the atmosphere pure. The power of the naked eye is here\nstayed. By the aid of an opera glass 20,000 can be seen, and with a\nsmall telescope 150,000, while the most powerful telescopes will\nreveal more than 100,000,000 stars.\"\n\n\"M. Ligner, an Austrian meteorologist, claims to have ascertained\nafter careful investigation that the moon has an influence on a\nmagnetized needle, varying with its phases and its declination. The\nphenomenon is said to be more prominently noticeable when the moon is\nnear the earth, and to be very marked when she is passing from the\nfull to her first or second quarter. The disturbances are found to be\nin their maximum when the moon is in the plane of the equator, and\ngreater during the southern than it is during the northern\ndeclination.\"\n\n\nGEOLOGY ILLUSTRATED.--I have often thought that when coal mines are\nexhausted and land is too valuable to be devoted to raising timber, it\nmay become necessary to draw on the subterranean heat of the earth.\nThis idea is already verified in Hungary.\n\nLate advices say: \"The earth's internal heat is now being used in a\npractical way at Pesth, where the deepest artesian well in the world\nis being sunk to supply hot water for public baths and other purposes.\nA depth of 3120 feet has already been reached, and the well supplies\ndaily 176,000 gallons of water, heated to deg.150 Fahr.\"\n\n\nA MATHEMATICAL PRODIGY.--Reub Fields, living a few miles south of\nHigginsville, Mo., though he has no education whatever, and does not\nknow a single figure or a letter of the alphabet, is a mathematical\nwonder. Though he never carries a watch, he can tell the time to a\nminute. When asked on what day of the week the 23d of November, 1861\ncame, he answered, \"Saturday.\" When asked, \"From here to Louisiana,\nMo. it is 159 miles; how many revolutions does the driving wheel of an\nengine fifteen feet in circumference make in a run from this place to\nLouisiana?\" he replied, \"55938 revolutions.\" Reub was born in\nKentucky, and claims that this power was given to him from heaven when\nhe was eight years old, and that the Lord made but one Samson, one\nSolomon, and one Reub Fields, for strength, wisdom, and mathematics.\n\n\nASTROLOGY IN ENGLAND.--Mrs. L. C. Moulton, correspondent of the\n_Boston Herald_, writes: \"In old times a court astrologer used to be\nkept, as well as a court jester; but I confess I was not aware, until\nlast night, that the astrologer of to-day might be as important to\none's movements as one's doctor or one's lawyer. One of the cleverest\nand busiest literary men in all London said to me last night that he\nthought the neglect of astrological counsel a great mistake. 'I have\nlooked into the subject rather deeply,' he said, 'and the more I\nsearch, the more convincing proof I find of the influence of the stars\nupon our lives; and now I never begin a new book, or take a journey,\nor, in short, do anything of any importance without consulting my\nastrologer.' And then he went on to tell me the year in which the\ncholera devastated Naples he had thought of going there. Happily, he\nconsulted his astrologer and was warned against it. In accordance with\nthe astrologer's advice, he gave up the journey; and just about the\ntime he would otherwise have gone, news came of the cholera\nvisitation. Last year he was warned against a certain journey--told\nthat if he took it he would be ill. For once he defied the stars, and,\nin consequence, he was taken seriously ill with the very symptoms the\nastrologer had predicted. But, alas, his astrologer is fat and\nold--and what shipwreck may not my friend make of his life when the\nstars have reclaimed their prophet, and the poor fellow has to\nstruggle on uncounselled!\"\n\n\nPRIMOGENITURE ABOLISHED.--\"By a majority of eleven the House of Lords\nhas abolished primogeniture in cases of intestacy. Thus, unless it is\nformally specified by will, property will henceforth be divided\nequally among heirs, as in this country. No longer will the eldest\nson, by the mere fact of the death of his father, come into possession\nof the estate to the exclusion of his brothers and sisters. Of course,\nentailed estates will not be affected, and property can be transmitted\nby will at the testator's pleasure, but the notable point is that\nprimogeniture cannot henceforth be looked upon as an institution so\ncharacteristic and time-honored that departure from it would be a\nreally questionable proceeding.\"\n\n\nMEDICAL INTOLERANCE AND CUNNING.--The proscriptive medical law of Iowa\ndoes not seem to be very effective, as it is believed to be\nunconstitutional, and its friends have been challenged to make test\ncases, but have not yet begun to enforce it. In Illinois they have a\nlaw that is imperative enough against practitioners without diplomas;\nbut as this did not reach those who used no medicines, they have\nsucceeded in procuring a law to reach them also by a new definition of\n\"practicing medicine,\" which the new statute says shall include all\n\"who shall treat, operate on, or prescribe for any physical ailment of\nanother.\" This would seem sufficient to protect the M. D.'s against\nall competition, but there is some doubt whether such legislation can\nbe enforced, as it is certainly a corrupt and selfish measure that was\nnever desired by the people. The _Religio Philosophical Journal_\nspeaks out manfully, and \"advises all reputable healers of whatever\nschool, to possess their souls in peace, and go steadily forward in\ntheir vocation, fearing neither Dr. Rauch nor the unconstitutional\nprovisions of the statutes, under which he and his confederates seek\nto abridge and restrict the rights of the people. If any reputable\npractitioner of the healing art, who treats without drugs, is molested\nin his or her practice, let them invite prosecution, and communicate\nwith the _Religio Philosophical Journal_ for further advice and\nassistance.\" I regret to say there is a strong probability that the\nfriends of medical freedom in Massachusetts will be again called upon\nto resist attempts to procure medical legislation.\n\n\nNEGRO TURNING WHITE.--A colored man named Antone Metoyer has been\nemployed at the railroad works in this city (Sacramento) for some\ntime, and his steadiness and industry have caused him to be esteemed\nby those acquainted with him. Seven or eight months ago his skin was\nblack, but it commenced to turn white, and now his body, arms, legs\nand neck are as white as those of any Caucasian. The original color is\nnow only upon his face, extending back of the ears, just beneath the\nchin, and across the upper portion of the forehead, making him appear\nto be wearing a close-fitting black or dark brown mask. On the chin\nand nose the dark color is beginning to wear away, and he thinks in a\nfew weeks he will be perfectly white. His hair and whiskers are black\nand curly. Medical men have taken much interest in his case, and\nattribute the change in complexion to the effect upon his system of\nworking constantly with potash and other material used in washing\ngreasy waste. He has been advised that it may be dangerous for him to\ncontinue under this influence, but he declares that he will stay until\nthe process he is undergoing is completed, if it kills him.--_Record\nUnion_.\n\n\nTHE CURE OF HYDROPHOBIA.--\"The English committee appointed by the\nlocal government board in April, 1886, to inquire into Pasteur's\ninoculation method for rabies, report that it may be deemed certain\nthat M. Pasteur has discovered a method of protection from rabies\ncomparable with that which vaccination affords against infection from\nsmallpox.\" As many think there is no protection at all, the question\nis not finally settled. It is only the stubborn ignorance of the\nmedical profession which gives to Pasteur's experiments their great\ncelebrity and importance. Other methods have been far more successful\nthan Pasteur's. Xanthium, Scutellaria (Skull-cap), the vapor bath, and\nchloroform or nitrous oxide are more powerful and reliable than any\nmorbid inoculation.\n\n\nJOHN SWINTON'S paper, at New York, has come to an end. Swinton was a\nbold, eloquent, and fearless advocate of human rights as he understood\nthem. His failure is an honor to him, and his name will be remembered.\nPerhaps if he had imitated the Boston dailies, by giving ten to\neighteen columns to the record of base ball games, he might have put\nmoney in his purse, instead of losing it.\n\nIn marked contrast to John Swinton's failure, observe the success of\nthe _New York Tribune_, a newspaper founded by Horace Greeley, but\nwhich, since his death, has given, in its unscrupulous course, a good\nillustration of the Satanic press. The _Boston Herald_ says: \"The _New\nYork Tribune_ is perhaps as good an illustration of the old-fashioned\npartisan journal as there is in the country. There was an amusing\nreminiscence of the methods that used to be practised when the\n_Tribune_ was found claiming the Legislature of Kentucky as having\nbeen carried by the Republicans in the late elections. The fact was\nthat the Democratic majority in that body was about five to one, and\nthere was really no excuse in a metropolitan journal for not knowing\nsuch to be the case.\" The _Tribune_ once complimented highly the\nJOURNAL OF MAN, but that was when Horace Greeley was alive.\n\n\nWOMEN'S RIGHTS AND PROGRESS.--The last legislature of Pennsylvania\npassed a very radical law, providing that marriage shall not impose\nany disability as to the acquisition or management of any kind of\nproperty, making any contracts, or engaging in any business. However,\nshe is not authorized to mortgage her real estate without her\nhusband's co-operation, nor become endorser for another alone. As to\nmaking a will she has the same rights as a man.\n\nOhio has also advanced woman's rights by enabling both husband and\nwife to dispose of property as if unmarried, and by giving each party\none-third life interest in the other's real estate.\n\nIn Kansas, women can vote in city and town affairs, and hold municipal\nand town offices. In one town they have a female mayor. The supreme\ncourt of Kansas has decided that when a woman marries she need not\ntake her husband's name unless she chooses.\n\n\nCO-EDUCATION is successful, nearly every prominent college is\nbeginning to admit women, and they often carry off the prizes from the\nmen. Exclusive masculine colleges will soon rank among the barbarisms\nof the past.\n\nFemale education is advancing in Russia. The universities had 779\nfemale students in 1886, 437 of whom were daughters of noblemen and\nofficial personages. On the other hand the Prussian Minister of\nEducation refuses to admit women as regular students at any university\nor medical school.\n\nSeveral Italian ladies have distinguished themselves in legal\nknowledge, and the propriety of their admission to the bar is\nextensively discussed. About nine-tenths of the newspapers favor their\nadmission.\n\nThe practical question, which is most important to the welfare of\nwomen, is profitable employment. Miss Simcox says that there are about\nthree millions of women in England engaged in industrial employments,\nwhile a large proportion of them, especially in London, have such poor\nwages as to produce continual suffering. INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION, alike\nfor boys and girls, is the true remedy, worth more than all the\nnostrums of politicians and demagogues.\n\n\nSPIRIT WRITING.--Our handsome young friend, Dr. D. J. Stansbury, a\ngraduate of the Eclectic Medical College of New York, is giving\nastonishing demonstrations on the Pacific coast. When a pair of closed\nslates is brought, he barely touches them, and the spirit writing\nbegins. Sometimes the slates are held on the head or shoulders of the\nvisitor. At one of his seances at Oakland, it is said that he held the\nslates for thirty-five persons within two hours, and obtained for each\na slate full of writing in answers to questions placed between the\nslates. At a public seance in Santa Cruz, following a lecture, folded\nballots were sent up by the audience and the answers were sometimes\nwritten on closed slates and sometimes by the doctor's hands. Dr. S.\nhas also succeeded in repeating the famous performance of Charles\nFoster--the names of spirits appearing on his arm in blood-red\nletters.\n\n\nPROGRESS OF THE MARVELLOUS.--The _Boston Herald_ of Aug. 7 has a long\naccount of the marvellous fires which occur in the house at Woodstock,\nNew Brunswick, of Mr. Reginald C. Hoyt. The people of the town are\ngreatly excited about it, and great crowds gather to witness it, but\nno one can explain it. The fires break out with no possible cause in\nthe clothes, the carpet, the curtains, bed quilts, or other objects,\nas much as forty times in a day. The family are greatly worried and\nalarmed, and have been driven out of the house. The _Herald_ reporter\nwent to examine, but found it an entire mystery.\n\nA similar outbreak of fires has been reported in Pennsylvania, at the\nhouse of Thomas McKee, a farmer at Turtle Creek. For some weeks the\ninvisible powers have been throwing things about in a topsy turvey\nway. Since that, flames break out suddenly in the presence of the\nfamily, and round holes are burned in the bed-clothes, towels, hats,\ndresses, and even packages of groceries in the pantry.\n\n\n\n\nPRACTICAL UTILITY OF ANTHROPOLOGY.\n\n(_Continued from page 32._)\n\n\nThere is no great reform, no elevation of humanity without\nunderstanding MAN,--the laws of his culture, the possibilities within\nhis reach, the extent of the short-comings which exist to-day, the\nvery numerous agencies of brain-building and soul-culture, the wiser\nmethods of the school, the magnetic influences which are sometimes all\npotent, the dietary, the exercises of body and voice, the power of\nmusic and disciplined example, the lofty outreachings for a higher\nlife to which we are introduced by psychometry, the supernal and\ndivine influences which may be brought to bear, and many nameless\nthings which help to make the aggregate omnipotent over young life,\nbut which, alas, are unknown in colleges to-day, and will continue\nunknown until Anthropology shall have taken its place as the guide of\nhumanity.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nP.S.--The doctrine so firmly maintained in this chapter that men are\nincompetent to judge themselves, and need a scientific monitor of\nunquestionable authority, has long been recognized. The Catholic\nconfessional is a recognition and application of the principles of\ngreat value. But the confessional of the narrow-minded and miseducated\npriest should be superseded by the confessional and the admonition of\nAnthropology.\n\nSterne, in his Tristam Shandy, says, \"Whenever a man's conscience does\naccuse him (as it seldom errs on that side), he is guilty, and unless\nhe is melancholy and hypochondriac, there is always sufficient ground\nfor the accusation. But the converse of the proposition will not hold\ntrue,\" that if it does not accuse, the man is innocent.\n\n\"Thus conscience, placed on high as a judge within us, and intended by\nour Maker as a just and equitable one too, takes often such imperfect\ncognizance of what passes, does its office so negligently, often so\ncorruptly, that it is not to be trusted alone, and, therefore, we find\nthere is a necessity, an absolute necessity, of joining another\nprinciple with it.\"\n\nThat \"other principle\" demanded by Sterne has never been found, until,\nin the revelation of the functions of soul and brain, we have found\nthe absolute standard of character, and in Cranioscopy and Psychometry\nthe perfect method of applying the principle to each individual.\n\nAn amusing illustration occurred lately in England, which was\npublished as follows:--\n\n    \"When the address to the queen at the opening of the English\n    royal courts was under consideration by the judges, one very\n    eminent judge of appeal objected to the phrase 'conscious as we\n    are of our shortcomings.' 'I am not conscious of shortcomings,'\n    he said, 'and if I were I should not be so foolish as to say\n    so;' whereupon a learned lord justice blandly observed, 'Suppose\n    we say, \"conscious as we are of each other's shortcomings.\"'\"\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VIII--THE ORIGIN AND FOUNDATION OF THE NEW ANTHROPOLOGY\n\n    Difficulties of imperfect knowledge in my first studies--First\n    investigation of Phrenology--Errors detected and corrected--The\n    PATHOGNOMIC SYSTEM organized--A brilliant discovery and its\n    results--Discovery of the sense of feeling and development of\n    Psychometry--Its vast importance and numerous applications--The\n    first experiments on the brain and the publication of\n    Anthropology--The discovery of Sarcognomy and its practical\n    value--Reception of the new Sciences--Honorable action of the\n    venerable Caldwell.\n\n\nThe very brief exposition of the structure and functions of the brain\nalready given, may serve as an introduction to the subject and prepare\nthe reader to appreciate the laborious investigations of many years,\nby means of which so comprehensive a science was brought into\nexistence amid the hostile influences of established opinions and\nestablished ignorance.\n\nIt is necessary now to present this statement to enable the reader to\nrealize more fully the positive character of the science.\n\nMy life has been devoted to the study of man, his destiny and his\nhappiness. Uncontrolled in education, I learned to endure no mental\nrestraint, and, thrown upon my own resources in boyhood, difficulties\nbut strengthened the passion for philosophical knowledge. Yet more\nformidable difficulties were found in the limited condition of human\nscience, alike in libraries and colleges.\n\nAnthropology, my favorite study, had no systematic development, and\nthe very word was unfamiliar, because there was really nothing to\nwhich it could justly be applied. Its elementary sciences were in an\nundeveloped state, and some of them not yet in existence. Mental\nphilosophy was very limited in its scope, and had little or nothing of\na practical and scientific nature. The soul was not recognised as a\nsubject for science. The body was studied apart from the soul, and the\nbrain, the home of the soul, was enveloped in mystery--so as to leave\neven physiological science shrouded in darkness, as the central and\ncontrolling organ of life was considered an inaccessible mystery. In\nstudying medicine, it seemed that I wandered through a wilderness\nwithout a compass and with no cardinal points.\n\nPhrenology promised much, and I examined it cautiously. It struck me\nat first as an unsatisfactory system of mental philosophy, and I\nstated my objections before its most celebrated and venerable\nchampion, in public, who assured me that I would be satisfied by\nfurther investigation. As it seemed a very interesting department of\nnatural science, I began by comparing the heads of my acquaintances\nwith the phrenological map, and discovering so many striking\ncoincidences that I was gradually satisfied as to its substantial\ntruth, and I do not believe that any one has ever thus tested the\ndiscoveries of Gall and Spurzheim, without perceiving their _general_\ncorrectness, while many, with less critical observation, have accepted\nthem as absolutely true.\n\nMy interest increased with the extent of my observations, until, for\nseveral years, I abandoned practical medicine for the exclusive study\nof the science of the brain in the great volume of nature, with the\ndoctrines of Gall as the basis of the investigation. As it was my\npurpose to seek the deficiencies as well as the merits of the new\nscience, I tested its accuracy by the careful examination of living\nheads and skulls in comparison with ascertained character, and with\nthe anatomy of the brain, not forgetting the self-evident principles\nof mental philosophy. Many thousand critical examinations were made\nbetween the years 1834 and 1841, leading to many positive conclusions.\nThe first year's observations made me distinctly aware and certain of\nseveral defects in the doctrines, as to the functions ascribed to\ncertain localities of the brain to which were ascribed, Mirthfulness,\nAcquisitiveness, Adhesiveness, Constructiveness, Tune, Ideality,\nCombativeness, Destructiveness, and Cautiousness. The functions of\nthese localities were evidently misunderstood, and the faculties\nerroneously located.\n\nThe external senses were omitted from the catalogue of cerebral\norgans, though evidently entitled to recognition, and the\nphysiological powers of the brain, the prime mover and most important\npart of the constitution, were almost totally ignored.\n\nFollowing the old route of exploration by cranioscopy, I sought to\nsupply these defects. I found the supposed Mirthfulness to be a\nplanning and reasoning organ, and the true Mirthfulness to be located\nmore interiorly. Acquisitiveness was evidently located farther back.\nThe so-called organ of Adhesiveness appeared to be incapable of\nmanifesting true friendship, and its absence was frequently\naccompanied by strong capacities for friendship, of a disinterested\ncharacter. Constructiveness appeared to be located too low, and too\nfar back, running into the middle lobe, which is not the place for\nintellect. Tune did not appear to correspond regularly to musical\ntalent. Many of the higher functions ascribed to Ideality were\nconspicuous in heads which had that organ small, with a large\ndevelopment just above it. Combativeness had evidently less influence\nupon physical courage than was supposed, for it was sometimes well\ndeveloped in cowards, and rather small in brave men. Cautiousness was\nevidently not the organ of fear, for the bravest men, of whom I met\nmany in the southwest, sometimes had it in predominant development,\nand in the timid it was sometimes moderate, or small. Destructiveness\nwas frequently a characteristic of narrow heads (indeed this is the\ncase with the Thugs of India), and a broad development above the ears\nwas sometimes accompanied by a mild disposition. The height of the\nhead above the ears did not prove a correct criterion of moral\ncharacter, nor did the breadth indicate correctly the amount of the\nselfish and violent passions.\n\nI observed that the violent and selfish elements of character were\nconnected with occipital depth, and elongation; that the affections\nwere connected with the coronal region, that the sense of vision was\nlocated in the brow, and the sense of feeling in the temples, near the\ncheekbone, that the upper occipital region was the seat of energetic\npowers, and the lower, of violent or criminal impulses, and that the\nwhole cerebrum was an apparatus of mingling convolutions, in which the\nfunctions, gradually changing from point to point, presented\nthroughout a beautiful blending and connection.\n\nObserving daily the comparative development of brain and body, with\ntheir reciprocal influence, I traced the outlines of cerebral\nphysiology, and the laws of sympathetic connection or correspondence\nbetween the body and the encephalon, by which, in a given\nconstitution, I would determine from the head the development of the\nwhole body, the peculiar distributions of the circulation, with the\nconsequent morbid tendencies, the relative perfection of the different\nsenses and different organs of the body, and the character of the\ntemperament.\n\nSeeking continually for the fundamental laws of Anthropology,\ncriticising and rejecting all that appeared objectionable or\ninconsistent, I acquired possession of numerous sound and\ncomprehensive principles concerning the fundamental laws of cerebral\nscience, which were at once touchstones for truth and efficient\ninstruments for further research.\n\nThese fundamental laws, though very obvious and easily perceived when\npointed out, had been overlooked by my predecessors, but are always\naccepted readily by my auditors, when fully explained. As new facts\nand principles led to the discovery of other facts and principles, a\nsystem of philosophy (not speculative, but scientific) was thus\nevolved, and a number of geometrical principles were established as\nthe basis of the science of the brain, so evidently true, though so\nlong overlooked, as to command the unanimous assent of all to whom\nthey have been presented; and, as the acceptance of these principles\ninvolves the general acceptance of cerebral science, my labors as a\nteacher have ever been singularly harmonious, and free from doubt,\nantagonism, and contention.\n\nThe fundamental principle of the philosophy was geometric or\nmathematical, as it examined the construction of the brain, and showed\nan exact mathematical relation between each organ of the brain and its\neffects on the body, in the spontaneous gestures, the circulation of\nblood, the nervous forces, and local functions. Its leading\ncharacteristic being the law of the expression of the vital forces and\nfeelings in outward acts. This doctrine was called the PATHOGNOMIC\nSYSTEM.\n\nI was preparing to publish in several volumes the reorganized science\nas the Pathognomic System, when the consummation of my researches, by\na brilliant discovery, led me into a new world of knowledge--to the\nfull development of the science of Anthropology, according to which\nthe brain gives organic expression to functions which are essentially\nlocated in the soul, and the body gives organic manifestation to\nfunctions which are controlled in the brain, while the body reacts\nupon the brain and the brain upon the soul. Thus, every element of\nhumanity has a triple representation--that in the soul, which is\npurely psychic, yet by its influence becomes physiological in the\nbody; that in the body which is purely physiological, yet by its\ninfluence becomes psychic in the soul, and that in the brain which\nproduces physiological effects in the body, and psychic effects in the\nsoul.\n\nThus, each of the three repositories of power is a\npsycho-physiological representation of the man; more physical in the\nbody, more spiritual in the soul, but in the brain a more perfect\npsycho-physiological representation of man as he is in the present\nlife. This full conception of the brain, which Gall did not attain,\ninvolved the new science of CEREBRAL PHYSIOLOGY, in which the brain\nmay express the character of the body, as well as the soul, of which I\nwould only say at present that my first observations were directed to\nascertaining the cerebral seats of the external senses, vision,\nhearing and feeling, and the influences of different portions of the\nbrain on different portions of the body.\n\nThe location of the sense of feeling, of which I became absolutely\ncertain in 1838, at the base of the middle lobe has since been\nsubstantially confirmed by Ferrier's experiment on the monkey; but I\nhave not been concerned about the results of vivisection, knowing that\nif I have made a true discovery, vivisection and pathology must\nnecessarily confirm it; and I am not aware that any of my discoveries\nhave been disturbed by the immense labors of vivisection.\n\nThe discovery of the organ of the sense of feeling led to an\ninvestigation of its powers, and the phenomena exhibited when its\ndevelopment was unusually large--hence came the initial fact of\npsychometry. Early in 1841 I found a very large development of the\norgan, in the head of the late Bishop Polk, then at Little Rock, the\ncapital of Arkansas, who subsequently became a confederate general.\nAfter explaining to him his great sensibility to atmospheric,\nelectric, and all other physical conditions, he mentioned a still more\nremarkable sensibility--that whenever he touched brass, he had\nimmediately the taste of brass in his mouth, whether he knew what he\nwas touching or not. I lost no time in verifying this observation by\nmany experiments upon other persons, and finding that there were many\nin whom sensibility was developed to this extent, so that when I\nplaced pieces of metal in their hands, behind their backs, they could\ntell what the metal was by its taste, or some other impression.\nFurther examinations showed that substances of any kind, held in the\nhands of sensitives, yielded not only an impression upon the sense of\ntaste, by which they might be recognized, but an impression upon the\nentire sensibility of the body. Medicines tried in this manner gave a\ndistinct impression--as distinct as if they had been swallowed--to a\nmajority of the members of a large medical class, in the leading\nmedical school at Cincinnati, and to those who had superior\npsychometric capacities, the impression given in this manner enabled\nthem to describe the qualities and effects of the medicines as fully\nand accurately as they are given in the works on materia medica.\n\nThis method of investigation I consider not only vastly more easy and\nrapid than the method adopted by the followers of Hahnemann, but more\naccurate and efficient than any other method known to the medical\nprofession, and destined, therefore, to produce a greater improvement\nin our knowledge of the materia medica than we can derive from all\nother methods combined, in the same length of time. I may hereafter\npublish the practical demonstration of this, but the vast amount of\nlabor involved in my experimental researches has not yet permitted me\nto take up this department, although it has yielded me some very\nvaluable discoveries.\n\nIt may require a century for mankind fully to realize the value of\nPsychometry. It has been clearly, though I cannot say completely shown\nin the \"MANUAL OF PSYCHOMETRY,\" to which I would refer the reader. I\nwould simply state that the scientific discovery and exposition of\nPsychometry is equivalent to the dawn of new intellectual\ncivilization, since it enables us to advance rapidly toward perfection\nall sciences and forms of knowledge now known, and to introduce new\nsciences heretofore unknown.\n\n1. To the MEDICAL COLLEGE it will give a method of accurate diagnosis\nwhich will supersede the blundering methods now existing--a method of\nRAPIDLY enlarging and perfecting the materia medica--a method of\nexploring all difficult questions in Biology and Pathology, and a\ncomplete view of the constitution of man.\n\n2. To the UNIVERSITY it offers a method of revising and correcting\nhistory and biography--of enlarging our knowledge of Natural History,\nGeology, and Astronomy, and exploring Ethnology.\n\n3. To the CHURCH it offers a method of exploring the origins of all\nreligions, the future life of man, and the relations of terrestrial\nand celestial life.\n\n4. To the PHILANTHROPIST it offers the methods of investigating and\nsupervising education and social organization which may abolish all\nexisting evils.\n\nThe foregoing were the initial steps and results in the development of\nPsychometry, simultaneously accompanied by those other discoveries in\n1841, the scope and magnitude of which appear to me and to those who\nhave studied my demonstrations, to be far more important than anything\nthat has ever been discovered or done in Biological science, being\nnothing less than a complete scientific demonstration of the functions\nof the brain in all its psycho-physiological relations. To appreciate\ntheir transcendent importance, it is necessary only to know that the\nexperiments have been carefully made, have often been repeated during\nthe past forty-five years, and that all they demonstrate may also be\ndemonstrated by other means, and fully established, if no such\nexperiments could be made.\n\nThe origin of this discovery was as follows. My advanced\ninvestigations of the brain, between 1835 and 1841, had added so much\nto the incomplete and inaccurate discoveries of Gall, and had brought\ncerebral science into so much closer and more accurate relation with\ncerebral anatomy and embryology, as illustrated by Tiedemann, that I\nbecame profoundly aware of the position in which I found myself, as an\nexplorer, possessed of knowledge previously quite unknown, and yet, at\nthe same time, however true, not strictly demonstrable, since none\ncould fully realize its truth without following the same path and\nstudying with the same concentrated devotion the comparative\ndevelopment of the brain in men and animals. Such zeal, success, and\nassiduity I did not believe could be expected. There might not be one\nman in a century to undertake such a task (for all the centuries of\ncivilization had produced but one such man--the illustrious Gall), and\nwhen he appeared his voice would not be decisive. I would, therefore,\nappear not as presenting positive knowledge, but as contributing\nanother theory, which the medical profession, regardless of my labors,\nwould treat as a mere hypothesis.[1]\n\n    [1] I would mention that in the progress of my discoveries,\n        especially in 1838-39, I came into frequent and intimate\n        association with the late Prof. Wm. Byrd Powell, M. D., the\n        most brilliant, and original of all American students of the\n        brain, whose lectures always excited a profound interest in\n        his hearers, and, in comparing notes with him, I found my\n        own original observations well sustained by his. Though\n        erratic in some of his theories, he was a bold student of\n        nature, and the accidental destruction of his manuscript by\n        fire, when too late in his life to repair the loss, was a\n        destruction of much that would have been deeply\n        interesting.\n\nIt was absolutely necessary that the functions of the brain should be\ndemonstrated as positively as those of the spinal nerves had been\ndemonstrated by Majendie and Bell. Two methods appeared possible. The\ntwo agents were galvanism and the aura of the nervous system, commonly\ncalled animal magnetism. My first experiments in 1841, satisfied me\nthat both were available, but that the _nervaura_ was far more\navailable, efficient, and satisfactory. Upon this I have relied ever\nsince, though I sometimes experiment with galvanism, to demonstrate\nits efficiency, and Dr. De la Rua, of Cuba, informed me over twenty\nyears ago that he found very delicate galvanic currents available for\nthis purpose in his practice.\n\nAnimal magnetism or mesmerism had been involved in mystery and\nempiricism. There had never been any scientific or anatomical\nexplanation of the phenomena, and this mystery I desired to dispel. My\nfirst step was to ascertain that for experiments on the nervous system\nwe did not need the somnambulic or hypnotic condition, and that it was\nespecially to be avoided as a source of confusion and error. Whenever\nthe organ of sensibility, or sensitiveness, was sufficiently developed\nand predominant, the conditions of neurological experiments for\nscientific purposes were satisfactory, and to make such experiments,\nthe subjects, instead of being ignorant, passive, emotional, hysteric,\nor inclined to trance, should be as intelligent as possible,\nwell-balanced and clear-headed,--competent to observe subjective\nphenomena in a critical manner. Hence, my experiments, which have been\nmade upon all sorts of persons, were most decisive and satisfactory to\nmyself when made upon well-educated physicians, upon medical\nprofessors, my learned colleagues, upon eminent lawyers or divines,\nupon strong-minded farmers or hunters, entirely unacquainted with such\nsubjects, and incapable of psychological delusion, or upon persons of\nvery skeptical minds who would not admit anything until the phenomena\nwere made very plain and unquestionable.\n\nWhile the nervaura of the human constitution (which is as distinctly\nperceptible to the sensitive as its caloric and electricity) is\nemitted from every portion of the surface of the head and body, the\nquality and quantity of that which is emitted from the inner surface\nof the hand, render it most available, and the application of the hand\nof any one who has a respectable amount of vital and mental energy,\nwill produce a distinct local stimulation of functions wherever it may\nbe applied upon the head or body. In this manner it is easy to\ndemonstrate the amiable and pleasing influence of the superior regions\nof the brain, the more energetic and vitalizing influence of its\nposterior half, and the mild, subduing influence of the front.\n\nIn my first experiments, in the spring of 1841, I found so great\nsusceptibility that I could demonstrate promptly even the smallest\norgans of the brain, and it was gratifying to find that the\nillustrious Gall had ascertained, with so marvellous accuracy the\nfunctions of the smallest organs in the front lobe, and the subject\ncould be engrossed in the thought of numbers and counting by touching\nthe organ of number or calculation. Eagerly did I proceed in testing\nthe accuracy of all the discoveries of Gall and the additions I had\nmade by craniological studies, as well as bringing out new functions\nwhich I had not been able to anticipate or discover. Omitting the\nhistory of those experiments, I would but briefly state that in 1842 I\npublished a complete map of the brain, in which the full development\nof human faculties made a complete picture of the psycho-physiological\nconstitution of man, and thus presented for the first time a science\nwhich might justly be called _Anthropology_.[2]\n\n    [2] I do not publish or circulate this map apart from the\n        explanatory volume (Outlines of Anthropology) for the reason\n        that it is impossible by any nomenclature of organs to\n        convey a correct idea of the functions, and hence, such a\n        map would tend to a great many misconceptions.\n\nIt is obvious that prior to 1842 there was nothing entitled to the\nname of ANTHROPOLOGY, as there was no complete geography before the\ndiscovery of America and circumnavigation of the globe. When man is\nfully portrayed by the statement of all the psychic and all the\nphysiological faculties and functions found in his brain, which\ncontains the totality, and manifests them in the soul and body, it is\nobvious that we have a true Anthropology, which, to complete its\nfulness, requires only the study of the soul as an entity distinct\nfrom the brain, and of the body as an anatomical and physiological\napparatus. The latter had already been well accomplished by the\nmedical profession, and the former very imperfectly by spiritual\npsychologists. But neither the physiology, nor the pneumatology had\nbeen placed in organic connection with the central cerebral science.\n\nIn consummating such tasks, I felt justified, in 1842, in adopting the\nword Anthropology, as the representative of the new science, though at\nthat time it was so unfamiliar as to be misunderstood. This science,\nas presented in my Outlines of Anthropology in 1854, embraced another\nvery important and entirely novel discovery--the psycho-physiological\nrelations of the surface of the body, the manner in which every\nportion of the body responds to the brain and the soul, the final\nsolution of the great and hitherto impenetrable mystery of the triune\nrelations of soul, brain, and body. This discovery, constituting the\nscience of Sarcognomy, became the basis of a new medical philosophy,\nexplaining the influence of the body on the soul, in health, and\ndisease, and the reciprocal influence of the soul on the body.\n\nThis manifestly modified our views of therapeutics and revolutionized\nelectro-therapeutics by pointing out the exact physiological and\npsychic effects of every portion of the surface of the body, when\nsubject to local treatment, and hence, originating new methods of\nelectric practice, in which many results were produced not heretofore\ndeemed possible. All this was fully presented in my work on\nTHERAPEUTIC SARCOGNOMY, published in 1885, which was speedily sold.\n\nIn contemplating these immense results of a successful investigation\nof the functions of the brain, I can see no logical escape from the\nconclusion that such a revelation of the functions of the brain is by\nfar the most important event that belongs to the history of vital\nscience--an event so romantically different from the common, slow\nprogress of science when cultivated by men of ability, that I do not\nwonder at the incredulity which naturally opposes its recognition, and\nseems to render the most unanimous and conclusive testimony from\nhonorable scientists apparently ineffective. The support of the\nmedical college in which I was Dean of the Faculty, the hearty\nendorsement by the Faculty of Indiana State University, and by\nnumerous committees of investigation, seem to count as nothing with\nthe conservative portion of the medical profession, who have ever\nunderstood how to ignore so simple and positive a demonstration as\nthat of Harvey, or so practical a demonstration as that of Hahnemann,\nor so irresistible a mass of facts as those of modern psychic science.\n\nThe question will naturally arise among the enlightened lovers of\ntruth, why so grand and so _demonstrable_ a science should for\nforty-five years have made so little progress toward general\nrecognition. It is sufficient to say that new and revolutionary truth\nis never welcomed, and, if the discoverer is not active as a\npropagandist it has no diffusion. I did not feel that there was any\nreceptiveness across the ocean for what was resisted here.\nNevertheless I did prepare and send to Edinburgh, in 1841, a brief\nreport of my discoveries accompanied by an endorsement or introduction\nfrom the venerable Prof. Caldwell, the founder of the successful\nmedical college at Louisville, whose lectures were attended by four\nhundred pupils. I supposed the gentlemen of the Phrenological Society\nat Edinburgh the most liberal parties in Great Britain, but they\ndeclined publishing my memoir as _too marvellous_, and proposed merely\nto file it away as a caveat of the discovery. That ended all thoughts\nof Europe; and, indeed, it seemed to me premature to urge such a\ndiscovery and so grand a philosophy upon the world in the present\nstate of its intellectual civilization. I ceased to agitate the\nsubject for many years, and allowed myself to be drawn into the\npolitical agitations connected with our civil war, to mitigate some of\nits social and political evils.\n\nOf late, however, an urgent and imperative sense of duty has put my\npen in motion as the remnant of my life will be hardly sufficient to\nrecord the results of my investigations.\n\nIn the \"New Education\" and the \"Manual of Psychometry--the dawn of a\nnew civilization\"--I have appealed to the public, and three editions\nof the former with two of the latter show that the public is not\nindifferent. The recognition of the marvellous claims of Psychometry\nwill prepare the way for the supreme science of Anthropology, to which\nthe coming century will do justice.\n\nIn justice to the learned Prof. Caldwell and myself, I should not omit\nto mention that this distinguished, eloquent, and venerable gentleman,\nwho, in his early life, was a cotemporary of the famous Dr. Rush, of\nPhiladelphia, and throughout his life was a champion of the most\nprogressive doctrines in Biology, not only gave his friendly\nco-operation on the first presentation of my discoveries, but ten\nyears later honored me with a visit at Cincinnati, to become more\nfully acquainted with them, and subsequently, by appointment of the\nNational Medical Association, prepared a report upon subjects of a\nkindred nature, in which he incorporated a statement of my\ndiscoveries. His subsequent illness and death, in 1854, at an advanced\nage, prevented the delivery of this memoir.\n\n    In signal contrast to the honorable and candid course of Prof.\n    CALDWELL, and to the candid examination, followed by eulogistic\n    language of Prof. H. P. GATCHELL, ROBERT DALE OWEN, President\n    ANDREW WYLIE, Rev. JOHN PIERPONT, Dr. SAMUEL FORRY, Prof. WM.\n    DENTON, the eloquent Judge ROWAN, and a score of other eminently\n    intellectual men, it is my duty to record the melancholy fact\n    that the great majority of professional men, when tested, have\n    manifested an entire apathy, if not a positive aversion, to the\n    investigations and discoveries in which these momentous results\n    have been reached. While no aversion, disrespect, or suspicion\n    was shown toward myself, a stubborn aversion was shown to\n    investigations that might have revolutionary results--proving\n    that our false systems of education teach men not to think\n    independently, but to adhere closely to precedent authority,\n    fashion, popularity, and _habit_, which is the inertia of the\n    mental world.\n\n    The faculty of my alma mater (excepting Prof. Caldwell) refused\n    to investigate the subject, even when invited by their Board of\n    Trustees. The Boston Academy of Arts and Sciences, embracing the\n    men at the head of the medical profession, pretended to take up\n    the subject, but in a few hours dropped it, with polite\n    compliments to myself, in 1842. The American Medical\n    Association, in 1878, refused to entertain the subject because I\n    could not coincide with them in my sentiments, and accept their\n    code of bigotry. There was no formal action of the Association,\n    but my friend, Prof. Gross, then recognized as the Nestor of the\n    profession, and holding the highest position of authority,\n    informed me semi-officially, very courteously, that none of my\n    discoveries could ever be brought to the notice of the\n    Association, because I did not accept their code. Thus (without\n    mentioning other instances), I have stood before the public with\n    a _demonstrable_ science, challenging investigation by critical\n    opponents, who have so uniformly evaded or shrunk from the test\n    that I have ceased to care for their opinions, while I still\n    entertain as profound a respect as ever for the investigations\n    of the candid and manly, among whom I never fail to find\n    friendship and cordiality.\n\n    Looking back forty-five years, I remember with extreme pleasure\n    the friendly co-operation of ROWAN and CALDWELL. The American\n    medical profession never had a more dignified, imposing, and\n    high-toned representative than Prof. Caldwell. Nor was the legal\n    profession anywhere ever adorned by a more commanding and\n    gracious representative than the unsurpassed advocate, ROWAN,\n    who was widely known as the \"OLD MONARCH.\" The nobility of such\n    men was shown in their noble bearing toward a dawning science,\n    In which they saw the grandeur of the future.\n\n\n\n\nBUSINESS DEPARTMENT.\n\n\nCOLLEGE OF THERAPEUTICS.\n\nNext Session Begins November 1, 1887.\n\nThis institution is the germ of what will be an immense revolution in\neducation hereafter, when the knowledge now given to small classes\nwill hold a conspicuous place in every college, and will be presented\nin every high school.\n\nThe mountain mass of inertia, which opposes, passively, all\nfundamental changes, cannot now resist scientific demonstration as it\nhas in the past. The instruction in the College of Therapeutics, is\nthoroughly demonstrative, leaving no room for doubt, and it gives a\nspecies of knowledge which ought to be a part of every one's\neducation--a knowledge of the constitution of man, not obtainable\nto-day in any medical or literary college, nor in our mammoth\nlibraries. It is not merely as a deep philosophy that this interests\nus, but as a guide in the preservation of health, and in the\nregulation of spiritual phenomena, which would, to a very great\nextent, supersede our reliance on the medical profession by giving us\nthe control of the vital powers, by which we may protect ourselves,\nand control the development of the young.\n\nEach student was made to feel the effects of local treatment on the\nbody, and the power of rapidly changing disease to health, and was\npersonally taught to perform the manipulations for this purpose, and\nto investigate disease or portray character by the psychometric\nmethods as well as to test the value of medicines.\n\nThe various uses and scientific application of electricity were shown,\nand many things entirely unknown and unrecognized in works on\nElectro-Therapeutics. The entire class was placed under a medical\ninfluence simultaneously by the agency of electricity--an operation so\nmarvelous that it would be considered incredible in medical colleges.\nBy these and other experiments and numerous illustrations and lucid\nexplanations of the brain and nervous system, the instruction was made\ndeeply interesting, and students have attended more than one course to\nperfect themselves in the science. The following declaration of\nsentiments shows how the course was regarded by the class:\n\n    \"The summer class of 1887 in the College of Therapeutics,\n    feeling it their duty to add their testimony to that of many\n    others in reference to the grand scientific discoveries which\n    they have seen thoroughly demonstrated by Prof. J. R. Buchanan,\n    would say to the public that no one can attend such a course of\n    instruction as we have recently been engaged in, without\n    realizing that Therapeutic Sarcognomy greatly enlarges the\n    practical resources of the healing art for the medical\n    practitioner, magnetizer and electro-therapeutist, while\n    Psychometry, whose positive truths we have tested and proven,\n    like the sun's rays, illumines all the dark problems of medical\n    practice and of psycho-physiological sciences.\n\n    \"Therapeutic Sarcognomy explains the very intricate and\n    mysterious relations of the soul, the brain and body, which\n    prior to Prof. Buchanan's discoveries were unknown to all\n    scientific teachers, and are even now only known to his students\n    and the readers of his works,\n\n    \"We feel that we have been very fortunate in finding so valuable\n    a source of knowledge, whose future benefits to the human race,\n    in many ways, cannot be briefly stated, and we would assure all\n    who may attend this college, or read the published works of\n    Prof. Buchanan, and his monthly, the _Journal of Man_, that they\n    will, when acquainted with the subject, be ready to unite with\n    us in appreciating and honoring the greatest addition ever made\n    to biological and psychological sciences. Hoping that the time\n    is not for distant when all students in medical colleges may\n    obtain access to this most important knowledge, we give our\n    testimony to the public.\"\n\n                      H. C. ALDRICH, M. D., D. D. S., _Chairman._\n                      DR. JNO. C. SCHLARBAUM, _Secretary_.\n\n\nEnlargement of the Journal.\n\nIf the readers of the JOURNAL knew how much very interesting matter is\ncrowded out of each number of the JOURNAL, they would be very anxious\nfor its enlargement.\n\n\nAdvertising in the Journal.\n\nThe financial success of monthly magazines, depends much upon a\nliberal advertising patronage. I would say just to all my readers,\nthat the JOURNAL has a larger circulation than many medical journals\nwhich are filled with advertisements. It is an excellent medium for\nthose who have new and valuable things to present, for it circulates\namong the most progressive and enlightened class of people. The terms\nare the same which are common in magazines.\n\n[Hand pointing right]An advertising agent might find profitable\nemployment by applying to the editor of the JOURNAL.\n\n\nWorks of Prof. J. R. Buchanan.\n\nTHE NEW EDUCATION.--$1.50.\n\n\"It is incomparably the best work on education that I have ever\nseen.\"--Prof. Wm. Denton. \"I regard it as by far the best work on\neducation ever published\".--Rev. B. F. Barrett.\n\nMANUAL OF PSYCHOMETRY.--The dawn of a new civilization,--$2.16.\n\n\"The like of this work is not to be found in the whole literature of\nthe past.\"--_New York Home Journal_. \"He has boldly navigated unknown\nseas till he has found a far greater and more important world than the\nGenoese navigator discovered.\"--_Hartford Times_. \"There are striking\nreflections upon almost every page, and a richness of language and\nfreshness of spirit that is peculiarly marked.\" _Medical Brief_, St.\nLouis. \"A century in advance of his time.\"--_People's Health Journal_,\nChicago.\n\nPSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CHART OF SARCOGNOMY.--21x31 inches, $1. Showing\nthe vital powers of soul, brain, and body in their location, as a\nguide for treatment. \"Upon the psychic functions of the brain, Prof.\nBuchanan is the highest living authority.\"--_American Homoeopathist._\n\nTHERAPEUTIC SARCOGNOMY.--Now in preparation, to be published next\nwinter.\n\nOUTLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY.--Now in preparation.\n\n\nPRACTICE OF PSYCHOMETRY.--Mrs. C. H. Buchanan continues the practice\nof Psychometry, 6 James Street, Boston. Personal interview, $2.\nWritten descriptions, $3. Elaborate descriptions, $5. The objects of\nPsychometry are the description of character, constitution, health, or\ndisease, and such advice as circumstances require.\n\n\nUNLIKE ANY OTHER PAPER.\n\nThe _Spectator_, unlike other home papers, seeks (1) to acquaint every\nfamily with simple and efficient treatment for the various common\ndiseases, to, in a word, educate the people so they can avoid disease\nand cure sickness, thus saving enormous doctors' bills, and many\nprecious lives. (2) To elevate and cultivate the moral nature,\nawakening the conscience, and developing the noblest attributes of\nmanhood. (3) To give instructive and entertaining food to literary\ntaste, thus developing the mind. (4) To give just such hints to\nhousekeepers that they need to tell how to prepare delicious dishes,\nto beautify homes, and to make the fireside the most attractive spot\nin the world.--_Am. Spectator_.\n\n\nMAYO'S ANAESTHETIC.\n\nThe suspension of pain, under dangerous surgical operations, is the\ngreatest triumph of Therapeutic Science in the present century. It\ncame first by mesmeric hypnotism, which was applicable only to a few,\nand was restricted by the jealous hostility of the old medical\nprofession. Then came the nitrous oxide, introduced by Dr. Wells, of\nHartford, and promptly discountenanced by the enlightened (?) medical\nprofession of Boston, and set aside for the next candidate, ether,\ndiscovered in the United States also, but far interior to the nitrous\noxide as a safe and pleasant agent. This was largely superseded by\nchloroform, discovered much earlier by Liebig and others, but\nintroduced as an anaesthetic in 1847, by Prof. Simpson. This proved to\nbe the most powerful and dangerous of all. Thus the whole policy of\nthe medical profession was to discourage the safe, and encourage the\nmore dangerous agents. The magnetic sleep, the most perfect of all\nanaesthetic agents, was expelled from the realm of college authority;\nether was substituted for nitrous oxide, and chloroform preferred to\nether, until frequent deaths gave warning.\n\nNitrous oxide, much the safest of the three, has not been the\nfavorite, but has held its ground, especially with dentists. But even\nnitrous oxide is not perfect. It is not equal to the magnetic sleep,\nwhen the latter is practicable, but fortunately it is applicable to\nall. To perfect the nitrous oxide, making it universally safe and\npleasant, Dr. U. K. Mayo, of Boston, has combined it with certain\nharmless vegetable nervines, which appear to control the fatal\ntendency which belongs to all anaesthetics when carried too far. The\nsuccess of Dr. Mayo, in perfecting our best anaesthetic, is amply\nattested by those who have used it. Dr. Thorndike, than whom, Boston\nhad no better surgeon, pronounced it \"the safest the world has yet\nseen.\" It has been administered to children and to patients in extreme\ndebility. Drs. Frizzell and Williams, say they have given it\n\"repeatedly in heart disease, severe lung diseases, Bright's disease,\netc., where the patients were so feeble as to require assistance in\nwalking, many of them under medical treatment, and the results have\nbeen all that we could ask--no irritation, suffocation, nor\ndepression. We heartily commend it to all as the anaesthetic of the\nage.\" Dr. Morrill, of Boston, administered Mayo's anaesthetic to his\nwife with delightful results when \"her lungs were so badly\ndisorganized, that the administration of ether or gas would be\nentirely unsafe.\" The reputation of this anaesthetic is now well\nestablished; in fact, it is not only safe and harmless, but has great\nmedical virtue for daily use in many diseases, and is coming into use\nfor such purposes. In a paper before the Georgia State Dental Society,\nDr. E. Parsons testified strongly to its superiority. \"The nitrous\noxide, (says Dr. P.) causes the patient when fully under its influence\nto have very like the appearance of a corpse,\" but under this new\nanaesthetic \"the patient appears like one in a natural sleep.\" The\nlanguage of the press, generally has been highly commendatory, and if\nDr. Mayo had occupied so conspicuous a rank as Prof. Simpson, of\nEdinburgh, his new anaesthetic would have been adopted at once in every\ncollege of America and Europe.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n                     Mayo's Vegetable Anaesthetic.\n\nA perfectly safe and pleasant substitute for chloroform, ether,\nnitrous oxide gas, and all other anaesthetics. Discovered by Dr. U. K.\nMayo, April, 1883, and since administered by him and others in over\n300,000 cases successfully. The youngest child, the most sensitive\nlady, and those having heart disease, and lung complaint, inhale this\nvapor with impunity. It stimulates the circulation of the blood and\nbuilds up the tissues. Indorsed by the highest authority in the\nprofessions, recommended in midwifery and all cases of nervous\nprostration. Physicians, surgeons, dentists and private families\nsupplied with this vapor, liquefied, in cylinders of various\ncapacities. It should be administered the same as Nitrous Oxide, but\nit does not produce headache and nausea as that sometimes does. For\nfurther information pamphlets, testimonials, etc., apply to\n\n                                      DR. U. K. MAYO, Dentist,\n                                        378 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n                    Religio-Philosophical Journal.\n\n                          ESTABLISHED 1865.\n\n                         PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT\n\n                     92 La Salle Street, Chicago,\n\n                          BY JOHN C. BUNDY,\n\nTERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION IN ADVANCE:\n\nOne copy, one year   $2.50\n\nSingle copies, 5 cents. Specimen copy free.\n\nAll letters and communications should be addressed, and all\nremittances made payable to\n\n                     JOHN C. BUNDY, Chicago, Ill.\n\nA Paper for all who Sincerely and Intelligently Seek Truth without\nregard to Sect or Party.\n\nPress, Pulpit, and People Proclaim its Merits.\n\n_Concurrent Commendations from Widely Opposite Sources._\n\nIs the ablest Spiritualist paper in America.... Mr. Bundy has earned\nthe respect of all lovers of the truth, by his sincerity and\ncourage.--_Boston Evening Transcript._\n\nI have a most thorough respect for the JOURNAL, and believe its editor\nand proprietor is disposed to treat the whole subject of spiritualism\nfairly.--_Rev. M. J. Savage (Unitarian) Boston._\n\nI wish you the fullest success in your courageous course.--_R. Heber\nNewton, D. D._\n\nYour course has made spiritualism respected by the secular press as it\nnever has been before, and compelled an honorable\nrecognition.--_Hudson Tuttle, Author and Lecturer._\n\nI read your paper every week with great interest.--_H. W. Thomas, D. D.,\nChicago._\n\nI congratulate you on the management of the paper.... I indorse your\nposition as to the investigation of the phenomena.--_Samuel Watson, D. D.,\nMemphis, Tenn._\n\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n                                FACTS,\n\n                         A MONTHLY MAGAZINE,\n\n                              DEVOTED TO\n\n                   Mental and Spiritual Phenomena,\n\n\n                              INCLUDING\n\n            Dreams, Mesmerism, Psychometry, Clairvoyance,\n           Clairaudience, Inspiration, Trance, and Physical\n                Mediumship; Prayer, Mind, and Magnetic\n                Healing; and all classes of Psychical\n                               Effects.\n\n               Single Copies, 10 Cents; $1.00 per year.\n\n                             PUBLISHED BY\n\n                      Facts Publishing Company,\n\n                     (Drawer 5323,) BOSTON, MASS.\n\n                      _L. L. WHITLOCK, Editor._\n\n\n             For Sale by COLBY & RICH, 9 Bosworth Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n    Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first\n    issue of the volume. The article on ANTHROPOLOGY is continued\n    from the previous issue's page 32.","title":"Buchanan's Journal of Man, September 1887: Volume 1, Number 8","tradition":"philosophy-ethics","translated_text":null,"word_count":19738}