{"collection":"philosophy-ethics","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_2990/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_2990","id":"gutenberg_2990","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2990","summary":null,"tags":["Category: History - Warfare","Category: Philosophy & Ethics","Category: Politics","Pamphlets","Peace","World War I","World War, 1914-1918"],"text":"Ver.04.07.00*END*\n\n\n\n\nScanned by Edward.W.Badger\ne-mail psittacus@bigfoot.com  OR\ne-mail ted@worksop.worldonline.co.uk\n\n\n\n\n\nNEVER AGAIN!\n\n(A protest and a warning addressed to the peoples of Europe)\n\nby Edward Carpenter\n\n\n\n\nNever again must this Thing happen.  The time has come -- if the human\nrace does not wish to destroy itself in its own madness -- for men\nto make up their minds as to what they will do in the future; for\nnow indeed is it true that we are come to the cross-roads, we stand\nat the Parting of the Ways.\n\nThe rapid and enormous growth of scientific invention makes it obvious\nthat Violence ten times more potent and sinister than that which\nwe are witnessing to-day may very shortly be available for our use -- or\nabuse -- in War.  On the other hand who can doubt that the rapid growth\nof interchange and understanding among the peoples of the world is\ndaily making Warfare itself, and the barbarities inevitably connected\nwith it, more abhorrent to our common humanity?\n\nWhich of these lines are we to follow? Along which path are we to go?\nThis is a question which the mass -- peoples of Europe in the future -- and\nnot merely the Governments --- will have seriously to ponder and decide.\n\nThat bodies of men -- as has happened a hundred times in the trenches\nin Northern France and even on the Eastern Front -- should exchange\nmorning salutations and songs in humorous amity, and then at a word\nof command should fall to shooting each other;\n\nThat peasants and artisans, and shopkeepers and students and\nschoolmasters, who have no quarrel whatever, who on the whole rather\nrespect and honour each other, should with explosive bombs deliberately\nblow one another to bits so that even their own mothers could not\nrecognize them;\nThat human beings should use every devilish invention of science\nwith the one purpose of maiming, blinding, destroying those against\nwhom they have no personal grudge or grievance;\nAll this is sheer madness.\n\nOnly a short time ago a private soldier said to me:  \"Yes, we had\ngot to be such friends with those Bavarians in the trenches over\nagainst us that if we had returned there again I believe nothing\ncould have made us fight with each other; but of course that point\nwas perceived and we were moved to another part of the Line.\"\nWhat a criticism in a few words on the whole War!\nA hundred times this or something similar has happened, and a hundred\nand a thousand times these 'enemies' who have madly mutilated each\nother have -- a few minutes later -- been only too glad to dress each\nother's wounds and share the last contents of their water-bottles.\n\n\nBy all the heart-rending experiences which have now become so common\nand familiar to us;\n\nBy the fact that to-day there is hardly a family over the greater\npart of Europe that is not grieving bitterly over the loss of some\ndearest member of its circle;\n\nBy the white faces of the women clad in black, whom one sees everywhere\nin the streets of Berlin and Brussels and Paris and Vienna, of London\nand Milan and Belgrade and Petrograd;\n\nBy the sufferings of famine-stricken Poland, ravaged already three\nor four times in the last two years by opposing and alternate armies;\n\nBy the awful sufferings of the six or seven million Jews of the\nRussian Pale, hounded homeless in winter to and, fro over the frozen\nearth the old men and women and children perishing of exposure,\nfatigue, and starvation;\nBy the agony of Serbia, and the despair of Belgium;\n\nThis must not be again!\n\nBy the five or six million actual combatants already slain; and,\nthe strange spectacle of millions of Women (over half a million\nin Britain, more in France, multitudes in Germany and America)\nmanufacturing man-destroying explosive shells in ceaseless stream\nby day and night;\n(And it is estimated that on the average some fifty shells are expended\nfor every one man slain)\nBy the terrified faces -- as of drowning men -- of those suffering in\ncountless hospitals from shell-shock; by their trembling hands and,\nlimbs and horrible dreams at night -- pursued by an ever-living horror;\n\nBy the curses of the tender-hearted friend who collects in No-man's-land\nbetween the lines the scattered fragments of his comrade's\nbody -- the dabs of flesh, the hand, the head he knows so well, a boot\nwith a foot still in it -- and puts them all together in a sack for\nburial;\n\nBy the silent stupefaction of wives and mothers trying vainly to\npicture to themselves a death which cannot be pictured; by the insane\nlaughter of those who having witnessed these things can no longer\nweep;\n\nThis must not be again!\n\n\nBy the beach at Gallipoli covered with the prostrate and writhing\nforms of men exhausted and emaciated with dysentery, who have crawled\ndown from the hills only to lie out there in the terrible sun tormented\nwith flies and thirst, or to shiver through the frosty night, waiting\nfor the tardy arrival of the Hospital Ship;\n\nBy the hundreds of bodies thrown at the last into the sea at sunrise,\nfor their unceremonious end;\n\nAnd each poor body for all its loathsome state so loved, so loved\nby some one far away;\n\nBy the dear Lord who in the beautiful legend descended for three\ndays into Hell that he might redeem mankind; but these have lived\nin an actual Hell for weeks and months together --\n\nThis must not be again!\n\n\nBy the growth and expansion of Science (God forgive the word!) which\nwill inevitably make each future war more devilish and inhuman than\nthe last;\n\n\nBy the cry of the black and coloured peoples of the Earth who have\nfor long enough already said how hard and cruel the faces of the\nwhite men seemed to them, and who now think how black their souls are;\n\n\nBy the hardness of heart, the insensitiveness of a certain kind,\nwhich during a century or more now has been bred by the institutions\nof Commercialism;\n\n\nBy the habitual betrayal, through long periods of 'prosperity' and\n`peace,' of men by their fellows -- of the weak by the powerful, of\nthe generous by the mean, of the simple and thoughtless by the crafty\nand selfish;\n\n\nBy the huge dividends declared by Armament Firms; by the\ninternational agreements of these firms with one another, even to\ncozen their own respective Governments;\n\nBy the hundreds and hundreds of thousands of innocent folk trampled\nunderfoot in the ditch of competition, the mad, race in which the\ndevil takes the hindmost;\n\nBy the treacherous internal warfare of the ordinary industrial life\nof every country, the secret betrayal and murder of bodies and souls\nfor profit -- at last written out in letters of blood and fire across\nthe continents, for all to behold --\n\nThis must not be again !\n\nLet the Allies by all means accuse Germany of world-ambition and\nworld-plunder, and let the German people accuse their Prussian lords\nbut let every nation also search its own heart and accuse itself.\n\nFor have not the lords of every nation set before themselves the\nsame goal, the goal of world-ambition and glory and 'empire' and\nplunder?  And have not the mass-peoples of every nation stood meanly\nby and acclaimed the fraud, nor spoken out against it, silently\nconsenting to these things in the prospect of some advantage also\nto themselves?\n\nHave not all the nations without exception acted meanly and dastardly\ntowards the out lying black races, and even towards those more\ncivilized peoples whom they thought weaker than themselves -- and now\nin the stress of war are they not finding that their own rights\nand liberties are being slowly filched from them?\n\nYes, that is, the end of Glory and of Greed.\n\nBut the day of glory is departed.  The newspapers, it is true,\nstill keep up the phrase.  They talk of a battalion \"covering itself\nwith glory.\"  But the men themselves do not talk so.  They know\ntoo well what it all means.  They see no glory in covering themselves\nwith the blood of their brothers of the opposing trenches; with\nwhom a few moments before they were joining in songs and jokes.\n\nThey only say:  Now that we have begun, we will see it through -- but\nit must not be Again.\n\n\n\nNever I think in all the history of the world has there been a thing\nso great in its way as the present British Army and Navy.  This enormous\nforce, raised -- except for a small remnant -- by Voluntary enlistment\nfrom all classes of the nation, and inspired more by a general and\nprotective sense towards the Motherland than by anything else, has\nfulfilled what it considered to be its duty and its honour with a\ndevotion and a heroism unsurpassed.  It were impossible to stay\nand recount its many wonderful deeds.\n\nA young officer said to me one day -- \"Horrible as the whole thing\nis, yet it almost seems worth while, when you think of the splendid\nthings done -- and done too in such a simple matter-of-fact way: when\nyou think of all the love and devotion poured out, and the lives\nour men have given one for the sake of another.\"\n\nGreat indeed is the spirit of such an army, great its magnanimity,\nits simplicity of mind, its unself-consciousness, its single\nconcentration on its purpose.\n\nYet perhaps the most surprising thing about our men is that they\nhave done all this with so little hatred in their hearts for the enemy.\n\nWhatever the Germans may have felt, and whatever the French, the\nBritishers have just done their fighting in their own nonchalant\nway \"because they had to\" -- with scarcely a shadow of malice or\nrevenge -- rather with that respect for a doughty opponent which\nalways distinguishes the true fighter.\n\nThink of that quaint story (Between The Lines, by Boyd Cable, pp 188 ff)\nof the German Burschen in their trenches, singing with pious enthusiasm\nthe Song of Hate (probably commanded and compelled, poor devils, to sing it)\nand our men for days secretly listening, learning the words, practicing\nthe tune on their muffled, mouth-organs; till having got it all\ncomplete they one morning, burst it forth in full chorus on the\nastonished Teutons, nor failed at the end to blaze out\n\"Gott strafe England\" at the top of, their voices as if they really\nmeant it -- and then subsided into a roar of laughter.  They simply would\nnot take the German \"Hate\" seriously.\n\nWell, what can an enemy do with such an army? It would seem indeed\nto be invincible.\n\n\nThe other surprising thing about this Army is (but it is also in\npart true of the Russians and others) that the members of it not\nonly bear so little malice in their heart of hearts against the\nenemy, but that all the time they (or nine-tenths of them) are giving\ntheir life-blood, for a Country which in hardly any available or\nadequate sense can really be said to belong to them.\n\nNot one man of ours in ten, probably not one in a hundred, has any\ndirect rights or interest in his native soil; and the Motherland\nhas too often (at any rate in the past) turned out a stepmother\nwho disowned him later when crippled in her service.\n\nHe is told that he is fighting for his country, but he finds that\nhis real privilege is to die at the foot of a Trespass-board on some\nrich man's estate, singing bravely to the last that \"Britons never,\nnever shall be slaves!\"  He is told that he is defending his hearth\nand his home, and to prove that that is so, he is sent out on a\nfar campaign to further some dubious scheme -- in Mesopotamia! I think\nwe cannot refuse to say that the good temper and they single-heartedness\nand the single mindedness of the British soldier are beyond all\npraise.\n\n\nBut, in another way, how admirable and how great has the French\nsoldier proved himself to be!\n\nThe passion of Patriotism, the sheer love of their own country\n(in the case of the French, more truly \"their own\" than in the\ncase of the British) has swept through France in a wave of devotion\nwhich consumed in its flame, one may almost say, the energies and\nthe treasures of every household. To protect their beautiful land,\ntheir divine mistress, from violation by the German hordes was a\nthing for which all men -- artists, literary men and all -- were glad\nto die.\n\nWhen at Meaux the French army (reorganized and reinforced) broke\nthrough the German centre and fell upon Von Kluck's left flank\n(his right being already threatened by the French Sixth Army),\nthey were surely not men who fought, but spirits rather -- many of\nthem almost ghosts, white with the fatigues and privations of a\nlong retreat; but to save their beloved Paris they faced the enemy\nwith a fury that nothing could resist.\n\nA miracle was wrought (talk of Angels at Mons, it was Devils at Meaux),\nand Germany in that moment was defeated -- even though it took two\nyears more to make her acknowledge her defeat.\n\nThink of Lieutenant Pericard who in a trench full of corpses at\nBois-brule cried, suddenly entranced, in a loud voice, \"Debout les morts!\"\nand in a moment, as it were, the souls of their dead comrades were\naround his men, inspiring them to victory.\n\nWhen again at Verdun week after week and month after month the French\narmy endured tine almost hourly mass-attacks of the enemy battalions\nand the deluge of their shells (eight million shells, it is estimated\nthe Germans threw in ten weeks), it still, though heavily punished,\nstood solid, and the whole of France stood solid behind it.  France\nnever doubted the conclusion; and the conclusion was never doubtful.\n\n\nWe have spoken of `glory,' but the day of ` la gloire ' has departed.\nFrance herself has ceased to speak of it -- and there can be no better\nproof than that, of the change that has come over the minds of men .\n\nFrance has emerged from the War a changed nation.  The people who\nin 1870 made ribald verses and sang cynical songs over the plight\nof their country are now no more, and France emerges serious, resolute,\nto the great work which she has before her -- of building the great\nfirst Democratic State of Europe and becoming the corner-stone of\nthe future European Confederation.\n\n\nAnd what shall we say of the German army? (In the moment and merely\nfor the sake of brevity I leave the Belgians, Russians, Italians\nand Serbians aside.)\n\nWhen I think of the great German army now scattered over Europe,\nfighting along that immense line (including the Austrian portion)\nof some 1,400 miles in extent; when I think of this on the whole so\nwonderfully goodhearted, genial, sociable people, these regiments\nof Westphalians, Wurtemburgers, Saxons, Bavarians, Hungarians, these\nmen and boys from the fields and farms of Posen and Pomerania, the\nforests of Thuringia, the vineyards of the Rhine or the vegetable\ngardens of the Palatinate, these students from the Universities\nand scholars from the Technical Schools; plunged in this insane War,\nfighting in very truth for they know not what, and pouring out their\nlife-blood, like water in obedience to the long-prepared schemes\nof their rulers -- I am seized with an immense pity.\n\nThey have been told they are fighting to save their Fatherland.\nAnd as far as our argument is concerned it does not matter how\nfalsely they have been instructed or what grain of actual truth\nthere may be in the contention.\n\nThe point is that the vast majority of them believe this to be\ntrue; and they too, dear children, are giving their lives for their\nhearths and homes -- they too are leading this hateful existence in\ntrenches and mines, called to it by what seems to them a good\nconscience, and carried onward (in company with those they have\nleft at home) in the mad millrace of public opinion.\n\n\nHowever we may, blame the German High Command -- and certainly we must\nblame those in power, who over such a long period deliberately\nprepared this war, and at the last so suddenly launched it upon\nEurope.\n\nHowever we may blame the German High Command, we cannot refuse\nto acknowledge the really great qualities of their general Army:\nits extraordinary courage and devotion, its versatility and resource.\n\nAs to its goodheartedness, that is proved by the endless stories\nof spontaneous friendliness shown by the German troops even to\ntheir enemies, the individual rapprochements on occasions, the\nsuccour to the wounded, the Christmas songs and celebrations, and\nby the fact of advances of this kind so often coming first from\nthe German side.\n\nAs to its good sense, that element certainly has not been wanting.\nAmong the stories' above-mentioned as coming from the Front is one\nwhich I have every reason to believe is true. The Saxons one day,\nin their trenches thirty or forty yards away, put up a blackboard\non which was written: \"The English are fools!\"  The board was\nof course peppered with bullets, and went drown.  Presently it\nreappeared with \"The French are fools!\" written on it. Being\nduly peppered again it went down, and came up with \"The Russians\nare fools!\"  Same treatment. But when it, or a similar board,\nappeared for the fourth time, lo! the inscription was \"The Austrians\nare fools!\"; and when it appeared for the fifth time, \"The\nGermans are fools!\"; and the sixth time, \"We are all fools!\"\n\nI don't think there could be much better sense than that.\n\n\nAnd to think that the insane policy of a Government or Governments\nshould bring about the wholesale slaughter of such mien as all\nthese that I have described.\n\nTo think that the longer such a war goes on, the less heroic and\ngenerous it becomes, and the more dominated by hatred and revenge -- by\nthe wish to score a military victory or the desire to secure mere\npolitical and commercial advantages.\n\nTo think that nations who consider themselves civilized should be\nthus acting: so contrary to the natural laws and instincts of\nhumanity that often in order for a bayonet charge men must be primed\nwith liquor to the verge of intoxication .\n\nWe need not go further.\n\nOf the three great nations primarily involved those indeed of\nwhich we can speak most confidently, knowing them best -- it is\nintolerable to think they should thus mutilate and destroy each other.\n\nAll we can say is:  Never again must this thing happen!\n\n\nWhen one thinks of the whole dread Coil and Entanglement, and,\nwhat it is for, the mind reels in despair.\n\nWhen one thinks of the marvellous scientific ingenuity and skill,\ndirected in a kind of diabolic concentration on the one purpose\nof slaughter.\n\nOf the huge guns, the 12.5's, weighing 40 tons apiece, and boxed\nand rifled to the nicety of the thousandth part of an inch (I have\nwatched them being made at Sheffield).\n\nOf the larger 15 in. guns, with range of 13 or 14 miles, so accurate\nthat the shells thrown at that distance will deviate hardly a couple\nof yards to the right hand or the left of their line of fire (and in\nthe Jutland battle the firing opened at nearly 11 miles).\n\nOf the still larger guns even now being constructed.\n\nOf the shells themselves varying from a few pounds to nearly, a ton\nin weight, and so delicately fashioned that the moment of their\nexplosion can be positively timed to the tenth part of a second:\n\nWhen one thinks of the ingenuity put into aeroplanes and airships,\nand almost entirely with a view to the destruction of life;\n\nOf the automatic steering of submarine torpedoes by means of gyroscopes,\nso that when deviated by any obstacle or accident from their set\ncourse they will actually return of themselves to that course again;\n\nOf the everlasting duel going on in any one country between armour\nplates and projectiles but of course always between the armour\nplates of one firm and the projectiles of another (since obviously\nfor any one firm to prove its own inferiority in either line would\nbe bad business)!\n\nOf the competition even now in progress between the Russian\nuniversities for the invention of a new explosive or a new gas\nmore devastating than any hitherto produced;\n\nOf the weighty Advisory Committee of scientific Experts sitting\npermanently in Britain for the discussion and handling of the\ntechnical problems of the War;\n\nWhen one thinks of what a Paradise all this ingenuity, all this\nexpenditure of labour and treasure, might make of our mortal Earth -- if\nit were only decently employed;\n\nThat Great Britain alone has already spent on the War enough to\nprovide every family in the whole kingdom with a comfortable cottage\nand an acre of land;\n\nWhen further one thinks of all the mass of human material there\nis, such as we have already described -- of the very finest quality,\nand fit to build the most splendid races and cities \"the sun\never shone upon\" -- and then that it is being used for these utterly\nsenseless purposes;\n\nHow heart-rending the waste and the folly!  How disgusting the sin\nof those who are responsible!\n\nBut to-day surely the armies themselves of these three countries\nare beginning to see through the illusions which have been dangled\nbefore then so long by those in power -- the \"My-country -- right-or-wrong\"\nkind of Patriotism which has so often been evoked only in order\nto serve the plots of private schemers;\n\nThey are surely beginning to see that the directing of State-policy\nand foreign relations must no longer be left in the hands of a\nfew highborn diplomats (mostly ignorant of the actual modern world\namid which they live), but must be subject to the severest scrutiny\nand surveillance by the people at large and their representatives;\n\nThey are beginning to see that if courage, devotion to an Idea,\nlove of the Father- or Mother-land, Fidelity of comrade to comrade,\nEfficiency, daring in Adventure, exactness in Organization, and\nso forth, are the qualities which in the past have made the profession\nof arms great and glorious, it is these very qualities which will\nbe demanded and evoked for all future time in the great free\narmies of Industry.\n\nFor with the cessation of Militarism as the leading principle\nof national life must inevitably come the liberation of Industry -- else\nthe last state of our societies will indeed be worse than the first.\n\nTruly there is nothing very exhilarating about Industry as it has\nin modern times been conceived, and one does not altogether wonder\nthat all down the centuries the man with the sword has despised\nthe man with the hoe, since the latter has generally been little\nbetter than a slave.\n\nBut when once Labour is freed -- or rather when once it frees itself -- from\nthe thraldom, of the old Feudal system, and finally from the fearful\nburden of modern Capitalism -- when once it can lift its head and\nsee the great constructive vision of the new society which awaits\nit -- then surely it will perceive that all the great qualities we\nhave named as exhibited in the past in the old destructive Warfare,\nand now become the splendid heritage of the peoples of Europe,\nwill be necessary and will have a field for their exercise in the\nbeneficent constructive conquests of Nature and the building up\non Earth of that great City of the Sun which for so many ages has\nbeen the dream and inspiration of Man.\n\nAnd of the old mad Warfare it will then say This odious and inhuman\nThing must never be again!\n\n\nIn conclusion, and to look to the future:\n\nI think we may see that the new conception of life will only come\nthrough the peeling off in the various nations of the old husks\nof the diplomatic, military, legal, and commercial classes, with\ntheir antiquated, narrow-minded and profoundly. irreligious and\ninhuman standards -- those husks which have so long restricted and\nstrangulated the growing life within.\n\nIt will only come with the determination of the workers\n(that is, of everybody) to produce things useful, profitable, and\nbeautiful, in free and rational co-operation -- things useful because\ndeliberately made for use, things profitable for all because not\nmade for the gain of the few, and things beautiful because of the\njoy and gladness wrought into their very production.\n\nSimultaneously with this peeling off, of the Old, and disclosure\nof the New, will of necessity appear -- indeed it is taking shape\nalready the blossom of international solidarity and federation -- the\ncommon cause of Humanity and of Labour liberated over the world.\n\nNaturally such process will not mature all at once. It may, bit\nthat the four Western nations, England, France, Italy and Belgium,\ncombining with some of the neutral States, will constitute the first\nEuropean Federationor at any rate the nucleus of a Federation\ndestined, as it expands to absorb within its borders Germany herself\n(of course when she shall have taken on her true republican form)\nand the other States in due succession.\n\nSuch Federation when firmly consolidated might, it is not unlikely,\nstill retain for a long period a military system, of some kind,\nif only for its own protection against outlying and non European\ndangers; but that military system would be small and secondary.\nIt right reasonably be no more dominant or meddlesome than the\nmilitary system of China has been during the last thousand years\nin comparison with the massive imperturbability of the great\nChinese Empire itself.\n\nMeanwhile let us remember how important it is for the future of\nthe world that each nation and people should be free to contribute\nits special quality and character to the whole; nor be ridden-over\nroughshod by the others;\n\nThat each should contribute, in Trade or otherwise, its special\ngifts or facilities; and that the Internationalism which already\nrules in labour affairs and in Commerce and Science and Fashion\nand Finance and Philanthropy and Literature and Art and Music,\nshould at last be recognized in Politics.\n\nLet us further remember how important it is that every man and woman\nshould insist on the rights of Personality to preserve sacred his\nor her most intimate sense of selfness and duty the very,\nessence of Freedom.\n\nThough I do not, for instance, think that a refusal to fight\nunder any condition or circumstance can reasonably be maintained\nto its logical conclusion, and though I certainly would not engage\nmyself to refuse to fight in any and every case.  Still, I do\nhonour and respect the genuine conscientious objectors (of whom\nthere are great numbers) very sincerely.\n\nSome of them may, be narrow-minded and faddist (as conscience often is),\nbut let us remember that the great things of History have been\ninitiated by such folk.\n\nIt was they who barred and broke the gladiatorial games at Rome;\nit was they, who, steered the \"Mayflower\" across the Atlantic,\nand started the great Republic of the United States;\n\nAnd it is they, who are possibly sowing the seed a great Movement\nwhich will spread all over Europe, and ultimately by opposing\ncompulsory military service inaugurate a world-era of Peace.\n(For certainly, without Conscription the Continental Powers would\nnever have become involved in the present war)\n\nLet us recognize the right and the duty of each man to ponder these\nworld-problems for himself: to play his part and to make his own\nvoice heard in the solution of them.\n\nLet us recognize the falsity of Science divorced from the Heart,\nand begin to-day to create a political, an economic, and a material\nworld which shall be the true and satisfying expression of the real\nhuman soul;\n\nLet us acknowledge even at the last that the War may have been\na, necessary evil to show us by contrast the way, of deliverance;\n\nLet us render, homage to those who have given their lives in it;\nlet us vow that their great sacrifice shall not be in vain, but\nshall consecrate for us a new purpose and a new ideal;\n\nLet us believe that Love, not Hatred, is the power by which in the\nend the World will be saved;\n\nAnd let us pray that a Heroism equal to that, shown to-day in the\ncause of Destruction may urge us in the future towards a great\nand glorious Constructive era in social life -- and inspire us\nwith a new hope:\n\nOut of purgatory to build a paradise, in which the ugliness,\nvulgarity, sordidness and cruelty of the present scheme of things\nwill be repeated.\n\nAugust 1916","title":"Never Again! A Protest and a Warning Addressed to the Peoples of Europe","tradition":"philosophy-ethics","translated_text":null,"word_count":4855}