{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_30641/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_30641","id":"gutenberg_30641","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30641","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Essays, Letters & Speeches","Category: History - Other","Category: Journals","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Notes and Queries","Questions and answers -- Periodicals"],"text":"Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins\nand the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at\nhttps://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images\ngenerously made available by The Internet Library of Early\nJournals.)\n\n\n\n\n\n{317} NOTES AND QUERIES:\n\nA MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,\nGENEALOGISTS, ETC.\n\n\"When found, make a note of.\"--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nNo. 232.]\nSATURDAY, APRIL 8. 1854.\n[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nCONTENTS.\n\n NOTES:-- Page\n\n Arabian Tales and their Sources, by J. W. Thomas 319\n La Rochefoucauld, by J. Macray 320\n Shropshire Ballad 320\n \"Of the Benefit of the Death of Christ,\" by Aonio Paleario,\n by the Rev. J. Ayre 321\n\n MINOR NOTES:--Stone Chisels--Acrostic--Simmels--Ogborne's\n History of Essex--Fleas and Bugs--Zeuxis and Parrhasius--\n Cure for Hydrophobia--The \"Fusion\" 321\n\n QUERIES:--\n Lyra's Commentary, by Edw. Peacock 323\n\n MINOR QUERIES:--Barristers' Gowns--\"Charta Hen. 2. G. G.\n n. 2. q.\"--Albany Wallace--Leslie and Dr. Middleton--Star\n and Garter, Kirkstall--Shrove Tuesday--\"Tarbox for that\"--\n De Gurney Pedigree--\"[Greek: Pistis],\" unde deriv.--Snush--\n John Bale, Bishop of Ossory--Proxies for absent Sponsors--\n Heraldic Query--Christmas Ballad--Hay-bread Recipe--Te\n Deum--Mary Queen of Scots at Auchincas--Right of Refuge in\n the Church Porch--Christopher Lemying of Burneston--Ralph\n Ashton the Commander 323\n\n MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Roman Roads in England--\n Inscription on the Brass of Sir G. Felbridge--Skipwith--\n College Battel--Origin of Clubs--Royal Arms in Churches--\n Odd Fellows--Governor-General of India--Precedence 325\n\n REPLIES:--\n Marmortinto, or Sand-painting, by John Mummery 327\n O'Brien of Thosmond 328\n Coronation Stone 328\n Polygamy, by T. J. Buckton and the Rev. A. Gatty 329\n Poetical Tavern Signs 330\n \"Behemoth,\" by C. H. Cooper 332\n\n PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Photographic Slides for the\n Magic Lantern--Albumenized Paper--Mounting Positives on\n Cardboard--Mr. Lyte's Collodion 332\n\n REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Burton's \"Anatomy of Melancholy\"\n --Original Royal Letters to the Grand Masters of Malta--\n Prince Charles' Attendants in Spain--Churchill's Grave--\n \"Cissle\"--Contributors to Knight's \"Quarterly Magazine\"--\n \"La Langue Pandras\"--Cranmer Bibles--Voisonier--Word-minting\n --Fair Rosamond--Death-warnings in ancient Families--Poets\n Laureate--Brissot de Warville--\"Branks\"--Theobald le Botiller\n --Lord Harington--Amontillado--\"Mairdill\"--Separation of the\n Sexes in Church--Costume of the Clergy not Enarean, &c. 333\n\n MISCELLANEOUS:--\n Notes on Books, &c. 338\n Books and Odd Volumes wanted 339\n Notices to Correspondents 339\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nARCHAEOLOGY OF THE STREETS OF DUBLIN, and CELTIC RECORDS OF IRELAND, ETC.\n\nFor the Series of Papers illustrating the above, see Vols. I. II. and III.\nof the \"Irish Quarterly Review.\" Price, bound, 11s. each.\n\nLondon: SIMPKIN & CO.\n\nDublin: W. B. KELLY.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nThis day is Published,\n\nHISTORY OF THE FRENCH PROTESTANT REFUGEES, FROM THE REVOCATION OF THE EDICT\nOF NANTES. By CHARLES WEISS, Professor of History in the Lycee Buonaparte.\nTranslated, with the assistance of the Author, by FREDERICK HARDMAN. In\ndemy octavo, price 14s. cloth.\n\nWILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS,\nEdinburgh and London.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nTHE BLACK SEA.\n\nThe Fourth Edition of\n\nMR. OLIPHANT'S RUSSIAN SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA, is now Published.\n\nIn 8vo., with 34 Engravings on Wood, an Enlarged Map of the Crimea, and Map\nof the Author's Route, price 14s.\n\nWILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS,\nEdinburgh and London.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nRUSSIA AND TURKEY.\n\nA FRENCH MAP OF RUSSIA IN EUROPE, AND TURKEY, comprising the Baltic and\nBlack Seas, with the adjacent Countries, IS NOW PUBLISHED. 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Strand, London.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nJust published, with ten coloured Engravings, price 5s.,\n\nNOTES ON AQUATIC MICROSCOPIC SUBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, selected from the\n\"Microscopic Cabinet.\" By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.\n\nAlso, in 8vo., pp. 720, plates 24, price 21_s_., or coloured, 36s.,\n\nA HISTORY OF INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, Living and Fossil, containing\nDescriptions of every species, British and Foreign, the methods of\nprocuring and viewing them, &c., illustrated by numerous Engravings. By\nANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.\n\n \"There is no work extant in which so much valuable information\n concerning Infusoria (Animalcules) can be found, and every Microscopist\n should add it to his library.\"--_Silliman's Journal._\n\nLondon: WHITTAKER & CO., Ave Maria Lane.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nThis Day is published, the Third Edition, revised and augmented, in 8vo.,\nwith Plates, price 12s. 6d., cloth.\n\nTHE MYTHOLOGY OF GREECE AND ITALY. By THOMAS KEIGHTLEY.\n\n \"It will always deservedly maintain its high position, as the exponent\n of what Greeks thought and wrote about and believed.\"--_Pococke, India\n in Greece._\n\nWHITTAKER & CO., Ave Maria Lane.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\n{318}\n\nTHE EDINBURGH REVIEW, No. CCII., will be published on TUESDAY next.\n\n Contents:\n I. MORMONISM.\n II. JOHN LOCKE--HIS CHARACTER AND PHILOSOPHY.\n III. HISTORY OF FRENCH PROTESTANT REFUGEES.\n IV. MOORE'S JOURNAL.\n V. THE NATIONAL GALLERY REPORT.\n VI. RECENT ITALIAN AUTOBIOGRAPHIES.\n VII. OPINIONS OF THE JUDGES ON CODIFICATION.\n VIII. CONSUMPTION OF FOOD IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.\n\nLondon: LONGMAN & CO.\n\nEdinburgh: A. & C. BLACK.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nNow ready, No. VI., 2s. 6d., published Quarterly.\n\nRETROSPECTIVE REVIEW (New Series): consisting of Criticisms upon, Analyses\nof, and Extracts from, Curious, Useful, Valuable, and Scarce Old Books.\n\nVol. I., 8vo., pp. 436, cloth 10s. 6d.., is also ready.\n\nJOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nTHE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE FOR APRIL contains, among other articles:--The\nHistory of the Protestant Refugees in France. The Positive Philosophy of\nAuguste Comte. Traits of the Czars. Pilgrimage to High Places: Einsiedlen\nin Switzerland. Moore and the Right Hon. John Wilson Croker. The Table of\nPrecedency. The Moscow Septuagint. Anecdotes of Norden the Topographer.\nAncient Wedding Ceremonies. The Lord Mayor's Pageant of 1684. Emendation of\na Passage in Coriolanus. With Notes of the Month, Reviews of New\nPublications, Reports of Archaeological Societies, &c. The Obituary\ncontains, Memoirs of the Marquess of Londonderry, the Bishop of Salisbury,\nSir Ralph Lopes, Bart.; Sir John Conroy, Bart., Capt. Sir Everard Home,\nBart.; Sir Henry Miers Elliot, K.C.B.; Colonel Joliffe; Rev. W. L.\nRichards, D.D.; Rev. R. Jenkyns, D.D., Dean of Wells; Rev. W. P. Greswell;\nRev. W. H. Dixon, F.S.A.; John Martin the Painter; Robert Alexander, Esq.;\nThomas Saunders, Esq., F.S.A.; John Fardell, Esq., F.S.A.; Henry Belcher,\nEsq., &c.\n\nNICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nPrice One Shilling,\n\nTHE NATIONAL MISCELLANY FOR APRIL contains:\n\n 1. The New Civil Service Scheme.\n 2. The Flaw in the Column.\n 3. The Labour Parliament.\n 4. An Avalanche on the Great St. Bernard.\n 5. Mediaeval London.\n 6. Saturday Night.\n 7. The Weekly Periodicals.\n 8. Sea Life and Sea Literature.\n 9. Notices.\n 10. Poetry.\n\nAt the OFFICE, No. 1, Exeter Street, Strand, London.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nPost Free.\n\nTHE CATTLE UPON A THOUSAND HILLS. A List of GREAT OLD ENGLISH BOOKS for\nSale, by\n\nJOHN TUPLING, 320. Strand.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nCHEAP BOOKS.--C. HILL'S CATALOGUE, No. 13., just published, including a\nlong Article on NAPOLEON. Sent free on Application.\n\n14. KING STREET, HOLBORN.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nCOMPLETION OF A VOLUME.\n\nNow ready, VOLUME I., price 1s. 6d.,\n\nLARDNER'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART.--Illustrated by Engravings on Wood.\n\nPART I., price 5d.\n\n 1. The Planets; Are they Inhabited Globes? Chap. I.\n 2. Weather Prognostics.\n 3. The Planets. Are they Inhabited Globes? Chap. II.\n 4. Popular Fallacies in Questions of Physical Science.\n\nPART II., price 5d.\n\n 5. Latitudes and Longitudes.\n 6. The Planets. Are they Inhabited Globes? Chap. III.\n 7. Lunar Influences.\n 8. Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars. Chap I.\n\nPART III., price 6d.\n\n 9. Railway Accidents. Chap. I.\n 10. The Planets. Are they Inhabited Globes? Chap. IV. and last.\n 11. Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars. Chap. II.\n 12. Railway Accidents. Chap. II.\n 13. Light.\n\n \"This serial, which will form quarterly eighteenpenny volumes, is, we\n are disposed to think, the best literary investment of a penny a week\n now extant.\"--_Examiner._\n\n \"This series, besides affording popular but sound instruction on\n scientific subjects, with which the humblest man in the country ought\n to be acquainted, also undertakes that teaching of 'common things'\n which Lord Ashburton and every well-wisher of his kind are anxious to\n promote.\"--_Times._\n\nLondon: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster\nRow.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nSMEE'S BINOCULAR PERSPECTIVE PHOTOGRAPHS.--A full account of the mode of\ntaking these extraordinary Likenesses in \"Smee on the Eye,\" just published,\nprice 5s.\n\nHORNE, THORNTHWAITE & WOOD,\n123. Newgate Street, London.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nCLASSICAL MUSICAL LIBRARY.--Subscribers are liberally supplied, on loan,\nwith every description of New Vocal and Instrumental Music, and have also\nat their disposal upwards of 3,000 volumes, including the Standard Operas,\nItalian, German, French, and English Songs, and all kinds of Instrumental\nMusic. During the Term of Subscription, each Subscriber has the privilege\nof selecting--for his own property--from 100,000 different pieces, 3\nGuineas' worth of Music. Prospectuses forwarded Free on application.\n\nJULLIEN & CO., 214. Regent Street.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description of\nupwards of 100 articles, consisting of PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS,\nLadies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and\nother travelling requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post on\nreceipt of Two Stamps.\n\nMESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their\nTravelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new\nPortmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles\nof the kind ever produced.\n\nJ. W. & T. ALLEN, 18 & 22. West Strand.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nThis Day is published, price 8s. cloth or gilt, 8s. 6d., embellished with\nnumerous Engravings,\n\nWANDERINGS OF AN ANTIQUARY: chiefly upon the Traces of the ROMANS IN\nBRITAIN. By THOMAS WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A.\n\nCONTENTS:--1. Iron Works of the Forest of Dean. 2. Roman Cities on the\nWelsh Borders. 3. Verulamium. 4. Anglo-Saxon Graves in Kent. 5. Sandwich,\nand Rutupiae. 6. The Kentish Coast. 7. Pevensey. 8. Potteries on the\nMedway. 9. Valley of Maidstone. 10. Hill Entrenchments on the Welsh\nBorders. 11. From York to Goodmanham. 12. Isuriam or Aldborough. 13.\nBramber Castle and Sussex Churches. 14. Bignor. 15. Stonehenge. 16. Old\nSarum.\n\n \"Got up with very good taste in style and matter. We recommend this\n excellent little book.\"--_Dover Chronicle._\n\n \"Avoiding wild and speculative theories on the one hand, and aiming to\n further the purposes of pure history on the other.\"--_Morning Post._\n\n \"Mr. Wright conveys sound antiquaries information at every step in a\n pleasing and popular manner, which must render the volume a grateful\n companion to all who have not made our national ancient monuments a\n professed study: and even the experienced archaeologist will often find\n unsuspected new views of old opinions which it may be at least\n wholesome to revise or reconsider.\"--_Gentlman's Magazine._\n\nNICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nSecond Edition, price 5s. 6d. cloth,\n\nTHE ANTIQUITIES OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Translated and compiled from the\nWorks of Augusti; with numerous Additions from Rheinwald, Siegel, and\nothers. By the REV. LYMAN COLEMAN.\n\nSecond Edition, price 6s. 6d. cloth,\n\nA HISTORY OF THE HEBREW COMMONWEALTH. Translated from the German of JOHN\nJAHN, D.D. With an Appendix, containing the History of the Jews to the\nReign of Adrian, translated from Basnage. By C. E. STOWE, A.M.\n\nFourth Edition, price 6s. cloth,\n\nBIBLICAL ANTIQUITIES. By JOHN JAHN, D.D. Translated from the Latin, with\nAdditions and Corrections. By T. C. UPHAM, Bowdoin College, United States.\nWith Map and Three Engravings.\n\nFourth Edition (500 pages), price 12s. cloth,\n\nLECTURES ON CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY. By GEORGE CHRISTIAN KNAPP, D.D., Professor\nof Theology in the University of Halle. Translated by LEONARD WOODS, JUN.,\nD.D., Andover, U.S.\n\nWARD & CO., 27. Paternoster Row.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nIn 8vo., cloth lettered, price 4s. 6d., or Free by Post, 5s.\n\nGOMER; or, a Brief Analysis of the Language and Knowledge of the Ancient\nCymry. By JOHN WILLIAMS, A.M., Oxon, Archdeacon of Cardigan.\n\nLondon: HUGHES & BUTLER.\n15. St. Martin's-le-Grand.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nAS SECRETARY OR AMANUENSIS.\n\nA GENTLEMAN who is fully conversant with the French, German, and Italian\nLanguages is desirous of obtaining some PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT. He can give\nsatisfactory references as to Competency and Respectability of Family and\nConnexions.\n\nAddress. F. G. H., care of MR. NEWMAN, Publisher, 9. Devonshire Street,\nBishopsgate Street.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\n{319}\n\n_LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 8, 1854._\n\n * * * * *\n\nNotes.\n\nARABIAN TALES AND THEIR SOURCES.\n\nThe Arabians have been the immediate instruments in transmitting to us\nthose Oriental tales, of which the conception is so brilliant, and the\ncharacter so rich and varied, and which, after having been the delight of\nour childhood, never lose entirely the spell of their enchantment over our\nmaturer age. But while many of these tales are doubtless of Arabian origin,\nit is not to be supposed that all are equally so. If we may believe the\nFrench translator of the _Thousand and One Tales_, that publication does\nnot include the thirty-sixth part of the great Arabian collection, which is\nnot confined to books, but has been the traditional inheritance of a\nnumerous class, who, like the minstrels of the West, gained their\nlivelihood by reciting, what would interest the feelings of their hearers.\nThis class of Eastern story-tellers was common throughout the whole extent\nof Mahomedan dominion in Turkey, Persia, and even to the extremity of\nIndia.\n\nThe sudden rise of the Saracen empire, and its rapid transition from\nbarbarism to refinement, and from the deepest ignorance to the most\nextensive cultivation of literature and science, is an extraordinary\nphenomenon in the history of mankind. A century scarcely elapsed from the\nage of Amrou, the general of Caliph Omar, who is said to have burned the\ngreat Alexandrian library, to the period when the family of the Abbasides,\nwho mounted the throne of the Caliphs A.D. 750, introduced a passionate\nlove of art, science, and even poetry. The celebrated Haroun Al Raschid\nnever took a journey without at least a hundred men of science in his\ntrain. But the most munificent patron of Arabic literature was Al Mamoun,\nthe seventh Caliph of the race of the Abbasides, and son of Haroun Al\nRaschid. Having succeeded to the throne A.D. 813, he rendered Bagdad the\ncentre of literature: collecting from the subject provinces of Syria,\nArmenia, and Egypt the most important books which could be discovered, as\nthe most precious tribute that could be rendered, and causing them to be\ntranslated into Arabic for general use. When Al Mamoun dictated the terms\nof peace to Michael, the Greek emperor, the tribute which he demanded from\nhim was a collection of Greek authors.\n\nThe Arabian tales had their birth after this period; and when the Arabians\nhad yielded to the Tartars, Turks, and Persians, the empire of the sword.\nSoldiers are seldom introduced; the splendours of the just Caliph's reign\nare dwelt upon with fond remembrance; the style is that of a mercantile\npeople, while riches and artificial luxuries are only rivalled by the\nmarvellous gifts of the genii and fairies. This brilliant mythology, the\noffspring of the Arabian imagination, together with the other\ncharacteristics of the Arabian tales, has had an extensive influence on our\nown literature. Many of these tales had found their way into our poetry\nlong before the translation of the _Arabian Nights_; and are met with in\nthe old _Fabliaux_, and in Boccacio, Ariosto, and Chaucer. But while these\ntales are Arabian in their structure, the materials have been derived, not\nonly from India, Persia, and China, but also from ancient Egypt, and the\nclassical literature of Greece.\n\nI shall content myself at present with adducing one example of such\nprobable derivation from the source last mentioned. The stories to be\ncompared are too long for quotation, which, as they are well known, will\nnot be necessary. I shall therefore merely give, in parallel columns, the\nnumerous points of resemblance, or coincidence, between the two. The\nArabian tale is that of \"Ali Baba and the Forty Robbers;\" the corresponding\nstory will be found in Herodotus, b. II. c. cxxi.; it is that of\nRhampsinitus and the robbery of his royal treasury:\n\n THE EGYPTIAN TALE.\n\n 1. The king constructs a stone edifice for the security of his vast\n riches.\n\n 2. In the wall of this treasury is a stone so artfully disposed that a\n single person can move it, so as to enter and retreat without leaving\n any trace of his having done so.\n\n 3. Two brothers become acquainted with the secret opening into the\n treasury, and enter it for the purpose of enriching themselves.\n\n 4. One of the brothers becomes rich by abstracting large sums of money\n from the royal treasury.\n\n 5. The other brother is caught in the snare which the king had laid\n within the treasury, for the detection and apprehension of the\n intruders.\n\n 6. At his own request the brother thus caught is beheaded by the other\n to avoid recognition, and to secure the escape of one. The dead body is\n hung from the wall of the treasury, for the purpose of discovering his\n accomplice.\n\n 7. The surviving brother, at his mother's earnest request, carries off\n the dead body, and brings it home on the back of one of his asses.\n\n 8. The king, unable to ascertain how his treasury had been entered, is\n enraged at the removal of the body, and alarmed at finding that some\n one who possesses the secret still survives.\n\n 9. The king has recourse to stratagem, for the purpose of detecting the\n depredator, but without success.\n\n 10. The surviving brother baffles the king's first attempt to detect\n him, by means of some asses, which, in the character of a wine-seller,\n he had loaded with wine-flasks, making the king's guards drunk, and\n leaving them all fast asleep.\n\n THE ARABIAN TALE.\n\n 1. In a rock so steep and craggy that none can scale it, a cave has\n been hewn out, in which the robbers deposit their prodigious wealth.\n\n 2. In this rock is a door which opens into the cave, by means of two\n magical words, \"Open Sesame;\" and closes again in like manner by\n pronouncing the words \"Shut Sesame.\"\n\n 3. Two brothers become acquainted with the door of the cave, and the\n means of opening and shutting it; and they enter it for the purpose of\n enriching themselves.\n\n 4. Ali Baba, one of the two brothers, becomes rich by carrying off a\n great quantity of gold coin from the robbers' cave.\n\n 5. Cassim, the other brother, is caught as in a snare, by forgetting,\n when in the cave, the magical words by which alone ran exit could be\n obtained.\n\n 6. Cassim, in his attempt to escape, is killed by the robbers, and his\n dead body is quartered, and hung up within the door of the cave, to\n deter any who might be his accomplices.\n\n 7. Ali Baba, at the instance of Cassim's widow, carries off his remains\n from the cave, and brings them home on the back of one of his asses.\n\n 8. The robbers, unable to guess how their cave had been entered, are\n alarmed at the removal of Cassim's remains, which proves to them that\n some one who possesses the secret still survives.\n\n 9. The robbers have recourse to stratagem, for the purpose of\n discovering the depredator, but without success.\n\n 10. Ali Baba, assisted by his female slave, baffles the robber\n captain's first attempt upon him, by means of some oil in a jar, his\n men being concealed in the other jars, with which the captain, in the\n character of an oil-merchant, had loaded some asses: thus the latter,\n who thought his men asleep, finds them all dead.\n\n {320}\n\n THE EGYPTIAN TALE.\n\n 11. In the darkness of the night, the surviving brother tells the\n king's daughter, whom her father had employed to detect him, the story\n of his exploits in baffling the guards and carrying off the body of his\n brother.\n\n 12. The king's daughter attempts to seize the brother, but he baffles\n her, by leaving in her hand a dead arm instead of his own.\n\n 13. The king, who admires the audacity and ingenuity of the surviving\n brother, offers him, by proclamation, pardon and reward; and, on his\n coming forward, gives him his daughter in marriage.\n\n THE ARABIAN TALE.\n\n 11. In the dusk of the evening, Baba Mustapha relates to the two\n robbers in succession, who had been employed to detect Ali Baba, the\n story of his having sewed a dead body together; and, blindfold, himself\n conducts each of them to Ali Baba's door.\n\n 12. The two robbers successively mark the house of Ali Baba with chalk;\n but his female slave baffles them by putting a similar mark on the\n other houses, in consequence of which they are put to death instead of\n her master.\n\n 13. Ali Baba, saved from the robber captain's designs by the course and\n ingenuity of Morgiana, his female slave, gives her freedom, and marries\n her to his son.\n\nHere, then, are above a dozen striking coincidences in this one example;\nand they are given with but slight dislocation or transposition. Other\nexamples might be adduced, but I must reserve them for another\ncommunication.\n\nJ. W. THOMAS.\n\nDewsbury.\n\n * * * * *\n\nLA ROCHEFOUCAULD.\n\nMeeting occasionally, in reading new French works and journals, with\nsentiments and criticisms by eminent living writers on the characteristic\npeculiarities of some of the most distinguished French authors of the age\nof Louis XIV. and subsequently, perhaps you will allow me to send you, from\ntime to time, \"notes\" or extracts from the criticisms alluded to, in case\nyou should be of opinion that they may be agreeable to some of your\nreaders, who may not be aware of the healthier and more Christian tone that\nnow pervades one, at least, of the most influential organs of public\nopinion in France. Let us begin with _La Rochefoucauld_, as recently\nreviewed in the _Journal des Debats_.\n\nJ. MACRAY.\n\nOxford.\n\n _\"La Rochefoucauld._\n\n \"Pourquoi La Rochefoucauld m'inspire-t-il une repugnance invincible?\n Pourquoi cette souffrance en le lisant? Ah! le voici, je crois. La\n morale de La Rochefoucauld c'est la morale Chretienne, moins, si je\n puis m'exprimer ainsi, le Christianisme lui-meme; c'est tout ce qui\n peut humilier et abattre le coeur dans la severe doctrine de\n l'Evangile, moins ce qui le releve; c'est toutes les illusions\n detruites sans les esperances qui remplacent les illusions. En un mot,\n dans le Christianisme La Rochefoucauld n'a pris que le dogme de la\n chute; il a laisse le dogme de la redemption. En faisant briller un\n cote du flambeau, celui qui desenchante l'homme de lui-meme, il eclipse\n l'autre, celui qui montre a l'homme dans le ciel sa force, son appui,\n et l'espoir d'une regeneration. La Rochefoucauld ne croit pas plus a la\n saintete qu'a la sagesse, pas plus a Dieu qu'a l'homme. Le penitent\n n'est pas moins vain a ses yeux que le philosophe. Partout l'orgueil,\n partout le _moi_, sous la haire du Trappiste, comme sous le manteau du\n cynique.\n\n \"La Rochefoucauld n'est Chretien que pour poursuivre notre pauvre coeur\n jusque dans ses derniers retranchemens; il n'est Chretien que pour\n verser son poison sur nos joies et sur nos reves les plus chers.... Que\n reste-t-il donc a l'homme? Pour les ames fortes, il ne reste rien qu'un\n froid et intrepide mepris de toutes choses, un sec et stoique\n contentement a envisager le neant absolu; pour les autres, le desespoir\n ou les jouissances brutales du plaisir comme derniere fin de la vie!\n\n \"Et voila ce que je deteste dans La Rochefoucauld! Cet ideal dont j'ai\n soif, il le detruit partout. Ce bien, ce beau, dont les faibles images\n me ravissent encore sous la forme imparfaite de nos vertus, de notre\n science, de notre sagesse humaine, il le reduit a un sec interet.\"--S.\n De Sacy, _Journal des Debats_, Janv. 28.\n\n * * * * *\n\nSHROPSHIRE BALLAD.\n\nYour correspondent B. H. C. (Vol. viii., p. 614.) gives, from recollection,\na Northamptonshire version of the old \"Ballad of Sir Hugh of Lincoln.\" It\nreminded me of a similar, though somewhat varied, version which I took\ndown, more than forty years ago, from the lips of a nurse-maid in\nShropshire. It may interest the author of _The Celt, the Roman, and the\nSaxon_, to know that it was recited in the place of his birth. Its\nresemblance to the ballad in Percy's _Reliques_ was my inducement to commit\nit to paper:\n\n It hails, it rains, in Merry-Cock land,\n It hails, it rains, both great and small,\n And all the little children in Merry-Cock land,\n They have need to play at ball.\n They toss'd the ball so high,\n They toss'd the ball so low,\n Amongst all the Jews' cattle\n And amongst the Jews below.\n Out came one of the Jews' daughters\n Dressed all in green.\n \"Come, my sweet Saluter,\n And fetch the ball again.\"\n \"I durst not come, I must not come,\n Unless all my little playfellows come along,\n For if my mother sees me at the gate,\n She'll cause my blood to fall.\"\n She show'd me an apple as green as grass,\n She show'd me a gay gold ring,\n She show'd me a cherry as red as blood,\n And so she entic'd me in.\n She took me in the parlour,\n She took me in the kitchen,\n And there I saw my own dear nurse\n A picking of a chicken.\n She laid me down to sleep,\n With a Bible at my head, and a Testament at my feet;\n And if my playfellows come to quere for me,\n Tell them I am asleep.\n\nS. P. Q.\n\n * * * * *\n\n{321}\n\n\"OF THE BENEFIT OF THE DEATH OF CHRIST,\" BY AONIO PALEARIO.\n\nThe total, or almost total, disappearance of books at one time largely\ncirculated, is a curious fact in the history of literature. One cause of it\nmay be found in the efforts made by the Church of Rome to suppress those\nworks which were supposed to contain unsound doctrine.\n\n \"Heretical books,\" says Mr. T. B. Macaulay, \"were sought out and\n destroyed with unsparing rigour. Works which were once in every house,\n were so effectually suppressed, that no copy of them is now to be found\n in the most extensive libraries. One book in particular, entitled _Of\n the Benefit of the Death of Christ_, had this fate. It was written in\n Tuscan, was many times reprinted, and was eagerly read in every part of\n Italy. But the inquisitors detected in it the Lutheran doctrine of\n justification by faith alone. _They proscribed it; and it is now as\n utterly lost as the second decade of Livy._\"\n\nThis book was published without a name. But the author was Aonio Paleario.\nIt was translated into various languages, as French, Spanish, English, and\npossibly others; and within six years after its first appearance, 40,000\ncopies are said to have been circulated.\n\nA few years ago I was fortunate enough to meet with a copy of the English\nversion, which was made from the French, not from the original. This copy\nwas printed in 1638, and was, according to the title-page, the fourth\n(English) edition. From it I edited the work, prefixing a short notice of\nthe author, and verifying the references to the Fathers. It was\nsubsequently retranslated into Italian, and has, I am informed, been much\nread in Italy. Some time after this publication, I became aware of the\nexistence of a copy (in private hands) of the apparently first English\nedition, bearing the date of 1573. This I was allowed to inspect: and I\nhope hereafter to put forth another edition, in which the text of this copy\nwill be followed, and two or three inaccuracies which had crept into the\nformer impression will be corrected.\n\nI was, however, ignorant that a single copy of the original Italian\nexisted; and all inquiry for it seemed to be vain. But one was near at\nhand, preserved with diligent care among the literary treasures of St.\nJohn's College, Cambridge, by the authorities there, who were well aware of\nits rarity and value. By their obliging permission, I was a few days ago\npermitted to examine it.\n\nIt is a small square 16mo., bound, in beautiful condition, measuring about\n4-1/4 inches by 3, and containing seventy-two pages. The following is the\ntitle-page:\n\n \"Trattato vtilissimo del beneficio di Giesv Christo crocifisso, verso i\n Christiani. Venetiis, Apud Bernardinum de Bindonis. Anno Do.\n M.D.XXXXIII.\"\n\nFrom the date, it seems to be the first edition.\n\nThere is an address\n\n \"Alli Lettori Christiani.\n\n \"Essendoci venuta alle mani un' opera delle piu pie e dotte, che a\n nostri tempi si siano fatte, il titolo della quale e, Del beneficio di\n Giesu Christo crocifisso verso i Christiani: ci e paruto a consolatione\n e utilita vostra darla [=i] istampa, e senza il nome dello scrittore,\n accioche piu la cosa vi muova, che l' autorita dell' autore.\"\n\nThis most curious volume has been for upwards of a century in the library\nof St. John's College, as the following printed notice, pasted within the\ncover, will show:\n\n \"In grati animi testificationem, ob plurima Humanitatis officia, a\n Collegio Divi Joannis Evangelistae apud Cantabrigienses multifariam\n collata, librum hunc inter alios lectissimos eidem collegio legavit\n Illustrissimus Vir, Dominicus Antonius Ferrari, J. U. D. Neapolitanus,\n 1744.\n\n \"Teste,\n \"J. CREYK.\"\n\nBut this is not all. The College is happy enough to possess a copy of the\nrare French translation of the same book. This is somewhat larger in size\nthan the original Italian, and consists of sixty-four leaves. It contains,\nas will be seen by the title-page, some additional matter:\n\n \"Dv benefice de Iesvs Christ crvcifie, envers les Chrestiens. Traduict\n de vulgaire Italien, en langage Francoys. Plus, Vne Traduction de la\n huytiesme Homelie de sainct Iean Chrysostome, De la femme Cananee: mise\n de Latin en Francoys. Venez a moy vous tous qui trauaillez et estes\n chargez, et ie vous soulageray, 1552.\"\n\nThere is an address by the French translator: \"Le traducteur a tous les\nChrestiens qui sont dessoubz le ciel, Salut;\" and at the end of the volume\nis a \"Traduction du Psalme xxxiv.\" The French version is said to have been\nfirst published in 1545. This therefore is not, it would seem, the earliest\nedition.\n\nThis volume also, it may be added, was given to the College by Ferrari.\n\nJ. AYRE.\n\nHampstead.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nMinor Notes.\n\n_Stone Chisels._--I saw recently an oviform stone implement which had been\nfound on the granite moors of North Cornwall, and apparently had been used\nas a pickaxe in mining. The following notice shows that such implements\nwere used by the ancient miners in the Lake Superior district:\n\n \"The explorers are now much aided by these guiding features, also by\n pits, which indicate where an ancient race--probably the Aztecs or\n Toltecs--have carried on their superficial operations on the veins.\n Some of those I saw were twenty or thirty feet deep, which {322} must\n have been the result of much labour, considering their tools--_the only\n trace of which we find in the shape of oviformed stones, with a groove\n round the centre for the purpose of securing a handle_, then to be used\n as a hammer to shatter the vein-stone after it probably had been\n reduced by the action of fire and water on the calcareous matter\n entering into its composition. In favour of this conjecture, quantities\n of charcoal have been found in the bottom of some of these pits, which\n are almost effaced by the accumulation of timber decayed and foliage of\n ages past.\"--From a letter in the _Mining Journal_, Jan. 7, 1854.\n\nS. R. PATTISON.\n\n_Acrostic._--I send you a very curious acrostic, copied from a monument in\nthe Church of St. Germans, Cornwall. You will perceive that it is in memory\nof \"Johannes Glanvill, Minister;\" and it is surmounted with the arms of\nthat ancient family:\n\n A. D. +-------------------------+ A. D.\n 1599. | | 1631.\n 24^{to} | ARMS. | 20^{mo}\n Novemb^r | | Octob^r\n natus est. +-------------------------+ denatus.\n\n I nditur in gelidum G regis hujus opilio bustu M,\n O mnibus irriguus L achrymis simul urbis et agr I.\n H ujus erit vivax A tque indelebile nome N,\n A rtibus et linguis N ecnon virtute probat I.\n N obis ille novae V atem (pro munere) legi S\n N aviter et graviter I ucunde et suaviter egi T.\n E rgo relanguenti L icet eluctetur ab or E\n S piritus; aeternum L ucebit totus ut aste R.\n\nW. D. F.\n\nWalton.\n\n_Simmels._--The Vienna correspondent of _The Times_, whose letter from\n\"Vienna, March 5th,\" appeared in that paper on Friday the 10th, mentions a\nViennese loaf, the name of which so strongly resembles the _simmel_ of our\nancestors as to deserve a Note:\n\n \"The Viennese witlings, who are much inclined to abuse the hyperbole,\n affirm that a magnifying glass will soon be requisite in order to\n discover the whereabouts of the _semmeln_, the little wheaten loaves\n for which Austria is famous.\"\n\nW. J. T.\n\n_Ogborne's History of Essex._--I lately fell in with (at a marine\nstore-shop in Somers Town) some scattered materials in Mrs. Ogborne's\nhandwriting for the above highly interesting but unfinished work. I have\nnot yet sorted them, but I perceive that the MSS. contain some information\nthat was never published, relating to Rochford Hundred, &c. The shopkeeper\nstated that she had used the greater part of Mrs. Ogborne's papers as\nwaste-paper, but I am not without hopes that she will find more. There is a\nletter from Mr. Leman of Bath, which is published in the work. I am aware\nthat Mr. Fossett has Mrs. Ogborne's MSS.; but those now in my possession\nare certainly interesting, and might be, to some future historian of Essex,\neven valuable. Should I discover anything worth inserting in \"N. & Q.\" on\nexamining the MSS. I will send it.\n\nG. I. S.\n\n_Fleas and Bugs._--Has the following explanation of an old saying ever been\nbrought forward, and is it satisfactory? When a person is sent off \"with a\nflea in his ear,\" the luckless applicant is peremptorily dismissed with an\nimperative \"flee,\" with the word \"flee\" sounding in his ear, or,\nfacetiously, \"with a _flea_ in his ear.\"\n\n_Apropos_ of proverbial domestic entomology, is there more than lies on the\nsurface in the elegant simile \"As snug as a bug in a rug?\" A rough variety\nof dog was termed a \"rug\" in Shakspeare's time; quartered on which, the\ninsect might find good entertainment--a plentiful board, as well as a snug\nlodging. It appears, however, that the name has not long been applied to\nthe _Cimex_, so that the saying may be of greater antiquity, and relate to\nbugbears.\n\nC. T.\n\n_Zeuxis and Parrhasius._--In the Preface to Mr. Grote's _History of\nGreece_, there occurs the following passage:\n\n \"If the reader blame me for not assisting him to determine this--if he\n ask me why I do not undraw the curtain, and disclose the picture?--I\n reply in the words of the painter Zeuxis, when the same question was\n addressed to him on exhibiting his master-piece of imitative art: 'The\n curtain _is_ the picture.'\"\n\nCompare this with Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ XXXV. 36. s. 3.; from which it\nappears that Parrhasius, not _Zeuxis_, painted the curtain.\n\nARCH. WEIR.\n\n_Cure for Hydrophobia._--A gentleman named Monsell, who lived at Kilrush in\nthe county Clare, possessed a cure for hydrophobia which was never known to\nfail. He required that the patient should be brought to him within nine\ndays from the time of being bitten, and his first proceeding was to cause\nthe person to look in a looking-glass or pail of water: if the patient bore\nthat trial without showing any uneasiness, he declared that there was no\ndoubt of his being able to effect a cure. He then retired to another room,\nleaving the patient alone for a short time; and when he returned, he\nbrought two bits of cheese which he said contained the remedy, and caused\nthe person to swallow them. He then desired that the patient should return\nhome, and for nine days frequently drink a few sips of water; and also take\nopportunities to look at water or a looking-glass, so as to accustom the\nnerves to be under control. I knew a case of a peasant girl, who was bitten\nby a mad dog, and who had to be brought to him tied on a car, whom he\ncured. The dog, before he was killed, bit several valuable dogs, all of\n{323} which had to be destroyed; he also bit two pigs, which, after showing\nmost frightful symptoms of hydrophobia, had to be shot and their flesh\nburned. Mr. Monsell always refused to declare what his remedy was, \"lest it\nmight be used for anything but a human being.\" It would appear that in a\ngreat measure he worked on the imagination of his patients: still some\nother means may have been used, and, as he has been dead some time, it is\nto be hoped he did not let his secret die with him. He never would take any\nremuneration from those he cured, or their friends. I never heard any\nperson in that part of the country express the least doubt of the efficacy\nof the remedy he used.\n\nFRANCIS ROBERT DAVIES.\n\n_The \"Fusion.\"_--Is it generally known that there exists, between the two\nbranches of the Bourbons, a much nearer relationship than that which arises\nfrom their common descent from Louis XIII.? The Duchess de Berri was niece\nto Louis-Philippe's queen: so that the Duc de Bordeaux and the Comte de\nParis are second cousins.\n\nE. H. A.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nQueries.\n\nLYRA'S COMMENTARY.\n\nI possess a copy of the _Textus biblie c[=u] Glossa ordinaria Nicolai de\nlyra postilla Pauli Brug[=e]sis Additi[=o]ibus Matthie Thoring Replicis_,\nin 6 volumes folio, printed at Basle in the years 1506-8. The binding is of\noak boards and calf leather, stamped with a very spirited design composed\nof foliated borders, surrounding, on the right cover, six impressions from\na die three inches high by one and three quarters wide, consisting of a\nnarrow border enclosing a human figure, who bears in his left hand a\nknotted staff as high as himself, while in the right he holds a bag or\nscrip containing many balls (perhaps stones or fruit), which hangs over his\nshoulder. Under the right arm he carries a sword, and on the wrist a wicker\nbasket. The lower limbs of this strange being are clad in loose garments,\nlike to a modern pair of trousers, with a large ragged hole on each knee.\nThe feet are not seen, as he is behind a fence composed of interlaced\nbranches of trees. To complete the picture, the head, which is much too\nlarge for the body, has no other covering but crisped hair.\n\nOn the left cover are four impressions of a die three inches high by two\nwide, on which are six animals whose kinds it is difficult to determine\nwith certainty; the two upper possibly may be horses, the middle a bird and\na monkey, the lower a lion and a dog. The animals are separated from each\nother by a running pattern composed of branches, leaves, and flowers, and\nare surrounded by a frame, on which is the following in black-letter:\n\n \"DEUS DET NOBIS SUAM PACEM\n ET POST MORTEM UITAM ETERNAM.\"\n\nThe clasps have engraven on them, in the same character,--\n\n \"LIB D[=N]S ET M[=GE]R JOANNIS VAM MERE.\"\n\nOn the title-page, slightly varied in each volume, is the following\ninscription, in a hand not much later than the publication of the book:\n\n \"Liber M. Joachimi Moller ex testamento M. Johan[=i]s vam mer optim et\n maximus deus illius anime misereatur. Amen.\"\n\nI shall be much obliged to any one who will explain to me the figures on\nthe cover, which, doubtless, have some legendary or symbolic meaning; and\nalso give me any notes or references concerning either of the former\npossessors of the book, both of whom have, I believe, enriched it with\nmanuscript notes.\n\nEDWARD PEACOCK.\n\nBottesford Moors, Messingham,\n\nKirton-in-Lindsey.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nMinor Queries.\n\n_Barristers' Gowns._--What is the meaning of the lapel, or piece which\nhangs from the back of the barristers' gown? Has it any particular name? In\nshape it is very similar to the representations we see in pictures of the\n\"cloven tongues.\" It is not improbable that it may be intended figuratively\nto bear reference to them.\n\nHENRY T. RILEY.\n\n\"_Charta Hen. 2. G. G. n. 2. q._\"--In Cowell's _Law Dictionary_ (ed. 1727),\nunder the word LUSGUL, I find the following reference: \"Charta Hen. 2.\nG. G. n. 2. q.\" I should be much obliged to any person who would suggest\nfor what \"G. G. n. 2. q.\" stands.\n\nK.\n\n_Albany Wallace._--Can any of your correspondents, familiar with the drama,\ntell me who this gentleman was? In 1827, there appeared _The Death of Mary\nQueen of Scots_, an historic drama in five acts, by A. W., Esq.: Worthing,\nprinted for the author by W. Verrall. His name occurs again on the\ntitle-page of _The Reigns of the Stuarts in England dramatised. The First\nPart of King James the First_, a play in five acts: London, printed by the\nauthor, at his private press, Queen Ann Street, 1835.\n\nI naturally turned up Mr. Martin's _Privately Printed Books_, but neither\nour dramatist nor his press is there alluded to. Touching the latter, Mr.\nWallace says in his preface,--\n\n \"A certain picture was said by a connoisseur to be 'very well painted\n for a _gentleman!_' a species of {324} negative praise which gave but\n little satisfaction to the artist. Should the amateur printer, however,\n meet with as much, he will be very well contented. All he can himself\n say for his work is 'that it is legible;' and his type being of a\n pretty tolerable rotundity, he does not think it will need an\n additional pair of spectacles to be made out.\"\n\nI am farther desirous of knowing if, in pursuance of his plan, Mr. Wallace\n_dramatised_ any more of the Stuarts?\n\nJ. D.\n\n_Leslie and Dr. Middleton._--In Dr. McNeile's _Lecture on the Jews and\nJudaism_, Feb. 14, 1854, the four rules given by Leslie as a test of\nhistorical truth are thus quoted:\n\n \"1. That the matter of fact be such that men's outward senses, their\n ears and eyes, may be judges of it.\n\n \"2. That it be done publicly, in the face of the world.\n\n \"3. That not only public monuments be kept in memory of it, but also\n that some outward actions be statedly performed.\n\n \"4. That such observances be instituted, and do commence, from the time\n at which such matter of fact is done.\n\n \"_It is said_ that Dr. Middleton endeavoured for twenty years to find\n out some pretended fact to which Mr. Leslie's four rules could be\n applied, but in vain.\"\n\n\"It is said.\" Where; when; by whom?\n\nH. B. C.\n\nU. U. Club.\n\n_Star and Garter, Kirkstall._--What is _now_ a large hotel, at Kirkstall\nBridge, near to Kirkstall Abbey in Yorkshire, was many years ago a mere\nvillage roadside hostel, under whose sign (the Star and Garter) was\ninscribed in Greek capitals \"[Greek: TO PREPON].\" How could such an\ninscription have got into such a place? Could it have been the suggestion\nof some \"learned clerke\" of the neighbouring monastery, as more suited to\nthe genius of the vicinity than the ordinary announcement of \"Good\nEntertainment for Man and Horse?\"\n\nJ. L. S., Sen.\n\n_Shrove Tuesday._--Happening to be at Newbury on Shrove Tuesday, I was\nstruck with the tolling of the church bell as for a death, and, on inquiry,\nwas informed that such was the custom of the place on this day. Does such a\ncustom exist anywhere else, and what is the origin of it?\n\nNEWBURIENSIS.\n\n\"_Tarbox for that._\"--On reading a book of funny stories some years ago in\nthe British Museum (a sort of _Joe Miller_ of Charles II.'s time), whenever\nany story was given that seemed \"too good to be true,\" the anecdote ended\nwith the words \"Tarbox for that.\" Am I right in suspecting that this is\nequivalent to the expression, \"Tell that to the marines,\" so well known in\nour day? \"Tarbox\" was probably a nickname for a bumpkin, or guardian of the\ntarbox, in which was kept the tar composition used for anointing sheep. Can\nanybody suggest another solution of the meaning of this expression?\n\nHENRY T. RILEY.\n\n_De Gurney Pedigree._--Can any of your readers inform me whether the\nfollowing pedigree is correct, so far as it goes?\n\n 1170. Robert Fitzhardinge = Eva.\n |\n -------------------------\n | |\n Maurice Robert = Hawisia de Gurney.\n |\n --------------------------------------\n | | |\n 1230. Maurice = Alice de Henry.[1] Matthew =\n Gaunt. |\n |\n -----------------------\n |\n 1269. Robert de Gurney.[2]\n\n\nWho was the father of Simon de Gaunt, Bishop of Salisbury in 1300?\n\nE. W. GODWIN.\n\n[Footnote 1: First Master of the Hospital of St. Mark in Bristol.]\n\n[Footnote 2: Heir to Maurice, his uncle.]\n\n\"[Greek: Pistis],\" _unde deriv._--Scapula and Hederic both give [Greek:\npeitho] as the root; but by what process is [Greek: pistis] so obtained?\nWhat objection is there to taking [Greek: histemi] as the root? whence\n[Greek: ephistamai, epistas, pistos]. No doubt one of your learned readers\nwill kindly aid the inquiry.\n\n[Psi].\n\n_Snush._--When did this name cease to be used for _snuff?_ I think I have\nmet with it as late as the reign of Queen Anne. I believe the Scotch call\nsnuff _snish_, or _snishen_.\n\nHENRY. T. RILEY.\n\n_John Bale, Bishop of Ossory._--A _complete_ list of the works of this\nvoluminous writer, giving the titles in full, will be thankfully\nacknowledged; also any facts as to his life, not generally known. There is\na very imperfect list of Bale's _Works_ given in Harris's _Ware's Bishops_,\nand most of the Biographical Dictionaries.\n\nJAMES GRAVES.\n\nKilkenny.\n\n_Proxies for absent Sponsors._--Can any of your readers mention earlier\ninstances than the following of the attendance of proxies on behalf of\nabsent sponsors?\n\n \"My daughter, Elizabeth Burrell, was born on Thursday, 25th June, 1696\n ... She was baptized on Monday, 15th February. My brother, P. Burrell\n (by Wm. Board, Esq.), Godfather, my Lady Gee (by my sister Parker), and\n my niece Jane Burrell, Godmothers.\"--\"Extracts from the Journal and\n Account-Book of Timothy Burrell, Esq., Barrister-at-Law of Ockenden\n House, Cuckfield\" (_Sussex Archaeological Collections_, vol. iii.\n p. 131.).\n\nE. M.\n\nHastings.\n\n{325}\n\n_Heraldic Query._--Names of the families bearing the following coats of\narms are requested:\n\n1. Ermine, on a chief sable, two griffins segreant combatant argent.\n_Crest_, a demylyon affrontee or.\n\n2. Azure, a bend or, between three spear-heads argent. _Crest_, an armed\narm, embowed, grasping a broken spear.\n\n3. Barry of six or and sable (with quarterings). _Crest_, on coil of rope a\ndog sable collared argent.\n\nE. D.\n\n_Christmas Ballad._--Perhaps some of your correspondents may be able to\nthrow some light upon the following verses, which are sung by the waits at\nChristmas in the neighbourhood of Falmouth:\n\n \"Twelve is twelve as goes to hell,\n Eleven is eleven as goes to heaven,\n Ten is the Ten Commandments,\n Nine is nine so bright to shine,\n Eight is the gable angels,\n Seven is the seven stars of the sky,\n And six is the six bold waiters,\n Five is the flamboys under the bough,\n And four is the Gospel preachers;\n Three of them is thrivers (shrivers?),\n Two of them is lilywhite babes, and clothed all in green oh!\n And One is One, and all alone, and ever more shall be so.\"\n\nThat the first line alludes to the fate of the twelfth apostle is evident.\nThe meaning of the second, third, sixth, ninth, and last lines, is also\napparent. The others I am quite at a loss to explain.\n\nC. M. G.\n\n_Hay-bread Recipe._--The Query of your correspondent G. D. (Vol. ix.,\np. 148.) has reminded me of a question which I wish to ask. By what\nchemical process may hay be converted into bread?\n\nE. W. J.\n\n_Te Deum._--We read frequently of this hymn being sung in the Russian\nChurch after victories. Can any of your correspondents inform me in what\nlanguage it is used in the Eastern Churches? It is, I believe, generally\nadmitted that it was originally composed in Latin for the use of the\nWestern Church; but if the Emperor Nicholas, in his famous manifesto (vide\nVol. viii., pp. 585. 655.), quotes from this hymn and not from the Psalms,\nthe one being quite as likely as the other, it would almost appear that the\nLatin version is the one with which he is the most familiar.\n\nHONORE DE MAREVILLE.\n\nGuernsey.\n\n_Mary Queen of Scots at Auchincas._--Auchincas is an interesting ruin on\nthe bank of the Evan in Dumfriesshire, the residence of Randolph, Earl of\nMurray, Regent of Scotland in 1329. I have heard tradition to the effect\nthat when Mary Queen of Scots was fleeing towards England, she paused to\nrest here. Can any of your readers confirm or contradict this tradition?\n\nAnd can any of them furnish farther particulars regarding the history of\nthe same castle, in addition to those given in the ordinary gazetteers, and\nin Black's _Guide to Moffat?_\n\nANNANDALE.\n\n_Right of Refuge in the Church Porch._--In one of J. H. Parker's _Parochial\nTales_, a custom is spoken of as existing at the present time in Norfolk,\nby which every parishioner has a right to make the church porch his\ntemporary home until he can find a lodging elsewhere. Is this a fact? In\nthe parish register of Flamstead, Herts, is an entry under the year 1578,\nof the burial of a child and its father, \"w^h bothe died in y^e church\nporche.\"\n\nCHEVERELLS.\n\n_Christopher Lemying of Burneston._--The undersigned would be obliged to\nany of the readers of \"N. & Q.\" who would furnish him with the names of the\nchildren and grandchildren of Christopher Lemying of Burneston, nigh\nLemying, in Richmondshire, com. York, who lived about A.D. 1600 and 1640?\nAnd also with any information concerning the births and deaths of the same?\nThe Heralds' Visitations for the seventeenth century would probably afford\nthe information, but the writer has no access to them at present.\n\nC. P. L.\n\n_Ralph Ashton the Commander._--Your answer to my inquiry relative to\n\"Isabella, the wife of Ralph the Commander\" (_Ashton_, Vol. ix., p. 272.),\ninduced me to refer to the work you quoted, Baines's _Lancashire_; but in\nthe list of her sons I did not find named one who is mentioned in the\nancient document I have spoken of, namely, \"_James_, the son of Isabel, the\nwife of Ralph the Commander.\" Did she survive her husband and marry a\nsecond time; and, if so, what was his name? I ask this because, probably,\nthat would be the name of the son here alluded to. A reply to this Query\nwould oblige[3]\n\nJAYTEE.\n\n[Footnote 3: We cannot discover that Elizabeth Kaye, the wife of Ralph the\nCommander, married the second time. See Burke's _Extinct Baronetcies_, pp.\n21. 285., ed. 1838.--ED.]\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nMinor Queries with Answers.\n\n_Roman Roads in England._--Whose is the best treatise on the Roman roads in\nEngland?\n\nPRESTONIENSIS.\n\n [Although the credit and fidelity of Richard of Cirencester have\n frequently been attacked, still, as {326} Gibbon remarks, \"he shows a\n genuine knowledge of antiquity very extraordinary for a monk of the\n fourteenth century.\" In 1809, an edition was published in London,\n entitled _The Description of Britain_, translated from Ricardus of\n Cirencester, with the original treatise _De Situ Britanniae_, with a\n map and a fac-simile of the MS., as well as a Commentary on the\n Itinerary. It has been reprinted in the _Six Old English Chronicles_ in\n Bohn's _Antiquarian Library_, but without the map. The Itinerary\n contains eighteen journeys, which Richard says he compiled from certain\n fragments written by a Roman general, and from Ptolemy and other\n authors. He mentions 176 stations, while Antoninus has only 113.]\n\n_Inscription on the Brass of Sir G. Felbrigge._--Can any of your numerous\ncorrespondents afford me an explanation of the following fragment of an\ninscription from the brass of Sir George Felbrigge, Playford, Suffolk? Each\nword is separated by the letter [Old English M], and a demi-rose conjoined.\nThe part enclosed in brackets is now lost, but was remaining in Gough's\ntime:\n\n \"Funda de per a dieu loange et dieu pur lalme de lui al [dieu quil est\n pete ei(t) ceste].\"\n\nThis is the order in which the words now stand; but as they are quite\nunintelligible, and the fillet shows evident signs of having been broken in\nseveral places, we may reasonably suppose that they were misplaced when the\nbrass was moved from its original slab. The principal word, about which I\nam in difficulty, is _pete_. Can it be the same as \"pitie?\" If so, I\nventure to suggest the following explanation, till some one may offer me a\nbetter:\n\n \"... _fils_ de pere _qui_ funda ceste _place_, a dieu est loange et\n qu'il eit pitie, _priez_ pur l'alme de lui a dieu.\"\n\nThe words printed in Italics are supplied to complete the sense.\n\nF. G.\n\n [Perhaps the following words in Italics may be supplied for those\n obliterated: \"Ceste _Chaunterie estait_ fonde de part _de George\n Felbrigge, Ch^r._ A Dieu _soit_ loange _et gloire_ ... priez pur l'asme\n de lui a Dieu quil eit pite ...\"\n\n The following notice of the destruction of this beautiful brass is\n given in Davy's Suffolk Collections, Add. MSS. 19,086. p. 342.: \"The\n brass in memory of Sir George Felbrigge, which had for a long time been\n covered by the pews, was three or four years ago, in consequence of\n some repairs, uncovered, when the incumbent and his curate had it torn\n from the stone, and it was for some time lying in pieces at the mercy\n of any pilferer. Mr. Albert Way, the Director of the Society of\n Antiquaries in Feb. 1844, wrote to me, to ask what was become of the\n figure; and, in consequence, as I had not an opportunity of visiting\n the church myself, I wrote to Mr. Arthur Biddell for information; and\n the following is a copy of his answer, dated Feb. 23, 1844:\n 'Felbrigge's monument was removed, much against my wishes, from its\n former place in the N. E. corner of the church to the chancel under the\n communion table, where it is fixed; forming part of the pavement. The\n broken pieces of brass are again fixed in the stone; but so many of the\n pieces were long ago lost, and I think those which were lately\n separated from the stone are not placed in their original position: so,\n except the figure, there is little remains to convey an idea of the\n ornamental and beautiful work by which the figure was surrounded.'\"]\n\n_Skipwith._--\n\n \"'Here lyeth the body of William Skipwith, Baronet, who deceased the\n 25th of February, 1764, aged fifty-six years. He descended from Sir\n Henry Skipwith of Prestwould, in Leicestershire, created baronet by\n King James I., was honoured with King Charles I.'s commission for\n raising men against the usurping powers, and proved loyal to his king,\n so that he was deprived of his estate by the usurper, which occasioned\n his and his sons' death, except Sir Gray Skipwith, grandfather of the\n abovesaid Sir William Skipwith, who was obliged to come to Virginia for\n refuge, where the family hath continued ever since.'\n\n \"Inscription copied from tombstone of Sir William, who lies buried at\n Greencroft, near Petersburg, Virginia.\"--See _South. Messenger_, vol.\n ix. p. 591.\n\nI should be obliged for information as to Sir Henry.\n\nT. BALCH.\n\nPhiladelphia.\n\n [Sir Henry Skipwith was created a baronet Dec. 20, 1622, and in 1629\n obtained, jointly with Sir Thomas Walsingham, Knt., a grant of lands in\n the counties of Leicester, Derby, &c.; in 1631 a grant of free-warren\n for his lands in Leicestershire; in 1636 was high sheriff for the\n county; and in 1637 certain amerciaments against him on account of that\n office, which had been returned into the Court of Chancery, were\n certified to the Court of Exchequer. Heartily espousing the cause of\n Charles I., he was one of the Commissioners of Array for this county,\n and on May 28, 1645, had the honour of entertaining his sovereign at\n Cotes, after which he was fined 1114l. by the parliamentary\n sequestrators. He was the last of the family who resided at Cotes; and\n amongst his poems is \"An Elegy on the Death of my never enough lamented\n master, King Charles I.\" The others are chiefly of a melancholy turn.\n Sir Henry, his second son, died soon after his father, unmarried;\n whereupon his title and estate went to his next brother Sir Gray, who,\n after the death of the king, went with several other gentlemen, to\n avoid the usurpation, over to Virginia, and there married, and left one\n son.--Nichols's _Leicestershire_, vol. iii. p. 367., which also\n contains a pedigree of the family. Consult also Lloyd's _Worthies_,\n p. 649.]\n\n_College Battel._--What is the derivation of a word peculiar to the\nuniversities, _battels_: is it connected with _batten?_\n\nS. A.\n\n [In Todd's _Johnson_ we read, \"BATTEL, from Sax. [taelan] or [tellan],\n to count, or reckon, having the prefix _be_. The account of the\n expenses of a student in {327} any college in Oxford.\" In the _Gent.\n Mag._ for Aug. 1792, p. 716., a correspondent offers the following\n probable etymology: \"It is probably derived from the German _bezahlen_;\n in Low German and Dutch _bettahlen_; in Welsh _talz_; which signifies\n to pay; whence may be derived likewise the English verb _to tale_, and\n the noun a _tale_, or _score_, if not the corrupted expressions _to\n tell_ or _number_, and _to tally_ or _agree_.\"]\n\n_Origin of Clubs._--Can any of your correspondents inform me from whence\nthe cognomen of \"club\" came to be applied to select companies, and which\nwas the first society that bore that title?\n\nF. R. B.\n\n [Club is defined by Johnson to be \"an assembly of good fellows, meeting\n under certain conditions.\" The present system of clubs may be traced in\n its progressive steps from those small associations, meeting (as clubs\n of a lower grade still do) at a house of public entertainment; then we\n come to a time when the club took exclusive possession of the house,\n and strangers could be only introduced, under regulations, by the\n members; in the third stage, the clubs build houses, or rather palaces,\n for themselves. The club at the Mermaid Tavern in Friday Street was,\n according to all accounts, the first select company established, and\n owed its origin to Sir Walter Raleigh, who had here instituted a\n meeting of men of wit and genius, previously to his engagement with the\n unfortunate Cobham. This society comprised all that the age held most\n distinguished for learning and talent, numbering amongst its members\n Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, Beaumont and Fletcher, Selden, Sir Walter\n Raleigh, Donne, Cotton, Carew, Martin, and many others. There it was\n that the \"wit-combats\" took place between Shakspeare and Ben Johson, to\n which, probably, Beaumont alludes with so much affection in his letter\n to the old poet, written from the country:\n\n \"What things have we seen\n Done at the Mermaid! heard words that have been\n So nimble and so full of subtle flame,\n As if that every one from whom they came\n Had meant to put his whole wit in a jest.\"\n\n Ben Jonson had another club, of which he appears to have been the\n founder, held in a room of the old Devil Tavern, distinguished by the\n name of the \"Apollo.\" It stood between the Temple Gates and Temple Bar.\n It was for this Club that Jonson wrote the \"Leges Convivales,\" printed\n among his works.]\n\n_Royal Arms in Churches._--When were the Royal Arms first put up in\nchurches?\n\nAre churchwardens compelled to place them over the chancel arch, or in any\npart of the building over which their jurisdiction extends?\n\nIn a church without an heraldic coat of Royal Arms, can a churchwarden, or\nthe incumbent _refuse_ legally to put up such a decoration, it being the\ngift of a parishioner?\n\nAZURE.\n\n [For replies to AZURE'S first Query, see our Sixth Volume _passim_. The\n articles at pp. 227. and 248. of the same volume incidentally notice\n his other queries.]\n\n_Odd Fellows._--What is the origin of Odd Fellowship? What gave rise to the\ntitle of Odd Fellows? Are there any books published on the subject, and\nwhere are they to be had? Is there any published record of the origin and\nprogress of the Manchester Unity?\n\nC. F. A. W.\n\n [Our correspondent should consult _The Odd Fellows Magazine_, New\n Series, published Quarterly by order of the Grand Master and Board of\n Directors of the Manchester Unity of the Independent Order of Odd\n Fellows. We have only seen vols. i. to vii., which appeared between\n 1828 and 1842. Perhaps some of our readers may wish to know what is an\n Odd Fellow. Take the following description of one as given in vol. iv.\n p. 287.: \"He is like a fox for cunning; a dove for tameness; a lamb for\n innocence; a lion for boldness; a bee for industry; and a sheep for\n usefulness. This is an Odd Fellow according to Odd Fellowship.\"]\n\n_Governor-General of India._--Will some of your learned readers be good\nenough to inform me upon what authority the present Governor-General of\nIndia is styled, in all official notices, \"The Most Noble?\" I have always\nunderstood the style of a Marquis to be \"Most Honorable.\"\n\nNOVICE.\n\n [Official notices from public departments are frequently incorrect in\n reference to the styles of persons. The style of a Marquis is only\n _Most Honorable_, that of Duke _Most Noble_.]\n\n_Precedence._--Supposing an earl's daughter marries a commoner, do her\nchildren by him take precedence as the earl's grandchildren?\n\nSNOB.\n\n [The children take only the precedence derived from their _paternal_\n status.]\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nReplies.\n\nMARMORTINTO, OR SAND-PAINTING.\n\n(Vol. ix., p. 217.)\n\nMr. Haas, a native of Bibrach, in Germany, was accustomed to lay claim to\nthe invention of sand-painting; and would often with a little pride repeat\nto his friends the way in which it was first suggested to his mind. Simply\nthis:--Once, while he was engaged ornamenting a plateau with an elaborate\nand rich design, King George III. entered the apartment; and after having\nregarded the design and _modum operandi_ for some considerable time in\nsilence, exclaimed, in an impatient manner, as if vexed that so much beauty\nshould be so short-lived: \"Haas! Haas! you ought to fasten it.\" From that\nmoment, the artist turned his ingenuity to the subject: and how\nsuccessfully, his pictures show.\n\nThe remarks of F. C. H. as to the mode of painting are quite correct. The\nfixing of the {328} sand was the last operation, inasmuch as I have heard\nof the artist's wrath visiting a poor pussy because she had shaken a\npicture, and thereby disturbed the sand not yet fixed. The secret died with\nhim and a friend, a contemporaneous artist, to whom I believe he had\ncommunicated the secret; this friend's name I do not know. Mr. Haas painted\nlandscapes, the friend painted cattle pieces. I have in my possession some\nof Mr. Haas' work. It is beautifully soft and quiet. The foliage is fine in\nthe extreme, withal a rich depth of colouring. The Welsh scenery he felt\nmost at home in, he threw into it a spirit of repose: while it was bold,\nthere was nothing harsh or offensive to the eye. I have tried many\nexperiments with one of this pictures: amongst other things, I find the\nleast moisture will remove the sand. Mr. Haas had a gallery in London for\nsome time (I believe in Regent Street), where there were portraits done in\nsand. A portrait of himself was considered the gem of the pictures: such a\nvitality and delicacy of colouring did it possess. I mention this merely to\nshow that sand could be applied to other branches of art besides\nlandscapes. The history of the pictures at Windsor Castle is to be seen in\none of the old _Windsor Guides_. Mr. Hans died at Bibrach, where doubtless\nmany of his pictures are.\n\nSand-paintings cannot last long; they have in themselves the element of\ntheir own destruction, \"their rough surface,\" which very soon collects and\nretains the dust. I never heard of their being cleaned.\n\nJOHN MUMMERY.\n\nQueenwood College, Stockbridge, Hants.\n\n * * * * *\n\nO'BRIEN OF THOSMOND.\n\n(Vol. ix., p. 125.)\n\nIn corroboration of my former suggestion, that Nicholas Thosmound of\nSomersetshire was an O'Brien of Thomond, I beg to add some farther facts.\nCotemporary with him was William Toutmound, who obtained in the sixth year\nof Henry IV. a grant of the office (in England) of chief carpenter of the\nking for his life. This singular office, \"Capitalis Carpentarius Regis,\"\nmust, I suppose, be called Lord High Carpenter of England, in analogy with\nthe offices of steward, butler, &c. It is mentioned in the _Calendar of\nPatent Rolls of England_ at the 6 Henry IV.; and in the same repository is\nmention of a grant long before by Henry III. of the land of Tosmond in\nIreland, to A. R. Tosmond (R standing, I presume, for \"Regi,\" for the Irish\nToparchs were then thus designated by the English government). In this case\nthen we have the letter _s_ used for _t_, as in the _Inq. P. M._ of Alicia,\nwife of the before-mentioned Nicholas Thosmound. In the _Abbreviatio\nRotulorum Originalium of England_, in 15 Edw. II., is the expression\n\"Regalitatem de Totamon,\" applied to the district of Thomond in Ireland. It\nseems not unlikely that the two cotemporary individuals mentioned above\nwere sons or grandsons of Turloch, or Tirrelagh, O'Brien, sovereign of\nThomond from 1367 to 1370, when he was supplanted by his nephew Brien\nO'Brien, ancestor of the Marquis of Thomond. For this Turloch was in some\nfavour with the government, by whom his distress was sometimes relieved.\nThus it appears from the printed calendar of Irish Chancery Rolls, that a\nwrit of _liberate_ issued in the 4th Rich. II. for the payment to him of\nforty marks; and again, 5 Rich. II., of twenty marks, \"ei concord. [p=]\nrecompens. labor.\" He was much befriended by the Earl of Desmond, whose\nsuccessor being high in favour with the kings Henry V. and VI., obtained a\nlarge grant of land in the county of Waterford, which he immediately\nconferred on the sons of Turloch. Yet some of those sons may, through his\ninterest, have been established in England. It becomes, therefore, a matter\nof considerable interest to ascertain whether the _Inq. P. M._ 2 Henry IV.\ncontains any proof that Nicholas Thosmound was an O'Brien.\n\nWhile on this subject, may I inquire the reason why the O'Briens quarter\nwith their own arms the bearing of three piles meeting in a point? These\nlatter were the arms of the English baronial family of Bryan, not at all\nconnected with the Irish family. I suspect the Irish were late in their\nassumption of arms, and borrowed in many cases the arms of English families\nof nearly similar names.\n\nA. B.\n\n * * * * *\n\nCORONATION STONE.\n\n(Vol. ix., p. 123.)\n\nPossibly the following authorities may tend to throw light upon the\nquestion started by your correspondent.\n\nIn _Ant. Univ. Hist._, vol. xvii. p. 287., 4to. ed., London, 1747, it is\nsaid:\n\n \"St. Austin tells us that some of the Carthaginian divinities had the\n name of Abaddires, and their priests that of Eucaddires. This class, in\n all probability, was derived from the stone which Jacob anointed with\n oil, after it had served him for a pillow the night he had his vision;\n for in the morning he called the place where he lay Bethel. Now it is\n no wonder this should have been esteemed as sacred, since God himself\n says, he was the GOD OF BETHEL, the place where Jacob anointed the\n pillar. From Bethel came the baetylus of Damascius, which we find\n called Abaddir by Priscian. This Abaddir is the Phoenician Aban-dir,\n that is, the spherical stone, exactly answering to the description of\n the baetylus given us by Damascius and others. The case seems to have\n been this; the Canaanites of the neighbourhood first worshipped the\n individual stone itself, upon which Jacob had poured {329} oil;\n afterwards they consecrated others of that form, and worshipped them;\n which false worship was perpetuated even to the time of St.\n Austin.\"--See note (N), _Ant. Univ. Hist._, vol. i. p. 310.\n\nNow if such stones were an object of worship among the Phoenicians, nothing\nis more probable than that they should take such a stone along with them in\ntheir migrations to new settlements; and it may therefore well be that the\nPhoenicians, who first settled in Ireland, did bring such a stone with\nthem; and hence possibly the tradition in question may have originated.\n\nThere is abundant evidence that the Phoenicians fled from Palestine in very\nearly times (_Ant. Univ. Hist._, vol. iii. p. 479.), and probably some of\nthe Jews also about the time when Samaria was taken; and there can be no\ndoubt that some Phoenicians, if not some Jews, settled in these islands at\na very remote period; and it is a very remarkable fact that the Welsh\nspoken in North Wales is said to be nearer to the old Hebrew than any other\nexisting language, and varying no more from it than the great length of\ntime which has passed would lead any one to expect. (_Ant. Univ. Hist._,\nvol. vi. p. 31. note.)\n\nIt should seem that some at least of the baetyli were round, and of such a\nsize that they might be carried about by their votaries either by hanging\nat the neck or in some other way (_Ant. Univ. Hist._, vol. xvii. p. 287.\n_x._). But probably they were originally in the shape of a pillow. In Gen.\nxxviii. 18., it is said that Jacob \"took the stone that he had put for his\npillow, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil upon the top of it;\"\nfrom which it is plain that the stone was not a sphere, but oblong and flat\nat the top and bottom; and probably not with square edges, as that would be\nmost uncomfortable to lay the head upon.[4]\n\nS. G. C.\n\n[Footnote 4: Query whether from these baetyli our ancestors derived the\nword _beetle_, which denotes a wooden maul or hammer for driving wedges.\nIts head is about a foot long, flat at each end, and the rest round; so\nthat it nearly resembles a pillow in shape, and the head, together with its\nhandle, would well resemble a stone of similar shape suspended by a cord in\nthe middle. Bailey derives the word in this sense, and as denoting the\ninsect, from Sax. [Bytel]. If a handle was ever put in a baetylus, which\nwas of the form I have suggested, it would form an excellent instrument for\ndriving wedges or the like.]\n\nThirty years ago, the coronation stone in Westminster Abbey stood under a\nvery old chair; and was a bluish irregular block of stone, similar both in\ncolour and shape to stepping-stones in the shallow rivers of the north of\nEngland. It is _now_ a very nice hewn block, nicely fitted into the frame\nunder the seat of a renovated chair. It does not look at all like the old\nstone of former days. Is the geological formation of the present block very\ndifficult to ascertain?\n\nH. R. NEE F.\n\n * * * * *\n\nPOLYGAMY.\n\n(Vol. ix., p. 246.)\n\nIn answer to the various Queries of _Stylites_ I have to observe:\n\n1. That the Jews do not at present, in any country, practise polygamy, it\nbeing contrary, not to the letter, but to the spirit of the law of Moses,\nwhich nevertheless provides for cases where a man has two wives at the same\ntime; the inconvenience of which practice is several times pointed out, and\nwhich was also inconsistent with the Levirate law. (See Jahn, s. 151.; and\nthe Mishna, [Hebrew: SDR NSHYM], which designates more wives than one\n[Hebrew: TSRWT], _trouble, adversaries_.)\n\n2. The practice was, however, allowed expressly to the Jewish kings only,\nperhaps to the extent of _four_ wives, which is the Rabbinic exposition,\nand coincides with the Koran.\n\n3. Marriage being a civil contract in most heathen countries, as also\namongst the Jews and early Christians, polygamy is not forbidden or allowed\non religious grounds. Marriage was included under the general head of\ncovenants, [Hebrew: KTWBWT], in the Mishna. Barbarous nations generally\npractised polygamy, according to Tacitus (_Germ._ 18.); excepting the\nGermans, who, like the Greeks and Romans, \"were content with a single\nwife,\" although some exceptions were found in this respect, _non libidine,\nsed ob nobilitatem_.\n\n4. Polygamy was not practised amongst the early Christians, who followed\nthe Jews in this matter.\n\n5. Clement of Alexandria (_Stromata_, lib. iii. p. 461., edit. 1629) says:\n\n \"[Greek: All' ho autos aner kai Kurios, palaia kainizon, ou polugamian\n eti sunchorei; tote gar apetei ho Theos, hote auxanesthai kai\n plethunein echren; monogamian de eisagei, dia paidopoiian, kai ten tou\n oikou kedemonian, eis en boethos edothe he gune].\"\n\nWhence it appears that to have progeny and a helpmate at home were the\nobjects proposed in matrimony, for which polygamy was unfavorable. He then\nremarks on the privilege conceded to some to form a second marriage, after\nthe death of the first wife, which St. Paul forbids to a bishop, who was to\nbe, in the _modern_ sense of the word, a monogamist. Two wives at the same\ntime were wholly repugnant to Jewish, as well as Greek and Roman,\nsentiment. Ignatius (_ad Polyc. 5._) says it is _proper_ ([Greek: prepei])\nfor married persons to unite under the bishop's advice, so that the\nmarriage may be [Greek: kata Theon] and not [Greek: kat' epithumian];\nwhence it is inferred that a marriage was {330} valid in his time, although\nno religious sanction was obtained.\n\nIt appears from Our Lord's remarks, Matt. xix. 8., Mark x. 5., that the\nconsuetudinary law of marriage was not wholly abrogated, but was\naccommodated to the Jews by the Mosaic code. To understand this subject,\ntherefore, the ancient usages and existing practices must be weighed, as\nwell from ancient authors as from modern travellers. Whence it appears that\nthe contract of marriage, whereby a man received a wife in consideration of\na certain sum of money paid to her father, contemplated progeny as its\nspecial object.[5] In default of an heir the Jew took a second wife, it\nbeing assumed that the physical defect was on the wife's part. If the\nsecond had no child he took a third, and in like default a fourth, which\nwas the limit as understood by the rabbins, and is now the limit assigned\nby the Mahometan doctors. But the Mosaic law proceeded even beyond this,\nand allowed, on the husband's death, the right of _Iboom_, usually called\nthe Levirate law, so that in case of there being _no_ child, some _one_ of\nthe deceased's brothers had a right to take some _one_ of the deceased's\nwives: and their progeny was deemed by the Mosaic code to be his deceased\nbrother's, whose property indeed devolved in the line of such progeniture.\nIt would appear that it was usual for the eldest brothers to marry, the\nyounger brothers remaining single. This was a remnant, as modified by\nMoses, of the custom of polyandry, several brothers taking one wife,--a\nsort of necessary result of polygamy, since the number of males and females\nborn is equal in all countries, within certain limits of variation. The\nbest authorities on this subject are the Mishna, Selden, Du Halde, Niebuhr,\nSuesmilch, and Michaelis, the last in Dr. Smith's translation, at the\nbeginning of the 2nd volume.\n\nT. J. BUCKTON.\n\nLichfield.\n\n[Footnote 5: In the recent ceremony of the French emperor's marriage, money\nwas presented to the bride.]\n\nSTYLITES says, \"On what ground has polygamy become forbidden among\nChristians? I am not aware that it is directly forbidden by Scripture.\" In\nreply to this I venture to say, that the Divine will on this matter was\nsufficiently indicated at the creation, when one woman was appointed for\none man, as expressed in Gen. ii. 24., and quoted by Our Lord, with the\nsignificant addition of the word _twain_: \"They twain shall be one flesh\"\n(Matt. xix. 5.). _Twain_, i.e. two; not twenty, nor any indefinite number.\nMoreover, the law of nature speaks, in the nearly equal numbers of men and\nwomen that are born, or, as in this parish, by making the men the more\nnumerous.\n\nBut STYLITES starts a most interesting question in a practical point of\nview. It is admitted that the Gospel is not very explicit respecting\npolygamy; and why so? Possibly the Gospel was purposely kept silent; and\nthe Church allowed some latitude in judgment upon a very difficult point,\nbecause it was foreseen that the custom of polygamy would prove one of the\ngreatest obstacles to a reception of pure Christianity. This difficulty is\nof constant occurrence in heathen lands at the present day. The Christian\nmissionary insists upon the convert abandoning all his wives, except the\none whom he first married. This woman was probably childless; and because\nshe was so, he formed other and _legal_ connexions. But before he can be\nreceived as a Christian, he must dissolve all these later ties, and\nbastardise children who were innocently born in lawful wedlock. The\nconditions are very awful. An act of cruelty and injustice has to be\nperformed by one who is on the point of entering the threshold of\nChristianity!\n\nPerhaps these considerations may serve to account for the comparative\nsilence of the Gospel upon a subject which seemed to require the expression\nof a direct command, whilst they will in no way obscure its\nuniversally-admitted meaning.\n\nALFRED GATTY.\n\nEcclesfield.\n\n * * * * *\n\nPOETICAL TAVERN SIGNS.\n\n(Vol. ix., p. 58.)\n\nThe subjoined lines address themselves to the traveller, as he looks on the\nsign of \"The Rodney's Pillar\" inn at Criggirn, a hamlet on the borders of\nMontgomeryshire and this county:\n\n \"Under these trees, in sunny weather,\n Just try a cup of ale, however;\n And if in tempest or in storm,\n A couple then to make you warm;\n But when the day is very cold,\n Then taste a mug a twelvemonth old.\"\n\n _Reverse side._\n\n \"Rest, and regale yourself: 'tis pleasant.\n Enough is all the prudent need.\n That's the due of the hardy peasant,\n Who toils all sorts of men to feed.\n\n \"Then 'muzzle not the ox when he treads out corn,'\n Nor grudge honest labour its pipe and its horn.\"\n\nG. H. BILLINGTON.\n\nThe following, although not a _tavern_ sign, may be worth preserving. I saw\nit under a painting of an ox, which adorned a butcher's shop at Ischl, in\nUpper Austria, A.D. 1835:\n\n \"Der Ochs besteht aus Fleisch und Bein zum laufen,\n Darum kann ich das Fleisch nicht ohne Bein verkaufen.\"\n\nJ. C. R.\n\n{331}\n\nIn the parlour of the \"Three Pigeons,\" Brentford, is an old painting, dated\n1704, representing a landlord attending to his guests seated at a table in\nthe open air, with these lines above:\n\n \"Wee are new beginners,\n And thrive wee would faine;\n I am Honest Ralf of Reading,\n My wife Susand to name.\"\n\nWright, in his _Historia Histronica_, 1699, tells us that--\n\n \"Lowin (one of the original actors in Shakspeare's plays), in his\n latter days, kept an inn, the 'Three Pigeons,' at Brentford, where he\n died very old.\"\n\nAt the \"Old Parr's Head,\" Aldersgate Street, was, in 1825, a sign of an\nancient gentleman, with these lines under:\n\n \"Your head cool,\n Your feet warm;\n But a glass of good gin\n Would do you no harm.\"\n\nThe author of _Tavern Anecdotes_, 12mo., 1825, records the following:\n\n _\"Rhyming Host at Stratford._\n\n At the Swan Tavern, kept by Lound,\n The best accommodation's found--\n Wine, spirits, porter, bottled beer,\n You'll find in high perfection here.\n If, in the garden with your lass,\n You feel inclin'd to take a glass,\n There tea and coffee, of the best,\n Provided is for every guest;\n And, females not to drive from hence,\n His charge is only fifteen pence.\n Or, if dispos'd a pipe to smoke,\n To sing a song, or crack a joke,\n You may repair across the green,\n Where nought is heard, tho' much is seen:\n There laugh, and drink, and smoke away,\n And but a mod'rate reck'ning pay,--\n Which is a most important object,\n To every loyal British subject.\n\n In short,\n The best accommodation's found,\n By those who deign to visit Lound.\"\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT.\n\n1. At a public-house near Cambridge, known to the natives of Cambridgeshire\nas \"Tew-Pot House,\" formerly kept by one Cooper, there used to be, I cannot\nsay decidedly is, as I have not passed the place for ten years and more,\nthe following:\n\n \"Rest, traveller, rest; lo! Cooper's hand\n Obedient brings two pots at thy command.\n Rest, traveller, rest, and banish thoughts of care.\n Drink to thy friends, and recommend them here.\"\n\n2. The Robin Hood inscription is found, with a very little variation, in\nfront of a public-house at Cherryhinton, at the corner of the road to\nFulbourn, in this county.\n\n3. Who can forget the suggestion by Walter Scott, of\n\n \"Drink, weary traveller, drink and _pay_,\"\n\nas a motto for the public-house at Flodden? (See Lockhart's _Life of\nScott_, cap. xxv.)\n\nI remember seeing the following in the parlour of a house at Rancton, I\nbelieve in Norfolk:\n\n \"More beer score clerk\n For my my his\n Do trust pay sent\n I I must have\n Shall if I brewer\n What and and my.\"[6]\n\nP. J. F. GANTILLON.\n\n[Footnote 6: Begin with the bottom word of the right-hand column and read\nupwards, treating the other columns in a similar way.]\n\nIn Deansgate, Manchester, under an artistic representation of Llangollen\nCastle, is the following:\n\n \"Near the above place, in a vault,\n There is such liquor fixed,\n You'll say that water, hops, and malt\n Were never better mixed.\"\n\nAs a parallel to the case cited by NEWBURIENSIS, I may mention the sign of\nthe \"BROWN COW,\" near the village of Glodwick, Oldham:\n\n \"This cow gives such liquor,\n 'Twould puzzle a viccar\" [_sic_].\n\nJOHN SCRIBE.\n\nThe following verse from the sign-board of the Bull Inn at Buckland near\nDover, may not be an uninteresting addition to your list of poetical tavern\nsigns.\n\n \"The bull is tame, so fear him not,\n All the while you pay your shot;\n When money's gone, and credit's bad,\n It's that which makes the bull run mad!\"\n\nFRAS. BRENT.\n\nSandgate.\n\nAt the Red Lion, Stretton, near Warmington:\n\n \"The Lion is strong, the Cat is vicous[_sic_],\n My ale is good, and so is my liquors.\"\n\nE. P. PALING.\n\nFebruary 20, 1854.\n\nAt Swainsthorpe, a village five miles from Norwich, on the road to Ipswich,\nis a public-house known as the \"Dun Cow.\" Under the portrait of the cow, in\nformer days, stood the following couplet:\n\n \"Walk in, gentlemen; I trust you'll find\n The dun cow's milk is to your mind.\"\n\n{332} Whether it still remains I know not, as many years have gone by since\nI passed that way.\n\nT. B. B. H.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\"BEHEMOTH.\"\n\n(Vol. ix., p. 77.)\n\nHobbes's _Behemoth_ forms the eighth tract in the collection relating to\nthe civil wars by the Baron Maseres (1815), and occupies nearly 200 pages.\nThe Baron, in his Preface (pp. lxxviii., lxxix.) gives the following\ncharacter of the work:\n\n \"It is written in a very clear and lively style, and contains a great\n deal of curious historical matter concerning the rise and gradual\n increase of the Pope's power over temporal princes: the prohibition of\n marriage in secular priests; the doctrine of transubstantiation; the\n institution of auricular confession to a priest; the institution of\n Orders of preaching friars; and the institution of Universities and\n Schools of Disputation; (all which institutions, he observes, had a\n tendency to increase the power of the Pope, and were made for that\n purpose,) which is set forth in pp. 467, 468., &c., to p. 472. And much\n other interesting matter, concerning the sentiments of the Presbyterian\n ministers, the Papists, the Independents, and other sectaries. The\n pretensions made by them to Spiritual Power, and the nature of heresies\n and the history of them, is clearly and justly described in another\n part of it; over and above the narration of the several events of the\n civil war itself, which I believe to be faithful and exact in point of\n fact, though with a different judgment of Mr. Hobbes as to the moral\n merit of the persons concerned in producing them, from that which, I\n presume, will be formed by many of the readers of this history at this\n day; which difference of judgment between Mr. Hobbes and the present\n readers of this work, will be a necessary consequence, from Mr.\n Hobbes's having entertained two very important opinions concerning the\n nature of civil government in general, and of the monarchical\n government of England in particular, which in the present age are\n thought, by almost every Englishman who has paid any attention to the\n subject, to be exceedingly erroneous.\"\n\nSubjoined to his reprint of this tract, the Baron has appended remarks on\nsome particular passages therein, which appeared to him to contain\nerroneous opinions.\n\nC. H. COOPER.\n\nCambridge.\n\n * * * * *\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.\n\n_Photographic Slides for the Magic Lantern._--Might not the collodion\nprocess be applied very usefully in the preparation of slides for the magic\nlantern?\n\nGood slides are always expensive, owing, in great measure, to the accuracy\nrequired, where every defect will be magnified some hundred times.\n\nI would suggest that a photographic picture should be taken on the glass\nplate, and then varnished. The painter should then apply his colours to the\n_opposite_ side of the glass, using the photographic image as his outline.\nThe colours would then be burnt in, and the varnish and collodion film\ncleared off.\n\nThis plan would be especially useful when the photographic picture had been\ntaken by the microscope.\n\nTHOS. SCOTT, B.A.\n\nBrighton.\n\n_Albumenized Paper._--If MR. HELE will follow the directions contained in a\npaper of mine which you published in Vol. ix., p. 206., for albumenizing\npaper, I think he will have no reason to complain of waves, or streaks, or\nblotches, and will be saved the trouble of the damping process which he\nuses and recommends to others. (\"N. & Q.,\" Vol. ix., p. 254.) I have done a\nconsiderable quantity of paper of Canson, both positive and negative, and\nalso of other makers, Whatman, Turner, Sandford, and Nash, and in all I\nhave succeeded perfectly in obtaining an even coating of albumen. I am\nconvinced from my own experience that the cause of waviness, &c., is due to\nraising the paper from the albumen _too slowly_. If the paper be snatched\nhastily from the solution, air bubbles no doubt will be formed; but if the\npaper be raised with a steady even motion, _not too slow_, the albumen will\nflow evenly from the paper, and it will dry with a perfectly even surface.\n\nMR. SHADBOLT is certainly mistaken in saying that positives printed from\nnegatives will not stand a saturated solution of hypo. soda, unless they be\nprinted so intensely dark that all traces of a picture by reflected light\nare obliterated. I have used nothing but a saturated solution for fixing my\npositives for a considerable time, and my experience agrees with that of\nother of your correspondents, that the picture is not as much reduced by a\nsaturated solution as by a weaker one. By adding about one grain of sel\nd'or to every eight ounces of saturated solution, very rich black tones\nwill be obtained.\n\nI inclose a specimen of what I have got in this way.\n\nC. E. F.\n\n [The specimen sent is most satisfactory; we wish that the locality of\n the view had been stated.--ED.]\n\n_Mounting Positives on Cardboard._--In the absence of any other reply to\nJ. L. S. (Vol. ix., p. 282.), the following, as the method I always adopt,\nmay serve his purpose.\n\nHaving cut the positive to the size required, and trimmed the edges, place\nit upon the cardboard to which it is intended to be attached, and carefully\ncentre it; then with a pencil make a slight dot at each of the angles.\nRemove the proof, and lay it _face downwards_ upon a piece of clean paper\nor a cloth, and with any convenient brush smear it evenly over with a paste\nmade of arrowroot, taking care not to have more than just enough to cover\nit without leaving any patches. Place it gently on the cardboard, holding\nit for the purpose by two _opposite_ angles, and with a silk handkerchief\ndab it gently, beginning in the middle, and work any little superfluity of\nthe paste towards the edges, when it will be gradually pressed out. The\nwhole may be placed in a press, or under a pile of books to dry. {333}\n\nMy object in using arrowroot is simply that of having a _pure starch_\nwithout colour, and it serves as a size to the paper, which has lost that\noriginally in it by the repeated washings, &c.\n\nThe paste is made very thin, thus:--Put a teaspoonful of arrowroot (not\n_heaped_) into a teacup with about two spoonfuls of cold water, and mix\ninto a paste: then add _boiling_ water enough to fill the cup, and stir.\nMany photographers merely attach the _edges_ of their pictures, but I\nprefer them to adhere all over. Gum is fatal to the beauty of a photograph,\nunless it is previously re-sized.\n\nGEO. SHADBOLT.\n\n_Mr. Lyte's Collodion_ (Vol. ix., p. 225.).--Our readers may remember that\nin \"N. & Q.,\" Feb. 18, MR. F. MAXWELL LYTE furnished our readers with a\ndetailed plan of his mode of preparing collodion. In that article, written\nfrom Pau, that gentleman was so good as to promise us that when he had an\nopportunity he would send us a couple of specimens of his workmanship. He\nhas more than fulfilled his promise, for we have received from him this\nweek four photographs, which, for general beauty and minuteness of detail,\ncannot be surpassed. The subjects are, I. Study of Trees, No. 2.; II. Study\nof Trees, No. 5. Old Pollard Oak; III. Study of Trees, Peasants collecting\nLeaves; IV. Old Church Porch, Morlaas, Monogram of the Eleventh Century.\nMR. LYTE, who is a first-rate chemist, has shown himself by these specimens\nto be also a first-rate practical photographer. From him, therefore, the\nart may look for much future progress.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nReplies to Minor Queries.\n\n_Burton's \"Anatomy of Melancholy\"_ (Vol. ix., p. 191.).--DR. RIMBAULT may\nperhaps be interested in hearing that some years ago I urged upon two\nLondon publishers the desirableness of bringing out a new edition of\nBurton's _Anatomy of Melancholy_, but they both declined to undertake the\nwork. I then resolved to publish myself the _latter_ part of the work (on\n_Religious Melancholy_), and made known my intention in. \"N. & Q.,\" in the\nhope of obtaining some casual notes and observations; but in this also I\nwas disappointed. As, however, my intention is only suspended for the\npresent, not abandoned, I shall be obliged by any assistance that DR.\nRIMBAULT, or any of your readers, can afford me. Can any one correct the\nfollowing list of editions of the _Anatomy of Melancholy_?\n\n 1621. 4to. Oxford.\n 1624. fol. Oxford.\n 1628. fol. Oxford.\n 1632. fol. Oxford.\n 1638. fol.\n 1651-2. fol.\n 1660. fol. London.\n 1676. fol.\n 1728. fol.\n 1738. fol.\n 1800. fol. 2 vols.\n 1804. 8vo. 2 vols.\n 1806. 8vo. 2 vols.\n 1827. 8vo. 2 vols.\n 1829. 8vo. 2 vols.\n 1837. 8vo. 2 vols.\n 1839. 8vo.\n 1845. 8vo.\n\nIf Watt's _Biblioth._ be correct, the _last_ folio edition was _not_ that\nof 1676 (see \"N. & Q.,\" Vol. ix., p. 121.); but on this and other similar\npoints I shall be glad to hear DR. RIMBAULT'S opinion.\n\nM. D.\n\n_Original Royal Letters to the Grand Masters of Malta_ (Vol. viii.,\np. 99.).--When making out the list of English Royal Letters, which has\nalready appeared in \"N. & Q.,\" we were not aware that any others besides\nthose which we recorded at the time were to be found in the Record Office.\nSince then Dr. Vella has examined other manuscript volumes, and,\nfortunately, brought to light nine more autograph letters, to which,\naccording to their dates, we hope to call your attention hereafter. They\nare as follows:\n\n +-------------+-------------------------+-----------------------------+\n |Writer. |Date. |In what |To whom addressed. |\n | | |Language | |\n | | |written. | |\n +-------------+-------------------------+-----------------------------+\n |Charles II. |28th November, 1670. |Latin. |Nicholas Cotoner. |\n |Ditto |12th February, 1674. |Ditto. |Ditto. |\n |Ditto |19th May, 1675. |Ditto. |Ditto. |\n |Ditto |28th October, 1676. |Ditto. |Ditto. |\n |Ditto |2nd November, 1678. |Ditto. |Ditto. |\n |James II.* |24th August, 1685. |Ditto. |Gregory Caraffa. |\n |Ditto |10th day of Jan. 1686-7. |Ditto. |Ditto. |\n |Ditto |9th April, 1687. |Ditto. |Ditto. |\n |George I. |5th May, 1715. |Ditto. |Raymond Perellos. |\n +-------------+-------------------------+-----------------------------+\n\n* The letters of James II. are countersigned \"Comes de Sunderland,\"[7] and\nthat of George I. \"I. Stanhope.\"\n\nIn our previous list an error occurred, which we would wish to correct. The\nlast letter of Henry VIII. was addressed to the Grand Master Pierre Du\nPont, and not to Nicholas Cotoner, who ascended the Maltese throne in 1663.\nThe translation of H. M.'s congratulatory letter to Du Pont, on his\nelection, we trust you have already received. We referred in our former\nNote to a letter of Charles II., under date of \"the last day of November,\n1674,\" and since that came to our observation we have seen an _exact copy_\nbearing the autograph of the king. This circumstance leads us to inquire at\nwhat period, and with what English monarch, the custom of sending duplicate\nletters originated? In the time of James II. it would appear to have been\nfollowed, as one of H. M.'s letters is thus marked in his own handwriting.\n\nWe would state, before closing this Note, that the letters of James II. are\nthe earliest in date of any English royal letters filed away at this island\nwhich are _countersigned, or bear the address_ of the Grand Master at the\nfoot of the first page, on the left-hand side, as is customary in writing\nofficial letters to government officers at the present time.\n\nWill any of your correspondents kindly inform us with what English monarch\nthe custom {334} originated of having his letters countersigned by a\nminister, and of placing the address within the letter, as is the case in\nthose of James II. to which we have just referred?\n\nWILLIAM WINTHROP.\n\nLa Valetta, Malta.\n\n[Footnote 7: Robert Spencer, second Earl of Sunderland, K.G., was principal\nSecretary of State during the latter years of Charles II. and the whole\nreign of James II., and as such, when countersigning a royal letter, he\nplaced at the end of his signature the letter P.]\n\n_Prince Charles' Attendants in Spain_ (Vol. ix., p. 272.).--In a small 4to.\nMS. in my possession, entitled \"A Narrative of Count Gondomar's Proceedings\nin England,\" is the following list of \"The Prince's Servants\" who\naccompanied him in his Journey into Spain:\n\n \"_Master of the Horse_, Lord Andover.\n _Master of the Ward_, Lord Compton.\n _Chamberlain_, Lord Carey.\n _Comptroller_, Lord Vaughan.\n _Secretary_, Sir Francis Cottington.\n _Gentleman of the Bed-chamber_, Sir Robert Carr.\n\n {Sir William Howard,\n {Sir Edmund Verney,\n {Sir William Crofts,\n _Gentlemen of the Privy_ {Sir Richard Wynne,\n _Chamber_ {Mr. Ralph Clare,\n {Mr. John Sandilaus,\n {Mr. Charles Glemham.\n {Mr. Francis Carew.\n\n _Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber_, Sir John North.\n\n {Mr. Newton,\n _Gentlemen Ushers of the Presence_ {Mr. Young,\n {Mr. Tyrwhitt.\n _Grooms of the Bed-chamber_, five.\n _Pages_, three.\n _Chaplains_, two.\"\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT.\n\n_Churchill's Grave_ (Vol. ix., p. 122.).--The fact that Churchill's grave\nis at Dover, is not an obscure one. It was visited by Byron, who wrote a\npoem on the subject, which will be found in his _Works_. This poem is\nremarkable, among other things, from the circumstance that it is written in\navowed and serious imitation of the style of Wordsworth.\n\nM. T. W.\n\n\"_Cissle_\" (Vol. ix., p. 148.).--If A. refers to Forby's _Vocabulary of\nEast Anglia_, he will find:\n\n \"SIZZLE, _v._ To dry and shrivel up with hissing, by the action of fire\n or some greasy or juicy substance.\"\n\nC. R. M.\n\n_Contributors to Knight's \"Quarterly Magazine\"_ (Vol. ix., p. 103.).--I can\nanswer one of E. H.'s inquiries. Gerard Montgomery was the assumed name of\nthe Rev. J. Moultrie. It was originally adopted by him in that most\nbrilliant of all school periodicals, _The Etonian_, and the mask was thrown\noff in the list of contributors given at the end of the third volume. In\n_The Etonian_ it was attached to \"Godiva,\" the poem which attracted the\nwarm admiration of Gifford of the _Quarterly Review_, a man not prodigal of\npraise, and the \"Godiva\" of Moultrie may still fearlessly unveil its charms\nbeside the \"Godiva\" of Tennyson. His longest poem in Knight's _Quarterly_\nwas \"La Belle Tryamour,\" which has since been republished in a volume of\ncollected poems with his name to them, many of which are strikingly unlike\nit in character. The gay _Etonian_ is now the vicar of Rugby; and the story\nof his experiences has been told by himself with a singular charm in his\n\"Dream of a Life.\"\n\nStrange it is that the contributions of Macaulay to Knight's _Quarterly\nMagazine_ should not, ere now, have been reprinted. Some few of them have\nbeen so, and are become familiar as household words on both sides of the\nAtlantic. The others are as obscure as if still in manuscript. What does\nthe public at large know of the \"Fragments of a Roman Tale,\" or the \"Scenes\nfrom Athenian Revels;\" in which the future historian tried his powers as a\nromancer and a dramatist--in the one case bringing before us Caesar and\nCatiline, in the other Alcibiades and his comrades. There are essays too by\nMacaulay in Knight's _Quarterly Magazine_ of a lighter character than those\nin the _Edinburgh Review_, but not less brilliant than any in that splendid\nseries which now takes rank as one of the most valuable contributions of\nthe present age to the standard literature of England. It would not be one\nof the least weighty arguments against the extended law of copyright, which\nMacaulay succeeded in passing, that the public is now deprived of the\nenjoyment of such treasures as these by the too nice fastidiousness of\ntheir author. As on two former occasions, we suppose that they are likely\nto be first collected in Boston or New York, and that London will\nafterwards profit by the rebound.\n\nM. T. W.\n\n\"_La Langue Pandras_\" (Vol. ii., pp. 376. 403.).--It is merely a\nconjecture, but may not the word _Pandras_ be the second person singular in\nthe future tense of a verb derived from the Latin _pando_, \"to open?\" I am\nnot aware of the existence of such a word as _pander_ in old French; but I\nbelieve that it was by no means an unusual practice among the writers of\nChaucer's time to adapt Latin words to their own idiom.\n\nHONORE DE MAREVILLE.\n\nGuernsey.\n\n_Cranmer Bibles_ (Vol. ix., p. 119.).--S. R. M. will be gratified to learn,\nthat the death of Mr. Lea Wilson has not, as he conjectures, led to the\ndispersion of the curious collection of Cranmer Bibles, which he had been\nat so much pains in forming, but to its being rendered more accessible.\nThey were all purchased for the British Museum.\n\nM. T. W.\n\n_Voisonier_ (Vol. ix., p. 224.).--A corruption of _vowsoner_, _i. e._ the\nowner of the _vowson_; this last {335} word being anciently used for\n_advowson_, as may by seen by the glossary to Robert of Gloucester's\n_Works_.\n\nC. H.\n\nI submit that this word means _advowsoner_, that is, \"owner of the\nadvowson.\"\n\nQ. D.\n\n_Word-minting_ (Vol. ix., p. 151.).--To MR. MELVILLE'S list of new words,\nyou may add: _talented_ (Yankee), _adumbrate_ (pedantic), _service_. The\nlatter word is of very late importation from the French, within three\nyears, as applied to the lines of steamers, or traffic of railways. It is\nan age of word-minting; and bids fair to corrupt the purity of the English\nlanguage by the coinage of the slovenly writer, and adoption of foreign or\nlearned words which possess an actual synonym in our own tongue. MR.\nMELVILLE deserves our thanks for his timely notice of such \"contraband\"\nwares.\n\nMACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.\n\nYour correspondent MR. MELVILLE will be surprised to learn that the words\n_deranged_, _derangement_, now so generally used in reference to a\ndisordered intellect, or madness, are not to be found in any dictionary\nthat I have seen.\n\nJ. A. H.\n\n_Fair Rosamond_ (Vol. ix., p. 163.).--The lines which your correspondent\nC. C. inquires for are from Warner's _Albion's England_, which first\nappeared in thirteen books in 1586:\n\n \"Fair Rosamond, surprised thus ere thus she did expect,\n Fell on her humble knees, and did her fearful hands erect:\n She blushed out beauty, whilst the tears did wash her pleasing face,\n And begged pardon, meriting no less of common grace.\n 'So far, forsooth, as in me lay, I did,' quoth she, 'withstand;\n But what may not so great a king by means or force command?'\n 'And dar'st thou, minion,' quoth the queen, 'thus article to me?'\n . . . . . . . . . .\n With that she dashed her on the lips, so dyed double red:\n Hard was the heart that gave the blow, soft were those lips that bled.\"\n\nJ. M. B.\n\n_Death-warnings in ancient Families_ (Vol. ix., pp. 55. 114. 150.).--\n\n \"As a Peaksman, and a long resident in the Isle of Man, Peveril was\n well acquainted with many a superstitious legend; and particularly with\n a belief, which attached to the powerful family of the Stanleys, for\n their peculiar demon, a Ban-shie, or female spirit, who was wont to\n shriek, 'Foreboding evil times;' and who was generally seen weeping and\n bemoaning herself before the death of any person of distinction\n belonging to the family.\"--_Peveril of the Peak_, vol. ii. p. 174.\n\nJ. M.\n\nOxford.\n\n_Poets Laureate_ (Vol. ii., p. 20.).--Your correspondent S. H. will find\n\"an account of the origin, office, emoluments, and privileges of poet\nlaureate\" in a recent work entitled _The Lives of the Poets Laureate, with\nan Introductory Essay on the Title and Office_, by W. S. Austin, Jun., and\nJ. Ralph (Richard Bentley, 1853).\n\nFrom _The Memoirs of William Wordsworth_, vol. ii. p. 403., it would appear\nthat there is a \"very interesting literary essay on the laureates of\nEngland by Mr. Quillinan.\"\n\nIn the year 1803, it would appear that Lord Hardwicke, Lord Lieutenant of\nIreland, \"offered to create a laureateship in Ireland, with the same\nemoluments as the English one,\" if Mr. Moore would accept it. (_Memoirs of\nTom Moore_, vol. i. p. 228.)\n\nFrom Mr. Moore's Letter to his Mother, dated May 20, 1803, we learn that--\n\n \"The manner in which Mr. Wickham communicated the circumstance to me\n would disgust any man with the least spirit of independence about him.\n I accordingly, yesterday, after the receipt of my father's letter,\n enclosed the ode on the birth-day, at the same time resigning the\n situation.\"--_Memoirs of Tom Moore_, vol. i. pp. 126--128.\n\nLEONARD L. HARTLEY.\n\nYork.\n\n_Brissot de Warville_ (Vol. ix., p. 209.).--Since my last communication on\nthe above subject, I have obtained _The Life of J. P. Brissot, &c., written\nby himself_, an 8vo. volume of pp. 92, published by Debrett, London, 1794.\nIt is a translation, the original of which I have never seen. And if you do\nnot think the subject exhausted, perhaps you will spare a few lines for his\nown account of his name.\n\n \"The office of an attorney was my gymnasium; I laboured in it for the\n space of five years, as well in the country as in Paris.... To relieve\n my weariness and disgust, I applied myself to literature and to the\n sciences. The study of the languages was, above all others, my\n favourite pursuit. Chance threw in my way two Englishmen, on a visit to\n my own country: I learned their language, and this circumstance decided\n my fate. It was at the commencement of my passion for that language\n that I made the metamorphosis of a diphthong in my name, which has been\n imputed to me as so great a crime; and, since I must render an account\n of every particular point, lest even the slightest hold against me\n should be afforded to malignity, I will declare the cause of the change\n in question. Born the thirteenth child of my family, and the second of\n my brothers in it, I bore, for the purpose of being distinguished from\n them, according to the custom of Beance, the name of a village in which\n my father {336} possessed some landed property. This village was called\n Ouarville, and Ouarville became the name by which I was known in my own\n country. A fancy struck me that I would cast an English air over my\n name, and therefore I substituted, in the place of the French diphthong\n _ou_, the _w_ of the English, which has the same sound. Since this\n nominal alteration, having put it as a signature to my published works\n and to different deeds, I judged it right to preserve it. If this be a\n crime, I participate in the guilt of the French _literati_, who, in the\n sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, made no scruple whatsoever of\n _grecising_ or (if we may use the expressions) _latinising_ their\n appellations. _Arouet_, to escape from a reproachful pun upon his name,\n changed it into that of _Voltaire_. The _Anglomania_ (if such it may be\n called) has occasioned me to alter mine; not, as it has been pretended,\n to draw in dupes, or to avoid passing for the son of my father, since I\n have perpetually borne, signed, and printed the name of my father after\n that second name which was given to me according to the custom of my\n country.\"\n\nThere are many other interesting particulars, but the above is all that\nbears upon his adoption of the name Warville, and will, perhaps, be\nconsidered pretty conclusive.\n\nN. J. A.\n\n\"_Branks_,\" (Vol. ix., p. 149.).--In Wodrow's _Biographical Collections_,\nvol. ii. p. 72., under the date June 15, 1596, will be found the following:\n\n \"The Session (of Glasgow) appoint jorgs and _branks_ to be made for\n punishing flyters.\"\n\nI cannot at this moment refer particularly, but I know that the word is to\nbe found in Burns' _Poems_ in the sense of a rustic bit or bridle. The term\nis still in use in the west of Scotland; and country horses, within the\nmemory of many, were tormented with the clumsy contrivance across their\nnoses. With all its clumsiness it was very powerful, as it pressed on the\nnostrils of the animal: its action was somewhat like that of a pair of\nscissors.\n\nL. N. R.\n\n_Theobald le Botiller._ (Vol. viii., p. 367.).--If MR. DEVEREUX refers to\nLynch on _Feudal Dignities_, p. 81., he will find that Theobald le\nBotiller, called the second hereditary Butler of Ireland, was of age in\n1220, and died, not in 1230, but in 1248; that he married Roesia de Verdon;\nthat his eldest son and heir was Theobald, third Butler (grandfather of\nEdmund, sixth Butler, who was created Earl of Carrick), and that by the\nsame marriage he was also the ancestor of the Verdons of England and of\nIreland. Now, in Lodge's _Peerage_ by Archdall, 1789, vol. iv. p. 5., it is\nsaid that the wife of Theobald, second Butler, was Joane, eldest sister and\nco-heir of John de Marisco, a great baron in Ireland; and thirdly, Sir\nBernard Burke, in his _Extinct Peerage_, makes his wife to be Maud, sister\nof Thomas a Becket. Which of these three accounts am I to believe?\n\nY. S. M.\n\n_Lord Harington (not Harrington)_ (Vol. viii., p. 366.).--In Collins'\n_Peerage_, by Sir Egerton Brydges, ed. 1812, I find that Hugh Courtenay,\nsecond Earl of Devon, born in 1303, had a daughter Catherine who married\nfirst, Lord Harington, and secondly, Sir Thomas Engain. This evidently must\nhave been John, second Lord Harington, who died in 1363, and not William,\nfifth lord, as given in Burke: the fifth lord was not born till after 1384,\nand died in 1457.\n\nY. S. M.\n\n_Amontillado_ (Vol. ix., p. 222.).--This wine was first imported into\nEngland about the year 1811, and the supply was so small, that the entire\nquantity was only sufficient for the table of three consumers, who speedily\nbecame attached to it, and thenceforward drank no other sherry. One of\nthese was His Royal Highness the late Duke of Kent; and another, an old\nfriend of one who now ventures from a distant recollection to give an\naccount of its origin.\n\nThe winegrowers at Xeres de la Frontera had been obliged, in consequence of\nthe increasing demand for sherry, to extend their vineyards up the sides of\nthe mountains, beyond the natural soil of the sherry grape. The produce\nthus obtained was mixed with the fruit of the more genial soil below, and a\nvery good sherry for common use was the result.\n\nWhen the French devastated the neighbourhood of Xeres in 1809, they\ndestroyed many of the vineyards, and for a time put the winegrowers to\ngreat shifts. One house in particular was obliged to have recourse chiefly\nto the mountain grape for the support of its trade, and for the first time\nmanufactured it without admixture into wine. Very few butts of this produce\nwould stand, and by far the greater portion was treated with brandy to make\nit saleable.\n\nThe small quantity that resisted the acetous fermentation, turned out to be\nvery different in flavour to the ordinary sherry wine, and it was sent over\nto this country under the name of Amontillado sherry, from the circumstance\nof the grape having been grown on the mountains.\n\nThe genuine wine is very delicate, with a peculiar flavour, slightly\naromatic rather than nutty; and answers admirably to the improved taste of\nthe present age.\n\nPATONCE.\n\n\"_Mairdil_\" (Vol. ix., p. 233.).--I have heard the word \"maddle\" often used\nin the West Riding of Yorkshire, in exactly the same sense as the word\n_mairdil_, as mentioned by MR. STEPHENS. And in this part the work-people\nwould use the word \"muddle\" in a similar sense.\n\nJ. L. SISSON.\n\n_Separation of the Sexes in Church_ (Vol. ii., p. 94.).--In many churches\nin Lower Brittany I observed that the women occupied the nave exclusively,\nthe men placing themselves in the aisles. {337} I speak, of course, of\nRoman Catholic churches; but I believe that in the Protestant congregations\nin France, the rule of the separation of the sexes has always been\nobserved.\n\nIn the island of Guernsey it has been usual, although the custom is now\nbeginning to be broken through, for the men to communicate before the\nwomen. As the Presbyterian discipline was introduced into that island from\nFrance and Geneva, and prevailed there from the time of the Reformation\nuntil the Restoration of Charles II., it is probable that this usage is a\nremnant of the rule by which the sexes were separated during divine\nservice.\n\nEDGAR MACCULLOCH.\n\nGuernsey.\n\n_Costume of the Clergy not Enarean_ (Vol. ix., p.101.).--A. C. M. has no\nother authority for calling the cassock and girdle of the clergy\n\"effeminate,\" or \"a relique of the ancient priestly predilection for female\nattire,\" than the contrast to the close-fitting skin-tight fashion adopted\nby modern European tailors; the same might be said of any flowing kind of\nrobe, such as the Eastern costume, or that of the English judges, which as\nnearly approaches to the cassock and cincture as possible. In a late number\nof the _Illustrated London News_ will be found drawings from the new\nstatues of the kings of England lately erected in the new Houses of\nParliament: of, I think, twelve there represented, eight have a\n\"petticoat-like cassock,\" or frock, and of course for convenience a girdle.\n\nCan any of your correspondents inform us when the cassock was introduced as\nan ecclesiastical dress, whether it was then worn by persons of other\nvocations, and what was the ecclesiastical costume (if any) which it\nsuperseded?\n\nH. P.\n\n_Inedited Letter of Lord Nelson_ (Vol. ix., p. 241.).--On behalf of the\nprecious pages of \"N. & Q.,\" I beg leave to protest against printing as\n_inedited_ what a very slight degree of research would have found to have\nbeen long since published. The letter in question will be found in Clarke\nand McArthur's _Life of Nelson_, vol. ii. p. 431., and in Nicolas's _Nelson\nDespatches_, vol. vii. p. 75.\n\nI am induced to notice this especially, in the hope that MR. JACOB, who\npromises us future communications of the same class, may previously satisfy\nhimself that they are _inedited_.\n\nC.\n\n_Views in London by Canaletto_ (Vol. ix., p. 106.).--In reply to the\ninquiry of your correspondent GONDOLA, with respect to views of London\npainted by Canaletto, whose announcement of them he quotes, I beg to inform\nhim that I have in my collection one of these views, \"The Thames from the\nTemple Gardens,\" in which it is curious to trace, in Thames wherries, grave\nTemplars, and London atmosphere, the hand that was usually employed on\ngondolas, maskers, and Italian skies. I believe that others of his London\nviews are in the collections of the Dukes of Northumberland and Buccleuch.\n\nEDMUND PHIPPS.\n\nPark Lane.\n\n_Richard Geering_ (Vol. viii., p. 504.).--I thank JULIA R. BOCKETT for her\nReply, and if H. C. C. will send me a copy of the Geering pedigree and\narms, I shall feel much obliged, and should I succeed in discovering any\nparticulars of _Richard's_ ancestry, I shall willingly communicate the\nresult to him. I have already sent you my name and address, but not for\npublication; and I added a stamped envelope, in case any person wished to\ncommunicate directly with me. I can have no objection to your giving my\naddress privately to any one, but being \"unknown to fame,\" I prefer\nretaining in your pages the _incognito_ I have assumed. I quite agree with\nthe remarks of H. B. C. and MR. KING, Vol. viii., pp. 112. 182.\n\nY. S. M.\n\n_Grafts and the Parent Tree_ (Vol. vii., pp. 365. 436. 486. 536.).--I was\nequally surprised with H. C. K. at the dictum of MR. INGLEBY, that \"grafts\nafter some fifteen years wear themselves out,\" but the ground for such a\nbelief is fairly suggested by J. G. (p. 536.), otherwise I am afraid the\nalmost universal experience of orchardists would contradict MR. INGLEBY'S\ntheory. The \"Ross Nonpareil,\" a well-known and valuable fruit, was, like\nthe Ribston Pippin, singular to say, raised from Normandy seed. The fact\nhas been often told to me by a gentleman who died several years since, at a\nvery advanced age, in the town of New Ross, co. Wexford. He perfectly\nremembered the original tree standing in the garden attached to the endowed\nschool in that town, where it had been originally planted by Sir John\nIvory, the son or grandson of a Cromwellian settler, who raised it from\nseed, at the commencement of the eighteenth century; and who left his own\ndwelling-house in New Ross to be a school, and endowed it out of his\nestates. The tree has long since decayed, but its innumerable _grafted_\nsuccessors are in the most flourishing condition. The flavour of this apple\nlies chiefly in its rind.\n\nY. S. M.\n\n_Golden Tooth_ (Vol. viii., p. 382.).--I recollect very well, when a boy,\ntrying to keep my tongue out of the cavity from whence a tooth had been\nextracted, in the hope of acquiring the golden tooth promised to me by my\nold nurse, and after several attempts having succeeded in refraining for\nfour-and-twenty hours (the period required to elapse), and no gold tooth\nappearing, I well remember my disgust and disappointment. This {338} folk\nlore (query _lure_) was, and I believe still is, in full force in the south\nof Ireland, and probably elsewhere.\n\nY. S. M.\n\n_Cambridge Mathematical Questions_ (Vol. ix., p. 35.).--These are so far\nput forth \"by authority\" as the publication in the Cambridge _Calendar_,\nand the two local newspapers goes; a collection of the Senate House Papers\nfor \"Honours\" from 1838 to 1849, has also been published, arranged\naccording to subjects, by Rev. A. H. Frost, M.A., of St. John's College.\n\nP. J. F. GANTILLON.\n\n_Lichfield Bower or Wappenschau_ (Vol. ix., p. 242.).--In answer to MR.\nLAMONT'S question, I have to inform him that in this city a similar\n_wappenschau_, or exhibition of arms, has been annually maintained, with a\nshort intermission, from time immemorial. The Court of Array held on Whit\nMonday was anciently commenced, according to Pitt, by the high constables\nof this city, attended by ten men with firelocks, and adorned with ribbons,\npreceded by eight morris-dancers, and a clown fantastically dressed,\nescorting the sheriff, town clerk, and bailiffs from the Guildhall to the\nBower at Greenhill, temporarily erected for their reception, where the\nnames of all the householders and others of the twenty-one wards of the\ncity were called to do suit and service to \"the court of review of men and\narms.\" The dozener, or petty constable of each ward, was summoned to\nattend, who with a flag joined the procession through his ward, when a\nvolley was fired over every house in it, and the procession was regaled by\nthe inhabitants with refreshments. Those inhabitants who, on such summons,\nproceeded to the Bower, were regaled with a cold collation. Those who did\nnot attend (for the names of each ward were called over) were fined one\npenny each. The twenty-one wards require a long day for this purpose, and\nit is concluded by a procession to the market-place, where the town clerk\ninforms them that the firm allegiance of their ancestors had obtained\ngrants to their city of valuable charters and immunities, and advises them\nto continue in the same course. The dozeners then deposit their flags under\nthe belfry in the adjacent church of St. Mary's. This ceremony still\ncontinues, with the exception of the armed men and the firing.\n\nT. J. BUCKTON.\n\nLichfield.\n\n_Anecdote of George IV._ (Vol. ix., p. 244.).--In the letter supposed to be\nwritten by the late Prince of Wales when a child, I observe these words:\n\"which have stolen from the old woman (the queen).\" I think it more\nprobable that the writer refers to Mrs. Schwellenberg, an old German lady,\nwho came over with the late queen as a confidential domestic, and who would\nhave such articles under her keeping. (See _Diary of Madame D'Arblay_.) The\ntransaction is a notable instance of the prince's forethought and\nliberality at an early age.\n\nW. H.\n\n_Pedigree to the Time of Alfred_ (Vol. viii., p. 586.; Vol. ix.,\np. 283.).--I beg to inform your correspondent S. D. that she will find a\nvery interesting notice of the Wapshot family in _Chertsey and its\nNeighbourhood_, by Mrs. S. C. Hall, 1853.\n\nGEO. BISH WEBB.\n\n_Tortoiseshell Tom-cat_ (Vol. v., p. 465.; Vol. vii., p. 271.).--I have\ncertainly heard of tortoiseshell tom-cats; but never having seen one, I\ncannot affirm that any such exist. The fact of their rarity is undoubted;\nbut I should like to be informed by W. R., or any other person who has paid\nparticular attention to the natural history of this useful and much\ncalumniated domestic animal, whether yellow female cats are not quite as\nuncommon as tortoiseshell males?\n\nHONORE DE MAREVILLE.\n\nGuernsey.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nMiscellaneous.\n\nNOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.\n\nThe new edition of Mr. Smee's valuable little work on _The Eye in Health\nand Disease_, is one to which we desire to direct the attention of all our\nreaders, for the subject is one of great importance, and more especially to\nreading men. Mr. Smee has obviously devoted great attention to the various\nderangements to which this hardly-worked yet beautifully-delicate organ is\nliable; and his remarks cannot fail to prove of great service to those who\nrequire the assistance either of the oculist or the optician. To our\nphotographic readers, the present reprint will be of especial interest for\nthe very able paper \"_On the Stereoscope and Binocular Perspective_,\" which\nis appended to it.\n\n_The Homeric Design of the Shield of Achilles_, by William Watkiss Lloyd. A\ndissertation on a subject immortalised by the poetry of Homer and the\nsculpture of Flaxman, which will well repay our classical readers for the\ntime spent in its perusal.\n\n_Architectural Botany, setting forth the Geometrical Distribution of\nFoliage, Flowers, Fruit_, &c.--a separately published extract from Mr.\nW. P. Griffith's _Ancient Gothic Churches_--is a farther endeavour on the\npart of the author to direct attention to the laws by which vegetable\nproductions were created and imitated by the early architects, and thereby\nto contribute to securing greater beauty and precision on the part of their\nsuccessors to the decoration of churches.\n\nBOOKS RECEIVED.--_Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, with Notes\nby Milman and Guizot, edited by_ Dr. William Smith. The second volume of\nthis handsome edition, forming part of Murray's _British Classics_, extends\nfrom the reign of Claudius to Julian's victories in Gaul.--_The\nArchaeologia Cambrensis, New {339} Series, No. XVII._, has, in addition to\nan excellent article by Mr. Hartshorne on Conway Castle, a number of other\npapers on subjects connected with the Principality.--_Lives of the Queens\nof England_, by Agnes Strickland, Vol. IV., is entirely dedicated to\nGlorious Queen Bess, of whom we think far more highly than her\nbiographer.--_Poetical Works of William Cowper_, edited by Robert Bell,\nVol. I. Cowper is so great and deserved a favourite, that his works will\nprobably be among the most popular portion of Parker's _Annotated Edition\nof the English Poets_.--_The Journal of Sacred Literature_, New Series, No.\nXI., April 1854, contains thirteen various articles illustrative of the\nSacred Writings, besides its valuable miscellaneous correspondence and\nintelligence.--_Macaulay's Critical and Historical Essays._ Part II. of the\nPeople's Edition contains for one shilling some six or seven of these\nbrilliant essays, including those on Moore's Byron, Boswell's Johnson,\nNugent's Hampden, and Burleigh.--The _Cyclopaedia Bibliographica_, Part\nXIX. The first portion of this valuable work must be drawing rapidly to a\nclose, as this nineteenth part extends to Rev. R. Valpy.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nBOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.\n\nTHE WORKS OF DR. JONATHAN SWIFT. London, printed for C. Bathurst, in Fleet\nStreet, 1768. Vol VII. (Vol. VI. ending with \"Verses on the Death of Dr.\nSwift,\" written in Nov. 1731.)\n\nBYRON'S WORKS. Vol. VI. of Murray's Edition. 1829.\n\nThe Volume of the LONDON POLYGLOTT which contains the Prophets.\nImperfection in other parts of no consequence.\n\nCARLISLE ON GRAMMAR SCHOOLS.\n\nTHE CIRCLE OF THE SEASONS. London, 1828. 12mo. Two copies.\n\n*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be\nsent to MR. BELL, Publisher of \"NOTES AND QUERIES.\" 186. Fleet Street.\n\nParticulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the\ngentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses are\ngiven for that purpose:\n\nPENNY CYCLOPAEDIA. Part 92. (For September, 1840.)\n\n Wanted by _A. Baden, Jun._, 1. Old Broad Street.\n\nALLISTER'S PARADIGMA CHESS OPENINGS.\n\nNATT'S SERMONS PREACHED AT ST. SEPULCHRE.\n\nARMYTAGE'S (Rev. J., of Tidenham) SERMONS.\n\nMAYHEW'S LONDON LIFE AND LABOUR. Complete.\n\nNICHOLSON'S LECTURES ON HEZEKIAH.\n\nWALTON AND COTTON'S ANGLER. Edited by Sir H. Nicolas.\n\n Wanted by _Mr. Hayward_, Bookseller, Bath.\n\n * * * * *\n\nTHE FAMILY INSTRUCTOR, by De Foe. 2 Vols. 1841. Oxford, Talboys.\n\nALLAN RAMSAY'S TEA-TABLE MISCELLANY. 1724.\n\nTHE LADY'S POETICAL MAGAZINE, or Beauties of British Poets. 4 Vols. London,\n1781.\n\nTHE HIVE, 3 Vols., containing _First_ Edition of Vol. I.\n\nTHE HIVE. Vol. III. 4th Edition. (Edition in 4 Vols.)\n\nLONDON MAGAZINE. Vols. after the year 1763.\n\n Wanted by _Fred. Dinsdale_, Esq., Leamington.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nNotices to Correspondents.\n\nL. M. T. (Bath) _is thanked; but _original poetry_ does not fall within the\nobjects of_ \"N. & Q.\"\n\nDIXON OF BEESTON.--_Our Chester Correspondent on this subject is thanked\nfor his information. He no doubt will agree with us that it is not\ndesirable to publish it, as it relates in some degree to one who need not\nbe brought before the public._\n\nANNIE (Brixton) _will see in our_ First Volume _a tolerably full history of\nwhat Sterne has made world-renowned_--\"God tempers the wind to the shorn\nlamb.\"\n\nELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.--C. W. F. _is thanked, and referred to our_ Sixth\nVolume, p 93., _where he will see Addison's notice of the Electric\nTelegraph; and to_ p. 204. _of the same volume for a valuable communication\nfrom_ MR. SINGER _on Strada's_ Sympathetic Magnetic _telegraph_.\n\nONE WHO HAS WHISTLED AT THE PLOUGH.--_The three grains of pyrogallic acid\nto one drachm of acetic and one ounce of water. For the development of\nnegatives, this may with benefit be diluted by using one third of this\nsolution, two thirds of water._\n\n_Answers to many other Correspondents (including Photographic) are\nunavoidably deferred until next week._\n\nOUR EIGHTH VOLUME _is now bound and ready for delivery, price_ 10s. 6d.,\n_cloth, boards. A few sets of the whole Eight Volumes are being made up,\nprice_ 4l. 4s.--_For these early application is desirable._\n\n\"NOTES AND QUERIES\" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country\nBooksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to\ntheir Subscribers on the Saturday_.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nPIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each.--D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square\n(established A.D. 1785), sole manufacturers of the ROYAL PIANOFORTES, at 25\nGuineas each. Every instrument warranted. The peculiar advantages of these\npianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial,\nsigned by the majority of the leading musicians of the age:--\"We, the\nundersigned members of the musical profession, having carefully examined\nthe Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great\npleasure in bearing testimony to their merits and capabilities. It appears\nto us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a\nricher and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal temperament, while\nthe elegance of their construction renders them a handsome ornament for the\nlibrary, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R.\nBishop, J. Blewett, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby,\nE. F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H. F.\nHasse, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F.\nKiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza, Alexander Lee, A. Leffler, E. J. Loder, W. H.\nMontgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry\nPhillips, F. Praegar, E. F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E.\nRockel, Sims Reeves, J. Templeton, F. Weber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright,\" &c.\n\nD'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square, Lists and Designs Gratis.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nALLSOPP'S PALE or BITTER ALE. MESSRS. S. ALLSOPP & SONS beg to inform the\nTRADE that they are now registering Orders for the March Brewings of their\nPALE ALE in Casks of 18 Gallons and upwards, at the BREWERY,\nBurton-on-Trent; and at the under-mentioned Branch Establishments:\n\n LONDON, at 61. King William Street, City.\n LIVERPOOL, at Cook Street.\n MANCHESTER, at Ducie Place.\n DUDLEY, at the Burnt Tree.\n GLASGOW, at 115. St. Vincent Street.\n DUBLIN, at 1. Crampton Quay.\n BIRMINGHAM, at Market Hall.\n SOUTH WALES, at 13. King Street, Bristol.\n\nMESSRS. ALLSOPP & SONS take the opportunity of announcing to PRIVATE\nFAMILIES that their ALES, so strongly recommended by the Medical\nProfession, may be procured in DRAUGHT and BOTTLES GENUINE from all the\nmost RESPECTABLE LICENSED VICTUALLERS, on \"ALLSOPP'S PALE ALE\" being\nspecially asked for.\n\nWhen in bottle, the genuineness of the label can be ascertained by its\nhaving \"ALLSOPP & SONS,\" written across it.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nW. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of\nIndices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are\ngreatly facilitated) begs to Inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in\nAntiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches\namong the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or\nother Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature,\nHistory, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had\nconsiderable experience.\n\n1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nHEAL & SON'S SPRING MATTRESSES.--The most durable Bedding is a well-made\nSPRING MATTRESS: it retains its elasticity, and will wear longer without\nrepair than any other mattress, and with _one_ French Wool and Hair\nMattress on it is a most luxurious Bed. HEAL & SON make them in three\nvarieties. For prices of the different sizes and qualities, apply for HEAL\n& SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, and priced LIST OF BEDDING. It\ncontains designs and prices of upwards of 100 Bedsteads, and prices of\nevery description of Bedding, and is sent free by Post.\n\nHEAL & SON, 196. Tottenham Court Road.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\n{340}\n\nARUNDEL SOCIETY.--The Publication of the Fourth Year (1852-3), consisting\nof Eight Wood Engravings by MESSRS. DALZIEL, from Mr. W. Oliver Williams'\nDrawings after GIOTTO'S Frescos at PADUA, is now ready: and Members who\nhave not paid their Subscriptions are requested to forward them to the\nTreasurer by Post-Office Order, payable at the Charing Cross Office.\n\n JOHN J. ROGERS,\n Treasurer and Hon. Sec.\n 13. & 14. Pall Mall East.\n March, 1854.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.\n\nTHE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS, by the most eminent English and Continental\nArtists, is OPEN DAILY from Ten till Five. Free Admission.\n\n L s. d.\n A Portrait by Mr. Talbot's Patent\n Process 1 1 0\n Additional Copies (each) 0 5 0\n A Coloured Portrait, highly finished\n (small size) 3 3 0\n A Coloured Portrait, highly finished\n (larger size) 5 5 0\n\nMiniatures, Oil Paintings, Water-Colour, and Chalk Drawings, Photographed\nand Coloured in imitation of the Originals. Views of Country Mansions,\nChurches, &c., taken at a short notice.\n\nCameras, Lenses, and all the necessary Photographic Apparatus and\nChemicals, are supplied, tested, and guaranteed.\n\nGratuitous Instruction is given to Purchasers of Sets of Apparatus.\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION,\n168. New Bond Street.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nIMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have,\nby an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal,\nthey may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any\nother hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and\nappreciation of half-tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.\n\nApparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of\nPhotography. Instruction in the Art.\n\nTHE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price 1s., per\nPost. 1s. 2d.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nCollodion portraits and views obtained with the greatest ease and certainty\nby using BLAND & LONG'S preparation of Soluble Cotton; certainty and\nuniformity of action over a lengthened period, combined with the most\nfaithful rendering of the half-tones, constitute this a most valuable agent\nin the hands of the photographer.\n\nAlbumenized paper, for printing from glass or paper negatives, giving a\nminuteness of detail unattained by any other method, 5_s_. per Quire.\n\nWaxed and Iodized Papers of tried quality. Instruction in the Processes.\n\nBLAND & LONG, Opticians and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative\nChemists, 153. Fleet Street, London.\n\n*** Catalogues sent on application.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nThe sight preserved by the Use of SPECTACLES adapted to suit every variety\nof Vision by means of SMEE'S OPTOMETER, which effectually prevents Injury\nto the Eyes from the Selection of Improper Glasses, and is extensively\nemployed by\n\nBLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nWESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.\n\n3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.\n\nFounded A.D. 1842.\n\n _Directors._\n\n H. E. Bicknell, Esq. | T. Grissell, Esq.\n T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P. | J. Hunt, Esq.\n G. H. Drew, Esq. | J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.\n W. Evans, Esq. | E. Lucas, Esq.\n W. Freeman, Esq. | J. Lys Seager, Esq.\n F. Fuller, Esq. | J. B. White, Esq.\n J. H. Goodhart, Esq. | J. Carter Wood, Esq.\n\n _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell,\n Esq.\n _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.\n _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.\n\nVALUABLE PRIVILEGE.\n\nPOLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary\ndifficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to\nsuspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in\nthe Prospectus.\n\nSpecimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in\nthree-fourths of the Profits:--\n\n Age L s. d. | Age L s. d.\n 17 1 14 4 | 32 2 10 8\n 22 1 18 8 | 37 2 18 6\n 27 2 4 5 | 42 3 8 2\n\nARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.\n\nNow ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions,\nINDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING\nSOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in\nthe Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a\nMathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR\nSCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3.\nParliament Street, London.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nCHUBB'S FIRE-PROOF SAFES AND LOCKS.--These safes are the most secure from\nforce, fraud, and fire. Chubb's locks, with all the recent improvements,\ncash and deed boxes of all sizes. Complete lists, with prices, will be sent\non application.\n\nCHUBB & SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard, London; 28. Lord Street, Liverpool;\n16. Market Street, Manchester; and Horseley Fields, Wolverhampton.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous\nViews, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.\n\nPortraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest\nDaguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.\n\nAlso every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this\nbeautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nPhotography.--Messrs. A. MARION & CO. beg to inform the Artists and\nAmateurs that they are now ready to supply them with papers manufactured\nexpressly for Photographic purposes: since it has been tried it has\nreceived the unanimous good opinion of the most successful operators.\n\nPositive and Negative (not prepared), Simple Salted, and Salted Albumenized\nPositive, Simple Waxed, and Waxed Iodized Negative, Gummed Paper, and Cards\nfor Mounting Proofs.\n\nPAPETERIE MARION, 152. Regent Street.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nPatronised by the Royal Family.\n\nTwo thousand pounds for any person producing Articles superior to the\nfollowing:\n\nTHE HAIR RESTORED AND GREYNESS PREVENTED.\n\nBEETHAM'S CAPILLARY FLUID is acknowledged to be the most effectual article\nfor Restoring the Hair in Baldness, strengthening when weak and fine,\neffectually preventing falling out or turning grey, and for restoring its\nnatural colour without the use of dye. The rich glossy appearance it\nimparts is the admiration of every person. Thousands have experienced its\nastonishing efficacy. Bottles, 2s. 6d.; double size, 4s. 6d.; 7s. 6d. equal\nto 4 small: 11s. to 6 small: 21s. to 13 small. The most perfect beautifier\never invented.\n\nSUPERFLUOUS HAIR REMOVED.\n\nBEETHAM'S VEGETABLE EXTRACT does not cause pain or injury to the skin. Its\neffect is unerring, and it is now patronised by royalty and hundreds of the\nfirst families. Bottles, 5s.\n\nBEETHAM'S PLASTER is the only effectual remover of Corns and Bunions. It\nalso reduces enlarged Great Toe Joints in an astonishing manner. If space\nallowed, the testimony of upwards of twelve thousand individuals, during\nthe last five years, might be inserted. Packets, 1s.; boxes, 2s. 6d. Sent\nFree by BEETHAM, Chemist, Cheltenham, for 14 or 36 Post Stamps.\n\nSold by PRING, 30. Westmorland Street; JACKSON, 9. Westland Row; BEWLEY &\nEVANS, Dublin; GOULDING, 108. Patrick Street, Cork; BARRY, 9. Main Street,\nKinsale; GRATTAN, Belfast; MURDOCK, BROTHERS, Glasgow; DUNCAN & FLOCKHART,\nEdinburgh. SANGER, 150. Oxford Street; PROUT, 229. Strand; KEATING, St.\nPaul's Churchyard; SAVORY & MOORE, Bond Street; HANNAY, 63. Oxford Street;\nLondon. All Chemists and Perfumers will procure them.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nGROSJEAN'S CELEBRATED TROWSERS,\n\n16s. per Pair.\n\n109. REGENT STREET.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nSURPLICES.\n\nGILBERT J. FRENCH, Bolton, Lancashire, has prepared his usual large Supply\nof SURPLICES, in Anticipation of EASTER.\n\nPARCELS delivered FREE at Railway Stations.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nBennett's model watch, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X.,\nin Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates,\nmay now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made\nPatent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4\nguineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.\nDitto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with\nChronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket\nChronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully\nexamined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and\n4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.\n\nBENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the\nBoard of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,\n\n65. CHEAPSIDE.\n\n * * * * *\n\n\nPrinted by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish\nof St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.\nBride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.\nFleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of\nLondon, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, April 8,\n1854.","title":"Notes and Queries, Number 232, April 8, 1854: A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":23223}