{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_32049/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_32049","id":"gutenberg_32049","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32049","summary":null,"tags":["Category: British Literature","Category: Classics of Literature","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Category: Poetry","Early English Text Society","Havelok the Dane (Legendary character) -- Romances"],"text":"Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This\nbook was produced from scanned images of public domain\nmaterial from the Google Print project.)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the\n\"real\" (Unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. Characters that could not\nbe fully displayed have been \"unpacked\" and shown in brackets:\n\n  [Gh] [gh] yogh (only in notes)\n  [w] wynn (only in notes, see below for italicized form)\n  [s] [\u00b4\u00e6] long \"s\", accented \"\u00e6\" (both rare, only in notes)\n  [-a] vowel with overline (rare)\n  [oe] oe ligature\n\nOne Greek phrase has been transliterated and is shown between #marks#.\nThe letter thorn \u00de \u00fe, used in both notes and body text, is unchanged.\n\nThe original book (EETS E.S. 4, 1868, ed. Skeat) exists in at least two\nforms. See Errata section at the end of the e-text for details.\n\nIn the main text, footnotes are grouped at the end of text sections.\nMost headnotes have similarly been moved to the nearest break in the\ntext. Sidenotes keep their original starting point, but are collected\ninto full sentences.\n\n_Typography:_\n\nLarge initial capitals are shown with a single leading + to avoid\n\"breaking\" the text:\n\n  +Herknet to me, gode men\n  Wiues, maydnes, and alle men ...\n\nItalicized letters representing expanded contractions are shown in\nbr{ac}es. All other italics are shown conventionally with _lines_; this\nincludes italicized _w_, used by the editor for wynn [w]. If you find\nthe braces distracting you may delete them globally; they are not used\nfor any other purpose.\n\nA few French passages in the Preface use a trailing tilde ~, as in the\nword \"q~\". In the original, the ~ was attached to the preceding letter,\nbut not directly above it. Superscript letters are shown with a caret ^.\n\nSquare brackets are in the original except those in standard formulas\nsuch as [Footnote] or [Transcriber's Note].]\n\n\n\n\n  THE LAY OF\n  HAVELOK THE DANE.\n\n\n  Early English Text Society.\n  Extra Series. No. IV.\n  1868.\n\n\n\n\n  Dublin:        William McGee, 18, Nassau Street.\n  Edinburgh:     T. G. Stevenson, 22, South Frederick Street.\n  Glasgow:       Ogle & Co., 1, Royal Exchange Square.\n  Berlin:        Asher & Co., Unter den Linden, 20.\n  New York:      C. Scribner & Co.; Leypoldt & Holt.\n  Philadelphia:  J. B. Lippincott & Co.\n  Boston, U.S.:  Dutton & Co.\n\n\n\n\n  +The Lay of+\n\n  +HAVELOK THE DANE:+\n\n\n  Composed in the Reign of Edward I, about A.D. 1280.\n\n  Formerly Edited by Sir F. Madden for the Roxburghe Club,\n\n  And now Re-Edited from the Unique Ms. Laud Misc. 108,\n  in the Bodleian Library, Oxford;\n\n  by the\n\n  REV. WALTER W. SKEAT, M.A.,\n\n  Author of \"A M[oe]so-Gothic Glossary,\" Editor of \"Piers Plowman,\"\n  \"William of Palerne,\" &c.\n\n\n[Illustration: Seal of Great Grimsby]\n\n\n  LONDON:\n  Published For The Early English Text Society,\n  By N. Tr\u00fcbner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row.\n\n  MDCCCLXVIII.\n\n\n\n\n  +Extra Series,+\n  IV.\n\n  John Childs and Son, Printers.\n\n\n\n\nCONTENTS.\n\n\n  TITLEPAGE. The engraving represents the seal of Great Grimsby,\n    described in \u00a7\u00a019 of the Preface, p.\u00a0xxi.\n\n  PREFACE. \u00a7 1. The former edition of 1828. \u00a7 2. The present\n    edition. \u00a7\u00a03.\u00a0Plan of this edition. \u00a7\u00a04.\u00a0Notices of the story by\n    Early Writers: the longer French Version. \u00a7\u00a05.\u00a0The shorter\n    French Version. \u00a7\u00a06.\u00a0Peter de Langtoft (1307). \u00a7\u00a07.\u00a0Rauf de Boun\n    (1310). \u00a7\u00a08.\u00a0A\u00a0Brief Genealogy, Herald's Coll. MS. (ab. 1310).\n    \u00a7\u00a09.\u00a0Metrical Chronicle (ab. 1313). \u00a7\u00a010.\u00a0Robert of Brunne\n    (1338); ed. Hearne. \u00a7\u00a011.\u00a0Robert of Brunne; Lambeth MS.\n    \u00a7\u00a012.\u00a0French Prose \"Brute\" (1332). \u00a7\u00a013. English Prose \"Brute,\"\n    MS. Harl. 2279. \u00a7\u00a014.\u00a0Gray's Scala Cronica (ab. 1360).\n    \u00a7\u00a015.\u00a0Eulogium Historiarum (1366). \u00a7\u00a016.\u00a0Henry de Knyghton\n    (1395); Warner (1586); Webster (1617). \u00a7\u00a017.\u00a0Danish traditions.\n    \u00a7\u00a018.\u00a0Lincolnshire traditions. \u00a7\u00a019.\u00a0Seal of Great Grimsby.\n    \u00a7\u00a020.\u00a0Sketch of the French \"Lai.\" \u00a7\u00a021.\u00a0Gaimar's abridgment.\n    \u00a7\u00a022.\u00a0Sketch of the English Lay. \u00a7\u00a023.\u00a0Possible date of\n    Havelok's reign. \u00a7\u00a024. Story of \"Edwin of Deira.\" \u00a7\u00a025.\u00a0On the\n    names \"Curan\" and \"Havelok.\" \u00a7\u00a026.\u00a0Description of the MS.\n    \u00a7\u00a027.\u00a0Grammatical forms in the Poem. \u00a7\u00a028.\u00a0On the metre.\n    \u00a7\u00a029.\u00a0On the final _-e_, &c.                                   i\n\n  EMENDATIONS, &c.                                               liv\n\n  THE LAY OF HAVELOK                                               1\n\n  NOTES TO \"HAVELOK\"                                              87\n\n  GLOSSARIAL INDEX                                               105\n\n  INDEX OF NAMES                                                 157\n\n\n\n\n  [Headnotes:\n  _The full set has been duplicated here to act as a supplementary\n  table of contents. Headnotes separated by / were continued across\n  facing pages._\n\n  THE GOOD KING ATHELWOLD /\n    IS KING OVER ALL ENGLAND.\n  ATHELWOLD IS ABOUT TO DIE.\n  HE SUMMONS HIS LORDS TO WINCHESTER.\n  ATHELWOLD SELECTS EARL GODRICH /\n    TO BE HIS DAUGHTER'S GUARDIAN.\n  KING ATHELWOLD DIES.\n  EARL GODRICH TAKES POSSESSION.\n  GODRICH PLOTS AGAINST HIS WARD.\n  BIRKABEYN IS KING OF DENMARK.\n  BIRKABEYN SELECTS EARL GODARD /\n    TO BE GUARDIAN OF HIS THREE CHILDREN.\n  GODARD IMPRISONS THE THREE CHILDREN.\n  GODARD KILLS SWANBORGUGH AND HELFLED.\n  GODARD SPARES HAVELOK FOR A TIME.\n  GODARD TELLS GRIM TO DROWN HAVELOK.\n  HAVELOK IS TAKEN TO GRIM'S COTTAGE.\n  GRIM SEES THAT HAVELOK IS THE KING'S SON.\n  GRIM AND HIS WIFE FEED HAVELOK.\n  GRIM SAYS HE HAS DROWNED HAVELOK.\n  GRIM SETS SAIL FOR ENGLAND.\n  GRIM FOUNDS THE TOWN OF GRIMSBY.\n  HAVELOK DOES NOT LIKE BEING IDLE.\n  HAVELOK SELLS FISH LIKE THE BEST.\n  HAVELOK GOES TO LINCOLN TO GET WORK.\n  HE HELPS THE EARL OF CORNWALL'S COOK.\n  HAVELOK IS HIRED BY THE EARL'S COOK.\n  HE CUTS WOOD, AND DRAWS WATER.\n  HAVELOK GROWS VERY TALL AND STRONG.\n  HE SEES SOME MEN \"PUTTING THE STONE.\"\n  HE \"PUTS THE STONE\" FURTHER THAN ANY.\n  GODRICH HEARS OF HAVELOK'S STRENGTH.\n  GOLDBOROUGH IS SENT FOR TO LINCOLN.\n  GODRICH ASKS HAVELOK IF HE WILL MARRY.\n  HAVELOK RESOLVES TO GO TO GRIMSBY.\n  GRIM'S CHILDREN WELCOME HAVELOK.\n  GOLDBOROUGH SEES THE WONDROUS LIGHT.\n  HAVELOK TELLS HER HIS STRANGE DREAM.\n  SHE SAYS HAVELOK WILL BE A GREAT KING.\n  HAVELOK PRAYS FOR VENGEANCE ON GODARD.\n  HAVELOK ADDRESSES GRIM'S THREE SONS.\n  HE ASKS THEM TO GO WITH HIM TO DENMARK.\n  HAVELOK GIVES UBBE A GOLD RING.\n  UBBE INVITES HAVELOK TO A FEAST.\n  UBBE TAKES A GREAT FANCY TO HAVELOK.\n  UBBE SENDS HAVELOK TO BERNARD.\n  A GANG OF THIEVES BESET BERNARD'S HOUSE.\n  THREE OF THE THIEVES ATTACK HAVELOK.\n  HAVELOK SLAYS SEVEN OF THE THIEVES.\n  THE THIEVES SHOOT AT HIM FROM A DISTANCE.\n  HUGH AND THE REST COME TO THE RESCUE.\n  ALL THE SIXTY THIEVES ARE SLAIN.\n  UBBE ASKS BERNARD WHAT HAS HAPPENED.\n  BERNARD RELATES HAVELOK'S PROWESS.\n  THE OTHERS CONFIRM BERNARD'S STORY.\n  UBBE SENDS FOR HAVELOK AND TAKES HIM TO HIS CASTLE.\n  UBBE SEES THE MIRACULOUS LIGHT /\n    WHICH ISSUES FROM HAVELOK'S MOUTH.\n  THE LIGHT SHOWS THAT HAVELOK IS THE HEIR.\n  UBBE SAYS HAVELOK SHALL BE KING.\n  UBBE RELATES HAVELOK'S HISTORY.\n  UBBE DOES HOMAGE TO HAVELOK.\n  ALL SWEAR TO BE FAITHFUL TO HAVELOK.\n  UBBE DUBS HAVELOK A KNIGHT.\n  HAVELOK IS MADE KING OF DENMARK.\n  HAVELOK GOES TO SEEK OUT GODARD.\n  GODARD'S MEN ARE BEATEN.\n  GODARD IS BOUND AND LED TO HAVELOK.\n  HE IS CONDEMNED TO BE HUNG.\n  GODARD IS FLAYED ALIVE AND HUNG.\n  GODRICH RAISES AN ARMY AGAINST HAVELOK.\n  GODRICH EXCITES THE ENGLISH AGAINST HAVELOK.\n  THE ENGLISH MARCH TO GRIMSBY.\n  COMBAT BETWEEN UBBE AND GODRICH.\n  GODRICH DISPLAYS GREAT PROWESS.\n  COMBAT BETWEEN GODRICH AND HAVELOK.\n  GODRICH IS BOUND AND FETTERED.\n  THE ENGLISH SUBMIT TO GOLDBOROUGH.\n  GODRICH IS CONDEMNED TO BE BURNT.\n  THE EARL OF CHESTER MARRIES GUNILD.\n  HAVELOK REMEMBERS BERTRAM'S KINDNESS.\n  BERTRAM MARRIES GRIM'S SECOND DAUGHTER.\n  HAVELOK IS CROWNED KING OF ENGLAND.\n  SUCH IS THE \"GESTE\" OF HAVELOK.\n  SAY A PATERNOSTER FOR THE AUTHOR.]\n\n\n\n\nPREFACE.\n\n\n\u00a7 1. The English version of the Lay of Havelok, now here reprinted, is\none of the few poems that have happily been recovered, after having long\nbeen given up as lost. Tyrwhitt, in his Essay on the Language and\nVersification of Chaucer, has a footnote (No. 51) deploring the loss of\nthe Rime concerning Gryme the Fisher, the founder of Grymesby, Hanelok\n[_read_ Havelok] the Dane, and his wife Goldborough; and Ritson, in his\nDissertation on Romance and Minstrelsy--(vol.\u00a0i. p.\u00a0lxxxviii. of his\nMetrical Romance\u00ebs)--makes remarks to the same effect. It was at length,\nhowever, discovered by accident in a manuscript belonging to the\nBodleian library, which had been described in the old Catalogue merely\nas _Vit\u00e6 Sanctorum_, a large portion of it being occupied by metrical\nlegends of the Saints. In 1828, it was edited for the Roxburghe Club by\nSir F.\u00a0Madden, the title-page of the edition being as follows:-- \"The\nAncient English Romance of Havelok the Dane, accompanied by the French\nText: with an introduction, notes, and a glossary, by Frederick Madden,\nEsq., F.A.S. F.R.S.L., Sub-Keeper of the MSS. in the British Museum.\nPrinted for the Roxburghe Club, London. W.\u00a0Nicol, Shakspeare Press,\nMDCCCXXVIII.\" This volume contains a very complete Introduction,\npp.\u00a0i-lvi; the English version of Havelok, pp.\u00a01-104; the French text of\nthe Romance of Havelok, from a MS. in the Heralds' College, pp.\u00a0105-146;\nthe French Romance of Havelok, as abridged and altered by Geffrei\nGaimar, pp.\u00a0147-180; notes to the English text, pp.\u00a0181-207; notes to\nthe French text, pp.\u00a0208-210; and a glossary, &c., pp.\u00a0211-263. But\nthere are sometimes bound up with it two pamphlets, viz. \"Remarks on the\nGlossary to Havelok,\" by S.\u00a0W. Singer, and an \"Examination of the\nRemarks, &c.,\" by the Editor of Havelok. In explanation of this, it may\nsuffice to say, that the former contains some criticisms by Mr Singer\n(executed in a manner suggestive of an officious wish to display\nsuperior critical acumen), of which a few are correct, but others are\nludicrously false; whilst the latter is a vindication of the general\ncorrectness of the explanations given, and contains, incidentally, some\nvaluable contributions to our general etymological knowledge, and\nvarious remarks which have proved of service in rendering the glossary\nin the present edition more exactly accurate.[1]\n\n    [Footnote 1: In particular, we find there a complete proof,\n    supported by some fifty examples, that, _as_ can be traced,\n    through the forms _ase_, _als_, _alse_, _also_, to the A.S.\n    _eall-swa_; a proof, that in the difficult phrase _lond and\n    lithe_, the word _lithe_ [also spelt _lede_, _lude_] is equivalent\n    to the French _tenement_, _rente_, or _fe_; and, thirdly, a\n    complete refutation of Mr Singer's extraordinary notion that the\n    adverb _swithe_ means _a sword_!]\n\n\n\u00a7 2. Owing to the scarcity of copies of this former edition, the\ncommittee of the Early English Text Society, having first obtained the\napproval of Sir Frederic Madden, resolved upon issuing a reprint of it;\nand Sir Frederic having expressed a wish that the duty of seeing it\nthrough the press should be entrusted to myself, I gladly undertook that\nresponsibility. He has kindly looked over the revises of the whole\nwork,[2] but as it has undergone several modifications, it will be the\nbest plan to state in detail what these are.\n\n    [Footnote 2: In the same way, _William of Palerne_ was prepared\n    by me for the press, subject to his advice; see _William of\n    Palerne_, Introduction, p.\u00a0ii.]\n\n\n\u00a7 3. With respect to the text, the greatest care has been taken to\nrender it, as nearly as can be represented in print, an exact copy of\nthe MS. The text of the former edition is exceedingly correct, and the\nalterations here made are few and of slight importance. Sir F.\u00a0Madden\nfurnished me with some, the results of a re-comparison, made by himself,\nof his printed copy with the original; besides this, I have myself\ncarefully read the proof sheets with the MS. _twice_, and it may\ntherefore be assumed that the complete correctness of the text is\nestablished. It seems to me that this is altogether the most important\npart of the work of a _Text_ Society, in order that the student may\nnever be perplexed by the appearance of words having no real existence.\nFor a like reason the letters \u00fe and [w] (the latter of which I have\nrepresented by an italic _w_) have now been inserted wherever they\noccur, and the expansions of abbreviations are now denoted by italics.\nFor further remarks upon the text, see the description of the MS. below,\n\u00a7\u00a026. Sidenotes and headlines have been added, but the numbering of the\nlines has not been altered. The French text of the romance, the title of\nwhich is _Le Lai de Aveloc_, and the abridgment of the story by Geffrei\nGaimar, have not been here reprinted; the fact being, that the French\nand English versions differ very widely, and that the passages of the\nFrench which really correspond to the English are few and short. _All_\nof these will be found in the Notes, in their proper places, and it was\nalso deemed the less necessary to print the French text, because it is\ntolerably accessible; for it may be found either in vol.\u00a0i. of Monumenta\nHistorica Britannica, ed. Petrie, 1848, in the reprint by M.\u00a0Michel\n(1833) entitled \"Le Lai d'Havelok,\" or in the edition by Mr T. Wright\nfor the Caxton Society, 1850. An abstract of it is given at p.\u00a0xxiii.\nThe Notes are abridged from Sir F. Madden's, with but a very few\nadditions by myself, which are distinguished by being placed within\nsquare brackets. The Glossarial Index is, for the most part, reprinted\nfrom Sir F. Madden's Glossary, but contains a large number of _slight_\nalterations, re-arrangements, and additions. The references have nearly\nall been verified,[3] and the few words formerly left unexplained are\nnow either wholly or partially solved. I have now only to add that a\nlarge portion of the remainder of this preface, especially that which\nconcerns the historical and traditional evidences of the story (\u00a7\u00a04 to\n\u00a7\u00a018), is abridged or copied from Sir F. Madden's long Introduction,\nwhich fairly exhausts the subject.[4] All extracts included between\nmarks of quotation are taken from it without alteration. But I must be\nconsidered responsible for the rearrangement of the materials, and I\nhave added a few remarks from other sources.\n\n    [Footnote 3: I say _nearly_, because I have not been able to\n    verify _every_ reference to _every_ poem quoted. I have verified\n    and critically examined all the citations from the _poem itself_,\n    from Ritson's Romances, Weber's Romances, La[gh]amon, Beowulf,\n    Chaucer, Langland, and Sir Walter Scott's edition of Sir Tristrem\n    (3rd edition, 1811).]\n\n    [Footnote 4: To this, the reader is referred for fuller\n    information.]\n\n\n\u00a7 4. NOTICES OF THE STORY OF HAVELOK BY EARLY WRITERS. There can be\nlittle doubt that the tradition must have existed from Anglo-Saxon\ntimes, but the earliest mention of it is presented to us in the full\naccount furnished by the French version of the Romance. Of this there\nare two copies, one of which belongs to Sir T. Phillipps; the other is\nknown as the Arundel or Norfolk MS., and is preserved in the Heralds'\nCollege, where it is marked E.\u00a0D.\u00a0N. No. 14; the various editions of the\nlatter have been already enumerated in \u00a7\u00a03. This version was certainly\ncomposed within the first half of the twelfth century. From the fact\nthat it is entitled a _Lai_, and from the assertion of the poet--\"Qe vn\n_lai_ en firent li Breton\"--\"whereof the Britons made a lay\"--we easily\nconclude that it was drawn from a British source. From the evident\nconnection of the story with the Chronicle called the _Brut_, we may\nfurther conclude that by _Breton_ is not meant Armorican, but belonging\nto _Britain_. The story is in no way connected with France; the\ntradition is British or Welsh, and the French version was doubtless\nwritten in England by a subject of an English king. That the language is\nFrench is due merely to the accident that the Norman conquerors of\nEngland had acquired that language during their temporary sojourn in\nFrance. From every point of view, whether we regard the British\ntradition, the Anglo-Norman version, or the version printed in the\npresent volume, the story is wholly English. It is not to be connected\ntoo closely with the Armorican lays of Marie _de France_.[5]\n\n    [Footnote 5: \"The word Breton, which some critics refer to\n    Armorica, is here applied to a story of mere English birth.\"\n    Hallam; Lit. of Europe, 6th ed. 1860; vol.\u00a0i. p.\u00a036. See the whole\n    passage.]\n\n\n\u00a7 5. We next come to the abridgment of the same as made by Geffrei\nGaimar, who wrote between the years 1141 and 1151. In one place, Geffrei\nquotes Gildas as his authority, but no conclusion can easily be drawn\nfrom this indefinite reference. In another place, he mentions a feast\ngiven by Havelok after his defeat of Hodulf-- _si cum nus dit la verai\nestoire_-- \"as the true history tells us.\" As this feast is not\nmentioned in the fuller French version, and yet reappears in the English\ntext, we perceive that he had some additional source of information; and\nthis is confirmed by the fact that he mentions several additional\ndetails, also not found in the completer version. That the lay of\nHavelok, as found in Gaimar, is really his, and not an interpolation by\na later hand, may fairly be inferred from his repeated allusions to the\nstory in the body of his work. There are three MS. copies containing\nGaimar's abridgment, of which the best is the Royal MS. (Bibl. Reg. 13\nA. xxi.) in the British Museum; the two others belong respectively to\nthe Dean and Chapter of Durham (its mark being C.\u00a0iv. 27) and to the\nDean and Chapter of Lincoln (its mark being H.\u00a018). It is curious that\nthe Norfolk MS. contains not only the fuller French version of the\nstory, but also the Brut of Wace, and the continuation of it by Gaimar.\nGaimar's abridgment, as printed in Sir F. Madden's edition, is taken\nfrom the Royal MS., supplemented by the Durham and Lincoln MSS. See also\nMonumenta Historica Britannica, vol.\u00a0i. p.\u00a0764. It is important to\nmention that Gaimar speaks of the Danes as having been in Norfolk since\nthe time that Havelok was King, after he has been relating the combats\nbetween the Britons and the Saxons under the command of Cerdic and\nCynric. Another allusion makes Havelok to have lived long before the\nyear 800, according to every system of chronology.\n\n\n\u00a7 6. The next mention of Havelok is in the French Chronicle of Peter de\nLangtoft, of Langtoft in Yorkshire, who died early in the reign of\nEdward II., and whose Chronicle closes with the death of Edward\u00a0I. Here\nthe only trace of the story is in the mention of \"Gountere le pere\nHauelok, de Danays Ray clamez\"--Gunter, father of Havelok, called King\nof the Danes. The allusion is almost valueless from its evident\nabsurdity; for he confounds Gunter with the Danish invader defeated by\nAlfred, and who is variously called Godrum, Gudrum, Guthrum, or\nGurmound. He must have been thinking, at the moment, of a very different\nGurmund, viz. the King of the Africans, as he is curiously called, whose\nterrible devastations are described very fully in La[gh]amon, vol. iii.\npp.\u00a0156-177, and who may fairly be supposed to have lived much nearer to\nthe time of Havelok; and he must further have confounded this Gurmund\nwith Gunter. For the account of Robert of Brunne's translation of\nLangtoft's Chronicle, see below, \u00a7\u00a010.\n\n\n\u00a7 7. But soon after this, we come to a most curious account. In MS.\nHarl. 902 is a late copy, on paper, of a Chronicle called _Le Bruit\nDengleterre_, or otherwise _Le Petit Bruit_, compiled A.D. 1310, by\nMeistre Rauf de Boun, at the request of Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln.\nIt is a most worthless compilation, put together in defiance of all\nchronology, but with respect to our present inquiry it is full of\ninterest, as it soon becomes obvious that one of his sources of\ninformation is the very English version here printed, which he cites by\nthe name of _l'estorie de Grimesby_, and which is thus proved to have\nbeen written before the year 1310. \"The Chronicler,\" says Sir F. Madden,\n\"commences, as usual, with Brute, B.C. 2000, and after taking us through\nthe succeeding reigns to the time of Cassibelin, who fought with Julius\nC\u00e6sar, informs us, that after Cassibelin's death came Gurmound out of\nDenmark, who claimed the throne as the son of the eldest daughter of\nBelin, married to Thorand, King of Denmark. He occupies the kingdom 57\nyears, and is at length slain at _Hunteton_, called afterwards from him\n_Gurmoundcestre_. He is succeeded by his son Frederick, who hated the\nEnglish, and filled his court with Danish nobles, but who is at last\ndriven out of the country, after having held it for the short space of\n71 years. And then, adds this miserable History-monger: 'Et si entendrez\nvous, que par cel primer venue de auaunt dit Roy Gormound, et puis par\ncele hountoux exil de son fitz Frederik, si fu le rancour de Daneis vers\nnous enpendaunt, et le regne par cel primere accion vers nous\nenchalangount plus de sept C auns apre, _iekis a la venue Haneloke, fitz\nle Roy Birkenebayne de Dannemarche, q~ le regne par mariage entra de sa\nfemme_.' --f.\u00a02\u00a0b.\n\n\"After a variety of equally credible stories, we come to Adelstan II.[6]\nson of Edward [the Elder], who corresponds with the real king of that\nname, A.D. 925-941. He is succeeded by his son [brother] Edmund, who\nreigned four years [A.D. 941-946], and is said to have been _poisoned_\nat Canterbury; after whom we have ADELWOLD, whose identity with the\nAthelwold of the English Romance, will leave no doubt as to the source\nwhence the writer drew great part of his materials in the following\npassage:\n\n  'Apres ceo vient Adelwold son fitz q~ reigna XVJ et demie, si\n  engendroit ij feiz et iij filis, dount trestoutz murrirent\n  frechement fors q~ sa pune file, le out a nom _Goldburgh_, del age\n  de VJ aunz kaunt son pere Adelwold morust. Cely Roy Adelwold quant\n  il doit morir, comaunda sa file a garder a vn Count de Cornewayle,\n  al houre kaunt il quidou~ie (sic) hountousment auoir deparag\u00e9,\n  quaunt fit _Haueloke_, fitz le Roy Byrkenbayne de Denmarche, esposer\n  le, encountre sa volunt\u00e9, q~ primis fuit Roy Dengleterre et de\n  Denmarch tout a vn foitz, par quele aliaunce leis Daneis queillerunt\n  g^{e}ndr~ (sic) mestrie en Engleterre, et long temps puise le\n  tindrunt, _si cum vous nouncie l'estorie de Grimesby_, come _Grime_\n  primez nurist Haueloke en Engleterre, depuis cel houre q'il feut\n  chas\u00e9 de Denmarche &c. deqis al houre q'il vint au chastelle de\n  Nichole, q~ cely auauntdit traitre _Goudriche_ out en garde, en quel\n  chastel il auauntdit Haueloke espousa l'auauntdit Goldeburgh, q~\n  fuit heir Dengleterre. Et par cel reson tynt cely Haueloke la terre\n  de Denmarche auxi comme son heritage, et Engleterre auxi par mariage\n  de sa femme; et si entendrez vous, q~ par la reson q~ ly auauntdit\n  Gryme ariua primez, kaunt il amena l'enfaunt Haueloke hors de\n  Denmarche, par meyme la reson reseut cele vile son nom, de Grime,\n  quel noun ly tint vnquore Grimisby.\n\n  'Apres ceo regna meyme cely Haueloke, q~ mult fuit prodhomme, et\n  droiturelle, et bien demenoit son people en reson et ley. Cel Roy\n  Haueloke reigna xlj. aunz, si engendroit ix fitz et vij filis, dount\n  trestoutz murrerount ainz q~ furunt d'age, fors soulement iiij de\n  ses feitz, dont l'un out a noum Gurmound, cely q~ entendy auoir son\n  heire en Engleterre; le secound out a noun Knout, quen fitz feffoit\n  son pere en le regne de Denmarche, quant il estoit del age de xviij\n  aunz, et ly mesme se tynt a la coroune Dengleterre, quel terre il\n  entendy al oeps son ainez fitz Gurmound auoir gard\u00e9. Mes il debusa\n  son col auxi comme il feu mount\u00e9 vn cheval testous q~ poindre\n  volleyt, en l'an de son regne xxiij entrant. Le tiers fitz ont a\n  noun Godard, q~ son pere feffoit de la Seneschacie Dengleterre, q~\n  n'auo~ut (sic) taunt come ore fait ly quart. Et le puisnez fitz de\n  toutz out a noum Thorand, q~ espousa la Countesse de Hertouwe en\n  Norwey. Et par la reson q~ cely Thorand feut enherit\u00e9 en la terre de\n  Norwey, ly et ses successours sont enheritez iekis en sa p~ce (sic)\n  toutdis, puis y auoit affinit\u00e9 de alliaunce entre ceulx de Denmarche\n  et ceulx de Norwey, a checun venue q~ vnkes firent en ceste terre\n  pur chalenge ou clayme mettre, iekis a taunt q~ lour accion feut\n  enseyne destrut par vn noble chevallere _Guy de Warwike_, &c. Et\n  tout en sy feffoit Haueloke sez quatre fitz: si gist a priorie de\n  _Grescherche_ en Loundrez.' --f.\u00a06\u00a0b.\n\n\"The _Estorie de Grimesby_ therefore, referred to above, is the\nidentical English Romance before us, and it is no less worthy of remark,\nthat the whole of the passage just quoted, with one single variation of\nimport, has been literally translated by Henry de Knyghton, and inserted\nin his Chronicle.[7] Of the sources whence the information respecting\nHavelok's sons is derived, we are unable to offer any account, as no\ntrace of it occurs either in the French or English texts of the story.\"\n\n    [Footnote 6: \"The Chronicler writes of him, f. 6. 'Il feu le\n    plus beau bacheleir q{e} vnqes reigna en Engleterre, _ceo dit le\n    Bruit_, par quoy ly lays ly apellerunt _King Adelstane with gilden\n    kroket_, pour ce q'il feu si beaus.' We have here notice of\n    another of those curious historical poems, the loss of which can\n    never be sufficiently deplored. The term _crocket_ (derived by\n    Skinner from the Fr. _crochet_, uncinulus) points out the period\n    of the poem's composition, since the fashion alluded to of wearing\n    those large rolls of hair so called, only arose at the latter end\n    of Hen. III. reign, and continued through the reign of Edw.\u00a0I. and\n    part of his successor's.\"]\n\n    [Footnote 7: See below, \u00a7 16.]\n\n\n\u00a7 8. \"About the same time at which Rauf de Boun composed his Chronicle,\nwas written a brief Genealogy of the British and Saxon Kings, from\nBrutus to Edward II., preserved in the same MS. in the Heralds' College\nwhich contains the French text of the Romance. The following curious\nrubric is prefixed:-- _La lign\u00e9e des Bretons et des Engleis, queus il\nfurent, et de queus nons, et coment Brut vint premerement en Engleterre,\net combien de tens puis, et dont il vint. Brut et Cornelius furent\nchevalers chacez de la bataille de Troie, M. CCCC. XVII. anz deuant qe\ndieus nasquit, et vindrent en Engleterre, en Cornewaille, et riens ne\nfut trouee en la terre fors qe geanz, Geomagog, Hastripoldius,\nRuscalbundy, et plusurs autres Geanz._ In this Genealogy no mention of\nHavelok occurs under the reign of Constantine, but after the names of\nthe Saxon Kings Edbright and Edelwin, we read: 'ATHELWOLD auoit vne\nfille _Goldeburgh_, et il regna vi. anz. HAUELOC esposa meisme cele\nGoldeburgh, et regna iij. anz. ALFRED le frere le Roi Athelwold enchaca\nHaueloc par Hunehere, et il fut le primer Roi corone de l'apostoille, et\nil regna xxx. anz.' --fol. 148\u00a0b. By this account Athelwold is clearly\nidentified with Ethelbald, King of Wessex, who reigned from 855 to 860,\nwhilst Havelok is substituted in the place of Ethelbert and Ethered.\"\n\n\n\u00a7 9. \"Not long after the same period was written a Metrical _Chronicle\nof England_, printed by Ritson, Metr. Rom. V.\u00a0ii. p.\u00a0270. Two copies are\nknown to exist,[8] the first concluding with the death of Piers\nGavestone, in 1313 (MS. Reg. 12. C. xii.), and the other continued to\nthe time of Edw. III. (Auchinleck MS.). The period of Havelok's descent\ninto England is there ascribed to the reign of King Ethelred (978-1016),\nwhich will very nearly coincide with the period assigned by Rauf de\nBoun, viz. A.D. 963-1004.\"\n\n '_Haueloc_ com tho to this lond,\n  With gret host & eke strong,\n  Ant sloh the Kyng Achelred,\n  At Westmustre he was ded,\n  Ah he heuede reigned her\n  Seuene an tuenti fulle [gh]er.'\n\n    MS. Reg. 12. C. xii.\n\n\"This date differs from most of the others, and appears founded on the\ngeneral notion of the Danish invasions during that period.\"\n\n    [Footnote 8: The poems in MSS. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ff. 5. 48 and\n    Dd. 14.\u00a02 resemble this Chronicle, but do not mention Havelok's\n    name.]\n\n\n\u00a7 10. Before proceeding to consider the _prose_ Chronicle of the Brute,\nit is better to speak first of the translation of Peter de Langtoft's\nChronicle by Robert of Brunne, a translation which was completed A.D.\n1338. At p.\u00a025 of Hearne's edition is the following passage:\n\n '[Gh]it a nother Danes Kyng in the North gan aryue.\n  Alfrid it herd, thidere gan he dryue.\n  _Hauelok_[9] fader he was, _Gunter_ was his name.\n  He brent citees & tounes, ouer alle did he schame.\n  Saynt Cutbertes clerkes tho Danes thei dred.\n  The toke the holy bones, about thei tham led.\n  Seuen [gh]ere thorgh the land wer thei born aboute,\n  It comforted the kyng mykelle, whan he was in doute\n  \u00b6 Whan Alfrid & Gunter had werred long in ille,\n  Thorgh the grace of God, Gunter turned his wille.\n  Cristend wild he be, the kyng of fonte him lift,\n  & thritty of his knyghtes turnes, thorgh Godes gift.\n  Tho that first were foos, and com of paien lay,\n  Of Cristen men haf los, & so thei wend away.'\n\n\"This is the whole that appears in the original, but after the above\nlines immediately follows, in the language of Robert of Brunne himself\n(as noted also by Hearne, Pref. p.\u00a0lxvii.), the following curious, and\nto our inquiry, very important passage:\"\n\n 'Bot I haf grete ferly, that I fynd no man,\n  That has writen in story, how Hauelok this lond wan.\n  Noither _Gildas_, no Bede, no Henry of Huntynton,\n  No William of Malmesbiri, ne Pers of Bridlynton,\n  Writes not in ther bokes of no kyng Athelwold,\n  Ne Goldeburgh his douhtere, ne Hauelok not of told,\n  Whilk tyme the were kynges, long or now late,\n  Thei mak no menyng whan, no in what date.\n  Bot that thise _lowed men vpon Inglish tellis_,\n  Right story can me not ken, the certeynte what spellis.\n  Men sais in Lyncoln castelle ligges [gh]it a stone,\n  That Hauelok kast wele forbi euer ilkone\n  & [gh]it the chapelle standes, ther he weddid his wife,\n  Goldeburgh the kynges douhter, _that saw is [gh]it rife_.\n  & of Gryme a fisshere, _men redes [gh]it in ryme_,\n  That he bigged Grymesby Gryme that ilk tyme.\n  Of alle stories of honoure, that I haf thorgh souht,\n  I fynd that no compiloure of him tellis ouht.\n  Sen I fynd non redy, that tellis of Hauelok kynde\n  Turne we to that story, that we writen fynde.'\n\n\"There cannot exist the smallest doubt, that by the 'Ryme' here\nmentioned 'that lowed men vpon Inglish tellis,' the identical English\nRomance, now before the reader, is referred to. It must therefore\ncertainly have been composed prior to the period at which Robert of\nBrunne wrote,[10] in whose time the traditions respecting Havelok at\nLincoln were so strongly preserved, as to point out various localities\nto which the story had affixed a name, and similar traditions connected\nwith the legend, as we shall find hereafter, existed also at Grimsby.\nThe doubts expressed by the Chronicler, as to their authenticity, or the\nauthority of the 'Ryme,' are curious, but only of value so far as they\nprove he was ignorant of the existence of a French Romance on the\nsubject, or of its reception in Gaimar's historical poem.\"\n\n    [Footnote 9: This proof is rendered unnecessary by the citations\n    from it by Rauf de Boun in 1310, and by the age of our MS.\n    itself.]\n\n    [Footnote 10: _Hanelok_ in Hearne, throughout, but undoubtedly\n    _contra fidem_ MSS.]\n\n\n\u00a7 11. \"But on consulting the Lambeth copy of Rob. of Brunne, in order to\nverify the passage as printed by Hearne from the Inner Temple MS. we\nwere not a little surprised to ascertain a fact hitherto overlooked, and\nindeed unknown, viz. that the Lambeth MS. (which is a folio, written on\npaper, and imperfect both at the beginning and close)[11] does not\ncorrespond with the Edition, but has evidently been revised by a later\nhand, which has abridged the Prologues, omitted some passages, and\ninserted others. The strongest proof of this exists in the passage\nbefore us, in which the Lambeth MS. entirely omits the lines of Rob. of\nBrunne respecting the authenticity of the story of Havelok, and in their\nplace substitutes an abridged outline of the story itself, copied\napparently from the French Chronicle of Gaimar. The interpolation is so\ncurious, and so connected with our inquiry, as to be a sufficient\napology for introducing it here.\"\n\n '\u00b6 Forth wente Gounter & his folk, al in to Denemark,\n  Sone fel ther hym vpon, a werre styth & stark,\n  Thurgh a Breton kyng, th^t out of Ingeland cam,\n  & asked the tribut of Denmark, th^t Arthur whylom nam.\n  They wythseide hit schortly, & non wolde they [gh]elde,\n  But rather they wolde dereyne hit, wyth bataill y the felde.\n  Both partis on a day, to felde come they stronge,\n  Desconfit were the danes, Gounter his deth gan fonge.\n  When he was ded they schope brynge, al his blod to schame,\n  But Gatferes doughter the kyng, _Eleyne_ was hure name,\n  Was kyng Gounteres wyf, and had a child hem bytwene,\n  Wyth wham scheo scapede vnethe, al to the se with tene.\n  The child hym highte HAUELOK, th^t was his moder dere,\n  Scheo mette with grym atte hauene, a wel god marinere,\n  He hure knew & highte hure wel, to helpe hure with his might,\n  To bryng hure saf out of the lond, wythinne th^t ilke night.\n  When they come in myd se, a gret meschef gan falle,\n  They metten wyth a gret schip, lade wyth outlawes alle.\n  Anon they fullen hem apon, & dide hem Mikel peyne,\n  So th^t wyth strengthe of their assaut, ded was quene Eleyne.\n  But [gh]yt ascapede from hem Grym, wyth Hauelok & other fyue,\n  & atte the hauene of Grymesby, ther they gon aryue.\n  Ther was brought forth child Hauelok, wyth Grym & his fere,\n  Right als hit hadde be ther own, for other wyste men nere.\n  Til he was mykel & mighti, & man of mykel cost,\n  Th^t for his grete sustinaunce, nedly serue he most.\n  He tok leue of Grym & Seburc, as of his sire & dame,\n  And askede ther blessinge curteysly, ther was he nought to blame.\n  Thenne drow he forth northward, to kynges court Edelsie,\n  Th^t held fro Humber to Rotland, the kyngdam of Lyndesye.\n  Thys Edelsy of Breton kynde, had Orewayn his sister bright\n  Maried to a noble kyng, of Northfolk Egelbright.\n  Holly for his kyngdam, he held in his hand,\n  Al the lond fro Colchestre, right in til Holand.\n  Thys Egelbright th^t was a Dane, & Orewayn the quene,\n  Hadden gete on Argill, a doughter hem bytwene.\n  Sone then deyde Egelbright, & his wyf Orewayn,\n  & therfore was kyng Edelsye, bothe joyful & fayn.\n  Anon their doughter & here Eyr, his nece dame Argill,\n  & al the kyngdam he tok in hande, al at his owene will.\n  Ther serued Hauelok as quistron, & was y-cald Coraunt,\n  He was ful mykel & hardy, & strong as a Geaunt.\n  He was bold Curteys & fre, & fair & god of manere,\n  So th^t alle folk hym louede, th^t auewest hym were.\n  But for couetise of desheraison, of damysele Argill,\n  & for a chere th^t the kyng sey, scheo made Coraunt till,\n  He dide hem arraye ful symplely, & wedde togydere bothe,\n  For he ne rewarded desparagyng, were manion ful wrothe.\n  A while they dwelt after in court, in ful pore degre,\n  The schame & sorewe th^t Argill hadde, hit was a deol to se.\n  Then seyde scheo til hure maister, of whenne sire be [gh]e?\n  Haue [gh]e no kyn ne frendes at hom, in [gh]oure contre?\n  Leuer were me lyue in pore lyf, wythoute schame & tene,\n  Than in schame & sorewe, lede the astat of quene.\n  Thenne wente they forth to Grymesby, al by his wyues red,\n  & founde th^t Grym & his wyf, weren bothe ded.\n  But he fond ther on Aunger, Grymes cosyn hend,\n  To wham th^t Grym & his wyf, had teld word & ende.\n  How th^t hit stod wyth Hauelok, in all manere degre,\n  & they hit hym telde & conseilled, to drawe til his contre,\n  Tasaye what grace he mighte fynde, among his frendes there,\n  & they wolde ordeyne for their schipynge, and al th^t hem nede were.\n  When Aunger hadde y-schiped hem, they seilled forth ful swythe,\n  Ful-but in til Denemark, wyth weder fair & lithe.\n  Ther fond he on sire Sykar, a man of gret poust\u00e9,\n  Th^t hey styward somtyme was, of al his fader fe.\n  Ful fayn was he of his comyng, & god help him behight,\n  To recouere his heritage, of Edulf kyng & knyght.\n  Sone asembled they gret folk, of his sibmen & frendes,\n  Kyng Edulf gadered his power, & ageyn them wendes.\n  Desconfyt was ther kyng Edulf, & al his grete bataill,\n  & so conquered Hauelok, his heritage saunz faille.\n  Sone after he schop him gret power, in toward Ingelond,\n  His wyues heritage to wynne, ne wolde he nought wonde.\n  Th^t herde the kyng of Lyndeseye, he was come on th^t cost,\n  & schop to fighte wyth hym sone, & gadered hym gret host.\n  But atte day of bataill, Edelsy was desconfit,\n  & after by tretys gaf Argentill, hure heritage al quit.\n  & for scheo was next of his blod, Hauelokes wyf so feyr,\n  He gaf hure Lyndesey after his day, & made hure his Eyr.\n  & atte last so byfel, th^t vnder Hauelokes schelde,\n  Al Northfolk & Lyndeseye, holy of hym they helde.'\n\n    MS. Lamb. 131. leaf 76.\n\n    [Footnote 11: The writing in the earlier portion (concerning\n    Havelok) is hardly later than A.D. 1400.]\n\n\n\u00a7 12. We now come to the prose Chronicle called The Brute, which became\nexceedingly popular, and was the foundation of \"Caxton's Chronicle,\"\nfirst printed by Caxton A.D. 1480, but of which Caxton was not the\nauthor, though he may have added some of the last chapters. The original\nis in French, and was probably compiled a few years _before_ Robert of\nBrunne's translation of Langtoft was made, as it concludes with the year\n1331, or, in some copies, with 1332. The author of it is not known, but\nit was probably only regarded as a compilation from the Chronicles of\nthe earlier Historians. \"In this Chronicle, in all its various shapes,\nis contained the Story of Havelock, _engrafted on the British History of\nGeoffrey of Monmouth_, and in its detail, following precisely the French\ntext of the Romance. The only variation of consequence is the\nsubstitution of the name of Birkabeyn (as in the English text) for that\nof Gunter, and in some copies, both of the French and English MSS. of\nthe Chronicle, the name of _Goldeburgh_ is inserted instead of\n_Argentille_; which variations are the more curious, as they prove the\nabsolute identity of the story. For the sake of a more complete\nillustration of what has been advanced, we are induced to copy the\npassage at length, as it appears in the French Chronicle, taken from a\nwell-written MS. of the 14th century, MS. Reg. 20 A\u00a03, fol. 165\u00a0b.\"[12]\n\n  '_Des Rois Adelbright & Edelfi_, Cap. IIIJ^xx. XIX.\n\n  Apres le Roi Constantin estoient deux Rois en graunt Brutaigne,\n  dount li vns out a noun Aldelbright, & fust Danois, & [tint] tut le\n  pais de Norff' & de Suffolk, & ly altre out a noun Edelfi, q{e} fust\n  Brittone, & tint Nicol & Lindesey, & tote la terre desqes a Humber,\n  Ceux deux Rois soi entreguerroierent, [& moult s'entrehaierent] mais\n  puis furent il entre acordez & soi entreamerent, taunt com s'il\n  vssent estee freres de vn ventre neez. Le Roi Edelfi out vne soer,\n  Orewenne par noun, & la dona par grant amour al Roi Aldelbright a\n  femme. Et il engendra de ly vne fille q{e} out a noun Argentille. En\n  le tierez an apres vne greue Maladie ly suruint, si deuereit morrir,\n  & maunda par vn iour al Roi Edelfi, soun frere en lei, q'il venist a\n  ly parler, & cil ly emparla volentiers. Donqe ly pria le Roi\n  Aldelbright et ly coniura en le noun [de] Dieu, q'il apres sa mort\n  preist Argentille sa fille, & sa terre, & q'il la feist honestement\n  garder [& nurrir] en sa chambre, & quant ele serreit de age, q'il la\n  feist marier al plus fort hom & plus vaillaunt q'il porroit trouer,\n  & q{e} a donqe ly rendist sa terre. Edelfi ceo graunta, & par\n  serment afferma sa priere. Et quant Adelbright fust mort, &\n  enterree, Edelfi prist la damoysele, & la norrist en sa chambre, si\n  deuynt ele la plus beale creature q{e} hom porreit trouer.\n\n  _Coment le Roi Edelfi Maria la damoisele Argentille a vn quistroun\n  de sa quisine._ Cap^m. C.\n\n  Le Roi Edelfi, q{e} fust vncle a la Damoysele Argentille, pensa\n  fausement coment il porreit la terre sa Nece auoir par touz iours, &\n  malueisement countre soun serment pensa a deceiure la pucelle, si la\n  maria a vn quistroun de sa quisyne q{e} fust apell\u00e9e Curan, si\n  esteit il le plus haut, le plus fort, & le plus vaillaunt de corps,\n  q{e} hom sauoit nulle part a cel temps, & la quidoit hountousement\n  marier, pur auoir sa terre a remenaunt, Mais il fust deceu. Car cest\n  Curan fust [le Roi] Hauelok, filz le Roi Kirkebain de Denemarche, &\n  il conquist la terre sa femme [en Bretaigne], & occist le Roi\n  Edelfi, vncle sa femme, & conquist tote la terre, _si com aillours\n  est trou\u00e9e plus pleinement_ [_en l'estorie_], & il ne regna q{e}\n  treis aunz. Car Saxsouns & Danoys le occirent, & ceo fust grant\n  damage a tote la grant Brutaigne. Et les Brutouns le porterent a\n  Stonhenge, & illoeqes ly enterrerent a grant honour.'\n\n    [Footnote 12: Sir F. Madden adds-- \"collated with another of the\n    same age, MS. Cott. Dom. A.\u00a0x, and a third, of the 15th century,\n    MS. Harl. 200.\" I omit the collations; the words within square\n    brackets are supplied from these other copies.]\n\n\n\u00a7 13. \"With the above may be compared the English version, as extant in\nMS. Harl. 2279, which agrees with the Ed. of Caxton, except in the\noccasional substitution of one word for another.\"[13]\n\n  'MS. Harl. 2279, f. 47._ Of the kinges Albright & of Edelf._ Ca^o\n  IIII^xx. XI^o.\n\n  After kyng Constantinus deth, ther were .ij. kynges in Britaigne,\n  that one men callede Adelbright, that was a Danoys, and helde the\n  cuntray of Northfolk and Southfolk, that other hight Edelf, and was\n  a Britoun & helde Nichole, Lindeseye, and alle the lande vnto\n  Humber. Thes ij. kynges faste werred togeders, but afterward thei\n  were acorded, and louede togedere as thei had ben borne of o bodie.\n  The kyng Edelf had a suster that men callede Orewenne, and he yaf\n  here thurghe grete frenshipe to kyng Adelbright to wif, and he\n  begate on here a doughter that men callede Argentille, and in the\n  .iij. yeer after him come vppon a strong sekenesse that nedes he\n  muste die, and he sent to kyng Edelf, his brother in lawe, that he\n  shulde come and speke with him, and he come to him with good wille.\n  Tho prayed he the kyng and coniurede also in the name of God, that\n  after whan he were dede, he shulde take Argentil his doughter, and\n  the lande, and that he kepte hir wel, and noreshed in his chambre;\n  and whan she were of age he shulde done here be mariede to the\n  strongest and worthiest man that he my[gh]t fynde, and than he shulde\n  yelde vp her lande ayen. Edelf hit grauntid, and bi othe hit\n  confermede his prayer. And whan Adelbright was dede and Enterede,\n  Edelfe toke the damesel Argentil, and noreshid her in his chambre,\n  and she become the fayrest creature th^t my[gh]t lif, or eny man\n  finde.\n\n  _How kyng Edelf mariede the damysel Argentil to a knaue of his\n  kichyn._ Ca^o IIII^xx. XII.\n\n  This kyng Edelf, that was vncle to the damesel Argentil, bithought\n  how that he my[gh]te falsliche haue the lande from his nece for\n  euermore, and falsly ayens his othe thou[gh]te to desceyue the\n  damysel, and marie here to a knave of his kichon, that men callede\n  Curan, and he become the worthiest and strengest man of bodie that\n  eny man wist in eny lande that tho leuede. And to him he thou[gh]t\n  here shendfully haue mariede, for to haue had here lande afterward;\n  but he was clene desceyuede. For this Curan that was Hauelokis son\n  that was kyng of Kirkelane in Denmark, and this Curan Conquerede\n  his wifes landes, and slow kyng Edelf, that was his wifes vncle,\n  and had alle here lande, as in a-nother stede hit [MS. but] telleth\n  more oponly, and he ne regnede but iij. yeer, for Saxones and\n  Danoys him quelde, and that was grete harme to al Britaigne, and\n  Britouns bere him to Stonehenge, and ther thei him interede with\n  mochel honour and solempnite.'\n\n\"It must not be concealed, that in some copies, viz. in MSS. Harl. 1337,\n6251, Digby 185, Hatton 50, Ashmole 791 and 793, the story is altogether\nomitted, and Conan made to succeed to Arthur. In those copies also of\nthe English Polychronicon, the latter part of which resembles the above\nChronicle, the passage is not found.\" \"Among the Harl. MSS. (No. 63) is\na copy of the same Chronicle in an abridged form, in which the name of\n_Goldesburghe_ is substituted for that of Argentille.\" Sir F. Madden now\nadds--that \"the story occurs also in some interpolated copies of Higden\n(the Latin text, viz. MSS. Harl. 655, Cott. Jul. E.\u00a08, Reg. 13 E. 1). In\nan earlier form it is found in a Latin Chronicle of the 13th century,\nMS. Cott. Dom. A.\u00a02, fol. 130.\"\n\n    [Footnote 13: I omit the collations with MSS. Harl. 24 and 753.\n    Sir F. Madden proves that this English version was made A.D. 1435,\n    by _John Maundevile_, rector of Burnham Thorp in Norfolk.]\n\n\n\u00a7 14. \"It was, in all probability, to this Chronicle also, in its\noriginal form, that Thomas Gray, the author of the _Scala Cronica_ (or\n_Scale Cronicon_), a Chronicle in French prose, composed between the\nyears 1355 and 1362, is indebted for his knowledge of the tale.\" The\noriginal MS. is No. 132 in the library of Corpus Christi College,\nCambridge, and was edited by Stevenson for the Maitland Club in 1836.\nThe passage relative to Havelok is translated by Leland, _Collectanea_,\nvol.\u00a0i. pt.\u00a02, p.\u00a0511. This account resembles the others, and involves\nno new point of interest.\n\n\n\u00a7 15. I may here introduce the remark, that the story is also to be\nfound in the _Eulogium Historiarum_, ed. Haydon, 1860, vol. ii. p.\u00a0378.\nI here quote the passage at length, as it is not referred to in Sir F.\nMadden's edition. The date of the Chronicle is about 1366. For various\nreadings, see Haydon's edition.\n\n  Non enim est pr\u00e6termittendum de quodam Dano generoso \u00e6tate juvenili\n  florente, qui tempore regis Edelfridi casualiter Angliam adiit, qui\n  a propria patria expulsus per quendam ducem falsissimum, cui pater\n  ejus illum commiserat ipso moriente et ducem rogavit ut puerum\n  nutriret usque dum posset Denemarchi\u00e6 regnum viriliter gubernare.\n  Dux vero malitiam machinans juvenem h\u00e6redem rectum, Hauelok nomine,\n  voluit occidisse. Puer vero comperiens aufugit per latibula usque\n  dum quidam Anglicus et mercator in illis partibus adventaret; nomen\n  autem mercatoris Grym vocitabatur. Hauelok autem, Grym rogans ut\n  ipsum in Angliam transvectaret, ipse autem annuens, puerum secum\n  conduxit et cum eo per aliquot tempus apud Grymesby morabatur.\n  Tandem ipsum ad curiam regis Edelfridi conduxit et ibi in coquina\n  regis moratus est.\n\n  Rex autem Edelfridus quamdam habuit sororem nomine Orwen et illam\n  maritavit regi Athelberto, quod conjugium inter duos reges vinculum\n  amoris catenavit. Rex autem Athelbert terram citra Trentam cum regio\n  diademate occupavit, cum terra de Northfolk' et de Southfolk' et eis\n  adjacentibus. Rex vero Edelfrid comitatum Lincolni\u00e6 et Lyndeseye et\n  eis spectantibus. Ante maritagium puell\u00e6 Orwen illi duo reges semper\n  debellabant, post matrimonium factum nulla fuit divisio, nec in\n  familia inter eos nec in dominio.\n\n  Rex vero Ethelbert de uxore sua quamdam filiam genuit, nomine\n  Argentile, pulcherrimam valde. Athelberto obiente, vel ante mortem\n  ejus, regem rogavit Edelfridum ut filiam suam homini fortissimo ac\n  validiori totius sui regni in conjugium copularet, nihil doli vel\n  mali machinans.\n\n  Rex autem Adelfrid omnem malitiam ingeminans de conjugio puell\u00e6\n  malitiose disponens, cogitans se habere unum lixam in coquina sua\n  qui omnes homines regni sui in vigore et fortitudine superabat, et\n  juxta votum patris puell\u00e6 ad illum hominem fortissimum illam\n  generosam juvenculam toro maritali copulavit, ob cupiditatem regni\n  puell\u00e6 ipsam ita enormiter maritabat. Hauelok in patria Danemarchi\u00e6\n  et Argentile in Britannia \u00e6quali sorte ad custodiendum deputati\n  sunt, totum tamen nutu Divino cedebat eis in honorem. Nam Hauelok\n  post paucos annos regnum Britanni\u00e6 adoptus est, et a Saxonibus\n  tandem occisus et apud le Stonhenge est sepultus. Pater ejus\n  Kirkeban vocabatur.\n\nThis agrees closely with the accounts given above (\u00a7 12 and \u00a7\u00a013). The\nchief point to be noticed is that this account identifies Edelfrid with\nthe \u00c6thelfrith son of \u00c6thelric who was king of the Northumbrians from\nA.D. 593 to 617, according to the computation of the A.S. Chronicle, and\nwho was succeeded by Eadwine son of \u00c6lle, who drove out the \u00e6thelings or\nsons of \u00c6thelfrith. It may be remarked further, that the same \u00c6thelfrith\nis called \u00c6luric by La[gh]amon, who gives him a very bad character; see\nLa[gh]amon, ed. Madden, vol. iii. p.\u00a0195.\n\n\n\u00a7 16. The story is also mentioned by Henry de Knyghton, a canon of\nLeicester abbey, whose history concludes with the year 1395. But his is\nno fresh evidence, as it is evidently borrowed from the French Chronicle\nof Rauf de Boun; see \u00a7\u00a07. It is also alluded to in a blundering manner\nin a short historical compilation extending from the time of Brutus to\nthe reign of Henry VI., and preserved in MS. Cotton Calig. A.\u00a02. At fol.\n107\u00a0_b_ is the passage-- \"Ethelwolde, qui generavit filiam de (_sic_)\nHaueloke de Denmarke, per quem Danes per cccc. annos postea fecerunt\nclameum Anglie.\" Some omission after the word _de_ has turned the\npassage into nonsense; but it is noteworthy as expressing the claim of\nthe Danes to the English crown by right of descent from Havelok; a claim\nwhich is more clearly expressed in MS. Harl. 63, in which the King of\nDenmark is represented as sending a herald to \u00c6thelstan (A.D. 927)-- \"to\nwitte wheder he wold fynde a man to fight w{i}t{h} Colbrande[14] for the\nrigh[t]e of the kyngdom Northumbr{e}, that the Danes had claymed byfore\nby the title of kyng Haueloke, that wedded Goldesburghe the kyngis\ndaughter of Northumbr{e}\" --fol. 19.[15] Four hundred years before this\ndate would intimate some year early in the sixth century. Finally, the\nstory is found at a later period in Caxton's Chronicle (A.D. 1480) as\nabove intimated in \u00a7\u00a012; whence it was adopted by Warner, and inserted\ninto his poem entitled Albion's England; book iv. chap. 20, published in\n1586. Warner called it the tale of \"Argentile and Curan;\" and in this\nballad-shape it was reprinted in Percy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry\n(vol. ii. p.\u00a0261; ed. 1812) with the same title. Not long after, in\n1617, another author, William Webster, published a larger poem in\nsix-line stanzas; but this is a mere paraphrase of Warner. The title\nis-- \"The most pleasant and delightful historie of Curan, a prince of\nDanske, and the fayre princesse Argentile,\" &c. John Fabyan, in his\nConcordance of Historyes, first printed in 1516, alludes to the two\nkings Adelbryght and Edill, only to dismiss the \"longe processe\"\nconcerning them, as not supported by sufficient authority. See p.\u00a082 of\nthe reprint by Ellis, 4to, 1811.\n\n    [Footnote 14: Colbrande is the giant defeated by Guy in the\n    Ballad of \"Guy and Colebrande.\" See _Percy Folio MS._; ed. Hales\n    and Furnivall, vol. ii. p.\u00a0528, where _Auelocke_ means _Anlaf_.]\n\n    [Footnote 15: Quoted in a note in Sir F. Madden's preface,\n    p.\u00a0xxiii.]\n\n\n\u00a7 17. The only other two sources whence any further light can be thrown\nupon our subject are the traditions of Denmark and Grimsby. A letter\naddressed by Sir F. Madden to Professor Rask elicited a reply which was\nequivalent to saying that next to nothing is known about it in Denmark.\nThis seems to be the right place to mention a small book of 80 pages,\npublished at Copenhagen in the present year (1868), and entitled \"Sagnet\nom Havelok Danske; fortalt af Kristian K\u00f6ster.\" It contains\n(1)\u00a0a\u00a0version, in Danish prose, of the English poem; (2)\u00a0a\u00a0version of\nthe same story, following the French texts of the Arundel and Royal\nMSS.; and (3)\u00a0some elucidations of the legend. The author proposes a\ntheory that Havelok is really the Danish king Amlet, i.e. Hamlet; but I\nhave not space here to state all his arguments. As far as I follow them,\nsome of the chief ones are these; that Havelok ought to be found in the\nlist of Danish kings;[16] that Hamlet's simulation of folly or madness\nis paralleled by Havelok's behaviour, as expressed in ll. 945-954 of our\npoem; and that both Hamlet and Havelok succeeded in fulfilling the\nrevenge which they had long cherished secretly. But I am not much\npersuaded by these considerations, for, even granting some resemblance\nin the names,[17] the resemblance in the stories is very slight. But I\nmust refer the reader to the book itself.\n\n    [Footnote 16: So then ought Hamlet; but the editor of Saxo\n    Grammaticus says, \"in antiquioribus regum Dani\u00e6 genealogiis\n    Amlethus non occurrit.\" See Saxo Gram. ed. M\u00fcller, Havni\u00e6, 1839;\n    end of lib. iii. and beginning of lib. iv.; also the note on\n    p.\u00a0132 of the Not\u00e6 Uberiores. The idea that Havelock is Amlet is\n    to be found in Grundtvig, North. Myth. 1832, p.\u00a0565.]\n\n    [Footnote 17: Havelok [_or_ Hanelock, as it is sometimes read]\n    is quite as like Anlaf, whence the blunder noticed in note\u00a01,\n    p.\u00a0xviii. In the form Hablok, it is not unlike _Blecca_, who was a\n    great man in _Lindesey_ soon after the days of _\u00c6thelberht_ of\n    Kent; see Saxon Chronicle, An. DCXXVII.]\n\n\n\u00a7 18. Turning however to local traditions, we find that Camden briefly\nalludes to the story in a contemptuous manner (p.\u00a0353; ed. 8vo, Lond.\n1587); but Gervase Holles is far from being disposed to regard it as\nfabulous. In his MSS. collections for Lincolnshire, preserved in MS.\nHarl. 6829, he thus speaks of the story we are examining.[18]\n\n  \"And it will not be amisse, to say something concerning y^e Common\n  tradition of her first founder Grime, as y^e inhabitants (with a\n  Catholique faith) name him. The tradition it thus. _Grime_ (say\n  they) a poore Fisherman (as he was launching into y^e Riuer for fish\n  in his little boate vpon Humber) espyed not far from him another\n  little boate, empty (as he might conceaue) which by y^e fauour of\n  y^e wynde & tyde still approached nearer & nearer vnto him. He\n  betakes him to his oares, & meetes itt, wherein he founde onely a\n  Childe wrapt in swathing clothes, purposely exposed (as it should\n  seeme) to y^e pittylesse [rage] of y^e wilde & wide Ocean. He moued\n  with pitty, takes itt home, & like a good foster-father carefully\n  nourisht itt, & endeauoured to nourishe it in his owne occupation:\n  but y^e childe contrarily was wholy deuoted to exercises of\n  actiuity, & when he began to write man, to martiall sports, & at\n  length by his signall valour obteyned such renowne, y^t he marryed\n  y^e King of England's daughter, & last of all founde who was his\n  true Father, & that he was Sonne to y^e King of Denmarke; & for y^e\n  comicke close of all; that _Haueloke_ (for such was his name)\n  exceedingly aduanced & enriched his foster-father Grime, who thus\n  enriched, builded a fayre Towne neare the place where Hauelocke was\n  founde, & named it Grimesby. Thus say some: others differ a little\n  in y^e circumstances, as namely, that Grime was not a Fisherman, but\n  a Merchant, & that Hauelocke should be preferred to y^e King's\n  kitchin, & there liue a longe tyme as a Scullion: but however y^e\n  circumstances differ, they all agree in y^e consequence, as\n  concerning y^e Towne's foundation, to which (sayth y^e story)\n  Hauelocke y^e Danish prince, afterward graunted many immunityes.\n  This is y^e famous Tradition concerning Grimsby w^ch learned Mr.\n  Cambden gives so little creditt to, that he thinkes it onely _illis\n  dignissima, qui anilibus fabulis noctem solent protrudere_.\"\n\nAnd again, after shewing that _by_ is the Danish for _town_, and quoting\na passage about Havelock's father being named Gunter, which may be found\nin Weever (Ancient Funeral Monuments, fol. Lond. 1631, p.\u00a0749), he\nproceeds:\n\n  \"that Hauelocke did sometymes reside in Grimsby, may be gathered\n  from a great blew Boundry-stone, lying at y^e East ende of\n  Briggowgate, which retaines y^e name of _Hauelock's-Stone_ to this\n  day. Agayne y^e great priuiledges & immunityes, that this Towne hath\n  in Denmarke aboue any other in England (as freedome from Toll, & y^e\n  rest) may fairely induce a Beleife, that some preceding favour, or\n  good turne called on this remuneration. But lastly (which proofe I\n  take to be _instar omnium_) the Common Seale of y^e Towne, & that a\n  most auncient one,\" &c. [Here follows a description of the Seal.]\n\n\"The singular fact,\" adds Sir F. Madden, \"alluded to by Holles, of the\nBurgesses of Grimsby being free from toll at the Port of Elsineur, in\nDenmark, is confirmed by the Rev. G. Oliver, in his Monumental\nAntiquities of Grimsby, 8vo, Hull, 1825, who is inclined from that, and\nother circumstances, to believe the story is not so totally without\nfoundation.\" There is also an absurd local story that the church at\nGrimsby, which has now but one turret, formerly had four, three of which\nwere kicked down by Grim in his anxiety to destroy some hostile vessels.\nThe first fell among the enemy's fleet; the second dropped in\nWellowgate, and is now Havelock's stone; the third fell within the\nchurchyard, but the fourth his strength failed to move. Perhaps amongst\nthe most interesting notices of the story are the following words by Sir\nHenry Havelock, whose family seems to have originally resided in Durham.\nHis own account, however, is this. \"My father, William Havelock,\ndescended from a family which formerly resided at Grimsby in\nLincolnshire, and was himself born at Guisborough in Yorkshire.\"[19] And\nit may at least be said with perfect truth, that if the name of\n_Havelock_ was not famous formerly, it is famous now.\n\n    [Footnote 18: His account has been printed in the _Topographer_,\n    V.\u00a0i. p.\u00a0241. sq. 8vo, 1789. We follow, as usual, the MS. itself,\n    p.\u00a01.]\n\n    [Footnote 19: Quoted in Brock's Biography of Sir H. Havelock,\n    1858; p.\u00a09.]\n\n\n\u00a7 19. The last evidence for the legend is the still-existing seal of the\ncorporation of Great Grimsby. The engraving of this seal, as it appears\nin the present edition, was made from a copy kindly furnished to the\nE.E.T.S. by the Mayor of Grimsby, and I here subjoin a description of\nit, communicated to me by J.\u00a0Hopkin, Esq., Jun., of Grimsby, which was\nfirst printed, in a slightly different form, in Notes and Queries, 2nd\nSeries, vol. xi. p.\u00a041; see also p.\u00a0216.\n\n  \"The ancient Town Seal of Great Grimsby is engraven on a circular\n  piece of brass not very thick; and on the back, which is rather\n  arched, is a small projecting piece of brass, placed as a substitute\n  for a handle, in order when taking an impression the more easily to\n  detach the matrix from the Wax. This seal is in an excellent state\n  of preservation, and is inscribed in Saxon characters 'Sigillvm\n  Comunitatis Grimebye' and represents thereon Gryme ('Gryem') who by\n  tradition is reported to have been a native of Souldburg in Denmark,\n  where he gained a precarious livelihood by fishing and piracy; but\n  having, as is supposed, during the reign of Ethelbert,[20] been\n  accidentally driven into the Humber by a furious storm, he landed on\n  the Lincolnshire Coast near Grimsby, he being at this time miserably\n  poor and almost destitute of the common necessaries of life; for\n  Leland represents this 'poor fisschar' as being so very needy that\n  he was not 'able to kepe his sunne Cuaran for poverty.' Gryme,\n  finding a capacious haven adapted to his pursuits, built himself a\n  house and commenced and soon succeeded in establishing a very\n  lucrative Trade with Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Other Merchants\n  having in process of time settled near him, attracted by the\n  commercial advantages offered by this excellent Harbour, they\n  jointly constructed convenient appendages for extensive Trade, and\n  the colony soon rose into considerable importance, and became known\n  at an early period by the name of Grimsby. For not only was Grimsby\n  constituted a borough so early as the seventh century, but Peter of\n  Langtoft speaks of it as a frontier Town and the boundary of a\n  Kingdom erected by the conquests of Egbert in the year 827, which he\n  states included all that portion of the Island which lay between\n  'the maritime Towns of Grymsby and Dover.' So that even at that\n  period, Grimsby must have been a place of peculiar strength and\n  importance. Gryme is represented on the seal as a man of gigantic\n  stature with comparatively short hair, a shaven chin, and a\n  moustache, holding in his right hand a drawn sword and bearing on\n  his left arm a circular shield with an ornate boss and rim. The\n  sleeveless tunic above his under vest is most probably the panzar or\n  panzara of the Danes. Between his feet is a Conic object, possibly\n  intended for a helmet, as it resembles the chapelle-de-fer worn by\n  William Rufus on his Great Seal, and which in the laws of Gula is\n  distinguished as the Steel hufe. On the right hand of Gryme stands\n  his prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Haveloc ('Habloc'), whom, during one of his mercantile\n  excursions soon after his arrival in Lincolnshire, Gryme had the\n  good fortune to save from imminent danger of Shipwreck, and who\n  proved to be the Son of Gunter, King of Denmark, and who was\n  therefore conveyed to the British Court, where he subsequently\n  received in marriage Goldburgh, the Daughter of the British\n  Sovereign. Above Gryme is represented a hand, being emblematical of\n  the hand of providence by which Haveloc was preserved, and near the\n  hand is the star which marks the point where the inscription begins\n  and ends. Haveloc made such a favourable representation of his\n  preserver at the British and Danish Courts, that he procured for him\n  many honours and privileges. From the British Monarch Gryme, who had\n  already realised an abundance of wealth, received a charter, and was\n  made the chief governor of Grimsby; and the Danish Sovereign granted\n  to the Town an immunity (which is still possessed by the Burgesses\n  of Grimsby) from all Tolls at the Port of Elsineur. Gryme afterwards\n  lived in Grimsby like a petty prince in his Hereditary Dominions.\n  Above Haveloc is represented a crown and in his right hand is a\n  battle axe, the favourite weapon of the Northmen, and in his right\n  hand is a ring which he is presenting to the British Princess\n  Goldburgh ('Goldebvrgh'), who stands on the left side of Gryme and\n  whose right hand is held towards the Ring. Over her head is a Regal\n  Diadem, and in her left hand is a Sceptre. Sir F. Madden states that\n  it is certain that this seal is at least as old as the time of\n  Edward\u00a0I. (and therefore contemporaneous with the MS.) as the legend\n  is written in a character which after the year 1300 fell into\n  disuse, and was succeeded by the black letter, or _Gothic_.\"\n\n    [Footnote 20: \u00c6thelberht of Kent reigned from A.D. 560-616 (56\n    years).]\n\n\n\u00a7 20. SKETCH OF THE STORY OF \"Le Lai d'Aueloc.\"[21]\n\nIt is my intention to offer some remarks on the probable sources of the\nlegend, and to fix a conjectural date for the existence of Havelok. But\nit is obviously convenient that a sketch of the story should first be\ngiven. It appears, however, that the resemblance between the French and\nEnglish versions is by no means very close, and it will be necessary to\ngive separate abstracts of them. I begin with the French version, in\nwhich I follow the Norfolk MS. rather than the abridgment by Gaimar.\nI\u00a0have already said that the former is printed in Sir F. Madden's\nedition, and that it was reprinted by M. Michel with the title \"Lai\nd'Havelok le Danois,\" Paris, 1833, and by Mr Wright for the Caxton\nSociety in 1850.\n\n  The Britons made a lay concerning King Havelok, who is surnamed\n  Cuaran. His father was Gunter, King of the Danes. Arthur crossed the\n  sea, and invaded Denmark. Gunter perished by the treason of Hodulf,\n  who gained the kingdom, and held it of Arthur. Gunter had a fine\n  castle, where his wife and son were guarded, being committed to the\n  protection of Grim. The child was but seven years old; but ever as\n  he slept, an odorous flame issued from his mouth. Hodulf sought\n  to kill him, but Grim prepared a ship, and furnished it with\n  provisions, wherein he placed the queen and the child, and set\n  sail from Denmark. On their voyage they encountered pirates\n  (\"outlaghes\"), who killed them all after a hard fight, excepting\n  Grim, who was an acquaintance of theirs, and Grim's wife and\n  children. Havelok also was saved. They at last arrived at the haven,\n  afterwards named \"Grimesbi\" from Grim. Grim there resumed his old\n  trade, a fisherman's, and a town grew up round his hut, which was\n  called Grimsby. The child grew up, and waxed strong. One day Grim\n  said to him, \"Son, you will never thrive as a fisherman; take your\n  brothers with you, and seek service amongst the King's servants.\" He\n  was soon well apparelled, and repaired with his two foster-brothers\n  to Nicole [Lincoln].[22] Now at that time there was a king named\n  Alsi, who ruled over all Nicole and Lindesie;[23] but the country\n  southward was governed by another king, named Ekenbright, who had\n  married Alsi's sister Orewen. These two had one only daughter, named\n  Argentille. Ekenbright, falling ill, committed Argentille to the\n  care of Alsi, till she should be of age to be married to the\n  strongest man that can be found. At Ekenbright's death, Alsi reigned\n  over both countries, holding his court at Nicole. Havelok, on his\n  arrival there, was employed to carry water and cut wood, and to\n  perform all menial offices requiring great strength. He was named\n  Cuaran, which means--in the British language--a scullion. Argentille\n  soon arrived at marriageable age, and Alsi determined to marry her\n  to Cuaran, which would sufficiently fulfil her father's wish--Cuaran\n  being confessedly the strongest man in those parts. To this marriage\n  he compelled her to consent, hoping thereby to disgrace her for\n  ever. Havelok was unwilling that his wife should perceive the\n  marvellous flame, but soon forgot this, and ere long fell asleep.\n  Then had Argentille a strange vision--that a savage bear and some\n  foxes attacked Cuaran, but dogs and boars defended him. A boar\n  having killed the bear, the foxes cried for quarter from Cuaran, who\n  commanded them to be bound. Then he would have put to sea, but the\n  sea rose so high that he was terrified. Next she beheld two lions,\n  at seeing which she was frightened, and she and Cuaran climbed a\n  tree to avoid them; but the lions submitted themselves to him, and\n  called him their lord. Then a great cry was raised, whereat she\n  awoke, and beheld the miraculous flame. \"Sir,\" she exclaimed, \"you\n  burn!\" But he reassured her, and, having heard her dream, said that\n  it would soon come true. The next day, however, she again told her\n  dream to a chamberlain, her friend, who said that he well knew a\n  holy hermit who could explain it. The hermit explained to Argentille\n  that Cuaran must be of royal lineage. \"He will be king,\" he said,\n  \"and you a queen. Ask him concerning his parentage. Remember also to\n  repair to his native place.\" On being questioned, Cuaran replied\n  that he was born at Grimsby; that Grim was his father, and Saburc\n  his mother. \"Then let us go to Grimsby,\" she replied. Accompanied by\n  his two foster-brothers, they came to Grimsby; but Grim and Saburc\n  were both dead. They found there, however, a daughter of Grim's,\n  named Kelloc, who had married a tradesman of that town. Up to this\n  time Havelok had not known his true parentage, but Kelloc thought it\n  was now time to tell him, and said: \"Your father was Gunter, the\n  King of the Danes, whom Hodulf slew. Hodulf obtained the kingdom as\n  a grant from Arthur. Grim fled with you, and saved your life; but\n  your mother perished at sea. Your name is HAVELOK. My husband will\n  convey you to Denmark, where you must inquire for a lord named\n  'Sigar l'estal;' and take with you my two brothers.\" So Kelloc's\n  husband conveyed them to Denmark, and advised Havelok to go to Sigar\n  and show himself and his wife, as then he would be asked who his\n  wife is. They went to the city of the seneschal, the before-named\n  Sigar, where they craved a night's lodging, and were courteously\n  entertained. But as they retired to a lodging for the night, six men\n  attacked them, who had been smitten with the beauty of Argentille.\n  Havelok defended himself with an axe which he found, and slew five,\n  whereupon the sixth fled. Havelok and his party fled away for refuge\n  to a monastery, which was soon attacked by the townsmen who had\n  heard of the combat. Havelok _mounted the tower_, and defended\n  himself bravely, _casting down a huge stone on his enemies_.[24] The\n  news soon reached the ears of Sigar, who hastened to see what the\n  uproar was about. Beholding Havelok fixedly, he called to mind the\n  form and appearance of Gunter, and asked Havelok of his parentage.\n  Havelok replied that Grim had told him he was by birth a Dane, and\n  that his mother perished at sea; and ended by briefly relating his\n  subsequent adventures. Then Sigar asked him his name. \"My name is\n  Havelok,\" he said, \"and my other name is Cuaran.\" Then the seneschal\n  took him home, and determined to watch for the miraculous flame,\n  which he soon perceived, and was assured that Havelok was the true\n  heir. Therefore he gathered a great host of his friends, and sent\n  for the horn which none but the true heir could sound, promising a\n  ring to any one who could blow it. When all had failed, it was given\n  to Havelok, who blew it loud and long, and was joyfully recognized\n  and acknowledged to be the true King. Then with a great army he\n  attacked Hodulf the usurper, whom he slew with his own hand. Thus\n  was Havelok made King of Denmark.\n\n  But after he had reigned four years, his wife incited him to return\n  to England. With a great number of ships he sailed there, and\n  arrived at Carleflure;[25] and sent messengers to Alsi, demanding\n  the inheritance of Argentille. Alsi was indeed astonished at such a\n  demand as coming from a scullion, and offered him battle. The hosts\n  met at Theford,[26] and the battle endured till nightfall without a\n  decisive result. But Argentille craftily advised her lord to support\n  his dead men by stakes, to increase the apparent number of his army;\n  and the next day Alsi, deceived by this device, treated for peace,\n  and yielded up to his former ward all the land, from Holland[27] to\n  Gloucester. Alsi had been so sorely wounded that he lived but\n  fifteen days longer. Thus was Havelok king over Lincoln and Lindsey,\n  and reigned over them for twenty years. Such is the lay of Cuaran.\n\n    [Footnote 21: For this latter portion of the Preface I am\n    entirely responsible.]\n\n    [Footnote 22: _Nicole_ is a French inversion of Lincoln. It is\n    not uncommon.]\n\n    [Footnote 23: The northern part of Lincolnshire is called\n    _Lindsey_.]\n\n    [Footnote 24: Hence the obvious origin of the legend of\n    \"Havelok's stone,\" and the local tradition about Grim's casting\n    down stones from the tower of Grimsby church.]\n\n    [Footnote 25: Possibly Saltfleet, suggests Mr Haigh. Such, at\n    least, is the position required by the circumstances.]\n\n    [Footnote 26: In the Durham MS. it is Tiedfort, i.e. Tetford,\n    not far from Horncastle, in Lincolnshire.]\n\n    [Footnote 27: A name given to the S.E. part of Lincolnshire.]\n\n\n\u00a7 21. The chief points to be noticed in Gaimar's abridgment are the few\nadditional particulars to be gleaned from it. We there find that\nHavelok's mother was _Alvive_, a daughter of King _Gaifer_; that the\nKing of Nicole and Lindeseie was a _Briton_, and was named Edelsie; that\nhis sister, named Orwain, was married to Adelbrit, a _Dane_, who ruled\nover Norfolk; and that Edelsie and Adelbrit lived in the days of\nCostentin (Constantine), who succeeded Arthur. It is also said that the\nusurper Hodulf was brother to Aschis, who is the Achilles of Geoffrey of\nMonmouth. Another statement, that Havelok's kingdom extended from\nHolland to _Colchester_, seems to be an improvement upon \"from Holland\nto _Gloucester_.\"\n\nThe words of Mr Petrie, in his remarks upon the lay in Monumenta\nHistorica Britannica, vol.\u00a0i., may be quoted here. \"Although both\n[French versions] have the same story in substance, and often contain\nlines exactly alike, yet, besides the different order in which the\nincidents are narrated, each has occasionally circumstances wanting in\nthe other, and such too, it should seem, as would leave the story\nincomplete unless supplied from the other copy. Thus, the visit to the\nhermit, which is omitted in Gaimar, was probably in the original\nromance; for without it Argentille's dream tells for nothing; and in the\nArundel copy there is a particular account of Haveloc's defence of a\ntower by hurling stones on his assailants, which in Gaimar is so\nobscurely alluded to as to be hardly intelligible. On the other hand,\ninstead of the description of the extraordinary virtues of Sygar's ring\nin Gaimar, it is merely said in the Arundel copy that Sygar would give\nhis _anel d'or_ to whoever could sound the horn; and, to omit other\ninstances, a festival is described in Gaimar on the authority of\n_l'Estorie_, of which no notice whatever occurs in the Arundel MS.\"\n\n\n\u00a7 22. SKETCH OF THE ENGLISH POEM.\n\nThe \"Lay of Havelok\" has been admirably paraphrased by Professor Morley,\nin his \"English Writers,\" vol.\u00a0i. pp.\u00a0459-467, a book which should be in\nevery reader's hands, and which should by all means be consulted. I only\nintend here to give a briefer outline, for the sake of comparing the\nmain features of our poem with those of the French _Lai_.\n\n  Hear the tale of Havelok! There was once a good king in England,\n  named Athelwold, renowned and beloved for his justice. He had but\n  one child, a daughter named Goldborough. Knowing that his end was\n  approaching, he sent for all his lords to assemble at Winchester,\n  and there committed Goldborough to the care of Godrich, the earl of\n  Cornwall; directing him to see her married to the strongest and\n  fairest man whom he could find. But Godrich imprisoned her at Dover,\n  and resolved to seize her inheritance for his own son. At that time\n  there was also a King of Denmark, named Birkabeyn, who had one son,\n  Havelok, and two daughters, Swanborough and Helfled. At the approach\n  of death, he committed these to the care of Earl Godard. But Godard\n  killed the two girls, and only spared Havelok because he did not\n  like to kill him with his own hand. He therefore hired a fisherman,\n  named Grim, to drown Havelok at sea. But Grim perceived, as Havelok\n  slept, a miraculous light shining round the lad, whereby he knew\n  that the child was the true heir, and would one day be king. In\n  order to avoid Godard, Grim fitted up a ship, and provisioned it,\n  and with his wife Leve, his three sons, his two daughters, and\n  Havelok, put out to sea. They landed in Lindesey at the month of the\n  Humber, at a place afterwards named Grimsby after Grim. Grim worked\n  at his old trade, a fisherman's, and Havelok carried about the fish\n  for sale. Then arose a great dearth in the land, and Havelok went\n  out to seek his own livelihood, walking to Lincoln barefoot. He was\n  hired as a porter by the earl of Cornwall's cook, and drew water and\n  cut wood for the earl's kitchen. One day some men met to contend in\n  games and to \"put the stone.\" At the cook's command, Havelok also\n  put the stone, hurling it further than any of the rest.[28] Godrich,\n  hearing the praises of Havelok's strength, at once resolved to\n  perform his oath by causing him to marry Goldborough; and carried\n  his design into execution. As goon as the pair were married, Havelok\n  suddenly quitted Lincoln with his wife, and returned to Grimsby,\n  where he found that Grim was dead, but that his five children are\n  yet alive. At night, Goldborough perceived a light shining round\n  about Havelok, and observed a cross upon his shoulder. At the same\n  time she heard an angel's voice, telling her of good fortune to\n  come. Then he awoke, and told her a dream; how he had dreamt that\n  all Denmark and England became his own. She encouraged him, and\n  urged him to set sail for Denmark at once. He accordingly called to\n  him Grim's three sons, and narrated to them his own history, and\n  Godard's treachery, asking them to accompany him to Denmark. To this\n  they assented, and sailed with him and Goldborough to Denmark. There\n  he sought out a former friend of his father's, Earl Ubbe, who\n  invited him and his friends to a sumptuous feast. After the feast,\n  Havelok and Goldborough and Grim's sons went to the house of one\n  Bernard Brown, whose house was that night attacked by sixty thieves.\n  By dint of great prowess, the friends at length slew all their sixty\n  assailants, and Ubbe was so amazed at Havelok's valour that he\n  resolved to dub him a knight, and invited him to sleep in his own\n  castle. At night, he peeped into Havelok's chamber, and beheld the\n  marvellous light, and saw a bright cross on his neck. Rejoiced at\n  heart, he did homage to Havelok, and commanded all his friends and\n  dependents to do the same. He also dubbed him knight, and proclaimed\n  him King. With six thousand men he set out to attack Godard, whom he\n  defeated and made prisoner, and afterwards caused to be flayed,\n  drawn, and hung. Then Havelok swore that he would establish at\n  Grimsby a priory of black monks, to pray for Grim's soul; and\n  Godrich, having heard that Havelok has invaded England, raised a\n  great army against him. An indecisive combat took place between Ubbe\n  and Godrich, but a more decisive one between Godrich and Havelok;\n  for Havelok cut off his foe's hand and made him prisoner. Then the\n  English submitted to Goldborough, and acknowledged her as queen; but\n  Godrich was condemned and burnt. Havelok rewarded both his own\n  friends and the English nobles; for he caused Earl Reyner of Chester\n  to marry Gunild, Grim's daughter, and Bertram, formerly Godrich's\n  cook, to marry Levive, another of Grim's daughters; bestowing upon\n  Bertram the earldom of Cornwall. Then were Havelok and Goldborough\n  crowned at London, and a feast was given that lasted forty days. The\n  kingdom of Denmark was bestowed upon Ubbe, who held it of King\n  Havelok. Havelok and Goldborough lived to the age of a hundred\n  years, and their reign lasted for sixty years in England. They had\n  fifteen children, who were all kings and queens. Such is the _geste_\n  of Havelok and Goldborough.\n\n    [Footnote 28: Here again is an allusion to \"Havelok's stone.\"]\n\n\n\u00a7 23. POSSIBLE DATE OF HAVELOK'S REIGN.\n\nThe various allusions to the story of Havelok already cited naturally\nlead us to consider the question as to what date we should refer such\ncircumstances of the story as may have some foundation in truth, or such\ncircumstances as may have originated the story. I do not look upon this\nas altogether a hopeless or profitless inquiry, for it seems to me that\na theory may be constructed which will readily and easily fit in with\nmost of the statements of our authorities. In the first place, to place\nHavelok's father in the time of Alfred, as is done by Peter de Langtoft\nand his translators, is absurd, and evidently due to the confusion\nbetween the names of Gunter and Godrum or Guthrum. We may even adduce\nLangtoft's evidence against himself, as he alludes to Grimsby as being\nthe boundary of Egbert's kingdom; and indeed, the mere fact of its being\na British lay points to a time before the establishment of the\nHeptarchy. As already suggested in \u00a7\u00a016, some of the authorities point\nto the sixth century. But the evidence of the French poem and of Gaimar\npoints still more steadily to a similar early date. There we find Gunter\nappearing as the enemy, not of Alfred, but of Arthur. The French prose\nchronicle of the Brute places Adelbright and Edelfi after the death of\nConstantine, and it is clear that there is some close connection between\nthe British lay of Havelok and the British Chronicle. The _Godrich_ of\nthe English version is the _Alsi_ of the French poem, the _Edelsi_ of\nGaimar, the _Adelfrid_[29] or _Edelfrid_ of the Eulogium Historiarum,\nthe _Elfroi_ of Wace, the _\u00c6luric_ of La[gh]amon, the _\u00c6thelfrith_ who\nsucceeded to the throne of Northumbria A.D. 593, according to the Saxon\nChronicle. The _Athelwold_ of the English version is the _Adelbrict_ of\nGaimar, the _Ekenbright_ of the French poem, the _Athelbert_ of the\nEulogium Historiarum, the _Aldebar_ of Wace, and the _\u00c6thelbert_ of\nLa[gh]amon, i.e. no other than the celebrated _\u00c6thelberht_ of Kent, who\nwas baptized by St Augustine A.D. 596, according to the Saxon Chronicle.\nThis is the right clue to the _names_, from which, when once obtained,\nthe rest follows easily. The variations between the English and French\nversions are very great, and it is clear that each poet proceeded much\nas poets are accustomed to do. Taking a legend as the general guide or\nthread of a narrative, it is the simplest and easiest plan to dress it\nup after one's own fashion, and to draw upon the materials that are\nsupplied by the _general surroundings_ of the story. I feel confident\nthat the narrators of the Lay of Havelok must have used materials not\nmuch unlike those used by La[gh]amon, and a mere comparison of the\nFrench and English lays with La[gh]amon will amply suffice to elucidate\nthis. \u00c6luric is first mentioned at p.\u00a0195 of vol. iii. of La[gh]amon, as\nedited by Sir F. Madden; if we allow ourselves a margin on both sides of\nthis, we may find many things akin to the lay of Havelok between pages\n150 and 282 of that volume, as I will now shew. The character of the\ngood king Athelwold is taken from that of \u00c6thelberht of Kent, and his\nlove of justice may remind us of the ancient collection of laws which\nare still extant as having been made by that king. His extensive rule,\nsuch as is also attributed to Godrich and Havelok, may point to the\ntitle of _Bretwalda_, which \u00c6thelberht so long coveted, and at last\nobtained. Our poet, in describing Birkabeyn, repeats this character so\nexactly, and makes the circumstances of the deaths of Athelwold and\nBirkabeyn so similar, that they are almost indistinguishable; a fault\nwhich he doubles by repeating the character of Godrich in describing\nthat of Godard. Both of these answer to La[gh]amon's \u00c6luric, who was\n\"the wickedest of all kings\" (La[gh]. iii. 195). So far, perhaps, the\nconnection of the various stories is not very evident, but I will now\nmention an obvious coincidence. The quarrel and reconciliation between\nAthelbert and Edelfrid, as told in the Eulogium Historiarum, &c.,\nexactly answers to the quarrel and reconciliation between Cadwan and\n\u00c6luric as told in La[gh]amon (vol. iii. p.\u00a0205); where Cadwan has come\nforward in place of \u00c6thelbert, who has by this time dropped out of\nLa[gh]amon's narrative. Again, the Gunter or Gurmond who was Havelok's\nfather reminds us of the Gurmund of La[gh]amon (p.\u00a0156), who is\ncuriously described as king of Africa; but the name is Danish. The\ncharacter of Grim is fairly paralleled by that of Brian, who makes\nsea-voyages, and goes about as a merchant (La[gh]amon, iii. 232). In\nseveral respects Havelok may have been drawn from Cadwalan, whose\ngallant attempts to gain the king of Northumberland are recorded in\nLa[gh]amon (iii. 216-254); his opponent being Edwin, who has replaced\nEthelfrid as La[gh]amon's narrative proceeds. At last he overthrows him\nand slays him in the great battle of Heathfield or Hatfield, which took\nplace, according to the Saxon Chronicle, A.D. 633. This great battle\nresembles the decisive one between Havelok and Godrich. As Cadwalan was\nwell supported by his liegeman Penda (La[gh]amon, iii. 251), so was\nHavelok by Ubbe. Again, Cadwalan marries Helen, whom he found at\n\n    --\u00fean castle of Deoure\n  on \u00feere s\u00e6 oure; (La[gh]amon, iii. 250),\n\nwhich reminds us of Havelok's wife Goldborough, who was imprisoned at\n\n            --doure\n  \u00feat standeth on \u00fee seis oure; (l. 320).\n\nThe very name Helen, though not the name of Havelok's wife, was that of\nhis mother, who was killed by the pirates. For the connection between\nLa[gh]amon's Helen and pirates, see Sir F. Madden's note, vol. iii.\np.\u00a0428. There is a most curious contradiction in the English lay about\nHavelok's religion; in l.\u00a02520 he is a devout Christian, but in l.\u00a02580\nGodrich speaks of him as being a cruel pagan. Now it was just about this\nvery time that Paulinus preached in Lindsey, \"where the first that\nbelieved was a powerful man called _Blecca_, with all his followers\"\n(A.S. Chron. ed. Thorpe, vol. ii. p.\u00a021; A.D. 627). Havelok, according\nto some, was buried at Stonehenge; but so was Constantine (La[gh]amon,\niii. 151). A dearth in mentioned in the English lay (l.\u00a0824); cf.\nLa[gh]amon, iii. 279. And I may here add another coincidence, of an\ninteresting but certainly of a very circuitous nature. A\u00a0close\nexamination of the Lay of King Horn shews that there is no real\nconnection between the story therein contained and that of Havelok. Yet\nthere is a connection after a sort. Though by different authors, and in\ndifferent metre, both lays are found in English in the same MS.; both\nversions belong to the same date; both are from French versions, written\nby Englishmen from British sources; and now, if we compare King Horn\nwith the very part of La[gh]amon now under consideration, there is at\nonce seen to be a most exact resemblance in one point. The story of the\nring given by Horn to Rymenhild (K.\u00a0Horn, ed. Lumby, ll. 1026-1210) is\nremarkably like that of the ring whereby Brian is recognized by his\nsister (La[gh]amon, iii. 234-238). But it is hardly worth while to\npursue the subject further. It may suffice to suppose that the period of\nthe existence of Havelok and Grim may be referred to the times of\n\u00c6thelberht of Kent and \u00c6thelfrith and Eadwine of Northumbria.[30] It is\nexceedingly probable that Havelok was never more than a chief or a petty\nprince, and whether he was a Danish or only a British enemy of the\nAngles is not of very great importance. If, however, more exact dates be\nrequired, they may be found in \"The Conquest of Britain by the Saxons,\"\nby Daniel P.\u00a0Haigh, London, 8vo, 1861, pp.\u00a0363-367; where the following\ndates are suggested. Havelok's father slain, A.D. 487; his expedition to\nDenmark, A.D. 507; his reign in England, A.D. 511-531, or a little\nlater. These dates follow a system which is here about 16 years earlier\nthan the dates in the A.S. Chronicle. His results are obtained from\ntotally different considerations. On the whole, let us place Havelok in\nthe _sixth_ century, at _some_ period of his life.\n\n    [Footnote 29: Hence, by confusion, the placing of Havelok's\n    father in the time of _\u00c6lfred_.]\n\n    [Footnote 30: Or, as I should prefer to say, earlier than those\n    times. The two kings spoken of in the Lay may have had names\n    somewhat similar to these, which may have been replaced by the\n    more familiar names here mentioned.]\n\n\n\u00a7 24. It is, perhaps, worthy of a passing remark that some of the\ncircumstances in the Lay may have been suggested by the romantic story\nof Eadwine of Northumbria, who was also born at the close of the sixth\ncentury. For he it was who really married the _daughter of \u00c6thelberht_,\nand it was the _archbishop of York_, Paulinus, who performed the\nceremony. The relation of how Eadwine was persecuted by _\u00c6thelfrith_,\nhow he fled and was protected by R\u00e6dwald, king of the East Angles, how\nhe saw a vision of an angel who promised his restoration to the throne\nand that his rule should exceed that of his predecessors, how, with the\nassistance of R\u00e6dwald, he overthrew and _slew \u00c6thelfrith_ in a terrible\nbattle beside the river Idle, may be found in Beda's Ecclesiastical\nHistory, bk. II. ch. 9-16.[31] In the last of these chapters there is\nagain mention of _Blecca, the governor of the city of Lincoln_. Sir F.\nMadden, in his note to l.\u00a045, speaks of the extraordinary proofs of the\npeaceable state of the country in the reign of \u00c6lfred; but Beda uses\nsimilar language in speaking of the reign of Eadwine; and the earlier\ninstance is even more remarkable. \"It is reported that there was then\nsuch perfect peace in Britain, wheresoever the dominion of King Edwin\nextended, that, as _is still proverbially said_, a woman with her\nnew-born babe might walk throughout the island, from sea to sea, without\nreceiving any harm. That king took such care for the good of his nation,\nthat in several places where he had seen clear springs near the\nhighways, he caused stakes to be fixed, with brass dishes hanging at\nthem, for the conveniency of travellers; nor durst any man touch them\nfor any other purpose than that for which they were designed, either\nthrough the dread they had of the king, or for the affection which they\nbore him, &c.\"[32] Readers who are acquainted with the pleasing poem of\n\"Edwin of Deira,\" by the late Alexander Smith, will remember his\nadventures; and it may be noted, as an instance of the manner in which\npoets alter names at pleasure, that Mr Smith gives to \u00c6thelfrith the\nname of Ethelbert, to Eadwine's wife \u00c6thelburh, that of Bertha, and to\nhis father \u00c6lle, that of Egbert. My theory of the Lay of Havelok is then\nsimply this, that I look upon it as the general result of various\nnarratives connected with the history of Northumbria and Lindesey at the\nclose, or possibly the beginning, of the sixth century, gathered round\nsome favourite local (i.e. Lincolnshire) tradition as a nucleus. A\nsimilar theory may be true of the Lay of Horn.\n\n    [Footnote 31: Cf. Lappenberg's History of England, tr. by\n    Thorpe, vol.\u00a0i. pp.\u00a0145-154.]\n\n    [Footnote 32: See the same statement in Fabyan's Chronicles,\n    p.\u00a0112; ed. Ellis, 1811.]\n\n\n\u00a7 25. ON THE NAMES \"CURAN\" AND \"HAVELOK.\"\n\nThe French version tells us that _Coaran_, _Cuaran_, or _Cuheran_ is the\nBritish word for a scullion. This etymology has not hitherto been\ntraced, but it may easily have been perfectly true. A\u00a0glance at\nArmstrong's Gaelic Dictionary shews us that the Gaelic _cearn_ (which\nanswers very well to the Old English _hirne_, a corner) has the meaning\nof a _corner_, and, secondly, of a _kitchen_; and that _cearnach_ is an\nadjective meaning _of or belonging to a kitchen_. But we may come even\nnearer than this; for by adding the diminutive ending _-an_ to the\nGaelic _cocaire_, a cook, we see that _Cuheran_ may really have conveyed\nthe idea of _scullion_ to a British ear, and this probably further gave\nrise to the story of Havelok's degradation. It is a common custom--one\nwhich true etymologists must always deplore--to invent a story to\naccount for a derivation; and such a practice is invariably carried out\nwith greater boldness and to a greater extent if the said derivation\nchances to be false. For it is possible that Curan may be simply the\nGaelic _curan_, a brave man, and the Irish _curanta_, brave. The\nderivation of Havelok is certainly puzzling. Professor Rask declared it\nto have no meaning in Danish. It bears, however, a remarkable\nresemblance to the Old English _gavelok_, which occurs in Weber's _Kyng\nAlisaunder_, l.\u00a01620, and which is the A.S. _gafeluc_, Icel. _gaflak_,\nWelsh _gaflach_, a spear, dart, or javelin. This is an appropriate name\nfor a warrior, and possibly reappears in the instance of Hugh\n_Kevelock_, earl of Chester (Bp. Percy's Folio MS., ed. Hales and\nFurnivall, i. 128). It is remarkable that the Gaelic and Irish _corran_\nhas the same sense, that of _a spear_, whilst _curan_, as\nabove-mentioned, means _a brave man_. It is best, perhaps, to stop here;\nfor etymology, when pursued too far, is wont to beguile the pursuer into\nevery possible quagmire of absurdity.\n\n\n\u00a7 26. DESCRIPTION OF THE MS., &c.\n\nThe MS. from which the present poem is printed is in the Laudian\ncollection in the Bodleian Library, where its old mark is K\u00a060, and its\npresent one Misc. 108. Being described in the old printed catalogue\nmerely as _Vit\u00e6 Sanctorum_, the romance was in consequence for a long\ntime overlooked. The Lives of the Saints occupy a large portion of the\nvolume, and are probably to be ascribed to the authorship of Robert of\nGloucester. \"These Lives or Festivals,\" says Sir F. Madden, \"are [here]\n61 in number, written in long Alexandrine verse. Then succeed the\nSayings of St Bernard and the Visions of St Paul, both in six-line\nstanzas; the _Disputatio inter Corpus et Animam_, the English Romance of\nHavelok, the Romance of Kyng Horn, and some additions in a hand of the\n15th century, including the lives of St Blaise, St Cecilia, and St\nAlexius, and an alliterative poem intitled _Somer Soneday_, making in\nall the Contents of the Volume to amount to 70 pieces.\" The lays of\nHavelok and Horn are written out in the same handwriting, of an early\ndate, certainly not later than the end of the thirteenth century. The\nHavelok begins on fol. 204, and is written in double columns, each\ncolumn containing 45 lines. A folio is lost between fol. 211 and 212,\nbut no notice of this has been taken in numbering the folios; hence the\ncatchword which should have been found at the bottom of fol. 215\u00a0_b_,\nappears at the bottom of fol. 214\u00a0_b_ (see l.\u00a02164). The poem terminates\nat the 27th line on fol. 219 _b_, and is immediately followed by Kyng\nHorn in the same column. The character of the handwriting is bold and\nsquare, but the words are very close together. The initial letter of\nevery line is written a little way apart from the rest, as in William of\nPalerne, and other MSS. Both the long and short _s_ ([s]\u00a0_and_\u00a0s) are\nused. The long _s_ is in general well distinguished from _f_, and on\nthis account I have taken the liberty of printing both _esses_ alike, as\nmy experience in printing the Romans of Partenay proved that the\ndifficulty of avoiding misprints is greater than the gain of\nrepresenting the difference between them. The chief point of interest is\nthat, as in _early_ MSS., the long _s_ is sometimes found at the _end_\nof a word, as in \"u[s]\" in l.\u00a022, and \"i[s]\" in l.\u00a023. The following are\nall the examples of the use of this letter in the first 26 lines; [s]o\n(4), wicte[s]te (9), [s]tede (10), cri[s]t, [s]childe (16), Kri[s]t,\n[s]o (17), [s]o (19), [s]chal (21), Kri[s]t, u[s] (22), i[s] (23),\n[s]talwor\u00fei (24), [s]talwor\u00fee[s]te (25), [s]tede (26). With this\nexception, the present reprint is a faithful representation of the\noriginal; for, as the exact fidelity of a text is of the first\nimportance, I have been careful to compare the proof-sheets with the MS.\ntwice throughout; besides which, the original edition is itself\nexceedingly correct, and had been re-read by Sir F. Madden with the MS.\nHis list of errata (nearly all of them of minor importance) agreed\nalmost exactly with my own. A great difficulty is caused by the use of\nthe Saxon letter _w_ ([w]). This letter, the thorn-letter (\u00fe), and _y_,\nare all three made very nearly alike. In general, the _y_ is dotted, but\nthe dot is occasionally omitted. Wherever the letter really appears to\nbe a _w_, I have denoted it by printing the _w_ as an italic letter. The\nfollowing are, I believe, the _only_ examples of it. _W_it-drow =\nwithdrew, l.\u00a0502; _w_e, 1058; _w_as, 1129 (cf. \"him was ful wa,\" _Sir\nTristr._ f. iii. st. 43); ber_w_en, 1426 (written \"berwen\" in l.\u00a0697);\n_w_at = known, 1674; _w_e, miswritten for _w_o = who, 1914; to which\nperhaps we may add _w_it, 997. This evidence is interesting as shewing\nthat this letter was then fast going out of use, and I think that we may\nsafely date the final disappearance of this letter from MSS. at about\nthe year 1300. As regards the _th_, we may remark that at the end of a\nword both \u00fe and _th_ are used, as in \"nor\u00fe and suth,\" l. 434; sometimes\n_th_ occurs in the middle of a word, as \"sithen,\" l.\u00a01238, which is\ncommonly written \"si\u00feen,\" as in l.\u00a0399. The words \u00fee, \u00feat, \u00feer, &c., are\nhardly ever written otherwise. But the reader will remark many instances\nin which _th_ final seems to have the hard sound of _t_, as in _brouth_,\n57, _nouth_, 58, _lith_, 534, _\u00feouth_, 1190, &c.; cf. \u00a7\u00a027. The letter\n_t_ is sometimes shortened so as nearly to resemble _c_, and _c_ is\nsometimes lengthened into _t_. The letters _n_ and _u_ are occasionally\nalike, but the difference between them is commonly well marked. The _i_\nhas a long stroke over it when written next to _m_ or _n_. On the whole,\nthe writing is very clear and distinct, after a slight acquaintance with\nit. The poem is marked out into paragraphs by the use of large letters.\nI have introduced a slight space at the end of each paragraph, to shew\nthis more clearly.\n\n\n\u00a7 27. ON THE GRAMMATICAL FORMS OCCURRING IN THE POEM.\n\nThe following peculiarities of spelling may be first noted. We\nfrequently find _h_ prefixed to words which it is usual to spell without\none. Examples are: _holde_ for _old_, _hete_ for _ete_ (eat), _het_ for\n_et_ (ate), _heuere_ for _euere_, _Henglishe_ for _Englishe_, &c.; see\nthe Glossary, under the letter H. This enables us to explain some words\nwhich at first appear puzzling; thus _her_ = _er_, ere; _hayse_ =\n_ayse_, ease; _helde_ = _elde_, old age; _hore_ = _ore_, grace; _hende_\n= _ende_, which in one passage means _end_, but in another _a duck_. The\nforms _hof_, _hus_, _hure_, for _of_, _us_, _ure_ are such as we should\nhardly have expected to find. On the other hand, _h_ is omitted in the\nwords _auelok_, _aueden_, _osed_, and in _is_ for _his_ (l.\u00a02254). These\ninstances, and other examples such as follow, may readily be found by\nhelp of the Glossarial Index. Again, _d_ final after _l_ or _n_ was so\nslightly sounded as to be omitted even in writing. Examples are: _lon_\nfor _lond_, _hel_ for _held_, _bihel_ for _biheld_, _shel_ for _sheld_,\n_gol_ for _gold_. But a more extraordinary omission is that of _r_ final\nin _the_, _neythe_, _othe_, _douthe_, which does not seem to be\nsatisfactorily explained even by the supposition that the scribe may\nhave omitted the small upward curl which does duty for _er_ so\nfrequently in MSS. For we further find the omission of _l_ final, as in\n_mike_ for _mikel_, _we_ for _wel_, and of _t_ final, as in _bes_ for\n_best_; from which instances we should rather infer some peculiarity of\npronunciation rendering final letters indistinct, of which there are\nnumerous examples, as _fiel_ for _field_, in modern provincial English.\nCf. _il_ for _ilk_, in ll. 818, 1740; and _twel_ for _twelf_. \"From the\nsame license,\" says Sir F. Madden, \"arises the frequent repetition of\nsuch rhythm as _riden_ and _side_, where the final _n_ seems to have\nbeen suppressed in pronunciation. Cf. ll. 29, 254, 957, 1105, 1183,\n2098, &c, and hence we perceive how readily the infinitive verbal Saxon\ntermination glided into its subsequent form. The broad pronunciation of\nthe dialect in which the poem was written is also frequently\ndiscernible, as in _slawen_, l.\u00a02676, and _knaue_, l.\u00a0949, which rhyme\nto _Rauen_ and _plawe_.[33] So likewise, _bothe_ or _bethe_ is, in\nsound, equivalent to _rede_, ll. 360, 694, 1680.\" Other peculiarities\nwill be noticed in discussing the Metre. Observe also the Anglo-Saxon\n_hw_ for the modern _wh_, exemplified by _hwo_, 368, _hwan_, 474,\n_hwe\u00feer_, 294, _hwere_, 549, _hwil_, 301; compare also _qual_, _qui_,\n_quan_, meaning _whale_, _why_, _when_.[34] The letter _w_ (initial) is\nthe modern provincial _'oo_, as in _wlf_, _wluine_, _wman_; cf. _hw_,\n_w_, both forms of _how_; and _lowerd_ for _louerd_. In particular, we\nshould notice the hard sound of _t_ denoted by _th_ in the words _with_,\n_rithe_, _brouth_, _nouth_, _ricth_, _knicth_, meaning _white_, _right_,\n_brought_, _naught_, _right_, _knight_; so too _douther_, daughter,\n_neth_, a net, _uth_, out, _woth_, wot, _leth_, let, _lauthe_\n(_laught_), caught, _nither-tale_ (_nighter-tale_), night-time.[35] On\nthe other hand, _t_ stands for _th_ in _hauet_, 564, _seyt_, 647,\n_herknet_, 1, _wit_, 100. When _th_ answers to the modern sound, it\nseems equivalent to A.S. \u00f0 rather than to A.S. \u00fe; examples are _mouth_,\n433, _oth_, 260, _loth_, 261. _Y_ and _g_ are interchangeable, as in\n_yaf_, _gaf_, _youen_, _gouen_; _g_ even occurs for _k_, as in _rang_,\n2561. In MSS., _e_ is not uncommonly written by mistake for _o_; this\nmay perhaps account for _helde_, 2472, _meste_, 233, _her_, 1924, which\nshould rather be _holde_, 30, _moste_, and _hor_, 235; there is a like\nconfusion of _weren_ and _woren_; and perhaps _grotinde_ should be\n_gretinde_.[36] The vowel _u_ is replaced by the modern _ou_ in the\nwords _prud_, 302, _suth_, 434, _but_, 1040, _hus_, 740, _spusen_, 1123;\ncf. _hws_ in l.\u00a01141. Mr Ellis shews, in his Early English\nPronunciation, chap.\u00a0v, that in pure specimens of the _thirteenth_\ncentury, there is no _ou_ in such words, and in the _fourteenth_\ncentury, no simple _u_. This furnishes a ready explanation of the\notherwise difficult _sure_, in l.\u00a02005; it is merely the adverb of\n_sour_, _sourly_ being used in the sense of _bitterly_; to _bye it\nbitterly_, or _bye it bittre_, is a common phrase in Piers Plowman.\nOther spellings worth notice occur in _ouerga_, 314, _stra_, 315 (spelt\n_strie_ in l.\u00a0998), _hawe_, 1188, _plawe_, 950, _sal_, 628 (commonly\nspelt _shal_). Note also _arum_ for _arm_, _harum_ for _harm_, _boren_\nfor _born_, 1878, and _koren_ for _corn_, 1879. There are several\ninstances of words joined together, as _haui_, 2002, _biddi_, 484;\n_shaltu_, 2186, _wiltu_, 905, _wenestu_, 1787; _wilte_, 528,\n_thenkeste_, 578, _shaltou_, 1800; _thouthe_, 790, _hauedet_, _youenet_,\n_hauenet_; _sawe_, 338; _latus_, 1772; where the personal pronouns _i_,\n_\u00feu_, _he_, _it_, _we_, _us_ are added to the verb. Hence, in l.\u00a0745, it\nis very likely that _calleth_ is written for _callet_, i.e. call it; and\non the same principle we can explain _dones_; see _Es_ in the Glossary.\nIn like manner _goddot_ is contracted from _God wot_; and _\u00feerl_ from\n_\u00fee erl_.\n\n_Nouns._ As regards the nouns employed, I may remark that the final _e_\nis perhaps always sounded in the oblique cases, and especially in the\ndative case; as in _ned\u00e8_, _sted\u00e8_, &c. (see ll. 86-105), _will\u00e8_, 85,\n_gyu\u00e8_, 357, _bliss\u00e8_, 2187, _cric\u00e8_, 2450; cf. the adjectives _long\u00e8_,\n2299, _wis\u00e8_, 1713; also the nominatives _ros\u00e8_, 2919, _new\u00e8_, 2974.\n_Frend_ is a pl. form; cf. _hend_, which is both a plural (2444) and a\ndat. sing. (505). In the plural, the final _e_ is fully pronounced in\nthe adjectives _all\u00e8_, 2, _hard\u00e8_, 143, _stark\u00e8_, 1015, _fremd\u00e8_, 2277,\n_bleik\u00e8_, 470, and in many others; cf. the full form _bo\u00feen_, 2223. Not\nonly does the phrase _none kines_, of no kind, occur in ll. 861, 1140,\nbut we find the unusual phrase _neuere kines_, of never a kind, in\nl.\u00a02691. Among the numerals, we find not only _\u00fere_, but _\u00ferinne_.\n\n_Pronouns._ The first personal pronoun occurs in many forms in the\nnominative, as _i_, _y_, _hi_, _ich_, _ic_, _hic_, and even _ihc_; the\noblique cases take the form _me_. For the second person, we have _\u00feu_,\n_\u00feou_, in the nominative, and also _tu_, when preceded by _\u00feat_, as in\nl.\u00a02903. We may notice also _hijs_ for _his_, l.\u00a047; _he_ for _they_;\n_sho_, 112, _scho_, 126, _sche_, 1721, for _she_; and, in particular,\nthe dual form _unker_, of you two, 1882. The most noteworthy possessive\npronouns are _min\u00e8_, pl. 1365, _\u00fein\u00e8_, pl. 620; _his_ or _hise_, pl.\n_his\u00e8_, 34; _ure_, 606; _youres_, 2800; _hir\u00e8_, 2918, with which cf. the\ndat. sing. _hir\u00e8_ of the personal pronoun, 85, 300. _\u00feis_ is plural, and\nmeans _these_, in l.\u00a01145. As in other old English works, _men_ is\nfrequently an impersonal pronoun, answering to the French _on_, and is\nfollowed by a singular verb; as in _men ringes_, 390, _men seyt and\nsuereth_, 647, _men fetes_, 2341, _men nam_, 900, _men bir\u00fee_, 2101,\n_men dos_, 2434; cf. _folk sau_, 2410; but there are a few instances of\nits use with a plural verb, as _men haueden_, 901, _men shulen_, 747.\nThe former is the more usual construction.\n\n_Verbs._ The infinitives of verbs rarely have _y-_ prefixed; two\nexamples are _y-lere_, 12, _y-se_, 334. Nor is the same prefix common\nbefore past participles; yet we find _i-gret_, 163, _i-groten_, 285, and\n_i-maked_, 5, as well as _maked_, 23. Infinitives end commonly in _-en_\nor _-e_, as _riden_, 26, _y-lere_; also in _-n_, as _don_, 117, _leyn_,\n718; and even in _-o_, as _flo_, 612, _slo_, 1364. The present singular,\n3rd person, of the indicative, ends both in _-es_ or _-s_, and _-eth_ or\n_-th_, the former being the more usual. Examples are _longes_, 396,\n_leues_, 1781, _haldes_, 1382, _fedes_, 1693, _bes_, 1744, _comes_,\n1767, _glides_, 1851, _\u00fearnes_, 1913, _haues_, 1952, _etes_, 2036,\n_dos_, 1913; also _eteth_, 672, _haueth_, 804, _bikenneth_, 1269,\n_doth_, 1876, _li\u00fe_, 673. The full form of the 2nd person is _-est_, as\n_louest_, 1663; but it is commonly cut down to _-es_, as _weldes_, 1359,\n_slepes_, 1283, _haues_, 688, _etes_, 907, _getes_, 908; cf. _dos_,\n2390, _mis-gos_, 2707, _slos_, 2706. The same dropping of the _t_ is\nobservable in the past tense, as in _reftes_, 2394, _feddes and\ncladdes_, 2907. Still more curious is the ending in _t_ only, as in _\u00feu\nbi-hetet_, 677, _\u00feou mait_, 689; cf. ll. 852, 1348. In the subjunctive\nmood the _-st_ disappears as in Anglo-Saxon, and hence the forms _bute\n\u00feou gonge_, 690, _\u00feat \u00feu fonge_, 856, &c.; cf. _bede_, 668. In the 3rd\nperson, present tense, of the same mood, we have the _-e_ fully\npronounced, as in _shild\u00e8_, 16, _yeu\u00e8_, 22, _leu\u00e8_, 334, _red\u00e8_, 687;\nand in l.\u00a0544, _wreken_ should undoubtedly be _wrek\u00e8_, since the _-en_\nbelongs to the plural, as in _moten_, 18. The plural of the indicative\npresent ends in _-en_, as, _we hauen_, 2798, _ye witen_, 2208, _\u00feei\ntaken_, 1833; or, very rarely, in _-eth_, as _ye bringeth_, 2425, _he_\n(they) _strangleth_, 2584. Sometimes the final _-n_ is lost, as in _we\nhaue_, 2799, _ye do_, 2418, _he_ (they) _brenne_, 2583. There is even a\ntrace of the plural in _-es_, as in _haues_, 2581. The _present_ tense\nhas often a _future_ signification, as in _etes_, 907, _eteth_, 672,\n_getes_, 908.\n\n_Past tense._ Of the third person singular and plural of the past tense\nthe following are selected examples. WEAK VERBS: _hauede_, 770,\n_spared\u00e8_, 898, _yemed\u00e8_, 975, _semed\u00e8_, 976, _spark\u00ebd\u00e8_, 2144,\n_\u00feanked\u00e8_, 2189; pl. _loueden_, 955, _leykeden_, 954, _woundeden_, 2429,\n_stareden_, 1037, _yemede_ (rather read _yemeden_), 2277, _makeden_,\n554, _sprauleden_, 475; also _calde_, 2115, _gredde_, 2417, _herde_,\n2410, _kepte_, 879, _fedde_, 786, _ledde_, 785, _spedde_, 756, _clapte_,\n1814, _kiste_, 1279; pl. _herden_, _brenden_, 594, _kisten_, 2162,\n_ledden_, 1246; and, thirdly, of the class which change the vowel,\n_aute_, 743, _laute_, 744, _bitauhte_, 2212. Compare the past\nparticiples _osed_, 971, _mixed_, 2533, _parred_, 2439, _gadred_, 2577;\n_reft_, 1367, _wend_, 2138, _hyd_, 1059; _told_, 1036, _sold_, 1638,\n_wrouth_ = _wrout_, 1352. There are also at least two past participles\nin _-et_, as _slenget_, 1923, _grethet_, 2615, to which add _weddeth_,\n_beddeth_, 1127, In l.\u00a02057, _knawed_ seems put for _knawen_, for the\nrime's sake.\n\nSTRONG VERBS: third person singular, past tense, _bar_, 815, _bad_,\n1415, _yaf_, or _gaf_, _spak_; _kam_, 766 (spelt _cham_, 1873), _nam_,\n_kneu_, _hew_, 2729, _lep_, 1777, _let_, 2447 (spelt _leth_, 2651),\n_slep_, 1280, _wex_, 281: _drou_, 705, _for_, 2943, _low_, 903, _slow_,\n1807, _hof_, 2750, _stod_, 986, _tok_; 751, _wok_, 2093; pl. _beden_,\n2774, _youen_, or _gouen_; _comen_, 1017 (spelt _keme_, 1208), _nomen_,\n2790 (spelt _neme_, 1207), _knewen_, 2149, _lopen_, 1896, _slepen_,\n2128; _drowen_, 1837, _foren_, 2380, _lowen_, 1056, _slowen_, 2414, &c.\nAnd secondly, of the class which more usually change the vowel in the\n_plural_ of the preterite, we find the singular forms _bigan_, 1357,\n_barw_, 2022, _karf_, 471, _swank_, 788, _warp_, 1061, _shon_, 2144,\n_clef_, 2643, _sau_, 2409, _grop_, 1965, _drof_, 725, _shof_, 892; pl.\n_bigunnen_, 1011, _sowen_, 1055, _gripen_, 1790, _driue_, for _driuen_,\n1966; also _bunden_, 2436, _scuten_, 2431 (spelt _schoten_, 1864,\n_shoten_, 1838), _leyen_, 2132, &c. Compare the past participles\n_boren_, 1878, _youen_ or _gouen_, _cumen_, 1436, _nomen_, 2265 (spelt\n_numen_, 2581), _laten_, 1925, _waxen_, 302, _drawen_, 1925, _slawen_,\n2000, which two last become _drawe_, _slawe_ in ll. 1802, 1803.\n\nWe should also observe the past tenses _spen_, 1819, _stirt_, 812,\n_fauth_ for _faut_ or _fauht_, 1990, _citte_, 942, _bere_, 974, _kipte_,\n1050, _flow_, 2502, _plat_, 2755; and the past participles _demd_ for\n_demed_, 2488, _giue_ for _giuen_, 2488, _henged_, 1429, _keft_, 2005.\n\n_Imperative Mood._ Examples of the imperative mood singular, 2nd person,\nare _et_, _sit_, 925, _nim_, 1336, _yif_, 674; in the plural, the usual\nending is _-es_, as in _li\u00fees_, 2204, _comes_, 1798, _folwes_, 1885,\n_lokes_, 2292, _bes_, 2246, to which set belong _slos_, 2596, _dos_,\n2592; but there are instances of the ending _-eth_ also, as in _cometh_,\n1885, _yeue\u00fe_, 911, to which add _doth_, 2037, _goth_, 1780. Indeed both\nforms occur in one line, as in _Cometh swi\u00fee, and folwes me_ (1885).\nInstead of _-eth_ we even find _-et_, as in _herknet_,\u00a01. These\nvariations afford a good illustration of the unsettled state of the\ngrammar in some parts of England at this period; we need not suppose the\nscribe to be at fault in all cases where there is a want of uniformity.\n\nOf reflexive verbs, we meet with _me dremede_, 1284, _me met_, 1285, _me\n\u00feinkes_, 2169, _him hungrede_, 654, _him semede_, 1652, _him stondes_,\n2983, _him rewede_, 503. The present participles end most commonly in\n_-inde_, as _fastinde_, 865, _grotinde_ (? _gretinde_), 1390,\n_lauhwinde_, 946, _plattinde_, 2282, _starinde_, 508; but we also find\n_gangande_, 2283, _driuende_, 2702. Compare the nouns _ti\u00feande_, 2279,\n_offrende_, 1386, which are Norse forms, _t\u00ed\u00f0indi_ (pl.) being the\nIcelandic for _tidings_, and _offrandi_ the present participle of\n_offra_, to offer. But the true Icelandic equivalent of the substantive\n_an offering_ is _offran_, and the old Swedish is _offer_; and hence we\nsee at how very early a date the confusion between the noun-ending and\nthe ending of the present participle arose; a confusion which has\nbewildered many generations of Englishmen. Yet this very poem in other\nplaces has _-ing_ as a noun-ending _only_, never (that I remember) for\nthe present participle. Examples of it are _greting_, 166, _dreping_,\ni.e. slaughter, 2684, _buttinge_, _skirming_, _wrastling_, _putting_,\n_harping_, _piping_, _reding_; see ll. 2322-2327. Such words are\nfrequently called _verbal nouns_, but the term is very likely to\nmislead. I have found that many suppose it to imply _present participles\nused as nouns_, instead of _nouns of verbal derivation_. If such nouns\ncould be called by some new name, such as _nouns of action_, or by any\nother title that can be conventionally restricted to signify them, it\nwould, I think, be a gain. Amongst the auxiliary verbs, may be noted the\nuse of _cone_, 622, as the subjunctive form of _canst_; _we mone_, 840,\nas the subjunctive of _mowen_; cf. _ye mowen_, 11; but especially we\nshould observe the use of the comparatively rare verbs _bir\u00fee_, it\nbehoves, pt.\u00a0t. _birde_, it behoved, and _\u00feurte_, he need, the latter of\nwhich is fully explained in the Glossary to William of Palerne, s.v.\n_\u00feort_.\n\nThe prefix _to-_ is employed in _both_ senses, as explained in the same\nGlossary, s.v. _To-_. In _to-brised_, _to-deyle_, &c., it is equivalent\nto the German _zer-_ and M[oe]so-Gothic _dis-_; of its _other_ and\n_rarer_ use, wherein it answers to the German _zu-_ and M[oe]so-Gothic\n_du-_, there is but _one_ instance, viz. in the word _to-yede_, 765,\nwhich signifies _went to_; cf. Germ. _zugehen_, to go to, _zugang_ (A.S.\n_to-gang_), access, approach. There are some curious instances of a\npeculiar syntax, whereby the infinitive mood active partakes of a\npassive signification, as in _he made him kesten, and in feteres\nfesten_, he caused him to be cast in prison (_or perhaps_, overthrown),\nand to be fastened in fetters; l.\u00a081. But it is probable that this is to\nbe explained by considering it as a phrase in which we should _now_\nsupply the word _men_, and that we may interpret it by \"he caused [men]\nto cast him in prison, and to fasten him with fetters;\" for in ll. 1784,\n1785, the phrase is repeated in a less ambiguous form. See also l.\u00a086.\nSo also, in ll. 2611, 2612, I\u00a0consider _keste_, _late_, _sette_, to be\nin the infinitive mood. Such a construction is at once understood by\ncomparing it with the German _er liess ihn binden_, he caused him to be\nbound. In l.\u00a02352, appears the most unusual form _ilker_, which is\nliterally _of each_, and hence, _apiece_; cf. _unker_, which also is a\ngenitive plural. It will be observed that the verb following is in the\nplural, the real nominative to it being _\u00feei \u00fere_. In l.\u00a02404, the\nexpression _\u00feat \u00feer \u00ferette_, \"that there threat,\" recalls a\ncolloquialism which is still common. The word _\u00ferie_, 730, is,\napparently, the O.E. adverb _thrie_, thrice; _liues_, 509, is an adverb\nending in _-es_, originally a genitive case. _\u00deus-gate_ is, according to\nMr Morris, unknown to the Southern dialect; it occurs in ll. 785, 2419,\n2586. I may add that Havelok contains as many as five expressions, which\nseem to refer to _proverbs_ current at the time of writing it. See ll.\n307, 648, 1338, 1352, 2461.\n\n    [Footnote 33: \"Cf. K. Horn, 1005, where _haue_ rhymes with\n    plawe.\" --M. Mr A.\u00a0J. Ellis would consider _slawen_, _knaue_, &c.,\n    as assonances-- \"Do not think of the pronunciation of modern\n    _drawen_. Read _sla-wen_, _kna-ue_, an assonance. _Be\u00fee_ does\n    _not_ rhyme to _reden_; it is only an assonance.\" --Ellis. On the\n    other hand, we find the spellings _rathe_, _rothe_ instead of\n    _rede_ in ll. 1335 and 2817.]\n\n    [Footnote 34: \"_Qual_ = _quhal_, the aspirate being omitted; and\n    _quhal_ = _whal_.\" --Ellis.]\n\n    [Footnote 35: The use of _th_ for _t_ is not uncommon. In the\n    _Romans of Partenay_, we have _thown_, _thaken_, _thouchyng_, &c.,\n    for _town_, _taken_, _touching_; see Preface, p.\u00a0xvi. In the copy\n    of Piers Plowman in MS. Camb. Univ. Lib. Dd l.\u00a017, I have observed\n    several similar examples. Cf. Eng. _tea_, Ital. _t\u00e8_, Span. _t\u00e9_,\n    with Fr. _th\u00e9_, Swed. _the_, G. Du. Dan. _thee_.]\n\n    [Footnote 36: \"Is _e_ for _o_ a mistake, or may it be compared\n    with _preue_ for _prove_, &c.?\" --Ellis. I would observe that\n    _greting_ is the spelling of the _substantive_ in l.\u00a0166.]\n\n\n\u00a7 28. ON THE METRE OF HAVELOK.\n\nThe poem is written in the familiar rhythm of which I have already\nspoken elsewhere, viz. at p.\u00a0xxxvii of the Preface to Mr Morris's\nedition of Genesis and Exodus. The metre of Havelok is rather more\nregular, but many of the remarks there made apply to it. The chief rule\nis that every line shall contain four accents,[37] the two principal\ntypes being afforded (1)\u00a0by the eight-syllable and nine-syllable lines--\n\n  (_a_) For h\u00e9m | ne y\u00e9|d\u00eb g\u00f3ld | ne f\u00e9, 44;\n  (_b_) It w\u00e1s | a k\u00edng | bi \u00e1|r\u00eb d\u00e1w\u00ebs, 27;\n\nand (2) by the seven-syllable and eight-syllable lines--\n\n  (_c_) H\u00e9rk|net t\u00f3 | me g\u00f3|d\u00eb men, 1;\n  (_d_) Al|l\u00eb th\u00e1t | he m\u00edcth|\u00eb fynd\u00eb, 42.\n\nTo one of these four forms every line can be reduced, by the use of that\nslighter utterance of less important syllables which is so very common\nin English poetry. It is not the number of _syllables_, but of\n_accents_, that is essential. In _every_ line throughout the poem there\nare four accents, with only two or three exceptions, viz. ll. 1112,\n1678, &c, which are defective. In a similar manner, we may readily scan\nany of the lines, as e.g. ll. 2-4;\n\n  (_c_) Wi|u\u00ebs, mayd|n\u00ebs, and al|l\u00eb men\n  (_b_) Of a ta|l\u00eb \u00feat | ich you | wile tell\u00eb[38]\n  (_b_) Wo-so | 't wil' her' | and \u00feer|to duell\u00eb, &c.\n\nHere the syllables _-nes and_ in l. 3, _of a_ in l.\u00a04, and _it wile_ in\nl.\u00a05, are so rapidly pronounced as to occupy only the room of one\nunaccented syllable in lines of the strict type. However awkward this\nappears to be in theory, it is very easy in practice, as the reciter\nreadily manages his voice so as to produce the right rhythmical effect;\nand, indeed, this variation of arrangement is a real improvement,\npreventing the recitation from becoming monotonous. Those who have a\ngood ear for rhythm will readily understand this, and it seems\nunnecessary to dwell upon it more at length. But it may be remarked,\nthat the three lines above quoted are rather _more irregular than\nusual_, and that the metre is such as to enable us to fix the instances\nin which the final _-e_ is pronounced with great accuracy, on which\naccount I shall say more about this presently. I would, however, first\nenumerate the rimes which seem to be more or less inexact or peculiar,\nor otherwise instructive.\n\nI. _Repetitions._ Such are _men, men_; _holden, holde_, 29;[39] _er\u00fee,\ner\u00fee_, 739; _heren, heren_, 1640; _nithes, knithes_, 2048; _youres,\nyoures_, 2800. To this class belong also _longe, londe_, 172, _heye,\nheie_, 1151, 2544; where _longe, londe_ is, however, only an assonance.\n\nII. _Assonant rimes._ Here the rime is in the vowel-sound; the\nconsonantal endings differ. Such are _rym, fyn_, 21; _yeme, quene_, 182;\n_shop, hok_, 1101 (where _shop_ is probably corrupt); _odrat, bad_,\n1153; _fet, ek_, 1303; _yer, del_, 1333; _maked, shaped_, 1646; _be\u00fee,\nrede_, 1680; _riche, chinche_, 1763, 2940; _feld, swerd_, 1824, 2634;\n_seruede, werewed_, 1914; _wend, gent_, 2138; _\u00feank, rang_, 2560;\n_bo\u00feen, ut-drowen_, 2658. To the same class belong _name_, _rauen_,\n1397, _grauen, name_, 2528; _slawen, rauen_, 2676. _Henged, slenget_,\n1922, should rather be called an imperfect rime.[40] There is also found\nthe exact opposite to this, viz., an agreement or _consonance_ at the\nend, preceded by an apparent diversity in the vowel; as _longe, gange_,\n795 (but see _longe, gonge_, 843), _bidde, stede_, 2548, _open, drepen_,\n1782, _gres, is_, 2698, _bo\u00fee, rathe_, 2936 (but see _rathe, bathe_,\n1335, 2542), _fet_ (long _e_), _gret_, 2158; and not unlike these are\nsome instances of loose rimes, as _be\u00fee, rede_, 360, _knaue, plawe_,\n949, _sawe, hawe_ (where _hawe_ is written for _haue_), 1187, _sawe,\nwowe_, 1962 (but see _wowe, lowe_, 2078, _lowe, sawe_, 2142, _wawe,\nlowe_, 2470). Observe also _bouth, oft_ (read _vt_ or _ut_ = _out_?),\n883, _tun, barun_, 1001 (cf. _toun, brun_, 1750, _champiouns, barouns_,\n1032); _plattinde, gangande_, 2282, &c. _Eir, to\u00feer_, 410, _harde,\ncrakede_, 567, are probably due to mistakes.[41]\n\nIII. Rimes which shew that the final _-en_ was pronounced so slightly as\nto be nearly equivalent to _-e_. Examples: _holden, holde_, 29; _gongen,\nfonge_, 855; _bringe, ringen_, 1105; _mouthen, douthe_, 1183; _riden,\nside_, 1758; _wesseylen, to-deyle_, 2098; _slawen, drawe_, 2476. In the\nsame way _hon_ rimes to _lond_, 1341, owing to the slight pronunciation\nof the final _d_.[42]\n\nIV. Rimes which appear imperfect, but may be perfect. _Riche_ answers to\n_like_, 132, but the true spelling is _rike_, answering to _sike_, 290.\n_Mithe_, 196, should probably be _moucte_, as in l.\u00a0257, and it would\nthus rime with _\u00feoucte_. _Blinne_, 2670, should certainly be _blunne_;\ncf. A.S. _blinnan_, pt. t.\u00a0s. _ic blan_, pt. t. pl. _we blunnon_; and\nthus it rimes to _sunne_. _Misdede_, 993, is clearly an error for\n_misseyde_, as appears from the parallel passage in ll. 49, 50; and it\nthen rimes with _leyde_. So in l.\u00a01736, for _deled_ read _deyled_, as in\nl.\u00a02098. _Bo\u00fee_, 430, has no line answering to it, and a line may have\nbeen lost. _Nicth, lict_, 575, is a perfect rime. _Halde, bolde_, 2308,\nmay also be perfect. _For-sworen_ answers to _for-lorn_ (pronounced\n_for-loren_), 1423; _bitawte_ to _authe_ (pronounced _aute_), 1409;\n_yemede_ (pronounced _yem-d\u00e8_) is not an improper rime to _fremde_,\n2276; _anon_ rimes with _iohan_ (if pronounced _ion_ or _John_, as\nindicated by the spelling _ion_ in l.\u00a0177), 2562, 2956. Yet in another\ninstance it seems to be two syllables, _Jo-han_; see _wimman, iohan_,\n1720.[43] Speche should be _speke_, and thus rimes to _meke_, 1065.\n_Stareden_ should perhaps be _stradden_, or some such form, rightly\nriming to _ladden_, 1037. Under this head we may notice some rimes which\nthrow, possibly, some light on the pronunciation. Thus, for the sound of\n_ey, ei_, observe _hayse, preyse_, 60; _leyke, bleike_, 469; _laumprei,\nwei_, 771; _deye_ rimes to _preye_, 168; _day_ to _wey_, 663; _seyd_ to\n_brayd_, 1281; but we also find _hey, fri_, 1071; _hey, sley_, 1083,\n_heye, heie_, 1151; _heye, eie_, 2544; _leye, heye_, 2010; _heye,\nfleye_, 2750. _Fram_ rimes to _sham_, 55; yet the latter word is really\n_shame_, 83; _gange_ is also spelt _gonge_, _halde_ rimes with _bolde_,\n2308. The pronunciation of _ware_, _were_, or _wore_, seems ambiguous;\nwe find _sore, wore_, 236; _wore, more_, 258; _ware, sare_, 400; _wore,\nsore_, 414; _were, \u00feere_, 741; _more, \u00feore_, 921. For the sound of _e_,\nobserve _suere, gere_, 388; _suereth, dereth_, 648; _eten, geten_, 930;\n_yet, fet_, 1319; _stem, bem_, 592; _glem, bem_, 2122; also _yeue,\nliue_, 198; _liue, gyue_, 356; _lyue, yeue_, 1217; _her, ther_, 1924;\n_fishere, swere_, 2230. For that of _i_, observe _cri, merci_, 270;\n_sire, swire_, 310; _swi\u00fee, vnbli\u00fee_, 140; _fir, shir_, 587; _sire,\nhire_, 909; _rise, bise_, 723; _fyr, shir_, 915; _lye, strie_, 997;\n_hey, fri_, 1071; _for-\u00fei, merci_, 2500. For that of _o_, observe _two,\nso_, 350; _do, so_, 713; _shon, on_, 969; _hom, grom_, 789; _lode,\nbrode_, 895; _anon, ston_, 927; _ston, won_, 1023; _do, sho_ (shoe),\n1137; _do, sho_ (she), 1231; _stod, mod_, 1702; _ilkon, ston_, 1842;\n_shon_ (shoon), _ston_, 2144; _croud, god_, 2338; _don, bon_, 2354;\n_sone_ (soon), _bone_, 2504; _bole, hole_, 2438.[44] Only in a few of\nthese instances would the words rime in modern standard English. For the\n_ou_ and _u_ sounds, observe _cou\u00fee, mou\u00fee_, 112; _yow, now_, 160;\n_wolde, fulde_, 354; _yw, nou_, 453; _bounden, wnden_, 545; _sowel,\ncouel_, 767; _low, ynow_, 903; _sowen, lowe_, 957; _strout, but_, 1039;\n_\u00feou, nou_, 1283; _doun, tun_, 1630; _crus, hous_, 1966; _wounde,\ngrunde_, 1978; _bowr, tour_, 2072; _spuse, huse_, 2912. _Lowe_, 1291,\n2431, 2471, should rather be _lawe_, as in l.\u00a02767. These hints will\nprobably suffice for the guidance of those who wish to follow up the\nsubject. It is evident that full dependence cannot be placed upon the\n_exactness_ of the rimes.\n\n    [Footnote 37: \"This _four accents_ I consider to be a wrong way\n    of stating the fact.\u00a0.\u00a0. The metre consists of four measures, each\n    generally, not always, of _two_ syllables, the first often _one_\n    syllable, the others often of _three_ syllables, and each measure\n    has generally more stress on the last than on any other, but the\n    accents or principal stresses in the verse are usually 2,\n    sometimes 3, perhaps never\u00a04.\" --A.\u00a0J. Ellis. I need hardly add\n    that such a statement is more exact, and that I here merely use\n    the word _accent_ in the loose sense it often bears, viz. as\n    denoting the \"stress,\" more or less heavy, and sometimes\n    imperceptible, which is popularly supposed to belong to the last\n    syllable in a measure. I must request the reader to remember that\n    this present sketch of the metre is very slight and imperfect,\n    and worded in the usual not very correct popular language. For\n    more strict and careful statements the reader is referred to Mr\n    A.\u00a0J. Ellis's work on Early English Pronunciation. Until readers\n    have made themselves acquainted with that work, they will readily\n    understand what I _here_ mean by \"accents;\" afterwards, they can\n    easily adopt a stricter idea of its meaning.]\n\n    [Footnote 38: \"You cannot scan this line in any way. This method\n    of doing it is quite impossible; it is a mere chopping to make a\n    verse like this. The line is corrupt. Omit _\u00feat_, and you have\n\n        Of | a tal' | ich you | wile telle\n\n    or better,\n\n        Of | a tal' | ich wil|e telle.\" --Ellis.]\n\n    [Footnote 39: The number is that of the _first_ line of the\n    pair.]\n\n    [Footnote 40: \"You have omitted the curious _harde, krakede_,\n    567, here; it is only an assonance, not a mistake, I believe.\"\n    --Ellis. But see note to l.\u00a0567.]\n\n    [Footnote 41: \"On _i, e_ rhymes, see p.\u00a0271, last line and\n    following, of my Chap. IV. The _o, a_ depend on a provincialism,\n    and this applies to _sawe_, _wowe_; _be\u00fee_, _rede_; _knaue_,\n    _plawe_; _sawe_, _hawe_; &c. _Bouth, oft_ is a case of assonance,\n    _bouth_ being _bought_, where properly the _ugh_ is the voiced\n    sound of Scotch _quh_, and easily passes into _f_. The assonance\n    is therefore nearly a rhyme. _Plattinde, gangande_ is probably a\n    scribal error. _Eir, to\u00feer_ is certainly a mistake; read\n\n        Swanborow, helfled, his sistres fair.\" --Ellis.\n\n    We may then perhaps alter _gangande_ to _ganginde_. I do not\n    quite like writing the modern form _fair_ instead of the old\n    plural _fayre_ in order to gain a rime to _eir_. Cf. ll. 1095,\n    2300, 2538, 2768.]\n\n    [Footnote 42: \"_Hon, lond_ may arise from a Danism, or from an\n    English custom at that time of not pronouncing _d_ after _n_ in\n    _nd_ final; Danish _Mand_ and German _Mann_ are identical.\"\n    --Ellis. I prefer to call it Danish; we English, now at least,\n    often _add_ a _d_, as in _sound_, _gownd_, from _soun_, _gown_.]\n\n    [Footnote 43: \"_Johan_ is almost _Jon_ in Chaucer, however\n    written, but l.\u00a0177 wants a measure; read--\n\n        Bi [Jhesu] crist, and bi seint ion.\n\n    In l.\u00a01720 also the verse is defective; omit _al_, and read--\n\n        In denemark nis wimman [non]\n        So fayr so sche, bi _seint_ Johan,\n\n    where _seint_ is a dissyllable; see p.\u00a0264 of my Early English\n    Pronunciation. _Hey, fri_, 1071, is an error; read _hy_, and see\n    p.\u00a0285 of my book. The other instances of _ei_, _ai_ are all\n    regular, the confusion of _ei_, _ai_ being perfect in the\n    thirteenth century. _Shame_, l.\u00a088, is dative, and would prove\n    nothing, but _shame_ in Orrmin is conclusive. Hence in _sham'_,\n    56, we have an _e_ omitted; compare p.\u00a0323 of my book, and the\n    German _Ruh'_.\" --Ellis. In other places, the spelling _heye_\n    occurs, rather than _hy_: see ll. 719, 987, 1071, 1083, 1289,\n    1685, 2431, 2471, 2544, 2724, 2750, 2945, &c.]\n\n    [Footnote 44: \"The instances of _o_ are all regular, except\n    _croud, god_, 2338, which is a false rhyme altogether; _ou_ =\n    modern _oo_.\" --Ellis.]\n\n\n\u00a7 29. ON THE FINAL -E, &c.\n\nThere can be little doubt that the final _-e_ is, in general, fully\npronounced in this poem wherever it is written, with but a very few\nexceptions; but at the same time it is liable to be elided when followed\nby a vowel or (sometimes) by the letter _h_, as is usual in old English\npoetry. In the following remarks, I shall use an apostrophe to signify\nthat _e_ is _written, but not pronounced_; thus \"wil'\" signifies that\n\"wile\" is the MS. form, but \"wil\" the apparent pronunciation. I shall\nuse an italic _e_ to signify that the _e_ is elided because followed by\na vowel or _h_, as \"cupp_e_\" (l.\u00a014); and in the same way, \"rid_en_,\"\n\"lit_el_,\" &c, signify that the syllables _-en_, _-el_ are slurred over\nin a like manner. It will be seen that such syllables are, in general,\nslurred over when they occur before a vowel or _h_; under the same\ncircumstances, that is, as the final _-e_. When I simply write the word\nin the form \"gode\" as in the MS., I mean that the _-e_ is _fully\npronounced_; so that \"gode\" stands for \"god\u00eb.\"\n\nThe following, then, are instances. I follow the order in Mr Morris's\nIntroduction to Chaucer's Prologue, &c. (Clarendon Press Series).\n\n(_A_) In nouns and adjectives (of A.S. origin) the final _-e_ represents\none of the final vowels _a_, _u_, _e_, and hence is fully sounded even\nin the nominative case in such instances. Examples; gome (A.S. _goma_),\n7, blome (A.S. _bloma_), 63, trewe (A.S. _treowe_), 179, knaue (A.S.\n_cnafa_), 308, 450, sone (A.S. _sunu_), 394.\n\n(_B_) In words of French origin it is sounded as in French verse. Such\nwords are scarce in Havelok. Examples: hayse, 59, beste, 279, mir\u00e1cle,\n500, rose, 2919, curtesye (_miswritten_ curteyse), 2876, cf. 194,\ndrurye, 195, male, 48, large, 97, noble, 1263.\n\n(_C_) It is a remnant of various grammatical inflexions:--\n\n(1)\u00a0it is a sign of the _dative_ case in nouns; as, nede, 9, stede,\n10, trome, 8, wronge, 72, stede, 142, dede (not elided, because of the\nc\u00e6sura), 167, arke, 222, er\u00fee, 248, lite \u00ferawe, 276. It also sometimes\nmarks the accusative, or the genitive of feminine nouns: _accusatives_,\ncupp_e_, 14, wede, 94, brede, 98, shrede, 99, mede, 102, quiste, 219,\nsorwe, 238 (cf. sorw' in l.\u00a0240), son_e_, 308, knaue, 308, sone, 350,\nwille, 441: _genitives_, messe, 186, 188, helle, 405.\n\n(2) In adjectives it marks--\n\n(_a_) the _definite form_ of the adjective; as, \u00fee meste, 233, \u00fee riche\n(not elided[45]), 239, te beste, 87, \u00fee hexte [man], 1080, \u00feat wicke,\n1158, \u00feat foule, 1158, \u00fee firste, 1333, \u00fee rede, 1397. This rule is most\noften violated in the case of _dissyllabic_ superlatives; as, \u00fee\nwictest', 8, \u00fee fairest, \u00fee strangest, 1081, 1110; cf. 199, 200.\n\n(_b_) the _plural_ number. Examples abound, as, gode, 1, alle, 2, are,\n27, yung = yung_e_, 30, holde, 30, gode, 34, 55, harde, 143, gren_e_,\n470, bleike, 470, halte, 543, doumbe, 543, &c.\n\nThe same use is often extended to possessive pronouns; we find the\nplurals mine, 385, 514 (but min', 392), \u00feine, 620, hise, 34, 67, hure,\n1231; and even the singulars hire, 84, 85, hure, 338, yure, 171. But the\npersonal pronoun feminine is often hir', 172, 209; yet see l.\u00a0316.\n\n(_c_) the _vocative_ case, as, dere, 839, 2170; leue, 909.\n\n(3) In verbs it marks--\n\n(_a_) the infinitive mood; as, telle, 3, duelle, 4, falle, 39, bey_e_,\n53, swere, 254, be-bedde, 421, ber_e_, 549, &c. On this point there\ncannot be a moment's doubt, for the form _-en_ is found quite as often,\nand they rime together, as in 254, 255, cf. 29, 30. But it is well worth\nremarking that _-en_ is slurred over exactly where _-e_ would be, with\nmuch regularity. Examples are: rid_en_, 10, biginn_en_, 21, mak_en_, 29,\nheng_en_, 43, lurk_en_, 68, crep_en_, 68, rid_en_, 88, hau_en_, 270.\nOther examples are very numerous. But we sometimes find _-en_ not\nslurred over, as, drinken, 15; and the same is true even of _-e_, but\nsuch cases are exceptional and rare.\n\n(_b_) the gerund; as, to preyse, 60.\n\n(_c_) the past participle of a strong verb; as, drawe, 1802, slawe,\n1803. But these are rare, as they are commonly written drawen, slawen,\n2224.\n\n(_d_) the past tense of weak verbs, where the _-e_ follows _-ed_, _-t_,\nor _-d_. Examples are very numerous; as, louede = lov'de, 30, 35 (not\nelided), 37, hauede = hav'de, 343; cf. haued = havd', 336; \u00feurte, 10,\ndurst_e_, 65, reft_e_, 94; dede, 29, sende, 136, seyde, 228, herde, 286.\nObserve hated = hated_e_, 40. The plurals of these tenses are rarely in\n_-e_, generally in _-en_, as, haueden, 241, ded_en_, 242, sprauleden =\nspraul'den, 475.\n\n(_e_) the subjunctive or optative mood, or the 3rd person of the\nimperative mood, which is really the 3rd person of the subjunctive. This\nrule seems to be carefully observed. Examples are yeue, 22, thaue, 296,\nyerne, 299, leue, 406, were, 513, wit_e_, 517, &c. So for the _first_\nperson, as, lat_e_, 509, lepe (not elided), 2009, spek_e_, 2079; and for\nthe _second_ person, as, understonde, 1159, fare, 2705, cone, 622, 623.\n\n(_f_) other parts of a _few_ verbs; thus, the 1st person singular\npresent, as, liue, 301, ete, 793, rede, 1660, wille, 388, where _wille_\nis equivalent to _wish_.\n\n(_g_) present participles: thus, platt\u00ednde, 2282, is a half-rime to\ngang\u00e1nde. In other places, the author is careful to place them before a\nvowel, as gretind_e_, 1390, lauhwind_e_, 946, starind_e_, 508,\ndriuend_e_, 2702, fastind_e_, 865.\n\n(4) In adverbs the final _-e_ denotes--\n\n(_a_) an older vowel-ending; as, son_e_ (A.S. _s\u00f3na_), 136, sone, 218,\n251, yete (A.S. _g\u00e9ta_, as well as _g\u00e9t_), 495, ofte (Swed. _ofta_, Dan.\n_ofte_), 227.\n\n(_b_) an adverb as distinguished from its corresponding adjective, as,\nyerne, 153, loude, 96, longe, 241, more, 301, softe, 305, heye, 335,\nswi\u00fee, 455, harde, 639. Hence, in l.\u00a0640, we should read _neye_.\n\n(_c_) an older termination in _-en_ or _-an_; as, \u00feer-hinne, 322, 709,\n712, henne, 843, inne, 855. Cf. A.S. _heonan_, _innan_.\n\n(_d_) It is also sounded in the termination _-like_, as, sikerlike, 422.\nHence, in baldelike, 53, _both_ the _ees_ are sounded; cf. feblelike,\n418. When the final _-e_ is slurred over before an _h_ in _Chaucer_, _h_\nis found commonly to begin the pronoun _he_, or its cases, the\npossessive pronouns _his_, _hire_, or their cases, a part of the verb to\n_have_, or else the adverbs _how_ or _heer_. The same rule seems to hold\nin _Havelok_. Observe, that _e_ often forms a syllable in the _middle_\nof a word, as, bondeman, 32, engelondes, 63, pourelik_e_, 322.\n\nWith regard to the final _-en_, it is most commonly slurred over before\na vowel or the _h_ in _he_ or _haue_, not only when it is the\ntermination of the infinitive mood, but in _many other cases_. One\nstriking example may suffice:\n\n  He gret_en_ and gouled_en_ and gou_en_ hem ille, 164.\n\nA still more striking peculiarity is that _the same rule often holds_\nfor the ending _-es_. We find it, of course, forming a distinct syllable\nin plurals; as, limes, 86; and in adverbs, as, liues, 509. But observe\nsuch instances as maydn_es_, 2, prest_es_, 33, vtlaw_es_, 41, si\u00fe_es_,\n213, &c.\n\nIn the same way, when rapid final syllables such as _-el_, _-er_,\n_-ere_, &c., are slurred over, it will _generally_ be found _that a\nvowel or_ h _follows them_. Examples: lit_el_, 6, won_eth_, 105,\nbed_els_, 266, bod_i_, 345, deu_el_, 446, hung_er_, 449. Compare\nou_er_al, 38, 54. There are many other peculiarities which it would take\nlong to enumerate, such as, that _sworn_ is pronounced _sworen_, 204;\nthat the final _-e_ is sometimes preserved before a vowel, as in _ded\u00eb\nam_, 167; that the word _ne_ is very frequently not counted, as it were,\nin the scansion, as in 57, 113, 220, 419, the second _ne_ in l.\u00a0547, and\nin several other places. But it must suffice to state merely, that when\nthe above rules (with allowance of a few exceptions) are carefully\nobserved, it will be found that the metre of Havelok is _very regular_,\nand _valuable on account of its regularity_.\n\nIt would therefore be easy to correct the text in many places by help of\nan exact analysis of the rhythm. But this, except in a very few places,\nhas not been attempted, because the imperfect, but unique, MS. copy is\nmore instructive as it stands. In l.\u00a019, e.g. _wit_ should be _wite_; in\nl.\u00a047, _red_ should be _rede_; in l.\u00a074, _his soule_ should be _of his\nsoule_, &c. The importance of attending to the final _-e_ may be\nexemplified by the lines--\n\n  All\u00eb greten swi\u00fe\u00eb sore, 236;\n  But son\u00eb ded\u00eb hir\u00eb fet\u00eb, 317;\n  \u00fein\u00eb cherl\u00ebs, \u00fein\u00eb hin\u00eb, 620;\n  Grim\u00ebs son\u00ebs all\u00eb \u00fere, 1399;\n  His\u00eb sistres her\u00eb lif, 2395.\n\nMr Ellis writes-- \"These final examples suggested to me to compose the\nfollowing German epitaph, which contains just as many final _e_'s, and\nwhich I think no German would find to have anything peculiar in the\nversification:\n\nGRABSCHRIFT.\n\n  Diese alte reiche Frau\n  Hasste jede eitle Schau,\n  Preiste Gottes gute Gabe,\n  Mehrte stets die eig'ne Habe,\n  Liegt hier unbeweint im Grabe.\n\nI think Havelok may be well compared with Goethe's ballad,\n\n  Es war ein K\u00f6n_ig in Thu_le,\n    Gar treu bis an das Grab,\n  Dem, sterbend, seine Buhle\n    _Einen gold_enen Becher gab.\n\n  Es ging ihm nichts dar\u00fcber,\n    Er leert' ihn jeden Schmaus,\n  Die Augen gin_gen ihm \u00fc_ber\n    So oft er trank daraus.\n\n  Und als er kam zu sterben,\n    Z\u00e4hlt' er _seine St\u00e4dt'_ im Reich,\n  G\u00f6nnt' alles seinem Erben,\n    Den Becher nicht zugleich:--\n\nand the end:--\n\n  Die Augen th\u00e4_ten ihm sin_ken,\n    Trank nie _einen Trop_fen mehr.\n\nThe _italicised_ trisyllabic measures are fine. Observe also the\nelisions of final _-e_ before a following vowel (_St\u00e4dt'_ being very\nunusual), and the omission of the dative _-e_ in _im Reich_, to rhyme\nwith _zugleich_.\"\n\nI have only to add that my special thanks are due to Sir F. Madden for\nhis permission to make use of his valuable notes, glossary, and preface,\nand for his assistance; as also to Mr Ellis for his notes, which,\nhowever, reached me only at the last moment, when much alteration of the\nproofs was troublesome. There are many things probably which Mr Ellis\ndoes not much approve of in this short popular sketch of the metre, in\nwhich attention is drawn only to some of the _principal_ points. In\nparticular, he disapproves of the term _slurring over_, though I believe\nthat I mean precisely the same thing aa he does, viz. that these light\nsyllables are really _fully pronounced_, and not in any way forcibly\nsuppressed; but that, owing to their being light syllables, and\noccurring before vowel sounds, the full pronunciation of them does not\ncause the verse to halt, but merely imparts to it an agreeable vivacity.\nAs I have already said elsewhere[46]-- \"A poet's business is, in fact,\nto take care that the syllables which _are_ to be rapidly pronounced are\nsuch as easily _can_ be so; and that the syllables which are to be\nheavily accented are naturally those that _ought_ to be. If he gives\nattention to this, it does not much matter whether each foot has _two_\nor _three_ syllables in it.\"\n\n    [Footnote 45: _Riche_ being both A.S. and French, has the _e_\n    even when indefinite; a riche king, 841; a riche man, 373.]\n\n    [Footnote 46: Preface to Mr Morris's Genesis and Exodus, p.\n    xxxviii.]\n\n\n\n\nEMENDATIONS, ETC.\n\n\n  [Transcriber's Note:\n  This section is shown as printed. The editor's corrections were\n  variously handled. Minor changes to the primary text are shown in\n  brackets; the more complicated or tentative emendations are given as\n  supplementary footnotes in the form [5*]. Additions to the Glossary\n  are shown as separate, bracketed paragraphs. The following paragraph\n  is part of the original text.]\n\nSome emendations have been made in the text by inserting letters and\nwords within square brackets. A few more may be noticed here.\n\np.\u00a02, l. 47. The MS. has _red_; but it should be _rede_.\n\np.\u00a03, l. 66. For the MS. reading _here_ Mr Garnett proposed to read\n_othere_, which is clearly right.\n\np.\u00a03, l. 74. For _his soule_ (as in the MS.) we should probably read _of\nhis soule_.\n\np.\u00a03, l. 79. For _wo diden_ (as in the MS.) we should read _wo so dide_.\n\np.\u00a06, l. 177. _Read_-- \"Bi [ihesu] crist,\" &c, to fill up; but this is\ndoubtful; see l.\u00a01112.\n\np.\u00a018, l. 560. For _with_, Mr Garnett proposed to read _wilt_.\n\np.\u00a020, l. 640. For _ney_ (as in MS.) read _neye_, the adverbial form.\n\np.\u00a021, l. 660. Perhaps there should be a comma after _Slep_, making the\nsense to be _sleep, son_, not _sleep soon_.\n\np.\u00a023, l. 746. For _alle_, Mr Garnett proposed to read _shalle_.\n\np.\u00a024, l. 784. Perhaps we should, however, read _se-weren_, and the note\non the line (p.\u00a093) may be wrong. See _Weren_ in the Glossary.\n\np.\u00a032, l. 1037. For _stareden_ we should perhaps read _stradden_; see\nthe Glossary.\n\np.\u00a033, l. 1080. For _hexte_ we should rather read _hexte_ [_man_]; cf.\nl.\u00a0199.\n\np.\u00a038, l. 1233. Mr Garnett suggested that _clo\u00feen_ may mean _clothes_.\nIf so, dele the comma after it.\n\np.\u00a043, l. 1420. For _wolde_ we should rather read [_he_] _wolde_.\n\np.\u00a046, l. 1687. _\u00fearned_ is an error of the scribe for _\u00feoled_; see the\nGlossary.\n\np.\u00a047, l. 1720. Perhaps we should rather read--_is womman_ [_non_].\n\np.\u00a047, l. 1733. _Bidde_ must mean _offer_, rather than _bid_ (as in the\nGlossary); unless it be miswritten for _bide_ = tarry.\n\np.\u00a047, l. 1736. The MS. reading _deled_ should be _deyled_; cf. l.\u00a02099.\n\np.\u00a076, l. 2670. The MS. reading _blinne_ should clearly be _blunne_.\nA few other suggestions of emendations will be found in the Glossarial\nIndex. See the words _Arwe_, _Bir\u00fee_, _Felde_, _Sor_, _Tauhte_, _\u00deenne_,\n_Thit_, _Werewed_, _Wreken_, &c. See also the suggestions in the\npreface, pp.\u00a0xxxix, xli, xlvi, xlvii.  [\u00a7 27: Grammatical Forms; \u00a7\u00a028:\nMetre]\n\np.\u00a0132, s.v. _Loken_. The reference to the Ancren Riwle is to MS. Titus\nD\u00a018, fol. 17; cf. the edition by Morton (Camd. Soc. 1853), p.\u00a056.\n\nIn the Glossary, _Dunten_ is wrongly placed after _Dint_.\n\nAlso, _Greting_ is wrongly placed before _Gres_.\n\n_Hal_, more probably, is shortened from _half_, like _twel_ from\n_twelue_.\n\n_Shoten_, in l. 1838, means _rushed_, _darted_, _flew_.\n\n_Teyte_ may mean _lively_. My explanation is not generally accepted.\n\n_Bise_ occurs in l. 724.\n\n\n\n\n+Incipit vita Hauelok, quondam Rex Anglie et Denemarchie.+\n\n\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 204, col. 1.]]\n  [Sidenote: Hearken!]\n    +Herknet to me, gode men,\n    Wiues, maydnes, and alle men,\n    Of a tale \u00feat ich you wile telle,\n    Wo so it wile here, and \u00feer-to duelle.                         4\n  [Sidenote: I will tell you the tale of Havelok,\n  a wight man at need.]\n    \u00dee tale is of hauelok i-maked;\n    Wil he was litel he yede ful naked:\n    Hauelok was a ful god gome,\n    He was ful god in eueri trome,                                 8\n    He was \u00fee wicteste ma{n} at nede,\n    \u00deat \u00feurte ride{n} on ani stede.\n    \u00deat ye mowen nou y-here,\n    And \u00fee tale ye mowen y-lere.                                  12\n    At the begi{n}ning[1] of vre tale,\n  [Sidenote: First, fill me a cup of ale.]\n    Fil me a cuppe of ful god ale;\n    And [y] wile dri{n}ken her y spelle,\n    \u00deat crist vs shilde alle fro helle!                           16\n    Krist late vs heu{er}e so for to do,\n  [Sidenote: Christ grant we may do right!]\n    \u00deat we moten comen him to,\n    And wit[e][2] \u00feat it mote ben so!\n    _Benedicamus domino!_                                         20\n    Here y schal bigi{n}nen a rym,\n    Krist us yeue wel god fyn!\n  [Sidenote: The rime is about Havelok.]\n    The rym is maked of hauelok,\n    A stalwor\u00fei man i{n} a flok;                                  24\n    He was \u00fee stalwor\u00feeste ma{n} at nede,\n    \u00deat may riden on ani stede.\n\n      [Footnote 1: MS. Begi{n}nig.]\n\n      [Footnote 2: _See_ ll. 517, 1316.]\n\n\n[Headnote: THE GOOD KING ATHELWOLD / IS KING OVER ALL ENGLAND.]\n\n  [Sidenote: There was once a king who made good laws.]\n    +IT was a king bi are dawes,\n    That i{n} his time were gode lawes                            28\n    He dede maken, an ful wel holden;\n    Hym louede yu{n}g, him louede holde,\n    Erl and barun, dreng and kayn,\n    Knict, bondema{n}, and swain,                                 32\n  [Sidenote: All loved him.]\n    Wydues, maydnes, p{re}stes and clerkes,\n    And al for hise gode werkes.\n    He louede god with al his micth,\n    And holi kirke, and soth, ant ricth;                          36\n    Ricth-wise[3] man he louede alle,\n    And ou{er}al made hem forto calle;\n  [Sidenote: He hated traitors and robbers.]\n    Wreieres and wrobberes made he falle,\n    And hated he{m} so ma{n} doth galle;                          40\n    Vtlawes and theues made he bynde,\n    Alle that he micthe fynde,\n    And heye he{n}gen on galwe-tre;\n    For hem ne yede gold ne fe.                                   44\n  [Sidenote: At that time, men could carry gold about safely,\n  and boldly buy and sell.]\n    In that time a man \u00feat bore\n    [Wel fyfty pund, y woth, or more,][4]\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 204, col. 2.]]\n    Of red[e][4*] gold up-on hijs bac,\n    In a male with or blac,                                       48\n    Ne funde he non that him misseyde,\n    N[e] with iuele on [him] hond leyde.\n    \u00dea{n}ne micthe chapme{n} fare\n    \u00deuruth englond wit here ware,                                 52\n    And baldelike beye and selle{n},\n    Oueral \u00feer he wilen dwellen,\n    In gode burwes, and \u00feer-fram\n    Ne funde{n} he non \u00feat dede he{m} sham,                       56\n    \u00deat he ne were{n} sone to sorwe brouth,\n    An pou{er}e maked, and browt to nouth.\n    \u00dea{n}ne was engelond at hayse;[5]\n  [Sidenote: Then was England at ease.]\n    Michel was svich a king to preyse,                            60\n    \u00deat held so eng[e]lond in grith!\n    Krist of heuene was him with.\n    He was engelondes blome;\n    Was non so bold lond to rome,                                 64\n    \u00deat durste upon his [menie] bringhe\n    Hunger, ne here[5*] wicke \u00feinghe.\n    Hwan he felede hise foos,\n  [Sidenote: The king made his foes hide themselves.]\n    He made he{m} lurken, and crepe{n} in wros:                   68\n    \u00dee hidde{n} he{m} alle, and helde{n} he{m} stille,\n    And diden al his herte wille.\n    Ricth he louede of alle \u00feinge,\n    To wronge micht hi{m} no man bri{n}ge,                        72\n    Ne for siluer, ne for gold:--\n    So was he his soule[5*] hold.\n  [Sidenote: He befriended the fatherless.]\n    To \u00fee faderles was he rath,\n    Wo so dede hem wrong or lath,                                 76\n    Were it clerc, or were it knicth,\n    He dede hem sone to haue{n} ricth;\n    And wo [so] dide{n}[5*] widuen wrong,\n    Were he neure knicth so strong,                               80\n    \u00deat he ne made hi{m} sone kesten,\n    And in fet{er}es ful faste festen;\n  [Sidenote: Them who wrought shame he punished.]\n    And wo so dide maydne shame\n    Of hire bodi, or brouth i{n} blame,                           84\n    Bute it were bi hire wille,\n    He[6] made hi{m} sone of limes spille.\n    He was te[7] beste knith at nede,\n    \u00deat heuere micthe ride{n} on stede,                           88\n    Or wepne wagge, or folc vt lede;\n    Of knith ne hauede he neu{er}e drede,\n    \u00deat he ne spro{n}g forth so sparke of glede,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 204b, col. 1.]]\n    And lete him [knawe] of hise hand-dede,                       92\n    Hw he cou\u00fee with wepne spede;\n  [Sidenote: He made his foes cry for mercy.]\n    And o\u00feer he refte hi{m} hors or wede,\n    Or made him sone ha{n}des sprede,\n    And \"louerd, me{r}ci!\" loude grede.                           96\n    He was large, and no wicth gnede;\n    Hauede he non so god brede,\n    Ne on his bord no{n} so god shrede,\n  [Sidenote: He fed the poor.]\n    \u00deat he ne wolde \u00feorwit fede,                                 100\n    Poure \u00feat on fote yede;\n    Forto haue{n} of him \u00fee mede\n    \u00deat for vs wolde on rode blede,\n    Crist, that al kan wisse and rede,                           104\n    \u00deat euere woneth i{n} ani \u00feede.\n\n      [Footnote 3: MS. \"Rirth wise.\"]\n\n      [Footnote 4: Supplied from conjecture. Cf. v. 653, 787. A few\n      more instances will be found where a similar liberty has been\n      taken, for the purpose of completing the sense.]\n\n      [Footnote 4*: Changed by editor from \"red\": see Emendations.]\n\n      [Footnote 5: MS. athayse.]\n\n      [Footnotes 5* (all from Emendations):\n      l. 66: \"For the MS. reading _here_ Mr Garnett proposed\n      to read _othere_, which is clearly right.\"\n      l. 74: \"For _his soule_ (as in the MS.) we should\n      probably read _of his soule_.\"\n      l. 79: \"For _wo diden_ (as in the MS.) we should read _wo so\n      dide_.\"]\n\n      [Footnote 6: MS. Ke.]\n\n      [Footnote 7: MS. Ke waste.]\n\n\n[Headnote: ATHELWOLD IS ABOUT TO DIE.]\n\n  [Sidenote: His name was Athelwold.]\n    \u00b6 \u00dee ki{n}g was hoten a\u00feelwold,\n    Of word, of wepne he was bold;\n    In engeland was neure knicth,                                108\n    \u00deat bet{er}e hel \u00fee lond to ricth.\n  [Sidenote: He had but a young daughter to succeed him.]\n    Of his bodi ne hauede he eyr\n    Bute a mayden swi\u00fee fayr,\n    \u00deat was so yung \u00feat sho ne cou\u00fee                             112\n    Gon on fote, ne speke wit mou\u00fee.\n    \u00dean him tok an iuel strong,\n    \u00deat he we[l] wiste, and under-fong,\n  [Sidenote: He feels he is dying, and says, \"I am in trouble\n  about her.]\n    \u00deat his deth was come{n} him on:                             116\n    And seyde, \"c{ri}st, wat shal y don!\n    Louerd, wat shal me to rede!\n    I woth ful wel ich haue mi mede.\n    W shal nou mi douhter fare?                                  120\n    Of hire haue ich michel kare;\n    Sho is mikel in mi \u00feouth,\n    Of me self is me rith nowt.\n    No selcouth is, \u00feou me be wo;                                124\n    Sho ne ka{n} speke, ne sho kan go.\n  [Sidenote: Were she but of age, I would not care for myself.\"]\n    Yif scho cou\u00fee on horse ride,\n    And a thousa{n}de me{n} bi hire syde;\n    And sho were com{en} intil helde,                            128\n    And engelond sho cou\u00fee welde;\n    And don hem of \u00fear hire were q{ue}me,\n    An hire bodi cou\u00fee yeme;\n    No wolde me neu{er}e iuele like                              132\n    Me \u00feou ich were i{n} heuene-riche!\"\n\n\n[Headnote: HE SUMMONS HIS LORDS TO WINCHESTER.]\n\n    +Qua{n}ne he hauede \u00feis plei{n}te maked,\n    \u00deer-after stro{n}glike [he] quaked.\n    He sende writes sone on-on                                   136\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 204b, col. 2.]]\n    After his erles eu{er}e-ich on;\n  [Sidenote: He summons his lords, from Roxburgh to Dover.]\n    And after hise baru{n}s, riche and poure,\n    Fro rokesburw al i{n}to douere,\n    That he shulde{n} comen swi\u00fee                                140\n    Til him, that was ful vnbli\u00fee;\n    To \u00feat stede \u00fee[r] he lay,\n    In harde bondes, nicth and day.\n    He was so faste wit yuel fest,                               144\n    \u00deat he ne mouthe haue{n} no rest;\n  [Sidenote: He can no longer eat.]\n    He ne mouthe no mete hete,\n    Ne he ne mouchte no ly\u00fee gete;\n    Ne non of his iuel \u00feat cou\u00fee red;                            148\n    Of him ne was nouth bute{n} ded.\n\n\n  [Sidenote: All sadly obey his summons.]\n    +Alle \u00feat the writes herden,\n    Sorful an sori til him ferde{n};\n    He wru{n}gen ho{n}des, and wepe{n} sore,                     152\n    And yerne preyde{n} cristes hore,\n    \u00deat he [wolde] t{ur}nen him\n    Vt of \u00feat yuel \u00feat was so grim!\n    \u00dea{n}ne he weren comen alle                                  156\n  [Sidenote: They come to Winchester.]\n    Bifor \u00fee king i{n}to the halle,\n    At wi{n}chestre \u00feer he lay:\n    \"Welcome,\" he seyde, \"be ye ay!\n    Ful michel \u00feank[e] kan [y] yow                               160\n    That ye aren come{n} to me now!\"\n\n\n[Headnote: ATHELWOLD SELECTS EARL GODRICH / TO BE HIS DAUGHTER'S\nGUARDIAN.]\n\n  [Sidenote: They all mourn and lament.]\n    +Quanne he were{n} alle set,\n    And \u00fee king aueden i-gret,\n    He grete{n}, and goulede{n}, and goue{n} he{m} ille,         164\n    And he bad he{m} alle ben stille;\n    And seyde, \"\u00feat greti{n}g helpeth nouth,\n    For al to dede am ich brouth.\n    Bute nov ye sen \u00feat i shal deye,                             168\n  [Sidenote: He prays them to tell him who can guard\n  his daughter best.]\n    Nou ich wille you alle preye\n    Of mi douther \u00feat shal be\n    Yure leuedi after me,\n    Wo may yeme{n} hire so longe,                                172\n    Bo\u00feen hire and engelonde,\n    Til \u00feat she [mowe] winan of helde,\n    And \u00fea she mowe yeme{n} and welde?\"\n    He ansuered{en}, and seyd{en} an-on,                         176\n  [Sidenote: They answer, \"Earl Godrich of Cornwall.\"]\n    Bi crist[7*] and bi seint ion,\n    That \u00feerl Godrigh of cornwayle\n    Was trewe ma{n}, wit-ute{n} faile;\n    Wis ma{n} of red, wis ma{n} of dede,                         180\n    And me{n} hauede{n} of hi{m} mikel drede.\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 205, col. 1.]]\n    \"He may hire al\u00feer-best[e] yeme,\n    Til \u00feat she mowe wel be{n} quene.\"\n\n      [Footnote 7* (from Emendations):\n      \"_Read_-- \"Bi [ihesu] crist,\" &c, to fill up; but this is\n      doubtful; see l.\u00a01112.\"]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: The king sends for chalice and paten,\n  for the earl to swear upon.]\n    +\u00dee king was payed of that Rede;                             184\n    A wol fair cloth bri{n}ge{n} he dede,\n    And \u00feer-on leyde \u00fee messebok,\n    \u00dee caliz, and \u00fee pateyn ok,\n    \u00dee corporaus, \u00fee messe-gere;                                 188\n    \u00deer-on he garte \u00fee erl suere,\n    \u00deat he sholde yemen hire wel,\n    With-ute{n} lac, wit-ute{n} tel,\n    Til \u00feat she were tuelf[8] wi{n}ter hold,                     192\n    And of speche were bold;\n    And \u00feat she cov\u00fee of curteysye,\n  [Sidenote: His daughter is to marry the best and fairest\n  man that can be found.]\n    Gon, and speken of luue-drurye;\n    And til \u00feat she louen \u00feoucte,[9]                             196\n    Wom so hire to gode thoucte;\n    And \u00feat he shulde hire yeue\n    \u00dee beste ma{n} that micthe liue,\n    \u00dee beste, fayreste, the stra{n}gest ok:--                    200\n    \u00deat dede he him sweren on \u00fee bok.\n    And \u00fea{n}ne shulde he engelond\n    Al bitechen in-to hire hond.\n\n      [Footnote 8: _Qu._ tuenti. Cf. v. 259.]\n\n      [Footnote 9: MS. mithe. But see l. 257.]\n\n\n    +Quanne[10] \u00feat was sworn on his wise,                       204\n  [Sidenote: He gives up all England to the earl,\n  to keep for her.]\n    \u00dee ki{n}g dede \u00fee mayde{n} arise,\n    And \u00fee erl hire bitaucte,\n    And al the lond he euere awcte;\n    Engelonde eueri del;                                         208\n    And preide, he shulde yeme hire wel.\n\n      [Footnote 10: MS. Ouanne. And perhaps \"his\" should have been\n      \"\u00feis.\"]\n\n\n    +\u00dee king ne mowcte don no more,\n    But yerne preyede godes ore;\n    And dede him hosle{n} wel and shriue,                        212\n  [Sidenote: The king does penance.]\n    I woth, fif hu{n}dred si\u00fees and fiue;\n    An ofte dede him sore swinge,\n    And wit hondes smerte di{n}ge;\n    So \u00feat \u00fee blod ran of his fleys,                             216\n    \u00deat tendre was, and swi\u00fee neys.\n    [11]And sone gaf it euere-il del;\n    He made his quiste swi\u00fee wel.\n  [Sidenote: He makes his will.]\n    Wan it was goue{n}, ne micte me{n} finde                     220\n    So mikel me{n} micte hi{m} in winde,\n    Of his i{n} arke, ne in chiste,\n    In engelond \u00feat noma{n} wiste:\n    For al was youe{n}, faire and wel,                           224\n    \u00deat him was leued no catel.\n\n      [Footnote 11: Some lines appear to be wanting here, such as--\n\n        \"He \u00feoucte his quiste \u00fean to make,\n        His catel muste he wel bitake,\" &c.]\n\n\n[Headnote: KING ATHELWOLD DIES.]\n\n    +\u00dea{n}ne he hauede be{n} ofte swngen,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 205, col. 2.]]\n    Ofte shriue{n}, and ofte dungen,\n    \"_In man{us} tuas_, lou[{er}]de,\" he seyde,                  228\n    Her \u00feat he \u00fee speche leyde.\n  [Sidenote: The king dies.]\n    To ihe{s}u crist bigan to calle,\n    And deyede biforn his heyme{n} alle.\n    \u00dean he was ded, \u00feere micte me{n} se                          232\n    \u00dee meste sorwe that micte be;\n    \u00deer was sobbing, siking, and sor,\n    Handes wri{n}gi{n}g, and drawi{n}g bi hor.\n  [Sidenote: All mourn for him.]\n    Alle greten swi\u00fee sore,                                      236\n    Riche and poure \u00feat \u00feere wore;\n    An mikel sorwe hauede{n} alle,\n    Leuedyes i{n} boure, knictes i{n} halle.\n\n\n  [Sidenote: Masses are sung for him.]\n    +Quan \u00feat sorwe was somdel laten,                            240\n    And he hauede{n} longe graten,\n    Belles dede{n} he sone ri{n}gen,\n    Monkes and p{re}stes messe singen;\n    And saut{er}es deden he manie reden,                         244\n    \u00deat god self shulde his soule lede{n}\n    Into heuene, biforn his sone,\n    And \u00feer wit-uten hende wone.\n  [Sidenote: He is buried and the earl takes possession,\n  till the maiden is twenty years old.]\n    \u00dean he was to \u00fee er\u00fee brouth,                                248\n    \u00dee riche erl ne foryat nouth,\n    \u00deat he ne dede al engelond\n    Sone sayse i{n}til his hond;\n    And in \u00fee castels leth he[12] do                             252\n    \u00dee knictes he micte triste{n} to;\n    And alle \u00fee englis dede he swere[{n}],\n    \u00deat he shulde{n} him ghod fey baren;\n    He yaf alle me{n}, \u00feat god \u00feoucte,                           256\n    Liuen and deyen til \u00feat him moucte,[13]\n    Til \u00feat \u00fee kinges dowter wore\n    Tuenti wint{er} hold, and more.\n\n      [Footnote 12: Sir F. Madden printed \"lechhe\"; but the MS. may\n      be read \"leth he.\"]\n\n      [Footnote 13: So in MS. But the sense requires\n\n        \"He gaf alle men, \u00feat god _him_ \u00feouchte,\n        Liuen and deyen til \u00feat _he_ mouete,\" &c.]\n\n\n[Headnote: EARL GODRICH TAKES POSSESSION.]\n\n    +\u00dea{n}ne he hauede take{n} \u00feis oth                           260\n    Of erles, baru{n}s, lef and loth,\n    Of knictes, cherles, fre and \u00feewe,\n  [Sidenote: Earl Godrich appoints justices, sheriffs, &c.]\n    Justises dede he maken newe,\n    Al engelond to faren \u00feorw,                                   264\n    Fro douere i{n}to rokesborw.\n    Schireues he sette, bedels, and g{re}yues,\n    Grith-sergea{n}s, wit lo{n}ge gleyues,\n    To yeme{n} wilde wodes and pa\u00fees                             268\n    Fro wicke me{n}, that wolde don sca\u00fees;\n    And forto haue{n} alle at his cri,\n    At his wille, at his merci;\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 205b, col. 1.]]\n    \u00deat non durste be{n} him ageyn,                              272\n    Erl ne baron, knict ne sweyn.\n  [Sidenote: He grows very rich, and all England fears him.]\n    Wislike for soth, was him wel\n    Of folc, of wepne, of catel,\n    So\u00felike, in a lite \u00ferawe                                     276\n    Al engelond of him stod [in] awe;\n    Al engelond was of him adrad,[14]\n    So his \u00fee beste fro \u00fee gad.\n\n      [Footnote 14: MS. \"adred,\" altered to \"adrad.\"]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: The maiden grows up very fair.]\n    +\u00dee ki{n}ges douther bigan \u00feriue,                            280\n    And wex \u00fee fayrest wma{n} on liue.\n    Of alle \u00feewes w[as] she wis,\n    \u00deat gode weren, and of pris.\n  [Sidenote: Her name is Goldborough.]\n    \u00dee mayden Goldeboru was hoten;                               284\n    For hire was mani a ter igroten.\n\n\n[Headnote: GODRICH PLOTS AGAINST HIS WARD.]\n\n    +Quanne the Erl godrich him herde\n    Of \u00feat mayde{n}, hw we[l s]he ferde;\n    Hw wis sho was, w chaste, hw fayr,                           288\n    And \u00feat sho was \u00fee rithe eyr\n    Of engelond, of al \u00fee rike:--\n  [Sidenote: Godrich is vexed.]\n    \u00deo bigan godrich to sike,\n    And seyde, \"we\u00feer she sholde be                              292\n    Quen and leuedi ouer me?\n    Hwe\u00feer sho sholde al engelond,\n    And me, and mine, haue{n} in hire hond?\n    Da\u00feeit hwo it hire thaue!                                    296\n    Shal sho it neu{er}e more haue.\n  [Sidenote: \"Shall I give England to a fool, a girl?]\n    Sholde ic yeue a fol, a \u00feerne,\n    Engelond, \u00feou sho it yerne?\n    Da\u00feeit hwo it hire yeue,                                     300\n    Euere more hwil i liue!\n    Sho is waxen al to prud,\n    For gode metes, and noble shrud,\n    \u00deat hic haue youen hire to offte;                            304\n    Hic haue yemed hire to softe.\n    Shal it nouth ben als sho \u00feenkes,\n    'Hope maketh fol ma{n} ofte ble{n}kes.'\n  [Sidenote: My son shall have England.\"]\n    Ich haue a sone, a ful fayr knaue,                           308\n    He shal e{n}gelond al haue.\n    He shal [ben] ki{n}g, he shal ben sire,\n    So brouke i eu{er}e mi blake swire!\"\n\n\n  [Sidenote: He lets his oath go for nothing.]\n    +Hwan \u00feis t{r}ayson was al \u00feouth,                            312\n    Of his oth ne was him nouth.\n    He let his oth al ouer-ga,\n    \u00deerof ne yaf he nouth a stra;\n    But sone dede hire fete,                                     316\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 205b, col. 2.]]\n    Er he wolde hete{n} ani mete,\n    Fro wi{n}chestre \u00feer sho was,\n    Also a wicke t{r}aytur iudas;\n  [Sidenote: He sends the maiden to Dover.]\n    And dede lede{n} hire to doure,                              320\n    \u00deat standeth on \u00fee seis oure;\n    And \u00feerhinne dede hire fede\n    Pourelike in feble wede,\n  [Sidenote: He shuts her up in the castle.]\n    \u00dee castel dede he yemen so,                                  324\n    \u00deat non ne micte come{n} hire to\n    Of hire frend, with [hire] to speke{n},\n    \u00deat heuere micte hire bale wreke{n}.\n\n\n    +Of Goldeb{oru} shul we nou laten,                           328\n    \u00deat nouth ne bli{n}neth forto g{ra}te{n},\n    \u00deet sho liggeth in p{ri}soun:\n  [Sidenote: May Christ release Goldborough from prison!]\n    Ihe{s}u c{r}ist, that lazarun\n    To liue broucte fro dede bondes,                             332\n    He lese hire wit hise hondes;\n    And leue sho mo him y-se\n    Heye ha{n}gen on galwe tre,\n    \u00deat hire haued i{n} sorwe brouth,                            336\n    So as sho ne misdede nouth!\n\n\n[Headnote: BIRKABEYN IS KING OF DENMARK.]\n\n    +Sawe nou forth i{n} hure spelle;\n  [Sidenote: At that time there was a king of Denmark,\n  called Birkabeyn.]\n    In \u00feat time, so it bifelle,\n    Was in \u00fee lon of denemark                                    340\n    A riche king, and swy\u00fee stark.\n    \u00de[e] name of him was birkabeyn,\n    He hauede mani knict and sueyn;\n    He was fayr man, and wicth,                                  344\n    Of bodi he was \u00fee beste knicth\n    \u00deat eu{er}e micte lede{n} uth here,\n    Or stede onne ride, or ha{n}dlen spere,\n  [Sidenote: He had three children.]\n    \u00dere children he hauede bi his wif,                           348\n    He hem louede so his lif.\n    He hauede a sone [and] douhtres two,\n    Swi\u00fee fayre, as fel it so.\n    He \u00feat wile non forbere,                                     352\n    Riche ne poure; king ne kaysere,\n  [Sidenote: Death came upon him.]\n    Deth him tok \u00fea{n} he bes[t] wolde\n    Liuen, but hyse dayes were fulde;\n    \u00deat he ne moucte no more liue,                               356\n    For gol ne siluer, ne for no gyue.\n\n\n  [Sidenote: He sends for the priests.]\n    +Hwa{n} he \u00feat wiste, ra\u00fee he sende\n    After p{re}stes fer an hende,\n    Chanounes gode, and mo{n}kes be\u00fee,[15]                       360\n    Him for to[16] wisse, and to Rede;\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 206, col. 1.]]\n    Him for to hoslon, an forto shriue,\n    Hwil his bodi were on liue.\n\n      [Footnote 15: MS. \"bo\u00fee.\" But \"be\u00fee\" rimes to \"Rede\"; see\n      l.\u00a0694.]\n\n      [Footnote 16: MS. fort{hm} to, the _hm_ being expuncted.]\n\n\n[Headnote: BIRKABEYN SELECTS EARL GODARD / TO BE GUARDIAN OF HIS THREE\nCHILDREN.]\n\n    +Hwa{n} he was hosled and shriue{n},                         364\n    His q{ui}ste maked, and for him gyue{n},\n    His knictes dede he alle site,\n    For \u00feorw hem he wolde wite,\n  [Sidenote: He asks who will guard his children?]\n    Hwo micte yeme hise childre{n} yunge,                        368\n    Til \u00feat he kou\u00feen speke{n} wit tu{n}ge;\n    Speke{n} and gangen, on horse riden,\n    Knictes an sweynes bi here side{n}.\n    He spoken \u00feer-offe, and chosen sone                          372\n    A riche man was under mone,\n  [Sidenote: He chooses Godard.]\n    Was \u00fee trewest \u00feat he wende,\n    Godard, \u00fee kinges oune frende;\n    And seyden, he Moucthe he{m} best loke,                      376\n    Yif \u00feat he hem vndertoke,\n    Til hise sone Mouthe bere\n    Helm on heued, and lede{n} vt here,\n    In his hand a sp{e}re stark,                                 380\n    And king ben maked of denemark.\n    He wel trowede \u00feat he seyde,\n    And on Godard handes leyde;\n  [Sidenote: He commends the children to Godard.]\n    And seyde, \"Here bi-teche i \u00fee                               384\n    Mine childre{n} alle \u00fere,\n    Al denemark, and al mi fe,\n    Til \u00feat mi sone of helde be;\n  [Sidenote: He makes him swear to take care of them,\n  and to give up the kingdom to the boy.]\n    But \u00feat ich wille, \u00feat \u00feo[u] suere                           388\n    On auter, and on messe-gere,\n    On \u00fee belles \u00feat men ri{n}ges,\n    On messe-bok \u00fee prest on singes,\n    \u00deat \u00feou mine children shalt we[l] yeme,                      392\n    \u00deat hire kin be ful wel queme,\n    Til mi sone mowe ben knicth,\n    \u00deanne biteche him \u00feo his Ricth,\n    Denemark, and \u00feat \u00feertil lo{n}ges,                           396\n    Casteles and tunes, wodes and wo{n}ges.\"\n\n\n  [Sidenote: Godard swears to do so.]\n    +Godard stirt up, an swor al \u00feat\n    \u00dee king him bad, and si\u00feen sat\n    Bi the knictes, \u00feat \u00feer ware,                                400\n    \u00deat wepen alle swi\u00fee sare\n    For \u00fee king \u00feat deide sone:\n    Ih{es}u c{ri}st, that makede mone\n    On \u00fee mirke nith to shine,                                   404\n    Wite his soule fro helle pine;\n    And leue \u00feat it mote wone\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 206, col. 2.]]\n    In heuene-riche with godes sone!\n\n\n[Headnote: GODARD IMPRISONS THE THREE CHILDREN.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Godard shuts up the children, Havelok,\n  Swanborough, and Helfled, in a castle.]\n    +Hwan birkabeyn was leyd i{n} g{ra}ue,                       408\n    \u00dee erl dede sone take \u00fee knaue,\n    Hauelok, \u00feat was \u00fee eir,\n    Swanborow, his sister, helfled, \u00fee to\u00feer,[17]\n    And in \u00fee castel dede he hem do,                             412\n    \u00deer non ne micte hem come{n} to\n    Of here kyn, \u00feer \u00feei sperd wore;[18]\n    \u00deer he greten ofte sore,\n    Bo\u00fee for hunger and for kold,                                416\n    Or he weren \u00fere wint{er} hold.\n    Feblelike he gaf he{m} clo\u00fees,\n  [Sidenote: He cares not for his oaths.]\n    He ne yaf a note of hise o\u00fees;\n    He hem [ne] clo\u00feede rith, ne fedde,                          420\n    Ne hem ne dede richelike be-bedde.\n    \u00dea{n}ne godard was sikerlike\n  [Sidenote: He is a traitor.]\n    Vnder god \u00fee moste swike,\n    \u00deat eure in er\u00fee shaped was,                                 424\n    With-uten on, \u00fee wike Iudas.\n  [Sidenote: May he be accursed!]\n    Haue he \u00fee malisun to-day\n    Of alle \u00feat eure speke{n} may!\n    Of p{at}riark, and of pope!                                  428\n    And of prest with loke{n} kope!\n    Of monekes, and h{er}mites bo\u00fee![19]\n    And of \u00fee leue holi rode,\n    \u00deat god him-selue ran on blode!                              432\n  [Sidenote: Cursed be he by north and south!]\n    Crist warie him with his mouth!\n    Waried wrthe he of nor\u00fe and suth!\n    Offe alle man, \u00feat speke{n} kunne!\n    Of c{ri}st, \u00feat made[20] mone and su{n}ne!                   436\n    \u00dea{n}ne he hauede of al \u00fee lond\n    Al \u00fee folk tilled in-til his hond,\n    And alle haueden swore{n} him oth,\n    Riche and poure, lef and loth,                               440\n    \u00deat he sholden hise wille freme,\n  [Sidenote: He plots against the children.]\n    And \u00feat he shulde[{n}] him nouth g{re}me,\n    He \u00feouthe a ful strong trechery,\n    A trayson, and a felony,                                     444\n    Of \u00fee children forto make:\n    \u00dee deuel of helle him sone take!\n\n      [Footnote 17: Corrupt? Lines 410, 411 do not rime well\n      together.]\n\n      [Footnote 18: MS. were. But see l. 237.]\n\n      [Footnote 19: Lines 430, 431, 432 rime together. NB. The words\n      _holi rode_ are written over an erasure.]\n\n      [Footnote 20: MS. mande.]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: He goes to the tower where they are.]\n    +Hwa{n} \u00feat was \u00feouth, onon he ferde\n    To \u00fee tour \u00feer he wore{n} sp{er}de,                          448\n    \u00deer he grete{n} for hunger and cold:\n    \u00dee knaue \u00feat was su{m}del bold,\n    Ka{m} him ageyn, on knes him sette,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 206b, col. 1.]]\n    And godard ful feyre he fer grette;                          452\n    And Godard seyde, \"Wat is yw?\n    Hwi grete ye and goulen nou?\"\n  [Sidenote: Havelok says they are hungry.]\n    \"For us hu{n}greth swi\u00fee sore:\"--\n    Seyden he wolde{n} [haue] more,                              456\n    \"We ne haue to hete, ne we ne haue\n    Herinne neyther knith ne knaue\n    \u00deat yeueth us drinke{n}, ne no mete,\n    Halue{n}del \u00feat we moun ete.                                 460\n  [Sidenote: \"Alas, that we were born!\"]\n    Wo is us \u00feat we weren born!\n    Weilawei! nis it no korn,\n    \u00deat men micte make{n} of bred?\n    Vs[21] hungreth, we aren ney ded.\"                           464\n\n      [Footnote 21: MS. \u00fes; of. l. 455.]\n\n\n[Headnote: GODARD KILLS SWANBORGUGH AND HELFLED.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Godard cares not.]\n    +Godard herde here wa,\n    Ther-offe yaf he nouth a stra,\n    But tok \u00fee maydnes bothe same{n},\n    Al-so it were up-on hiis game{n};                            468\n    Al-so he wolde with he{m} leyke,\n    \u00deat were{n} for hunger g{re}ne and bleike.\n  [Sidenote: He cuts the throats of the two girls.]\n    Of bo\u00feen he karf on two here \u00ferotes,\n    And si\u00feen [karf] he{m} alto grotes.                          472\n    \u00deer was sorwe, we so it sawe!\n    Hwan \u00fee children bi \u00fe[e][22] wawe\n    Leyen and spraulede{n} in \u00fee blod:\n  [Sidenote: Havelok sees it, and is afraid.]\n    Hauelok it saw, and \u00fee[r] bi stod.                           476\n    Ful sori was \u00feat seli knaue,\n    Mikel dred he mouthe haue,\n    For at hise herte he saw a knif,\n    For to reuen him hise lyf.                                   480\n    But \u00fee knaue,[23] \u00feat litel was,\n  [Sidenote: He begs Godard to spare him, offering\n  never to oppose him, and to flee from Denmark.]\n    He knelede bifor \u00feat iudas,\n    And seyde, \"louerd, m{er}ci nov!\n    Ma{n}rede, louerd, biddi you!                                484\n    Al denemark i wile you yeue,\n    To \u00feat forward \u00feu late me liue;\n    Here hi wile on boke swere,\n    \u00deat neure more ne shal i bere                                488\n\n[Headnote: GODARD SPARES HAVELOK FOR A TIME.]\n\n    Ayen \u00fee, louerd, shel ne spere,\n    Ne o\u00feer wepne[24] that may you dere.\n    Louerd, haue m{er}ci of me!\n    To-day i wile fro denemark fle,                              492\n    Ne neu{er}e more comen ageyn:\n    Swere{n} y wole, \u00feat bircabein\n    Neu{er}e yete me ne gat:\"--\n    Hwan \u00fee deuel he[r]de[25] that,                              496\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 206b, col. 2.]]\n    Sum-del bigan him forto rewe;\n    With-drow \u00fee knif, \u00feat was lewe\n  [Sidenote: Godard has pity on him.]\n    Of \u00fee seli children blod;\n    \u00deer was miracle fair and god!                                500\n    \u00deat he \u00fee knaue nouth ne slou,\n    But fo[r] rewnesse him _w_it-drow.[26]\n    Of auelok rewede him ful sore,\n    And \u00feoucte, he wolde \u00feat he ded wore,                        504\n    But on \u00feat he nouth wit his hend\n    Ne drepe him nouth,[27] \u00feat fule fend!\n    \u00deoucte he, als he him bi stod,\n    Starinde als he were wod:                                    508\n  [Sidenote: But he reflects that, were Havelok dead,\n  his children would be the heirs.]\n    \"Yif y late him liues go,\n    He micte me wirchen michel wo.\n    Grith ne get y neu{er}e mo,\n    He may [me] waite{n} for to slo;                             512\n    And yf he were brouct of liue,\n    And mine childre{n} wolde{n} thriue,\n    Lou{er}di{n}ges after me\n    Of al denemark micten he be.                                 516\n    God it wite, he shal ben ded,\n    Wile i take{n} non o\u00feer red;\n\n[Headnote: GODARD TELLS GRIM TO DROWN HAVELOK.]\n\n  [Sidenote: He determines to drown him.]\n    I shal do caste{n} hi{m} in \u00fee se,[28]\n    \u00deer i wile \u00feat he drench[ed] be;                             520\n    Aboute{n} his hals an anker god,\n    \u00deat he ne flete in the flod.\"\n  [Sidenote: He sends for a fisherman, and says to him,\n  \"Grim, I will make you free.]\n    \u00deer anon he dede sende\n    After a fishere \u00feat he wende,                                524\n    \u00deat wolde al his wille do,\n    And sone anon he seyde him to:\n    \"Grim, \u00feou wost \u00feu art mi \u00feral,\n    Wilte don mi wille al,                                       528\n    \u00deat i wile bidde{n} \u00fee,\n    To-morwen [i] shal make{n} \u00fee fre,\n    And aucte \u00fee yeuen, and riche make,\n    With-\u00fea{n} \u00feu wilt \u00feis child[e] take,                        532\n    And lede{n} him with \u00fee to-nicht,\n  [Sidenote: Throw this child into the sea\".]\n    \u00dean \u00feou sest se[29] Mone lith,\n    In-to \u00fee se, and don him \u00feer-i{n}ne,\n    Al wile [i] take{n} on me \u00fee sinne.\"                         536\n  [Sidenote: Grim binds the child.]\n    Grim tok \u00fee child, and bo{n}d hi{m} faste,\n    Hwil \u00fee bondes micte laste;\n    \u00deat weren of ful stro{n}g line:--\n    \u00deo was hauelok i{n} ful stro{n}g pine.                       540\n    Wiste he neu{er}e her wat was wo:\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 207, col. 1.]]\n  [Sidenote: Christ wreak thee of Godard, Havelok!]\n    Ih{es}u c{ri}st, \u00feat makede to go\n    \u00dee halte, and \u00fee doumbe speke{n},\n    Hauelok, \u00fee of Godard wreken!                                544\n\n      [Footnote 22: MS. bi\u00fe; of. l. 2470.]\n\n      [Footnote 23: MS. kaue.]\n\n      [Footnote 24: MS. \"wepne bere,\" where \"bere\" is redundant.]\n\n      [Footnote 25: MS. hede.]\n\n      [Footnote 26: Printed thus in the former edition:-- \"But to\n      rewnesse him thit drow.\" But the MS. has _fo_, not _to_, where\n      _fo_ is corruptly written for _for_, as in l.\u00a01318; and the\n      initial letter of the last syllable but one may be read as a\n      Saxon _w_ ([w]), not a thorn-letter (\u00fe). It merely repeats the\n      idea in ll. 497, 498.]\n\n      [Footnote 27: Qu. mouth.]\n\n      [Footnote 28: MS. she.]\n\n      [Footnote 29: _So in_ MS. _Qu._ \u00fee.]\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK IS TAKEN TO GRIM'S COTTAGE.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Grim gags the child.]\n    +Hwan grim hi{m} hauede faste bou{n}de{n},\n    And si\u00fee{n} in an eld cloth wnden\n    A keuel of clutes, ful, un-wraste,\n    \u00deat he [ne] mouthe speke, ne fnaste,                         548\n    Hwere he wolde him bere or lede.\n    Hwan he hauede don \u00feat dede,\n    Hwa{n}[30] \u00fee swike him hauede hethede,[31]\n    \u00deat he shulde him forth [lede]                               552\n    And him drinchen in \u00fee se;\n    \u00deat forwarde makeden he.\n  [Sidenote: He puts him in a bag, and takes him on his back.]\n    In a poke, ful and blac,\n    Sone he caste him on his bac,                                556\n    Ant bar him hom to hise cleue,\n    And bi-taucte hi{m} dame leue,\n  [Sidenote: He puts him in charge of his wife.]\n    And seyde, \"wite \u00feou \u00feis knaue,\n    Al-so thou with[31*] mi lif haue;                            560\n    I shal dreinche{n} him i{n} \u00fee se,\n    For him shole we ben maked fre,\n    Gold haue{n} ynou, and o\u00feer fe;\n    \u00deat hauet mi louerd bihote{n} me.\"                           564\n\n      [Footnote 30: We should rather read \"_\u00fean_.\"]\n\n      [Footnote 31: MS. he \u00feede.]\n\n      [Footnote 31* (from Emendations):\n      \"For _with_, Mr Garnett proposed to read _wilt_.\"]\n\n\n[Headnote: GRIM SEES THAT HAVELOK IS THE KING'S SON.]\n\n  [Sidenote: She throws down Havelok violently.]\n    +Hwan dame [leue] herde \u00feat,\n    Vp she stirte, and nouth ne sat,\n    And caste \u00fee knaue adoun so harde,\n    \u00deat hise croune he \u00feer crakede                               568\n    Ageyn a gret ston, \u00feer it lay:\n    \u00deo hauelok micte sei, \"weilawei!\n    \u00deat eu{er}e was i kinges bern!\"\n    \u00deat him ne hauede grip or ern,                               572\n    Leoun or wlf, wluine or bere,\n    Or o\u00feer best, \u00feat wolde him dere.\n  [Sidenote: The child lies there till midnight.]\n    So lay \u00feat child to middel nicth,\n    \u00deat grim bad leue bringe{n} lict,                            576\n    For to don on [him] his clo\u00fees:\n    \"Ne the{n}keste nowt of mine o\u00fees\n    \u00deat ich haue mi louerd swore{n}?\n    Ne wile i nouth be forloren.                                 580\n    I shal beren him to \u00fee se,\n    \u00deou wost \u00feat [bi-]houes me;\n    And i shal drenchen him \u00feer-inne;\n  [Sidenote: Grim tells his wife to light the fire and a candle.]\n    Ris up swi\u00fee, an go \u00feu binne,                                584\n    And blou \u00fee fir, and lith a kandel:\"\n    Als she shulde hise clo\u00fees handel\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 207, col. 2.]]\n    On forto don, and blawe \u00fee[32] fir,\n  [Sidenote: She sees a light shining round the lad.]\n    She saw \u00feer-inne a lith ful shir,                            588\n    Also brith so it were day,\n    Aboute \u00fee knaue \u00feer he lay.\n    Of hise mouth it stod a stem,\n    Als it were a su{n}nebem;                                    592\n    Also lith was it \u00feer-inne,\n    So \u00feer brenden cerges i{n}ne:[33]\n    \"Ih{es}u cr{i}st!\" wat dame leue,\n    \"Hwat is \u00feat lith in vre cleue!                              596\n  [Sidenote: She bids Grim come and see.]\n    Sir[34] up grim, and loke wat it menes,\n    Hwat is \u00fee lith as \u00feou wenes?\"\n    He stirte{n} bo\u00fee up to the knaue,\n    For ma{n} shal god wille haue,                               600\n    Vnkeuelede{n} him, and swi\u00fee unbou{n}de{n},\n  [Sidenote: They find a mark on his shoulder.]\n    And sone anon [upon] him fu{n}den,\n    Als he tirnede{n} of his serk,\n    On his rith shuldre a kyne merk;                             604\n    A swi\u00fee brith, a swi\u00fee fair:\n    \"Goddot!\" quath grim, \"\u00feis [is] ure eir\n    \u00deat shal [ben] louerd of denemark,\n  [Sidenote: Grim says the lad is to be king.]\n    He shal be{n} king strong and stark;                         608\n    He shal haue{n} in his hand\n    A[l] denemark and engeland;\n    He shal do godard ful wo,\n    He shal him hangen, or quik flo;                             612\n    Or he shal him al quic g{ra}ue,\n    Of him shal he no m{er}ci haue.\"\n    \u00deus seide grim, and sore gret,\n    And sone fel him to \u00fee fet,                                  616\n  [Sidenote: He prays Havelok to forgive him.]\n    And seide, \"louerd, haue m{er}ci\n    Of me, and leue, that is me bi!\n    Louerd, we aren bo\u00fee \u00feine,\n    \u00deine cherles, \u00feine hine.                                     620\n\n\n[Headnote: GRIM AND HIS WIFE FEED HAVELOK.]\n\n    Lowerd, we shole{n} \u00fee wel fede,\n    Til \u00feat \u00feu cone ride{n} on stede,\n    Til \u00feat \u00feu cone ful wel bere\n    Helm on heued, sheld and sp{er}e.                            624\n  [Sidenote: Godard shall never know about this.]\n    He ne shal neuere wite, sikerlike,\n    Godard, \u00feat fule swike.\n    \u00deoru o\u00feer ma{n}, louerd, tha{n} \u00feoru \u00fee,\n    Sal i neu{er}e frema{n} be.                                  628\n    \u00deou shalt me, louerd, fre make{n},\n    For i shal yemen \u00fee, and wake{n};\n    \u00deoru \u00fee wile i fredom haue:\"\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 207b, col. 1.]]\n    \u00deo was haueloc a bli\u00fee knaue.                                632\n  [Sidenote: Havelok is glad, and asks for bread.]\n    He sat him up, and crauede bred.\n    And seide, \"ich am [wel] ney ded,\n    Hwat for hunger, wat for bondes\n    \u00deat \u00feu leidest on min hondes;                                636\n    And for [\u00fee] keuel at \u00fee laste,\n    \u00deat in mi mouth was \u00ferist faste.\n    y was \u00fee[r]-with so harde prangled,\n    \u00deat i was \u00fee[r]-with ney[e][34*] strangled.\"                 640\n    \"Wel is me \u00feat \u00feu mayth hete:\n  [Sidenote: Dame Leve brings him bread and cheese, butter, &c.]\n    Goddoth!\" quath leue, \"y shal \u00fee fete\n    Bred an chese, butere and milk,\n    Pastees and flaunes, al with suilk                           644\n    Shole we sone \u00fee wel fede,\n    Louerd, in \u00feis mikel nede,\n    Soth it is, \u00fe{a}t me{n} seyt and suereth:\n    '\u00deer god wile helpe{n}, nouth no dereth.'\"                   648\n\n      [Footnote 32: MS. \u00feer.]\n\n      [Footnote 33: _Qu._ \u00ferinne. See ll. 716, 761, 2125.]\n\n      [Footnote 34: _Qu._ stir, _or_ stirt.]\n\n      [Footnote 34*: Changed by editor from \"ney\": see Emendations.]\n\n\n[Headnote: GRIM SAYS HE HAS DROWNED HAVELOK.]\n\n    +\u00dea{n}ne sho hauede brouth \u00fee mete,\n  [Sidenote: Havelok eats all up greedily.]\n    Haueloc anon biga{n} to ete\n    Grundlike, and was ful bli\u00fee;\n    Cou\u00fee he nouth his hunger Mi\u00fee.                              652\n    A lof he het, y woth, and more,\n    For him hungrede swi\u00fee sore.\n    \u00dere dayes \u00feer-biforn, i wene,\n    Et he no mete, \u00feat was wel sene.                             656\n    Hwan he hauede eten, and was fed,\n  [Sidenote: Grim puts him to bed.]\n    Grim dede make{n} a ful fayr bed;\n    Vnclo\u00feede him, and dede hi{m} \u00feer-i{n}ne,\n    And seyde, \"Slep[34**] sone, with michel wi{n}ne;            660\n    Slep wel faste, and dred \u00fee nouth,\n    Fro sorwe to ioie art \u00feu brouth.\"\n    Sone so it was lith of day,\n  [Sidenote: Grim tells Godard he has killed Havelok,\n  and asks for his reward.]\n    Grim it under-tok \u00fee wey                                     664\n    To \u00fee wicke traitour godard,\n    \u00deat was denemak a[35] stiward,\n    And seyde, \"louerd, don ich haue\n    \u00deat \u00feou me bede of \u00fee knaue;                                 668\n    He is drenched i{n} \u00fee flod,\n    Aboute{n} his hals an anker god;\n    He is witer-like ded,\n    Eteth he neure more bred;                                    672\n    He li\u00fe drenched in \u00fee se:--\n    Yif me gold [and] o\u00feer fe,[36]\n    \u00deat y mowe riche be;\n    And with \u00fei chartre make [me] fre,                           676\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 207b, col. 2.]]\n    For \u00feu ful wel bi-hetet me,\n    \u00dea{n}ne i last[e] spak with \u00fee.\"\n  [Sidenote: Godard bids him go home, and remain a thrall;\n  for he has done wickedly.]\n    Godard stod, and lokede on him\n    \u00deoruth-like, with eyne grim;                                 680\n    And seyde, \"Wiltu [nou] ben erl?\n    Go hom swi\u00fee, fule drit, cherl;\n    Go he\u00feen, and be euere-more\n    \u00deral and cherl, als \u00feou er wore.                             684\n    Shal [\u00feou] haue non o\u00feer mede;\n    For litel i [shal][37] do \u00fee lede\n    To \u00fee galues, so god me rede!\n    For \u00feou haues don a wicke dede.                              688\n    \u00deou Mait stonde{n} her to longe,\n    Bute \u00feou swi\u00fee e\u00feen gonge.\"\n\n      [Footnote 34** (from Emendations):\n      \"Perhaps there should be a comma after _Slep_, making the\n      sense to be _sleep, son_, not _sleep soon_.\"]\n\n      [Footnote 35: _Qu._ Denemarkes.]\n\n      [Footnote 36: Cf. l. 1225.]\n\n      [Footnote 37: The MS. has \"ig,\" but the _g_ is expuncted; and\n      it omits \"shal.\"]\n\n\n[Headnote: GRIM SETS SAIL FOR ENGLAND.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Grim fears that both himself and Havelok\n  will be hung.]\n    +Grim thoucte to late \u00feat he ran\n    Fro \u00feat t{ra}ytour, \u00fea wicke man;                            692\n    And \u00feoucte, \"wat shal me to rede?\n    Wite he him onliue, he wile be\u00fee\n    Heye hangen on galwe-tre:\n    Betere us is of londe to fle,                                696\n    And berwen bo\u00feen ure liues,\n    And mine childre{n}, and mine wiues.\"\n  [Sidenote: Grim sells his live stock.]\n    Grim solde sone al his corn,\n    Shep wit wolle, neth wit horn,                               700\n    Hors, and swin, [and gate] wit berd,\n    \u00dee gees, \u00fee he{n}nes of \u00fee yerd;\n    Al he solde, \u00feat outh douthe,\n    That he eure selle moucte,                                   704\n    And al he to \u00fee peni drou:\n  [Sidenote: He fits up his ship carefully.]\n    Hise ship he g{re}y\u00feede wel inow,\n    He dede it tere, an ful wel pike,\n    \u00deat it ne doutede sond ne krike;                             708\n    \u00deer-inne dide a ful god mast,\n    Stronge kables, and ful fast,\n    Ores god, an ful god seyl,\n    \u00deer-i{n}ne wantede nouth a nayl,                             712\n    \u00deat eu{er}e he sholde \u00feer-i{n}ne do:\n  [Sidenote: He takes with him his wife, his three sons,\n  his two daughters, and Havelok.]\n    Hwan he hauedet grey\u00feed so,\n    Hauelok \u00fee yunge he dide \u00feer-inne,\n    Him and his wif, hise sones \u00ferinne,                          716\n    And hise two doutres, \u00feat faire wore,\n    And sone dede he leyn in an ore,\n    And drou him to \u00fee heye se,\n    \u00deere he mith al\u00feer-best[e] fle.                              720\n    Fro londe wore{n} he bote a mile,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 208, col. 1.]]\n    Ne were neuere but ane hwile,\n  [Sidenote: A north wind arises, called the _bise_,\n  and drives them to England.]\n    \u00deat it ne bigan a wind to Rise\n    Out of \u00fee north, me{n} calleth 'bise'                        724\n    And drof he{m} intil engelond,\n    \u00deat al was si\u00feen in his hond,\n    His, \u00feat hauelok was \u00fee name;\n    But or he hauede michel shame,                               728\n    Michel sorwe, and michel tene,\n    And \u00ferie he gat it al bidene;\n    Als ye shule{n} nou forthwar lere,[38]\n    Yf that ye wile{n} \u00feer-to here.                              732\n\n      [Footnote 38: MS. here; _read_ lere. Cf. ll. 12, 1640.]\n\n\n[Headnote: GRIM FOUNDS THE TOWN OF GRIMSBY.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Grim went up the Humber to Lindesey.]\n    +IN humb{er} grim biga{n} to lende,\n    In lindeseye, Rith at \u00fee north ende.\n    \u00deer sat is ship up-on \u00fee sond,\n    But grim it drou up to \u00fee lond;                              736\n    And \u00feere he made a litel cote,\n    To him and to hise flote.\n    Biga{n} he \u00feere for to er\u00fee,\n    A litel hus to maken of er\u00fee,                                740\n  [Sidenote: There he built a house.]\n    So \u00feat he wel \u00feore were\n    Of here herboru h{er}borwed \u00feere;\n    And for \u00feat grim \u00feat place aute,\n    \u00dee stede of grim \u00fee name laute;                              744\n  [Sidenote: That place was called Grimsby, after Grim.]\n    So \u00feat [hit] grimesbi calleth alle\n    \u00deat \u00feer-offe speken alle,[38*]\n    And so shule{n} me{n} calle{n} it ay,\n    Bituene \u00feis and domesday.                                    748\n\n      [Footnote 38* (from Emendations):\n      \"For _alle_, Mr Garnett proposed to read _shalle_.\"]\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK DOES NOT LIKE BEING IDLE.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Grim was a good fisherman.]\n    +Grim was fishere swi\u00fee god,\n    And mikel cou\u00fee on the flod;\n    Mani god fish \u00feer-inne he tok,\n    Bo\u00fee with neth, and with hok.                                752\n  [Sidenote: He caught sturgeons, turbot, &c.]\n    He tok \u00fee sturgiun, and \u00fee qual,\n    And \u00fee turbut, and lax with-al,\n    He tok \u00fee sele, and \u00fee hwel;\n    He spedde ofte swi\u00fee wel:                                    756\n    Keling he tok, and tu{m}berel,\n    Hering, and \u00fee makerel,\n    \u00dee Butte, \u00fee schulle, \u00fee \u00feornebake:\n  [Sidenote: He had four panniers made for himself and his sons.]\n    Gode paniers dede he make                                    760\n    Ontil him, and o\u00feer \u00ferinne,\n    Til hise sones to bere{n} fish inne,\n    Vp o-londe to selle and fonge;\n    Forbar he ney\u00fee[r] tun, ne gronge,                           764\n    \u00deat he ne to-yede with his ware;\n    Kam he neu{er}e hom hand-bare,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 208, col. 2.]]\n    \u00deat he ne broucte bred and sowel,\n    In his shirte, or in his couel;                              768\n    In his poke benes and korn:--\n    Hise swink ne hauede he nowt forlorn.\n  [Sidenote: He used to sell lampreys at Lincoln,\n  and bring home simnels, meal, meat, and hemp.]\n    And hwan he tok \u00fee grete laumprei,\n    Ful we[l] he cou\u00fee \u00fee rithe wei                              772\n    To lincolne, \u00fee gode boru;\n    Ofte he yede it \u00feoru and \u00feoru,\n    Til he hauede wol[39] wel sold,\n    And \u00feer-fore \u00fee penies told.                                 776\n    \u00dea{n}ne he com, \u00fee{n}ne he were bli\u00fee,\n    For hom he brouthe fele si\u00fee\n    Wastels, simenels with \u00fee horn,\n    Hise pokes fulle of mele an korn,                            780\n    Netes flesh, shepes, and swines,\n    And hemp to make{n} of gode lines;\n    And stronge ropes to hise netes,\n    In \u00fee se were{n} he ofte setes.[40, 40*]                     784\n\n      [Footnote 39: _Qu._ ful _or_ al.]\n\n      [Footnote 40: _Sic_ in MS.]\n\n      [Footnote 40* (from Emendations: see also Errata)\n      \"Perhaps we should, however, read _se-weren_, and the note\n      on the line may be wrong. See _Weren_ in the Glossary.\"]\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK SELLS FISH LIKE THE BEST.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Thus they lived for 12 years.]\n    +\u00deus-gate grim him fayre ledde.\n    Him and his genge wel he fedde\n    Wel twelf wint{er}, o\u00feer more:\n    Hauelok was war \u00feat gri{m} swa{n}k sore                      788\n  [Sidenote: Havelok thinks he eats too much to be idle.]\n    For his mete, and he lay at hom:\n    Thouthe, \"ich am nou no grom;\n    Ich am wel waxe{n}, and wel may ete{n}\n    More \u00fea{n} euere Grim may geten.                             792\n    Ich ete more, bi god on liue,\n    \u00dean grim an hise children fiue!\n    It ne may nouth ben \u00feus lo{n}ge,\n    Goddot! y wile with \u00fee gange,                                796\n    For to leren su{m} god to gete;\n    Swinken ich wolde for mi mete.\n  [Sidenote: It is no shame for a man to work.]\n    It is no shame forto swinken;\n    \u00dee ma{n} \u00feat may wel ete{n} and dri{n}ke{n},                 800\n    \u00deat nouth ne haue but on swi{n}k lo{n}g,\n    To ligge{n} at hom it is ful strong.\n    God yelde him \u00feer i ne[41] may,\n    \u00deat haueth me fed to \u00feis day!                                804\n  [Sidenote: He determines to carry about panniers like the rest.]\n    Gladlike i wile \u00fee paniers bere;\n    Ich woth, ne shal it me nouth dere,\n    \u00deey \u00feer be i{n}ne a bir\u00feene gret,\n    Al so heui als a neth.                                       808\n    Shal ich neuere lengere dwelle,\n    To morwe{n} shal ich forth pelle.\"\n\n      [Footnote 41: MS. ine.]\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK GOES TO LINCOLN TO GET WORK.]\n\n    +On \u00fee morwen, hwa{n} it was day,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 208b, col. 1.]]\n    He stirt up sone, and nouth ne lay;                          812\n  [Sidenote: He carries a pannier full of fish, and sells them.]\n    And cast a panier on his bac,\n    With fish giueled als a stac;\n    Also michel he bar him one,\n    So he foure, bi mine mone![42]                               816\n    Wel he it bar, and solde it wel,\n    \u00dee siluer he brouthe hom il del;\n    Al \u00feat he \u00feer-fore tok\n    With-held he nouth a fer\u00feinges nok.                          820\n    So yede he forth ilke day,\n    \u00deat he neuere at home lay.\n    So wolde he his mester lere;\n  [Sidenote: A great dearth arises.]\n    Bifel it so a strong dere                                    824\n    Bigan to rise of korn of bred,\n    That grim ne cou\u00fee no god red,\n    Hw he sholde his meine fede;\n    Of hauelok hauede he michel drede:                           828\n    For he was strong, and wel mouthe ete\n    More \u00fea{n}ne heuere mouthe he gete;\n  [Sidenote: They have not enough to eat.]\n    Ne he ne mouthe on \u00fee se take\n    Ney\u00feer le{n}ge, ne \u00feorn[e]bake,[43]                          832\n    Ne non o\u00feer fish \u00feat douthe\n    His meyne fede{n} with he[r][44] mouthe.\n  [Sidenote: Grim is sorry for Havelok.]\n    Of hauelok he hauede kare,\n    Hwilgat \u00feat he micthe fare;                                  836\n    Of his childre{n} was him nouth,\n    On hauelok was al hise \u00feouth,\n    And seyde, \"hauelok, dere sone,\n    I wene that we deye mone                                     840\n    For hu{n}ger, \u00feis dere is so strong,\n    And hure mete is uten long.\n  [Sidenote: He advises him to go to Lincoln, and work there.]\n    Betere is \u00feat \u00feu he{n}ne gonge,\n    \u00dean \u00feu here dwelle longe;                                    844\n    He\u00feen \u00feow mayt ga{n}ge{n} to late;\n    Thou canst ful wel \u00fee ricthe gate\n    To lincolne, \u00fee gode borw,\n    \u00deou hauest it gon ful ofte \u00feoru;                             848\n    Of me ne is me nouth a slo,\n    Bet{er}e is \u00feat \u00feu \u00feider go,\n    For \u00feer is mani god ma{n} inne,\n    \u00deer \u00feou mayt \u00fei mete winne.                                  852\n    But wo is me! \u00feou art so naked,\n  [Sidenote: He makes him a coat of an old sail.]\n    Of mi seyl y wolde \u00fee were maked\n    A cloth, \u00feou mithest i{n}ne gongen,\n    Sone, no cold \u00feat \u00feu ne fonge.\"                              856\n\n\n[Headnote: HE HELPS THE EARL OF CORNWALL'S COOK.]\n\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 208b. col. 2.]]\n    +He tok \u00fee sh[e]res[45] of \u00fee nayl,\n    And made him a couel of \u00fee sayl,\n    And hauelok dide it sone on;\n    Hauede ney\u00feer hosen ne shon,                                 860\n    Ne none kines o\u00fee[r] wede;\n  [Sidenote: Havelok goes to Lincoln barefoot.]\n    To lincolne barfot he yede.\n    Hwan he kam \u00fee[r], he was ful wil,\n    Ne hauede he no frend to gange{n} til;                       864\n  [Sidenote: He fasts for two days.]\n    Two dayes \u00feer fastinde he yede,\n    \u00deat non for his werk wolde him fede;\n    \u00dee \u00feridde day herde he calle:\n    \"Bermen, bermen, hider forth alle!\"                          868\n    [Poure \u00feat on fote yede][46]\n    Sprongen forth so sparke on glede.\n  [Sidenote: Havelok becomes the earl's cook's porter.]\n    Hauelok shof dun nyne or ten,\n    Rith amidewarde \u00fee fen,                                      872\n    And stirte forth to \u00fee kok,\n    [\u00deer the herles mete he tok,]\n    \u00deat he bouthe at \u00fee brigge:\n    \u00dee berme{n} let he alle ligge,                               876\n    And bar \u00fee mete to \u00fee castel,\n  [Sidenote: He gets a farthing cake.]\n    And gat him \u00feere a fer\u00feing wastel.\n\n      [Footnote 42: Cf. ll. 1711, 1972.]\n\n      [Footnote 43: See l. 759.]\n\n      [Footnote 44: _Qu._ her, _i.e._ their. MS. he.]\n\n      [Footnote 45: _Qu._ sheres. MS. shres.]\n\n      [Footnote 46: Cf. ll. 91, 101. Here and below an additional\n      line seems requisite.]\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK IS HIRED BY THE EARL'S COOK.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Another day, he watches the earl's cook,\n  who calls for a porter.]\n    +\u00deet o\u00feer day kepte he ok\n    Swi\u00fee yerne \u00fee erles kok,                                    880\n    Til \u00feat he say him on \u00fee b[r]igge,\n    And bi him mani fishes ligge.\n    \u00dee herles mete hauede he bouth\n    Of cornwalie, and kalde oft:                                 884\n    \"Berme{n}, bermen, hider swi\u00fee!\"\n    Hauelok it herde, and was ful bli\u00fee,\n    \u00deat he herde \"berme{n}\" calle;\n    Alle made he hem dun falle                                   888\n  [Sidenote: Havelok upsets 16 lads.]\n    \u00deat in his gate yeden and stode,\n    Wel sixtene laddes gode.\n    Als he lep \u00fee kok [vn-]til,\n    He shof hem alle upon an hyl;                                892\n    Astirte til him with his rippe,\n  [Sidenote: He catches up the cook's fish, and carries them\n  to the castle.]\n    And bigan \u00fee fish to kippe.\n    He bar up wel a carte lode\n    Of segges, laxes, of playces brode,                          896\n    Of grete laumprees, and of eles;\n    Sparede he ney\u00feer tos ne heles,\n    Til \u00feat he to \u00fee castel cam,\n    \u00deat me{n} fro him his bir\u00feene nam.                           900\n    \u00dean me{n} hauede{n} holpe{n} him doun\n    With \u00fee bir\u00feene of his croun,\n    \u00dee kok [bi] stod, and on him low,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 209, col. 1.]]\n    And \u00feoute him stalwor\u00fee ma{n} ynow,                          904\n    And seyde, \"wiltu ben wit me?\n  [Sidenote: The cook takes him into his service.]\n    Gladlike wile ich feden \u00fee;\n    Wel is set \u00fee mete \u00feu etes,\n    And \u00fee hire \u00feat \u00feu getes.\"                                   908\n\n\n[Headnote: HE CUTS WOOD, AND DRAWS WATER.]\n\n    +\"Goddot!\"[47] quoth he, \"leue sire,\n    Bidde ich you non o\u00feer hire;\n    But yeue\u00fe me inow to ete,\n  [Sidenote: Havelok tells the cook what he can do.]\n    Fir and wat{er} y wile yow fete,                             912\n    \u00dee fir blowe, an ful wele make{n};\n    Stickes kan ich breken and krake{n},\n    And kindlen ful wel a fyr,\n    And make{n} it to brennen shir;                              916\n    Ful wel kan ich cleue{n} shides,\n    Eles to-turnen[48] of here hides;\n    Ful wel kan ich dishes swilen,\n    And don al \u00feat ye eu{er}e wilen.\"                            920\n  [Sidenote: The cook is content to hire him.]\n    Quoth \u00fee kok, \"wile i no more;\n    Go \u00feu yunder, and sit \u00feore,\n    And y shal yeue \u00fee ful fair bred,\n    And make \u00fee broys i{n} \u00fee led.                               924\n    Sit now doun and et ful yerne:\n    Da\u00feeit hwo \u00fee mete werne!\"\n\n      [Footnote 47: Soddot, MS.]\n\n      [Footnote 48: MS. to turuen; _but the _u_ and _n_ are almost\n      indistinguishable._ Cf. l.\u00a0603; and _William of Palerne_,\n      2590.]\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK GROWS VERY TALL AND STRONG.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Havelok eats a good dinner.]\n    +Hauelok sette him dun anon,\n    Also stille als a ston,                                      928\n    Til he hauede ful wel eten;\n    \u00deo hauede hauelok fayre gete{n}.\n  [Sidenote: He fills a large tub with water for the kitchen.]\n    Hwa{n} he hauede ete{n} inow,\n    He ka{m} to \u00fee welle, wat{er} up-drow,                       932\n    And filde \u00fee[r] a michel so;\n    Bad he non ageyn him go,\n    But bi-twen his hondes he bar it in,\n    A[l] him one to \u00fee kichin.                                   936\n    Bad he non him wat{er} to fete,\n    Ne fro b[r]igge to bere \u00fee mete,\n    He bar \u00fee turues, he bar \u00fee star,\n    \u00dee wode fro the brigge he bar;                               940\n  [Sidenote: He draws water, and cuts wood.]\n    Al that euere shulde{n} he nytte,\n    Al he drow, and al he citte;\n    Wolde he neu{er}e haue{n} rest,\n    More \u00fea{n} he were a best.                                   944\n  [Sidenote: He is always laughing and blithe.]\n    Of alle me{n} was he mest meke,\n    Lauhwinde ay, and bli\u00fee of speke;\n    Eu{er}e he was glad and bli\u00fee,\n    His sorwe he cou\u00fee ful wel mi\u00fee.                             948\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 209, col. 2.]]\n    It ne was non so litel knaue,\n    For to leyken, ne forto plawe,\n    \u00deat he ne wo[l]de with him pleye:\n    \u00dee children that y[e]de{n} in \u00fee weie                        952\n  [Sidenote: Children play with him.]\n    Of him he deden al he[r] wille,\n    And with him leykeden here fille.\n    Him louede{n} alle, stille and bolde,\n    Knictes, childre{n}, yunge and holde;                        956\n  [Sidenote: All like him.]\n    Alle him louede{n} \u00feat him sowen,\n    Bo\u00feen heyemen and lowe.\n    Of him ful wide \u00fee word sprong,\n    Hw he was mike, hw he was stro{n}g,                          960\n    Hw fayr ma{n} god him hauede maked,\n  [Sidenote: He has nothing to wear but the old sail.]\n    But on \u00feat he was almest naked:\n    For he ne hauede nouth to shride,\n    But a kouel ful unride,                                      964\n    \u00deat [was] ful, and swi\u00fee wicke,\n    Was it nouth worth a fir sticke.\n  [Sidenote: The cook buys him new clothes.]\n    \u00dee cok biga{n} of him to rewe,\n    And bouthe him clo\u00fees, al spa{n}newe;                        968\n    He bouthe him bo\u00fee hose{n} and shon,\n    And sone dide him dones on.\n  [Sidenote: He looks very well in his new suit.]\n    Hwan he was clo\u00feed, osed, and shod,\n    Was no{n} so fayr under god,                                 972\n    \u00deat euere yete in er\u00fee were,\n    Non \u00feat eu{er}e moder bere;\n    It was neu{er}e ma{n} \u00feat yemede\n    In kinneriche, \u00feat so wel semede                             976\n    King or cayser forto be,\n    \u00dean he was shrid, so semede he;\n  [Sidenote: Havelok is the tallest man in Lincoln,\n  and the strongest in England.]\n    For \u00fea{n}ne he weren alle same{n}\n    At lincolne, at \u00fee game{n},                                  980\n    And \u00fee erles men woren al \u00feore,\n    \u00dean was hauelok bi \u00fee shuldre{n} more\n    \u00dean \u00fee meste \u00feat \u00feer kam:\n    In armes him noma{n} [ne] nam,                               984\n    \u00deat he doune sone ne caste;\n    Hauelok stod ouer he{m} als a mast.\n    Als he was heie, al[49] he was long,\n    He was bo\u00fee stark and strong;                                988\n    In engelond [was] non hise per\n    Of streng\u00fee \u00feat eu{er}e ka{m} him ner.\n    Als he was strong, so was he softe;\n\n[Headnote: HE SEES SOME MEN \"PUTTING THE STONE.\"]\n\n    \u00deey a man him misdede ofte,                                  992\n    Neuere more he him misdede,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 209b, col. 1.]]\n    Ne hond on him with yuele leyde.\n  [Sidenote: He is good-natured and pure.]\n    Of bodi was he mayden clene,\n    Neuere yete in game, ne in grene,                            996\n    \u00deit[50] hire ne wolde leyke ne lye,\n    No more \u00fean it were a strie.\n    In \u00feat time al hengelond\n  [Sidenote: Godrich summons a parliament at Lincoln.]\n    \u00deerl Godrich hauede in his hond,                            1000\n    And he gart kome{n} i{n}to \u00fee tun\n    Mani erl, and mani barun;\n    And alle [men] \u00feat liues were\n    In eng[e]lond, \u00fea{n}ne wer \u00feere,                            1004\n    \u00deat \u00feey haueden after sent,\n    To ben \u00feer at \u00fee parleme{n}t.\n  [Sidenote: Some champions begin to contend in games.]\n    With hem com mani cha{n}bioun,\n    Mani with ladde, blac and brown;                            1008\n    An fel it so, \u00feat yunge men,\n    Wel aboute{n} nine or ten,\n    Bigu{n}ne{n} \u00fee[r] for to layke:\n    \u00deider kome{n} bothe stro{n}ge and wayke;                    1012\n    \u00deider kome{n} lesse and more,\n    \u00deat in \u00fee borw \u00fea{n}ne were{n} \u00feore;\n  [Sidenote: Strong lads and bondmen are there.]\n    Chaunpiouns, and starke laddes,\n    Bondeme{n} with here gaddes,                                1016\n    Als he comen fro \u00fee plow;\n    \u00deere was sembling i-now!\n    For it ne was non horse-knaue,\n    \u00deo \u00feei sholden in honde haue,                               1020\n    \u00deat he ne kam \u00feider, \u00fee leyk to se:\n    Biforn here fet \u00fea{n}ne lay a tre,\n  [Sidenote: They begin to \"put the stone.\"]\n    And putte{n}[51] with a mikel ston\n    \u00dee starke laddes, ful god won.                              1024\n\n[Headnote: HE \"PUTS THE STONE\" FURTHER THAN ANY.]\n\n    \u00dee ston was mikel, and ek greth,\n    And al so heui so a neth;\n    Grund stalwrthe ma{n} he sholde be,\n    \u00deat mouthe lifte{n} it to his kne;                          1028\n  [Sidenote: Few can lift it.]\n    Was \u00feer ney\u00feer clerc, ne prest,\n    \u00deat mithe liften it to his brest:\n    \u00deerwit putte{n} the chaunpiouns,\n    \u00deat \u00feider come{n} with \u00fee barouns.                          1032\n    Hwo so mithe putten \u00feore\n    Biforn a-no\u00feer, an inch or more,\n    Wore ye yung, [or] wore he hold,\n    He was for a ke{m}pe told.                                  1036\n  [Sidenote: Whilst this is going on, Havelok looks on at them.]\n    Al-so \u00fee[i] stoden, an ofte starede{n},[51*]\n    \u00dee chaunpiouns, and ek the ladde{n},\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 209b, col. 2.]]\n    And he maden mikel strout\n    Abouten \u00fee al\u00feerbeste but,                                  1040\n    Hauelok stod, and lokede \u00feer-til;\n    And of putti{n}gge he was ful wil,\n    For neu{er}e yete ne saw he or\n    Putte{n} the stone, or \u00fea{n}ne \u00feor.                         1044\n  [Sidenote: His master tells him to try.]\n    Hise mayst{er} bad him gon \u00feer-to,\n    Als he cou\u00fee \u00feer-with do.\n    \u00deo hise mayst{er} it him bad,\n    He was of him sore adrad;                                   1048\n    \u00deerto he stirte sone anon,\n    And kipte up \u00feat heui ston,\n    \u00deat he sholde puten wi\u00fee;\n  [Sidenote: He puts the stone 12 feet beyond the rest.]\n    He putte at \u00fee firste si\u00fee,                                 1052\n    Ouer alle \u00feat \u00feer wore,\n    Twel fote, and su{m}del more.\n    \u00dee chaunpiouns \u00feat [\u00feat] put sowen,\n    Shuldrede{n} he ilc o\u00feer, and lowen;                        1056\n    Wolde{n} he no more to putti{n}g gange,\n    But seyde, \"_w_e[52] dwelle{n} her to longe!\"\n\n[Headnote: GODRICH HEARS OF HAVELOK'S STRENGTH.]\n\n  [Sidenote: This feat is everywhere talked about.]\n    \u00deis selkouth mithe nouth be{n} hyd,\n    Ful sone it was ful loude kid                               1060\n    Of hauelok, hw he warp \u00fee ston\n    Ouer \u00fee laddes euerilkon;\n    Hw he was fayr, hw he was long,\n    Hw he was with, hw he was stro{n}g;                         1064\n    \u00deoruth england yede \u00fee speke,[53]\n    Hw he was strong, and ek meke;\n    In the castel, up in \u00fee halle,\n    \u00dee knithes speke{n} \u00feer-of alle,                            1068\n  [Sidenote: Godrich hears the knights talking of it.]\n    So that Godrich it herde wel\n    \u00dee[r] speke{n} of hauelok, eueri del,\n    Hw he was stro{n}g man and hey,\n    Hw he was stro{n}g and ek fri,                              1072\n    And \u00feouthte godrich, \"\u00feoru \u00feis knaue\n    Shal ich engelond al haue,\n    And mi sone after me;\n    For so i wile \u00feat it be.                                    1076\n  [Sidenote: \"Athelwold said I was to marry his daughter\n  to the strongest man alive.]\n    The king a\u00feelwald me dide swere\n    Vpon al \u00fee messe-gere,\n    \u00deat y shu[l]de his douthe[r] yeue\n    \u00dee hexte [man][53*] \u00feat mithe liue,                         1080\n    \u00dee beste, \u00fee fairest, \u00fee stra{n}gest ok;\n    \u00deat gart he me swere{n} on \u00fee bok.\n    Hwere mithe i finden ani so hey\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 210, col. 1.]]\n    So hauelok is, or so sley?                                  1084\n    \u00deou y southe he\u00feen in-to ynde,\n    So fayr, so strong, ne mithe y finde.\n    Hauelok is \u00feat ilke knaue,\n    \u00deat shal goldeborw haue.\"                                   1088\n  [Sidenote: That is Havelok.\"]\n    \u00deis \u00feouthe [he] with trechery,\n    With t{ra}ysoun, and wit felony;\n    For he wende, \u00feat hauelok wore\n    Sum cherles sone, and no more;                              1092\n    Ne shulde he haue{n} of engellond\n    Onlepi forw in his hond,\n    With hire, \u00feat was \u00feerof eyr,\n    \u00deat bo\u00fee was god and swi\u00fee fair.                            1096\n  [Sidenote: He thought Havelok was only a thrall.]\n    He wende, \u00feat hauelok wer a \u00feral,\n    \u00deer-\u00feoru he we{n}de haue{n} al\n    In engelond, \u00feat hire rith was;\n    He was werse \u00fean sathanas,                                  1100\n    \u00deat ih{es}u c{ri}st in er\u00fee shop:[54]\n    Hanged wor\u00fee he on an hok!\n\n      [Footnote 49: _Qu._ so; see l. 991.]\n\n      [Footnote 50: _Qu._ wit = with: miswritten owing to confusion\n      of \u00fe with [w] (_w_)?]\n\n      [Footnote 51: MS. pulten. But see ll. 1031, 1033, 1044, 1051,\n      &c.]\n\n      [Footnote 51* (from Emendations):\n      \"For _stareden_ we should perhaps read _stradden_; see the\n      Glossary.\"]\n\n      [Footnote 52: In the former edition-- \"ye\". But the _y_ is not\n      dotted, and it may be \"[w]e.\"]\n\n      [Footnote 53: MS. speche. Read \"speke,\" as in l. 946.]\n\n      [Footnote 53*: Word added by editor: see Emendations.]\n\n      [Footnote 54: _Qu._ shok _or_ strok.]\n\n\n[Headnote: GOLDBOROUGH IS SENT FOR TO LINCOLN.]\n\n  [Sidenote: He sends for Goldborough to Lincoln.]\n    +After goldebo[r]w sone he sende,\n    \u00deat was bo\u00fee fayr and hende,                                1104\n    And dide hire to lincolne bringe,\n    Belles dede he ageyn hire ringen,\n    And ioie he made hire swi\u00fee mikel,\n    But ne\u00feeles he was ful swikel.                              1108\n    He seyde, \u00feat he sholde hire yeue\n    \u00dee fayrest ma{n} that mithe liue.\n  [Sidenote: She says she will marry none but a king.]\n    She answerede, and seyde anon,\n    Bi crist, and bi seint iohan,                               1112\n    \u00deat hire sholde noma{n} wedde,\n    Ne noma{n} bringen to hire[55] bedde,\n    But he were king, or ki{n}ges eyr,\n    Were he neuere ma{n} so fayr.                               1116\n\n      [Footnote 55: _Qu._ hise.]\n\n\n[Headnote: GODRICH ASKS HAVELOK IF HE WILL MARRY.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Godrich is wrath at this.]\n    +Godrich \u00fee erl was swi\u00fee wroth,\n    \u00deat she swore swilk an oth,\n    And seyde, \"hwor \u00feou wilt be\n    Quen and leuedi ouer me?                                    1120\n    \u00deou shalt haue{n} a gadeling,\n    Ne shalt \u00feou haue{n} non o\u00feer ki{n}g;\n  [Sidenote: He says she shall marry his cook's servant.]\n    \u00dee shal spusen mi cokes knaue,\n    Ne shalt \u00feou non o\u00feer lou{er}d haue.                        1124\n    Da\u00feeit \u00feat \u00fee o\u00feer yeue\n    Eu{er}e more hwil i liue!\n    To-mo[r]we ye shole{n} ben weddeth,\n    And, maugre \u00fein, to-gidere beddeth.\"                        1128\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 210, col. 2.]]\n    Goldeborw gret, and _w_as[56] hire ille,\n    She wolde ben ded bi hire wille.\n    On the morwen, hwa{n} day was spru{n}ge{n},\n    And day-belle at kirke rungen,                              1132\n  [Sidenote: He sends next day for Havelok, and says,\n  \"Master, wilt wive?\"]\n    After hauelok sente \u00feat iudas,\n    \u00deat werse was \u00fea{n}ne sathanas:\n    And seyde, \"mayst{er}, wilte wif?\"\n    \"Nay,\" quoth, hauelok, \"bi my lif!                          1136\n    Hwat sholde ich with wif do?\n    I ne may hire fede, ne clo\u00fee, ne sho.\n    Wider sholde ich wimma{n} bringe?\n  [Sidenote: Havelok refuses.]\n    I ne haue none kines \u00feinge.                                 1140\n    I ne haue hws, y ne haue cote,\n    Ne i ne[57] haue stikke, y ne haue sprote,\n    I ne haue ney\u00feer bred ne sowel,\n    Ne cloth, but of an hold with couel.                        1144\n    \u00deis clo\u00fees, \u00feat ich onne haue,\n    Aren \u00fee kokes, and ich his knaue.\"\n  [Sidenote: Godrich beats him, and threatens to hang him.]\n    Godrich stirt up, and on him dong\n    [With dintes swi\u00fee hard and strong,]                        1148\n    And seyde, \"But \u00feou hire take,\n    \u00deat y wole yeue{n} \u00fee to make,\n    I shal hange{n} \u00fee ful heye,\n    Or y shal \u00feristen vth \u00fein heie.\"                            1152\n    Hauelok was one, and was odrat,\n  [Sidenote: Havelok consents.]\n    And grauntede hi{m} al \u00feat he bad.\n    \u00deo sende he after hire sone,\n    \u00dee fayrest wymman under mone;                               1156\n    And seyde til hire, [false][58] and slike,\n  [Sidenote: Godrich next threatens Goldborough.]\n    \u00deat wicke \u00feral, \u00feat foule swike:\n    \"But \u00feu \u00feis ma{n} under-stonde,\n    I shal fleme{n} \u00fee of londe;                                1160\n    Or \u00feou shal to \u00fee galwes re{n}ne,\n    And \u00feer \u00feou shalt i{n} a fir bre{n}ne.\"\n    Sho was adrad, for he so \u00ferette,\n    And durste nouth \u00fee spusi{n}g lette,                        1164\n    But \u00feey hire likede swi\u00fee ille,\n  [Sidenote: She consents, thinking it is God's will.]\n    \u00deouthe it was godes wille:\n    God, \u00feat makes to growe{n} \u00fee korn,\n    Formede hire wi{m}ma{n} to be born.                         1168\n    Hwan he hauede don him for drede,\n    \u00deat he sholde hire spuse{n}, and fede,\n    And \u00feat she sholde til him holde,\n  [Sidenote: A dowry is given her.]\n    \u00deer were{n} penies \u00feicke tolde,                             1172\n    Mikel plente upon \u00fee bok:\n    He ys hire yaf, and she as tok.\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 210b, col. 1.]]\n    He weren spused fayre and wel,\n    \u00dee messe he deden eueridel,                                 1176\n    \u00deat fel to spusing, and god cle[r]k,\n  [Sidenote: The archbishop of York marries them.]\n    \u00dee erchebishop uth of yerk,\n    \u00deat kam to \u00fee p{ar}leme{n}t,\n    Als god him hauede \u00feider sent.                              1180\n\n      [Footnote 56: The first letter of this word is either _\u00fe_ or a\n      Saxon _w_ ([w]). I\u00a0read it as the latter.]\n\n      [Footnote 57: MS. ine.]\n\n      [Footnote 58: Both sense and metre require this word.]\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK RESOLVES TO GO TO GRIMSBY.]\n\n    +Hwan he were{n} togydere i{n} godes lawe,\n    \u00deat \u00fee folc ful wel it sawe,\n    He ne wiste{n} hwat he mouthe{n},\n  [Sidenote: Havelok knows not what to do.]\n    Ne he ne wiste{n} wat hem douthe;                           1184\n    \u00deer to dwelle{n}, or \u00fee{n}ne to gonge,\n    \u00deer ne wolde{n} he dwelle{n} lo{n}ge,\n    For he wiste{n}, and ful wel sawe,\n    \u00deat godrich he{m} hatede, \u00fee deuel hi{m} hawe!              1188\n    And yf he dwellede{n} \u00feer outh--\n    \u00deat fel hauelok ful wel on \u00feouth--\n    Men sholde don his leman shame,\n    Or elles bringe{n} i{n} wicke blame.                        1192\n    \u00deat were him leuere to ben ded,\n  [Sidenote: He determines to go to Grimsby.]\n    For-\u00fei he toke{n} ano\u00feer red,\n\n[Headnote: GRIM'S CHILDREN WELCOME HAVELOK.]\n\n    \u00deat \u00feei sholden \u00feenne fle\n    Til grim, and til hise sones \u00fere;                           1196\n    \u00deer we{n}den he al\u00feer-best to spede,\n    Hem forto clo\u00fee, and for to fede.\n    \u00dee lond he token under fote,\n    Ne wisten he non o\u00feer bote,                                 1200\n    And helden ay the ri\u00fee [sti][59]\n    Til he kome{n} to grimesby.\n  [Sidenote: He finds that Grim is dead, but his five children\n  are alive.]\n    \u00deanne he kome{n} \u00feere, \u00feanne was gri{m} ded,\n    Of him ne hauede{n} he no red;                              1204\n    But hise childre{n} alle fyue\n    Alle weren yet on liue;\n    \u00deat ful fayre ayen he{m} neme,\n    Hwan he wiste{n} \u00feat he keme,                               1208\n    And made{n} ioie swi\u00fee mikel,\n    Ne were{n} he neuere ayen he{m} fikel.\n    On knes ful fayre he hem setten,\n    And hauelok swi\u00fee fayre grette{n},                          1212\n  [Sidenote: They welcome Havelok very kindly.]\n    And seyde{n}, \"welkome, louerd dere!\n    And welkome be \u00fei fayre fere!\n    Blessed be \u00feat ilke \u00ferawe,\n    \u00deat \u00feou hire toke in godes lawe!                            1216\n    Wel is hus we sen \u00fee on lyue,\n    \u00deou mithe us bo\u00fee selle and yeue;\n    \u00deou mayt us bo\u00fee yeue and selle,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 210b, col. 2.]]\n    With \u00feat \u00feou wilt here dwelle.                              1220\n    We haue{n}, louerd, alle gode,\n  [Sidenote: They beg him to stay with them.]\n    Hors, and neth, and ship on flode,\n    Gold, and siluer, and michel auchte,\n    \u00deat grim ute fader us bitawchte.                            1224\n    Gold, and siluer, and o\u00feer fe\n    Bad he us bi-taken \u00fee.\n    We hauen shep, we hauen swin,\n    Bi-leue her, louerd, and al be \u00fein;                         1228\n  [Sidenote: They will serve him and his wife.]\n    \u00deo shalt ben louerd, \u00feou shalt be{n} syre,\n    And we sholen s{er}ue{n} \u00fee and hire;\n    And hure sistres shole{n} do\n    Al that euere biddes sho;                                   1232\n    He shole{n} hire clo\u00fee{n},[59*] washe{n}, and wri{n}ge{n},\n    And to hondes water bringe{n};\n    He sholen bedde{n} hire and \u00fee,\n    For leuedi wile we \u00feat she be.\"                             1236\n    Hwan he \u00feis ioie hauede{n} maked,\n    Sithen stikes broke{n} and kraked,\n  [Sidenote: They make a fire, and spare neither goose nor hen.]\n    And \u00fee fir brouth on bre{n}ne,\n    Ne was \u00feer spared gos ne he{n}ne,                           1240\n    Ne \u00fee hende, ne \u00fee drake,\n    Mete he deden plente make;\n    Ne wantede \u00feere no god mete,\n  [Sidenote: They fetch wine and ale.]\n    Wyn and ale dede{n} he fete,                                1244\n    And made[n] hem [ful] glade and bli\u00fee,\n    Wesseyl ledde{n} he fele si\u00fee.\n\n      [Footnote 59: A word is here erased; but see l. 2618.]\n\n      [Footnote 59* (from Emendations):\n      \"Mr Garnett suggested that _clo\u00feen_ may mean _clothes_. If so,\n      dele the comma after it.\"]\n\n\n[Headnote: GOLDBOROUGH SEES THE WONDROUS LIGHT.]\n\n  [Sidenote: At night Goldborough lies down sorrowful.]\n    +On \u00fee nith, als goldeborw lay,\n    Sory and sorwful was she ay,                                1248\n    For she wende she were bi-swike,\n    \u00deat sh[e w]ere[60] yeue{n} un-kyndelike.\n  [Sidenote: She sees a great light.]\n    O nith saw she \u00feer-inne a lith,\n    A swi\u00fee fayr, a swi\u00fee bryth,                                1252\n    Al so brith, al so shir,\n    So it were a blase of fir.\n    She lokede no[r]\u00fe,[61] and ek south,\n  [Sidenote: It comes out of Havelok's mouth.]\n    And saw it come{n} ut of his mouth,                         1256\n    \u00deat lay bi hire in \u00fee bed:\n    No ferlike \u00feou she were adred.\n    \u00deouthe she, \"wat may this bi-mene!\n    He beth heyma{n} yet, als y wene,                           1260\n    He beth heyma{n} er he be ded:\"--\n  [Sidenote: She sees a red cross on his shoulder,\n  and hears an angel, saying,]\n    On hise shuldre, of gold red\n    She saw a swi\u00fee noble croiz,\n    Of an angel she herde a uoyz:                               1264\n\n      [Footnote 60: MS. shere, _evidently miswritten for_ she were.]\n\n      [Footnote 61: MS. no\u00fe.]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 211, col. 1.]]\n  [Sidenote: \"Goldborough, be not sad. Havelok shall be a king,\n  and thou, queen.\"]\n    +\"Goldeborw, lat \u00fei sorwe be,\n    For hauelok, \u00feat haue\u00fe spuset \u00fee,\n    He[62] kinges sone, and ki{n}ges eyr,\n    \u00deat bike{n}neth \u00feat croiz so fayr.                          1268\n    It[63] bikenneth more, \u00feat he shal\n    Denemark haue{n}, and englond al;\n    He shal ben king strong and stark\n    Of engelond and denemark;                                   1272\n    \u00deat shal \u00feu wit \u00fein eyne sen,\n    And \u00feo shalt quen and leuedi ben!\"\n\n      [Footnote 62: _Qu._ Is.]\n\n      [Footnote 63: MS. Iit.]\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK TELLS HER HIS STRANGE DREAM.]\n\n  [Sidenote: She rejoices, and kisses Havelok.]\n    +\u00deanne she hauede herd the steuene\n    Of \u00fee angel uth of heuene,                                  1276\n    She was so fele si\u00fees blithe,\n    \u00deat she ne mithe hire ioie mythe;\n    But hauelok sone anon she kiste,\n    And he slep, and nouth ne wiste.                            1280\n    Hwan \u00feat aungel hauede seyd,\n  [Sidenote: He awakes, and says he has had a dream.]\n    Of his slep a-non he brayd,\n    And seide, \"le{m}ma{n}, slepes \u00feou?\n    A selkuth drem dremede me nou.                              1284\n\n\n[Headnote: SHE SAYS HAVELOK WILL BE A GREAT KING.]\n\n    +Herkne nou hwat me haueth met:\n  [Sidenote: He dreamt he was on a high hill in Denmark,\n  and began to possess all that country.]\n    Me \u00feouthe y was i{n} denemark set,\n    But on on \u00fee moste hil\n    \u00deat eu{er}e yete kam i til.                                 1288\n    It was so hey, \u00feat y wel mouthe\n    Al \u00fee werd se, als me \u00feouthe.\n    Als i sat up-on \u00feat lowe,\n    I bigan denemark for to awe,                                1292\n    \u00dee borwes, and \u00fee castles stronge;\n    And mine armes were{n} so lo{n}ge,\n    That i fadmede, al at ones,\n    denemark, with mine lo{n}ge bones;                          1296\n    And \u00fea{n}ne y wolde mine armes drawe\n    Til me, and hom for to haue,\n  [Sidenote: All things in Denmark cleaved to his arms.]\n    Al that euere in denemark liueden\n    On mine armes faste clyueden;                               1300\n    And \u00fee stronge castles alle\n    On knes bigunne{n} for to falle,\n    \u00dee keyes felle{n} at mine fet:--\n  [Sidenote: He also dreamt that he went to England,\n  and that became his too.]\n    Ano\u00feer drem dremede me ek,                                  1304\n    \u00deat ich fley ouer \u00fee salte se\n    Til engeland, and al with me\n    \u00deat euere was in denemark lyues,\n    But bo{n}deme{n}, and here wiues,                           1308\n    And \u00feat ich kom til engelond,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 211, col. 2.]]\n    Al closede it i{n}til min hond,\n    And, goldeborw, y gaf [it] \u00fee:--\n    Deus! le{m}man, hwat may \u00feis be?\"                           1312\n    Sho answerede, and seyde sone:\n    \"Ih{es}u c{ri}st, \u00feat made mone,\n    \u00deine dremes t{ur}ne to ioye;\n    \u00deat wite \u00few that sittes i{n} trone!                         1316\n  [Sidenote: She says, he will be king of England and Denmark.]\n    Ne non stro{n}g ki{n}g, ne caysere,\n    So \u00feou shalt be, fo[r] \u00feou shalt bere\n    In engelond corune yet;\n    Denemark shal knele to \u00fei fet;                              1320\n    Alle \u00fee castles \u00feat aren \u00feer-inne,\n    Shal-tow, le{m}man, ful wel winne.\n    I woth, so wel so ich it sowe,\n    To \u00fee shole come{n} heye and lowe,                          1324\n  [Sidenote: \"All men in Denmark shall come to thee.]\n    And alle \u00feat in denemark wone,\n    Em and bro\u00feer, fader and sone,\n    Erl and baroun, dreng an kayn,\n    Knithes, and burgeys, and sweyn;                            1328\n    And mad king heyelike and wel,\n    Denemark shal be \u00fein euere-ilc del.\n    Haue \u00feou nouth \u00feer-offe douthe\n    Nouth \u00fee worth, of one nouthe;                              1332\n    \u00deer-offe with-i{n}ne \u00fee firste yer\n  [Sidenote: Thou shalt be king within the year.]\n    Shalt \u00feou ben king, of euere-il del.\n    But do nou als y wile rathe,\n    Nim in with \u00fee to denema[r]k ba\u00fee,                          1336\n    And do \u00feou nouth onfrest \u00feis fare,\n    Lith and selthe felawes are.\n    For shal ich neuere bli\u00fee be\n    Til i with eyen denemark se;                                1340\n    For ich woth, \u00feat al \u00fee lond\n    Shalt \u00feou haue{n} in \u00fein hon[d].\n  [Sidenote: Pray Grim's sons to go with you to Denmark.]\n    Prey grimes sones alle \u00fere,\n    That he wenden for\u00fe with \u00fee;                                1344\n    I wot, he wilen \u00fee nouth werne,\n    With \u00fee wende shule{n} he yerne,\n    For he loue{n} \u00fee herte-like,\n    \u00deou maght til he aren quike,                                1348\n    Hwore so he o worde aren;\n  [Sidenote: Go at once.]\n    \u00deere ship \u00feou do he{m} swithe yare{n},\n  [Sidenote: Delays are dangerous.\"]\n    And loke \u00feat \u00feou dwelle{n} nouth:\n    Dwelling haueth ofte sca\u00fee wrouth.\"                         1352\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK PRAYS FOR VENGEANCE ON GODARD.]\n\n    +Hwan Hauelok herde \u00feat she radde,\n    Sone it was day, sone he him cladde,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 211b, col. 1.]]\n    And sone to \u00fee kirke yede,\n    Or he dide ani o\u00feer dede,                                   1356\n    And bifor \u00fee rode biga{n} falle,\n    Croiz and crist bi[gan] to kalle,\n  [Sidenote: Havelok prays for success, and for vengeance\n  on his foe, who had caused him to be a beggar.]\n    And seyde, \"louerd, \u00feat al weldes,\n    Wind and wat{er}, wodes and feldes,                         1360\n    For the holi milce of you,\n    Haue m{er}ci of me, louerd, nou!\n    And wreke me yet on mi fo,\n    \u00deat ich saw biforn min eyne slo                             1364\n    Mine sistres, with a knif,\n    And si\u00feen wolde me mi lyf\n    Haue reft, for in the [depe] se\n    Bad he grim haue drenched me.                               1368\n    He [hath] mi lond with mikel vn-Rith,\n    With michel wro{n}g, with mikel plith,\n    For i ne[64] misdede him neu{er}e nouth,\n    And haued me to sorwe brouth.                               1372\n    He haueth me do mi mete to \u00feigge,\n    And ofte in sorwe and pine ligge.\n    Louerd, haue m{er}ci of me,\n    And late [me] wel passe \u00fee se,                              1376\n  [Sidenote: He prays for a fair passage across the sea.]\n    \u00deat ihc haue ther-offe douthe and kare,\n    With-uten stormes ouer-fare,\n    \u00deat y ne dre{n}ched [be] \u00feer-ine,\n    Ne forfaren for no sinne.                                   1380\n    And bringge me wel to \u00fee lond,\n    \u00deat godard haldes in his hond;\n    \u00deat is mi Rith, eueri del:\n    Ih{es}u c{ri}st, \u00feou wost it wel!\"                          1384\n\n      [Footnote 64: MS. ine.]\n\n\n    +\u00dea{n}ne he hauede his bede seyd,\n  [Sidenote: He leaves his offering on the altar.]\n    His offrende on \u00fee auter leyd,\n    His leue at ih{es}u c{ri}st he tok,\n    And at his suete moder ok,                                  1388\n    And at \u00fee croiz, \u00feat he biforn lay,\n    Si\u00fee{n} yede sore grotinde awey.\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK ADDRESSES GRIM'S THREE SONS.]\n\n  [Sidenote: He finds Grim's sons ready to fish.]\n    [65]+Hwa{n} he com hom, he wore yare,\n    Grimes sones, forto fare                                    1392\n    In-to \u00fee se, fishes to gete,\n    \u00deat hauelok mithe wel of ete.\n    But auelok \u00feouthe al ano\u00feer,\n  [Sidenote: Havelok calls Grim's three sons.]\n    First he ka[l]de \u00fee heldeste bro\u00feer,                        1396\n    Roberd \u00fee rede, bi his name,\n\n[Headnote: HE ASKS THEM TO GO WITH HIM TO DENMARK.]\n\n    Wiliam wenduth, and h[uwe r]aue{n},[66]\n    Grimes sones alle \u00fere,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 211b, col. 2.]]\n    And sey[d]e, \"li\u00fees nou alle to me,                         1400\n    Lou{er}dinges, ich wile you sheue,\n    A \u00feing of me \u00feat ye wel knewe.\n  [Sidenote: He says, \"My father was king of Denmark.]\n    Mi fader was king of denshe lond,\n    Denemark was al in his hond                                 1404\n    \u00dee day \u00feat he was quik and ded;\n    But \u00fea{n}ne hauede he wicke red,\n    \u00deat he me, and denemark al,\n  [Sidenote: He left me and my sisters in charge of\n  a foul fiend, who slew my sisters, and bade Grim drown me.]\n    And mine sistres bi-tawte a \u00feral:                           1408\n    A deueles lime [he] hus bitawte,\n    And al his lond, and al hise authe.\n    For y saw that fule fend\n    Mine sistres slo with hise hend;                            1412\n    First he shar a-two here \u00ferotes,\n    And si\u00feen [karf] hem al to grotes,\n    And si\u00feen bad [he] in \u00fee se\n    Grim, youre fader, dre{n}che{n} me.                         1416\n    Deplike dede he him swere\n    On bok, \u00feat he sholde me bere\n    Vnto \u00fee se, an dre{n}chen ine,\n    And [he][66*] wolde take{n} on him \u00fee sinne.                1420\n  [Sidenote: But Grim was wise.]\n    But grim was wis, and swi\u00fee hende,\n    Wolde he nouth his soule shende;\n    Leuere was him to be for-sworen,\n    \u00dean dre{n}chen me, and ben for-lorn;                        1424\n    But sone biga{n} he forto fle\n  [Sidenote: He fled from Denmark with me, and took care of me.]\n    Fro denemark, forto ber_w_en[67] me,\n    For yif[68] ich hauede \u00feer ben fu{n}den,\n    Hauede ben slayn, or harde bunde{n},                        1428\n    And heye ben henged on a tre,\n    Hauede go for him gold ne fe.\n    For-\u00fei fro denemark hider he fledde,\n    And me ful fayre and ful wel fedde,                         1432\n    So \u00feat vn-to \u00feis [ilke] day,\n    Haue ich ben fed and fostred ay.\n    But nou ich am up to \u00feat helde\n    Cume{n}, that ich may wepne welde,                          1436\n    And y may grete di{n}tes yeue,\n  [Sidenote: And now, I must go to Denmark.]\n    Shal i neuere hwil ich lyue\n    Ben glad, til that ich denemark se;\n  [Sidenote: Go with me, and I will make you rich men.\"]\n    I preie you \u00feat ye wende with me,                           1440\n    And ich may mak you riche men,\n    Ilk of you shal haue castles ten,\n    And \u00fee lond \u00feat \u00feor-til longes,\n    Borwes, tunes, wodes and wo{n}ges.\"[69]                     1444\n\n     *   *   *   *   *\n     *   *   *   *   *\n\n      [Footnote 65: In the MS. the Capital letter is prefixed to the\n      next line.]\n\n      [Footnote 66: MS. haue{n}. Cf. ll. 1868, 2528. Only an\n      assonance, not a rime, seems intended.]\n\n      [Footnote 66*: Word added by editor: see Emendations.]\n\n      [Footnote 67: MS. ber[w]en, _the A.S. _w_ being used here._\n      Cf. l.\u00a0697.]\n\n      [Footnote 68: MS. yif.]\n\n      [Footnote 69: A folio has here been cut out of the MS.,\n      containing 180 lines. The missing portion must have been to\n      this effect. \"To this they gladly assented; and Havelok,\n      accompanied by his wife Goldeborw and the sons of Grim, set\n      sail for Denmark. Disembarking, they travel till they reach\n      the castle of a great Danish earl, named Ubbe, who had\n      formerly been a close friend to king Birkabeyn. Havelok begs\n      that he will allow him to live in that part of the country,\n      and to gain a livelihood by trading.\"]\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK GIVES UBBE A GOLD RING.]\n\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 212, col. 1.]]\n    \"With swilk als ich byen shal:\n    \u00deer-of bi-seche you nou leue;\n  [Sidenote: Havelok asks Ubbe to give him leave to buy\n  and sell there.]\n    Wile ich speke with non o\u00feer reue,\n    But with \u00fee, \u00feat iustise are,                               1628\n    \u00deat y mithe seke{n}[70] mi ware\n    In gode borwes up and doun,\n    And faren ich wile fro tun to tun.\"\n    A gold ring drow he forth anon,                             1632\n    An hundred pu{n}d was worth \u00fee ston,\n  [Sidenote: He gives Ubbe a gold ring.]\n    And yaf it ubbe for to spede:--\n    He was ful wis \u00feat first yaf mede,\n    And so was hauelok ful wis here,                            1636\n  [Sidenote: Dearly he sells it, all the same.]\n    He solde his gold ring ful dere,\n    Was neuere non so dere sold,\n    For chapme{n}, ney\u00feer yung ne old:\n    \u00deat sholen[71] ye forthward ful wel here{n},                1640\n    Yif \u00feat ye wile \u00fee storie heren.\n\n      [Footnote 70: _Qu._ sellen.]\n\n      [Footnote 71: MS. shoren.]\n\n\n[Headnote: UBBE INVITES HAVELOK TO A FEAST.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe takes the ring, admires Havelok's make\n  and strength, and thinks he ought to be a knight,\n  not a pedlar.]\n    +Hwa{n} ubbe hauede \u00fee gold ring,\n    Hauede he youenet for no \u00feing,\n    Nouth for \u00fee borw euere-il del:--                           1644\n    Hauelok bi-hel he swi\u00fee wel,\n    Hw he was wel of bones maked,\n    Brod in \u00fee sholdres, ful wel schaped,\n    \u00deicke in \u00fee brest, of bodi long;                            1648\n    He semede wel to ben wel strong.\n    \"Deus!\" hwat ubbe, \"qui ne were he knith?\n    I woth, \u00feat he is swi\u00fee with!\n    Bet{er}e semede him to bere                                 1652\n    Helm on heued, sheld and sp{er}e,\n    \u00dea{n}ne to beye and selle ware.\n    Allas! \u00feat he shal \u00feer-with fare.\n    Goddot! wile he trowe me,                                   1656\n    Chaffare shal he late be.\"\n    Ne\u00feeles he seyde sone:\n  [Sidenote: \"Havelok, bring your wife, and come\n  and eat with me.\"]\n    \"Hauelok, haue [\u00feou] \u00fei bone,\n    And y ful wel rede \u00fe[e]                                     1660\n    \u00deat \u00feou come, and ete with me\n    To-day, \u00feou, and \u00fei fayre wif,\n    \u00deat \u00feou louest also \u00fei lif.\n    And haue \u00feou of hire no drede,                              1664\n    Shal hire no man shame bede.\n    Bi \u00fee fey that y owe to \u00fee,\n    \u00deerof shal i me serf-borw be.\"\n\n\n[Headnote: UBBE TAKES A GREAT FANCY TO HAVELOK.]\n\n    +Hauelok herde \u00feat he bad,                                  1668\n    And thow was he ful sore drad,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 212, col. 2.]]\n    With him to ete, for hise wif;\n  [Sidenote: Havelok fears ill may come of it.]\n    For him wore leuere \u00feat his lif\n    Him wore reft, \u00fean she i{n} blame                           1672\n    Felle, or lauthe ani shame.\n    Hwa{n}ne he hauede his wille _w_at,[72]\n    \u00dee stede, \u00feat he onne sat,\n  [Sidenote: But Ubbe rides away, saying, \"Mind that you come.\"]\n    Smot ubbe with spures faste,                                1676\n    And forth awey, but at \u00fee laste,\n    Or he fro him ferde,\n    Seyde he, \u00feat his folk herde:\n    \"Loke \u00feat ye come{n} be\u00fee,                                  1680\n    For ich it wile, and ich it rede.\"\n\n      [Footnote 72: MS. _either_ \u00feat _or_ [w]at.]\n\n\n[Headnote: UBBE SENDS HAVELOK TO BERNARD.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Havelok dares not refuse.]\n    +Hauelok ne durste, \u00fee he were adrad,\n    Nouth with-sitte{n} \u00feat ubbe bad;\n    His wif he dide with him lede,                              1684\n    Vn-to \u00fee heye curt he y[e]de.[73]\n  [Sidenote: Robert the Red leads Goldborough.]\n    Roberd hire ledde, \u00feat was red,\n    \u00deat hau[ed]e \u00fearned[73*] for hire \u00fee ded\n    Or ani hauede hire misseyd,                                 1688\n    Or hand with iuele onne leyd.\n  [Sidenote: William Wendut is on the other side of her.]\n    Willam wendut was \u00feat o\u00feer\n    \u00deat hire ledde, roberdes bro\u00feer,\n    \u00deat was with at alle nedes:                                 1692\n    Wel is him \u00feat god ma{n} fedes!\n    \u00dean he were{n} come{n} to \u00fee halle,\n    Biforen ubbe, and hise me{n} alle,\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe starts up to welcome them.]\n    Vbbe stirte hem ageyn,                                      1696\n    And mani a knith, and mani a sweyn,\n    Hem for to se, and forto shewe;\n    \u00deo stod hauelok als a lowe\n  [Sidenote: Havelok is a head taller than any of them.]\n    Aboven [\u00feo] \u00feat \u00feer-i{n}ne wore,                            1700\n    Rith al bi \u00fee heued more\n    \u00dea{n}ne ani \u00feat \u00feer-inne stod:\n    \u00deo was ubbe bli\u00fee of mod,\n    \u00deat he saw him so fayr and he{n}de,                         1704\n    Fro him ne mithe his herte we{n}de,\n    Ne fro him, ne fro his wif;\n    He louede hem sone so his lif.\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe loves Havelok better than any one else.]\n    Were{n} non i{n} denemark, \u00feat him \u00feouthe,                  1708\n    \u00deat he so mikel loue mouthe;\n    More he louede hauelok one,\n    \u00dean al denemark, bi mine wone!\n    Loke nou, hw god helpen kan                                 1712\n    O mani wise wif and man.\n\n      [Footnote 73: MS. yde.]\n\n      [Footnote 73* (from Emendations):\n      \"_\u00fearned_ is an error of the scribe for _\u00feoled_; see the\n      Glossary.\"]\n\n\n    +Hwan it was come{n} time to ete,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 212b, col. 1.]]\n    Hise wif dede ubbe sone in fete,\n    And til hire seyde, al on game{n}:                          1716\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe's wife is to eat with Havelok,\n  and Goldborough with Ubbe.]\n    \"Dame, \u00feou and hauelok shule{n} ete same{n},\n    And goldeboru shal ete wit me,\n    \u00deat is so fayr so flour on tre;\n    In al denemark nis[74, 74*] wimma{n}                        1720\n    So fayr so sche, bi seint iohan!\"\n    \u00dea{n}ne [he] were set, and bord leyd,\n    And \u00fee beneysun was seyd,\n  [Sidenote: There were cranes, swans, venison, fish, and wines.]\n    Biforn he{m} com \u00fee beste mete                              1724\n    \u00deat king or cayser wolde ete;\n    Kranes, swa{n}nes, ueneysun,\n    Lax, lampreys, and god sturgun,\n    Pyme{n}t to drinke, and god clare,                          1728\n    Win hwit and red, ful god plente.\n    Was \u00feer-inne no page so lite,\n    \u00deat euere wolde ale bite.\n    Of \u00fee mete forto tel,                                       1732\n  [Sidenote: No need to tell it all.]\n    Ne of \u00fee metes[75] bidde[75*] i nout dwelle;\n    \u00deat is \u00fee storie for to lenge,\n    It wolde anuye \u00feis fayre genge.\n  [Sidenote: When the feast is over, Ubbe thinks he must\n  let them have an escort.]\n    But hwan he haueden \u00fee kiwing[76] de[y]led,[76*]            1736\n    And fele si\u00fees hauede{n} wosseyled,\n    And with gode drinkes sete{n} longe,\n    And it was time for to gonge,\n    Il man to \u00feer he cam fro,                                   1740\n    \u00deouthe ubbe, \"yf I late hem go,\n    \u00deus one foure, with-uten mo,\n    So mote ich brouke finger or to,\n    For \u00feis wi{m}ma{n} bes mike wo!                             1744\n    For hire shal me{n} hire louerd slo.\"\n    He tok sone knithes ten,\n    And wel sixti o\u00feer men,\n    Wit gode bowes, and with gleiues,                           1748\n    And sende him unto \u00fee greyues,\n  [Sidenote: He sends them to Bernard Brown, and bids him\n  take care of them till next day.]\n    \u00dee beste ma{n} of al \u00fee toun,\n    \u00deat was named b{er}nard brun;\n    And bad him, als he louede his lif,                         1752\n    Hauelok wel y[e]men,[77] and his wif,\n    And wel do wayten al \u00fee nith,\n    Til \u00fee o\u00feer day, \u00feat it were lith.\n    Bernard was trewe, and swi\u00fee with,                          1756\n    In al \u00fee borw ne was no knith\n    \u00deat betere cou\u00fee on stede riden,\n    Helm on heued, ne swerd bi side.\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 212b, col. 2.]]\n  [Sidenote: Bernard provides a rich supper for Havelok.]\n    Hauelok he gladlike under-stod,                             1760\n    With mike loue, and herte god,\n    And dide grey\u00fee a super riche,\n    Also he was no with chinche,\n    To his bihoue euer-il del,                                  1764\n    \u00deat he mithe supe swi\u00fee wel.\n\n      [Footnote 74: MS. is.]\n\n      [Footnote 74* (from Emendations):\n      \"Perhaps we should rather read--_is womman_ [_non_].\"]\n\n      [Footnote 75: _Qu._ win.]\n\n      [Footnote 75* (from Emendations):\n      \"_Bidde_ must mean _offer_, rather than _bid_ (as in the\n      Glossary); unless it be miswritten for _bide_ = tarry.\"]\n\n      [Footnote 76: Uncertain in MS. See note.]\n\n      [Footnote 76*: Changed by editor from \"deled\": see\n      Emendations.]\n\n      [Footnote 77: MS. ymen.]\n\n\n[Headnote: A GANG OF THIEVES BESET BERNARD'S HOUSE.]\n\n  [Sidenote: At suppertime sixty-one thieves come to the house,\n  and bid Bernard open the door.]\n    +Also he seten, and sholde soupe,\n    So comes a ladde in a ioupe,\n    And with him sixti o\u00feer stronge,                            1768\n    With swerdes drawen, and kniues lo{n}ge,\n    Ilkan i{n} hande a ful god gleiue,\n    And seyde, \"undo, b{er}nard \u00fee greyue!\n    Vndo swi\u00fee, and latus[78] in,                               1772\n\n[Headnote: THREE OF THE THIEVES ATTACK HAVELOK.]\n\n    Or \u00feu art ded, bi seint austin!\"\n  [Sidenote: Bernard starts up, arms himself, and tells them\n  to go away.]\n    Bernard stirt up, \u00feat was ful big,\n    And caste a brinie up-on his rig,\n    And grop an ax,[79] \u00feat was ful god,                        1776\n    Lep to \u00fee dore, so he wore wod,\n    And seyde, \"hwat are ye, \u00feat are \u00feer-oute,\n    \u00deat \u00feus bigi{n}ne{n} forto stroute?\n    Goth he{n}ne swi\u00fee, fule \u00feeues,                             1780\n    For, bi \u00fee louerd, \u00feat ma{n} on leues,\n    Shol ich casten \u00fee dore open,\n    Su{m}me of you shal ich drepen!\n    And \u00fee o\u00fere shal ich kesten                                 1784\n    In fet{er}es, and ful faste festen!\"\n  [Sidenote: They defy him.]\n    \"Hwat haue ye seid,\" quoth a ladde,\n    \"Wenestu \u00feat we ben adradde?\n    We shole at \u00feis dore gonge                                  1788\n    Maugre \u00fein, carl, or outh longe.\"\n  [Sidenote: They break the door open with a boulder.]\n    He gripe{n} sone a bulder ston,\n    And let it fleye, ful god won,\n    Agen \u00fee dore, \u00feat it to-rof:                                1792\n    Auelok it saw, and \u00feider drof,\n  [Sidenote: Havelok seizes the bar of the door, and says,\n  \"Come here to me.\"]\n    And \u00fee barre sone vt-drow,\n    \u00deat was unride, and gret ynow,\n    And caste \u00fee dore open wide,                                1796\n    And seide, \"her shal y now abide:\n    Comes swi\u00fee vn-to me![80]\n    Datheyt hwo you he{n}ne fle!\"\n    \"No,\" quodh on, \"\u00feat shaltou coupe,\"                        1800\n    And bigan til him to loupe,\n  [Sidenote: Three men attack Havelok.]\n    In his hond is swerd ut-drawe,\n    Hauelok he wende \u00feore haue slawe;\n    And with [him] comen o\u00feer two,                              1804\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 213, col. 1.]]\n    \u00deat him wolde of liue haue do.\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK SLAYS SEVEN OF THE THIEVES.]\n\n    Hauelok lifte up \u00fee dore-tre,\n  [Sidenote: He kills them all.]\n    And at a dint he slow he{m} \u00fere;\n    Was non of hem \u00feat his h{er}nes                             1808\n    Ne lay \u00feer-ute ageyn \u00fee sternes.\n  [Sidenote: A fourth he knocks down with a blow on the head.]\n    \u00dee fer\u00fee \u00feat he si\u00feen mette,\n    Wit \u00fee barre so he him grette,\n    Bifor \u00fee heued, \u00feat \u00fee rith eye                             1812\n    Vt of \u00fee hole made he fleye,\n    And si\u00fee clapte him on \u00fee crune,\n    So \u00feat he stan-ded fel \u00feor dune.\n  [Sidenote: A fifth he hits between the shoulders.]\n    \u00dee fifte \u00feat he ouer-tok,                                   1816\n    Gaf he a ful sor dint[e] ok,\n    Bitwen \u00fee sholdres, \u00feer he stod,\n    \u00deat he spen his herte blod.\n  [Sidenote: A sixth he smites on the neck.]\n    \u00dee sixte wende for to fle,                                  1820\n    And he clapte him with \u00fee tre\n    Rith in \u00fee fule necke so,\n    \u00deat he smot hise necke on to.\n    \u00dea{n}ne \u00fee sixe weren doun feld,                            1824\n  [Sidenote: A seventh aims at Havelok's eye.]\n    \u00dee seuen\u00fee brayd ut his swerd,\n    And wolde hauelok Riht i{n} the eye;\n    And haue{lok} le[t \u00fee][81] barre fleye,\n  [Sidenote: Havelok kills him.]\n    And smot him sone ageyn \u00fee brest,                           1828\n    \u00deat hauede he neu{er}e sch[r]ifte of p{re}st;\n    For he was ded on lesse hwile,\n    \u00dean me{n} mouthe re{n}ne a mile.\n  [Sidenote: The rest divide into two parties,\n  and rush at him like dogs at a bear.]\n    Alle \u00fee o\u00feere were{n} ful kene,                             1832\n    A red \u00feei taken hem bi-twene,\n    \u00feat he sholde him bi-halue,\n    And brise{n} so, \u00feat wit no salue\n    Ne sholde him helen leche non:                              1836\n    \u00deey drowen ut swerdes, ful god won,\n    And shoten on him, so don on bere\n    Dogges, \u00feat wolden him to-tere,\n    \u00dea{n}ne men doth \u00fee bere beyte:                             1840\n    \u00dee laddes were kaske and teyte,\n    And vn-bi-yeden him ilkon,\n    Su{m} smot with tre, and su{m} wit ston;\n    Su{m}me putte{n} with gleyue, i{n} bac and side,            1844\n  [Sidenote: They wound Havelok in twenty places.]\n    And yeue{n} wundes longe and wide;\n    In twenti stedes, and wel mo,\n    Fro \u00fee croune til the to.\n    Hwan he saw \u00feat, he was wod,                                1848\n    And was it ferlik hw he stod,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 213, col. 2.]]\n    For the blod ran of his sides\n    So water \u00feat fro \u00fee welle glides;\n    But \u00fea{n}ne bigan he for to mowe                            1852\n    With the barre, and let hem shewe,\n    Hw he cow\u00fee sore smite,\n  [Sidenote: He at last succeeds in killing twenty of them.]\n    For was \u00feer non, long ne lite,\n    \u00deat he Mouthe ouer-take,                                    1856\n    \u00deat he ne garte his croune krake;\n    So \u00feat on a litel stund,\n    Felde he twenti to \u00fee grund.\n\n      [Footnote 78: _Sic_ in MS.]\n\n      [Footnote 79: MS. ar; _but see_ l. 1894.]\n\n      [Footnote 80: MS. vnto me datheit,--evidently the repetition\n      of the first word in the succeeding line.]\n\n      [Footnote 81: _Qu._ Hauelok let the. MS. \"haue le.\"]\n\n\n[Headnote: THE THIEVES SHOOT AT HIM FROM A DISTANCE.]\n\n  [Sidenote: They throw stones at him.]\n    +\u00deo bigan gret dine to rise,                                1860\n    For \u00fee laddes on ilke wise\n    Him asaylede{n} wit grete dintes,\n    Fro fer he stoden, him with flintes\n    And gleyues schote{n} him fro ferne,                        1864\n    For drepen him he wolden yerne;\n    But durste{n} he newhe{n} him no more,\n    \u00dea{n}ne he bor or leu{n} wore.\n\n\n[Headnote: HUGH AND THE REST COME TO THE RESCUE.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Hugh Raven hears the noise, and comes to help.]\n    +Huwe raue{n} \u00feat dine herde,                               1868\n    And \u00feowthe wel, \u00feat me{n} mis-ferde\n    With his louerd, for his wif,\n    And grop an ore, and a long knif,\n    And \u00feider drof al so an hert,                               1872\n    And cham \u00feer on a litel stert,\n    And saw how \u00fee laddes wode\n    Hauelok his louerd umbistode,\n    And bete{n} on him so doth \u00fee smith                         1876\n    With \u00fee hamer on \u00fee stith.\n\n\n    +\"Allas!\" hwat hwe, \"\u00feat y was bore{n}!\n    \u00deat eu{er}e et ich bred of koren!\n    \u00deat ich here \u00feis sorwe se!                                  1880\n  [Sidenote: Hugh calls out to Robert and William.]\n    Roberd! willam! hware ar ye?\n    Gripeth e\u00feer unker a god tre,\n    And late we nouth \u00feise doges fle,\n    Til ure louerd wreke [we];                                  1884\n    Cometh swi\u00fee, and folwes me!\n    Ich haue in honde a ful god ore:\n    Datheit wo ne smite sore!\"\n  [Sidenote: Robert comes to the rescue, and William too,\n  and Bernard.]\n    \"Ya! leue, ya!\" quod roberd sone,                           1888\n    \"We haue{n} ful god lith of \u00fee mone.\"\n    Roberd grop a staf, strong and gret,\n    \u00deat mouthe ful wel bere a net,\n    And willam wendut grop a tre                                1892\n    Mikel grettere \u00fean his \u00fee,[82]\n    And b{er}nard held his ax ful faste;\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 213b, col. 1.]]\n    I seye, was he nouth \u00fee laste;\n    And lopen forth so he weren wode                            1896\n    To \u00fee laddes, \u00feer he stode,\n    And yaf hem wundes swi\u00fee grete;\n  [Sidenote: They fight with the thieves.]\n    \u00deer mithe men wel se boyes bete,\n    And ribbes in here sides breke,                             1900\n    And hauelok on hem wel wreke.\n    He broken armes, he broken knes,\n    He broken shankes, he broke{n} thes.\n    He dide \u00fee blode \u00feere re{n}ne dune                          1904\n    To \u00fee fet rith fro the crune,\n  [Sidenote: No head was spared.]\n    For was \u00feer spared heued non:\n    He leyden on heuedes, ful god won,\n    And made croune[s] breke and crake,                         1908\n    Of \u00fee broune, and of \u00fee blake;\n  [Sidenote: He made their backs as soft as their bellies.]\n    He made{n} here backes al so bloute\n    Als h[{er}]e[83] wombes, and made he{m} rowte\n    Als he weren kradelbarnes:                                  1912\n    So dos \u00fee child \u00feat moder \u00fearnes.\n\n      [Footnote 82: MS. \u00fere, _the _r_ being caught from the word\n      above._ Cf. l.\u00a01903.]\n\n      [Footnote 83: _Qu._ here. MS. he.]\n\n\n[Headnote: ALL THE SIXTY THIEVES ARE SLAIN.]\n\n    +Da\u00feeit _w_o[84] recke! for he it s{er}uede,\n    Hwat dide he \u00feore were{n} he werewed;\n    So longe hauede{n} he but and bet                           1916\n    With neues under hernes set,\n  [Sidenote: All sixty assailants are slain.]\n    \u00deat of \u00feo sixti men and on\n    Ne wente \u00feer awey liues non.\n\n      [Footnote 84: MS. \"[w]e,\" clearly miswritten for \"[w]o\" or \"wo.\"\n      See ll. 2047, 296, 300, &c.]\n\n\n[Headnote: UBBE ASKS BERNARD WHAT HAS HAPPENED.]\n\n  [Sidenote: At morn, there they lay like dogs.]\n    +ON \u00fee morwe{n}, h_w_an[85] it was day,                     1920\n    Ilc on other wirwed lay,\n    Als it were dogges \u00feat were{n} he{n}ged,\n    And su{m}me leye i{n} dikes slenget,\n    And su{m}me in gripes bi \u00fee her                             1924\n    Drawen ware, and lat{en} ther.\n    Sket cam tiding intil ubbe,\n    \u00deat hauelok hauede with a clubbe\n    Of hise slawen sixti and on                                 1928\n    Sergaunz, \u00fee beste \u00feat mithe{n} gon.\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe comes to see what is the matter.]\n    \"Deus!\" quoth ubbe, \"hwat may \u00feis be!\n    Bet{er}e his i nime[86] miself and se,\n    \u00deat \u00feis baret on hwat is wold,                              1932\n    \u00dea{n}ne i sende yunge or old.\n    For yif i sende him un-to,\n    I wene me{n} sholde him shame do,\n    And \u00feat ne wolde ich for no \u00feing:                           1936\n    I loue him wel, bi heuene king!\n    Me wore leuere i wore lame,\n    \u00dea{n}ne men dide him ani shame,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 213b, col. 2.]]\n    Or tok, or onne handes leyde,                               1940\n    Vn-ornelike,[87] or same seyde.\"\n    He lep up on a stede lith,\n    And with him mani a noble knith,\n    And ferde forth un-to \u00fee tun,                               1944\n  [Sidenote: He calls for Bernard Brown.]\n    And dide calle b{er}nard brun\n    Vt of his hus, wan he \u00feer cam;\n    And b{er}nard sone ageyn [him] nam,\n    Al to-tused and al to-torn,                                 1948\n    Ner also naked so he was born,\n    And al to-brised, bac and \u00fee:\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe asks who has beaten him about so?]\n    Quoth ubbe, \"b{er}nard, hwat is \u00fee?\n    Hwo haues \u00fee \u00feus ille maked,                                1952\n    \u00deus to-riue{n}, and al mad naked?\"\n\n      [Footnote 85: MS. \"hhan,\" miswritten for \"h[w]an,\" from which it\n      differs very slightly.]\n\n      [Footnote 86: MS. inime.]\n\n      [Footnote 87: MS. Vn ornel[s]ke; _but _[s]_ should certainly be\n      _i_._]\n\n\n[Headnote: BERNARD RELATES HAVELOK'S PROWESS.]\n\n  [Sidenote: \"Sixty thieves attacked me last night.]\n    +\"Louerd,[88] m{er}ci,\" quot he sone,\n    \"To-nicht also ros \u00fee mone\n    Come{n} her mo \u00fean sixti \u00feeues,                             1956\n    With lokene copes, and wide sleues,\n    Me forto robben, and to pine,\n    And for to drepe me and mine.\n    Mi dore he broken up ful sket,                              1960\n    And wolde me binden hond and fet.\n    Wan \u00fee godeme{n} \u00feat sawe,\n  [Sidenote: Havelok and his friends drove them off.]\n    Hauelok, and he \u00feat bi \u00fee wowe\n    Leye, he stirte{n} up sone on-on,                           1964\n    And su{m}me grop tre, and su{m} grop ston,\n    And driue he{m} ut, \u00feei he were{n} crus,\n    So dogges ut of milne-hous.\n    Hauelok grop \u00fee dore-tre,                                   1968\n    And [at] a dint he slow he{m} thre.\n    He is \u00fee beste ma{n} at nede,\n    \u00deat eu{er}e mar shal ride stede!\n    Als helpe god, bi mine wone,                                1972\n  [Sidenote: He is worth a thousand men.]\n    A \u00fehousend of me{n} his he worth one!\n    Yif he ne were, ich were nou ded,\n    So haue ich don Mi soule red;\n    But it is hof him mikel sinne;                              1976\n    He made{n} him swilke woundes \u00feri{n}ne,\n    \u00deat of \u00fee al\u00feer-leste wounde\n    Were a stede brouht to grunde.\n  [Sidenote: He has some bad wounds, more than twenty.]\n    He haues a wunde i{n} the side,                             1980\n    With a gleyue, ful un-ride,\n    And he haues on \u00feoru his arum,\n    \u00deer-of is ful mikel haru{m},\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 214, col. 1.]]\n    And he haues on \u00feoru his \u00fehe,                               1984\n    \u00dee vn-rideste \u00feat men may se,\n    And o\u00fee[r] wundes haues he stro{n}ge,\n    Mo than twenti swi\u00fee longe.\n    But si\u00feen he hauede lauth \u00fee sor                            1988\n    Of \u00fee wundes, was neuere bor\n    \u00deat so fauth so he fauth \u00fea{n}ne;\n    Was non \u00feat hauede \u00fee hern-panne\n    So hard, \u00feat he ne dede alto-cruhsse,                       1992\n    And alto-shiuere, and alto-frusshe.\n  [Sidenote: He followed them like a dog does a hare.]\n    He folwede he{m} so hund dos hare,\n    Da\u00feeyt on he wolde spare,\n    \u00deat [he] ne made he{m} euerilk on                           1996\n    Ligge stille so doth \u00fee ston:\n    And \u00feer nis he nouth to frie,\n    For o\u00feer sholde he make hem lye\n    Ded, or \u00feei him hauede slawen,                              2000\n    Or alto-hewen, or al-to-drawen.\n\n      [Footnote 88: MS. Iouerd.]\n\n\n    +Louerd, haui no more plith\n    Of \u00feat ich was \u00feus gre\u00feed to-nith.\n    \u00deus wolde \u00fee theues me haue reft,                           2004\n    But god-\u00feank, he hauenet sure keft.\n  [Sidenote: But I fear Havelok is all but dead.\"]\n    But it is of him mikel sca\u00fee:\n    I woth \u00feat he bes ded ful ra\u00fee.\"\n\n\n[Headnote: THE OTHERS CONFIRM BERNARD'S STORY.]\n\n    +Quoth ubbe, \"b{er}nard, seyst \u00feou soth?\"                   2008\n    \"Ya, sire, that i ne[89] lepe oth.\n    Yif y, louerd, a word leye,\n    To-morwen do me hengen heye.\"\n  [Sidenote: The rest confirm Bernard's story.]\n    \u00dee burgeys \u00feat \u00feer-bi stode \u00feore,                           2012\n    Grundlike and grete o\u00fees swore,\n    Litle and mikle, yunge and holde,\n    \u00deat was soth, \u00feat b{er}nard tolde.\n    Soth was, \u00feat he wolde{n} him bynde,                        2016\n    And trusse al \u00feat he mithen fynde\n    Of hise, in arke or in kiste,\n    \u00deat he mouthe i{n} seckes \u00feriste.\n  [Sidenote: \"The thieves wanted to steal all he had.]\n    \"Louerd, he hauede{n} al awey born                          2020\n    His \u00feing, and him-self alto-torn,\n    But als god self barw him wel,\n    \u00deat he ne tinte no catel.\n    Hwo mithe so mani sto{n}de ageyn,                           2024\n    Bi nither-tale, knith or swein?\n    He were{n} bi tale sixti and ten,\n    Starke laddes, stalwor\u00fei men,\n  [Sidenote: They were led on by one G[r]iffin Gall.\"]\n    And on, \u00fee mayster of he{m} alle,                           2028\n    \u00deat was \u00fee name giffin[90] galle.\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 214, col. 2.]]\n    Hwo mouthe agey[{n}][91] so mani sto{n}de,\n    But als \u00feis ma{n} of f{er}ne londe\n    Haueth he{m} slawe{n} with a tre?                           2032\n    Mikel ioie haue he!\n    God yeue him mikel god to welde,\n    Bo\u00fee in tun, and ek in felde!\n    We[l][92] is set he etes mete.\"                             2036\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe sends for Havelok, to dub him knight.]\n    Quoth ubbe, \"doth him swi\u00fee fete,\n    \u00deat y mouthe his woundes se,\n    Yf that he mouthe{n} heled[93] be.\n    For yf he mouthe couere yet,                                2040\n    And gange{n} wel up-on hise fet,\n    Mi-self shal dubbe him to knith,\n    For-\u00fei \u00feat he is so with.\n    And yif he liuede, \u00feo foule theues,                         2044\n    \u00deat were{n} of kaym kin and eues,\n    He sholden hange bi \u00fee necke;\n    Of here ded da\u00feeit wo recke,\n    Hwan he yeden \u00feus on nithes                                 2048\n    To binde bo\u00fee burgme{n} and knithes.\n    For bynderes loue ich neuere mo,\n    Of hem ne yeue ich nouht a slo.\"\n\n      [Footnote 89: MS. ine.]\n\n      [Footnote 90: _Qu._ griffin.]\n\n      [Footnote 91: MS. agey.]\n\n      [Footnote 92: Cf. ll. 772, 907.]\n\n      [Footnote 93: MS. holed. See l. 2058.]\n\n\n[Headnote: UBBE SENDS FOR HAVELOK AND TAKES HIM TO HIS CASTLE.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Havelok is brought before Ubbe.]\n    +Hauelok was bifore ubbe browth,                            2052\n    \u00deat hauede for him ful mikel \u00feouth,\n    And mikel sorwe in his herte\n    For hise wundes, \u00feat we[r] so smerte.\n\n\n    +But hwa{n} his wundes were{n} shewed,                      2056\n  [Sidenote: A leech says he can be healed.]\n    And a leche hauede knawed,\n    \u00deat he hem mouthe ful wel hele,\n    Wel make him gange, and ful wel mele,\n    And wel a palefrey bistride,                                2060\n    And wel up-on a stede ride,\n    \u00deo let ubbe al his care\n    And al his sorwe ouer-fare;\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe invites him and Goldborough to his own castle.]\n    And seyde, \"cu{m} now forth with me,                        2064\n    And goldeboru, \u00fei wif, with \u00fee,\n    And \u00feine seriaunz al \u00fere,\n    For nou wile y youre warant be;\n    Wile y non of here frend                                    2068\n    \u00deat \u00feu slowe with \u00fein hend\n    Moucte wayte \u00fee [to] slo,\n    Also \u00feou gange to and fro.\n    I shal lene \u00fee a bowr,                                      2072\n    \u00deat is up in \u00fee heye tour,\n    Til \u00feou mowe ful wel go,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 214b, col. 1.]]\n    And wel ben hol of al \u00fei wo.\n    It ne shal no \u00feing be{n} bitwene                            2076\n    \u00dei bour and min, also y wene,\n    But a fayr firrene wowe;--\n    Speke y loude, or spek y lowe,\n    \u00deou shalt[94] ful wel heren me,                             2080\n    And \u00fean \u00feu wilt, \u00feou shalt me se.\n  [Sidenote: He promises to protect Goldborough.]\n    A rof shal hile us bo\u00fee o-nith,\n    \u00deat none of mine, clerk ne knith,\n    Ne sholen \u00fei wif no shame bede,                             2084\n    No more \u00fean min, so god me rede!\"\n\n      [Footnote 94: MS. sahalt; _and the second a is expuncted by\n      mistake, instead of the first_.]\n\n\n[Headnote: UBBE SEES THE MIRACULOUS LIGHT / WHICH ISSUES FROM HAVELOK'S\nMOUTH.]\n\n    +HE dide un-to \u00fee borw bringe\n    Sone anon, al with ioynge,\n    His wif, and his serganz \u00fere,                               2088\n    \u00dee beste men \u00feat mouthe be.\n  [Sidenote: The first night, about midnight, Ubbe wakes\n  and sees a great light.]\n    \u00dee firste nith he lay \u00feer-inne,\n    Hise wif, and his serganz \u00ferinne,\n    Aboute \u00fee middel of \u00fee nith                                 2092\n    Wok ubbe, and saw a mikel lith\n    In \u00fee bour \u00feat hauelok lay,\n    Also brith so it were day.\n\n\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe says he must go and see what it means.]\n    +\"Deus!\" quoth ubbe, \"hwat may \u00feis be?                      2096\n    Bet{er}e is i go miself, and se:\n    Hwe\u00feer he sitte{n} nou, and wesseyle{n},\n    Or of ani shotshipe to-deyle,\n    \u00deis tid nithes, also foles;                                 2100\n    \u00dean bir\u00fee men caste{n} hem i{n} poles,\n    Or in a grip, or in \u00fee fen:\n    Nou ne sitten none but wicke men,\n    Glotuns, reu[e]res, or wicke \u00feeues,                         2104\n    Bi c{ri}st, \u00feat alle folk onne leues!\"\n\n\n  [Sidenote: He peeps in, and sees them all asleep.]\n    +He stod, and totede i{n} at a bord,\n    Her he spak anilepi word,\n    And saw hem slepen faste ilkon,                             2108\n    And lye stille so \u00fee ston;\n    And saw al \u00feat mikel lith\n    Fro hauelok cam, \u00feat was so brith.\n  [Sidenote: The light issues from Havelok's mouth.]\n    Of his mouth it com il del,                                 2112\n    \u00deat was he war ful swi\u00fee wel.\n    \"Deus!\" quoth he, \"hwat may \u00feis mene!\"\n    He calde bo\u00fee arwe me{n} and kene,\n    Knithes, and serganz swi\u00fee sleie,                           2116\n    Mo \u00fean an hundred, with-ute{n} leye,\n    And bad hem alle come{n} and se,\n    Hwat \u00feat selcuth mithe be.\n\n\n[Headnote: THE LIGHT SHOWS THAT HAVELOK IS THE HEIR.]\n\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 214b, col. 2.]]\n    +Als \u00fee knithes were come{n} alle,                          2120\n    \u00deer hauelok lay, ut of \u00fee halle,\n    So stod ut of his mouth a glem,\n    Rith al swilk so \u00fee sunne-bem;\n  [Sidenote: The light is like that of 107 candles.]\n    \u00deat al so lith wa[s] \u00feare, bi heuene!                       2124\n    So \u00feer brenden serges seuene,\n    And an hundred serges ok:\n    \u00deat durste hi sweren on a bok.\n    He slepen faste alle fiue,                                  2128\n    So he weren brouth of liue;\n  [Sidenote: Havelok and Goldborough are fast asleep.]\n    And hauelok lay on his lift side,\n    In his armes his brithe bride.\n    Bi \u00fee pappes he leyen naked:                                2132\n    So faire two weren neuere maked\n    In a bed to lyen samen:--\n    \u00dee knithes \u00feouth of hem god game{n},\n    Hem forto shewe, and loken to.                              2136\n    Rith also he stode{n} alle so,\n    And his bac was toward he{m} we{n}d,\n  [Sidenote: They see a bright cross on his back,\n  denoting kingship.]\n    So were{n} he war of a croiz ful gent,\n    On his rith shuldre sw[i\u00fe]e[95] brith,                      2140\n    Brithter \u00fean gold ageyn \u00fee lith.\n    So \u00feat he wiste heye and lowe,\n    \u00deat it was kunrik \u00feat he sawe.\n    It sparkede, and ful brith shon,                            2144\n    So doth \u00fee gode charbucle ston,\n  [Sidenote: It was light enough to choose a penny by.]\n    \u00deat men Mouthe se by \u00fee lith,\n    A peni chesen, so was it brith.\n    \u00dea{n}ne bihelden he him faste,                              2148\n    So \u00feat he knewe{n} at \u00fee laste,\n  [Sidenote: They know he is Birkabeyn's son and heir.]\n    \u00deat he was birkabeynes sone,\n    \u00deat was here king, \u00feat was he{m} wone\n    Wel to yeme, and wel were                                   2152\n    Ageynes uten-laddes here.\n    \"For it was neuere yet a bro\u00feer\n    In al denemark so lich ano\u00feer,\n    So \u00feis man \u00feat is so fayr                                   2156\n    Als birkabeyn, he is hise eyr.\"\n\n      [Footnote 95: MS. swe, _for_ swi\u00fee. Cf. l. 1252.]\n\n\n    +He fellen sone at hise fet,\n  [Sidenote: They weep for joy.]\n    Was non of hem \u00feat he ne gret,\n    Of ioie he weren alle so fawen,                             2160\n    So he him haueden of er\u00fee drawe{n}.\n    Hise fet he kisten an hundred sy\u00fees,\n    \u00dee tos, \u00fee nayles, and \u00fee lithes,\n    So \u00feat he bigan to wakne,[96]                               2164\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 215, col. 1.]]\n    And wit he{m} ful sore to blakne,\n    For he wende he wolde{n} him slo,\n  [Sidenote: Havelok wakes.]\n    Or elles binde him, and do wo.\n\n      [Footnote 96: Here follows the catchword-- \"And wit hem.\"]\n\n\n[Headnote: UBBE SAYS HAVELOK SHALL BE KING.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe offers homage to him, and says he shall be\n  king of Denmark.]\n    +Quoth ubbe, \"louerd, ne dred \u00fee nowth,                     2168\n    Me \u00feinkes that I se \u00fei \u00feouth.\n    Dere sone, wel is me,\n    \u00deat y \u00fee with eyn[e][97] se.\n    Man-red, louerd, bede y \u00fee,                                 2172\n    \u00dei man auht i ful wel to be,\n    For \u00feu art come{n} of birkabeyn,\n    \u00deat hauede mani knith and sweyn;\n    And so shalt \u00feou, louerd, haue,                             2176\n    \u00deou \u00feu be yet a ful yung knaue.\n    \u00deou shalt be king of al denemark,\n    Was \u00feer-inne neu{er}e non so stark.\n    To-morwen shaltu manrede take                               2180\n    Of \u00fee brune and of \u00fee blake;\n    Of alle \u00feat aren in \u00feis tun,\n    Bo\u00fee of erl, and of barun,\n    And of dreng, and of thayn,                                 2184\n    And of knith, and of sweyn.\n    And so shaltu ben mad knith\n    Wit blisse, for \u00feou art so with.\"\n\n      [Footnote 97: We find _eyne_ in ll. 680, 1273, &c.]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: Havelok is blithe, and thanks God.]\n    +\u00deo was hauelok swi\u00fee bli\u00fee,                                2188\n    And \u00feankede God ful fele si\u00fee.\n    On \u00fee morwen, wan it was lith,\n    And gon was \u00feist{er}nesse of \u00fee nith,\n    Vbbe dide up-on a stede                                     2192\n    A ladde lepe, and \u00feider bede\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe summons all his lords.]\n    Erles, barouns, drenges, theynes,\n    Klerkes, knithes, bu[r]geys,[98] sweynes,\n    \u00deat he sholden comen a-non,                                 2196\n    Biforen him sone euerilkon,\n    Also he loue{n} here liues,\n    And here children, and here wiues.\n\n      [Footnote 98: MS. bugey[s].]\n\n\n[Headnote: UBBE RELATES HAVELOK'S HISTORY.]\n\n  [Sidenote: All come to receive his orders.]\n    +Hise bode ne durste he non at-sitte,                       2200\n    \u00deat he ne neme[99] for to wite\n    Sone, hwat wolde \u00fee iustise:\n    And [he] bigan anon to rise,\n    And seyde sone, \"li\u00fees me,                                  2204\n    Alle samen, \u00feeu and fre.\n    A \u00feing ich wile you here shauwe,\n    \u00deat ye[100] alle ful wel knawe.\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe tells them about Birkabeyn, who commended\n  his children to Godard;]\n    Ye wite{n} wel, \u00feat al \u00feis lond                             2208\n    Was i{n} birkabeynes hond,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 215, col. 2.]]\n    \u00dee day \u00feat he was quic and ded;\n    And how \u00feat he, bi youre red,\n    Bitauhte hise children \u00fere                                  2212\n    Godard to yeme, and al his fe.\n    Hauelok his sone he him tauhte,\n    And hise two douhtres, and al his auhte,\n    Alle herden ye him swere                                    2216\n    On bok, and on messe-gere,\n    \u00deat he shulde yeme hem wel,\n    With-uten lac, with-uten tel.\n\n      [Footnote 99: MS. meme; _miswritten for_ neme; _see_ ll. 1207,\n      1931.]\n\n      [Footnote 100: MS. he.]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: and how Godard slew the two girls, but had pity\n  on the boy; but afterwards ordered Grim to drown him.]\n    +He let his oth al ouer-go,                                 2220\n    Euere wur\u00fee him yuel and wo!\n    For[101] \u00fee maydnes here lif\n    Refte he bo\u00feen, with a knif,\n    And him shulde ok haue slawe{n},                            2224\n    \u00dee knif was at his herte drawe{n},\n    But god him wolde wel haue saue,\n    He hauede reunesse of \u00fee knaue,\n    So \u00feat he with his hend                                     2228\n    Ne drop him nouth, \u00feat sor[i] fend,\n    But sone dide he a fishere\n    Swi\u00fee grete o\u00fees swere,\n    \u00deat he sholde drenchen him                                  2232\n    In \u00fee se, \u00feat was ful brim.\n\n      [Footnote 101: _Qu._ Fro.]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: But Grim fled with him to England.]\n    +Hwan grim saw \u00feat he was so fayr,\n    And wiste he was \u00fee Rith eir,\n    Fro denemark ful sone he fledde                             2236\n    In-til englond, and \u00feer him fedde\n    Mani winter, \u00feat til \u00feis day\n    Haues he ben fed and fostred ay.\n  [Sidenote: Then Ubbe shows Havelok to them all,\n  and bids them swear fealty to him.]\n    Lokes, hware he sto{n}des her:                              2240\n    In al \u00feis werd ne haues he per;\n    Non so fayr, ne non so long,\n    Ne non so mikel, ne non so stro{n}g.\n    In \u00feis middelerd nis no knith                               2244\n    Half so strong, ne half so with.\n    Bes of him ful glad and bli\u00fee,\n    And cometh alle hider swi\u00fee,\n    Manrede youre louerd forto make,                            2248\n    Bo\u00fee brune and \u00fee blake.\n    I shal mi-self do first \u00fee gamen,\n    And ye si\u00feen alle samen.\"\n\n\n[Headnote: UBBE DOES HOMAGE TO HAVELOK.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe swears fealty first.]\n    +Oknes ful fayre he him sette,                              2252\n    Mouthe no\u00feing him \u00feer-fro lette,\n    And bi-cam is man Rith \u00feare,\n    \u00deat alle sawe{n} \u00feat \u00feere ware.\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 215b, col. 1.]]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: All the rest do the same.]\n    +After him stirt up laddes ten,                             2256\n    And bi-come{n} hise men;[102]\n    And si\u00feen euerilk a baroun,\n    \u00deat euere weren i{n} al that toun;\n    And si\u00feen drenges, and si\u00fee{n} thaynes,                     2260\n    And si\u00feen knithes, and si\u00fee{n} sweynes;\n    So \u00feat, or \u00feat day was gon,\n    In al \u00fee tun ne was nouth on\n    \u00deat it ne was his man bicomen:                              2264\n    Manrede of alle hauede he nomen.\n\n      [Footnote 102: A word is added in the MS. after _men_,\n      apparently _beye_. Perhaps we should read: _hise heye men_.]\n\n\n[Headnote: ALL SWEAR TO BE FAITHFUL TO HAVELOK.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Havelok makes them swear to be faithful\n  to him always.]\n    +Hwan he hauede of he{m} alle\n    Manrede taken, i{n} the halle,\n    Grundlike dide he hem swere,                                2268\n    \u00deat he sholden him god feyth bere\n    Ageynes alle \u00feat woren on liue;\n    \u00deer-yen ne wolde neuer on striue,\n    \u00deat he ne made{n} sone \u00feat oth,                             2272\n    Riche and poure, lef and loth.\n    Hwan \u00feat was maked, sone he se{n}de,\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe sends for all the sheriffs and constables.]\n    Vbbe, writes fer and hende,\n    After alle \u00feat castel yemede,                               2276\n    Burwes, tunes, sibbe an fremde,\n    \u00deat \u00feider sholde{n} come{n} swi\u00fee\n    Til him, and heren ti\u00feandes bli\u00fee,\n    \u00deat he hem alle shulde telle:                               2280\n    Of hem ne wolde neu{er}e on dwelle,\n    \u00deat he ne come sone plattinde,\n    Hwo hors ne hauede, com ga{n}ga{n}de.\n    So \u00feat with-i{n}ne a fourtenith,                            2284\n    In al denemark ne was no knith,\n    Ne conestable, ne shireue,\n    \u00deat com of adam and of eue,\n  [Sidenote: They all come.]\n    \u00deat he ne com biforn sire ubbe:                             2288\n    He dredde{n} him so \u00fehes[103] doth clubbe.\n\n      [Footnote 103: _Qu._ \u00fees, _i.e._ thighs; or the spelling\n      _\u00fehes_ may be intentional; see l.\u00a01984. But Sir F. Madden\n      suggests _\u00feeues_.]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe shows Havelok to them all.]\n    +Hwan he hauede{n} alle \u00fee ki{n}g gret,\n    And he weren alle dun set,\n    \u00deo seyde ubbe, \"lokes here,                                 2292\n    Vre louerd swi\u00fee dere,\n    \u00deat shal ben king of al \u00fee lond,\n    And haue us alle under hond.\n    For he is birkabeynes sone,                                 2296\n    \u00dee king \u00feat was vmbe stonde wone\n    For to yeme, and wel were,\n    Wit sharp[e][104] swerd, and lo{n}ge spere.\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 215b, col. 2.]]\n    Lokes nou, hw he is fayr;                                   2300\n    Sikerlike he is hise eyr.\n    Falles alle to hise fet,\n    Bicomes hise men ful sket.\"\n  [Sidenote: All swear to obey Havelok.]\n    He weren for ubbe swi\u00fee adrad,                              2304\n    And dide sone al \u00feat he bad,\n    And yet dede{n} he sumdel more,\n    O bok ful grundlike he swore,\n    \u00deat he sholde with him halde                                2308\n    Bo\u00fee ageynes stille and bolde,\n    \u00deat euere wo[l]de his bodi dere:\n    \u00deat dide [he] hem o boke swere.\n\n      [Footnote 104: See l. 2645 for the final _e_.]\n\n\n[Headnote: UBBE DUBS HAVELOK A KNIGHT.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe dubs Havelok a knight, and makes him king.]\n    +Hwan he hauede ma{n}rede and oth                           2312\n    Taken of lef and of loth,\n    Vbbe dubbede him to knith,\n    With a swerd ful swi\u00fee brith,\n    And \u00fee folk of al \u00fee lond                                   2316\n    Bitauhte him al in his hond,\n    \u00dee cunnriche eu{er}il del,\n    And made him king heylike and wel.\n    Hwan he was king, \u00feer mouthe me{n} se                       2320\n    \u00dee moste ioie \u00feat mouhte be:\n  [Sidenote: Great joy and many sports.]\n    Buttinge with sharpe sp{er}es,\n    Skirming with taleuaces, \u00feat me{n} beres,\n    Wrastling with laddes, putti{n}g of ston,                   2324\n    Harping and piping, ful god won,\n    Leyk of mine, of hasard ok,\n    Romanz reding on \u00fee bok;\n    \u00deer mouthe men here \u00fee gestes singe,                        2328\n    \u00dee gleymen on \u00fee tabour dinge;\n  [Sidenote: There is baiting of bulls and boars,\n  and plenty of meat and wine.]\n    \u00deer mouhte men se \u00fee boles beyte,\n    And \u00fee bores, with hundes teyte;\n    \u00deo mouthe men se eueril gleu,                               2332\n    \u00deer mouthe me{n} se hw grim greu;\n    Was neu{er}e yete ioie more\n    In al \u00feis werd, \u00fean \u00feo was \u00feore.\n    \u00deer was so mike[105] yeft of clo\u00fees,                        2336\n    \u00deat \u00feou i swore you grete othes,\n    I ne wore nouth \u00feer-offe croud:\n    \u00deat may i ful wel swere, bi god!\n    \u00deere was swi\u00fee gode metes,                                  2340\n    And of wyn, \u00feat men fer fetes,\n    Rith al so mik and gret plente,\n    So it were water of \u00fee se.\n    \u00dee feste fourti dawes sat,                                  2344\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 216, col. 1.]]\n    So riche was neu{er}e non so \u00feat.\n  [Sidenote: The king makes Robert, William, and Hugh all barons.]\n    \u00dee king made Roberd \u00feere knith,\n    \u00deat was ful strong, and ful with,\n    And willa{m}, wendut het, his bro\u00feer,                       2348\n    And huwe raue{n}, \u00feat was \u00feat o\u00feer,\n    And made hem barouns alle \u00fere,\n    And yaf hem lond, and o\u00feer fe,\n    So mikel, \u00feat ilker twent[i] knihtes                        2352\n    Hauede of genge, dayes and nithes.\n\n      [Footnote 105: See l. 2342.]\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK IS MADE KING OF DENMARK.]\n\n    +Hwan \u00feat feste was al don,\n  [Sidenote: A thousand knights accompany the king.]\n    A thusand knihtes ful wel o bon\n    With-held \u00fee king, with hi{m} to lede;                      2356\n    \u00deat ilkan hauede ful god stede,\n    Helm, and sheld, and brinie brith,\n    And al \u00fee wepne \u00feat fel to knith.\n  [Sidenote: and five thousand sergeants.]\n    With he{m} fiue thusand gode                                2360\n    Sergaunz, \u00feat were{n} to fyht wode,\n    With-held he al of his genge:\n    Wile I na more \u00fee storie lenge.\n    Yet hwan he hauede of al \u00fee lond                            2364\n    \u00dee casteles alle i{n} his hond,\n    And conestables don \u00feer-inne,\n  [Sidenote: He swears to be avenged of Godard,\n  and to find and bind him.]\n    He swor, he ne sholde neuer bli{n}ne,\n    Til \u00feat he were of godard wreke{n},                         2368\n    \u00deat ich haue of ofte speken.\n    Hal hundred knithes dede he calle,\n    And hise fif thusand sergaunz alle,\n    And dide swere{n} on the bok                                2372\n    Sone, and on \u00fee auter ok,\n    \u00deat he ne sholde neuere blinne,\n    Ne for loue, ne for sinne,\n    Til \u00feat he haueden godard funde,                            2376\n    And brouth biforn hi{m} faste bunde.\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK GOES TO SEEK OUT GODARD.]\n\n    +\u00deanne he hauede{n} swor \u00feis oth,\n    Ne leten he nouth for lef ne loth,\n    \u00deat he ne foren swi\u00fee rathe,                                2380\n  [Sidenote: He goes to meet Godard.]\n    \u00deer he was unto \u00fee pa\u00fee,\n    \u00deer he yet on hunti{n}g for,\n    With mikel genge, and swi\u00fee stor.\n    Robert, \u00feat was of al \u00fee ferd                               2384\n    Mayster, was girt wit a swerd,\n    And sat up-on a ful god stede,\n    \u00deat vnder him Rith wolde wede;\n  [Sidenote: Robert accosts Godard, and tells him to come\n  to the king, who will repay him.]\n    He was \u00fee firste \u00feat with godard                            2388\n    Spak, and seyde, \"hede[106] cauenard!\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 216, col. 2.]]\n    Wat dos \u00feu here at \u00feis pa\u00fee?\n    Cu{m} to \u00fee king, swi\u00fee and ra\u00fee.\n    \u00deat sendes he \u00fee word, and bedes,                           2392\n    \u00deat \u00feu \u00feenke hwat \u00feu him dedes,\n    Hwan \u00feu reftes with a knif\n    Hise sistres here lif,\n    An si\u00feen bede \u00feu in \u00fee se                                   2396\n    Drenchen him, \u00feat herde he.\n    He is to \u00fee swi\u00fee grim:\n    Cu{m} nu swi\u00fee un-to him,\n    \u00deat king is of \u00feis kuneriche.                               2400\n    \u00deu fule man! \u00feu wicke swike!\n    And he shal yelde \u00fee \u00fei mede,\n    Bi c{ri}st \u00feat wolde on rode blede!\"\n\n      [Footnote 106: _Qu._ helde, _i.e._ old. Unless it means \"heed!\"]\n\n\n    +Hwan godard herde \u00feat \u00feer \u00ferette,                          2404\n  [Sidenote: Godard and Robert strike each other.]\n    With \u00fee neue he robert sette\n    Biforn \u00fee teth a dint ful strong.\n    And robert kipt ut a knif long,\n    And smot him \u00feoru \u00fee rith arum:                             2408\n    \u00deer-of was ful litel harum.\n\n\n[Headnote: GODARD'S MEN ARE BEATEN.]\n\n    +Hwan his folk \u00feat sau and herde,\n    Hwou robert with here louerd ferde,\n    He haueden him wel ner browt of liue,                       2412\n    Ne were{n} his two bre\u00feren and o\u00fere fiue\n    Slowen of here laddes ten,\n    Of godardes al\u00feer-beste men.\n  [Sidenote: Godard's men flee, but Godard rallies them.]\n    Hwan \u00fee o\u00fere sawe{n} \u00feat, he fledde{n},                     2416\n    And godard swi\u00fee loude gredde:\n    \"Mine knithes, hwat do ye?\n    Sule ye \u00feus-gate fro me fle?\n    Ich haue you fed, and yet shal fede,                        2420\n    Helpe me nu in \u00feis nede,\n    And late ye nouth mi bodi spille,\n    Ne hauelok don of me hise wille.\n    Yif ye id[107] do, ye do you shame,                         2424\n    And bringeth you-self in mikel blame.\"\n    Hwan he \u00feat herden, he wenten ageyn,\n    And slowen a knit and[108] a sweyn\n    Of \u00fee kinges oune men,                                      2428\n    And woundede{n} abute{n} ten.\n\n      [Footnote 107: _Qu._ it.]\n\n      [Footnote 108: MS. and and.]\n\n\n[Headnote: GODARD IS BOUND AND LED TO HAVELOK.]\n\n  [Sidenote: The king's men kill all Godard's men.]\n    +The kinges men hwan he \u00feat sawe,\n    Scute{n} on hem, heye and lowe,\n    And euerilk fot of hem slowe,                               2432\n    But godard one, \u00feat he flowe,\n    So \u00fee \u00feef men dos henge,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 216b, col. 1.]]\n    Or hund men shole i{n} dike slenge.\n    He bunde{n} him ful swi\u00fee faste,                            2436\n    Hwil \u00fee bondes wolden laste,\n    \u00deat he rorede als a bole,\n    \u00deat he wore parred in an hole,\n    With dogges forto bite and beite:                           2440\n    Were \u00fee bondes nouth to leite.\n  [Sidenote: They bind Godard, and cast him on an old mare,\n  to take him to Havelok.]\n    He bounde{n} hi{m} so[109] fele sore,\n    \u00deat he gan crien godes ore,\n    \u00deat he sholde of his hend plette,                           2444\n    Wolde{n} he nouht \u00feer-fore lette,\n    \u00deat he ne bounde{n} hond and fet:\n    Da\u00feeit \u00feat on \u00feat \u00feer-fore let!\n    But dunte{n} him so man doth bere,                          2448\n    And keste him on a scabbed mere,\n    Hise nese went un-to \u00fee crice:\n    So ledde{n} he \u00feat fule swike,\n    Til he was biforn hauelok brouth,                           2452\n    \u00deat he haue[de] ful wo wrowht,\n    Bo\u00fee with hungre[110] and with cold,\n    Or he were twel winter old,\n    And with mani heui swink,                                   2456\n    With poure mete, and feble drink,\n    And [with] swi\u00fee wikke clo\u00fees,\n    For al hise manie grete othes.\n    Nu beyes he his holde blame:                                2460\n  [Sidenote: \"_Old sin makes new shame._\"]\n    'Old sinne makes newe shame:'\n    Wan he was [brouht] so shamelike\n    Biforn[111] \u00fee king, \u00fee fule swike,\n  [Sidenote: The king summons Ubbe and the rest.]\n    \u00dee king dede ubbe swi\u00fee calle                               2464\n    Hise erles, and hise barouns alle,\n    Dreng and thein, burgeis and knith,\n\n[Headnote: HE IS CONDEMNED TO BE HUNG.]\n\n    And bad he sholde{n} demen him rith:\n    For he kneu, \u00fee swike dam,                                  2468\n    Euerildel god was him gram.\n    He sette{n} hem dun bi \u00fee wawe,\n    Riche and pouere, heye and lowe,\n  [Sidenote: They sit in judgment.]\n    \u00dee helde men, and ek \u00fee grom,                               2472\n    And made \u00feer \u00fee rithe dom,\n    And seyde{n} unto \u00fee king anon,\n    \u00deat stille sat [al] so \u00fee ston:\n  [Sidenote: \"He is to be flayed, drawn, and hung.\"]\n    \"We deme, \u00feat he be al quic slawen,[112]                    2476\n    And si\u00feen to \u00fee galwes drawe[{n}],\n    At \u00feis foule mere tayl;\n    \u00deoru is fet a ful stro{n}g nayl;\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 216b, col. 2.]]\n    And \u00feore ben henged wit two feteres,                        2480\n    And \u00feare be writen \u00feise leteres:\n    '\u00deis is \u00fee swike \u00feat wende wel,\n    \u00dee king haue reft \u00fee lond il del,\n    And hise sistres with a knif                                2484\n    Bo\u00fee refte here lif.'\n    \u00deis writ shal henge bi him \u00feare;\n    \u00dee dom is demd, seye we na more.\"\n\n      [Footnote 109: MS. fo.]\n\n      [Footnote 110: MS. hungred.]\n\n      [Footnote 111: MS. Brouht biforn; _but the word _brouht_\n      clearly belongs to the preceding line, in which, however, it\n      is omitted._]\n\n      [Footnote 112: We should perhaps read _flawen_, as required by\n      the sense. _See_ ll. 2495, 2502.]\n\n\n[Headnote: GODARD IS FLAYED ALIVE AND HUNG.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Godard is shriven.]\n    +Hwan \u00fee dom was demd and giue,                             2488\n    And he was wit \u00fee p{re}stes shriue,\n    And it ne mouhte ben non o\u00feer,\n    Ne for fader, ne for bro\u00feer,\n    \u00deat he sholde \u00fearne lif;                                    2492\n  [Sidenote: A lad flays him.]\n    Sket cam a ladde with a knif,\n    And bigan Rith at \u00fee to\n    For to ritte, and for to flo,\n    And he bigan for to rore,                                   2496\n    So it were grim or gore,\n    \u00deat men mithe \u00fee\u00feen a mile\n  [Sidenote: He roars.]\n    Here him rore, \u00feat fule file.\n    \u00dee ladde ne let no with for-\u00fei,                             2500\n    \u00deey he criede 'm{er}ci! m{er}ci!'\n    \u00deat [he] ne flow [him] eueril del\n    With knif mad of grunde{n} stel.\n  [Sidenote: He is bound on an old mare, drawn over\n  rough ground, and hung.]\n    \u00deei garte bringe \u00fee mere sone,                              2504\n    Skabbed[113] and ful iuele o bone,\n    And bunde{n} him rith at hire tayl\n    With a rop of an old seyl,\n    And drowe{n} him un-to \u00fee galwes,                           2508\n    Nouth bi \u00fee gate, But ouer \u00fee falwes;\n    And henge [him] \u00feore Bi \u00fee hals:\n    Da\u00feeit hwo recke! he was fals.\n\n      [Footnote 113: MS. Skabbeb.]\n\n\n[Headnote: GODRICH RAISES AN ARMY AGAINST HAVELOK.]\n\n    +\u00dea{n}ne he was ded, \u00feat sathanas,                          2512\n    Sket was seysed al \u00feat his was\n    In \u00fee kinges hand il del,\n    Lond and lith, and o\u00feer catel,\n  [Sidenote: Havelok makes Ubbe his steward.]\n    And \u00fee king ful sone it yaf                                 2516\n    Vbbe i{n} \u00fee hond, wit a fayr staf,\n    And seyde, \"her ich sayse \u00fee\n    In al \u00fee lo{n}d, in al \u00fee fe.\"\n  [Sidenote: He founds a priory of black monks for Grim's soul,\n  in the town of Grimsby.]\n    \u00deo swor hauelok he sholde make,                             2520\n    Al for grim, of monekes blake\n    A p{ri}orie to s{er}uen inne ay\n    Ih{es}u c{ri}st, til domesday,\n    For \u00fee god he haueden him don,                              2524\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 217, col. 1.]]\n    Hwil he was pou{er}e and iuel[114] o bon.\n    And \u00feer-of held he wel his oth,\n    For he it made, god it woth!\n    In \u00fee tun \u00feer grim was graue{n},                            2528\n    \u00deat of grim yet haues \u00fee name.\n    Of grim bidde ich na more spelle.[115]--\n  [Sidenote: Godrich, earl of Cornwall, hears that Havelok\n  has invaded England.]\n    But wan godrich herde telle,\n    Of cornwayle \u00feat was erl,                                   2532\n    (\u00deat fule traytour, that mixed cherl!)\n    \u00deat hauelok was king of denemark,\n    And ferde with him strong and stark,\n    Comen engelond with-inne,                                   2536\n    Engelond al for to winne,\n    And \u00feat she, \u00feat was so fayr,\n    \u00deat was of engelond rith eir,\n    \u00deat was comen up at grimesbi,                               2540\n    He was ful sorful and sori,\n  [Sidenote: He says he will slay Havelok and his wife.]\n    And seyde, \"Hwat shal me to ra\u00fee?\n    Goddoth! i shal do slou hem ba\u00fee.\n    I shal don hengen hem ful heye,                             2544\n    So mote ich brouke mi Rith eie!\n    But yif he of mi lond[e][116] fle;\n    Hwat? wende{n} he to desherite me?\"\n  [Sidenote: He raises a great army.]\n    He dide sone ferd ut bidde,                                 2548\n    \u00deat al \u00feat euere mouhte o stede\n    Ride, or helm on heued bere,\n    Brini on bac, and sheld, and sp{er}e,\n    Or ani o\u00feer wepne bere,                                     2552\n    Hand-ax, sy\u00fee, gisarm, or sp{er}e,\n    Or aunlaz,[117] and god long knif,\n    \u00deat als he louede leme or lif,\n    \u00deat \u00feey sholde{n} comen him to,                             2556\n    With ful god wepne ye ber so,\n  [Sidenote: The army is to meet at Lincoln on the 17th of March.]\n    To lincolne, \u00feer he lay,\n    Of marz \u00fee seue{n}ten\u00fee day,\n    So \u00feat he cou\u00fee he{m} god \u00feank;                             2560\n    And yif \u00feat ani were so rang,\n    That he \u00fea{n}ne ne come anon,\n    He swor bi crist, and [bi][118] seint Iohan,\n    That he sholde maken him \u00feral,                              2564\n    And al his of-spring forth with-al.\n\n      [Footnote 114: The MS. has \"we,\" which the scribe several\n      times writes instead of \"wel.\" But \"wel\" is a manifest\n      blunder, since \"iuel\" is meant. Cf. l.\u00a02505.]\n\n      [Footnote 115: The author has here omitted to tell us that\n      Havelok, at the desire of his wife, invades England. See the\n      note.]\n\n      [Footnote 116: Cf. l. 2599.]\n\n      [Footnote 117: Printed \"alinlaz\" in the former edition. The\n      first stroke of the _u_ is longer than the second, and the\n      tail of the _x_ in the line above converts the second\n      downstroke of the _u_ into an apparent _i_.]\n\n      [Footnote 118: Cf. l. 1112.]\n\n\n[Headnote: GODRICH EXCITES THE ENGLISH AGAINST HAVELOK.]\n\n    +\u00dee englishe \u00feat herde \u00feat,\n    Was non \u00feat euere his bode sat,\n    For he him dredde swi\u00fee sore,                               2568\n    So Runci spore, and mikle more.\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 217, col. 2.]]\n    At \u00fee day he come sone\n    \u00deat he hem sette, ful wel o bone,\n  [Sidenote: All come to Lincoln on that day.]\n    To lincolne, with gode stedes,                              2572\n    And al \u00fee wepne \u00feat knith ledes.\n    Hwa{n} he wore come, sket was \u00fee erl yare,[119]\n    Ageynes denshe men to fare,\n    And seyde, \"ly\u00fees me[120] alle samen,                       2576\n    Haue ich gadred you for no game{n},\n    But ich wile seyen you for\u00fei;\n  [Sidenote: Godrich tells them what Havelok is doing at Grimsby.]\n    Lokes hware here at g{ri}mesbi,\n    Hise uten-laddes here comen,                                2580\n    And haues nu \u00fee p{ri}orie numen;\n    Al \u00feat euere mithen he finde,\n    He bre{n}ne kirkes, and p{re}stes binde;\n    He strangleth mo{n}kes, and nu{n}nes bo\u00fee:                  2584\n    Wat wile ye, frend, her-offe Rede?\n    Yif he regne \u00feus-gate longe,\n    He Moun us alle ouer-gange,\n    He moun vs alle quic henge or slo,                          2588\n    Or \u00feral maken, and do ful wo,\n    Or elles reue us ure liues,\n    And ure children, and ure wiues.\n  [Sidenote: He excites them to attack Havelok.]\n    But dos nu als ich wile you lere,                           2592\n    Als ye wile be with me dere;\n    Nimes nu swi\u00fee forth and ra\u00fee,\n    And helpes me and yu-self ba\u00fee,\n    And slos up-o[n] \u00fee dogges swi\u00fee:                           2596\n    For shal [i] neuere more be bli\u00fee,\n\n[Headnote: THE ENGLISH MARCH TO GRIMSBY.]\n\n    Ne hoseled ben, ne of p{re}st shriuen,\n    Til \u00feat he ben of londe driuen.\n    Nime we swi\u00fee, and do hem fle,                              2600\n    And folwes alle faste me,\n  [Sidenote: He will lead them himself.]\n    For ich am he, of al \u00fee ferd,\n    \u00deat first shal slo with drawe{n} swerd.\n    Da\u00feeyt hwo ne stonde faste                                  2604\n    Bi me, hwil hise armes laste!\"\n  [Sidenote: Earl Gunter and Earl Reyner of Chester support him.]\n    \"Ye! lef, ye!\"[121] couth \u00fee erl gunter;\n    \"Ya!\" quoth \u00fee erl of cestre, reyner.\n    And so dide alle \u00feat \u00feer stode,                             2608\n    And stirte forth so he were wode.\n    \u00deo mouthe me{n} se \u00fee brinies brihte\n    On backes keste, and late rithe,\n    \u00dee helmes heye on heued sette;                              2612\n    To armes al so swi\u00fee plette,\n    \u00deat \u00feei wore on a litel stunde\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 217b, col. 1.]]\n    Grethet, als me{n} mithe telle a pund,\n    And lopen on stedes sone anon,                              2616\n  [Sidenote: They approach Grimsby.]\n    And toward g{ri}mesbi, ful god won,\n    He foren softe bi \u00fee sti,\n    Til he come ney at grimesbi.\n\n      [Footnote 119: _Or_ \u00feare; but see l. 2954.]\n\n      [Footnote 120: MS. mi. Cf. l. 2204.]\n\n      [Footnote 121: MS. _has _\u00fee_, _[w]e_, or _ye_ in both places._\n      But see l.\u00a01888.]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: Havelok meets them boldly, and kills\n  the foremost knight.]\n    +Hauelok, \u00feat hauede spired wel                             2620\n    Of here fare, eueril del,\n    With al his ferd cam hem a-geyn,\n    For-bar he no\u00feer knith ne sweyn.\n    \u00dee firste knith \u00feat he \u00feer mette,                           2624\n    With \u00fee swerd so he him grette,\n    For his heued of he plette,\n    Wolde he nouth for sinne lette.\n  [Sidenote: Robert kills a second.]\n    Roberd saw \u00feat dint so hende,                               2628\n    Wolde he neuere \u00fee\u00fee[{n}] wende,\n    Til \u00feat he hauede ano\u00feer slawen,\n    With \u00fee swerd he held ut-drawen.\n  [Sidenote: William disables a third.]\n    Willa{m} wendut his swerd vt-drow,                          2632\n    And \u00fee \u00feredde so sore he slow,\n    \u00deat he made up-on the feld\n    His lift arm fleye, with the swerd.[122]\n\n      [Footnote 122: Cf. l. 1825. We should otherwise be tempted\n      to read _sheld_; especially as the _shield_ is more\n      appropriate to the _left_ arm.]\n\n\n[Headnote: COMBAT BETWEEN UBBE AND GODRICH.]\n\n  [Sidenote: Hugh Raven seizes his sword, and cleaves\n  an earl's head in two.]\n    +Huwe raue{n} ne forgat nouth                               2636\n    \u00dee swerd he hauede \u00feider brouth,\n    He kipte it up, and smot ful sore\n    An erl, \u00feat he saw priken \u00feore,\n    Ful noblelike upon a stede,                                 2640\n    \u00deat with him wolde al quic wede.\n    He smot him on \u00fee heued so,\n    \u00deat he \u00fee heued clef a-two,\n    And \u00feat bi \u00fee shu[l]dre-blade                               2644\n    \u00dee sharpe swerd let [he] wade,\n    \u00deorw the brest unto \u00fee herte;\n    \u00dee dint bigan ful sore to smerte,\n    \u00deat \u00fee erl fel dun a-non,                                   2648\n    Al so ded so ani ston.\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe attacks Godrich.]\n    Quoth ubbe, \"nu dwelle ich to lo{n}ge,\"\n    And leth his stede sone gonge\n    To godrich, with a god spere,                               2652\n    \u00deat he saw a-no\u00feer bere,\n    And smoth godrich, and G{odrich} him,\n    Hetelike with h{er}te grim,\n  [Sidenote: Both fall.]\n    So \u00feat he bo\u00fee felle dune,                                  2656\n    To \u00fee er\u00fee first \u00fee croune.\n    \u00dea{n}ne he wore{n} falle{n} dun bo\u00feen,\n    Grundlike here swerdes ut-drowe{n},\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 217b, col. 2.]]\n    \u00deat were{n} swi\u00fee sharp and gode,                           2660\n  [Sidenote: They fight on foot.]\n    And fouhten so \u00feei wore{n} wode,\n    \u00deat \u00fee swot ran fro \u00fee crune\n    [To the fet rith \u00feere adune.][123]\n\n[Headnote: GODRICH DISPLAYS GREAT PROWESS.]\n\n    \u00deer mouthe men se to knithes bete                           2664\n    Ay\u00feer on o\u00feer dintes grete,\n    So \u00feat with al\u00feer-lest[e] dint\n    Were al to-shiuered a flint,\n  [Sidenote: The fight lasts from morn to night.]\n    So was bi-twene{n} he{m} a fiht,                            2668\n    Fro \u00fee morwen ner to \u00fee niht,\n    So \u00feat \u00feei nouth ne bl[u]nne,[123*]\n    Til \u00feat to sette bigan \u00fee su{n}ne.\n  [Sidenote: Godrich wounds Ubbe sorely.]\n    \u00deo yaf godrich \u00feorw \u00fee side                                 2672\n    Vbbe a wunde ful un-ride,\n    So \u00feat \u00feorw \u00feat ilke wounde\n    Hauede ben brouth to \u00fee grunde,\n    And his heued al of-slawen,                                 2676\n  [Sidenote: Hugh Raven rescues him.]\n    Yif god ne were, and huwe rauen,\n    \u00deat drow him fro godrich awey,\n    And barw him so \u00feat ilke day.\n    But er he were fro godrich drawe{n},                        2680\n  [Sidenote: A thousand knights slain.]\n    \u00deer were a \u00feousind knihtes slawe{n}\n    Bi bo\u00fee halue, and mo y-nowe,\n    \u00deer \u00fee ferdes to-gidere slowe.\n    \u00deer was swilk dreping of \u00fee folk,                           2684\n  [Sidenote: The pools are full of blood.]\n    \u00deat on \u00fee feld was neu{er}e a polk\n    \u00deat it ne stod of blod so ful,\n    \u00deat \u00fee strem ran i{n}til \u00fee hul.\n  [Sidenote: Godrich attacks the Danes like lightning.]\n    \u00deo tarst[124] bigan godrich to go                           2688\n    Vp-on \u00fee danshe, and faste to slo,\n    And forth rith also leuin fares,\n    \u00deat neu{er}e kines best ne spares,\n    \u00dea{n}ne his [he] gon, for he garte alle                     2692\n    \u00dee denshe men biforn him falle.\n    He felde browne, he felde blake,\n    \u00deat he mouthe ouer-take.\n    Was neuere non \u00feat mouhte \u00feaue                              2696\n    Hise dintes, noy\u00feer knith ne knaue,\n  [Sidenote: He mows them down like grass.]\n    \u00deat he felden so dos \u00fee gres\n\n[Headnote: COMBAT BETWEEN GODRICH AND HAVELOK.]\n\n    Bi-forn \u00fee sy\u00fee \u00feat ful sharp is.\n    Hwan hauelok saw his folk so brittene,                      2700\n    And his ferd so swi\u00fee littene,\n    He cam driuende up-on a stede,\n    And bigan til him to grede,\n    And seyde, \"godrich, wat is \u00fee                              2704\n    \u00deat \u00feou fare \u00feus with me?\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 218, col. 1.]]\n    And mine gode knihtes slos,\n    Siker-like \u00feou mis-gos.\n  [Sidenote: Havelok reproves Godrich, and bids him perform\n  his oaths.]\n    \u00deou wost ful wel, yif \u00feu wilt wite,                         2708\n    \u00deat a\u00feelwold \u00fee dide site\n    On knes, and sweren on messe-bok,\n    On caliz, and on [pateyn][125] hok\n    \u00deat \u00feou hise douhter sholdest yelde,                        2712\n    \u00dean she were wi{n}na{n}[126] of elde,\n    Engelond eueril del:\n    Godrich \u00fee erl, \u00feou wost it wel.\n    Do nu wel with-uten fiht,                                   2716\n    Yeld hire \u00fee lond, for \u00feat is rith.\n    Wile ich forgiue \u00fee \u00fee lathe,\n    Al mi dede and al mi wrathe,\n    For y se \u00feu art so with,                                    2720\n    And of \u00fei bodi so god knith.\"\n  [Sidenote: Godrich refuses.]\n    \"\u00deat ne wile ich neu{er}e mo,\"\n    Quoth erl godrich, \"for ich shal slo\n    \u00dee, and hire for-henge heye.                                2724\n    I shal \u00ferist ut \u00fei rith eye\n    \u00deat \u00feou lokes with on me,\n    But \u00feu swi\u00fee he\u00feen fle.\"\n    He grop \u00fee swerd ut sone anon,                              2728\n    And hew on hauelok, ful god won,\n  [Sidenote: He cleaves Havelok's shield in two.]\n    So \u00feat he clef his sheld on two:\n    Hwan hauelok saw \u00feat shame do\n    His bodi \u00feer bi-forn his ferd,                              2732\n    He drow ut sone his gode swerd,\n  [Sidenote: Havelok smites him down.]\n    And smot him so up-on \u00fee crune,\n    \u00deat godrich fel to \u00fee er\u00fee adune.\n    But godrich stirt up swi\u00fee sket,                            2736\n    Lay he nowth longe at hise fet,\n  [Sidenote: Godrich rises, and wounds Havelok in the shoulder.]\n    And smot him on \u00fee sholdre so,\n    \u00deat he dide \u00feare undo\n    Of his brinie ri{n}ges mo,                                  2740\n    \u00dean \u00feat ich kan tellen fro;\n    And woundede hi{m} rith i{n} \u00fee flesh,\n    \u00deat tendre was, and swi\u00fee nesh,\n    So \u00feat \u00fee blod ran til his to:                              2744\n  [Sidenote: Havelok is enraged, and cuts off his foe's hand.]\n    \u00deo was hauelok swi\u00fee wo,\n    \u00deat he hauede of him drawen\n    Blod, and so sore him slawen.\n    Hertelike til him he wente,                                 2748\n    And godrich \u00feer fulike shente;\n    For his swerd he hof up heye,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 218, col. 2.]]\n    And \u00fee hand he dide of fleye,\n    \u00deat he smot him with so sore:                               2752\n    Hw mithe he don him shame more?\n\n      [Footnote 123: Cf. l. 1904.]\n\n      [Footnote 123*: Changed by editor from \"blinne\": see\n      Emendations.]\n\n      [Footnote 124: So in MS. _Qu._ faste, as in next line.]\n\n      [Footnote 125: MS. _here repeats _messe_, by mistake. Read\n      _pateyn_._ Cf. l.\u00a0187.]\n\n      [Footnote 126: MS. w[-i]man, _i.e._ wi{n}man _or_ wi{m}man; _but\n      we are sure, from _l.\u00a0174_, that _wi{n}nan_ is meant._]\n\n\n[Headnote: GODRICH IS BOUND AND FETTERED.]\n\n    +Hwan he hauede him so shamed,\n    His hand of plat, and yuele lamed,\n    He tok him sone bi \u00fee necke                                 2756\n    Als a t{ra}ytour, da\u00feeyt wo recke!\n  [Sidenote: He has him bound and fettered, and sends him\n  to the queen.]\n    And dide him binde and fet{er}e wel\n    With gode feteres al of stel,\n    And to \u00fee quen he sende him,                                2760\n    \u00deat birde wel to him ben grim;\n    And Bad she sholde don him gete,\n    And \u00feat non ne sholde him bete,\n    Ne shame do, for he was knith,                              2764\n    Til knithes hauede{n} demd him Rith.\n  [Sidenote: When the English find out that Goldborough\n  is the heiress, they submit to Havelok.]\n    \u00dean \u00fee englishe men \u00feat sawe,\n    \u00deat \u00feei wisten, heye and lawe,\n    \u00deat Goldeboru, \u00feat was so fayr,                             2768\n    Was of engeland rith eyr,\n    And \u00feat \u00fee king hire hauede wedded,\n    And haueden ben samen bedded,\n    He comen alle to crie m{er}ci,                              2772\n    Vnto \u00fee king, at one cri,\n    And beden him sone manrede and oth,\n    \u00deat he ne sholde{n}, for lef ne loth,\n    Neuere more ageyn him go,                                   2776\n    Ne ride, for wel ne for wo.\n\n\n[Headnote: THE ENGLISH SUBMIT TO GOLDBOROUGH.]\n\n    +\u00dee king ne wolde nouth for-sake,\n    \u00deat he ne shulde of hem take\n    Manrede \u00feat he beden, and ok                                2780\n    Hold o\u00fees swere{n} on \u00fee bok;\n  [Sidenote: Havelok wishes to show Goldborough to the English.]\n    But or bad he, \u00feat \u00feider were brouth\n    \u00dee quen, for hem, swilk was his \u00feouth,\n    For to se, and forto shawe,                                 2784\n    Yif \u00feat he hire wolde knawe.\n    \u00deoruth hem wite{n} wolde he,\n    Yif \u00feat she aucte quen to be.\n\n\n  [Sidenote: Six earls fetch her in.]\n    +Sixe erles weren sone yare,                                2788\n    After hire for to fare.\n    He nomen on-on, and come{n} sone,\n    And brouthe{n} hire, \u00feat under mone\n    In al \u00fee werd ne hauede per,                                2792\n    Of hende-leik, fer ne ner.\n    Hwan she was come \u00feider, alle\n    \u00dee englishe men bi-gu{n}ne to falle\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 218b, col. 1.]]\n    O knes, and grete{n} swi\u00fee sore,                            2796\n    And seyden, \"leuedi, k[r]istes ore,\n  [Sidenote: The English ask her pardon.]\n    And youres! we haue{n} misdo mikel,\n    \u00deat we ayen you haue be fikel,\n    For englond auhte forto ben youres,                         2800\n    And we youre me{n} and youres.\n    Is non of us, yung ne old,\n    \u00deat we ne wot, \u00feat a\u00feelwold\n    Was king of \u00feis kunerike,                                   2804\n  [Sidenote: They admit she is heiress.]\n    And ye his eyr, and \u00feat \u00fee swike\n    Haues it halden with mikel wro{n}ge:\n    God leue him sone to honge!\"\n\n\n[Headnote: GODRICH IS CONDEMNED TO BE BURNT.]\n\n    +Quot[127] hauelok, \"hwan \u00feat ye it wite.                   2808\n  [Sidenote: Havelok says they must pass judgment on Godrich.]\n    Nu wile ich \u00feat ye doun site,\n    And after godrich haues wrouht,\n    \u00deat haues in sorwe him-self brouth,\n    Lokes \u00feat ye deme{n} him rith,                              2812\n    For dom ne spared[128] clerk ne knith,\n    And si\u00feen shal ich under-stonde\n    Of you, after lawe of londe,\n    Manrede, and holde o\u00fees bo\u00fee,                               2816\n    Yif ye it wilen, and ek rothe.\"\n    Anon \u00feer dune he hem sette,\n    For non \u00fee dom ne durste lette,\n  [Sidenote: They say he is to be bound on an ass's back,\n  taken to Lincoln, bound to a stake, and burnt.]\n    And demden him to binde{n} faste                            2820\n    Vp-on an asse swi\u00fee un-wraste,\n    Andelong, nouht ouer-\u00fewert,\n    His nose went unto \u00fee stert;\n    And so to lincolne lede,                                    2824\n    Shamelike in wicke wede,\n    And hwan he cam un-to \u00fee borw,\n    Shamelike ben led \u00feer-\u00feoru,\n    Bisou\u00fee \u00fee borw, un-to a grene,                             2828\n    \u00deat \u00feare is yet, als[o] y wene,\n    And \u00feere be bunde{n} til a stake,\n    Aboute{n} him ful gret fir make,\n    And al to dust be brend Rith \u00feere;                          2832\n    And yet demde{n} he \u00feer more,\n    O\u00feer swikes for to warne,\n    \u00deat hise childre{n} sulde \u00fearne\n    Euere more \u00feat eritage,                                     2836\n    \u00deat his was, for hise utrage.\n\n      [Footnote 127: MS. Guot. Cf. l. 1954.]\n\n      [Footnote 128: _Qu._ spares.]\n\n\n    +Hwan \u00fee dom was demd and seyd,\n  [Sidenote: So he is laid on the ass, and burnt.]\n    Sket was \u00fee swike on \u00fee asse leyd,\n    And [led vn-]til[129] \u00feat ilke grene,                       2840\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 218b, col. 2.]]\n    And brend til asken al bidene.\n    \u00deo was Goldeboru ful bli\u00fee,\n    She \u00fea{n}ked god fele sy\u00fee,\n    \u00deat \u00fee fule swike was brend,                                2844\n    \u00deat wende wel hire bodi haue shend,\n  [Sidenote: Goldborough rejoices.]\n    And seyde, \"nu is time to take\n    Manrede of brune and of blake,\n    \u00deat ich se ride[{n}] and go:                                2848\n    Nu ich am wreke[{n}][130] of mi fo.\"\n\n      [Footnote 129: MS. \"And him til,\" which is nonsense. See\n      l.\u00a02827.]\n\n      [Footnote 130: See l. 2992.]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: Havelok makes the English swear fealty.]\n    +Hauelok anon ma{n}rede tok\n    Of alle englishe, on \u00fee bok,\n    And dide hem grete o\u00fees swere,                              2852\n    \u00deat he sholde{n} him god feyth bere\n    Ageyn alle \u00feat wore{n} liues,\n    And \u00feat sholde ben born of wiues.\n\n\n[Headnote: THE EARL OF CHESTER MARRIES GUNILD.]\n\n    +\u00dea{n}ne he hauede[131] sikernesse                          2856\n    Taken of more and of lesse,\n    Al at hise wille, so dide he calle\n  [Sidenote: He proposes that Earl Reyner of Chester shall\n  marry Gunild, Grim's daughter; and he will then always\n  be his friend.]\n    \u00dee erl of cestre, and hise men alle,\n    \u00deat was yung knith wit-ute{n} wif,                          2860\n    And seyde, \"sire erl, bi mi lif,\n    And \u00feou wile mi {con}seyl tro,\n    Ful wel shal ich with \u00fee do,\n    For ich shal yeue \u00fee to wiue                                2864\n    \u00dee fairest \u00feing that is oliue.\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK REMEMBERS BERTRAM'S KINDNESS.]\n\n    \u00deat is gu{n}nild of grimesby,\n    Grimes douther, bi seint dauy!\n    \u00deat me forth broute, and wel fedde,                         2868\n    And ut of denemark with me fledde,\n    Me for to burwe fro mi ded:\n    Sikerlike, \u00feoru his red\n    Haue ich liued in-to \u00feis day,                               2872\n    Blissed wor\u00fee his soule ay!\n    I rede \u00feat \u00feu hire take,\n    And spuse, and curteyse make,\n    For she is fayr, and she is fre,                            2876\n    And al so hende so she may be.\n    \u00deertekene she is wel with me,\n    \u00deat shal ich ful wel shewe \u00fee,\n    For ich giue \u00fee a giue,                                     2880\n    \u00deat euere more hwil ich liue,\n    For hire shal-tu be with me dere,\n    \u00deat wile ich \u00feat \u00feis folc al here.\"\n    \u00dee erl ne wolde nouth ageyn                                 2884\n    \u00dee king[e] be, for knith ne sweyn,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 219, col. 1.]]\n    Ne of \u00fee spusing seyen nay,\n    But spusede [hire] \u00feat ilke day.\n    \u00deat spusinge was god time maked,                            2888\n  [Sidenote: They are married, and have five sons.]\n    For it ne were neuere clad ne naked,\n    In a \u00feede samened two\n    \u00deat cam to-gidere, liuede so,\n    So \u00feey dide[{n}] al here liue:                              2892\n    He geten same{n} sones fiue,\n    \u00deat were \u00fee beste me{n} at nede,\n    \u00deat mouthe ride{n} on ani stede.\n    Hwan gu{n}nild was to cestre brouth,                        2896\n  [Sidenote: Havelok remembers Bertram, the earl's cook,\n  and makes him Earl of Cornwall.]\n    Hauelok \u00fee gode ne for-gat nouth\n    Bertra{m}, \u00feat was the erles kok,\n    \u00deat he ne dide calle{n} ok,\n    And seyde, \"frend, so god me rede!                          2900\n    Nu shaltu haue riche mede,\n\n[Headnote: BERTRAM MARRIES GRIM'S SECOND DAUGHTER.]\n\n    For wissing, and \u00fei gode dede,\n    \u00deat tu me dides in ful gret nede.\n    For \u00fea{n}ne y yede in mi cuuel,                             2904\n    And ich ne haue[de] bred, ne sowel,\n    Ne y ne hauede no catel,\n    \u00deou feddes and claddes me ful wel.\n    Haue nu for-\u00fei of cornwayle                                 2908\n    \u00dee erldom ildel, with-uten fayle,\n    And al \u00fee lond \u00feat godrich held,\n    Bo\u00fee in towne, and ek in feld;\n    And \u00feerto wile ich, \u00feat \u00feu spuse,                           2912\n    And fayre bring hire un-til huse,\n  [Sidenote: He is to marry Levive, Grim's daughter,\n  who is as fair as a rose.]\n    Grimes douther, leuiue \u00fee hende,\n    For \u00feider shal she with \u00fee wende.\n    Hire semes curteys forto be,                                2916\n    For she is fayr so flour on tre;\n    \u00dee heu is swilk in hire ler\n    So [is] \u00fee rose in roser,\n    Hwan it is fayr sprad ut newe                               2920\n    Ageyn \u00fee su{n}ne, brith and lewe.\"\n    And girde him sone with \u00fee swerd\n    Of \u00fee erldom, bi-forn his ferd,\n    And with his hond he made hi{m} knith,                      2924\n    And yaf him armes, for \u00feat was rith,\n  [Sidenote: They are married.]\n    And dide him \u00feere sone wedde\n    Hire \u00feat was ful swete in bedde.\n\n      [Footnote 131: MS. hauede{n}.]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: Havelok and Goldborough lived 100 years,\n  and had many children.]\n    +After \u00feat he spused wore,                                  2928\n    Wolde \u00fee erl nouth dwelle \u00feore,\n    But sone na{m} until his lond,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 219, col. 2.]]\n    And seysed it al in his hond,\n    And liuede \u00feer-i{n}ne, he and his wif,                      2932\n    An hundred winter in god lif,[132]\n    And gaten mani childre{n} samen,\n    And liueden ay in blisse and game{n}.\n    Hwa{n} \u00fee maydens were spused bo\u00fee,                         2936\n    Hauelok anon bigan ful rathe\n  [Sidenote: The Danes are enriched.]\n    His denshe men to feste wel\n    Wit riche landes and catel,\n    So \u00feat he weren alle riche:                                 2940\n    For he was large and nouth chinche.\n\n      [Footnote 132: Between this line and the next are inserted\n      in the MS. the words: _For he saw \u00feat he_, which have been\n      subsequently struck out by the same hand, and the word _vacat_\n      affixed.]\n\n\n[Headnote: HAVELOK IS CROWNED KING OF ENGLAND.]\n\n    +\u00deer-after sone, with his here,\n  [Sidenote: Havelok is crowned at London.]\n    For he to lundone, forto bere\n    Corune, so \u00feat [alle] it sawe,                              2944\n    Henglishe ant denshe, heye and lowe,\n    Hwou he it bar with mikel pride,\n    For his barnage \u00feat was un-ride.\n\n\n  [Sidenote: The feast lasts 40 days.]\n    +\u00dee feste of his coruni[{n}]g[133]                          2948\n    Laste[de] with gret ioying\n    Fourti dawes, and sumdel mo;\n    \u00deo bigu{n}nen \u00fee denshe to go\n    Vn-to \u00fee king, to aske leue,                                2952\n    And he ne wolde hem nouth g{re}ue,\n  [Sidenote: The Danes return home.]\n    For he saw \u00feat he woren yare\n    In-to denemark for to fare,\n    But gaf hem leue sone anon,                                 2956\n    And bitauhte hem seint Johan;\n  [Sidenote: Ubbe is to rule Denmark.]\n    And bad ubbe, his iustise,\n    \u00deat he sholde on ilke wise\n    Denemark yeme and gete so,                                  2960\n    \u00deat no pleynte come him to.\n\n      [Footnote 133: MS. corunig.]\n\n\n  [Sidenote: Havelok remained in England for sixty years.]\n    +Hwan he wore parted alle samen,\n    Hauelok bi-lefte wit ioie and game{n}\n    In engelond, and was \u00feer-i{n}ne                             2964\n    Sixti winter king with winne,\n    And Goldeboru quen, \u00feat I wene:\n    So mikel loue was hem bitwene,\n    \u00deat al \u00fee werd spak of hem two:                             2968\n    He louede hire, and she him so,\n  [Sidenote: He and Goldborough were never apart.]\n    \u00deat ney\u00feer o\u00fee[r] mithe be\n    For[134] o\u00feer, ne no ioie se,\n    But yf he were to-gidere[135] bo\u00fee;                         2972\n    Neuere yete ne were{n} he wro\u00fee,\n    For here loue was ay newe,\n  [Sidenote: [Fol. 219b, col. 1.]]\n    Neuere yete wordes ne grewe\n    Bitwene hem, hwar-of ne lathe                               2976\n    Mithe rise, ne no wrathe.\n\n      [Footnote 134: _Qu._ Fro.]\n\n      [Footnote 135: MS. togidede.]\n\n\n[Headnote: SUCH IS THE \"GESTE\" OF HAVELOK.]\n\n  [Sidenote: They had 15 children, all kings and queens.]\n    +He geten childre{n} hem bi-twene\n    Sones and douthres rith fiuetene,\n    Hwar-of \u00fee sones were kinges alle,                          2980\n    So wolde god it sholde bifalle;\n    And \u00fee douhtres alle q{ue}nes:\n    Him sto{n}des wel \u00feat god child strenes.\n  [Sidenote: Such is the _geste_ of Havelok and Goldborough.]\n    Nu haue ye herd \u00fee gest al \u00feoru                             2984\n    Of hauelok and of goldeborw.\n    Hw he were{n} born, and hw fedde,\n    And hwou he wore{n} with wro{n}ge ledde\n    In here you\u00fee, with trecherie,                              2988\n    With tresoun, and with felounye,\n    And hwou \u00fee swikes hauede{n} thit\n    Reuen hem \u00feat was here rith,\n    And hwou he were{n} wreken wel,                             2992\n    Haue ich sey you eu{er}ildel;\n\n[Headnote: SAY A PATERNOSTER FOR THE AUTHOR.]\n\n    And for\u00fei ich wolde biseken you,\n    \u00deat haue{n} herd \u00fee rim[e] nu,\n  [Sidenote: Each of you say a _pater-noster_ for the author.]\n    \u00deat ilke of you, with gode wille,                           2996\n    Seye a pat{er}-nost{er} stille,\n    For him \u00feat haueth \u00fee rym[e] maked,\n    And \u00feer-fore fele nihtes waked;\n    \u00deat ih{es}u c{ri}st his soule bringe                        3000\n    Bi-forn his fader at his endinge.\n\n\n    +Amen.+\n\n\n\n\nNOTES.\n\n\n[The following notes are abridged from the notes in Sir F. Madden's\nexcellent edition, the abridgement being effected almost entirely by\noccasional omissions, and with but very slight unimportant changes of a\nfew words, chiefly in the case of references to later editions of\nvarious works than were existing in 1828. I have added one or two short\nnotes upon difficult constructions, but these are distinguished by being\nenclosed within square brackets. --W.\u00a0W.\u00a0S.]\n\n9.\n\n  _He was the wicteste man at nede\n  That thurte riden on ani stede._\n\nThis appears to have been a favourite expression of the poet, and to\nhave comprehended, in his idea, the perfection of those qualifications\nrequired in a knight and hero. He repeats it, with some slight\nvariation, no less than five times, viz. in ll. 25, 87, 345, 1757, and\n1970. The lines, however, are by no means original, but the common\nproperty of all our early poetical writers. We find them in La[gh]amon:\n\n  \u00feis wes \u00fee feiruste mon\n  \u00fee \u00e6uere \u00e6hte \u00e6r \u00feusne kinedom,\n  \u00fea he mihte beren wepnen,\n  & his hors wel awilden.\n\n    _La[gh]amon_, vol. i. p.\u00a0174.\n\nSo also in the Romance of _Guy of Warwick_:\n\n  He was the best knight at neede\n  That euer bestrode any stede.\n\n    Coll. Garrick, K. 9. sign. Ll. ii.\n\nAgain, in the _Continuation of Sir Gy_, in the Auchinleck MS., (ed. for\nthe Abbotsford Club, 1840, 4to; p.\u00a0266),\n\n  The best bodi he was at nede\n  That ever might bistriden stede,\n    And freest founde in fight.\n\nAnd again, in the _Chronicle of England_, published by Ritson from a\ncopy in the British Museum, MS. Reg. 12. C. XII.\n\n  After him his sone Arthur\n  Hevede this lond thourh and thourh.\n  He was the beste kyng at nede\n  That ever mihte ride on stede,\n  Other wepne welde, other folk out-lede,\n  Of mon he hede he never drede. --l. 261.\n\nThe very close resemblance of these lines to those in Havelok, ll.\n87-90, would induce a belief that the writer of the _Chronicle_ had\ncertainly read, and perhaps copied from, the Romance. The MS. followed\nby Ritson was undoubtedly written soon after the death of Piers\nGaveston, in 1313, with the mention of which event it concludes; but in\nthe Auchinleck copy it is continued, by a later hand, to the minority of\nEdward III. It only remains to be observed, that the poem in MS. Reg.\n12. C. XII. is written by the same identical hand as the MS. Harl. 2253\n(containing _Kyng Horn_, &c.), whence some additional light is thrown on\nthe real age of the latter, respecting which our antiquaries so long\ndiffered.\n\n[15. \"And I will drink ere I tell my tale.\" _Her_ = ere.\n\n19. _And wite, &c._, i.e. And ordain that it may be so; cf. ll. 517,\n1316. Both metre and grammar require the final _e_.]\n\n31. _Erl and barun, _dreng_ and kayn._ The appellation of _Dreng_, and,\nin the plural, _Drenges_, which repeatedly occurs in the course of this\npoem, is uniformly bestowed on a class of men who hold a situation\nbetween the rank of _Baron_ and _Thayn_. We meet with the term more than\nonce in Doomsday Book, as, for instance, in Tit. Cestresc: \"Hujus\nmanerii [Neuton] aliam terram xv. hom. quos _Drenches_ vocabant, pro xv.\nmaneriis tenebant.\" And in a Charter of that period we read: \"Alger\nPrior, et totus Conventus Ecclesi\u00e6 S. Cuthberti, Edwino, et omnibus\nTeignis et _Drengis_, &c.\" Hence Spelman infers, that the Drengs were\nmilitary vassals, and held land by knight's service, which was called\n_Drengagium_. This is confirmed by a document from the Chartulary of\nWelbeck, printed in Dugdale, _Mon. Angl._ V.\u00a0II. p.\u00a0598, and in Blount,\n_Jocular Tenures_, p.\u00a0177, where it is stated, \"In eadem villa [Cukeney,\nco. Nottingh.] manebat quidam homo qui vocabatur Gamelbere, et fuit\nvetus _Dreyinghe_ ante Conquestum.\" It appears from the same document,\nthat this person held two carucates of land of the King _in capite_, and\nwas bound to perform military service for the same, whenever the army\nwent into Wales. In the Epistle also from the Monks of Canterbury to\nHenry II. printed by Somner, in his Treatise on Gavelkind, p.\u00a0123, we\nfind: \"Quia vero non erant adhuc tempore Regis Willelmi Milites in\nAnglia, sed _Threnges_, pr\u00e6cepit Rex, ut de eis Milites fierent, ad\nterram defendendam.\" In La[gh]amon's translation of Wace the term is\nfrequently used in the acceptation of thayn, and spelt either\n_dringches_, _drenches_, _dranches_, or _dringes_. [Cf. Sw. _dr\u00e4ng_, a\nman, servant; Dan. _dreng_, a boy.] In the Isl. and Su. Goth. _Dreng_\noriginally signified _vir fortis_, _miles strenuus_, and hence Olaf,\nKing of Norway, received the epithet of _Goddreng_. See Wormii Lex. Run.\np.\u00a026. Ihre, Vet. Cat. Reg. p.\u00a0109. Langebek, Script. Rer. Danic. V. I.\np.\u00a0156. The term subsequently was applied to persons in a servile\ncondition, and is so instanced by Spelman, as used in Denmark. In this\nlatter sense it may be found in Hickes, Diction. Isl., and in Sir David\nLyndsay's Poems,\n\n  Quhilk is not ordanit for _dringis_\n  But for Duikis, Empriouris, and Kingis.\n\n    V. Pinkerton's Scotish Poems Reprinted, ii. 97.\n\nV. Jamieson, Dict. _in voce_.\n\n45.\n\n  _In that time a man that bore\n  (Wel fyfty pund, y woth, or more.)_\n\nThis insertion receives additional authority from a similar passage in\nthe Romance of _Guy of Warwick_, where it is mentioned as a proof of the\nrigorous system of justice pursued by Earl Sigard,\n\n  Though a man bore an hundred pound,\n  Upon him of gold so round,\n  There n'as man in all this land\n  That durst him do shame no schonde.\n\n    Ellis, _Metr. Rom._ V. II. p.\u00a09. Ed. 1811.\n\nMany of the traits here attributed to Athelwold appear to be borrowed\nfrom the praises so universally bestowed by our ancient historians on\nthe character of King Alfred, in whose time, as Otterbourne writes,\np.\u00a052, \"armillas aureas in bivio stratas vel suspensas, nemo abripere\nest ausus.\" Cf. _Annal. Eccl. Roffens._ MS. Cott. Nero, D. II. The same\nanecdote is related of Rollo, Duke of Normandy, by Guillaume de\nJumieges, and Dudon de Saint Quentin.\n\n91. _Sprong forth so sparke of glede._ Cf. l. 870. It is a very common\nmetaphor in early English poetry.\n\n  He sprong for\u00f0 an stede,\n    swa sparc ded of fure,\n\n    _La[gh]amon_ v. ii. p.\u00a0565.\n\n  He sprange als any sparke one glede.\n\n    _Sir Isumbras_, st. 39 (Camd. Soc. 1844)\n\n  He spronge as sparkle doth of glede,\n\n    _K. of Tars_, l. 194.\n\n  And lepte out of the arsoun,\n    As sperk thogh out of glede.\n\n    _Ly Beaus Desconus_, l. 623.\n\nCf. Chaucer, Cant. Tales, l. 13833, and Tyrwhitt's note.\n\n110. _Of his bodi_, &c. Compare the French text, l. 208.\n\n  Mes entre eus n'eurent enfant\n  Mes qe vne fille bele;\n  Argentille out non la pucele.\n  Rois Ekenbright fut enfermez,\n  Et de grant mal forment greuez;\n  Bien siet n'en poet garrir.\n\n[Here _Argentille_ is _Goldborough_, and _Ekenbright_ answers to\n_Athelwold_. This quotation, and others below, shewing the passages of\nthe French text which most nearly resemble the English poem, are from a\nMS. in the Herald's College, marked E. D. N. No. 14. See the Preface.]\n\n[118. _Wat shal me to rede_, lit. what shall be for a counsel to me. See\n_Rede_ in the Glossary to _William of Palerne_.\n\n130. _And don hem of \u00fear hire were queme_, lit. and do them off where it\nshould be agreeable to her; i.e. and keep men at a distance as she\npleased. Such seems to me the meaning of this hitherto unexplained line.\n\n132. For _me_ we ought probably to read _hit_.]\n\n136. _He sende_ writes _sone onon._ We must here, and in l.\u00a02275, simply\nunderstand _letters_, without any reference to the official summonses of\nparliament, which subsequently were so termed, #kat' exoch\u00ean#. The word\n_briefs_ is used in the same sense by the old French writers, and in\nLa[gh]amon we meet with some lines nearly corresponding with the\npresent; see ll. 6669-6678.\n\n[175. _\u00fea_. Frequently written for _\u00feat_. See _William of Palerne_.]\n\n189-203. _Ther-on he garte_, &c. Compare the French Romance, ll.\n215-228.\n\n  Sa fille li ad comand\u00e9e,\n  Et sa terre tote liuer\u00e9e.\n  Primerement li fet iurer,\n  Veiant sa gent & affier,\n  Qe leaument la nurrireit,\n  Et sa terre lui gardereit,\n  Tant q'ele fust de tiel age\n  Qe suffrir porroit mariage.\n  Quant la pucele seit granz,\n  Par le consail de ses tenanz,\n  Au plus fort home la dorroit\n  Qe el reaume troueroit;\n  Qu'il li baillast ses citez,\n  Ses chasteus & ses fermetez.\n\n263.\n\n  _Justises dede he maken newe,\n  Al Engelond to faren thorw._\n\nThe earliest instance produced by Dugdale of the Justices Itinerant, is\nin 23 Hen. II. 1176, when by the advice of the Council held at\nNorthampton, the realm was divided into six parts, and into each were\nsent three Justices. _Orig. Judic._ p.\u00a051. This is stated on the\nauthority of Hoveden. Dugdale admits however the custom to have been\nolder, and in Gervasius Dorobernensis, we find, in 1170, certain\npersons, called _inquisitores_, appointed to perambulate England.\nGervase of Tilbury, or whoever was the author of the _Dialogus de\nScaccario_, calls them _deambulantes, vel perlustrantes judices_. See\nSpelman, _in voc_. The office continued to the time of Edward III., when\nit was superseded by that of the Justices of Assize.\n\n280. _The kinges douther_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 283.\n\n        Argentille,\n  La meschine qu'ert sa fille,\n  Que ia estoit creue & grant,\n  Et bien poeit auoir enfant.\n\n[338. _Sawe_, put for \"Say we.\" Cf. _biddi_ for \"bidde i,\" l.\u00a0484;\n_hauedet_ for \"hauede it,\" 714; &c.\n\n365. _His quiste_, &c. \"His bequest made, and (things) distributed for\nhim.\"]\n\n433.\n\n  _Crist warie him with his mouth!\n  Waried wrthe he of north and suth!_\n\nSo, in the Romance of Merlin, Bishop Brice curses the enemies of Arthur,\n\n  Ac, for he is king, and king's son,\n  Y curse alle, and y dom\n  His enemies with Christes mouth,\n  By East, by West, by North, and South!\n\n    Ellis, _Metr. Rom._ V. I. p.\u00a0260.\n\n[506. For _nouth_ we must read _mouth_ or _wolde_. The sense is-- \"He\nthought that he would he were dead, except that he might not (_or_ would\nnot) slay him with his (own) hand.\"\n\n550. The sense is-- \"When he had done that deed (i.e. gagged the child),\n_then_ the deceiver had commanded him,\" &c.\n\n560. _with_ may mean _knowest_, but this hardly gives sense. Perhaps we\nshould read _wilt_, i.e. \"As thou wilt have (preserve) my life.\"\n\n567. Mr Morris suggests that the riming words are _adoun_ and _croune_.\nWe might then read--\n\n  \"And caste \u00fee knaue so harde adoun,\n  \u00feat he crakede \u00feer hise croune.\"]\n\n591. _Of hise mouth_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 71. sq.\n\n  Totes les houres q'il dormoit,\n  Vne flambe de lui issoit.\n  Par la bouche li venoit fors,\n  Si grant chalur auoit el cors.\n  La flambe rendoit tiel odour,\n  Onc ne sentit nul home meillour.\n\n676. _And with thi chartre make (me) fre._ Instances of the manumission\nof villains or slaves by charter may be found in Hickes, _Diss.\nEpistol._ p.\u00a012, Lye's Dict. _ad calc._, and Madox's _Formulare\nAnglicanum_, p.\u00a0750. The practice was common in the Saxon times, and\nexisted so late as the reign of Henry VIII.\n\n[694. _Wite he him onliue_, if he knows him (to be) alive.\n\n701. It is evident that the words _and gate_ = and goats, must be\nsupplied. For the spelling _gate_, cf. _Pricke of Conscience_, ed.\nMorris, l.\u00a06134, where _gayte_ is used collectively as a plural.]\n\n706. _Hise ship_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 89.\n\n  Grim fet niefs apparailler,\n  Et de viande bien charger.\n\n715-720. _Hauelok the yunge_, &c. Comp. the Fr. ll. 97-105.\n\n  Quant sa nief fut apparaill\u00e9e,\n  Dedenz fist entrer sa meisn\u00e9e,\n  Ses cheualers & ses serganz,\n  Sa femme demeine & ses enfanz:\n  La reyne mist el batel,\n  Haueloc tint souz son mantel.\n  Il meismes apres entra,\n  A Dieu del ciel se comanda,\n  Del hauene sont desancr\u00e9,\n  Car il eurent bon orr\u00e9.\n\nInstead of the storm, in the French text Grim's ship is attacked by\npirates, who kill the whole of the crew, with the exception of himself\nand family, whom they spare on the score of his being an old\nacquaintance.\n\n733-749. _In Humber_, &c. So in the Fr. _Ceo fut el north_, &c. Cf. ll.\n122-135.\n\n  Tant out nag\u00e9 & tant sigl\u00e9,\n  Q'en vne hauene out parvenu,\n  Et de la nief a terre issu.\n  Ceo fut el North, a Grimesbi;\n  A icel tens qe ieo vus di,\n  Ni out onques home habit\u00e9,\n  Ne cele hauene n'ert pas haunt\u00e9.\n  Il i adresca primes maison,\n  De lui ad Grimesbi a non.\n  Quant Grim primes i ariua,\n  En .ii. moitez sa nief trencha,\n  Les chiefs en ad amont dresc\u00e9,\n  Iloec dedenz s'est herberg\u00e9.\n  Pescher aloit sicome il soloit,\n  Siel vendoit & achatoit.\n\n753.\n\n  _He took the sturgiun and the qual,\n  And the turbut, and lax withal,\n  He tok the sele, and the hwel_, &c.\n\nThe list of fish here enumerated may be increased from l. 896, and\npresents us with a sufficiently accurate notion of the different species\neaten in the 13th century. Each of the names will be considered\nseparately in the Glossary, and it is only intended here to make a few\nremarks on those, which in the present day appear rather strangely to\nhave found a place on the tables of our ancestors. The sturgeon is well\nknown to have been esteemed a dainty, both in England and France, and\nspecially appropriated to the King's service, but that the whale, the\nseal, and the porpoise should have been rendered palatable, excites our\nastonishment. Yet that the whale was caught for that purpose, appears\nnot only from the present passage, but also from the Fabliau intitled\n_Bataille de Charnage et de Caresme_, written probably about the same\nperiod, and printed by Barbazan. It is confirmed, as we learn from Le\nGrand, by the French writers; and even Rabelais, near three centuries\nlater, enumerates the whale among the dishes eaten by the Gastrolatres.\nIn the list of fish also published by Le Grand from a MS. of the 13th\ncentury, and which corresponds remarkably with the names in the Romance,\nwe meet with the _Baleigne_. See _Vie Priv\u00e9e des Fran\u00e7ois_, T.\u00a0II.\nsect.\u00a08.\n\nAmong the articles at Archbishop Nevil's Feast, 6 Edw. IV., we find,\n_Porposes and Seales XII._ and at that of Archbishop Warham, held in\n1504, is an item: _De Seales & Porposs. prec. in gross XXVI. s. VIII.\nd._ Champier asserts that the Seal was eaten at the Court of Francis\u00a0I.,\nso that the taste of the two nations seems at this period to have been\nnearly the same. For the courses of fish in England during the 14th and\n15th centuries, see Pegge's _Form of Cury_, and Warner's _Antiquitates\nCulinari\u00e6_, to which we may add MS. Sloane, 1986. [_Cf._ _Babees Book,\n&c._, ed. Furnivall, 1868, p.\u00a0153.]\n\n[784. For _setes_ we should probably read _seten_ or _sette_, which\nwould be as good a rime as many others. The scribe has probably made the\nrime more perfect than the sense. It must mean, \"In the sea were they\noft set.\" We cannot here suppose _setes_ = _set es_ = set them.]\n\n839. _And seyde, Hauelok, dere sone._ In the French, Grim sends Havelok\naway for quite a different reason, viz. because he does not understand\nfishing.\n\n903. _The kok stod_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 242.\n\n  Et vn keu le roi le retint,\n  Purceo qe fort le vist & grant,\n  Et mult le vist de bon semblant.\n  Merueillous fes poeit leuer,\n  Busche tailler, ewe porter.\n\nThe last line answers to l. 942 of the English version.\n\n939. _He bar the turues, he bar the star._ The meaning of the latter\nterm will be best illustrated by a passage in Moor's _Suffolk Words_,\nwhere, under the word _Bent_, he writes, \"_Bent_ or _Starr_, on the N.W.\ncoast of England, and especially in Lancashire, is a coarse reedy\nshrub--like ours perhaps--of some importance formerly, if not now, on\nthe sandy blowing lands of those counties. Its fibrous roots give some\ncohesion to the silicious soil. By the 15 and 16 G.\u00a0II. c.\u00a033, plucking\nup and carrying away _Starr_ or Bent, or having it in possession within\nfive miles of the sand hills, was punishable by fine, imprisonment, and\nwhipping.\" The use stated in the Act to which the _Starr_ was applied,\nis, \"making of Mats, Brushes, and Brooms or Besoms,\" therefore it might\nvery well be adapted to the purposes of a kitchen, and from its being\ncoupled with turves in the poem, was perhaps sometimes burnt for fuel.\nThe origin of the word is Danish, and still exists in the Dan. _St\u00e6r_,\nSwed. _Starr_, Isl. _staer_, a\u00a0species of sedge, or broom, called by\nLightfoot, p.\u00a0560, _carex cespitosa_. Perhaps it is this shrub alluded\nto in the Romance of _Kyng Alisaunder_, and this circumstance will\ninduce us to assign its author to the district in which the Starr is\nfound.\n\n  The speris craketh swithe thikke,\n  So doth on hegge _sterre-stike_. --l. 4438.\n\n945. _of alle men_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 254.\n\n  Tant estoit franc & deboneire,\n  Que tuz voloit lur pleisir fere,\n  Pur la franchise q'il out.\n\n959. _Of him ful wide the word sprong._ A phrase which from the Saxon\ntimes occurs repeatedly in all our old writers. A few examples may\nsuffice.\n\n  Beowulf w\u00e6s breme,\n  Bl\u00e6d w\u00edde sprang.\n\n    _Beowulf_, ed. Thorpe, p.\u00a02.\n\n  Welle wide sprong \u00feas eorles word.\n\n    _La[gh]amon_, l. 26242.\n\n  Of a knight is that y mene,\n  His name is sprong wel wide.\n\n    _Sir Tristrem_, st. 2, p.\u00a012.\n\n  The word of Horn wide sprong,\n  How he was bothe michel and long.\n\n    _Horn Childe_, ap. Rits. _Metr. Rom._ V. iii. p.\u00a0291.\n\nSee also the _Kyng of Tars_, ll. 19, 1007, _Emare_, l.\u00a0256, _Roland and\nFerragus_, as quoted by Ellis, _Ly beaus Desconus_, l.\u00a0172, and\n_Chronicle of England_, l.\u00a071.\n\n984.\n\n  _In armes him noman (ne) nam,\n  \u00feat he doune sone ne caste._\n\nThe same praise is bestowed on Havelok in the French text, l.\u00a0265,--\n\n  Deuant eus liuter le fesoient\n  As plus forz homes q'il sauoient,\n  Et il trestouz les abatit--\n\nand it was doubtless in imitation or ridicule of the qualities\nattributed to similar heroes, that Chaucer writes of Sir Thopas, \"Of\nwrastling was ther non his per.\" Cant. Tales, l.\u00a013670.\n\n1006. _To ben \u00feer at \u00fee parlement._ Cf. l. 1178. If we examine our\nhistorical records, we shall find that the only parliament held at\nLincoln was in the year 1300, 28 Edw.\u00a0I., and the writs to the\n_Archbishop of York_, and other Nobles, both ecclesiastical and secular,\nare still extant. The proceedings are detailed at some length by Robert\nof Brunne, Vol. II. p.\u00a0312, who might have been in Lincoln at the time,\nor, at all events, was sufficiently informed of all that took place,\nfrom his residence in the county. If we could suppose that the author of\nthe Romance alluded to this very parliament, it would reduce the period\nof the poem's composition to a later date, than either the style or the\nwriting of the MS. will possibly admit of. It is therefore far more\nprobable the writer here makes use of a poetical, and very pardonable\nlicence, in transferring the parliament to the chief city of the county\nin which he was evidently born, or brought up, without any reference\nwhatever to historical data.\n\n1022.\n\n  _Biforn here fet \u00feanne lay a tre,\n  And putten with a mikel ston_, &c.\n\nThis game of _putting the stone_, is of the highest antiquity, and seems\nto have been common at one period to the whole of England, although\nsubsequently confined to the Northern counties, and to Scotland.\nFitzstephen enumerates casting of stones among the amusements of the\nLondoners in the 12th century, and Dr Pegge, in a note on the passage,\ncalls it \"a Welch custom.\" The same sport is mentioned by Geoffrey of\nMonmouth, among the diversions pursued at King Arthur's feast, as will\nappear in a subsequent note (l.\u00a02320). By an edict of Edward III. the\npractice of casting stones, wood, and iron, was forbidden, and the use\nof the bow substituted, yet this by no means superseded the former\namusement, which was still in common use in the 16th century, as appears\nfrom Strutt's _Popular Pastimes_, Introd. pp.\u00a0xvii, xxxix, and p.\u00a056,\nsq. In the Highlands this sport appears to have been longer kept up than\nin any other part of Britain, and Pennant, describing their games,\nwrites, \"Those retained are, throwing the _putting-stone_, or stone of\nstrength (_Cloch neart_) as they call it, which occasions an emulation\nwho can throw a weighty one the farthest.\" _Tour in Scotl._ p.\u00a0214. 4to.\n1769. See also _Statist. Account of Argyleshire_, xi. 287. In the French\nRomance of Horn, preserved in MS. Harl. 527, is almost a similar\nincident to the one in Havelok, and would nearly amount to a proof, that\nTomas, the writer of the French text of Horn, was an Englishman.\n\nIn the Romance of _Octovian Imperator_ it is said of Florent,\n\n  At _wrestelyng_, and at _ston castynge_\n  He wan the prys, without lesynge;\n  Ther n'as nother old ne yynge\n    So mochell of strength,\n  That myght the ston to hys _but_ bryng,\n    Bi fedeme lengthe. --l. 895.\n\nIt is singular enough, that the circumstance of Havelok's throwing the\nstone, mentioned in the Romance, should have been founded on, or\npreserved in, a local tradition, as attested by Robert of Brunne, p.\u00a026.\n\n  Men sais in Lyncoln castelle ligges [gh]it a stone,\n  That Hauelok kast wele forbi euerilkone.\n\n1077-1088. _The king Athelwald_, &c. Comp. the Fr. text, ll. 354-370.\n\n  Quant Ekenbright le roi fini,\n  En ma garde sa fille mist;\n  Vn serement iurer me fist,\n  Q'au plus fort home le dorroie,\n  Qe el reaume trouer porroie.\n  Assez ai quis & demand\u00e9,\n  Tant q'en ai vn fort trou\u00e9;\n  Vn valet ai en ma quisine,\n  A qui ieo dorrai la meschine; &c.\n\n1103. _After Goldeborw_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 377.\n\n  Sa niece lur fet amener,\n  Et a Cuaran esposer;\n  Pur lui auiler & honir,\n  La fist la nuit lez lui gesir.\n\nThe French Romance differs here very considerably from the English, and\nin the latter, the dream of Argentille, her visit to the hermit, and the\nconversation relative to Havelok's parents, is entirely omitted.\n\n[1174. This may mean-- \"He (Havelok) is given to her, and she has taken\n(him)\" --but this makes _yaf_ and _tok_ past participles, which they\nproperly are not; or else we must translate it-- \"He (Godard) gave them\nto her, and she took them,\" i.e. the pence. This alone is the\ngrammatical construction, and it suits the context best; observe, that\nthe words _ys_ and _as_ are equivalent to _es_ = them. Cf. l.\u00a0970. See\nMorris; _Gen. & Exod._, Pref. p.\u00a0xviii.]\n\n1203. _Thanne he komen there_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 556.\n\n  A Grimesby s'en alerent;\n  Mes li prodoms estoit finiz,\n  Et la Dame q'is out nurriz.\n  Kelloc sa fille i ont trou\u00e9e,\n  Vn marchant l'out espos\u00e9e.\n\nThe marriage of Kelloc, Grim's daughter, with a merchant is skilfully\nintroduced in the French, and naturally leads to the mention of Denmark.\nThe plot of the English story is wholly dissimilar in this respect.\n\n1247. _On the nith_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 381.\n\n  Quant couch\u00e9 furent ambedui,\n  Cele out grant honte de lui,\n  Et il assez greindre de li.\n  As deuz se geut, si se dormi.\n  Ne voloit pas q'ele veist\n  La flambe qe de lui issist.\n\nThe voice of the angel is completely an invention of the English author,\nand the dream (which is transferred from Argentille to Havelok) is\naltogether different in its detail.\n\n1260. _He beth heyman_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 521.\n\n  Il est n\u00e9 de real lignage,\n  Oncore auera grant heritage.\n  Grant gent fra vers li encline,\n  Il serra roi & tu reyne.\n\n[1334. The words _euere-il del_ are corruptly repeated from line 1330\nabove. Perhaps we should read _wit-uten were_, i.e. without doubt.]\n\n1430. _Hauede go for him gold ne fe._ Cf. l. 44. So in La[gh]amon:\n\n  Ne sculde him neo\u00f0er gon fore\n  Gold ne na g\u00e6rsume, &c.; vol. ii. p.\u00a0537.\n\n[1444. The French text helps but little to supply the blank. It shows\nthat Havelok and his wife sailed to Denmark, and, on their arrival,\nsought out the castle belonging to Sigar, who answers to the Ubbe of the\nEnglish version.]\n\n1632. _A gold ring drow he forth anon_, &c. A similar incident, and in\nnearly the same words, occurs in Sir Tristrem.\n\n  A ring he raught him tite,\n  The porter seyd nought nay,\n        In hand:\n  He was ful wis, y say,\n  That first yave yift in land. --fytte i. st. 57, p.\u00a039.\n\nSo also Wyntoun, who relates the subsidy of 40,000 moutons sent from\nFrance to Scotland in 1353, and adds,\n\n  Qwha gyvis swilk gyftyis he is wyse.\n\n[See also _Piers Plowman_, Text A. iii. 202.]\n\n1646. _Hw he was wel of bones_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 743.\n\n  Gent cors & bele feture,\n  Lungs braz & grant furcheure\n  Ententiuement l'esgarda.\n\n[1678. This line has two syllables too little.]\n\n1722. _Thanne he were set_, &c. This is an amplification of the Fr.\nl.\u00a0677, sq.\n\n  Quant fut houre del manger,\n  Et qe tuz alerent lauer,\n  Li prodoms a manger s'assist,\n  Les .iii. valez seeir i fist,\n  Argentille lez son seignur;\n  Serui furent a grant honur.\n\n1726. _Kranes, swannes, veneysun_, &c. We have here the principal\nconstituents of what formed the banquets of our ancestors. The old\nRomances abound with descriptions of this nature, which coincide exactly\nwith the present. See _Richard C[oe]ur de Lion_, l.\u00a04221; _Guy of\nWarwick; The Squyr of Lowe Degre_, l.\u00a0317; and _Morte Arthure_, ed.\nPerry, p.\u00a07.\n\n\"Wine is common,\" says Dr Pegge, speaking of the entertainments of the\n14th century, \"both red and white. This article they partly had of their\nown growth, and partly by importation from France and Greece.\" A few\nexamples will illustrate this:\n\n  He laid the cloth, and set forth bread,\n  And also wine, both _white and red_.\n\n    _Sir Degore_, ap. Ellis, _Metr. Rom._ V. 3, p.\u00a0375.\n\n  And dronke wyn, and eke pyment,\n  _Whyt and red_, al to talent.\n\n    _Kyng Alisaunder_, l. 4178.\n\n[Cf. _Piers Plowman_, Text B, at the end of the _Prologue_.]\n\nIn the _Squyr of Lowe Degre_ is a long list of these wines, which has\nreceived considerable illustration in the curious work of Dr Henderson.\n\n[1736. I print _kiwing_, as in Sir F. Madden's edition; but I quite give\nup the meaning of it, and doubt if it is put for _kirving_. The word is\nobscurely written, and looks like _kil\u00feing_, and my impression is that\nit is miswritten for _ilk \u00feing_, the word _\u00fee_ being put for _\u00feer_, as\nfrequently elsewhere. We should thus get _hwan he haueden \u00feer ilk \u00feing\ndeled_, when they had there distributed every thing. This is, at any\nrate, the sense of the passage.]\n\n1749. _And sende him unto the greyues._ In the French, Havelok is simply\nsent to an _ostel_, and the _greyve_ does not appear in the story.\n\n1806. _Hauelok lifte up_, &c. In the French, all the amusing details\nrelative to Robert and Huwe Raven are omitted, and Havelok is made to\nretire to a monastery, where he defends himself by throwing down the\nstones on his assailants.\n\n[1826. _wolde_, offered at, intended to hit, _would_ have hit.]\n\n1838.\n\n  _And shoten on him, so don on bere\n  Dogges, that wolden him to-tere._\n\nThe same comparison is made use of in the Romance of Horn Childe:\n\n  The Yrise folk about him yode,\n  As hondes do to bare.\n\n    Rits. _Metr. Rom._ V. III. p.\u00a0289.\n\nSee Note on l. 2320.\n\n[1914. \"Cursed be he who cares! for they deserved it! What did they?\nThere were they worried.\" A mark of interrogation seems required after\n_dide he_.]\n\n1926-1930. _Sket cam tiding_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 719.\n\n  La nouele vint a chastel,\n  Au seneschal, qui n'est pas bel,\n  Qe cil qu'il auoit herberg\u00e9\n  Cinc de ses homes out tu\u00e9.\n\n[1932. Apparently corrupt. Perhaps _is_ should be _it_. \"That this\nstrife--as to what it meant.\"]\n\n2045. _That weren of Kaym kin and Eues._ The odium affixed to the\nsupposed progeny of Cain, and the fables engrafted on it, owe their\norigin to the theological opinions of the Middle Ages, which it is not\nworth while to trace to their authors. See _Beowulf_, ed. Thorpe, p.\u00a08;\nand _Piers Plowman_, A. X. 135-156; answering to p.\u00a0177 of Whitaker's\nedition. See also the Romance of _Kyng Alisaunder_:\n\n  And of Sab the duk Mauryn,\n  He was of _Kaymes kunrede_. --l. 1932.\n\nIn _Ywaine and Gawaine_, l. 559, the Giant is called \"the karl of\n_Kaymes kyn_,\" and so also in a poem printed by Percy, intitled _Little\nJohn Nobody_, written about the year 1550.\n\n  Such caitives count to be come of Cain's kind.\n\n    _Anc. Reliq._ V. II. p.\u00a0130. Ed. 1765.\n\n2076.\n\n  _It ne shal no thing ben bitwene\n  Thi bour and min, also y wene,\n  But a fayr firrene wowe._\n\nThese lines will receive some illustration from a passage in Sir\nTristrem, where it is said,\n\n  A borde he tok oway\n    Of her bour. --p.\u00a0114.\n\nOn which Sir W. Scott remarks, \"The bed-chamber of the queen was\nconstructed of wooden boards or shingles, of which one could easily be\nremoved.\" This will explain the line which occurs below, 2106, \"He stod,\nand totede in at a bord.\"\n\n2092. _Aboute the middel_, &c. In the French, a person is placed by the\nSeneschal to watch, who first discovers the light.\n\n2132. _Bi the pappes he leyen naked._ \"From the latter end of the 13th\nto near the 16th century, all ranks, and both sexes, were universally in\nthe habit of sleeping quite naked. This custom is often alluded to by\nChaucer, Gower, Lydgate, and all our ancient writers.\" Ellis, SPEC.\nMETR. ROM. V.\u00a0I. p.\u00a0324, 4th Ed. In the _Squyr of Lowe Degre_ is a\nremarkable instance of this fact:\n\n  How she rose, that lady dere,\n  To take her leue of that squyer;\n  Al so naked as she was borne\n  She stod her chambre-dore beforne. --l. 671.\n\nThe custom subsisted both in England and France to a very recent period,\nand hence probably was derived the phrase _naked-bed_, illustrated so\ncopiously by Archdeacon Nares in his Glossary.\n\n2192. Cf. the French, l. 843.\n\n  Ses chapeleins fet demander,\n  Ses briefs escriure & enseeler;\n  Par ses messages les manda,\n  Et pur ses amis enuoia;\n  Pur ses homes, pur ses parenz;\n  Mult i assembla granz genz.\n\n[2201. Read _ne neme_ = took not, sc. their way, just as in l.\u00a01207.]\n\n2240-2265. _Lokes, hware he stondes her_, &c. Comp. the Fr. ll. 913-921.\n\n  \"Veez ci nostre dreit heir,\n  Bien en deuom grant ioie aueir.\"\n  Tut primerain se desafubla,\n  Par deuant lui s'agenuilla;\n  Sis homs deuint, si li iura\n  Qe leaument le seruira.\n  Li autre sont apres al\u00e9,\n  Chescuns de bone volent\u00e9;\n  Tuit si home sont deuenu.\n\n2314.\n\n  _Vbbe dubbede him to knith,\n  With a swerd ful swithe brith._\n\nSo likewise in the Fr. l. 928, _A cheualier l'out adubb\u00e9_. The ceremony\nof knighthood is described with greater minuteness in the Romance of _Ly\nbeaus Desconus_, l.\u00a073; and see _Kyng Horn_, ed. Lumby, ll. 495-504.\n\n2320. _Hwan he was king, ther mouthe men se_, &c. Ritson has justly\nremarked, Notes to _Ywaine and Gawaine_, l.\u00a015, that the elaborate\ndescription of Arthur's feast at Carlisle, given by Geoffrey of\nMonmouth, l. ix. c. 12, has served as a model to all his successors. The\noriginal passage stands thus in a fine MS. of the 13th century, MS.\nHarl. 3773. fol. 33\u00a0_b_. \"Refecti autem epulis diversos ludos acturi\ncampos extra civitatem adeunt. Tunc milites simulachra belli scientes\n_equestrem ludum_ componunt, mulieribus ab edito murorum aspicientibus.\nAlii _cum cestibus_, alii _cum hastis_, alii _gravium lapidum jactu_,\nalii _cum facis_, [_saxis_, Edd.] alii _cum aleis_, diversisque alii\nalteriusmodi jocis contendentes.\" In the translation of this description\nby Wace we approach still nearer to the imitation of the Romance before\nus.\n\n  A plusurs iuis se departirent,\n  Li vns alerent _buhurder_,\n  E lur ignels cheuals mustrer,\n  Li altre alerent _eskermir_,\n  V _pere geter_, v _saillir_;\n  Tels i-aueit ki _darz lanconent_,\n  E tels i-aueit ki _lutouent_:\n  Chescon del gru [geu?] s'entremetait\n  Dunt entremettre se saueit. --MS. Reg. 13. A. xxi.\n\nThe parallel versions, from the French, of La[gh]amon, Robert of\nGloucester, and Robert of Brunne, may be read in Mr Ellis's _Specimens\nof Early English Poets_. At the feast of Olimpias, described in the\nRomance of _Kyng Alisaunder_, we obtain an additional imitation.\n\n  Withoute theo toun was mury,\n  Was reised ther al maner pley;\n  There was knyghtis _turnyng_,\n  There was maidenes carolyng,\n  There was champions _skyrmyng_,\n  Of heom and of other _wrastlyng_,\n  Of liouns chas, of _beore baityng_,\n  And _bay of bor_, of _bole slatyng_. --l. 193. Cf. l.\u00a01045.\n\nSome additional illustrations on each of the amusements named in our\ntext may not be unacceptable:\n\n1. _Buttinge with sharpe speres._ This is tilting, or justing, expressed\nin Wace by _buhurder_. See Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_, p.\u00a096, sq.\n108.\n\n2. _Skirming with taleuaces._ This is described more at large by Wace,\nin his account of the feast of Cassibelaunus. Cf. _La[gh]amon_, v.\u00a0i.\np.\u00a0347; l.\u00a08144. In Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_ is a representation\nof this game, taken from MS. Bodl. 264, illuminated between 1338 and\n1344, in which the form of the _talevas_ is accurately defined. It\nappears to have been pursued to such an excess, as to require the\ninterference of the crown, for in 1286 an edict was issued by Edward\u00a0I.\nprohibiting all persons _Eskirmer au bokeler_. This, however, had only a\ntemporary effect in restraining it, and in later times, under the\nappellation of _sword and buckler play_, it again became universally\npopular.\n\n3. _Wrastling with laddes, puttinge of ston._ See the notes on ll. 984\nand 1022.\n\n4. _Harping and piping._ This requires no illustration.\n\n5. _Leyk of mine, of hasard ok._ Among the games mentioned at the\nmarriage of Gawain, in the Fabliau of _Le Chevalier \u00e0 l'Ep\u00e9e_, we have:\n\n  Cil Chevalier jeuent as tables,\n  Et as esch\u00e9s de l'autre part,\n  O \u00e0 la _mine_, o \u00e0 _hazart_.\n\nLe Grand, in his note on this passage, T. i. p.\u00a057, Ed. 1779, writes:\n\"Le Hasard \u00e9tait une sorte de jeu de dez. Je ne connais point la _Mine_;\nj'ai trouv\u00e9 seulement ailleurs un passage qui prouve que ce jeu \u00e9tait\ntres-dangereux, et qu'on pouvait s'y ruiner en peu de tems.\" It appears\nhowever from the Fabliau of _Du Prestre et des deuz Ribaus_, to have\nbeen certainly a species of _Tables_, or _Backgammon_, and to have been\nplayed with dice, on a board called _Minete_. The only passage we\nrecollect in which any further detail of this game is given, is that of\nWace, in the account of Arthur's feast, Harl. MS. 6508, and MS. Cott.\nVit. A.\u00a0x., but it must be remarked, that the older copy 13 A. xxi. does\nnot contain it, nor is it found in the translations of La[gh]amon, or\nRobert of Gloucester.\n\n6. _Romanz reding._ See Sir W. Scott's note on Sir Tristrem, p.\u00a0290,\n[p.\u00a0306, ed. 1811]; and the Dissertations of Percy, Ritson, and Ellis.\n\n7.\n\n  _Ther mouthe men se the boles beyte,\n  And the bores, with hundes teyte._\n\nCf. ll. 1838, 2438. Both these diversions are mentioned by Lucianus, in\nhis inedited tract _De laude Cestri\u00e6_, MS. Bodl. 672, who is supposed by\nTanner to have written about A.D. 1100, but who must probably be placed\nnear half a century later. They formed also part of the amusements of\nthe Londoners in the 12th century, as we learn from Fitzstephen, p.\u00a077,\nand are noticed in the passage above quoted from the Romance of _Kyng\nAlisaunder_. In later times, particularly during the 16th century, these\ncruel practices were in the highest estimation, as we learn from\nHolinshed, Stowe, Laneham, &c. See Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_,\np.\u00a0192, and the plate from MS. Reg. 2. B.\u00a0vii. Also Pegge's Dissertation\non Bull-baiting, inserted in Vol. ii. of Arch\u00e6ologia.\n\n8. _Ther mouthe men se hw Grim greu._ If this is to be understood of\nscenic representation (and we can scarcely view it in any other light),\nit will present one of the earliest instances on record of any attempt\nto represent an historical event, or to depart from the religious\nperformances, which until a much later period were the chief, and almost\nonly, efforts towards the formation of the drama. Of course, the words\nof the writer must be understood to refer to the period in which he\nlived, i.e. according to our supposition, about the end of Hen. III's\nreign, or beginning of Edw.\u00a0I. See Le Grand's notes to the _Lai de\nCourtois_, V.\u00a0i. p.\u00a0329, and Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_, B.\u00a03,\nch.\u00a02.\n\n2344. _The feste fourti dawes sat._ Cf. l. 2950. This is borrowed also\nfrom Geoffrey, and is the usual term of duration fixed in the Romances.\n\n  Fourty dayes hy helden feste,\n  Ryche, ryall, and oneste. --_Octouian Imperator_, l. 73.\n\n  Fourty dayes leste the feste. --_Launfal_, l. 631.\n\n  And certaynly, as the story sayes,\n  The revell lasted forty dayes.\n\n    _Squyr of Lowe Degre_, l. 1113.\n\n2384. The French story here differs wholly from the English. Instead of\nthe encounter of Robert and Godard, and the cruel punishment inflicted\non the latter, in the French is a regular battle between the forces of\nHavelok and Hodulf (Godard). A single combat takes place between the two\nleaders, in which Hodulf is slain.\n\n2450. Cf. ll. 2505 and 2822. This appears to have been a common, but\nbarbarous, method in former times of leading traitors or malefactors to\nexecution. Thus in the Romance of Kyng Alisaunder, the treatment of the\nmurderers of Darius is described:\n\n  He dude quyk harnesche hors,\n  And sette theron heore cors,\n  Hyndeforth they seten, saun faile;\n  In heore hand they hulden theo tailes. --l. 4708.\n\n2461. We find a similar proverb in the _Historie de Melusine, tir\u00e9e des\nChroniques de Poitou_, &c. 12mo. Par. 1698, in which (at p.\u00a072) Thierry,\nDuke of Bretagne, says to Raimondin;-- \"Vous autorisez par votre silence\n_notre Proverbe_, qui dit, _Qu'un vieux pech\u00e9 fait nouvelle vergogne_.\"\n\n2513. _Sket was seysed_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 971.\n\n  Apres cest fet, ad receu\n  Le regne q'a son piere fu.\n\n2516.\n\n  _And the king ful sone it yaf\n  Vbbe in the hond, wit a fayr staf._\n\nSo in _Sir Tristrem_:\n\n  Rohant he yaf _the wand_,\n  And bad him sitte him bi,\n                  That fre;\n  'Rohant lord mak y\n  To held this lond of me.' --fytte i. st. 83; p.\u00a052.\n\nThe editor is clearly mistaken in explaining the _wand_ to be a\n_truncheon_, or _symbol of power_. For the custom of giving seisin or\ninvestiture _per fustim_, and _per baculum_, see Madox's _Formul.\nAnglican._ pref. p.\u00a0ix. and Spelman, Gloss. in\u00a0v. _Investire_, and\n_Traditio_. The same usage existed in France, _par rain et par baton_.\n\n2521.\n\n  _----of monekes blake\n  A priorie to seruen inne ay._\n\nThe allusion here may be made either to the Abbey of Wellow, in Grimsby,\nwhich was a monastery of _Black Canons_, said to have been built about\nA.D. 1110, or (what is more probable) to the Augustine Friary of Black\nMonks, which is stated in the _Monumental Antiquities of Grimsby_, by\nthe Rev. G. Oliver, to have been \"founded _about_ the year 1280,\"\np.\u00a0110. No notice of it occurs in Tanner till the year 1304. Pat. 33\nEdw.\u00a0I. Some old walls of this edifice, which was dissolved in 1543,\nstill remain, and the site is still called \"The Friars.\" If the\nconnection between this foundation and the one recorded in the poem be\nconsidered valid, the date of the composition must be referred to\n_rather_ a later period than we wish to admit.\n\n2530. The French supplies what is here omitted, viz. that Havelok sails\nto England by the persuasion of his wife.\n\n[Indeed, ll. 979-1006 of the French text may serve to fill up the\nevident gap in the story; a translation of the passage is added, to shew\nthis more clearly.\n\n  Quant Haueloc est rois pussanz,\n  Le regne tint plus de .iiii. an\n  Merueillos tresor i auna.\n\n      When Havelok is a mighty king,\n      He reigned more than 4 years,\n      Marvellous treasure he amassed.\n\n  Argentille li commanda\n  Qu'il passast en Engleterre\n  Pur son heritage conquerre,\n  Dont son oncle l'out engett\u00e9e,\n  [Et] A grant tort desherit\u00e9e.\n\n      Argentille (Goldborough) bade him\n      Pass into England\n      To conquer her heritage,\n      Whence her uncle had cast her out,\n      And very wrongly disinherited her.\n\n  Li rois li dist qu'il fera\n  Ceo qu'ele li comandera.\n  Sa nauie fet a-turner,\n  Ses genz & ses ostz mander.\n\n      The king told her that he would do\n      That which she should command him.\n      He got ready his fleet,\n      And sent for his men and his hosts.\n\n  En mier se met quant orr\u00e9 a,\n  Et la reyne od lui mena.\n  Quatre vinz & quatre cenz\n  Out Haueloc, pleines de genz.\n\n      He puts to sea when he has prayed,\n      And took the queen with him.\n      Four score and four hundred (ships)\n      Had Havelok, full of men.\n\n  Tant out nag\u00e9 & sigl\u00e9,\n  Q'en Carleflure est ariu\u00e9.\n  Sur le hauene se herbergerent,\n  Par le pais viande quierent.\n\n      So far has he steered and sailed\n      That he has arrived at Carleflure.\n      Hard by the haven they abode,\n      And sought food in the country round.\n\n  Puis enuoia li noble rois,\n  Par le consail de ses Danois,\n  A Alsi qu'il li rendist\n  La terre qe tint Ekenbright,\n  Q'a sa niece fut don\u00e9e,\n  Dont il l'out desherit\u00e9e;\n\n      Then sent the noble king,\n      By the advice of his Danes,\n      To Alsi (Godrich)--that he should restore to him\n      The land that Ekenbright (Athelwold) held,\n      Which was given to his niece,\n      And of which he had deprived her.\n\n  Et, si rendre n'el voleit,\n  Mande qu'il le purchaceroit.\n  Av roi uindrent li messager--\n\n      And, if he would not give it up,\n      He sends word that he will take it.\n      To the king came the messengers.]\n\nThe remainder of the French poem altogether differs in its detail from\nthe English.\n\n2927. _Hire that was ful swete in bedde._] Among Kelly's Scotch\nProverbs, p.\u00a0290, we find: \"_Sweet in the bed_, and sweir up in the\nmorning, was never a good housewife;\" and in a ballad of the last\ncentury quoted by Laing, the editor of that highly curious collection,\nthe _Select pieces of Ancient Popular Poetry of Scotland_, we meet with\nthe same expression:\n\n  A Clown is a Clown both at home and abroad,\n  When a Rake he is comely, and _sweet in his bed_.\n\n[2990. The last word is written _thit_ in the MS., but, as it rimes to\n_rith_, we should suppose _tiht_ to be the word meant. _Thit_ cannot be\nexplained, but _tiht_ (or perhaps _tith_, according to our scribe's\nspelling) is the pp.\u00a0of a verb signifying _to purpose_, which is the\nexact meaning required. Cf.\n\n        \"And y to turne to \u00feee have _ti[gh]t_;\"\n  i.e.  \"I have resolved to turn to thee.\"\n\n_Political, Religious, and Love Poems_; ed. Furnivall, 1866; p.\u00a0177.]\n\n\n\n\nGLOSSARIAL INDEX.\n\n\nABBREVIATIONS.\n\nBarb. Barbour's Bruce. --Chauc. Chaucer. --Doug. Gawin Douglas's Transl.\nof the \u00c6neid. --Ellis, M.\u00a0R. Ellis's Specimens of Metrical Romances.\n--Gl. Glossary. --Jam. Jamieson's Dictionary. --La[gh]am. La[gh]amon's\nTransl. of Wace (ed. Madden). --Lynds. Sir D. Lyndsay's Works. --N.E.\nNorthern English. --Percy, A. R. Percy's Reliques of Ancient English\nPoetry. --P.\u00a0Plowm. Piers Plowman. --R.\u00a0Br. Robert of Brunne. --R.\u00a0Gl.\nRobert of Gloucester, ed. Hearne (2nd ed. 1810). --Rits. A.\u00a0S. Ritson's\nAncient Songs. --Rits. M.\u00a0R. Ritson's Metrical Romances. --Sc. Scotch,\nScotland. --Sir Tr. Sir Tristrem. --Wall. Wallace. --Web. Weber's\nMetrical Romances. --Wilb. Wilbraham's Cheshire Glossary. --Wynt.\nWyntoun's Chronicle. --B. Lat. Barbarous Latin. --Belg. Belgic. --Fr.\nFrench. --Isl. Islandic. --Lat. Latin. --S. Saxon. --Sibb. Sibbald's\nChronicle of Scottish Poetry. --Su. G. Suio-Gothic. --Teut. Teutonic.\n--_q.v._ Quod vide. --The Romances separately cited are sufficiently\nindicated by the Titles. The numbers refer to the line of the Poem.\n\nIt may be useful to add that the names of the Romances edited by Ritson\nare-- vol.\u00a0i. Ywaine and Gawin; Launfal. --vol. ii. Lybeaus Disconus;\nKing Horn; King of Tars; Emare; Sir Orpheo; Chronicle of England. --vol.\niii. Le bone Florence; Erle of Tolous; Squyr of Lowe Degre; Knight of\nCurtesy. Those edited by Weber are-- vol.\u00a0i. Kyng Alisaunder; Sir\nCleges; Lai-le-freine. --vol. ii. Richard C[oe]ur de Lion; Ipomydon;\nAmis and Amiloun. --vol. iii. Seuyn Sages; Octouian; Sir Amadas; Hunting\nof the Hare. Beowulf and the Codex Exoniensis are quoted from Thorpe's\neditions.\n\n\nA, 610, 936. Apparently an error of the scribe for _Al_, but perhaps\nwritten as pronounced. N.E. and Sc. _aw_. V. Jam.\n\nA before a _noun_ is commonly a corruption of the S. _on_, as proved\nclearly by the examples in Tyrwhitt's Gl., Jam., and Gl. Lynds. _Adoun_,\nq.v. is an exception. _A-two_, 1413, 2643. _See_ On.\n\nAboven, _prep._ S. above, 1700.\n\nAbouten, _prep._ S. [_on-b\u00fatan_] about, 521, 670, 1010, &c. _Abuten_,\n2429.\n\nAdoun, _adv._ S. down, 567. _Adune_, 2735. _Doun_, 901, 925, &c. _Dun_,\n888, 927. _Dune_, 1815, 2656. A.S. _of-d\u00fane_.\n\nAdrad, _part. pa._ S. afraid, 278, 1048, 1163, 1682, 2304. _Adradde_,\n1787. _Adred_, 1258. _Odrat_, 1153. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0174; K.\u00a0Horn, 124. _See_\nDred.\n\nAgen, _prep._ S. [_on-gean_] against, 1792. _Ageyn_, 493, 569, 2024, &c.\n_Ageynes_, 2153, 2270, &c. _Ayen_, 489, 1210, 2799. _Yen_, 2271.\n_Ageyn_, toward, 451, 1696, 1947; opposite to, 1809; upon, on, 1828.\n_Ayen_, towards, 1207. _Ageyn him go_, 934, opposite him, so as to bear\nan equal weight. _Ageyn hire_, 1106, at her approach. _Ageyn \u00fee lith_,\n2141, opposed to the light, on which the light shines. V. R.\u00a0Gl.,\nR.\u00a0Br., Chauc. &c.\n\nAgeyn, _adv._ S. again, 2426.\n\nAl, _adv._ S. wholly, entirely, 34, 70, 139, 203, &c.\n\nAl, _adj._ S. all, 203, 264, &c.; every one, 104; every part, 224;\n_plu._ alle, 2, 150, &c.\n\nAlbidene, _adv._ _See_ Bidene.\n\nAls, Also, Also, _conj._ S. [_eal-sw\u00e1_] as, like, so, 306, 319, &c.\n_Als_, 1912, as if. _Al so foles_, like fools, 2100. _Als_ is merely the\nabbreviation of _Al so_; and the modern as is again shortened from\n_als_. In La[gh]amon it is often written _alse_, as in l.\u00a04953.\n\n  And he h\u00e6fde a swithe god wif\n  & he heo leouede _alse_ his lif.\n\nCf. Havelok, l. 1663. _Als_ and _Also_ are used indifferently, and\nuniversally by the old English and Scotch poets.\n\nAl\u00feer-beste, _adj._ S. best of all, 182, 720, 1040, 1197, 2415.\n_Al\u00feer-lest_, _Al\u00feer-leste_, 1978, 2666, least of all. It is the gen.\nc. pl. of _Alle_, joined to an adj. in the superl. degree, and is\nextensively employed. _Alre-leofust_, _Alre-heudest_, _Alre-kenest_,\nLa[gh]amon, _Althe-werste_, K.\u00a0Horn, MS. _Alder-best_, _Alder-most_,\nR.\u00a0Br. _Alther-best_, _Alther-formest_, &c. Web. _Alther-furste_,\n_Alther-next_, _Alther-last_, Rits. M.\u00a0R. _Alder-first_, _Alder-last_,\n_Alder-levest_, Chauc. _Alder-liefest_, Shakesp.\n\nAmideward, _prep._ S. in the midst, 872. _Amiddewart_, K.\u00a0Horn, 556.\n_Amydward_, K.\u00a0Alisaund. 690. _A mydward_, Ly Beaus Desc. 852.\n_Amydwart_, Doug. Virg. 137, 35.\n\nAn. _conj._ S. and, 29, 359, &c. So used by La[gh]amon, and still in\nSomersetsh. V. Jennings. _Ant_, 36, 557, K.\u00a0Horn, 9, &c.\n\nAnd, _conj._ if, 2862.\n\nAndelong, _adv._ S. lengthways, i.e. from the head to the tail, 2822.\n\n  Ovyrtwart and _endelang_\n  With strenges of wyr the stones hang. --_R. C[oe]ur de Lion_, 2649.\n\nChauc. _endelong_, C. T. 1993.\n\nAnilepi, _adj._ S. [_\u00e1nlepig_] one, a single, 2107. _Onlepi_, 1094. In\nthe very curious collection of poems in MS. Digb. 86 (written in the\nLincolnshire dialect, temp. Edw.\u00a0I.) we meet with this somewhat rare\nword:\n\n  A! quod the vox, ich wille the telle,\n  _On alpi_ word ich lie nelle.\n\n    _Of the vox and of the wolf_ (Rel. Ant. ii. 275).\n\nIt occurs also in the Ormulum.\n\nAno\u00feer, _adj._ S. _Al another_, 1395, in a different way, on another\nproject.\n\n  Ah al hit iwruth _on other_\n  Sone ther after.\n\n    _La[gh]amon_, l. 21005.\n\n  Ac Florice thought _al another_.\n\n    _Flor. and Blaunchefl._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 3, p.\u00a0125, ed. 1803.\n    (Cf. Horn, ed. Lumby, p.\u00a052, l.\u00a032.)\n\nAnuye, _v._ Fr. to trouble, weary, 1735; R. Gl., K. Alisaund. 876;\nChauc. Melibeus. _Noye_, Lynds. Gl. q.v.\n\nAre, _adj._ S. former, 27. Cf. are, _adv._, Sir Tr. p.\u00a032; Rits. M.\u00a0R.,\nWeb., R.\u00a0Gl., R.\u00a0Br., Minot. p.\u00a031. _Air_, _Ayr_, Sc. V. Jam. _See_ Er,\nOr.\n\nAren, _1 and 3 p.\u00a0pl._ S. are, 619, 1321, &c. _Arn_, Chauc.\n\nArke, _n._ S. Lat. a chest _or_ coffer, 2018. R. Br., Jam.\n\nArmes, _n. pl._ Lat. arms, armor, 2605, 2613, 2925.\n\nArum for Arm, 1982, 2408.\n\nArwe, S. [_earg_] timid, 2115. Alter the punctuation, and read--\n\n  He calde bo\u00fee arwe me{n} and kene,\n  Knithes and serganz swi\u00fee sleie.\n  \"Arwe or ferefulle. _Timidus._\"\n\n    Prompt. Parv. Cf. Stille, q.v.\n\nAs for Has, 1174.\n\nAsayleden, _pa. t. pl._ Fr. assailed, 1862.\n\nAsken, _n. pl._ S. ashes, 2841. _Aske_, R. Gl. _Askes_, R.\u00a0Br. _Ashen_,\nChauc. _Assis_, Doug.\n\nAstirte, _pa. t._ leaped, 893. _Astert_, King's Quair, ap. Jam. _See_\nStirt.\n\nAt, _prep._ S. of _or_ to, 1387. Yw. and Gaw. (Rits.) 963. Still\nexisting in Scotland.\n\nAt-sitte, _v._ S. contradict, oppose, 2200. It corresponds with the term\n_with-sitten_, 1683. In R.\u00a0Gl. it is used synonymously with _at-stonde_.\n\n  For ther nas so god knygt non no-wer a-boute France,\n  That in joustes scholde _at-sitte_ the dynt of ys lance. --p.\u00a0137.\n\n_See_ Sat.\n\nAucte, Auchte, Auhte, Authe, _n._ S. possessions, 531, 1223, 1410, 2215.\n\n  And alle the _\u00e6hten_ of mine londe.\n\n    _La[gh]amon_, l. 25173.\n\n_Aughtte_, K. Alisaund. 6884. _Aucht_, Doug. Virg. 72, 4; Lynds. Gl.\n\nAucte, Auht, Auhte, _v. imp._ (originally _pa. t._ of Aw, or Owe) S.\n[_\u00e1gan_, _\u00e1hte_] ought, 2173, 2787, 2800. _Aught_, Sir Tr. p.\u00a044.\n_Ohte_, K.\u00a0Horn, 418. _Aght_, Yw. and Gaw. 3229. _Aute_, R.\u00a0Gl. _Aught_,\nChauc. Troil. 3, 1801. _Aucht_, Doug. Virg. 110, 33.\n\nAute, Awcte, (_pa. t._ of the same verb), possessed, 207, 743. _Aught_,\nSir Tr. p.\u00a0182. Ly Beaus Desc. 1027. _Oght_, Le bone Flor. 650. _Auht_,\nR.\u00a0Br. p.\u00a0126; Wynt., Lynds. Gl.\n\nAueden. _See_ Haueden.\n\nAunlaz, _n._ Anelace, 2554. \"A kind of knife or dagger, usually worn at\nthe girdle.\" Tyrw. note on Chauc. l.\u00a0359. So in Matth. Paris, \"Genus\ncultelli, quod vulgariter _Anelacius_ dicitur.\" V. Gl. in voc. and\nTodd's Gl. to Illustr. of Chauc. In _Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran_, ii. 4,\nan _anlas_ signifies a sharp spike fixed in the chanfron of a horse.\nProbably from the Francic _Anelaz_, _Analeze_. V. Jam.\n\nAuter, _n._ Fr. Lat. altar, 389, 1386, 2373. Sir Tr. p.\u00a061, Octovian,\n1312, R.\u00a0Br., Chauc. _Awter_, Barb.\n\nAx, _n._ S. axe, 1776, 1894.\n\nAy, _adv._ S. ever, aye, always, 159, 946, 1201, &c. _Ae_, Sc. V. Jam.\n\nAyen. _See_ Agen.\n\nAy\u00feer, _pron._ S. [_\u00c6g\u00feer_] either, each, 2665. _E\u00feer_, 1882. _Athir_,\nSc. V. Jam. _See_ Other.\n\nAwe, _v._ S. to owe, own, possess, 1292. It may also very possibly be a\ncorruption of _Have_. Cf. ll. 1188, 1298.\n\n\nBac, _n._ S. back, 1844, 1950, &c; _backes_, _pl._ 2611.\n\nBaldelike, _adv._ S. boldly, 53. _Baldeliche_, R. Glouc. _Baldely_,\nR.\u00a0Br., Minot, p.\u00a020.\n\nBale, _n._ S. sorrow, misery, 327.\n\nBar. _See_ Beren.\n\nBaret, _n._ (O.Fr. _barat_, Isl. _baratta_) contest, hostile contention,\n1932.\n\n  Ther nis _baret_, nothir strif,\n  Nis ther no deth, ac euer lif.\n\n    _Land of Cokaygne_, ap. Hickes, Thes. 1, p.\u00a0231.\n\n  In alle this _barette_ the kynge and Sir Symon Tille a lokyng tham\n  sette, of the prince suld it be don.\n\n    _R. Brunne_, p.\u00a0216. Cf. p.\u00a0274.\n\n  That mekill bale and _barete_ till Ynglande sall brynge.\n\n    _Awntyrs of Arthure_, st. 23.\n\nBarfot, _adj._ S. barefoot, 862.\n\nBarnage, _n._ Fr. barons or noblemen collectively, baronage, 2947. Yw.\nand Gaw. 1258. Web. Doug. Virg. 314, 48.\n\nBarre, _n._ Fr. bar of a door, 1794, 1811, 1827. Synonymous with\nDore-tre, q.v. Chauc. C.\u00a0T. 552.\n\nBarw. _See_ Berwen.\n\nBa\u00fee, _adj._ S. both, 1336, 2543. _Bethe_, 694, 1680.\n\nBe. _See_ Ben.\n\nBe-bedde, _v._ S. to provide with a bed, 421.\n\nBede, _n._ S. prayer, 1385.\n\nBede, _v._ S. to order, to bid, 668, 2193, 2396; to offer, 1665, 2084,\n2172. _Beden_, _pa. t. pl._ offered, 2774, 2780. _Bedes_, bids, 2392. Of\ncommon occurrence in both senses. _See_ Bidd.\n\nBedden, _v._ S. to bed, put to bed, 1235. _Bedded_, _Beddeth_, _part.\npa._ put to bed, 1128, 2771.\n\nBedels, _n. pl._ S. beadles, 266. V. Spelm. in v. _Bedellus_, and\nBlount, _Joc. Ten._ p.\u00a0120, ed. 1784.\n\nBeite, Beyte, _v._ to bait, to set dogs on, 1840, 2330, 2440. _Bayte_,\nR.\u00a0Br. From the Isl. Beita, incitare; Su. Goth. _Beita biorn_, to bait\nthe bear. V. Jam. and Thomson's Etymons.\n\nBem. _See_ Sunne-bem.\n\nBen, _v._ S. to be, 19, 905, 1006, &c. _Ben_, _pr. t. pl._ are, 1787,\n2559. _Be_, _Ben_, _part. pa._ been, 1428, 2799. _Bes_, _Beth_, _imp._\nand _fut._ be, shall be, 1261, 1744, 2007, 2246. _Lat be_, 1265, 1657,\nleave, relinquish, a common phrase in the Old Romances. _Lat abee_, Sc.\nV. Jam.\n\nBenes, _n. pl._ S. beans, 769.\n\nBeneysun, _n._ Fr. blessing, benediction. 1723. R. Br., Web., Chauc.\nC.\u00a0T. 9239. Lynds. Gl.\n\nBere, _n._ S. bear, 573, 1838, 1840, 2448.\n\nBere, Beren, _v._ S. to bear, to carry, 581, 762, 805. _Ber_, 2557;\n_Bar_, _pa. t._ bore, 557, 815, 877. _Bere_, 974. _Beres_, _pr. t. pl._\nbear. 2323.\n\nBermen, _n. pl._ S. bar-men, porters to a kitchen, 868, 876, 885. The\nonly author in which this term has been found is La[gh]amon, in the\nfollowing passages:\n\n  Vs selve we habbet cokes,\n    to quecchen to cuchene,\n  Vs sulue we habbet _bermen_,\n    & birles inowe. --l. 3315.\n\n  Weoren in \u00feeos kinges cuchene\n    twa hundred cokes,\n  & ne m\u00e6i na man tellen\n    for alle \u00fea _bermannen_. --l. 8101.\n\nBern, _n._ S. child, 571. _Barn_, _bearne_, R.\u00a0Br. _Bairn_, Sc.\n\nBerwen, _v._ S. [_beorgan_] to defend, preserve, guard, 697, 1426;\n_burwe_, 2870. _Barw_, _pa. t._ 2022, 2679. The original word is found\nin Beowulf:\n\n  Scyld-weall gebearg\n  L\u00edf and l\u00edce.\n  (The shield-wall defended\n  Life and body.) --l. 5134.\n\nSo in K. Horn, MS. Laud. 108.\n\n  At more ich wile the serue,\n  And fro sorwe the _berwe_. --f. 224_b_, c. 2.\n\nBes. _See_ Ben.\n\nBes for Best, 354.\n\nBest, Beste, _n._ Fr. beast, 279, 574, 944, 2691.\n\nBete, _v._ S. [_be\u00e1tan_] to beat, fight, 1899, 2664, 2763. _Beten_, _pa.\nt. pl._ beat, struck, 1876. Chauc. C.\u00a0T. 4206, to which Tyrwh. gives a\nFr. derivation.\n\nBetere, _adv. comp._ S. better, 1758.\n\nBeye, _v._ S. to buy, 53, 1654. _Byen_, 1625.\n\nBeyes, _pr. t._ for Abeyes, S. suffers, or atones for, 2460.\n\n  His deth thou _bist_ to night,\n    Mi fo.\n\n    _Sir Tristr._ p.\u00a0146.\n\n  We shulden alle deye\n  Thy fader deth to _beye_.\n\n    _K. Horn_, 113.\n\n  An of yow schall _bye_ thys blunder.\n\n    _Le bone Flor._ 1330.\n\nSee Jam. in v. Aby. Web. Gl. and Lynds. Gl.; also Nares, v. Bye.\n\nBicomen, _pa. t. pl._ became, 2257; _part. pa._ become, 2264. _Bicomes_,\n_imp. pl._ become (ye), 2303.\n\nBidd, Bidde, _v._ S. offer, 484, 2530; order, bid, 529, 1733. _Ut\nbidde_, 2548, order out. _Biddes_, _pr. t._ bids, orders, 1232. _Bidde_,\nto ask, 910. R. Glouc., Lynds. Gl. _See_ Bede.\n\nBidene, _adv._ forthwith, 730, 2841.\n\n  \"Rohand told anon\n  His aventours _al bidene_.\"\n\n    _Sir Tr._ p.\u00a045.\n\nFrom Du. _bij dien_, by that.\n\nBifalle, _v._ S. to happen, befall, 2981. Bifel, _pa. t._ 824. _Fel_,\n1009; appertained, 2359.\n\nBiforn, _prep._ S. (1) before, 1022, 1034, 1364, &c.; _bifor_, 1357;\n_biforen_, 1695; (2) in front of, 2406; _bifor_, 1812.\n\nBigan, _pa. t._ began, 1357. _Bigunnen_, _pl._ 1011, 1302. _Biginnen_,\n_pr. t. pl._ begin, 1779.\n\nBihalue, _v._ S. to divide into two parts, or companies, 1834. _Halue_\noccurs as a _noun_ in Chauc. Troil. 4, 945.\n\nBihel for Beheld, 1645. _Bihelden_, _pa. t. pl._ beheld, 2148.\n\nBihetet, _pa. t._ S. promised, 677. _Bihight_, Sir Tr. p.\u00a0105. _Behet_,\n_Bihet_, R.\u00a0Gl. _Be-hette_, R.\u00a0Br. _Be-hete_, Web., Rits. M.\u00a0R.\n_Behighte_, Chauc.\n\nBihoten, _part. pa._ promised, 564. _Behighte_, Chauc.\n\nBihoue, _n._ S. behoof, advantage, 1764. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc.\n\nBikenneth, _pa. t._ S. betokens, 1268. _Bikenne_, R.\u00a0Br.\n\nBileue, _imp._ tarry, remain, 1228. Bilefte, _pa. t._ remained, 2963.\nFrom _v._ S. _belifan_, to be left behind.\n\n  Winde thai hadde as thai wolde,\n  A lond _bilaft_ he.\n\n    _Sir Tristr._ p.\u00a029. Cf. pp.\u00a038, 60.\n\n  He schal wi\u00fe me _bileue_,\n  Til hit beo nir eue.\n\n    _K. Horn_, ed. Lumby, 363.\n\n  Horn than, withouten lesing,\n  _Bilaft_ at hom for blode-leteing.\n\n    _Horn Childe_, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p.\u00a0298.\n\n  Sojourn with us evermo,\n  I rede thee, son, that it be so.\n  Another year thou might over-fare,\n  But thou _bileve_, I die with care.\n\n    _Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p.\u00a023.\n\nSee also the Gl. to R. Gl., R. Br. and Web., to which add _Emare_, 496,\nand Gower, Conf. Am. This is sufficient authority for the reading\nadopted in the text, and it may hence be reasonably questioned, whether\n_bilened_ in Lye, and _belenes_ in _Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran_, i. 6,\nquoted by Jamieson in\u00a0v. Belene, be not the fault of the scribe, or of\nthe Editors.\n\nBimene, _v._ S. mean, 1259.\n\nBinden, _v._ S. to bind, 1961. Used passively, 2820, as _Bynde_, 42.\n_Bounden_, _pa. t. pl._ 2442. _Bunden_, 2506. _Bounden_, _part. pa._\n545. _Bunden_, 1428.\n\nBinne, _adv._ S. within, 584. _Byn_, Rits. M. R. _But and ben_, Doug.,\nVirg., 123, 40; without and within. V. Jam., in\u00a0v. Ben.\n\nBirde. _See_ Bir\u00fee.\n\nBir\u00fee (_should rather be_ bir\u00fe), _3 p.\u00a0s. pres._ it behoves, 2101.\n_Hence_ birde, _3 p.\u00a0s. pt. t._ behoved, 2761. A.S. _b\u00fdrian_,\n_geb\u00fdrian_, to fit, suit, be to one's taste. See _Buren_ in Stratmann.\n\nBir\u00feene, _n._ S. burden, 900, 902.\n\nBise, _n._ Fr. a north wind, 724. _Bise traverse_, a north-west or\nnorth-east wind. _Cotgr._\n\n  Apr\u00e8s grant joie vient grant ire,\n  Et apr\u00e8s Noel _vent bise_.\n\n    _Rom. de Renart_, 13648.\n\nThe term is still in common use.\n\nBiseken, _v._ S. to beseech, 2994.\n\nBiswike, _part. pa._ S. cheated, deceived, 1249.\n\n  Hu \u00feu _biswikest_\n  Monine mon.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 3412.\n\n_Byswuke_, K. Horn, 296; Yw. and Gaw. 2335. _Bisuike_, R.\u00a0Br. _Beswyke_,\nR.\u00a0C[oe]ur de\u00a0L. 5918.\n\nBitaken, _v._ S. [_bit[\u00b4\u00e6]can_, _t[\u00b4\u00e6]can_] to commit, deliver, give in\ncharge, 1226. _Bitechen_, 203, 384, 395. _Bi-teche_, _pr. sing._ 384;\n_imp. sing._ 395. La[gh]am. 5316. _Bitake_, Sir Tr. p.\u00a087. _Byteche_,\nK.\u00a0Horn, 577. _Biteche_, Web. _Betake_, _Beteche_, Chauc., Barb., Wall.\n_Bitaucte_, _pa. t._ delivered, 206, 558. _Bitauhte_, 2212, 2317, 2957.\n_Bitawchte_, 1224. _Bitawte_, 1408. _Tauhte_, 2214. _Bit\u00e6ht_,\n_Bitachet_, La[gh]am. _Bitaught_, Sir Tr. p.\u00a085. _Bitoke_, K.\u00a0Horn,\n1103. _Betok_, Ly Beaus Desc. 82. _Betauht_, _bitauht_, _tauht_,\n_biteched_, R.\u00a0Br. Bitake, R.\u00a0Gl. _Betake_, Sir Guy. _Betaught_, Chauc.\n_Betaucht_, Doug., Lynds.\n\nBite, _v._ S. to taste, drink, 1731.\n\n  Horn toc hit hise yfere,\n  Ant seide, Quene, so dere,\n  No beer nullich _bite_,\n  Bote of coppe white.\n\n    _K. Horn_ (Ritson), 1129.\n\nBi\u00fe for By the, 474. Cf. l. 2470.\n\nBituene, Bitwenen, Bitwene, _prep._ S. between, 748, 2668, 2967.\n\nBlac, _adj._ S. black, 555, 1008. _Pl._ _Blake_, 1909, 2181, &c.\n\nBlakne, _v._ S. to blacken in the face, grow angry, 2165.\n\n  And Arthur s\u00e6t ful stille,\n  \u00e6nne stunde he wes _blac_,\n  and on heuwe swithe wak,\n  ane while he wes reod.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 19887.\n\n  Tho Normans were sorie, of contenance gan _blaken_.\n\n    _R. Brunne_, p.\u00a0183.\n\nBlawe. _v._ S. to blow, 587. _Blou_, _imp._ blow, 585.\n\nBlede, _v._ S. to bleed, 2403.\n\nBleike, _pl. adj._ bleak, pale, wan, 470. A.S. _bl\u00e1c_, bleak, Su.-G.\n_blek_.\n\nBlenkes, _n. pl._ blinks, winks of the eye, in derision, 307. R.\u00a0Br.\np.\u00a0270; Sc. V. Jam. Suppl. Derived from S. _blican_, Su.-G. _bl\u00e6nka_,\nBelg. _blencken_, to glance. _See_ Gl. Lynds.\n\nBlinne, _v. n._ S. to cease, 2367, 2374. Sir Tr. p.\u00a026; Rits. M.\u00a0R.\nWeb., R.\u00a0Gl., Chauc.; so in Sc. V. Jam. Gl. Lynds. _Blinne_, _pa. t.\npl._ ceased, 2670. _Blinneth_, _pr. t._ ceases, 329.\n\nBlissed, _part pa._ S. blessed, 2873.\n\nBli\u00fee, _adj._ S. happy, 632, 651.\n\nBlome, _n._ S. bloom, flower, 63.\n\nBloute, _adj._ soft, 1910. Sw. _bl\u00f6t_, soft, pulpy.\n\nBode, _n._ S. command, 2200, 2567. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0121, Web.\n\nBok, _n._ S. book, 1173, 1418, &c. _See_ Messe-bok.\n\nBole, _n._ [Isl. _bolli_, W. _bwla_. Cf. A.S. _bulluca_] bull, 2438.\n_Boles_, _pl._ 2330.\n\nBon, Bone. _See_ O-bone.  [[under \"On\"]]\n\nBondemen, _n. pl._ S. husbandmen, 1016, 1308. R. Gl.\n\nBone, _n._ S. [_b\u00e9n_] boon, request, 1659. Sir Tr. p.\u00a031, and all the\nGloss.\n\nBor, _n._ S. boar, 1867, 1989. _Bores_, _pl._ 2331.\n\nBord, _n._ S. (1) table, 1722. K. Horn, 259; Rits. M. R., Web., Chauc.;\n(2) a board, 2106. _See_ the note on l. 2076.\n\nBoren, _part. pa._ S. born, 1878.\n\nBoru, _n._ S. borough, 773, 847, 1014, 1757, 2086, 2826. _Borwes, pl._\n1293, 1444, 1630. _Burwes_, 55, 2277. Sir Tr. pp.\u00a012, 99. Chalmers is\ncertainly mistaken when he says it does not signify _boroughs_, but\n_castles_. Introd. Gl. p.\u00a0200. In La[gh]amon the word is always clearly\ndistinguished from _castle_, as it is in many other writers. V. Spelm.\nin\u00a0v. _Burgus._\n\nBote, _adv._ S. but, only, 721. _See_ But.\n\nBote, _n._ S. remedy, help, 1200. La[gh]m., Sir Tr. p.\u00a093; Web., Rits.\nM.\u00a0R., Rob. Gl., R.\u00a0Br., Minot, Chauc., Doug., Lynds. Gl.\n\nBo\u00feen, _adj. pl._ S. both, 173, 697, 958; _g. c._ of both, 2223.\n\nBounden, Bunden. _See_ Binden.\n\nBour, Boure, Bowr, _n._ S. [_b\u00far_] chamber, 239, 2072, 2076, &c. In\nBeowulf the apartment of the women is called _Bryd-bur_; l.\u00a01846.\n\n  Ygarne beh to _bure_\n  & l\u00e6tte bed him makien.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 19042.\n\nHonder hire _boures_ wowe, _K. Horn_, 982, MS., where Rits. Ed. reads\n_chambre wowe_. Cf. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0114; Rits. M.\u00a0R., Web., R.\u00a0Br., Doug., V.\nJam. _See_ note on l.\u00a02076.\n\nBouthe, _pa. t._ S. bought, 875, 968. Cf. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0104.\n\nBouth, _part. pa._ bought, 883.\n\nBoyes, _n. pl._ S. boys, men, 1899.\n\nBrayd, _pa. t._ S. (1) started, 1282. Chauc., Gaw. and Gal. iii. 21;\nR.\u00a0Hood, ii. p.\u00a083; (2) drew out, 1825, a word particularly applied to\nthe action of drawing a sword from the scabbard.\n\n  Sone his sweord he ut _abr\u00e6id_.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 26533.\n\nCf. Am. and Amil. 1163; Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p.\u00a0387.\nRauf Coilzear, ap. Laing, and Wall. i. 223.\n\nBrede, _n._ S. bread, 98. _Bred_, 1879.\n\nBreken, _v._ S. to break, 914. _Broken_, _pa. t. pl._ broke, 1238.\n\nBrennen, Brenne, _v._ S. to burn, 916, 1162; Rits. M. R., Rob. Gl.,\nR.\u00a0Br., Chauc. _Brenden_, _pa. t. pl._ burnt, 594, 2125. _Brend_, _part.\npa._ burnt, 2832, 2841, &c. Sir Tr. p.\u00a093.\n\nBrenne. _See_ On brenne.\n\nBrigge, _n._ S. bridge, 875. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0148. Still used in Sc. and N.E.\n\nBrihte. _See_ Brith.\n\nBrim, _adj._ S. furious, raging, 2233; R. Br. p.\u00a0244; Chauc. Rom. Rose,\n1836. _Breme_, Rits. M.\u00a0R. It originally signified the sea itself, and\nwas afterwards used for the raging of the sea, Beowulf, l.\u00a056; Compl. of\nScotland, p.\u00a062. V. Jam.\n\nBringe, Bringen, _v._ S. to bring, 72, 185, &c.\n\nBrini, Brinie, _n._ S. [M[oe]so-Goth. _brunjo_] cuirass, 1775, 2358,\n2551. _Brinies_, _pl._ 2610. Sir Tr. p.\u00a020. _Burne_, La[gh]am. _Brenye_,\nK.\u00a0Horn, 719, MS. _See_ Merrick's Gl. to Ess. on Anc. Armor. The _Brini_\nthen worn was of _mail_, as appears from l.\u00a02740, _Of his brinie ringes\nmo_. Hence in Beowulf it is termed _Breostnet_, l.\u00a03100; _Here-net_,\n3110; _Hringedbyrne_, 2495. So in the French K.\u00a0Horn, MS. Douce, _Mes\nvnc de sun halberc maele ne falsa._ _See_ Rits. Gl. M.\u00a0R.\n\nBrisen, _v._ S. to bruise, beat, 1835. _See_ To-Brised.\n\nBrith, _adj._ S. bright, 589, 605, &c. _Brihte_, 2610. _Bryth_, 1252.\n_Brithter_, _comp._ brighter, 2141.\n\nBrittene, _part. pa._ S. destroyed, 2700; R. Br. p.\u00a0244. _Pistill of\nSussan_, ap. Laing. In Doug., Virg. pp.\u00a076, 5; 296, 1, the verb has the\nsense of _to kill_, which it may also bear here. See _Bruten_ in _Will.\nof Palerne_.\n\nBrod, _adj._ S. broad, 1647.\n\nBroucte, _pa. t. and pp._ brought, 767. _Brouht_, 1979. _Broute_, 2868.\n_Brouth_, 336, 64. _Browt_, 2412. _Browth_, 2052. _Brouct of liue_, 513,\n2412, dead. _Brouthen_, _pl._ brought, 2791.\n\nBrouke, _1 p.\u00a0pres. sing._ S. brook, enjoy, use, 311, 1743, 2545 (cf.\nCh. _Non. Pr. Ta._ 480).\n\n  So _brouke_ thou thi croune!\n\n    _K. Horn_, 1041.\n\nCf. Rits. Gl. M. R., Rich. C. de Lion, 4578; Chauc. C. T. 10182, 15306,\nR.\u00a0Hood, V.\u00a0i. 48, ii. 112; Lynds. Gl. Percy, A. R. In Sc. _Bruike._\nWith these numerous instances before him, it is inconceivable how\nJamieson, except from a mere love of his own system, should write:\n'There is no evidence that the Engl. _brook_ is used in this sense,\nsignifying only to bear, to endure.'\n\nBroys, _n._ S. broth, 924. _Brouwys_, R. C[oe]ur de L. 3077; Sc. V. Jam.\nand Brockett's North country words, v. _Brewis_; also Nares. Sc.\n_brose_.\n\nBrune, _adj. pl._ S. brown, 2181, 2249.\n\nBulder, _adj._ or _n._ 1790. In the north a _Boother_ or _Boulder_, is a\nhard flinty stone, rounded like a bowl. Brockett's Gl. So also in Grose,\n_Boulder_, a large round stone. _Bowlders_, Marsh. Midl. Count. Gl. The\nword has a common origin with Isl. _balla\u00f0r_, Fr. _boulet_, Sc. _boule_,\nin Doug. V. Jam.\n\nBunden. _See_ Binden.\n\nBurgeys, _n._ S. burgess, 1328. _Burgeis_, 2466, _pl._ 2012. _Burgmen_,\n2049. _Burhmen_, _Borhmen_, La[gh]amon., V. Spelm. in\u00a0v. _Burgarii_.\n\nBurwe. _See_ Berwen.\n\nBurwes. _See_ Boru.\n\nBut, Bute, _conj._ S. except, unless, 85, 690, 1149, 1159, 2022, 2031,\n2727. _But on_, 535, 962, except. _Butand_, Sc. _But yf_, 2972, unless.\n[It should be noted that _but on_ should properly be _one_ word, being\nthe A.S. _b\u00faton_ or _b\u00fatan_, except. But it is written as two words in\nthe MS.]\n\nBut, _n._ 1040. Probably the same as _Put_, q.v. The word _Bout_ is\nderived from the same source.\n\nBut, _part. pa._ contended, struggled with each other (_or perhaps_\nstruck, thrust, pushed), 1916. _Buttinge_, _part. pr._ striking against\nwith force, 2322. From the Fr. _Bouter_, Belg. _Botten_, to impel, or\ndrive forward. V. Jam. Suppl. in\u00a0v. _Butte_, and _Butt_ in Wedgwood.\n\nButte, _n._ a flounder or plaice, 759. Du. _bot_. _See_ Halliwell.\n\nByen. _See_ Beye.\n\nBynde. _See_ Binden.\n\nBynderes, _n. pl._ S. binders, robbers who bind, 2050.\n\n\nCaliz, _n._ S. chalice, 187, 2711.\n\n  Lunet than riche relikes toke,\n  The _chalis_ and the mes boke.\n\n    _Yw. and Gaw._ 3907.\n\nCallen, _v._ S. to call, 747, 2899.\n\nCam. _See_ Komen.\n\nCanst, _pr. t._ S. knowest, 846. _Cone_, 622, canst. _Kunne_, _pl._ 435.\nV. Gl. Chauc. in\u00a0v. _Conne_. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. _See_ Couthe.\n\nCarl, _n._ S. churl, slave, villain, 1789. _Cherl_, 682, 684, 2533.\n_Cherles_, _g.\u00a0c._ churl's, 1092. _Cherles_, _pl._ villains, bondsmen,\n262, 620. Sir Tr. p.\u00a039; V. Spelm. in\u00a0v. _Ceorlus_, and Jam. and Gl.\nLynds.\n\nCasten. _See_ Kesten.\n\nCatel, _n._ Fr. chattels, goods, 225, 2023, 2515, 2906, 2939. Web. Gl.,\nR.\u00a0Br., P.\u00a0Plowm., Chauc.\n\n  Nowe hath Beuis the treasure wone,\n  Through Arundell that wyll runne,\n  Wherefore with that and other _catel_,\n  He made the castle of Arundel.\n\n    _Syr Bevys_, O. iii.\n\nCauenard, _n._ Fr. [_cagnard caignard_] a term of reproach, originally\nderived from the Lat. _canis_, 2389. V. Roquef. Menage.\n\n  This crokede _caynard_ sore he is adred.\n\n    Rits. A. S. p.\u00a036.\n\n  Sire _olde kaynard_, is this thin aray?\n\n    Chauc. C. T. 5817.\n\nCayser, Caysere, _n._ Lat. emperor, 977, 1317, 1725. _Kaysere_, 353.\n\nCerges, _n. pl._ Fr. wax tapers, 594. _Serges_, 2125. Chauc. Rom. R.\n6251; V. Le Grand. _Vie priv\u00e9e des F._; V.\u00a03, p.\u00a0175.\n\nChaffare, _n._ S. merchandise, 1657. R. C[oe]ur de L. 2468, R.\u00a0Gl., Sir\nFerumbras, ap. Ellis, M.\u00a0R. V.\u00a02, p.\u00a0412, Chauc., R.\u00a0Hood, i. 87.\n_Chaffery_, Sc. V. Lynds. Gl.\n\nCham for Came, 1873.\n\nChanbioun, _n._ Fr. champion, 1007. Sir Tr. p.\u00a097. _Chaunpiouns_, _pl._\n1015, 1031, 1055; V. Spelm. in\u00a0v. _Campio_. Cf. A.S. _cempa_.\n\nChapmen, _n. pl._ S. merchants, 51, 1639; R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. In Sc.\npedlars. V. Jam., and Gl. Lynds.\n\nCharbucle, _n._ Fr. Lat. a carbuncle, 2145. _Charbocle_, Syr Bevys.\n_Charbokull_, Le bone Flor. 390. _Charboucle_, Chauc. C.\u00a0T. 13800.\n_Charbukill_, Doug. Virg. 3, 10.\n\nCherl. _See_ Carl.\n\nChesen, _v._ S. to choose, select, 2147. Sir Tr. p.\u00a027; K.\u00a0Horn, 666;\nRits. M.\u00a0R., Web., R.\u00a0Br., Chauc., V. Jam. in\u00a0v. _Cheis_.\n\nChinche, _adj._ Fr. niggardly, penurious, 1763, 2941.\n\n  Bothe he was scars, and _chinche_.\n\n    _The Sevyn Sages_, 1244.\n\nSo in Chauc. Rom. Rose, 5998, and Gower, _Conf. Am._ 109 b.\n\nChiste, _n._ S. Lat. chest, 222. _Kiste_, 2018. _Kist_, Yorksh. and Sc.;\nV. Jam. and Lynds. Gl.\n\nCitte, _pa. t._ S. cut, 942. _Kit_, Web. M. R. _Kyt_, Syr Eglam. B.\u00a0iv.\n_Kette_, Syr Bevys, C.\u00a0iii. So Chauc. C.\u00a0T. 6304.\n\nCladdes, _pa. t. 2 p._ S. claddest, 2907.\n\nClapte, _pa. t._ S. struck, 1814, 1821.\n\nClare, _n._ Fr. spiced wine, 1728. _See_ Claret _in_ Prompt. Parv.\n\nClef, _pa. t._ S. cleft, 2643, 2730.\n\nCleue, _n._ S. dwelling, 557, 596. A.S. _cleofa_.\n\nCleuen, _v._ S. to cleave, cut, 917.\n\nClothe, Clothen, _v._ S. to clothe, 1138, 1233. In l. 1233, Garnett\nsuggests that _clo\u00feen_ may be a _nom. pl._ = clothes. If so, _dele_ the\ncomma after it.\n\nClutes, _n. pl._ S. clouts, shreds of cloth, 547. _Clottys_, Huntyng of\nthe hare, 92. Cf. Chauc. C.\u00a0T. 9827, and _Clut_ in Bosworth.\n\nClyueden, _pa. t. pl._ S. cleaved, fastened, 1300.\n\nCok, _n._ Lat. cook, 967. _Kok_, 903, 921, 2898. _Cokes_, _Kokes_,\n_g.\u00a0c._ cook's, 1123, 1146.\n\nComen, Comes, Cometh. _See_ Komen.\n\nCone. _See_ Canst.\n\nConestable, _n._ Fr. constable, 2286. _Conestables_, _pl._ 2366.\n\nConseyl, _n._ Fr. counsel, 2862.\n\nCopes. _See_ Kope.\n\nCorporaus, _n._ Fr. Lat. the fine linen wherein the sacrament is put,\n188; Cotgr. V. Du Cange, and Jam. in\u00a0v. _Corperale_.\n\n    After the relics they send;\n  The _corporas_, and the mass-gear,\n  On the handom [halidom?] they gun swear,\n  With wordes free and hend.\n\n    _Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p.\u00a077.\n\nCorune, _n._ Lat. crown, 1319, 2944.\n\nCoruning, _n._ Lat. coronation, 2948.\n\nCote, _n._ S. cot, cottage, 737, 1141.\n\nCouel, _n._ coat, garment, 768, 858, 1144. _Cuuel_, 2904. _Kouel_, 964.\nThe word is connected with A.S. _cufle_, _cugele_, a cowl.\n\nCouere, _v._ Fr. to recover, 2040.\n\n  And prayde to Marie bryght,\n  _Kevere_ hym of hys care.\n\n    _Ly Beaus Desc._ 1983.\n\n  Hyt wolde _covyr_ me of my care.\n\n    _Erl of Tol._ 381.\n\nCoupe, _v._ buy, buy dearly, get in exchange, 1800. Icel. _kaupa_.\n\nCouth. _See_ Quath.\n\nCou\u00fee, _pa. t._ of Conne, _v. aux._ S. knew, was able, could, 93, 112,\n194, 750, 772. _Kou\u00feen_, _pl._ 369.\n\n  More he _couthe_ of veneri,\n  Than _couthe_ Manerious.\n\n    _Sir Tristr._ p.\u00a024.\n\n_See_ Canst.\n\nCrake, Crakede. _See_ Kraken.\n\nCrauede, _pa. t._ S. craved, asked, 633.\n\nCrice, _n._ explained to mean _rima podicis_ in Coleridge's Glossarial\nIndex, 2450. Cf. A.S. _crecca_. Icel. _kryki_, a corner. In Barb. x.\n602, _crykes_ is used for _angles_, corners. _See_ Krike.\n\nCrist, _n._ Lat. Gr. Christ, 16, &c. _Cristes_, _g.\u00a0c._ 153. _Kristes_,\n2797.\n\nCroiz, _n._ Fr. Lat. cross, 1263, 1268, 1358, &c. _Croice_, Sir Tr.\np.\u00a0115.\n\nCroud, _part. pa._ crowded, oppressed (?) 2338. K. Alisaund, 609. Cf.\nA.S. _crydan_, p.\u00a0p.\u00a0_gecr\u00f3den_.\n\nCroun, Croune, _n._ Fr. crown, head, 568, 902, 2657. _Crune_, 1814,\n2734.\n\n  Fykenildes _crowne_\n  He fel ther doune.\n\n    _K. Horn_, 1509.\n\nCf. K. of Tars, 631; Le bone Flor. 92, and Erle of Tol. 72.\n\nCruhsse. _See_ To-cruhsse.\n\nCrus, brisk, nimble, 1966. It is the Sw. _krus_, excitable, Sc.\n_crouse_. See _Crouse_ in Atkinson's Cleveland Glossary.\n\nCunnriche, _n._ S. kingdom, 2318. _Kinneriche_, 976. _Kuneriche_, 2400.\n_Kunerike_, 2804. _Kunrik_, 2143. In the last instance it means _a mark\nof royalty, or monarchy_. Web. _Kyngriche_, _Kynryche._\n\nCurt, _n._ Fr. court, 1685.\n\nCurteys, Curteyse, _adj._ Fr. courteous, 2875, 2916.\n\nCuuel. _See_ Couel.\n\n\nDam, _n._ 2468, here used in a reproachful sense, but apparently from\nthe same root as the Fr. _Dam_, _Damp_, _Dan_, and _Don_, i.e. from\n_Dominus_.\n\nDame, _n._ Fr. Lat. mistress, lady, 558, 1717. V. Gl. Chauc.\n\nDanshe, _n. pl._ Danish men, 2689, 2945, &c. _See_ Denshe.\n\nDatheit, _interj._ 296, 300, 926, 1125, 1887, 1914, 2047, 2447, 2511.\n_Datheyt_, 1799, 1995, 2604, 2757. An interjection or imprecation,\nderived from the Fr. _Deshait_, _dehait_, _dehet_, explained by Barbazan\nand Roquefort, _affliction_, _malheur_; [from the O.F. _hait_,\npleasure]. It may be considered equivalent to Cursed! Ill betide! In\nthe old Fabliaux it is used often in this sense:\n\n  Fils \u00e0 putain, fet-il, lechiere,\n  Vo jouglerie m'est trop chiere,\n  _Dehait_ qui vous i aporta,\n  Par mon chief il le comparra.\n\n    _De S. Pierre et du Jougleor_, 381.\n\nThe term was very early engrafted on the Saxon phraseology. Thus in the\n_Disputation of Ane Hule and a Ni[gh]tingale_, l.\u00a099.\n\n  _Dahet_ habbe that ilke best,\n  That fuleth his owe nest!\n\nIt occurs also frequently in the Old English Romances. _See_ Sir Tristr.\npp.\u00a0111, 191; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V.\u00a03, p.\u00a0290; Amis and Amil. 1569;\nSevyn Sages, 2395; R.\u00a0Brunne, where it is printed by Hearne _Dayet_. To\nthis word, in all probability, we are indebted for the modern\nimprecation of _Dase you!_ _Dise you!_ _Dash you!_ still preserved in\nmany counties, and in Scotland. V. Jam. Suppl. v. _Dash you._\n\nDawes, _n. pl._ S. days, 27, 2344, 2950. _Dayes_, 2353.\n\nDed, Dede, _n._ S. death, 149, 167, 332, 1687, 2719, &c.\n\nDed, _part. pa._ S. dead, 2007.\n\nDede, _n._ S. deed, action, 1356.\n\nDede, Deden, Dedes. _See_ Do.\n\nDeide. _See_ Deye.\n\nDel, _n._ S. deal, part, 218, 818, 1070, &c. Web., R. Gl., R.\u00a0Br.,\nChauc. _Deil_, Sc. V. Jam.\n\nDeled, _part. pa._ S. distributed, 1736. _See_ To-deyle.\n\nDemen, _v._ S. to judge, pass judgment, 2467. _Deme_, _Demen_, _pr. t.\npl._ judge, 2476, 2812. _Demden_, _pa. t. pl._ judged, 2820, 2833.\n_Demd_, _part. pa._ judged, 2488, 2765, 2838.\n\nDenshe, _adj._ Danish, 1403, 2575, 2693. _See_ Danshe.\n\nDeplike, _adj._ S. deeply, 1417. Synonymous with _Grundlike_, q.v.\n\nDere, _n._ S. dearth, scarcity, 824, 841. R. GL. p.\u00a0416.\n\nDere, _adv._ S. dearly, 1637, 1638.\n\nDere, _v._ S. to harm, injure, 490, 574, 806, 2310. _Dereth_, _pr. t._\ninjures, 648. K.\u00a0Horn, 148; R.\u00a0Br. p.\u00a0107; K. of Tars, 192; Chauc.\n_Deir_, Sc. Doug. Virg. 413, 52; Lynds. Gl.\n\nDere, _adj._ S. dear, 1637, 2170, &c.\n\nDeuel, _n._ S. devil, 446, 496, 1188. _Deueles_, _g.\u00a0c._ devil's, 1409.\n\nDeus. This is undoubtedly the vocative case of the Lat. _Deus_, used as\nan interjection, 1312, 1650, 1930, 2096, 2114. \"Its use was the same in\nFrench as in English. Thus in King Horn:\n\n  Euuers Deu en sun quer a fait grant clamur,\n  Ohi, _Deus!_ fait il, ki es uerrai creatur,\n  Par ki deuise, &c.\n\n    _Harl._ MS. 527, f. 66 b. c. 2.\n\nIt was probably introduced into the English language by the Normans, and\nits pronunciation remained the same as in the French.\n\n  And gradde 'as armes,' for _Douce_ Mahons! --_K. Alisaunder_, 3674.\n\nIt is curious to remark, that we have here the evident and simple\netymology of the modern exclamation _Deuce!_ for the derivation of which\neven the best and latest Lexicographers have sent us to the _Dusii_ of\nSt Augustine, the _Dues_ of the Gothic nations, _Diis_ of the Persians,\n_Teus_ of the Armoricans, &c. Thomson very justly adds, that all these\nwords, 'seem, like d\u00e6mon, to have been once used in a good sense,' and\nin fact are probably all corruptions of the same root. Cf. R.\u00a0Brunne,\np.\u00a0254, and Gl. in\u00a0v. _Deus_. For the first suggestion of this\nderivation the Editor is indebted to Mr Will. Nicol.\" --M.\n\nDeye, _v._ S. to die, 840. _Deide_, _pa. t. pl._ died, 402.\n\nDide, Diden, Dides. _See_ Do.\n\nDike, _n._ S. ditch, 2435. _Dikes_, _pl._ 1923. N.E. and Sc., V. Jam.\nand Brockett.\n\nDine, _n._ S. din, noise, 1860, 1868.\n\nDinge, _v._ S. to strike, scourge, beat, 215, 2329. _Dong_, _pa. t._\nstruck, 1147. _Dungen_, _part. pa._ beaten, or scourged, 227. Sc. and\nN.E. _See_ Jam. Gl., Lynds., and Ray.\n\nDint, _n._ S. blow, stroke, 1807, 1817, 1969, &c. _Dent_, Sir Tr. p.\u00a092;\nChauc. _Dynt_, R.\u00a0Br. _Dintes_, _pl._ 1437, 1862, 2665. _Duntes_,\nK.\u00a0Horn, 865. _Dentys_, Rits. M.\u00a0R. _Dyntes_, R.\u00a0Gl. _Dintes_, Minot,\np.\u00a023; V. Gl. Lynds.\n\nDo, Don, _v._ S. The various uses of this verb in English and Scotch, in\nan auxiliary, active, and passive sense, have been pointed out by\nTyrwhitt, Essay on Vers. of Chauc. Note (37), Chalmers, Gl. Lynds. and\nJamieson. It signifies: to do, _facere_, 117, 528, 1191; to cause,\n_efficere_, 611; _do casten_, 519; _do hem fle_, 2600, to put or place\n(used with _in_ or _on_), 535, 577, &c. _Dones on_ = don es on = do them\non, put them on (_see_ Es), 970. _Dos_, _pr. t. 2 p._ dost, 2390. _Dos_,\n_pr. t. 3 p._ does, 1994, 2434, 2698. _Doth_, _Don_, _pr. t. pl._ do,\n1838, 1840. _Doth_, _imp._ do, cause (ye), 2037. _Dos_, _imp. pl._ do\nye, 2592. _Dede_, _Dide_, _pa. t._ caused, 658, 970, &c. _Dede_, _Dide_,\n_pa. t._ put, placed, 659, 709, 859. _Dedes_, _Dides_, _pa. t. 2 p._\ndidest, 2393, 2903. _Deden_, _Diden_, _pa. t. pl._ caused, 242; did,\nperformed, 953, 1176, 2306. _Don_, _part. pa._ caused, 1169. _Don_,\n_part. pa._ done, 667. _Of liue haue do_, 1805, have slain.\n\nDom, _n._ S. doom, judgment, 2473, 2487, 2813, &c. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0127.\n\nDore, _n._ S. door, 1788.\n\nDore-tre, _n._ S. bar of the door, 1806. _See_ Tre.\n\nDouhter, _n._ S. daughter, 120, 2712. _Douthe_, 1079. _Douther_, 2867,\n2914. _Douhtres_, _pl._ 350, 2982. _Douthres_, 2979. _Doutres_, 717.\n\nDoun. _See_ Adoun.\n\nDoutede, _pa. t._ Fr. feared, 708.\n\nDouthe, _n._ Fr. fear, 1331, 1377.\n\nDouthe, _pa. t._ of Dow, _v. imp._ S. [_dugan_, valere, prodesse] was\nworth, was sufficient, availed, 703, 833, 1184. It is formed in the same\nmanner as _Mouthe_, Might. _See_ Sir Tr. p.\u00a077; Jam. and Gl. Lynds.\nin\u00a0v. Dow.\n\nDrad. _See_ Dred.\n\nDrawe, Drawen. _See_ Drou.\n\nDred, _imp._ dread, fear (thou), 2168. _Dredden_, _Dredde_, _pa. t. pl._\ndreaded, feared, 2289, 2568. _Drad_, _part. pa._ afraid, 1669. _See_\nAdrad.\n\nDrede, _n._ S. dread, 1169; doubt, anxiety, care, 828, 1664. Chauc.\n\nDremede, _pa. t._ S. (used with _me_), dreamed, 1284, 1304.\n\nDreinchen, Drenchen, Drinchen, _v._ S. to drown, 553, 561, 583, 1416,\n1424, &c. _Drenched_, _part. pa._ drowned, 520, 669, 1368, 1379. V. Gl.\nWeb., R.\u00a0Gl., Chauc.\n\nDreng, _n._ _See_ note on l. 31.\n\nDrepen, _v._ S. to kill, slay, 1783, 1865, &c. _Drepe_, would slay, 506.\n_Drop_, _pa. t._ killed, slew, 2229. Bosworth gives _drepan_, to slay.\nCf. Sw. _dr\u00e4pa_.\n\nDreping, _n._ slaughter, 2684. Cf. A.S. _drepe_.\n\nDrinchen. _See_ Dreinchen.\n\nDrinken, _v._ S. to drink, 459, 800.\n\nDrinkes, _n. pl._ S. drinks, liquors, 1738.\n\nDrit, _n._ [Icel. _dr\u00edtr_, Du. _dreet_] dirt, 682. A term expressing the\nhighest contempt. K.\u00a0Alisaund. 4718; Wickliffe. So, in an ancient\nmetrical invective against Grooms and Pages, written about 1310,\n\n  Thah he [gh]eue hem cattes _dryt_ to huere companage,\n  [Gh]et hym shulde arewen of the arrerage.\n\n    MS. Harl. 2253, f. 125.\n\nCf. Jam. Suppl. in v. _Dryte_, and Gl. Lynds.\n\nDriuende. _See_ Drof.\n\nDrou, _pa. t._ S. drew, 705, 719, &c. _Vt-drow_, _pa. t._ out-drew,\n2632. _With-drow_, withdrew, 498; (_spelt_ wit-drow), 502. _Drawe_,\n_Drawen_, _part. pa._ drawn, 1925, 2225, 2477, 2603, &c. _Ut-drawe_,\n_Ut-drawen_, out-drawn, 1802, 2631. _See_ To-Drawe.\n\nDrof, _pa. t._ S. drove, 725; hastened, 1793, 1872. _Driuende_, _part.\npr._ driving, riding quickly, 2702.\n\nDrurye, _n._ Fr. courtship, gallantry, 195. Web., Rits. M.\u00a0R.,\nP.\u00a0Plowm., Chauc., Lynds.\n\nDubbe, _v._ Fr. S. to dub, create a knight, 2042. _Dubbede_, _pa. t._\ndubbed, 2314. _Dubban to ridere_, Chron. Sax. An. 1085, [11086]. _To\ncnihte hine dubben_, La[gh]am. l.\u00a022497. \"Hickes, Hearne, Gl. R.\u00a0Gl.,\nand Tyrwhitt, Gl. Chauc., all refer the word to the Saxon root, which\nprimarily signified _to strike_, the same as the Isl. _at dubba_. Todd\non the contrary, Gl. Illustr. Chauc., thinks this questionable, and\nrefers to Barbazan's Gl. in\u00a0v. _Adouber_, which is there derived from\nthe Lat. _adaptare_. Du Cange and Dr Merrick give it also a Latin\norigin, from _Adoptare_, and by corruption _Adobare_.\" --M. The\netymology is discussed in Wedgwood, s.v. _Dub._ _See_ Note on l.\u00a02314.\n\nDuelle, _v._ S. to dwell, give attention, 4.\n\n  A tale told Ysoude fre,\n    Thai _duelle_:\n  Tristrem that herd he.\n\n    _Sir Tristr._ p.\u00a0181.\n\nCf. Sir Otuel, l. 3, and Sevyn Sages, 1. _Dwellen_, to dwell, remain,\n1185; to delay, 1351. _Dwellen_, _pr. t. pl._ dwell, tarry, 1058.\n_Dwelleden_, _pa. t. pl._ dwelt, tarried, 1189.\n\nDwelling, _n._ delay, 1352\n\nDun. _See_ Adoun.\n\nDungen. _See_ Dinge.\n\nDunten, _pa. t. pl._ S. struck, beat, 2448.\n\nDursten, _pa. t. pl._ S. durst, 1866.\n\n\nEie, _n._ S. eye, 2545. _Heie_, 1152. _Eyne_, _pl._ eyes, 680, 1273,\n1364; _eyen_, 1340; _eyn_, 2171.\n\nEir, _n._ Fr. Lat. heir, 410, 2539. _Eyr_, 110, 289, &c. Jam. gives it a\nNorthern etymology, in\u00a0v. Ayr.\n\nEk, _conj._ S. [_eac_] eke, also, 1025, 1038, 1066, &c. _Ok_ [Su.-G.\n_och_, Du. _ook_] 187, 200, 879, 1081, &c. V. Jam. in\u00a0v. Ac.\n\nEld, _adj._ S. old, 546. _Helde_, 2472. _Heldeste_, sup. 1396.\n\nElde, _n._ S. age, 2713. _Helde_, 128, 174, 387, 1435.\n\n  _\u00c6lde_ h\u00e6fde heo na mare\n  Buten fihtene [gh]ere.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 25913.\n\nR. Br. In Sc. _Eild_. It was subsequently restricted to the sense of\n_old age_, as in Chauc.\n\nElles, _adv._ S. else, 1192, 2590.\n\nEm, S. uncle, 1326. Sir Tr. p.\u00a053. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, an uncle\nby the father's side. It appears however to have been used indifferently\neither on the father's or mother's side. _See_ Hearne's Gl. on R.\u00a0Gl.\nand R.\u00a0Br., Web., Erle of Tol. 988; Chauc. Troil. 2, 162, and Nares.\nProv. Eng. _Eam_.\n\nEr, _adv._ S. before, 684. _Her_, 541. _Are_, Sir Tr. p.\u00a0152. _Er_,\nK.\u00a0Horn, 130. _See_ Are, Or.\n\nEr, _conj._ S. before, 317, 1261, 2680. _Her_, 229.\n\nErl, _n._ S. earl, 189, &c. _Erles_, _g. c._ 2898, earl's. _Herles_,\n883. _Erldom_, earldom, 2909.\n\nErn, _n._ S. eagle, 572. Rits. M. R. Octovian, 196; R. Gl. p.\u00a0177; Will.\nof Palerne.\n\nEr\u00fee, _n._ S. earth, 740; ground, 2657.\n\nEr\u00fee, _v._ S. to dwell, 739. A.S. _eardian._\n\nEs, a plural pronoun signifying _them_, as in _don es on_ = put them on,\n970. See _Gen. and Exod._ ed. Morris, pref. p.\u00a0xix.\n\nEt, a singular pronoun, equivalent to _it_, used in _hauenet_ = _hauen\net_, 2005; _hauedet_ = _haued et_, 714.\n\nEte, Eten, _v._ S. to eat, 791, 800, 911, &c. _Hete_, _Heten_, 146, 317,\n457, 641. _Et_, _imp._ eat (thou), 925. _Et_, _Het_, _pa. t._ ate, 653,\n656. _Etes_, _fut. 2 p._ thou shalt eat, 907. _Eteth_, _fut. 3 p._ shall\neat, 672. _Eten_, _part. pa._ eaten, 657.\n\nE\u00feen, _adv._ S. hence, 690. _He\u00feen_, 683, 845, 1085, 2727.\n\nE\u00feer. _See_ Ay\u00feer.\n\nEuere, Eure, _adv._ S. ever. 207, 424, 704, &c. _Heuere_, 17, 327, 830.\n\nEuereich, _adj._ S. every, 137. _Euere il_, 218, 1334, 1644. _Euere\nilc_, 1330. _Eueri_, 1070, 1176, 1383. _Eueril_, 1764, 2318, &c.\n_Euerilk_, 2258, 2432. _Euerilkon_, every one, 1062, 1996, 2197. _See_\nIl.\n\nEuere-mar, _adv._ S. evermore, 1971.\n\nEyen, Eyn, Eyne. _See_ Eie.\n\nEyr. _See_ Eir.\n\n\nFader, _n._ S. Lat. father, 1224, 1403, 1416. Sir Tr. p.\u00a035; K.\u00a0Horn,\n114. The cognate words may be found in Jam.\n\nFaderles, _adj._ fatherless, 75.\n\nFadmede, _pa. t._ S. fathomed, embraced, 1295. From _f\u00e6thmian_, Utraque\nmanu extensa complecti, Cod. Exon., ed. Thorpe, p.\u00a0334. It has the same\nmeaning in Sc. V. Jam.\n\nFalle, _v._ S. to fall, 39, &c. _Falles_, _imp. pl._ fall ye, 2302.\n_Fel_, _pa. t._ fell, appertained. 1815, 2359. _Fellen_, _pa. t. pl._\nfell, 1303.\n\nFals, _adj._ S. false, 2511.\n\nFalwes, _n. pl._ S. fallows, fields, 2509. Chauc. C. T. 6238, where\nTyrwh. explains it _harrowed lands_.\n\nFare, _n._ S. journey, 1337, 2621. R. Gl. p.\u00a0211; R. Br., Minot, p.\u00a02\n(left unexplained by Rits.); Barb. iv. 627. _Schip-fare_, a voyage, Sir\nTr. p.\u00a053.\n\nFaren, _v._ S. to go, 264. _Fare_, 1378, 1392, &c. _Fare_, _pr. t. 2 p._\nfarest, behavest, 2705. _Fares_, _pr. t. 3 p._ goes, flies, 2690.\n_Ferde_, _pa. t._ went, 447, 1678, &c.; behaved, 2411. _For_ (went),\n2382, 2943. _Foren_, _pa. t. pl._ went, 2380, 2618.\n\nFaste, _adv._ S. attentively, earnestly, 2148.\n\n  Tristrem as a man\n  _Fast_ he gan to fight.\n\n    _Sir Tristr._ p.\u00a0167.\n\n  Bidde we [gh]eorne Ih[-u] Crist, and seint Albon wel _faste_,\n  That we moten to the Ioye come, that euere schal i-laste.\n\n    _Vita S. Albani_, MS. Laud. 108. f. 47 b.\n\nFastinde, _part. pr._ S. fasting, 865.\n\nFauth. _See_ Fyht.\n\nFawen, _adj._ S. fain, glad, 2160. _Fawe_, K. of Tars, 1058; Octovian,\n307; R.\u00a0Gl. p.\u00a0150; Chauc. C.\u00a0T. 5802.\n\nFe, _n._ S. fee, possessions, or money, 386, 563, 1225, &c. _See_ Jam.\nand Lynds. Gl.\n\nFeble, _adj._ Fr. feeble, poor, scanty, 323.\n\nFeblelike, _adv._ feebly, scantily, 418. _Febli_, Sir Tr. p.\u00a0179, for\n_meanly_.\n\nFeden, _v._ S. to feed, 906. _Feddes_, _pa. t. 2 p._ feddest, 2907.\n\nFel. _See_ Bifalle, Falle.\n\nFelawes, _n. pl._ S. fellows, companions, 1338.\n\nFeld, _n._ S. field, 2634, 2685, 1291.\n\nFelde, Felede. _pa. t._ S. felled, 67, 1859, 2694. _Felden_ (? read _he\nne fellen_, they did not fall), 2698. _Feld_, _part. pa._ felled, 1824.\nSir F. Madden writes-- \"in l.\u00a02698, I prefer reading _ne felden_, did\nnot fell, governed by _that_. In l.\u00a067, Garnett suggested _felede_,\npursued, from Swed. _f\u00f6ljade_.\"\n\nFele, _adj._ S. many, often, 778, 1277, 1737, &c. Sir Tr. p.\u00a019.\n\nFele, _adv._ S. very, 2442.\n\nFend, _n._ S. fiend, 506, 1411, 2229.\n\nFer, _adv._ S. far. 359, 1863, 2275, &c. _Ferne_, far, 1864; _pl. adj._\nforeign, 2031.\n\n  \u00dea kingges buh stronge,\n  And of _ferrene_ lond.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 5528.\n\nCf. Chauc. Prol. l. 14.\n\nFerd, _n._ S. army, 2384, 2548, &c. _Ferde_, 2535. La[gh]am., R.\u00a0Gl.,\nR.\u00a0Br., Web. _Ferdes, pl._ 2683.\n\nFerde. _See_ Fare.\n\nFere, _n._ S. companion, wife, 1214. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0157. K. Horn, Web.,\nR.\u00a0Gl., R.\u00a0Br., Minot, Chauc. _Feir_, Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.\n\nFerlike, _n._ S. wonder, 1258. _Ferlik_, 1849. Sir Tr. p.\u00a021. Originally\nin all probability an _adj._\n\nFer\u00fee, _adj._ S. fourth, 1810.\n\nFeste, _n._ Fr. feast, 2344, &c.\n\nFeste, _v._ Fr. to feast, 2938.\n\nFesten, _v._ S. to fasten, 1785; (used passively) 82. _Fest_, _pa. t._\nfastened, 144.\n\nFet. _See_ Fot.\n\nFete, _v._ S. to fetch, bring, 642, 912, 937, &c. Used passively, 316,\n2037. _Fetes_, _pr. t. s._ fetch, 2341. V. Pegge's Anecd. of Engl. Lang.\np.\u00a0135.\n\nFetere, _v._ S. to fetter, chain, 2758. Used passively.\n\nFeteres, _n. pl._ S. fetters, 82, 2759.\n\nFey, _n._ Fr. faith, 255, 1666. _Feyth_, 2853.\n\nFiht, _n._ S. fight, 2668, 2716.\n\nFikel, _adj._ S. fickle, inconstant, 1210, 2799.\n\nFile, _n._ vile, worthless person, 2499.\n\n  Men seth ofte a muche _file_,\n  They he serue boten a wile,\n  Bicomen swithe riche.\n\n    _Hending the hende_, MS. Digb. 86.\n\nSo in R. Br. p.\u00a0237.\n\n  David at that while was with Edward the kyng,\n  [Gh]it auanced he that _file_ vntille a faire thing.\n\nIt is used for _coward_ by Minot, pp.\u00a031, 36. Cf. Du. _vuil_, foul,\nmalicious.\n\nFinden, _v._ S. to find, 1083. _Finde_, 220. _Fynde_, 42. _Funden_, _pa.\nt. pl._ found, 602. _Funde_, _part. pa._ found, 2376. _Funden_, 1427.\n\nFir, _n._ S. fire, 585, 1162, &c. _Fyr_, 915.\n\nFirrene, _adj._ S. made of fir, 2078. _Firron_, Doug. Virg. 47. 34.\n\nFlaunes, _n. pl._ Fr. custards, or pancakes, 644. _See_ Way's note in\nPrompt. Parv.\n\nFledden, _pa. t. pl._ S. fled, 2416.\n\nFlemen, _v._ S. to drive away, banish, 1160. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc.,\nRits. A.\u00a0S. So in Sc. V. Jam.\n\nFlete, _pres. subj._ S. float, swim, 522. Sir Tr. p.\u00a027; K.\u00a0Horn, 159;\nChauc. _Fleit_, Sc. V. Jam.\n\nFleye, _v._ S. to fly, 1791, 1813, 1827, 2751. _Fley_, _pa. t._ flew,\n1305.\n\nFlo, _v._ S. to flay, 612, 2495. K. Horn, 92. _Flow_, _pa. t._ flayed,\n2502. _Flowe_, _pa. t. pl._ 2433.\n\nFlok, _n._ S. flock, troop, 24. _See_ Trome.\n\nFlote, _n._ S. boat, 738. A.S. _fl\u00f3ta_, a ship; Icel. _floti_, (1)\u00a0a\nship, (2)\u00a0a fleet; cf. La[gh]am. 4530.\n\nFlour, _n._ Fr. flower, 2917.\n\nFnaste, _v._ S. to breathe, 548. Cf. A.S. _Fn\u00e6stia\u00f0_, the wind-pipe,\n_Fn\u00e6stan_, puffs of wind. _Fnast_ = breath in _Owl and Nightingale_,\nl.\u00a044.\n\nFo, _n._ S. foe, 1363, 2849; _pl._ foos, 67.\n\nFol, _n._ Fr. fool, 298. _Foles_, pl. 2100.\n\nFolc, Folk, _n._ S. men collectively, people, 89, 438, &c.\n\nFolwes, _imp._ S. follow ye, 1885, 2601.\n\nFonge, _v._ S. to take, receive, 763; _2 p.\u00a0pres. subj._ 856. In common\nuse from La[gh]am. to Chauc. and much later.\n\nFor, _prep._ S. _For to_ is prefixed to the inf. of verbs in the same\nmanner as the Fr. _pour_, or Sp. _por_. It is so used in all the old\nwriters, and in the vulgar translation of the Scriptures, and is still\npreserved in the North of England. Cf. 17, &c. _For_ = on account of,\n1670. Sir Tr. p.\u00a062.\n\nFor, Foren. _See_ Faren.\n\nForbere, _v._ S. spare, abstain from, 352. Chauc. Rom. R. 4751.\n_Forbar_, _pa. t._ spared, abstained from, 764, 2623.\n\nForfaren, _v._ S. to perish, 1380. R. Br. _Forfard_ (_p. p._) Ly Beaus\nDesc. 1484. The inf. is also used in Web., P.\u00a0Plowm., Chauc. In Sc.\n_Forfair_. V. Compl. of Scotl. p.\u00a0100, and Gl. Lynds.\n\nForgat, _pa. t._ S. forgot, 2636, &c. _Foryat_, 249.\n\nFor-henge, _v._ to kill by hanging, 2724. Cf. Du. _verhangen zich_, to\nhang one's self.\n\nForlorn, _part. pa._ S. utterly lost, 770, 1424. _Forloren_, 580.\nR.\u00a0Br., Rits. M.\u00a0R., Chauc. Used actively, Sir Tr. p.\u00a035.\n\nFor\u00fei, _adv._ S. on this account, therefore, because, 1194, 1431, 2043,\n2500, 2578. Sir Tr. p.\u00a014, and in all the Gloss.\n\nForthwar, _adv._ S. forthward; i.e. as we go on, 731.\n\nForw, _n._ S. furrow, 1094.\n\nForward, _n._ S. promise, word, covenant, 486. _Forwarde_, 554.\nLa[gh]am. l.\u00a04790. Sir Tr. p.\u00a013. Rits. M.\u00a0R., Web., R.\u00a0Gl., R.\u00a0Br.,\nMinot, Chauc.\n\nFostred, _part. pa._ S. nourished, 1434, 2239.\n\nFot, _n._ S. _Euerilk fot_, 2432, every foot, or man. _Fet_, _pl._ 616,\n1022, 1303, 2479. _Fote_, 1054, 1199.\n\nFouhten. _See_ Fyht.\n\nFourtenith, _n._ S. fortnight, 2284.\n\nFremde, _adj._ (used as a _n._) S. stranger, 2277.\n\n  Vor hine willeth sone uorgiete\n  Tho _fremde_ and tho sibbe.\n\n    MS. Digb. 4.\n\n  Ther ne myhte libbe\n  The _fremede_ ne the sibbe.\n\n    _K. Horn_, 67.\n\nSee also R. Gl. p.\u00a0346; Chron. of Eng. 92; P.\u00a0Plowm., Chau., Jam. and\nGl. Lynds.\n\nFreme, _v._ S. to perform, 441.\n\nFri, _adj._ S. free, liberal, 1072. Chauc.\n\nFrie, _v._ to blame, 1998. Icel. _fryja_, to blame. Cf. _freles_,\nblameless. _Allit. Poems_, ed. Morris, A. 431.\n\nFro, _prep._ S. from, 265, &c.\n\nFrusshe. _See_ To-frusshe.\n\nFul, _adv._ S. very, much, completely, 6, 82, &c. _Ful wo_, 2589, much\nsorrow.\n\nFul, Fule, _adj._ S. foul, 506, 555, 626, 965, &c. _Foule_, 1158.\n\nFulike, _adv._ S. foully, shamefully, 2749.\n\nFulde, _part. pa._ S. filled, complete, 355.\n\nFunde, Funden. _See_ Finde.\n\nFyht, _v._ S. to fight, 2361. _Fauth_, _pa. t._ fought, 1990. _Fouhten_,\n_pa. t. pl._ fought, 2661.\n\nFyn, _n._ Fr. Lat. ending, 22. R. Br., Minot, Chauc., &c.\n\n\nGa, _v._ S. to go. _See_ Ouer-ga.\n\nGad, _n._ S. goad, 279. _Gaddes_, _pl._ 1016. In Gl. \u00c6lfr. among the\ninstruments of husbandry occur _Gad_, stimulus, and _Gadiron_, aculeus.\nSo in _The Fermeror and his Docter_, printed by Laing:\n\n  Quhen Symkin standis quhisling with ane quhip and ane _gaid_,\n  Priking and [gh]arkand ane auld ox hide.\n\n    V. Jam. in v. _Gade_, 4. and Nares.\n\nGadred, _part. pa._ S. gathered, 2577.\n\nGadeling, _n._ S. an idle vagabond, low man, 1121.\n\n  \u00dea wes \u00e6uer alc cheorl\n  Al swa bald alse an eorl,\n  & alle \u00fea _gadelinges_\n  Alse heo weoren sunen kinges.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 12333.\n\nCf. K. Alisaund. 1733, 4063. _Gadlyng_, Rob. of Cicyle, MS. Harl. 1701.\nR.\u00a0Gl. p.\u00a0277, 310. Chauc. Rom. Rose, 938. The word originally meant\n_Vir generosus_. _See_ Beowulf, l.\u00a05227.\n\nGaf. _See_ Yeue.\n\nGalwe-tre, _n._ S. the gallows, 43, 335, 695. Le Bone Fl. 1726. Erle of\nTol. 657. _Galues_, _Galwes_, _Galewes_, 687, 1161, 2477, 2508. R.\u00a0Br.,\nChauc. Cf. Ihre Gl. Suiog. in\u00a0v. _galge_, ab Isl. _gayl_, ramus arboris.\n\nGamen, _n._ S. game, sport, 980, 1716, 2135, 2250, 2577; joy, 2935,\n2963. _Gamyn_, Barb. iii. 465. V. Jam.\n\nGan, _pa. t._ S. began, 2443. V. Jam.\n\nGangen, _v._ S. to go, walk, 370, 845, &c. _Gange_, 796. _Gongen_, 855.\n_Gonge_, 1185, 1739, &c. _Gonge_, _pr. t. 2 p._ goest, 690, 843.\n_Gangande_, _part. pr._ on foot, walking, 2283. Wynt. V. Jam.\n\nGarte, _pa. t._ S. made, 189, 1857, &c. _Gart_, 1001, 1082. _Gert_, Sir\nTr. p.\u00a0147. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.\n\nGat, Gaten. _See_ Geten.\n\nGate, _n._ S. (1) way, road, 846, 889. Sir Tr. p.\u00a027; (2) manner,\nfashion (_see_ \u00feus-gate), 783, 2419, 2586.\n\nGenge, _n._ S. family, company, 786, 1735; retinue, 2353, 2362, 2383.\n\n  \u00fee king of \u00fean londe\n  Mid muchelere _genge_.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 6156.\n\nHence _Gang_. V. Todd's Johns.\n\nGent, _adj._ Fr. neat, pretty, 2139. Sir Tr. p.\u00a087, R. Br., Chauc.\n\nGere. _See_ Messe-gere.\n\nGest, _n._ Fr. tale, adventure, 2984. _See_ Note in Warton's Hist. E.\nP., V.\u00a0I. p.\u00a069. Ed. 1840.\n\nGete, _v._ to guard, watch, keep, 2762, 2960. Icel. _g\u00e6ta_, to guard.\nCf. _Ormulum_, 2079. [Suggested by Garnett.]\n\nGeten, _v._ S. to get, take, 792. _Gete_, 1393. _Gat_, _pa. t._ begot,\ngot, 495, 730. _Gaten_, _Geten_, _pa. t. pl._ begot, 2893, 2934, 2978.\n_Getes_, _f. t. 2 p._ shalt get, 908.\n\nGhod _for_ Good, 255.\n\nGisarm, _n._ Fr. a bill, 2553. _See_ Gl. Rits. M. R., Spelm. in\u00a0v., Jam.\nDict., and Merrick's Gl. in\u00a0v. _Gesa_, _Gesum_. [\"Distinguished from\nother weapons of the axe kind by a spike rising from the back. There\nwere two kinds, viz. the _glaive-gisarme_, with a sabre-blade and spike;\nand the _bill-gisarme_, in shape of a hedging-bill with a spike.\"\nGodwin's Arch\u00e6ol. Handbook, p.\u00a0254.]\n\nGiue. _See_ Yeue.\n\nGiue, _n._ S. gift, 2880. _Gyue_, 357. _Yeft_, 2336.\n\nGiueled, piled up, 814. [The O.Fr. _gavel\u00e9_ means piled up, heaped\ntogether. To _gavel_ corn (_see_ Halliwell) is to put it into heaps,\nand a _gavel_ is a heap of corn. But this may very well be derived from\n_gable_, since a heap takes the shape of a peaked end of a house; and\nthe O.Fr. term is probably originally Teutonic, and connected, as\n_gable_ is, with M[oe]so-Goth. _gibla_, a pinnacle, with which compare\nGerman _giebel_, Du. _gevel_, and hence our word would be taken from a\nverb _givelen_, to pile up. The fish in Havelok's basket would be what\nthe Dutch call _gevelvormig_, or formed like a gable, or like\nthe peaked end of a _stack_ of hay or corn, whence the author's\nexpression--_giueled als a stac_, piled up in the shape of a stack.\nOther explanations are _flayed_, from Du. _villen_, to flay; or _filed_,\nranged in rows upon a stick, where _stick_ is represented by _stac_. But\nthe latter supposition would require the reading _on_ rather than _als_;\nnot to mention the fact that if fish are carried _in a pannier_ they\nwould not resemble fish carried _on a stick_. Nor is it quite\nsatisfactory to say that _giueled_ is put for _gefilled_, filled; for\nthis is not elucidated by the expression _als a stac_, any more than the\nexplanation _flayed_ is. _Gable_ is Icel. _gafl_, Sw. _gafvel_, Dan.\n_gavl_, Du. _gevel_, Ger. _giebel_, _gipfel_, &c. Its forked shape seems\nto give rise to Ger. _gabel_, Sw. _gaffel_, a fork; respecting which set\nof words see _Gaff_ in Wedgwood.]\n\nGladlike, _adv._ S. gladly, 805, 906, 1760.\n\nGlede, _n._ S. a burning coal, 91, 869. Rits. M. R., Web., R.\u00a0Br.,\nChauc. _See_ Note on l.\u00a091.\n\nGleiue, Gleyue, Fr. a spear, lance, 1770, 1844, 1981. _Gleiues_,\n_Gleyues_, _pl._ 267, 1748, 1864. Dr Merrick explains it, \"A weapon\ncomposed of a long cutting blade at the end of a staff.\" See R.\u00a0Gl.\np.\u00a0203; Guy of Warw. R.\u00a0iii.; Chauc. Court of Love, 544; Percy, A. R.\n\nGlem, _n._ S. gleam, ray, 2122. _See_ Stem.\n\nGleu, _n._ S. game, skill, 2332. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, the joyous\nscience of the minstrels. Cf. Sir Tr. p.\u00a024, 35, 150.\n\nGleymen, _n. pl._ S. gleemen, 2329. _Glewemen_, Sir Tr. p.\u00a0110.\n\n  Whar bin thi _glewmen_ that schuld thi _glewe_,\n  With harp and fithel, and tabour bete.\n\n    _Disp. betw. the bodi & saul_, ap. Leyd. Compl. of Scotl.\n\nGlotuns, _n. pl._ Fr. gluttons, wicked men, 2104.\n\n  Va, _Glutun_, envers tei nostre lei se defent.\n\n    _K. Horn_, 1633, MS. Douce.\n\nCf. K. Horn, 1124, ap. Rits., Yw. and Gaw. 3247; R. C[oe]ur de L. 5953,\nand Chauc.\n\nGnede, _adj._ S. niggardly, frugal, 97. Nearly equivalent to _chinche_,\nl.\u00a01763. Printed _guede_ in Sir Tr. p.\u00a0169. [Cf. _Gnede_ in Halliwell,\nand A.S. _gneadl\u00edcnes_, frugality.]\n\nGod, _n._ S. gain, wealth, goods, 797, 2034; _pl._ gode, 1221. R.\u00a0Gl.,\nR.\u00a0Br., Chauc.\n\nGod, Gode, _adj._ S. good, excellent, 7, &c.\n\nGoddot, Goddoth, _interj._ god wot! 606, 642, 796, 909, 1656, 2543; cf.\n2527. It is formed probably in the same manner as _Goddil_, for God's\nwill, in Yorksh. and Lanc. V. Craven dialect, and View of Lanc. dialect,\n1770, 8vo. The word before us appears to have been limited to\nLincolnshire or Lancashire, and does not appear in the Glossaries. Other\ninstances are in the _Cursor Mundi_, MS. Cott. Vesp. F.\u00a0iii. fol. 87_b_,\nand in MS. Cott. Galba E.\u00a0ix. fol. 61. It also occurs in a translation\nof a French Fabliau, written in the reign of Edw.\u00a0I.\n\n  _Goddot!_ so I wille,\n  And loke that thou hire tille,\n  And strek out hire thes.\n\n    _La fablel & la cointise de dame Siriz_, MS. Digb. 86.\n\nGrundtvig told me (adds Sir F. Madden) that it is \"undoubtedly the same\ninterjection spelled _Ioduth_ in the old Danish rime-chronicle.\"\n\nGome, _n._ S. man, 7.\n\nGon, _v._ S. to go, walk, 113, 1045. _Goth_, _imp._ go ye, 1780. _Gon_,\n_part. pa._ gone, 2692.\n\nGonge, Gongen. _See_ Gange.\n\nGore, 2497. _See_ Grim.\n\nGos, _n._ S. goose, 1240. _Gees_, _pl._ 702.\n\nGouen. _See_ Yeue.\n\nGoulen, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ S. howl, cry, 454. _Gouleden_, _pa. t. pl._\nhowled, cried, 164.\n\n  An _yollen_ mote thu so heye,\n  That ut berste bo thin ey.\n\n    _Hule and Nihtingale_, l. 970.\n\nUsed also by Wickliffe. In Scotland and the North it is still preserved,\nbut in the South _Yell_ is used as an equivalent. _See_ Jam. and Gl.\nLynds.\n\nGram, _n._ S. grief, 2469.\n\nGraten, _v._ S. [_gr[\u00b4\u00e6]tan_] to weep, cry, cry out, 329. _Grede_, 96.\n_Grete_, _pres. pl._ 454, 2703. _Gret_, _pa. t._ cried out, wept, 615,\n1129, 2159. _Gredde_, 2417. _Greten_, _pa. t. pl._ wept, 164, 415, 2796.\n_Grotinde_, _part. pr._ weeping, 1390. _Graten_, _part. pa._ wept, 241.\n_Igroten_, 285. _See_ Jam. and Gl. Lynds.\n\nGraue, _v._ S. to bury, 613. _Grauen_, _part. pa._ buried, 2528. Web.,\nSir Guy, Ii. iv., Chauc.\n\nGreme, _v._ S. to irritate, grieve, 442. In R. Br. _Gram_ is used as a\nverb, in the same sense.\n\nGrene, _n._ desire, lust, 996. It is simply the M[oe]so-Goth. _gairuni_,\nlust; Icel. _girni_, desire. V. Jam. in\u00a0v. Grene. Halliwell suggests\n_sport_, _play_, to which it is _opposed_.\n\nGres, _n._ S. grass, 2698.\n\nGret, _adj._ S. great, heavy, loud, 807, 1860. _Greth_, 1025; _pl._\ngrete, 1437, 1862. _Grettere_, _comp._ greater, 1893.\n\nGrete. _See_ Graten.\n\nGre\u00feede, 2003. Explained as _greeted_, _accosted_, by Sir F. Madden; but\nthe use of \u00fe (not th) renders this doubtful. May it not signify\n_treated_, _handled_ (lit. _arrayed_), from the _vb._ grey\u00fee?\n\nGrethet. _See_ Grey\u00fee.\n\nGreting, _n._ S. weeping, 166.\n\nGrette, _pa. t._ S. accosted, greeted, 452, 1811, 2625. _Gret_, _part.\npa._ accosted, greeted, 2290.\n\nGreu, _pa. t._ S. grew, prospered, 2333; _pl._ grewe, 2975.\n\nGreue, _v._ S. to grieve, 2953.\n\nGrey\u00fee, _v._ S. [ger[\u00b4\u00e6]dian] to prepare, 1762. _Grey\u00feede_, _pa. t._\nprepared, 706. _Grey\u00feed_, _part. pa._ prepared, made ready, 714.\n_Grethet_, 2615. La[gh]am. l.\u00a04414. Sir Tr. p.\u00a033. Sc. _Graith_. V. Jam.\nand Gl. Lynds.\n\nGreyue, _n._ S. [_ger\u00e9fa_] greave, magistrate, 1771. _Greyues_, _g.\u00a0c._\ngreave's, 1749. _Greyues_, _pl._ 266. V. Spelm. in\u00a0v. _Grafio_, and\nHickes, Diss. Epist. p.\u00a021, n. p.\u00a0151.\n\nGrim, _adj._ S. cruel, savage, fierce, 155, 680, 2398, 2655, 2761.\nR.\u00a0Br., Rits. M.\u00a0R. _See_ Beowulf, l.\u00a0204.\n\nGrim, _n._ [smut, dirt, 2497. The explanation is that Godard, on being\nflayed, did not bear his sentence as one of rank and blood would have\ndone, but began to roar out as if he were mere _dirt_ or _mud_, i.e. one\nof the dregs of the common herd. This curious expression is ascertained\nto have the meaning here assigned to it by observing (1) that _grim_ and\n_gore_ must be substantives, and (2)\u00a0that they must be of like\nsignification; but chiefly by comparing the line with others similar to\nit. Now the context, in the couplet following, repeats that \"men might\nhear him roar, that _foul vile_ wretch, a mile off;\" and in l.\u00a0682,\nGodard calls Grim \"_a foul dirt_, a thrall, and a churl.\" The author\nclearly uses _dirt_ and _churl_ as synonyms. The word _grim_ is the\nDanish _grim_, soot, lampblack, smut, dirt, answering to the English\n_grime_; see _grime_ in Atkinson's Glossary of the Cleveland dialect.\n_Gore_ is the A.S. _g\u00f3r_, wet mud, or clotted blood, in the latter of\nwhich senses it is still used. See \"_Gore. Limus_\" in Prompt. Parv., and\nWay's note.]\n\nGrip, _n._ griffin, 572. Web. _Graip_, Sc., V. Jam. The plural _gripes_\nis in La[gh]am. l.\u00a028062, and K.\u00a0Alisaund. 4880. Swed. _grip_.\n\nGrip, _n._ S. [_gr\u00e6p_] ditch, trench, 2102. _Gripes_, _pl._ 1924. V.\nJam. in\u00a0v. _Grape_; and Skinner, v. _Groop_. Cf. Swed. _grop_.\n\nGripen, _pr. t. pl._ S. gripe, grasp, 1790. _Gripeth_, _imp._ gripe ye,\n1882. _Grop_, _pa. t._ grasped, 1776, 1871, 1890, &c.\n\nGrith, _n._ S. peace, 61, 511. _Grith-sergeans_, 267, legal officers to\npreserve the peace. These must not be confounded with the _Justitiarii\nPacis_ established in the beginning of Edw. III. reign, and called\n_Gardiani Pacis_. V. Spelm. in\u00a0v. Cf. Icel. _gri\u00f0_.\n\nGrom, _n._ male child, youth, 790; young man, 2472. Belgic _grom_ has\nthe same sense of _boy_. Cf. Icel. _gromr_, homuncio. So in _Sir\nDegore_, A.\u00a0iv.\n\n  He lyft up the shete anone\n  And loked upon the lytle _grome._\n\nIt generally elsewhere signifies _lad_, _page_.\n\nGronge, _n._ Fr. grange, 764. [Halliwell says that, in _Lincolnshire_, a\nlone farm-house is still called a _grange_. In old English it is\nsometimes spelt _graunge_, which comes near the form here used. Cf. Fr.\n_grange_; Ital. _grangia_ (Florio), a country-farm.]\n\nGrop. _See_ Gripen.\n\nGrotes, _n. pl._ S. [_gr\u00f3t_] small pieces, grit, dust, 472, 1414.\n\nGrotinde. _See_ Graten.\n\nGrund, _adj. used as adv._ 1027. _See_ Grundlike.\n\nGrunde, _n._ S. _dat. c._ ground, 1979, 2675.\n\nGrunden, _part. pa._ S. ground, 2503. Yw. and Gaw. 676. _Grounden_,\nChauc.\n\nGrundlike, _adv._ heartily, 651, 2659; deeply, 2013, 2268, 2307, where\nit is equivalent to _Deplike_, q.v. The word is undoubtedly Saxon, but\nin the Lexicons we only find _Grundlinga_, funditus, from \u00c6lf. Gl. It is\nused by La[gh]amon, l.\u00a09783.\n\n  Cnihtes heom gereden\n  _Grundliche_ feire.\n\nGyue. _See_ Giue.\n\n\nHal, all, 2370. [_Hal_, more probably, is shortened from _half_, like\n_twel_ from _twelue_.]\n\nHalde, _v._ S. to hold, take part, 2308. _Holden_, to keep or observe,\n29, 1171. _Haldes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ holds, 1382. _Hel_, _pa. t._ held,\n109. _Helden_, _pa. t. pl._ held, 1201. _Halden_, _part. pa._ held,\nholden, 2806.\n\nHals, _n._ S. neck, 521, 670, 2510. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0109.\n\nHalue, _n._ S. side, part; _bi bothe halue_, 2682. _See_ Bi-halue.\n\nHaluendel, _n._ S. the half part, 460. R. Gl. p.\u00a05; R. Br.; K.\u00a0Alisaund.\n7116; Emare, 444; Chron. of Engl. 515; R.\u00a0Hood, i. 68.\n\nHandlen, _v._ S. to handle, 347. _Handel_, 586.\n\nHangen, _v._ S. to hang, 335, 695. _Hengen_, 43, &c. _Honge_, 2807.\n_Henged_, _part. pa._ hung, 1922, 2480. Cf. For-henge.\n\nHarum _for_ Harm, 1983, 2408.\n\nHasard, _n._ Fr. game at dice, 2326. _See_ Note on l.\u00a02320.\n\nHatede, _pa. t._ S. hated, 1188.\n\nHauen, _v._ S. to have, 78, &c. _Hawe_, 1188. _Haue_, 1298. _Haues_,\n_Hauest_, _pr. t. 2 p._ hast, 688, 848. _Haues_, _Haueth_, _pr. t. 3 p._\nhaveth, hath, has, 1266, 1285, 1952, 1980, &c. _Hauet_, hath, 564.\n_Hauen_, _pr. t. pl._ have, 1227. _Hauenet_, have it, 2005. _Hauede_,\n_pa. t._ had, 649, 775, &c. _Hauedet_, 714, had it. _Haueden_, _pa. t.\npl._ had, 238, &c. _Aueden_, 163. _Haue_, _Hauede_, _Haueden_, _subj._\nwould have, 1428, 1643, 1687, 2020, 2675.\n\nHaui _for_ Haue I, 2002.\n\nHe, _pron._ S. Is often understood, as in ll. 869, 1428, 1777, and hence\nmight perhaps have been designedly omitted in ll. 135, 860, 1089, 2311,\nthough the metre seems to require _he_ in 135 and 1089. _He_, _pl._\nthey, 54, &c.\n\nHeie, _n._ _See_ Eie.\n\nHeie, _adj._ S. tall, 987. _Hey_, 1071, 1083; high, 1289. _Heye se_,\n719. _Heye curt_, 1685. _Heye and lowe_, 2431, 2471, &c.\n\nHel, Helden. _See_ Halde.\n\nHelde, Heldeste. _See_ Eld.\n\nHelen, _v._ S. [_h[\u00b4\u00e6]lan_] to heal, 1836. _Hele_, 2058. _Holed_, _part.\npa._ healed, 2039.\n\nHelm, _n._ S. helmet, 379, 624, 1653, &c. _Helmes_, _pl._ 2612.\n\nHelpen, _v._ S. to help, 1712. _Helpes_, _imp. pl._ help ye, 2595.\n_Holpen_, _part. pa._ helped, 901.\n\nHem, _pron._ S. them, 367, &c.\n\nHend. _See_ Hond.\n\nHende _for_ Ende, 247.\n\nHende, _n._ S. a duck, 1241. A.S. _ened_; Lat. _anas_ (_anat-is_); Du.\n_eend_; Icel. _\u00f6nd_. \"Ende mete, for dookelyngys, _Lenticula_;\" and\nagain, \"Ende, dooke byrde, _Anas_.\" Prompt. Parv.\n\nHende, _adj._ courteous, gentle, 1104, 1421, 1704, 2793, 2877, 2914;\nskilful, 2628. It certainly is the same word with _hendi_, _hendy_.\n_See_ Tyrwh. on C.\u00a0T. 3199; Gl. R. Glouc.; Amis and Amil. 1393; Ly Beaus\nDesc. 333; Morte Arthur, ap. Ellis, M.\u00a0R. V.\u00a0I. p.\u00a0359, &c.; Dan. and\nSw. _h\u00e4ndig_, dexterous.\n\nHende, _adv._ S. near, handy, 359, 2275. Web.\n\nHendeleik, _n._ courtesy, 2793. Cf. _Allit. Poems_, ed. Morris, B.\u00a0860.\n\nHenged, Hengen. _See_ Hangen.\n\nHenne, _adv._ S. hence, 843, 1780, 1799. In the same manner is formed\n_Whenne_, K.\u00a0Horn, 169, which Ritson thought a mistake for _whence_.\n\nHenne, _n_, S. hen, 1240. _Hennes_, _pl._ 702.\n\nHer. _See_ Er.\n\nHer, _adv._ S. here, 689, 1058, &c. _Her offe_, 2585, hereof.\n\nHer, _n._ S. hair, 1924. _Hor_, 235.\n\nHerboru, _n._ S. habitation, harbour, lodging, 742. _Herberowe_, Web.;\n_Herbegerie_, R.\u00a0Br.; _Harbroughe_, Sq. of Lowe Degre, 179; _Herberwe_,\nChauc.; _Herbry_, Wynt.; _Herberye_, Lynds. Gl. q.v. and Jam.\n\nHerborwed, _pa. t._ S. lodged, 742. La[gh]am., Chauc., V. Jam. in\u00a0v.\n_Herbery_.\n\nHere, _pron._ S. their, 52, 465, &c.\n\nHere, _n._ S. army, 346, 379, 2153, 2942. R. Br., K. Alisaund, 2101.\n\nHere, Heren, _v._ S. to hear, 4, 732, 1640, 2279, &c. _Y-here_, 11.\n_Herd_, _Herde_, _pa. t._ heard, 286, 465, &c. _Herden_, _pa. t. pl._\n150.\n\nHerinne, _adv._ S. herein, 458.\n\nHerkne, _imp. s._ S. hearken, 1285. _Herknet_, _imp. pl._ hearken ye, 1.\n\nHerles. _See_ Erl.\n\nHernes, _n._ Fr. armour, harness, 1917. R. Br., &c.\n\nHernes, _n. pl._ S. brains, 1808.\n\nHern-panne, _n._ S. skull, 1991. Yw. and Gaw. 660; R. C[oe]ur de\u00a0L.,\n5293. _Hardynpan_, Compl. of Scotl. p.\u00a0241; V. Gl.\n\nHert, _n._ S. hart, deer, 1872.\n\nHerte, _n._ S. heart, 479, 2054, &c. _Herte blod_, 1819. La[gh]am.\nl.\u00a015846; Sir Tr. p.\u00a098; Chauc.\n\nHertelike, _adv._ S. heartily, 1347, 2748.\n\nHet, _part._ S. hight, named, 2348. _Hoten_, _part. pa._ called, named,\n106, 284.\n\nHet, Hete, Heten. _See_ Ete.\n\nHetelike, _adv._ S. hotly, furiously, 2655.\n\n  And Guy hent his sword in hand,\n  And _hetelich_ smot to Colbrand.\n\n    _Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p.\u00a082.\n\nIn Sir Tr. p.\u00a0172, _Hethelich_ is explained _Haughtily_ by the Editor,\nand by Jam. _reproachfully_. Cf. _Hetterly_ in Gloss. to _Will. of\nPalerne_.\n\nHethede, _pa. t._ commanded, 551. A.S. _hetan_. The _th_ is here\npronounced like _t_, as elsewhere.\n\nHe\u00feen. _See_ E\u00feen.\n\nHeu, _n._ S. hue, colour, complexion, 2918. Very common. We may hence\nexplain the \"inexplicable phrase\" complained of by Mr Ellis, Spec. E. E.\nP.\u00a0V.\u00a0I. p.\u00a0109. \"On _heu_ her hair is fair enough\" --occasioned by\nRitson having inadvertently copied it _hen_, from the MS.; _see_ Anc.\nSongs, p.\u00a025.\n\nHeued, _n._ S. head, 624, 1653, 1701, 1759, &c. _Heuedes_, _pl._ 1907.\n\nHeuere. _See_ Euere.\n\nHeui, _adj._ S. heavy, 808; laborious, 2456.\n\nHew, _pa. t._ S. cut, 2729. Sir Tr. p.\u00a020.\n\nHext, _adj. sup._ S. highest, tallest, 1080. _Haxt_, La[gh]amon; _Hext_,\nK.\u00a0Alisaund. 7961; R.\u00a0Gl.; Chauc.\n\nHey, Heye. _See_ Heie.\n\nHeye, _adv._ S. on high, 43, 335, 695, &c.\n\nHeylike, _adv._ S. highly, honourably, 2319. _Heyelike_, 1329.\n\nHeyman, _n._ S. nobleman, 1260. Sir Tr. p.\u00a082. _Heymen_, _Heyemen_,\n_pl._ 231, 958.\n\nHi, Hic. _See_ Ich.\n\nHider, _adv._ S. hither, 868, 885, 1431.\n\nHides, _n. pl._ S. hides, skins, 918.\n\nHijs, _pron._ S. his, 47, 468. _Hise_, 34, &c. _Hyse_, 355. [The final\n_e_ is most used with _plural_ nouns.]\n\nHile, _v._ S. [_h\u00e9lan_] to cover, hide, 2082. _Hele_, Sir Tr. p.\u00a019,\nWeb., Rits. M.\u00a0R., Chauc. _Hilles_, Yw. and Gaw. 741. V. Jam. in\u00a0v.\n_Heild._ --Somersetsh.\n\nHim, _pron._ S. them, 257, 1169.\n\nHine, _n. pl._ S. hinds, bondsmen, 620. Web. _Hinen_, R.\u00a0Gl., V. Jam.\nin\u00a0v.\n\nHinne. _See_ \u00deer-inne.\n\nHire, _pron._ S. her, 127, &c. _Hire semes_, it beseems her, 2916.\n\nHis _for_ Is, 279, 1973, 2692.\n\nHise. _See_ Hijs.\n\nHof _for_ Of, 1976.\n\nHof, _pa. t._ S. heaved, 2750.\n\nHok, _n._ S. hook, 1102.\n\nHol, _adj._ whole, well, 2075.\n\nHoli, _adj._ S. holy, 1361. [_Printed_ hoh _in the former edition_.]\n\nHold, _adj._ S. firm, faithful, 2781, 2816.\n\n  Ant suore othes _holde_,\n  That huere non ne sholde\n  Horn never bytreye.\n\n    _K. Horn_, 1259.\n\nCf. R. Glouc. p.\u00a0377, 383, 443; K. Alisaund. 2912; Chron. of Engl. 730.\n\nHold, Holde, _adj._ S. old, 30, 192, 417, 956, &c.; former, 2460.\n\nHolden. _See_ Halde.\n\nHole, _n._ S. socket of the eye, 1813.\n\nHoled. _See_ Helen.\n\nHolpen. _See_ Helpen.\n\nHond, _n._ S. hand, 2446. _Hon_, 1342. _Dat. c._ hend, 505, 2069; _pl._\nhondes, 215, 636. _Hond-dede_, _n._ S. handiwork, 92.\n\nHonge. _See_ Hangen.\n\nHor. _See_ Her, _n._\n\nHore, _n._ mercy, 153. _See_ Ore.\n\nHorn, _n._ S. 779. [This probably refers to the _shape_ of the simnel.\nHalliwell says, a Simnel is \"generally made in a _three-cornered_ form.\"\nCracknels are still made with pointed and turned up ends, not unlike\n_horns_.]\n\nHors, _n._ S. horse, 2283. _Horse-knaue_, groom, 1019. So in a curious\nsatirical poem, temp. Edw. II.\n\n  Of rybaudz y ryme,\n  Ant rede o my rolle,\n  Of gedelynges, gromes,\n  Of Colyn, & of Colle;\n  Harlotes, _hors knaues_,\n  Bi pate & by polle.\n\n    MS. Harl. 2253, f. 124 b.\n\nUsed also by Gower, Conf. Am. _See_ Todd's Illustr. p.\u00a0279.\n\nHosen, _n. pl._ S. hose, stockings, 860, 969. In Sir Tr. p.\u00a094, trowsers\nseem to be indicated.\n\nHoslen, _v._ S. to administer or receive the sacrament, 212. _Hoslon_,\n362. _Hosled_, _part. pa._ 364. _Hoseled_, 2598. Le Bone Flor. 776.\nChauc.\n\nHoten. _See_ Het.\n\nHoues, _pr. t._ S. behoves, 582. [_Read_ bi-houes?]\n\nHul, _n._ S. hollow, i.e. vale, 2687. A.S. _hole_. Cf. l.\u00a02439.\n\nHund, _n._ S. hound, 1994, 2435. _Hundes_, _pl._ 2331.\n\nHungred _for_ Hunger, 2454.\n\nHungreth, _pr. t._ hunger, 455. _Hungrede_, _pa. t._ hungered, 654.\n\nHure, _pron._ S. our, 338, 842, 1231, &c.\n\nHus _for_ Us, 1217, 1409.\n\nHus, _n._ S. house, 740. _Huse_, 2913. _Hws_, 1141. _Milne-hous_,\nmill-house, 1967.\n\nHyl, _n._ S. heap, 892. _Hil_, hill, 1287.\n\nHw, W, _adv._ S. how, 120, 288, 827, 960, 1646, &c. _Hwou_, 2411, 2946,\n2987, &c.\n\nHwan, _adv._ S. when, 408, 474, &c. _See_ Quan.\n\nHware, _adv._ S. where, 1881, 2240, 2579. _Hwar-of_, whereof, 2976.\n_Hwere_, 549, 1083.\n\nHwat, _pron._ S. what, 596, 635, 1137, 2547. _Wat_, 117, 541, &c. _Wat\nis yw_, 453. _Hwat_ or _Wat is \u00fee_, 1951, 2704.\n\nHwat. _See_ Quath.\n\nHwel, _n._ S. whale, or grampus, 755. _Hw\u00e6l_, balena, vel cete, vel\ncetus. \u00c6lf. Gl. _See_ Qual.\n\nHwe\u00feer, _adv._ S. whether, 294, 2098.\n\nHwi, _adv._ S. why, 454. _See_ Qui.\n\nHwil, _adv._ S. whilst, 301, 363, 538, 2437.\n\nHwile, _n._ S. time, 722, 1830.\n\nHwil-gat, _adv._ S. how, lit. which way, 838. _Howgates_, Skinner.\n\nHwit, _adj._ S. white, 1729.\n\nHwo, _pron._ S. who, 296, 300, 368, 2604, &c. _See_ Wo.\n\nHwor, _adv._ S. whether, 1119. _Hwore-so_, wheresoever, 1349.\n\nHwou. _See_ Hw.\n\nHws. _See_ Hus.\n\nHyse. _See_ Hijs.\n\n\nIch, _pron._ S. I, 167, &c. _Ihc_, 1377. _Hic_, 305. _Hi_, 487. _I_,\n686. _Y_, 15, &c.\n\nId _for_ It, 2424.\n\nI-gret, 163. _See_ Grette.\n\nI-groten. _See_ Graten.\n\nIl, _adj._ S. each, every, 818, 1740, 2112, 2483, 2514. _Ilc_, 1056,\n1921. _Ilke_, 821, 1861, 2959, 2996; (= same), 1088, 1215, 2674, &c.\n_Ilker_, each (of them), 2352. _Ilkan_, each one, 1770, 2357. _Ilkon_,\n1842, 2108. _See_ Eueri.\n\nIlle, _adv._ S. _Likede hire swithe ille_, 1165, it displeased her much.\nSir Tr. p.\u00a078. A common phrase. _Ille maked_, ill treated, 1952.\n\nI-maked. _See_ Maken.\n\nInne, _adv._ S. in, 762, 807. _See_ \u00deerinne.\n\nInow, _adv._ S. enough, 706, 911, 931, &c. _Ynow_, 563, 1795. _Ynou_,\n904.\n\nIntil, _prep._ S. into, 128, 251, &c. _See_ Til.\n\nIoie, _n._ Fr. joy, 1209, 1237, 1278, &c. _Ioye_, 1315.\n\nIoyinge, _n._ gladness, 2087.\n\nIoupe, _n._ Fr. a doublet, 1767. Roquefort gives the form _Jupe_, but\n_Jupon_ or _Gipoun_ is more usual. See _Jupon_ in Halliwell, and _Gipe_\nin Roquefort.\n\nIs _for_ His, 735, 2254, 2479.\n\nIuele, _n._ S. evil, injury, 50, 1689. _Yuel_, 2221. _Yuele_, 994.\n_Iuel_, sickness, 114. _Yuel_, 144, 155.\n\n  \u00fea \u00fee he wes ald mon,\n  \u00fea com him _ufel_ on.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 19282.\n\n_Ful iuele o-bone_, very lean, 2505; cf. 2525.\n\nIuele, _adv._ S. evilly, 2755. _Me yuele like_, displease me, 132. Cf.\nIlle liken.\n\n\nKam. _See_ Komen.\n\nKaske, _adj._ strong, vigorous, 1841. Sw. _karsk_.\n\nKaym, _n. p._ Cain, 2045. _See_ note in loc.\n\nKayn, _n._ 31, 1327. Evidently a provincial pronunciation of _Thayn_,\nwhich in the MS. may elsewhere be read either _chayn_ or _thayn_. By the\nsame mutation of letters _make_ has been converted into _mate_, _cake_\ninto _cate_, _wayke_ into _wayte_, _lake_ into _late_ (R.\u00a0Hood, i. 106),\n&c., or _vice vers\u00e2_. _See_ Thayn.\n\nKaysere. _See_ Cayser.\n\nKeft, _part. pa._ purchased, 2005. _Sure keft_ = sourly (bitterly)\npurchased it. _See_ Sure _and_ Coupe.\n\nKeling, _n._ 757, cod of a large size, Jam. q.v. The _kelyng_ appears in\nthe first, course of Archb. Nevil's Feast, 6 Edw. IV. _See_ Warner's\n_Antiq. Cul._ Cotgrave explains _Merlus_, A Melwall or _Keeling_, a kind\nof small cod, whereof stockfish is made.\n\nKeme. _See_ Komen.\n\nKempe, _n._ S. knight, champion, 1036. V. Jam. in v.\n\nKene, _adj._ S. keen, bold, eager, 1832, 2115. A term of very extensive\nuse in old Engl. and Sc. poetry, and the usual epithet of a knight.\n\nKesten, _v._ S. to cast in prison, or to overthrow, 81, 1785 (used\npassively). _Casten_, cast, throw, 2101. _Keste_, _pa. t._ cast, 2449.\n_Keste_, _part. pa._ cast, placed, 2611; [or it may be the infin. mood.]\n\nKeuel, _n._ S. a gag, 547. See _Kevel_ in Hall., _Kewl_ in. Jam. A.S.\n_c\u00e6fli_, a halter, headstall.\n\nKid, _part. pa._ S. made known, discovered, 1060. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0150;\nR.\u00a0Br.; Yw. and Gaw. 530; Minot, p.\u00a04; Chauc. From _c\u00fd\u00fean_, notum\nfacere.\n\nKin, Kyn, _n._ S. kindred, 393, 414, 2045.\n\nKines, _n._ S. _gen. c._ kind, 861, 1140, 2691. _None kines_ = of no\nkind; _neuere kines_ = of never a kind.\n\nKinneriche. _See_ Cunnriche.\n\nKippe, _v._ S. [_c\u00e9pan_] to take up hastily, 894. _Kipt_, _Kipte_, _pa.\nt._ snatched up, 1050, 2407, 2638.\n\n  Horn in is armes hire _kepte._\n\n    _K. Horn_, 1208.\n\n  _Kypte_ heore longe knyues, and slowe faste to gronde.\n\n    _Rob. Glouc._ p.\u00a0125.\n\n_Kept up_, snatcht up, Gl. R. Br. Jamieson derives the word from Su.-G.\n_kippa_, to take anything violently. V.\u00a0in\u00a0v. _Kip._ Ihre quotes the\nIcel. _kipti up_ = snatched up.\n\nKirke, _n._ S. church, 1132, 1355. _Kirkes_, _pl._ 2583. V. Gl. Lynds.\nand Jam.\n\nKiste. _See_ Chiste.\n\nKiste, _pa. t. s._ kissed, 1279. _Kisten_, _pa. t. pl._ S. kissed, 2162.\n\nKiwing, _n._ 1736. [Respecting this word I can only record my conviction\nthat it is not safe to quote it, as the MS. is indistinct. I read the\nword as _kil\u00feing_, which I believe to be merely miswritten for _ilk\n\u00feing_ (which the scribe also spells _il \u00feing_), and I suppose the sense\nof the line to be-- \"when they had there distributed _everything_.\"]\n\nKnaue, _n._ S. lad, 308, 409, 450, &c. Attendant, servant, 458. _Cokes\nknaue_, scullion, 1123.\n\n  Heore cokes & heore _cnaues_\n  Alle heo duden of lif d\u00e6[gh]en.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 13717.\n\nV. Jam. in v. Gl. Lynds. and Gl. Todd's Illustr. Chauc.\n\nKnawe, _v._ S. to know, 2785. _Knawe_, _pr. t. pl._ know, 2207. _Kneu_,\n_pa. t._ knew, 2468. _Knawed_, _part. pa._ known, 2057.\n\nKnicth, Knith, _n._ S. knight, 77, 343, &c. _Knictes_, _pl._ 239.\n_Knithes_, 1068. _Knihtes_, 2706.\n\nKok, _n._ a cook, 873, 180, 891, 903, 921, 2898. _See_ Cok.\n\nKomen, _v._ S. to come, 1001. _Comes_, _Cometh_, _imp, pl._ come ye,\n1798, 1885, 2247. _Kam_, _pa. t._ came, 766, 863. _Kom_, 1309. _Cam_,\n2622. _Komen_, _pa. t, pl._ came, 1012, 1202. _Comen_, 2790. _Keme_,\n1208. _Comen_, _part. pa._ come, 1714.\n\nKope, _n._ Lat. cope, 429. _Copes_, _pl._ 1957.\n\nKoren, _n._ S. corn, 1879.\n\nKouel. _See_ Couel.\n\nKou\u00feen. _See_ Cou\u00fee.\n\nKradel-barnes, _n. pl._ S. children in the cradle, 1912.\n\nKraken, _v._ S. to crack, break, 914. _Krake_, 1857. _Crake_, 1908.\n_Crakede_, _pa. t._ cracked, broke, 568. _Kraked_, _part. pa._ 1238.\n\nKrike, _n._ S. creek, 708.\n\nKunne. _See_ Canst.\n\nKuneriche, Kunerike, Kunrik. _See_ Cunnriche.\n\nKyne-merk, _n._ S. mark or sign of royalty, 604. In the same manner are\ncompounded _cine-helm_, _cine-stol_, &c.\n\n  & Cador \u00fee kene\n  scal beren \u00feas _kinges marke_;\n  h\u00e6bben ha[gh]e \u00feene drake,\n  biforen \u00feissere du[gh]e\u00f0e.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 19098.\n\n  Thyll ther was of her body\n  A fayr chyld borne, and a godele,\n  Hadde a dowbyll _kynges marke_.\n\n    _Emare_, 502.\n\n\nLac, _n._ S. fault, reproach, 191, 2219. Yw. and Gaw. 264, 1133. _Lak_,\nR.\u00a0Br., Rom. of Merlin, ap. Ellis, M.\u00a0R. V.\u00a0i. p.\u00a0252. Sir Orpheo,\n421. _Lakke_, P.\u00a0Plowm. Chauc. So in Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. v.\n_Lak_, _Lack_.\n\nLadde, _n._ S. lad, 1786. _Ladden_, _pl._ 1038. _Laddes_, 1015, &c. A\nterm subsequently applied to persons of low condition. \"When _laddes_\nweddeth leuedis--\" Prophecy of Tho. of Essedoune, MS. Harl. 2253,\nf.\u00a0127.\n\nLarge, _adj._ Fr. Lat. liberal, bountiful, 97, 2941. R. Gl. Yw. and Gaw.\n865. Sir Orpheo, 27. Sevyn Sages, 1251. Chauc.\n\nLate, _v._ S. [_l[\u00b4\u00e6]tan_] _pres. subj._ let, suffer, 486. _Late_, _pr.\nt._ let, permit, 1741. _Late_, _imp._ let, suffer, 17, 1376, 2422.\n_Leth_, _pa. t._ let, suffered, 2651; caused, 252. _Late_, _part. pa._\nor _inf._ put, 2611.\n\nLaten, _v._ S. [_l[\u00b4\u00e6]tan_] to leave, 328. _Late be_, _imp._ leave,\nrelinquish, 1265; _inf._ 1657. _Let_, _pa. t._ left, 2062. _Laten_,\n_part. pa._ left, abated, 240, 1925.\n\nLath, _n._ S. injury, 76. _Lathe_, 2718, 2976.\n\nLauhwinde, _part. pr._ S. laughing, 946.\n\nLaute, _pa. t_. S. [_l\u00e6ccan, l\u00e6hte_] received, took, 744. _Lauthe_,\n1673. _Lauth_, _part. pa._ received, taken, 1988. _I-lahte_, La[gh]am.\nl.\u00a029260.\n\n  Horn in herte _la[gh]te_\n  Al \u00feat he him ta[gh]te.\n\n    _K. Horn_ (ed. Lumby), 243.\n\n_Laght_, Yw. and Gaw. 2025. _Laught_, K. Alisaund. 685, 1109. _Lauht_,\nR.\u00a0Br. (_See_ Hearne's blundering Gl. in voc.) Rits. A.\u00a0S. p.\u00a046.\n_Laucht_, Wall. ix. 1964.\n\nLaumprei, _n._ S. lamprey, 771. _Laumprees_, _pl._ 897.\n\nLawe, Lowe, _adj._ S. low, 2431, 2471, 2767, &c.\n\nLax, n. S. [l\u00e6x] salmon, 754, 1727. _Laxes_, _pl._ 896. V. Spelm. and\nSomn. in\u00a0v. Jamieson says, it was \"formerly the only name by which this\nfish was known.\" Cf. Dan. Sw. Icel. _lax_.\n\nLayke, _v._ S. [_l\u00e1can_] to play, 1011. _Leyke_, _Leyken_, 469, 950,\n997. _Leykeden_, _pa. t. pl._ played, 954. In the same sense the verb is\nfound in P.\u00a0Plowman, and Sevyn Sages, 1212. So in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam.\nv. _Laik_, Ray, Brockett, and Crav. Dial. v. _Lake_.\n\nLeche, _n._ S. physician, 1836, 2057.\n\nLed, a caldron, kettle, 924. Chauc. Prol. 202.\n\nLede, Leden, _v._ S. to lead, 245, &c; _utlede_, 89. Cf. 346, 379.\n_Ledes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ uses, carries, 2573. _Ledde_, _pa. t._ led, 1686.\n_Ledden_, _pa. t. pl._ led, 2451.\n\nLef, _adj._ S. agreeable, willing, _lef and loth_, 261, 440, 2273, 2313,\n2379, 2775. A very usual phrase. _See_ Beowulf, l.\u00a01026. Chauc. C.\u00a0T.\n1839. R.\u00a0Hood, i. 41. _Leue_, 431, 909. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0187. K.\u00a0Horn, 949,\n&c. _Leuere_, _comp._ more agreeable, rather, 1193, 1423, 1671, &c.\n_Lef_, used as adv. willingly, in the phrase \"Ye! lef, ye!\" = yes,\nwillingly, yes, 2606; cf. l.\u00a01888.\n\nLeidest. _See_ Leyn.\n\nLeite, _adj._ S. light, 2441.\n\nLeme, _n._ S. limb, 2555. _Lime_, 1409. _Limes_, pl. 86.\n\nLeman, _n._ S. mistress, lover, 1191. _Lemman_, 1283, 1312, 1322. Used\nby all the old writers, and applied equally to either sex.\n\nLende, _v._ S. to land, 733. Sir Tr. p.\u00a013. R. Br. _See_ Jam. in\u00a0v.\n_Leind_.\n\nLene, _v._ S. [_leanian_] to lend, grant, 2072.\n\n  I sal _lene_ the her mi ring.\n\n    _Yw. and Gaw._ 737.\n\nLenge, _n._ the fish called _ling_, 832. [_Asellus longus_, or\n_Islandicus_, Ray.] It was a common dish formerly. Thus we have _Lynge\nin jelly_, in Archb. Nevil's Feast, 6\u00a0Edw. IV., and _Lyng in foyle_, in\nWarham's Feast, 1504. _See_ Pegge's _Form of Cury_, p.\u00a0177, 184, and MS.\nSloane, 1986.\n\nLenge, _v._ S. to prolong, 1734, 2363. P.\u00a0Plowm.\n\nLeoun, _n._ Lat. lion, 573. _Leun_, 1867.\n\nLepe, _v._ S. escape from (?) 2009. _Loupe_, to leap, 1801. _Lep_, _pa.\nt._ leapt, 891, 1777, 1942. _Lopen_, _pa. t. pl._ 1896, 2616.\n\nLere, Leren, _v._ S. to learn, 797, 823; to teach, 2592. _Y-lere_, 12.\n\nLese, v. S. _imp. s. 3 p._ loose, 333. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0110.\n\nLeth. _See_ Late.\n\nLette, _v._ S. [_l[\u00b4\u00e6]tan_, _lettan_] to hinder, retard, 1164, 2253,\n2819; to stop, cease, 2445, 2627. _Let_, _pa. t._ stopped, stayed, 2447,\n2500. _Leten_, _pa. t. pl._ stopped, delayed, 2379.\n\nLeue, _n._ S. leave, 1387, 1626, 2952, &c.\n\nLeue, _adj._ _See_ Lef.\n\nLeue, _v._ S. [_l\u00fdfan_] _imp. s._ grant, 334, 406, 2807. K.\u00a0Horn, 465,\nMS.; R.\u00a0Gl., Erle of Tol. 365. Guy of Warw. ap. Ellis, M.\u00a0R. V.\u00a02,\np.\u00a077, where it is misprinted _lene_. It is very frequently used in the\nold Engl. Metrical Lives of the Saints, MS. Laud, 108. [The true\ndistinction between _leue_ and _lene_ is, that the former is the A.S.\n_l\u00fdfan_, G. _erlauben_ = grant in the sense of _allow_, _permit_, and is\ninvariably intransitive; whilst _lene_ is the A.S. _l\u00e6nan_, G. _leihen_\n= grant in the sense of _give_. The confusion between the senses of\n_grant_ has led to confusion between _lene_ and _leue_, and in at least\nfive passages of Chaucer (C.\u00a0T. 7226, 13613; Tro. ii. 1212, iii. 56,\nv.\u00a01749, ed. Tyrwhitt) many editions wrongly have _lene_. In the last\nthree instances Tyrwhitt rightly prints _leve_, but unnecessarily\ncorrects himself in his Glossary. I\u00a0regret to add that I have thrice\nmade a similar mistake. In Piers Plowman, A.\u00a0v. 263, and in Pierce the\nPloughman's Crede, ll. 366 and 573, for _lene_ read _leue_. Halliwell's\nremark, that \"the [former] editor of Havelok absurdly prints _leue_\" is\nfounded upon the same misconception, and he is wrong in his censure.\n_See_ the use of _lefe_ in the Ormulum, ed. White.]\n\nLeued, _pa. t._ S. left, 225.\n\nLeuedi, _n._ S. lady, 171, &c. _Leuedyes_, _pl._ 239. V. Hickes, Diss.\nEp. p.\u00a052, n.\n\nLeuere. _See_ Lef.\n\nLeues, _pr. t. 3 p._ S. believes, 1781, 2105. From _lefan_.\n\nLeuin, _n._ S. lightning, 2690. R. Br. p.\u00a0174. Yw. and Gaw. Chauc. C.\u00a0T.\n5858. Doug. Virg. 200, 53.\n\nLewe, _adj._ S. warm, 498, 2921.\n\n  A opened wes his breoste,\n  \u00fea blod com for\u00f0 _luke._\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 27556.\n\nLeyd, Leyde. _See_ Leyn.\n\nLeye, _n._ S. lie, falsehood, 2117.\n\nLeve, _v._ S. to lie, speak false, 2010.\n\nLeyke, Leyken. _See_ Layke.\n\nLeyk, _n._ S. game, 1021, 2326. So in Beowulf, l. 2084, _sweorda-gel\u00e1c_,\nand Sir Tr. p.\u00a0118, _love-laike_. In the pl. _laykes_, Minot, p.\u00a010. In\nLanc. a player is still called a _laker_.\n\nLeyn, _v._ S. to lay, 718. _Leyde_, _pa. t._ laid, 50, 994, &c.;\nstopped, 229. _Leidest_, _pa. t. 2 p._ laidest, 636. _Leyden_, _pa. t.\npl._ laid, 1907. _Leyd_, _part. pa._ laid, 1689, 1722, 2839.\n\nLich, _adj._ like, 2155.\n\nLict, Lith, _n._ S. light, 534, 576, 588, &c.\n\nLift, _adj._ S. left (_l\u00e6vus_), 2130.\n\nLigge, Liggen, _v._ S. to lie down, 802, 876, 882, 1374. _See_ Lyen.\n\nLime, Limes. _See_ Leme.\n\nLite, _adj._ S. little, 276, 1730. _Litel_, 1858, &c. _Litle_, 2014.\n\nLith. _See_ Lict.\n\nLith, _imp._ S. light (thou), 585.\n\nLith, _adv._ S. lightly, 1942.\n\nLith, _n._ S. alleviation, comfort, peace, 1338. _Ly\u00fee_, 147. It also\noccurs as a sb. in La[gh]am. l.\u00a05213. As an adj. it occurs in La[gh]am.\nl.\u00a07242. Sir Tr. p.\u00a043, 82. R.\u00a0C[oe]ur de\u00a0L. 2480, and Emare, 348, from\nthe v. _l\u00ed\u00f0ian_, alleviare. Cf. Icel. _li\u00f0_, sometimes used to mean\n_help_. See _Leathe_ in Atkinson's Cleveland Glossary.\n\nLith, _n._ S. 2515. This word is explained by Ritson _plains_, by Hearne\n_tenements_, and by Jamieson a _ridge_ or _ascent_. Its real\nsignification seems unknown, but may be conjectured from the following\npassages.\n\n  No asked he lond no _lithe_.\n\n    _Sir Tristr._ p.\u00a0101.\n\n  Ther wille not be went, ne lete ther lond ne _lith_.\n\n    _R. Brunne_, p.\u00a0194.\n\nwhere it answers to the Fr. Ne volent lesser tere ne _tenement_.\n\n  Who schall us now geve londes or _lythe_.\n\n    _Le Bone Flor._ 841.\n\n  Here I gif Schir Galeron, quod Gaynour, withouten ony gile,\n  Al the londis and the _lithis_ fro laver to layre.\n\n    _Sir Gaw. and Sir Gal._ ii. 27.\n\n[_See_ Glossary to _William of Palerne_, s.v. _Lud._]\n\nLithes, _n. pl._ S. the extreme points of the toes, or articulations,\n2163. _Fingres lith_, extremum digiti, Luc. 16, 24.\n\nLi\u00fees, _imp. pl._ S. listen, 1400, 2204. _Ly\u00fees_, 2576. The verb in the\nSax. is _hlystan_, but in Su.-G. _lyda_, and Isl. _hlyda_, which\napproaches nearer to the form in the poem. So also in K.\u00a0Horn, 2, _wilen\nlithe_, MS.; R.\u00a0Br. p.\u00a093; R.\u00a0Hood, i. p.\u00a02; Minot, p.\u00a01. Still used in\nSc. and N.E. V. Jam. and Brockett.\n\nLittene, _part. pa._ [or _inf._?] 2701. \"_Qu._ cut in pieces, from the\nsame root as to _lith_, divide the joints. V. Jam. Suppl.\" --M. [Or it\nmay mean disgraced, wounded, defeated. Cf. Su.-Goth. _lyta_, to wound;\nIcel. _lyta_, to disgrace; Sw. _lyte_, a defect, _litt_, deformed; Dan.\n_lyde_, a blemish.]\n\nLiue, _n._ S. _dat. c._ life, 232; _brouth of liue_, dead, 513, 2129.\nK.\u00a0Horn, 188. _Of liue do_, kill, 1805. _Liues_, _gen. c. as adv._\nalive, 509, 1003, 1307, 1919, 2854. _See_ On-liue.\n\nLiuen, _v._ S. to live, 355. _Liuede_, _Liueden_, _pa. t. pl._ lived,\n1299, 2044.\n\nLof, _n._ S. loaf, 653.\n\nLoke, Loken, _v._ S. to look after, take care of, to behold, 376, 2136.\n_Lokes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ lookest, 2726. _Loke_, _imp._ look, 1680, 1712.\n_Lokes_, _imp. pl._ look ye, 2240, 2292, 2300, 2579, 2812. _Lokede_,\n_pa. t._ looked, 679, 1041.\n\nLoken, Lokene, _part. pa._ S. fastened, locked, closed, 429, 1957. So in\nthe Const. Othonis, Tit. _de habitu Clericorum_; \"In mensura decenti\nhabeant vestes, et _cappis clausis_ utuntur in sacris ordinibus\nconstituti.\" V. Spelm. in\u00a0v. _Cappa clausa_. So also in the _Ancren\nRiwle_, fol. 17-- \"gif he haues a wid hod and a _lokin_ cape, &c.\" [The\nreference to the Ancren Riwle is to MS. Titus D\u00a018, fol. 17; cf. the\nedition by Morton (Camd. Soc. 1853), p.\u00a056.]\n\nLond, Londe, _n._ S. land, 64, 721, &c. _Lon_, 340.\n\nLong, _adj._ S. tall, 987, 1063. So K. Horn, 100.\n\nLonges, _pr. t. 3 p._ S. belongs, 396. R. Br., Chauc., &c.\n\nLopen. _See_ Lepe.\n\nLoth, _adj._ S. loath, unwilling, 261, 440, &c. _See_ Lef.\n\nLouede, _pa. t._ S. loved, 71. _Loueden_, _pa. t. pl._ 955.\n\nLouerd, _n._ S. lord, master, 96, 483, &c. _Lowerd_, 621.\n\nLouerdinges, _n. pl._ S. lordings, masters, 515, 1401. _See_ Note in\nWarton's Hist. Engl. Poet. V.\u00a0I. p.\u00a019. Ed. 1840.\n\nLoupe. _See_ Lepe.\n\nLow, _pa. t._ S. laughed, 903. K. Horn, 1502. _Lowen_, _pa. t. pl._\n1056.\n\nLowe, _n._ S. [_hl\u00e6w_] hill, 1291, 1699. Rits. M. R., Web., &c. V. Jam.\nand Brockett's Gl. v. _Lawe_.\n\nLuue, _n._ S. love, 195. [_Luue-drurye_ seems here to be a compound\nword, meaning _love-courtship_. _Lufe-drowrie_ also = love-token,\n_Lyndesay's Sq. Meldrum_, 1003. _See_ Drurye.]\n\nLyen, _v._ S. to lie (in bed), 2134. _Leyen_, _pt. pl._ lay, 475.\n\nLy\u00fee. _See_ Lith.\n\n\nMaght, Mait. _See_ Mowe.\n\nMake, _n._ S. mate, companion, wife, 1150. K. Horn, 1427. K.\u00a0Alisaund.\n3314. Le Bone Flor. 881. Chauc. Sc. _Maik._ V. Jam.\n\nMaken, _v._ S. to make, 29, &c. _Make_, 676. _Makeden_, _pa. t. pl._\nmade, 554. _I-maked_, _part. pa._ made,\u00a05.\n\nMale, _n._ Fr. a budget, bag, wallet, 48. La[gh]amon, l. 3543. Web.,\nChauc., R.\u00a0Hood.\n\nMalisun, _n._ Fr. malediction, curse, 426. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0179.\n\nManred, Manrede, _n._ S. homage, fealty, 484, 2172, 2180, 2248, 2265,\n2312, 2774, 2816, 2847, 2850. Leg. of S. Gregori, ap. Leyd. Compl. of\nScotl. _See_ Jam. for further examples.\n\nMarz, _n._ Lat. March, 2559.\n\nMaugre, Fr. in spite of, 1128, 1789. _See_ Tyrwh. Gl. to Chauc. and Jam.\nin\u00a0v.\n\nMaydnes, _n. pl._ S. maidens, 467, 2222.\n\nMayster, _n._ Fr. master, 1135; chief, 2028, 2385.\n\nMayt, Mayth. _See_ Mowe.\n\nMede, _n._ S. reward, 102, 685, 1635, 2402.\n\nMele, _n._ S. oat-meal, 780.\n\nMele, _v._ Fr. to contend in battle, 2059. Gaw. and Gol. ii. 18.\n_Mellay_, Wynt. viii. 15, 19. V. Jam.\n\nMeme, 2201, _probably miswritten for_ neme; _see_ Nime.\n\nMen (used with a sing. vb. like the Fr. _on_), men, people, 390, 647,\n2610.\n\nMene, _v._ S. to mean, signify, 2114. _Menes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ means, 597.\n\nMenie, _n._ Fr. family, 827. _Meynie_, 834. This word is to be found\nfrom the time of La[gh]amon to Shakespeare. Jamieson attempts to derive\nit from the North. V.\u00a0in\u00a0v. _Menzie_. See _maisnie_ in Roquefort.\n\nMere, _n._ S. mare, 2449, 2478, 2504.\n\nMesse, _n._ Fr. Lat. the service of the mass, 243, 1176. _Messe-bok_,\nmass-book, 186, 391, 2710. _Messe-gere_, all the apparel, &c.,\npertaining to the service of the mass, 188, 389, 1078, 2217.\n\nMest, _adj. sup._ S. greatest, 233. _Moste_, 1287; tallest, 983.\n\nMester, _n._ Fr. trade, 823. K. Horn (ed. Lumby), 229.\n\nMet, _pp._ S. dreamt, 1285.\n\nMete, _n._ S. meat, 459, &c. _Metes_, _pl._ 1733.\n\nMeynie. _See_ Menie.\n\nMichel, _adj._ S. much, 510, 660. _Mik_, 2342. _Mike_, 960 (cf. Horn\nChilde, ap. Rits. V.\u00a03, 292), 1744, 1761, 2336. _Mikel_, 122, 478, &c.\n\nMicte, Micten, Micthe, Mithe, Mithest, Mithen. _See_ Mowe.\n\nMicth, _n._ S. might, power, 35.\n\nMiddelerd, _n._ S. the earth, world, 2244. _Middel\u00e6rd_, La[gh]am.,\nRits., Web., R.\u00a0Gl., Minot, &c. So in Sc. V. Jam.\n\nMik, Mike, Mikel. _See_ Michel.\n\nMilce, _n._ S. [_mildse_] mercy, 1361. A! me do \u00feine _milce_, La[gh]am.\nl.\u00a04681; R.\u00a0Gl. It is usually coupled with _ore_.\n\nMilne-hous. _See_ Hus.\n\nMirke, _adj._ S. dark, 404. R. Br., Lynds.; _merke_, Chauc. Still used\nin Sc. and N.E. V. Jam.\n\nMisdede, _pa. t._ S. did amiss, 337; injured, 992, 1371. _Misdo_, _part.\npa._ misdone, offended, 2798.\n\nMisferde, _pa. t._ S. behaved, or proceeded ill, 1869. _See_ Faren.\n\nMisgos, _pr. t. 2 p._ S. goest or behavest amiss, 2707.\n\nMisseyd, _part. pa._ S. spoken to reproachfully, 1688.\n\nMithe, Mythe, _v._ S. [_mi\u00f0an_] to conceal, hide, dissemble, 652, 948,\n1278. Sche might no lenger _mithe_. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M.\u00a0R. V.\u00a03,\np.\u00a0310.\n\nMixed, _adj._ vile, base, 2533. From S. _myx_, fimus. Cf. _Mix_ in\n_William of Palerne_.\n\nMo, _adj. comp._ S. more, 1742, 1846.\n\nMod, _n._ S. mood, humour, 1703.\n\nModer, _n._ S. mother, 974, 1388, &c.\n\nMone, _n._ S. moon, 373, 403.\n\nMone, _n._ S. mind, say, opinion, 816. Cf. A.S. _myne_, _monian_,\n_monung_; Icel. _munr_. Hence, to _mone_, to _relate_, R.\u00a0C[oe]ur de\u00a0L.\n4636, and to _animadvert_, in Barbour. It appears to express the Fr.\nphrase _par le mien escient_, K.\u00a0Horn, 467, MS. Douce. In nearly the\nsame sense _mone_ may be found in K.\u00a0Alisaund. 1281, R.\u00a0Gl. pp.\u00a0281,\n293. Cf. ll. 1711, 1972.\n\nMone, _v. pl._ [Isl. _mun_] must, 840. _Maun_, Sc. _Mun_, Yorksh. Cumb.\nV. Jam.\n\nMorwen, _n._ S. morning, 811, 1131, 2669, &c. _To-morwen_, 530, 810.\n_Amorwe_, Sir Tr., K.\u00a0Horn.\n\nMoste. _See_ Mest.\n\nMote, _v._ S. may, 19, 406, 1743, 2545. _Moten_, _pl._ 18.\n\nMoun. _See_ Mowe.\n\nMowe, _v._ S. _pres. sing._ may, be able, 175, 394, 675. _Mowen_, _pl._\n11. _Moun_, 460, 2587. _Mait_, _pr. t. 2 p._ mayest, 689. _Mayt_, 845,\n852, 1219. _Mayth_, 641. _Maght_, _pa. t. 2 p.\u00a0s._ mightest, 1348.\n_Mithe_, _Mithest_, 855, 1218. _Micte_, _Micthe_, _Mithe_, _pa. t. 3 p._\nmight, 42, 233, 1030, 1080. _Mouchte_, _Moucte_, _Moucthe_, _Mouthe_,\n_Mowcte_, 145, 356, 376, &c. _Micte_, _Micten_, _Mithen_, _pl._ 232,\n516, 1929, 2017. _Mouhte_, _Mouthe_, _Mouthen_, 1183, 2019, 2039, 2328,\n2330, &c. V. Pegge's Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p.\u00a0iii.\n\n\nNa, _adv._ S. no, 2363, 2530.\n\nNam. _See_ Nime.\n\nNayles, _n. pl._ S. nails, 2163.\n\nNe, _adv._ S. nor, 44, &c.\n\nNede, _n._ S. need, necessity, 9, &c. _Nedes_, _pl._ 1092.\n\nNeme. _See_ Nime.\n\nNer, _adv._ S. near, 990, 1949.\n\nNese, _n._ S. nose, 2450.\n\nNesh, _adj._ S. [_nesc_] soft, tender, 2743. _Neys_, 217. Web., Rits.\nM.\u00a0R., Rob. Br., Chauc. Still used in N.W. part of England.\n\nNeth, _n._ S. net, 752, 808, 1026; _pl._ _netes_, 783.\n\nNeth, _n._ S. neat, cattle, 700, 1222. _Netes_, _g.\u00a0c._ neat's, 781.\n\nNe\u00feeles, _conj._ S. nevertheless, 1108, 1658.\n\nNeue, _n._ S. fist, 2405. _Neues_, _pl._ 1917. V. Jam.\n\nNeure, _adv._ S. not, never, 80, 672; _neuere a polk_, ne'er a pool,\n2685. _Neuere kines_, of no kind, 2691.\n\nNey. _adv._ nigh, near to, nearly, 464, 640, 2619.\n\nNeys. _See_ Nesh.\n\nNey\u00feer, Ne\u00fee, _pron._ S. neither, not either, 458, 764, 2970, &c.\n_No\u00feer_, 2623. _Noy\u00feer_, 2697.\n\nNewhen, _v._ S. [_nehwan_] to approach, 1866. In the more recent form to\n_neigh_ it is used in several of the old Romances, Chauc., and Minot.\n\nNicht, Nicth, _n._ S. night, 533, 575. _Niht_, 2669. _Nith_, 404, 1247,\n1754. _Nithes_, _g.\u00a0c._ of night, 2100. _Nihtes_, _nithes_, _pl._ 2353;\n_nihtes_, 2999.\n\nNime, _v._ S. _pr. s._ take, _or_ go, 1931. _Nim_, _imp._ take, 1336.\n_Nam_, _pa. t._ took, 900; went, 2930. _Neme_, _pl._ went, 1207; cf.\nl.\u00a02201. _Nomen_, took, 2790. _Nomen_, _Numen_, _part. pa._ taken, 2265,\n2581. _Nimes_, _imp. pl._ go ye, 2594; _nime_, go we, 2600. In the first\nsense this verb is common in all the Glossaries, but in the latter sense\n_To go_ it occurs nowhere but in the Gl. to Rob. Brunne, who, from being\na Lincolnshire man, approaches nearer to the language of the present\npoem than any other writer. [In N.E. to _nim_ is to walk with quick,\nshort steps.]\n\nNis, _for_ Ne is, is not, 462, 1998, 2244.\n\nNither-tale, _n._ S. night-time, 2025. _See_ Chaucer, Prol. l.\u00a097.\n\nNoblelike, _adv._ S. nobly, 2640.\n\nNok, _n._ [Belg. _nock_] nook, corner, 820; _nouth a ferthinges nok_,\nnot the value of a farthing. The same phr. is in the _Manuel des Pech\u00e9s_\nof Rob. of Brunne, MS. Harl. 1701, fol. 39.\n\nNomen. _See_ Nime.\n\nNon, _adj._ S. no, 518, 685, 1019; no one, 934, 974.\n\nNote, _n._ S. a nut, 419. _Nouthe_, 1332.\n\nNo\u00feer. _See_ Ney\u00feer.\n\nNou, _adv._ S. now, 328, 1362, &c. _Nu_, 2421, 2460, 2650, &c.\n\nNout, Nouth, Nouht, _n._ or _adv._ S. not, naught, nothing, not at all,\n249, 505, 566, 648, 1733, 2051, 2822. _Nowt_, _Nowth_, 770, 2168, 2737.\n\nNouthe. _See_ Note.\n\nNoy\u00feer. _See_ Ney\u00feer.\n\nNu. _See_ Nou.\n\nNumen. _See_ Nime.\n\nNytte. _v._ S. make use of, require for use, 941. A.S. _nyttian_,\n_neotan_, G. _n\u00fctzen_, Du. _nutten_.\n\n\nO. _See_ On.\n\nOf, _prep._ S. off, 130, 216, 603, 857, 1850, 2444, 2626, 2676, 2751,\n&c. _Of londe_, out of the land, 2599. Sir Tr.\n\nOffe, _prep._ S. of, 435. _Of_, 436.\n\nOffrende, Dan. Fr. offering, 1386.\n\nOfte, _adv._ S. often, 226, &c.\n\nOk. _See_ Ek.\n\nOn, _adj._ S. one, 425, 1800, 2028, 2263, &c.\n\nOn, _in_ But on. _See_ But.\n\nOn, _prep._ S. in, on. _On liue_, 281, 363, 694, 793 &c. _O\u00a0liue_, 2865.\n_On two_, 471, 1823, 2730, in two; _a two_, 1413, 2643. _O\u00a0londe_, 763,\non, _or_ in land. _On knes_, 1211, 1302, 2710, on knees; _o knes_, 2252,\n2796. _On brenne_, 1239, in flame, on fire. _O\u00a0nith_, 1251, in the\nnight. _On nithes_, 2048. _O\u00a0worde_, 1349, in the world (_see_ Werd).\n_O\u00a0mani wise_, 1713, in many a manner. _On gamen_, 1716, in sport. _On\nlesse hwile_, 1830, in less time. _O\u00a0bok_, 2307, 2311, on the book. _Wel\no bon_, 2355, 2525, 2571, strong of body. _Iuele o bone_, 2505, lean.\n_On hunting_, 2382. _O\u00a0stede_, 2549, on steed. _Up-o the dogges_, 2596,\non the dogs. From these examples, added to those which occur in every\nGlossary, it is evident the Sax. prep. _On_ was subsequently corrupted\nto _O_ and _A._ _See_ Tyrwh. and Jam. _A nycht_ in Barb. xix. 657,\nexplained by the latter _one_ night, is according to the above rule _In\nthe night_, as confirmed by l.\u00a01251. Sir Tr. pp.\u00a047, 114. R. Glouc.\n\nOne, _adj._ S. alone, singly, 815, 936, 1153, 1710, 1742, 1973, 2433.\n\n  There hue wonede al _one._\n\n    _K. Horn_, 80.\n\n_See_ Tyrwh. Gl., Chauc. v. _On_.\n\nOnes, _adv._ S. once, 1295.\n\nOnfrest, _v._ delay, 1337. From Su.-G. _fresta_, to delay, A.S.\n_firstan_, from Su.-Goth. _frest_ or _frist_, A.S. _fyrst_, a space of\ntime. Cf. Dan. and Sw. _first_, a truce. _Frest_, delay, Barb. vii. 447.\n\nOnlepi. _See_ Anilepi.\n\nOnne, _prep._ S. on, 347, 1940.\n\nOnon, _adv._ S. anon, speedily, 136, 447, 1964, 2790.\n\nOntil, _prep._ S. unto, for, 761.\n\nOr, _adv._ S. previously, before, 728, 1043, 1356, 1688, &c. _Or outh\nlonge_, 1789, before any long time.\n\nOre, _n._ S. favour, grace, mercy, 153, 211, 2443, 2797. Ich hadde of\nhire milse an _ore_. Hule and Nihtingale, l.\u00a01081. Sir Tr. p.\u00a024.\nK.\u00a0Horn (ed. Lumby), 1509. _See_ Tyrwhitt's Note on Chauc. C.\u00a0T. 3724,\nand Ritson's Note, Metr. Rom. V.\u00a0iii. p.\u00a0263. A.S. _\u00e1r_.\n\nOre, _n._ S. oar, 718, 1871, &c. _Ores_, _pl._ 711.\n\nOsed _for_ Hosed, 971.\n\nOth, _n._ S. oath, 2009, 2272, &c. _O\u00fees_, _pl._ 2013, 2231, &c.\n\nO\u00fee _for_ O\u00feer, 861, 1986, 2970.\n\nO\u00feer, _conj._ S. either, or, 94, 674, 787, &c. _See_ Ayther.\n\nO\u00feer, _adj._ S. [_alter_] the other of two, second, 879. _\u00fee o\u00feer day_,\n1755, the following day.\n\n  Day hit is igon & _o\u00feer_,\n  Wi\u00feute sail & ro\u00feer.\n\n    _K. Horn_, ed. Lumby, 187.\n\nSo also R. Br. p.\u00a0169, and Wynt.\n\nO\u00feer, _adj._ S. [_alius_] other, 2490. _O\u00fere_, _pl._ others, 1784, 2413,\n2416.\n\nOuer-fare, _v._ S. to pass over, cease, 2063. _See_ Fare.\n\nOuer-go, _v._ S. to be disregarded, 2220.\n\nOuer-gange, _v._ S. to get the superiority over, 2587.\n\nOuer-\u00fewert, _adv._ S. across, 2822. _Ouerthuert_, R.\u00a0Br. p.\u00a0241.\n_Overtwert_, Ly Beaus Desc. 1017. _Overthwarte_, Syr Eglamore, B.\u00a0iii.\nChauc. C.\u00a0T. 1993.\n\nOune, _adj._ S. own, 375, 2428.\n\nOure, _n._ bank, shore, 321. G. _ufer_. A.S. _\u00f3fer_. Cf. \"to \u00fean castle\nof Deoure on \u00feere s\u00e6 _oure_.\" _La[gh]amon_, l.\u00a031117.\n\nOuth, _n._ S. [_awiht_] any space of time, aught, 1189; cf. l.\u00a01789;\nanything, 703. [_Outh douthe_ = was worth anything, was of any value.]\n\n\nPalefrey, _n._ Fr. saddle-horse, 2060. _See_ Gl. on Chauc. in\u00a0v. Pegge's\nAnec. Engl. Lang. p.\u00a0289.\n\nPappes, _n. pl._ Lat. breasts, 2132.\n\nParred, _part. pa._ confined, fastened in, barred in, 2439. We have met\nwith this word only in one instance, where Ritson leaves it unexplained.\n\n  Yn al this [tyme] was sir Ywayn\n  Ful straitly _parred_ with mekil payn.\n\n    _Yw. and Gaw._ 3227.\n\n[It is undoubtedly equivalent to O.E. _sperre_, or _spere_. Halliwell,\ns.v. _Parred_, quotes \"[gh]e are _parred_ in .\u00a0.\u00a0. [gh]e are so _spered_\nin.\" So, too, the Ital. _sbarra_ is the Fr. _barre_. Cf. A.S. _sparran_,\nO.N. _sperra_, Sc. _spar_. Hence the derivation of _park_, O.E.\n_parrock_, an enclosure.]\n\nPastees, _n. pl._ Fr. pasties, pat\u00e9s, 644.\n\n  Ther beth bowris and halles,\n  Al of _pasteiis_ beth the walles.\n\n    _Land of Cokaygne_, MS. Harl. 913, f. 5.\n\nPateyn, _n._ Lat. the Plate used in the service of the Mass, 187.\n\nPa\u00fee, _n._ S. path, road, 2381, 2390. _Pa\u00fees_, _pl._ 268.\n\nPatriark, _n._ Lat. patriarch, 428.\n\nPayed, _part. pa._ Fr. satisfied, content, 184. Rits. M.\u00a0R., Web.,\nR.\u00a0Gl., R.\u00a0Br. _Apaied_, Chauc.\n\nPelle, _v._ drive forth (_intr._), hurry forth, 810. Deriv. uncertain,\nunless it be connected with Lat. _pello_, Eng. _impel._ Cf. Eng. _pelt_.\n\nPeni, _n._ S. penny, 705, 2147. _Penies_, _pl._ 776, 1172.\n\nPer, _n._ Fr. peer, equal, 989, 2241, 2792.\n\nPike, _v._ to pitch (used passively), 707. Teut. _pecken_, Lat.\n_picare_. The verb in Saxon is not extant, but only the n. _pic_.\n\nPine, _n._ S. pain, grief, 405, 540, 1374. Sir Tr. p.\u00a012. V. Jam.\n\nPine, _v._ S. to grieve, 1958.\n\nPlat. _See_ Plette.\n\nPlattinde, _part. pr._ tramping along, moving noisily _or_ hurriedly,\n2282. From the beating noise of the feet, like Sc. _platch_ (q.v. in\nJam.). _See_ Plette.\n\nPlawe, _v._ S. to play, 950. _Pleye_, 951.\n\nPlayces, _n. pl._ plaice, 896.\n\nPleinte, _n._ Fr. complaint, 134. _Pleynte_, 2961.\n\nPlette, _v._ S. [_pl\u00e6ettian_] to strike, 2444. _Plat_, _pa. t._ struck,\n2755. _Plette_, 2626; _pl. plette_, hurried, moved noisily, 2613. [Cf.\n_Plattinde_, and note the double use of Sc. _skelp_, to beat, to hurry,\nand O.E. _strike_, to beat, to move along.]\n\nPlith, _n._ S. [_pliht_] harm, 1370, 2002. La[gh]am. l.\u00a03897.\n\nPoke, _n._ S. a bag, 555, 769. _Pokes_, _pl._ 780.\n\nPoles, _n. pl._ S. pools, ponds of water, 2101.\n\nPolk, _n._ S. pool, puddle, 2685. _Pow_, Sir Tr. p.\u00a0171. _Pulk_,\nSomersetsh.\n\nPouere, Poure, _adj._ Fr. poor, 58, 101, 2457, &c.\n\nPourelike, _adv._ poorly, 323.\n\nPrangled, _part. pa._ compressed, 639. Cf. Du. _prangen_, to pinch; Dan.\n_prange Seil_, to crowd sail.\n\nPreie, _pr. t._ S. pray, 1440. _Prey_, _imp._ pray (thou), 1343.\n_Preide_, _pa. t._ prayed, 209.\n\nPrest, _n._ S. priest, 429, 1829. _Prestes_, _pl._ 2583.\n\nPriken, _v._ S. to spur a horse, ride briskly, 2639.\n\nPrud, _adj._ S. proud, 302.\n\nPulten, _pa. t. pl._ so reads the MS. l. 1023, instead of _putten_. Both\nhave the same signification. So in the Romance of _Rob. of Cecyle_,\nHarl. MS. 1701, f.\u00a094, c. 1, _pulte_ occurs for _put_, placed, and\n_pylt_ in R.\u00a0C[oe]ur de\u00a0L. 4085; pelte, Sir Tr. p.\u00a095. In the _imp._\n_Pult_ for _put_, _place_, is used in _Hending the Hende_, MS. Digb. 86.\nIn the signification of _drove forward_, which is nearer to the sense we\nrequire, we find _pylte_ in K.\u00a0Horn, 1433, and R.\u00a0Glouc. Hence the Engl.\nword _pelt_. _See_ Putten. Cf. _Pult_ in Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_.\n\nPund, _n. pl._ S. pounds, 1633.\n\nPut, _n._ cast, throw, 1055. _But_, 1040.\n\nPutten, _v._ to cast, throw, propel forward, 1033, 1044. _Puten_, 1051.\n_Putte_, _pa. t._ cast, 1052. _Putten_, _pa. t. pl._ cast, threw, 1023,\n1031, 1844. From the Fr. _bouter_, Teut. _buitten_, or Belg. _botten_,\nto drive or propel forward, or, as others suggest, from the Br.\n_pwtiaw_, which has the same meaning, or Isl. _potta_. From the same\nroot are derived both _Put_ and _But_. Thus to _butt_ in Sc. is to drive\nat a stone in curling, and to _put_ in Yorksh. is to push with the\nhorns. In the passage before us it is applied to a particular game,\nformerly in great repute. _See_ Note on l.\u00a01022. Cf. Ramsay's Poems, ii.\n106. The word is still retained in the North, and Sc. V. Jam. and\nBrockett. See _But_ and _Pulten_.\n\nPutting, Puttinge, _n._ casting, 1042, 1057, 2324.\n\nPyment, _n._ B.L. spiced wine, 1728. _See_ Note on l.\u00a01726.\n\n\nQual, _n._ S. [_hw\u00e6l_] whale or grampus, 753. _See_ Hwel.\n\nQuan, Quanne, _adv._ S. when, 134, 204, 240, &c. _See_ Hwan.\n\nQuath, _pa. t._ S. quoth, 606, 642, &c. _Hwat_, 1650, 1878. _Wat_, 595.\n_Quod_, 1888. _Quodh_, 1801. _Quot_, 1954, 2808. _Couth_, 2606.\n\nQueme, _adj._ S. agreeable, 130, 393. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Br., R.\nGlouc., Gower, Chauc.\n\nQuen, _n._ S. queen, 2760, 2783, &c. _Quenes_, _pl._ 2982.\n\nQui. _See_ Hwi.\n\nQuic, Quik, _adj._ S. alive, 612, 613, 1405, 2210, 2476, &c., _quik and\nded_. This is the usual language of the Inquisitiones post mortem, which\ncommence at the early part of Henry III. reign. For the usage of the\nterm, _see_ Gl. to Sir Tr. p.\u00a098. Yw. and Gaw. 668. Chron. of Engl. 762,\n&c. The word is preserved in the vulgar version of the Scriptures, and\nCreed. _Quike_, quick, alert, 1348. _Al quic wede_, 2641. Cf. l.\u00a02387.\n\nQuiste, _n._ S. [_cwide_] bequest, will, 219, 365. _Quede_, K.\u00a0Alisaund.\n8020.\n\nQuod, Quodh, Quot. _See_ Quath.\n\n\nRadde. _See_ Rede.\n\nRan. _See_ Renne.\n\nRang, _adj._ S. [_ranc_] perverse, rebellious, 2561.\n\nRath, _n._ S. counsel; hence, an adviser, 75. _Dat. c. rathe_, in the\nphrase _to rathe_, 2542; for the meaning of which, _see_ Red.\n\nRa\u00fee, _adv._ S. speedily, readily, quickly, 358, &c. (In l.\u00a01335,\nI\u00a0prefer considering it as a verb.)\n\nRathe, _v._ S. [_r\u00e6dan_] to advise, 1335. A provincial pronunciation of\n_Rede_. In l.\u00a02817, it is still broader, \"Yif ye it wilen and ek\n_rothe_.\" In the same manner _Rode_ is spelt, and was undoubtedly\npronounced _Rothe_, Ly Beaus Desc. 425, and _Abode_ is spelt _Abothe_,\nib. 1118. Cf. ll. 693, 1681, 2585, of the present poem, in all which\ninstances the _d_ in _rede_ has the sound of _th_.\n\nRecke, _pr. t. subj._ S. may reck, may care, 2047, 2511. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0124,\n&c.\n\nRed, _n._ S. advice, counsel, 180, 518, 826, 1194, 2871, &c. _To rede_,\nlit. for a counsel, i.e. advisable, 118, 693; spelt _to rathe_, 2542.\n\nRede, _v._ S. to direct, advise, 104, 148, 361, 687, &c. _Radde_, _pa.\nt._ advised, 1353. V. Jam. in\u00a0v. and Hearne's Gl. to R. Glouc.\n\nReft, Refte, Reftes. _See_ Reue.\n\nRegne, _pr. t. pl._ Fr. Lat. reign, assume the superiority, 2586.\n_Reng_, _Ring_, Sc. V. Jam. in\u00a0v.\n\nRenne, _v._ S. to run, 1161, 1904. _Ran on blode_, _pa. t._ 432. So in\nSir Tr. p.\u00a0176, _His heued ran on blod_; and in MS. Harl. 2253, f.\u00a0128,\n\n  Lutel wot hit any mon hou loue hym haueth y-bounden,\n  That for vs o the rode _ron_, ant bohte vs with is wounde.\n\nReue, _n._ S. magistrate, 1627. _See_ Greyue.\n\nReue, Reuen, _v._ S. [_reafian_] to take away, bereave, rob, 480, 2590,\n2991. _Refte_, _pa. t._ took away, bereaved, 2223, 2485. _Reftes_, _pa.\nt. 2 p._ tookest away, 2394. _Reft_, _part. pa._ taken away, bereaved,\n1367, 1672, 2483; spoiled, 2004. Still used in the North.\n\nReures, _n. pl._ S. robbers, bereavers, 2104.\n\n  Alle bacbiteres wendet to helle,\n  Robberes & _reueres_ & the monquelle.\n\n    _A lutel sermun_, MS. Cal. A. ix. f. 246, b.\n\nV. Jam. in v. _Reyffar_.\n\nReunesse, Rewnesse, _n._ S. compassion, 502, 2227.\n\nRewe, _v._ S. to have pity, to compassionate, 497, 967. _Rewede_, _pa.\nt._ (_impersonal_) 503.\n\nRichelike, _adv._ S. richly, 421.\n\nRicth, Ricthe. _See_ Rith, Rithe.\n\nRicthwise, _adj._ S. [_rihtwis_] righteous, just, 37. Rits., Web. M.\u00a0R.,\nRob. Br., Minot, Lynds., R.\u00a0Hood. [MS. _has_ rirth wise.]\n\nRiden, _v._ S. to ride, 10, &c.\n\nRig, _n._ S. back, 1775. So in La[gh]am. l. 6718. Burne he warp on\n_rigge_.\n\nRike, _n._ S. kingdom, 290. _Heuene riche_, 133, 407. _See_ Cunnriche.\n\nRim, Rym, _n._ S. Fr. rhyme, poem, 21, 2995, 2998. So Chauc. _Rime of\nSire Thopas._ [The modern false spelling _rhyme_ is due to confusion of\nEng. _rime_ with the Gk. _rhythm_.]\n\nRingen, _v._ S. to ring, 242, 1106. _Ringes_, _pr. t. sing._ ring, 390.\n_Rungen_, _part. pa._ rung, 1132.\n\nRinges, _n. pl._ S. rings of mail, 2740. _See_ Brini.\n\nRippe, _n._ fish-basket, 893. Hence a _Rippar_, B. Lat. _riparius_, is a\nperson who brings fish from the coast to sell in the interior. V. Spelm.\nin\u00a0v. Nares prefers the etymology of _ripa_, but without reason. _Rip_\nis still provincial for an osier basket. _See_ Jam. and Moore. So also\nin a curious Latin and English Vocabulary, written out by Sire John\nMendames, Parson of Bromenstrope [Broomsthorp, Co. Norf.] in the middle\nof the 15th cent., and now preserved in the valuable MSS. library of\nT.\u00a0W. Coke, Esq. _Cophinus_ is explained _A beryng lepe_, or _ryppe_,\nterms still retained in the county. Jam. gives Icel. _hrip_, a basket.\n\nRith, Ricth, _n._ S. right, justice, inheritance, 36, 395, 1099, 1383,\n2717.\n\nRith, _adj._ S. right (_dexter_), 604, 1812, 2140, 2545, 2725.\n\nRithe, Ricthe, _adj._ S. right (_rectus_), 772, 846, 1201, 2235, 2473.\n\nRith, Rithe, _adv._ S. rightly, 420, 1701, 2611, &c.; exactly, just,\n872, 2494, 2506.\n\nRitte, _v._ to rip, make an incision, 2495.\n\n  The breche adoun he threst,\n  He _ritt_, and gan to right.\n\n    _Sir Tristr._ p.\u00a033.\n\n[Cf. Sw. _rista_, Dan. _riste_, to slash, cut; G. _ritzen_. Perhaps\nconnected also with Du. _rijten_, G. _reissen_, to tear.]\n\nRobben, _v._ S. to rob, 1958.\n\nRode, _n._ S. the rood, cross, 103, 431, 1357, &c. V. Todd's Gl.\nIllustr. Chauc.\n\nRof, _n._ S. roof, 2082.\n\nRome, _v._ S. to roam, travel about, 64.\n\nRore, _v._ S. to roar, 2496, &c. _Rorede_, _pa. t._ roared, 2438.\n\nRoser, _n._ Fr. rose-bush, 2919. Chauc., Pers. Tale, _De luxuria_.\n\nRothe. _See_ Rathe.\n\nRowte, _v._ S. [_hrutan_] to roar, 1911. R. C[oe]ur de\u00a0L. 4304. V. Gl.\nLynds. and Jam. in\u00a0v. Cf. Icel. _hrjota_, Sw. _ryte_. The word is still\nretained in the provinces. V. Brockett and Wilbr.\n\nRunci, _n._ B. Lat. a horse of burden, 2569. V. Du Cange and Spelm. The\nword is common both in Fr. and Engl. writers. Cf. Span. _Rozin-ante_.\n\nRungen. _See_ Ringen.\n\nRym. _See_ Rim.\n\n\nSal _for_ Shall, 628.\n\nSame _for_ Shame, 1941. V. Jam.\n\nSamen, _adv._ S. together, 467, 979, 1717, &c. Web., Rits. M.\u00a0R., Rob.\nBr. So also in Sc. V. Jam.\n\nSamened, _part. pa._ S. assembled, united, 2890. Web., R.\u00a0Br. p.\u00a02.\n\nSare, _adv._ S. sore, sorrowfully, 401.\n\nSat, _pa. t._ S. opposed, 2567. _See_ Atsitte. In Sc. is _Sit_, _Sist_,\nto stop, from Lat. _sistere_. V. Jam.\n\nSautres, _n. pl._ Fr. Lat. Psalters, Hymns for the Office of the Dead,\n244.\n\nSawe, _written for_ sa we, i.e. say we, 338.\n\nSawe, Sawen, Say. _See_ Se.\n\nSayse, _v._ B. Lat. to seise, give seisin or livery of land, 251, 2518.\n_Seysed_, _pa. t._ seised, 2931, _part. pa._ 2513. Horn Childe, ap.\nRits. M.\u00a0R. V.\u00a03, p.\u00a0309.\n\nScabbed, Skabbed, _adj._ S. Lat. scabby, scurvy, 2449, 2505.\n\nSca\u00fee, _n._ S. harm, injury, 1352. _Sca\u00fees_, _pl._ 269. R.\u00a0Br., V. Gl.\n_Skaith_, Sc. V. Jam.\n\nSche, Scho, Sho, _pron._ S. she, 112, 126, 649, 1721, &c.\n\nSchifte _for_ Shrift, absolution, 1829.\n\nSchoten, Shoten, _pa. t. pl._ S. shot, cast, 1838, 1864. _Scuten_, 2431.\n[_Shoten_, in l. 1838, means _rushed_, _darted_, _flew_.]\n\nSchulle, _n._ a plaice, 759. Sw. _skolla_, a plaice. _See_ Coleridge's\nGlossarial Index.\n\nSe (_the_ S. _art._) the, but perhaps a mistake of the scribe, l.\u00a0534,\nas it is not elsewhere used.\n\nSe, _n._ S. sea, 535, &c.; _gen._ seis, 321.\n\nSe, Sen, _v._ S. to see, 1021, 1273, &c. _Sest_, _pr. t. 2 p._ seest,\n534. _Sen_, _pr. t. pl._ see, 168, 1217. _Sawe_, _Sowe_, _pa. t._ saw,\n1182, 1323. _Say_, 881. _Sawen_, _Sowen_, _pa. t. pl._ 957, 1055, 2255.\n_Sene_, _part. pa._ 656.\n\nSeckes, _n. pl._ S. sacks, 2019.\n\nSegges, _n. pl._ Fr. [_seches_] 896. In Cotgr. the _Seche_ is explained\nthe Sound, or Cuttle fish. The _Seches de Coutance_ were held in the\nhighest estimation. V. Le Grand. _See_ also Jam. v. _Sye_.\n\nSei, _v._ _See_ Seyen.\n\nSeis. _See_ Se.\n\nSeken, _v._ S. to seek, 1629. The reading is confirmed by an old poem in\nMS. Digb. 86.\n\n  Sire, we ben knizttes fer i-fare,\n  For to _sechen_ wide-ware.\n\n    _La vie seint Eustace, qui out noun Placidas._\n\nSelcouth, _n._ S. wonder, strange thing, 124, 1059. _Selcuth_, 2119. It\nwas in all probability originally an _adj._ as _Selkuth_. Strange,\nwonderful, 1284.\n\nSele, _n._ S. seal, 755.\n\nSeli, _adj._ S. simple, harmless, 477, 499. R. Gl., Chauc.\n\nSelthe, _n._ S. success, 1338. A.S. _s\u00e9l\u00f0_. [Cf. _seleh\u00f0e_ in\n_La[gh]am._ l.\u00a025136, and see _seleh\u00f0e_ in Stratmann's Dictionary of Old\nEnglish. The line seems to be a proverb, and the meaning is-- \"Rest and\nsuccess are companions.\" Goldborough tells him to avoid delay, since\nrest may accompany success, but cannot precede it.]\n\nSembling, _n._ Fr. assembling, 1018. It may also be compared with the\nSu.-G. _samlung_, conventus.\n\nSemes, _pr. t._ in the phrase, _hire semes_ = it beseems her, it becomes\nher, 2916. _Semede_, _pa. t._ was suitable, was fit, 976. See _Seem_ in\nWedgwood.\n\nSen, Sene. _See_ Se.\n\nSendes, _pr. t._ sendeth, sends, 2392. _Sende_, _pa. t._ sent, 136, &c.\n\nSerf-borw, _n._ S. surety, pledge, 1667. In MS. Soc. Antiq. No. 60,\nknown by the name of _The Black Book of Peterborough_, is an instrument\nin which many names both of Saxon and Danish origin appear as the\n_Borhhanda_, or Sureties, otherwise called _Festermen_. See Jam. and the\nGlossaries, for further examples.\n\nSerganz, _n. pl._ Fr. attendants, officers, 2088, 2091, 2116.\n_Sergaunz_, 1929, 2361, 2371. _Seriaunz_, 2066. V. Spelm. in\u00a0v.\n_Servientes_, and Hickes, Thes. T.\u00a0i. p.\u00a0148.\n\nSerges. _See_ Cerges.\n\nSerk, _n._ S. shirt, 603. Emare, 501. R. Br.\n\nSeruen, _v._ S. to serve, 1230.\n\nSeruede, _pa. t._ S. deserved, 1914. Web. M. R. So in Sc. V. Jam.\n\nSest. _See_ Se.\n\nSette, _v._ S. to set, descend, 2671.\n\nSette, _pa. t._ S. set, placed, 2405; appointed, 2571. _Setten_, _pa. t.\npl._ set, 1211. _Sette_, _part. pa._ set, placed, 2612.\n\nSeyen, _v._ S. to say, 2886. _Seyst_, _pr. t. 2 p._ sayest, 2008.\n_Seyde_, _pa. t. 3 p._ said, 117, &c. _Seyden_, _pa. t. pl._ said, 376,\n1213. _Seyden_, have said, 456. _Sey_, _part. pa._ said, 2993.\n\nSeysed. _See_ Sayse.\n\nSeyst. _See_ Seyen.\n\nSeyt, _pr. t. s._ put for _sey it_, i.e. say it; or else put for\n_seyth_, i.e. say, 647. So in Sir Tr. p.\u00a0117,\n\n  For mani men _seyt_ ay whare.\n\nShaltou, shalt thou, 1800. _Shaltow_, 1322. _Shaltu_, 2180, 2186, 2882,\n2901.\n\nShamelike, _adv._ S. shamefully, disgracefully, 2825. _Schamliche_, Sir\nTr. p.\u00a093.\n\nShankes, _n. pl._ S. legs, 1903. _Sconke_, La[gh]am. l.\u00a015215. _See_\nRits. A.\u00a0S. p.\u00a016, and Diss. p.\u00a0xxxi. _Schankis_, Sc. V. Jam.\n\nShar, _pa. t._ S. share, cut, 1413. So in Am. and Amil. 2298, Her\nthrotes he _schar atvo_.\n\nShauwe, Shawe, _v._ S. to shew, 2206, 2784. _Sheu_, 1401.\n\nShel, Sheld, _n._ S. shield, 489, 624, 1653, &c.\n\nShende, _v._ S. to ruin, destroy, 1422. Bevis of H. ap. Ellis, M.\u00a0R.\nV.\u00a02, p.\u00a099. Chauc. _Shent_, _pa. t._ shamed, disgraced, 2749; _part.\npa._ shend, 2845. The more common sense of this verb is the latter. V.\nJam.\n\nShere. Clearly miswritten for _she were_, 1250.\n\nSheu. _See_ Shauwe.\n\nShides, _n. pl._ S. It here expresses pieces of wood cleft at the end,\n917. In Doug. Virg. _Schide_ signifies a billet of wood, 223, 10; or a\nchip, splinter, 207, 8. So in _Rauf Coilzear_, st. 39, Schaftes of\nschene wode they scheueride in _schides_. So also in P.\u00a0Pl. The word is\npreserved in Lanc. This custom of skinning eels by inserting the head in\na cleft stick, is still practised, we are informed, in the fish markets.\n\nShir, _adj._ S. bright, 588, 916, 1253, &c.\n\nShireue, _n._ S. sheriff, 2286. _Shireues_, _pl._ 266.\n\nSho, _pron._ _See_ Sche.\n\nSho, _v._ S. to shoe, 1138.\n\nShof, _pa. t._ S. shoved, pushed, 871, 892.\n\nShol, _1 p.\u00a0s._ (if I) shall, 1782. _Sal_, I shall, 628. _Shole_, _pl._\nshall, 562, 645, 1788. _Shul_, 328. _Sholen_, 621, 1127, 1230, &c.\n_Shulen_, 731, 747, &c. _Shoren_ (so in MS.), 1640. _Sule_, shall ye,\nwill ye, 2419. _Shude_, I should, 1079. _Sholdest_, shouldst, 2712.\n_Sholden_, _pl._ 1020, 1195. _Shulden_, 941.\n\nSholdre, _n._ S. shoulder, 2738. _Shuldre_, 604, 1262. _Shudre-blade_,\n2644. _Sholdres_, _pl._ shoulders, 1647, 1818. _Shuldren_, 982.\n\nShon, _n. pl._ S. shoes, 860, 969.\n\nShop, _qu._ Shok, shook, struck, destroyed, 1101. But Sewel gives Du.\n_schoppen_, to strike. Cf. Eng. _chop_.\n\nShotshipe, n. S. [_scot_, symbolum, _scipe_, societas] An assembly of\npersons who pay pecuniary contribution or reckoning, 2099.\n\n  For al Sikelines quiden\n  _Sotscipe_ heo heolden,\n  And swa longe swa beo\u00f0 \u00e6uere,\n  Ne scal hit stonde n\u00e6uere.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 23177.\n\nCf. _sotschipes_, _pl._ in Leg. of St. Kath. MS. Cott. Tit. D 18, fol.\n144\u00a0_b_. _See_ Nares, _v._ _Shot-clog_.\n\nShrede, _n._ S. a fragment, piece cut off, 99. [As it was given off the\n\"board,\" to \"feed the poor,\" it must mean a piece of bread or meat.\nCorrect \"_shrede_ = clothing\" in Coleridge's Glossarial Index.]\n\nShres, _n._ S. shears, 857.\n\nShride, _v._ S. to clothe (himself), 963. _Shrid_, _part. pa._ clothed,\n978.\n\nShriue, Shriuen, _v._ S. to confess, make confession, 362, 2598.\n_Shriue_, _Shriuen_, _part. pa._ 364, 2489.\n\nShrud, _n._ S. clothing, 303.\n\nShude, Shul, Shulen. _See_ Shol.\n\nShuldre, Shuldren. _See_ Sholdre.\n\nShuldreden, _pa. t. pl._ S. shouldered, 1056.\n\nSibbe, _adj._ S. related, allied, 2277. Sir Tr. p.\u00a044. _See_ Fremde.\n\nSiden, _n. pl._ S. sides, 371.\n\nSike, _v._ S. to sigh, 291.\n\nSiking, _n._ S. sighing, 234.\n\nSikerlike, _adv._ S. surely, 422, 625, 2301, 2707, 2871. _Sikerly_, Sir\nTr. p.\u00a035, &c.\n\nSikernesse, _n._ S. surety, security, 2856. R. Glouc., R.\u00a0Br., Chauc.\n\nSimenels, _n. pl._ Fr. 779, a finer sort of bread, \"q. a _simila_ h.\u00a0e.\npuriori farin\u00e6 parte.\" _Spelm._ Assis. pan. 51 Hen. III. _Symnellus_\nvero de quadrante ponderabit 2 sol. minus quam Wastellum. It elsewhere\nappears to be a sort of cake, or cracknel. So in the _Crieries de\nParis_, v. 163, Chaudes tartes et _siminiaus_. V. Nares in\u00a0v.\n\nSinne, _n._ S. fault, 1976. _Ne for loue ne for sinne_, 2375. _Wolde he\nnouth for sinne lette_, 2627. Traces of this phrase may be elsewhere\nfound:\n\n  Neyther for _love_ nor yet for _awe_\n  Lyuinge man none than they saw.\n\n    _Sir Degore_, c. iv.\n\n  Maboun and Lybeauus\n  Faste togedere hewes,\n    And stente _for no synne_.\n\n    _Ly Beaus Desc._ 1957.\n\nSire, Syre, _n._ Fr. The term in ll. 310, 1229, is used not only to\nexpress respect, but command. A parallel passage is in R.\u00a0C[oe]ur de\u00a0L.\n2247. It simply means _Sir_, ll. 909, 2009.\n\nSite, _v._ S. to sit, 2809. _Sittes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ sittest, 1316.\n_Sitten_, _pr. t. pl._ sit, 2098. _Site on knes_, i.e. kneel, 2708.\n\nSi\u00fee, Si\u00feen, _adv._ S. then, afterwards, after, 399, 472, 1414, 1814,\n1988, &c.\n\nSi\u00fee, _n._ S. time, 1052. _Si\u00fee_, _Si\u00fees_, _pl._ 213, 778, 1737, 2189.\n_Sy\u00fee_, _Sy\u00fees_, 2162, 2843. Sir Tr. p.\u00a055, &c.\n\nSket, _adv._ quickly, soon, 1926, 1960, 2303, 2493, 2513, 2574, 2736,\n2839. Sir Tr. pp.\u00a036, 40, &c.; Ly Beaus Desc. 484; K.\u00a0Alisaund. 3047;\nR.\u00a0C[oe]ur de\u00a0L. 806; Rom. of Merlin, ap. Ellis, M.\u00a0R. V.\u00a0i. p.\u00a0228.\n[Icel. _skj\u00f3tt_, quickly, from _skj\u00f3tr_, quick, swift. The adj. is still\npreserved in the surname Skeat _or_ Skeet.]\n\nSkirming, _n._ Fr. skirmishing, 2323. Web. M. R. _See_ Note on l.\u00a02320.\n\nSlawe, Slawen. _See_ Slo.\n\nSlenge, _v._ S. to sling, cast out, 2435. _Slenget_, _part. pa._ slung,\n1923.\n\nSlepes, _pr. t. 2 p._ sleepest, 1283.\n\nSleie, Sley, _adj._ skilful, expert, 1084, 2116. Sir Tr. pp.\u00a023, 28;\nHorn Childe, ap. Rits. M.\u00a0R. V.\u00a03, p.\u00a0296; Emare, 67; R. Glouc. p.\u00a0350;\nBarb. xix. 179; Doug. 137, 12. Jamieson derives it from Su.-G. _slug_,\nIsl. _sl\u00e6gr_. Cf. Sw. _slug_.\n\nSlike, _adv. or perhaps adj._ smoothly, or smooth, 1157. \"_Slyke_, or\nsmothe. _Lenis_.\" Prompt. Parv.\n\nSlo, _n._ S. sloe, berry, 849, 2051.\n\nSlo, _v._ S. to slay, 512, 1364, 1412, &c. _Slou_, 2543. _Slos_, _pr. t.\n2 p._ slayest, 2706. _Slos_, _imp. pl._ strike ye, 2596. _Slou_, _Slow_,\n_pa. t._ slew, 501; struck, 2633. _Slowe_, _Slowen_, _pa. t. pl._ slew,\n2414, 2427, 2432; struck, fought, 2683. _Slawe_, _Slawen_, _part. pa._\nslain, 1803, 1928, 2000, &c. In l.\u00a02747 (as in 2596, 2633, 2683) it has\nonly the sense of _struck_, wounded, agreeably to the signification of\nthe original word, _sle\u00e1n_, _sle\u00e1han_, C\u00e6dere, ferire.\n\nSmerte, _adj. pl._ S. painful, 2055.\n\nSmerte, _v._ S. to smart, 2647.\n\nSmot, _pa. t._ S. smote, 2654.\n\nSo, a large tub, 933. See _So_ in Halliwell. Dan. _saa_, a pail.\n\nSo, _conj._ S. as, 279, 349, _et pass._\n\nSofte, _adj._ S. of a mild disposition, 991.\n\nSofte, _adv._ S. gently, 2618.\n\nSomdel, _adj._ S. somewhat, in some measure, 240. _Sumdel_, 450, 497,\n1054, 2306, 2950. Web., R.\u00a0Gl., Chauc.\n\nSond, _n._ S. sand, 708, 735.\n\nSone, _n._ S. son, 660, 839. _Sones_, _pl._ 2980.\n\nSone, _adv._ S. soon, 78, &c.; so soon as, 1354.\n\nSor, _n._ S. sorrow, 234. _Sorwe_, 1374; pain, sore, 1988.\n\nSor, _adj._ S. sore, detestable, 2229. [Perhaps it should be _sori_.]\n\nSorful, _adj._ S. sorrowful, 151, 2541.\n\nSori, _adj._ S. sorrowful, 151, 477.\n\nSoth, Sothe, _n._ S. truth, 36, 647, 2008, &c.\n\nSo\u00felike, _adv._ S. truly, 276.\n\nSoupe, _v._ Fr. to sup, 1766.\n\nSouthe, _pa. t._ S. sought, 1085.\n\nSowe, Sowen. _See_ Se.\n\nSowel, _n._ victuals, 767, 1143, 2905. Properly, anything eaten with\nbread as a relish. See _Sool_ in Halliwell. Dan. _suul_.\n\nSpan-newe, _adj._ quite new, 968. This is the earliest instance on\nrecord of the use of this word. For its disputed etymology see Jam.,\nNares, Todd's Johns., and Thoms. Etymons; but especially Wedgwood's\nEtym. Dict. _Span_ = chip; _Span-new_, chip-new. A.S. _sp\u00f3n_. It occurs\nin Chauc. Troil. iii. 1671.\n\nSparkede, _pa. t._ S. sparkled, 2144.\n\nSpede, _v._ S. to speed, prosper, 1634.\n\nSpeke, _n._ S. speech, 946.\n\nSpeke, Speken, _v._ S. to speak, 326, 369, 548, 1070, &c. _Spak_, _pa.\nt._ spoke, 2389, 2968. _Speken_, _part. pa._ spoken, 2369.\n\nSpelle, _n._ S. story, relation, 338. K. Horn, 951.\n\nSpelle, _v._ S. to relate, tell forth, 15, 2530.\n\nSpen _for_ Spent, 1819.\n\nSperd, Sperde, _part. pa._ S. barred, bolted, 414, 448. Still common in\nthe North. V. Brockett.\n\nSpille, _v._ S. to perish, 2422. _Of limes spille_, 86, suffer the loss\nof limbs. K.\u00a0Horn, 202. Web., Chauc.\n\nSpired, _part. pa._ S. speered, inquired, 2620. V. Jam. in\u00a0v.\n\nSpore, _n._ S. spur, 2569.\n\nSprauleden, _pa. t. pl._ S. sprawled, 475.\n\nSprong, _pa. t._ S. sprung, 959. _See_ the Note. _Sprongen_, 869.\n_Sprungen_, _part. pa._ risen, 1131.\n\nSprote, _n._ S. sprout, 1142. A.S. _sprote_, a sprig, sprout.\n\nSpuse, Spusen, _v._ S. to espouse, marry, 1123, 1170, 2875. _Spusede_,\n_pa. t. pl._ espoused, 2887. _Spused_, _part. pa._ 1175, 2928. _Spuset_,\n1266.\n\nSpusing, _n._ S. espousals, marriage, 1164, 1177, 2886.\n\nStac, _n._ S. 814. [This I believe to mean simply a stack, or heap, like\nthe Dan. _stak_, Sw. _stack_. I add Sir F. Madden's note in the edition\nof 1828.] A\u00a0stack, or, more properly, _stick_ of fish, a term applied to\neels when strung on a row, 'sic dicta, quod trajecta vimine (quod _stic_\ndicimus) connectebantur.' _Spelm._ A\u00a0_stica_ consisted of 25 eels, and\n10 _Stic\u00e6_ made a _Binde_. Glanv. lib. 2, c. 9.\n\nStalwor\u00fei, Stalwor\u00fee, Stalwrthe, adj. S. strong, valiant, courageous,\n24, 904, 1027, &c. _Stalwor\u00feeste_, _sup._ 25.\n\nStan-ded, _adj._ S. dead as a stone, completely dead, 1815. _Stille als\na ston_, 928. Cf. K. of Tars, 549; Erle of Tol. 754; Launfal, 357. _See_\nGl. to _Partenay_.\n\nStar, _n._ Icel. a species of sedge, 939. Icel. _st\u00f6r_; Sw. _starr_;\nDan. _st\u00e6r_. _See_ the Note.\n\nStareden, _pt. t. pl._ 1037. _Probably miswritten for_ Stradden,\ncontended. Cf. Su.-Goth. and Sw. _strida_, to contend.\n\nStarinde, _part. pr._ staring, 508.\n\nStark, _adj._ S. stiff, stout, strong, 341, 380, 608, &c. V. Jam. in\u00a0v.\n\nStede, _n._ S. steed, horse, 10, &c.\n\nStede, _n._ S. place, 142, 744. _Stedes_, _pl._ 1846.\n\nStem, _n._ S. a ray of light, beam, 591. It is equivalent to _Glem_,\nl.\u00a02122.\n\n  Therewith he blinded them so close,\n  A _stime_ they could not see.\n\n    _R. Hood_, i. 112.\n\nCf. Brockett's Gl. in v. _Stime_.\n\nSternes, _n. pl._ stars, 1809. _Ageyn \u00fee sternes_ = exposed to the sky,\nor to the open air.\n\nStert, _n._ S. leap, 1873. Chaucer has _at a stert_ for immediately,\nC.\u00a0T. 1707.\n\nStert, _n._ S. [_steort_, cauda] tail, 2323. _Start_ is still retained\nin the North.\n\nSteuene, _n._ S. voice, 1275.\n\nSti, _n._ S. road, way, 2618. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0192; Yw. and Gaw. 599; Emare,\n196; Sevyn Sages, 712; R.\u00a0Br. Chaucer uses _stile_ in the same sense,\nC.\u00a0T. 12628, and Minot, p.\u00a05, in both which passages the respective\nEditors have made the same mistake in explaining it. [Cf. G. _steg_, a\npass.]\n\nStille, _adj._ S. quiet, 955, 2309.\n\nStille, _adv._ S. in a low voice, secretly, 2997. Sir Tr. p.\u00a055;\nK.\u00a0Horn, 315.\n\nStirt, Stirte, _pa. t._ S. started, leaped, 398, 566, 873, 1049, &c.\n_Stirte_, _Stirten_, _pa. t. pl._ started, hurried, 599, 1964, 2609.\nDerived by Skinner from S. _astirian_, movere, by Jam. from Teut.\n_steerten_, volare. _See_ Astirte. Cf. G. _st\u00fcrzen_; and see _Start_ in\nWedgwood.\n\nStith, _n._ S. anvil, 1877. Chauc. Still provincial. V. Moore, and\nBrockett.\n\nStiward, _n._ S. steward, 666.\n\nStonden, _n._ S. to stand, 689. _Stondes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ standeth,\nstands, 2240, 2983. _Stod_, _pa. t._ stood, 591, 679. _Stoden_, _pa. t.\npl._ 1037.\n\nStor, _adj._ S. hardy, stout, 2383. La[gh]am. l. 9126; Yw. and Gaw.\n1297; Chron. of Engl. 464; Sq. of Lowe D. 658; Ly Beaus Desc. 1766.\n_Steir_, _Sture_, Sc. ap. Jam. Cf. Sw. _stor_.\n\nStra, _n._ S. straw, 315, 466. A.S. _streow_, _streaw_. Cf. Strie.\n\nStrenes, _pr. t. 3 p._ S. begets, 2983. From _stre\u00f3nan_, gignere. Cf.\nK.\u00a0Alisaund. 7057.\n\nStrie, _n._ a straw, 998. _See_ Stra.\n\nStrout, _n._ dispute, contention, 1039. Cf. A.S. _str\u00fadan_, and\n_Strother_ in Atkinson's Cleveland Glossary.\n\nStroute, _v._ S. to make a disturbance, 1779. Bosworth explains A.S.\n_str\u00fadan_, _str\u00fatian_, as having originally the sense to bustle about.\n\nStunde, _n._ S. short space of time, 2614. V. Gl. to R. Glouc. _See_\nVmbestonde.\n\nSturgiun, Sturgun, _n._ sturgeon, 753, 1727. Cf. Sw. _st\u00f6r_, Dan.\n_st\u00f6r_.\n\nSuere, Suereth. _See_ Sweren.\n\nSuete, _adj._ S. sweet, 1388. Cf. l. 2927.\n\nSueyn, Sweyn, _n._ S. swain, villain, 343, 1328, &c. _Sweynes_, _pl._\n371, 2195. It is generally used in opposition to _knight_.\n\nSvich, _adj._ S. such, 60.\n\nSuilk, _adj._ such (things), 644. _See_ Swilk.\n\nSule. _See_ Shol.\n\nSumdel. _See_ Somdel.\n\nSunne-bem, _n._ S. sun-beam, 592, 2123.\n\nSwerd, _n._ S. sword, 1759, &c. _Swerdes_, _pl._ 1769, 2659.\n\nSweren, _v._ S. to swear, 494. _Suereth_, _pr. t. s._ swear, 647.\n_Swor_, _pa. t._ swore, 398, 2367. _Suere_, _pr. subj. 2 p.\u00a0s._ 388.\n\nSwike, _n._ S. deceiver, traitor, 423, 551, 626, 1158, 2401, 2451, &c.\n_Swikes_, _pl._ 2834, 2990. La[gh]am. l.\u00a012942; R.\u00a0Gl. p.\u00a0105.\n\nSwikel, _adj._ S. deceitful, 1108.\n\n  For alle \u00feine witien\n  Beo\u00f0 swi\u00f0e _swikele_.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 15848.\n\n  Hoe beth of _swikele_ kunne\n  Ther mide the witherwinne.\n\n    _The sawe of Seint Bede_, MS. Digb. 86.\n\n  He was _suikel_, fals, ant fel.\n\n    _Chron. of Engl._ 791.\n\nSwilen, _v._ S. [_swilian_, Ps. vi. 6] to wash, 919. It occurs also in\nRob. of Brunne's _Handling Sinne_, l.\u00a05828. Still provincial.\n\nSwilk, _adj._ S. such, 1118, 1625, 2123, 2684, 2783. _Suilk_, 644.\n\nSwinge, _v._ S. to beat, chastise (used _passively_), 214. _Swngen_,\n_part. pa._ beaten, 226. La[gh]am. l.\u00a021070. So in _Syr Bevys_, C.\u00a0ii.\nAll at ones on him they _swonge_. In the North the verb retains the same\nmeaning; v. Brockett.\n\nSwink, _n._ S. labour, 770, 801, 2456.\n\nSwinken, _v._ S. to labour, 798. _Swank_, _pa. t._ laboured, 788.\n\nSwire, _n._ S. neck, 311. Formerly in universal use, and still preserved\nin the provinces.\n\nSwi\u00fee, Swy\u00fee, _adv._ S. very, exceedingly, 110, 217, 341. Quickly, 140,\n682, 690; _ful swithe_, 2436, appears a pleonasm. _Swithe forth and\nrathe_, quickly forth, and soon, 2594.\n\nSwot, _n._ S. sweat, perspiration, 2662. The word has the same meaning\nin C\u00e6dmon, f.\u00a024, ed. Thorpe, p.\u00a031, l.\u00a08, which seems to contradict Mr\nPrice's assertion to the contrary, in Warton's Hist. Engl. Poetr.\np.\u00a0lxxi., ed. 1840.\n\nSwngen. _See_ Swinge.\n\nSyre. _See_ Sire.\n\nSy\u00fee, Sy\u00fees. _See_ Si\u00fee.\n\nSy\u00fee, _n._ S. scythe, 2553, 2699.\n\n\nTabour, _n._ Fr. tabor, 2329.\n\nTale, _n._ S. number, 2026.\n\nTaleuaces, _n. pl._ Fr. large shields, 2323. _See_ the Note on l.\u00a02320.\n\nTarst (_so in_ MS.), 2688; almost certainly an error for _faste_, which\nappears in the next line. Also, the movements of Godard are compared to\nthe course of lightning.\n\nTauhte, _pt. s._ committed, 2214, probably an error for _bitauhte_.\n_See_ Bitaken.\n\nTel, _n._ S. deceit, reproach, 191, 2219. A.S. _t\u00e1lu_.\n\nTelle, _v._ S. to count, number, 2615. _Told_, _part. pa._ numbered,\nesteemed, 1036.\n\nTene, _n._ S. grief, affliction, 729.\n\nTere, _v._ S. to tar (used passively), 707.\n\nTeth, _n. pl._ S. teeth, 2406.\n\nTeyte, _adj._ S. 1841, 2331. [Explained \"lively\" by Coleridge,\nStratmann, and Morris, as if from Icel. _teitr_, hilaris. This I believe\nto be completely wrong. The word occurs in Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B.\n871, with reference to _tight_ lasses, and in l.\u00a01841 of Havelok we have\na reference to _tight_ lads. In l.\u00a02331 it may also mean _flawless_,\nstaunch. \"_Theet_, _adj._ water-tight. O.N. _\u00feiettr_ or _\u00fe\u00e9ttr_, densus,\nsolidus. O.Sw. _th\u00e6ter_, Sw. Dial, _tjett_ or _tj\u00e6tt_, Dan. _t\u00e6tt_,\nGerm. _dicht_. Ihre gives .\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0. _ett t\u00e4tt fat_, a flawless vessel.\n'_Thyht_, hool fro brekynge, not brokyn. _Integer_, _solidus_. Prompt.\nParv.'\" Atkinson's Glossary of the Cleveland dialect.] [_Teyte_ may mean\n_lively_. My explanation is not generally accepted.]\n\n\u00dea, _written for_ \u00feat, 175.\n\n\u00dean, \u00deanne, _adv._ S. then, 51, 1044, &c.; when, 226, 248, _et s\u00e6pius_;\nthan if (_qu\u00e0m_), 944, 1867.\n\n\u00dear, _adv._ where (?) 130. _See_ the Note; and cf. _\u00deer_.\n\n\u00deare, _adv._ S. there, 2481, 2739. Cf. \u00feer, \u00feore.\n\n\u00dearne, _v._ to lose, be deprived of, 2492, 2835. _\u00dearnes_, _pr. t._\nwants, is deprived of, 1913. _\u00dearned the ded_, 1687; [clearly miswritten\nfor _\u00feoled \u00fee ded_, suffered death. The scribe was thinking of _\u00fearned\n\u00fee lif_; cf. l.\u00a02492.] The verb only exists in the Sax. in the pt.\u00a0t.\n_\u00fe\u00e6rnode_, Chron. Sax. p.\u00a0222, ed. Gibs., which is derived by Lye from\nthe Cimbr. _At thuerna_, or _thorna_, diminui, privari. V. Hickes Thes.\nI. p.\u00a0152. [I.e. it is from the root of the Sw. _tarfva_, Icel.\n_thurfa_, Goth. _thaurban_, with the _f_ dropped, and with the addition\nof the _passive_ or _neuter_ infinitive-ending denoted by _-ne_, like\n_-na_ in Sw., _-nan_ in M[oe]so-Gothic. See _\u00fearrnenn_ in Gl. to\nOrmulum.]\n\n\u00deas, _read_ Was, 1129. [As \u00fe at the beginning of a word is never put for\n_t_, it is not = Sc. _tas_, takes, as some have suggested.]\n\n\u00deaue, v. S. [_\u00feafian_] to grant, 296; bear, sustain, 2696. Ormulum,\n5457.\n\nThayn, _n._ S. nobleman, 2184. _Thein_, 2466. _Thaynes_, _pl._ 2260.\n_Theynes_, 2194. _See_ Kayn.\n\n\u00dee, _n._ S. thigh, 1950. _\u00dehe_, 1984. _\u00dees_, _pl._ 1903. _\u00dehes_, 2289.\n\n\u00dee, _adv._ S. (_written for_ \u00feer), there, 142, 476, 863, 933. _\u00dee with_,\ntherewith, 639. _See_ \u00deer.\n\n\u00dee, _conj._ S. though, 1682. _\u00deei_, 1966. _\u00deey_, 807, 992, 1165, 2501.\n_See_ \u00deou.\n\n\u00deede, _n._ S. country, dwelling, 105; place, 2890. Web., Le Bone Flor.\n246. R.\u00a0Br. p.\u00a018. V. Jam.\n\n\u00deef, _n._ S. thief, 2434. _\u00deeues_, _pl._ 1780.\n\n\u00deei, _pron._ S. they, 1020, 1195, &c.\n\n\u00deei, \u00deey, _conj._ though. _See_ \u00dee.\n\n\u00deenke, _pr. subj._ S. think, 2394. _\u00deenkeste_, _pr. t. 2 p._ thinkest\nthou, 578.\n\n\u00deenne, _adv._ S. thence, 1185. [Perhaps in l. 777, we should put the\ncomma after _\u00feenne_; \"when he came thence,\" &c.]\n\n\u00deer, _adv._ S. where, 318, 448, &c.; there, _passim_; the place whence,\n1740. _\u00deerinne_, therein, 535, &c. _\u00deerhinne_, 322. _\u00deerof_, _\u00deeroffe_,\nthereof, 372, 466, 1068, &c. _\u00deer\u00feoru_, by that means, 1098. _\u00deertil_,\n_\u00deerto_, thereto, 396, 1041, 1045. _\u00deerwit_, _\u00deerwith_, therewith, 1031,\n1046. _See_ \u00dee, \u00deore.\n\n\u00deere, _pron._ S. their, 1350.\n\n\u00deerl _for_ \u00dee erl, the earl, 178.\n\n\u00deertekene, 2878. [Coleridge's Glossarial Index has \"Thertekene = mark\nthereto. A.S. _t\u00e1cnian_.\" But this is a very awkward phrase, and I\nshould prefer to suppose _\u00feer-tekene_ = by the token, i.e. in token.\n_Tekene_ answers to the Sw. _tecken_, a token; and _\u00feer_ is found as a\nprefix in _P.\u00a0Plowman_ in the phr. _\u00feer-while_ = _\u00fee while_, i.e. in the\ntime that. The only difficulty is that _\u00feer_ is properly feminine (A.S.\n_\u00fe\u00e6re_), whilst _tecken_ in Sw. and _t\u00e1cen_ in A.S. are neuter. _In\ntokne_ (= in token) occurs in Shoreham's poems, ed. Wright, 131.]\n\n\u00deet, _conj._ S. that (_qu\u00f2d_), 330.\n\n\u00deet, _pron._ S. that, 879.\n\n\u00dee\u00fee, \u00dee\u00feen, _adv._ S. thence, 2498, 2629.\n\n\u00deeu, \u00deewe, _n._ S. in a servile condition or station, 262, 2205. R.\u00a0Gl.\n\n\u00deewes, _n. pl._ S. manners, 282. La[gh]am., Rits. M. R., Web.,\nP.\u00a0Plowm., Chauc., Gl. Lynds., Percy, A. R.\n\n\u00dei. _See_ For\u00fei.\n\n\u00dei _for_ \u00dey, thy, 2725.\n\n\u00deider, _adv._ S. thither, 850, 1012, 1021, &c.\n\n\u00deigge, v. S. [_\u00feicgan_] to beg, 1373. This word is chiefly preserved in\nthe Sc. writers. Wall. ii. 259; Doug. Virg. 182, 37; Evergreen, ii. 199;\nBannatyne Poems, p.\u00a0120, V. Jam. in\u00a0v., who derives it from Su.-G.\n_tigga_, Alem. _thigen_, petere. [See _tigga_ in Ihre. \"Thyggynge or\nbeggynge, _Mendicacio_.\" Prompt. Parv.]\n\n\u00deis _for_ \u00feise, these, 1145.\n\n\u00deisternesse, _n._ S. darkness, 2191.\n\n  Dalden from \u00fean fihte\n  Al bi _\u00feustere_ nihte.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 7567; cf. _Gen. and Ex._, 58.\n\nThit, _pp._ 2990. [The rime shews that the _i_ is long; and, whether the\n_th_ is sounded like _t_, or (which is more likely) the word should have\nbeen written _tiht_ or _tith_, we may be tolerably confident that it\nis equivalent to the O.E. _tight_ or _ti[gh]t_, a pp.\u00a0signifying\n_intended_, _purposed_, _designed_, which is the exact sense here\nrequired. Stratmann gives five instances of it, of which one is-- \"To\nbrewe the Crystene mennys banys Hy hadden _tyght_;\" Octovian, 1476.]\n\n\u00deo, _pron._ S. those, 1918, 2044.\n\n\u00deo, _pron._ thou. _See_ \u00deu.\n\n\u00deo, _adv._ S. then, 930; when, 1047. _Thow_, 1669.\n\n\u00deore, _adv._ S. there, 741, 922, 1014, &c. _\u00deortil_, thereto, 1443.\n_\u00deorwit_, therewith, 100. _See_ \u00dee, \u00deer.\n\n\u00deoru, _adv._ S. through, 627, 774, 848, &c. _\u00deoruth_, 1065, 2786.\n_\u00deorw_, 264, 367, 2646. _\u00deuruth_, 52.\n\n\u00deoruthlike, _adv._ S. throughly, 680.\n\n\u00deou, _conj._ S. though, 124, 299, &c. _\u00deo_, 1020. _See_ \u00dee.\n\n\u00deoucte, _pa. t._ S. thought, 504, 507, &c. _\u00deouthte_, 1073. _\u00deowthe_,\n1869. _\u00deouthe_, 1166. _\u00deat god thoucte_, 256, that seemed good. Cf. Sir\nTr. pp.\u00a030, 36. And so in MS. Vernon, Bodl.\n\n  Riche metes was forth brouht\n  To all men _that gode thouht_.\n\n    _Disp. betw. a Crystene mon and a Jew_, f. 301.\n\n[Or, if we read \"\u00feat god _him_ \u00feoucte,\" this would mean \"that seemed\ngood _to him_;\" cf. l.\u00a0197.]\n\n\u00deouth, _n._ S. thought, 122, 1190.\n\n\u00deral, _n._ S. slave, villain, 527, 684, 1097, 1158, 2564, 2589. In an\nopprobious sense, 1408. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0175.\n\n\u00derawe, _n._ S. space of time, moment, 276, 1215. Web., Rits. M.\u00a0R., Rob.\nBr., Doug. Virg. _\u00derow_, Chauc., Gower, &c.\n\n\u00deredde, \u00deridde, _adj._ S. third, 867, 2633.\n\n\u00derette, _pa. t._ S. threatened, 1163.\n\n\u00derie, 730. [In the former edition it is glossed \"trouble, affliction;\napparently the same as _Tray_ or _Treye_;\" cf. A.S. _tr\u00e9ga_. But this\nrenders the construction difficult, nor is it clear that _treye_ and\n_\u00ferie_ can be identified. Without doubt, the usual meaning of _\u00ferie_ is\n_thrice_, which is easily construed, only it remains to be shewn why\n_thrice_ should be introduced; unless perhaps it signifies _in a\nthreefold degree._]\n\n\u00derinne, _num._ S. three, 716, 761, 1977, 2091.\n\n\u00derist, \u00deristen, _v._ S. to thrust, 1152, 2019, 2725. _\u00derist_, _part.\npa._ thrust, 638.\n\n\u00deu, _pron._ S. thou, 527, &c. _\u00deou_, 527, &c. _\u00deo_, 388. _\u00dew_ (_read_\n\u00feat \u00few _instead of_ \u00few that?), 1316. _Tow_, 1322. _Tu_, 2903. It is\noften joined to the verb which precedes, as _Shaltow_, _Wiltu_, &c. The\n_gen._ is _\u00fein_, 1128; the _acc._ is _\u00fee_, 529.\n\n\u00deurte, _pt. t. s._ need, might, 10. [It answers to the A.S. _\u00feurfan_,\n_pt. t._ _ic \u00feorfte_, Icel. _\u00feurfa_, _pt. t._ _\u00feurfti_, M[oe]so-Goth.\n_\u00feaurban_, _pt. t._ _\u00feaurfta_. _See_ Ormulum, l.\u00a016164, and Sir F.\nMadden's note to _\u00feort_ in Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_.]\n\n\u00deuruth. _See_ \u00deoru.\n\n\u00deus _for_ \u00deis, 785, 2586. (_In comp._ \u00feus-gate.)\n\nTid, _n._ S. time, hour, 2100.\n\nTil, _prep._ S. to, 141, 762, 864, &c. _See_ Intil, \u00deertil.\n\nTil, _v._ S. to tell, 1348.\n\nTilled, _part. pa._ S. obtained, acquired (lit. drawn, taken), 438. V.\nGl. R.\u00a0Br. in\u00a0v. _tille_, and see quotation under _Goddot_.\n\nTinte, _pa. t._ S. lost, 2023. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0104. V. Jam.\n\nTirneden, _pa. t. pl._ S. turned, 603.\n\nTi\u00feandes, _n. pl._ Icel. tidings, 2279.\n\nTo-, in composition with verbs, is usually augmentative, or has the\nforce of the Lat. _dis-_. _To-brised_, _part. pa._ very much bruised,\n1950. (_See_ Brisen.) _To-cruhsse_, _inf._ crush in pieces, 1992.\n_To-deyle_, _inf._ divide, 2099. (_See_ Deled.) _To-drawen_, _part. pa._\ndragged or pulled to death, 2001. (_See_ Drou.) _To-frusshe_, _inf._\nbreak in pieces, 1993. _To-hewen_, _part. pa._ hewn in pieces, 2001.\n_To-riuen_, _part. pa._ torn _or_ riven in pieces, 1953. _To-rof_, _pa.\nt._ burst open, 1792. _To-shiuere_, _inf._ shiver in pieces, 1993.\n_To-shiuered_, _part. pa._ shivered to pieces, 2667. _To-tere_, _inf._\ntear in pieces, 1839. _To-torn_, _part. pa._ torn in pieces, 1948, 2021.\n_To-tusede_, _part. pa._ entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. In one case\nonly we find it to be merely the prep. _to_ in composition; viz. in\n_To-yede_, _pa. t._ went to, 765. (_See_ Yede.) [_See_ note on this\nprefix in Gloss. to _William of Palerne_.]\n\nTo, _adv._ S. too, 303, 689, 691, &c.\n\nTo, _n._ S. toe, 1743, 1847, &c. _Tos_, _pl._ 898, 2163.\n\nTo, _num._ S. two, 2664.\n\nTo, _prep._ follows its case in ll. 197, 325, 526.\n\nTo-frusshe, _v._ Fr. [_froisser_] to dash or break in pieces, 1993.\n\n  The Sarezynes layde on with mace,\n  And al _to-frussched_ hym in the place.\n\n    _R. C[oe]ur de L._ 5032. Cf. 5084.\n\n  He suld sone be _to-fruschyt_ all.\n\n    _Barb._ x. 597.\n\nSo also Doug. Virg. 51, 53. V. Jam. in v. _Frusch_.\n\nTogidere, Togydere, _adv._ S. together, 1128, 1181, 2683, 2891.\n\nTok, _pa. t._ S. took, 354, 467, 537. _Toke_, _pa. t. 2 p._ 1216.\n_Token_, _pa. t. pl._ 1194, _Token under fote_, 1199.\n\nTold. _See_ Telle.\n\nTotede, _pa. t._ peeped, looked, 2106. This verb is thrice found in\nP.\u00a0Ploughman's Crede, ll. 142, 168, 339. Although it would appear a rare\nword from its not appearing in Hearne, Ritson, or Weber, yet in later\ntimes it, occurs often, and is instanced by Jamieson from Patten's\nAccount of Somerset's Expedicion, p.\u00a053, and by Nares from Hall,\nLatimer, Spenser, and Fairfax. It also occurs four times in the _Ancren\nRiwle_, ed. Morton, 1853. In Sc. it is pronounced _Tete_, which is\nderived by Jam. from the same stock as Su.-G. _titt-a_, explained by\nIhre, \"Per transennam veluti videre, ut solent curiosi, aut post tegmina\nlatentes.\" V. the authorities quoted, Todd's Johns. and Wilbr. Gl. [Cf.\nSw. _titta_; Dan. _titte_, to peep; Dan. _tittelege_, to play at\nbopeep.]\n\nTo-tusede, _part. pa._ entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. _See_ Nares,\nin\u00a0v. _Tose_, and _Tousle_, _Toozle_, in Jam., Brockett, &c. Cf. G.\n_zausen_.\n\nToun, _n._ S. town, 1750, &c. _Tun_, 764, 1001, &c. _Tunes_, _pl._ 1444,\n2277.\n\nTour, _n._ Fr. tower, 2073.\n\nTre, _n._ S. a bar or staff of wood, 1022, 1821, 1843, 1882, &c.\n_Dore-tre_, 1806, 1968, bar of the door.\n\nTrewe, _adj._ S. true. 1756.\n\nTristen, _v._ to trust, 253.\n\nTro. _See_ Trowe.\n\nTrome, _n._ S. [_truma_] a troop, company, 8.\n\n  Heo makeden heore sceld-_trome_\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 9454.\n\n  Bisydes stondeth a feondes _trume_,\n  And waileth hwenne the saules cume.\n\n    _Les Unze peyne_, &c. MS. Coll. Jes. 29.\n\nThe same mode of expression used above occurs lower down, l. 24, \"A\nstalwor\u00fei man in a _flok_,\" which is also found in La[gh]amon,\n\n  Cador ther wes \u00e6c,\n  \u00fee kene wes on _flocke_. --l. 23824.\n\nAnd in _Sir Guy_, H. iii.\n\n  Then came a knight that hight Sadock,\n  A doughty man in every _flock_.\n\nTrone, _n._ Lat. throne, 1316.\n\nTrowe, _n._ S. to believe, trust, 1656. _Tro_, 2862. _Trowede_, _pa. t._\nbelieved, 382. Sir Tr. p.\u00a041.\n\nTrusse, _v._ Fr. [_trousser_] to pack up, to truss, 2017. R.\u00a0Gl. Hence\nto _make ready_, K.\u00a0Alisaund. 7006. Minot, p.\u00a050, which Ritson was\nunable to explain.\n\nTuenti, _num._ S. twenty, 259.\n\nTumberel, _n._ a porpoise, 757. In Spelm. _Timberellus_ is explained, a\nsmall whale, on the authority of Skene, Vocab. Jur. Scot. L. Forest, _Si\nquis cetum_. In Cotgr. also we find \"_Tumbe_, the great Sea-Dragon, or\nQuadriver; also the Gurnard, called so at Roan.\" [But the Sw. _tumlare_,\na porpoise, _lit._ a tumbler, suggests that the name may be given from\nits _tumbling_ or _rolling_. The Dan. _tumler_, however, is a dolphin.]\n\nTun. _See_ Toun.\n\nTurues, _n. pl._ S. turf, peat, 939. Chauc. C. T. 10109. V. Spelm. in\u00a0v.\nand Jennings' Somersetsh. Gl.\n\nTwel _for_ Twelve, 2455.\n\n\nUeneysun, _n._ Fr. venison, 1726.\n\nVmbestonde, _adv._ S. for a while, formerly, 2297.\n\n  & heo seilede{n} forth,\n  \u00fe\u00e6t inne s\u00e6 heo comen,\n  \u00fea _vmbe stunde_\n  ne s\u00e6ge heo noht of londe.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 11967.\n\nIt is equivalent to _umbe-while_ or _vmwhile_, Sc. _umquhile_. _See_\nStunde.\n\nUmbistode, _pa. t._ S. stood around, 1875. _See_ Bistode, Stonden.\n\nVn-bi-yeden, _pa. t. pl._ S. surrounded, 1842. _See_ Yede.\n\nVnblithe, _adj._ S. unhappy, 141. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0171.\n\nUnbounden, _pa. t. pl._ S. unbound, 601.\n\nUnderfong, _pa. t._ S. understood, 115. This sense of the verb is not\nfound elsewhere. It is in the present poem synonymous with _Understod_\n(as Lat. _accipere_, _percipere_).\n\nUnderstonde, _v._ S. to receive, 2814. _Understod_, _pa. t._ received,\n1760. _Understonde_, _pr. subj._ receive, 1159. So in K.\u00a0Horn, 245, ed.\nRits.\n\n  Horn child thou _vnderstond_,\n  Tech him of harpe and song.\n\nwhere the MS. Laud 108 reads _vnderfonge_. See Lumby's ed. l.\u00a0239.\n\nUnker, _pron. g. c. dual._ S. of you two, 1882.\n\nVnkeueleden, _pa. t. pl._ S. ungagged, 601. _See_ Keuel.\n\nUnkyndelike, _adv._ S. unsuitably, 1250.\n\nVnornelike, _adj._ S. basely, or degradingly, 1941. The only word in the\nSax. remaining to which it can be referred, is _unornlic_, tritus, Jos.\n9. 5. The following instances also approach the same stock:\n\n  Ne speke y nout with Horne,\n  Nis he nout so _vnorne._\n\n    _K. Horn_, 337.\n\n  Mi stefne is bold & no[gh]t _vnorne_,\n  Ho is ilich one grete horne,\n  & \u00fein is ilich one pipe.\n\n    _Hule and Ni[gh]tingale_, l. 317.\n\n[Ihre shews that Icel. and Su.-Goth. _orna_ mean to acquire vital heat,\nto grow warm. Hence _unorne_ means unfervent, spiritless, feeble, old.\nThus, in the _Hule and Ni[gh]tingale_ it means _feeble_, _weak_; in Jos.\n9.\u00a05, it is used of _old, worn-out_ shoes. In the Ormulum, _unnorne_\noccurs frequently, in the sense of _poor_, _mean_, _feeble_; see ll.\n827, 3668; also _unnornelig_, meaning _meanly_, _humbly_, _obscurely_,\nin ll. 3750, 4858, 7525, 8251.]\n\nUnride, _adj._ S. [_ungereod, ungerydu_] It is here used in various\nsignifications, most of which, however, correspond to the senses given\nby Somner. Large, cumbersome (of a garment), 964; unwieldy (of the bar\nof a door), 1795; deep, wide (of a wound), 1981, 2673; numerous,\nextensive (of the nobility), 2947. _Unrideste, sup._ deepest, widest,\n1985. In the second sense we find it in Sir Tristr. p.\u00a0167,\n\n  Dartes wel _unride_\n  Beliagog set gan.\n\nAnd in _Guy of Warwick_, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p.\u00a079.\n\n  A targe he had ywrought full well,\n  Other metal was ther none but steel,\n    A mickle and _unrede_.\n\nIn the fourth sense we have these examples:\n\n  Opon Inglond for to were\n  With stout ost and _unride_.\n\n    _Horn Childe_, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p.\u00a0283.\n\n  Schir Rannald raugh to the renk ane rout wes _unryde_.\n\n    _Sir Gaw. and Gol._ ii. 25.\n\n  The soudan gederet an ost _unryde_.\n\n    _K. of Tars_, 142.\n\nCf. also _Sir Guy_, Ee. IV. in Garrick's Collect. 'Ameraunt drue out a\nswerde _unryde_.' In the sense of huge, or unwieldy, we may also\nunderstand it in Sir Tr. p.\u00a0148, 164; Guy of Warw. ap. Ell. M.\u00a0R. V.\u00a02,\np.\u00a078; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V.\u00a03, p.\u00a0295. In R. Brunne, p.\u00a0174, it\nexpresses loud, tremendous. Sir W. Scott and Hearne are both at fault in\ntheir Glossaries, and even Jamieson has done but little to set them\nright, beyond giving the true derivation, and then, under the cognate\nword _Unrude_, Doug. Virg. 167, 35, &c., errs from pure love of theory.\n\nVnrith, _n._ S. injustice, 1369.\n\nUnwrast, Unwraste, _adj._ S. [_unwr\u00e6ste_] feeble, worthless, 2821;\nrotten, 547. This word occurs in the Saxon Chron. 168,\u00a04 (ed. Thorpe,\np.\u00a0321), applied to a rotten ship, and this appears to have been the\noriginal meaning. The sense in which it was subsequently used may be\nlearnt by comparing La[gh]am. ll. 13943, 29609; R.\u00a0Gl. p.\u00a0586; Chron. of\nEngl. 662, 921; Ly Beaus Desc. 2118 (not explained by Rits.);\nK.\u00a0Alisaund. 878; R.\u00a0C[oe]ur de\u00a0L. 872, and Sevyn Sages, 1917. It is not\nfound in Jam. Cf. A.S. _wr\u00e6st_, firm.\n\nUoyz, _n._ Lat. voice, 1264.\n\nVre, _pron._ S. our, 13, 596, &c.\n\nVt, _prep._ S. out, 89, 155, &c. _Uth_, 346, 1178.\n\nUt-bidde. _See_ Bidd.\n\nUt-drawe, Ut-drawen, Vt-drow, Ut-drowen. _See_ Drou.\n\nUten, _prep._ S. out, exhausted, 842; without, foreign, as in\n_Uten-laddes_, 2153, 2580, foreigners.\n\nUt-lede. _See_ Lede.\n\nUtrage, _n._ S. outrage, 2837.\n\n\nW. _See_ Hw.\n\nWa, _n._ S. woe, wail, 465.\n\nWade, _v._ S. Lat. to pass, go, 2645. _Wede_, 2387, 2641. Vid. Nares.\n\nWagge, _v._ S. to wield, brandish, 89.\n\nWaiten, Wayte, Wayten, _v._ Fr. to watch, 512, 1754, 2070. Chauc. Cf.\nO.Fr. _gaiter_.\n\nWaken, _v._ S. to watch, 630. _Waked_, _part. pa._ watched, kept awake,\n2999. _See_ R.\u00a0Br., Sq. of L. D. 852. Chauc.\n\nWakne, _v._ S. to wake, awaken, 2164.\n\nWan, _adv._ S. when, 1962.\n\nWar, _adj._ S. aware, wary, 788, 2139.\n\nWarie, _v._ S. to curse, 433. _Waried_, _part. pa._ cursed, 434. Emare,\n667. _Wery_, Minot, p.\u00a07. _Warrie_, Chauc. _See_ Gl. Lynds.\n\nWarp, _pa. t._ S. threw, cast, 1061.\n\n  Al swa feor swa a mon\n  Mihte _werpe^n_ \u00e6nne stan.\n\n    _La[gh]am._ l. 17428.\n\nSo in Sc. Doug. Virg. 432, and Barb. iii. 642. V. Jam.\n\nWashen, _v._ S. to wash, 1233.\n\nWaste _for_ Was \u00fee, 87.\n\nWastel, _n._ Fr. cake, or loaf made of finer flour, 878. _Wastels_,\n_pl._ 779. _See_ Todd's Illustr. of Chauc., who derives the name from\n_wastell_, the vessel or basket in which the bread was carried. V. Du\nCange, Spelm. Jam. In Pegge's Form of Cury, p.\u00a072, 159, we meet with\n_Wastels yfarced_.\n\nWat, _pron._ _See_ Hwat.\n\nWat, _v._ _See_ Quath.\n\nWat, _pp._ known, 1674. _See_ Wot.\n\nWawe, _n._ S. wall, 474, 2470. The phrase _bith wawe_, 474, is also\nfound in Rits. A.\u00a0S. p.\u00a046, which is left unexplained by the Editor, and\nis badly guessed at by Ellis. By the aid of Moor's Suffolk Gl. we are\nenabled to ascertain the meaning of an expression which is not yet\nobsolete. \"By the walls.\" Dead and not buried. \"A' lie bi' the walls\"\n--said, I believe, only of a human subject. [This remark only applies to\nl.\u00a0474. In ll. 1963, 2470, the phrase refers to the benches placed round\nthe walls in the great hall, whereon men slept at night, and sat in\ncouncil by day.] _Wowe_, 1963, 2078. Still so pronounced in Lanc., &c.\n\nWaxen. _See_ Wex.\n\nWayke, _adj. pl._ S. weak, 1012.\n\nWayte, Wayten. _See_ Waiten.\n\nWe, 115, 287, 392, 772. Apparently an error of the scribe for _wel_, but\nits frequent repetition may cause it to be doubted, whether the _l_ may\nnot have been purposely dropped.\n\nWede, _v._ _See_ Wade.\n\nWede, _n._ S. clothing, garments, 94, 323, 861. In very general use\nformerly, and still preserved in the phrase, a widow's _weeds_.\n\nWeddeth _for_ Wedded, 1127.\n\nWei, Weie, _n._ S. way, road, 772, 952.\n\nWeilawa, Weilawei, _interj._ S. woe! alas! 462, 570. _See_ Gl. Sir Tr.,\nRits. M.\u00a0R., and Chauc. [A.S. _w\u00e1 la w\u00e1_, woe, lo! woe; now corrupted\ninto _wellaway_.]\n\nWel, _adv._ S. full, _passim._ _Wel sixti_, 1747; _wel o-bon_. _See_ On.\n_Wel with me_, 2878. _Wol_, 185.\n\nWel, _n._ S. weal, wealth, prosperity (_for wel ne for wo_), 2777.\n\nWelde, _v._ S. to wield, govern (a kingdom), 129, 175; (a weapon), 1436;\n(possessions), 2034. _Weldes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ wieldest, governest, 1359.\n\nWende, _v._ S. to go, 1346, 1705, 2629. _Wenden_, _pr. t. pl. subj._\n1344. _Wende_, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ go, 1440. _Wend_, _part. pa._ turned,\n2138.\n\nWene, _v._ S. _pres. sing_, ween, think, 655, 840, 1260, &c. _Wenes_,\n_pr. t. 2 p._ thinkest, 598. _Wenestu_, 1787, thinkest thou. _Wend_,\n_Wende_, _pa. t._ thought, 374, 524, 1091, 1803, &c. _Wenden_, _pa. t.\npl._ 1197, 2547.\n\nWepen, _pr. t._ or _pa. t. pl._ S. weep, wept, 401.\n\nWepne, _n._ S. weapon, 89, 490, 1436, &c.\n\nWer _for_ Were, 1097.\n\nWerd, _n._ S. world, 1290, 2241, 2335, 2792, 2968. _O worde_, in the\nworld, 1349. Cf. _Ward_ = world, in _Lancelot of the Laik_, and _Gen.\nand Exod._ ed. Morris, ll. 280, 591.\n\nWere, _v._ S. [_werian_] to defend, 2152, 2298. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0156; Yw. and\nGaw. 2578; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M.\u00a0R., V.\u00a03, p.\u00a0289; K. of Tars, 189;\nChauc. C.\u00a0T. 2552, V. Note, p.\u00a0182. _Werie_, K.\u00a0Horn, ed. Lumby, 785,\nWeb., Minot, Gl. Lynds.\n\nWere, should be, 2782. _Weren_, _3 p.\u00a0pl._ were, 156, &c.\n\nWeren, 784. Sir F. Madden says--Garnett conjectured _weirs_ or dams,\nfrom Isl. _ver_. [If _weren_ be really a plural noun, I should prefer to\ntranslate it by _pools_; cf. A.S. _w\u00e6r_, Icel. _ver_, Su.-Go. _w\u00e4r_.\nIhre says-- \"_W\u00e4r_, locus, ubi congregari amant pisces, ut solent inter\nbrevia et vada. Isl. _ver_, _fiskaver_. A.S. id. unde _ver-hurde_ apud\nBens. custos septi piscatorii, Angl. _wier_, _wear_, &c.\" See _wer_ in\nStratmann. In this case the line means-- \"in the sea-pools he often set\nthem,\" and the note on the line (q.v.) is wrong.]\n\nWerewed, _part. pa._ S. worried, killed, 1915. [We should probably\ninsert a mark of interrogation, thus-- \"Hwat dide he? \u00feore were{n} he\nwerewed,\" i.e. \"What did they effect? There were they slain.\" Spelt\n_wirwed_, 1921. Cf. Du. _worgen_, and see Jam. s.v. _Wery_, and _Worry_\nin Atkinson's Gl. of Cleveland dialect.]\n\nWerne, v. S. to refuse, deny, 1345. _Werne_, _pr. t. 3 p.\u00a0s. subj._\nrefuses, forbids, 926. Sir Tr. p.\u00a088; K.\u00a0Horn, 1420, &c.\n\nWesseyl, _n._ S. wassail, 1246.\n\nWesseylen, _pr. t. pl._ wassail, 2098. _Wosseyled_, _part. pa._ 1737.\n_See_ Rits. A.\u00a0S. Diss. p.\u00a0xxxiii. n. Hearne's Gl. to R. Glouc. in\u00a0v.\n_Queme and Wasseyl_, Selden's Notes on Drayton's Polyolb. p.\u00a0150, and\nNares.\n\nWex, _pa. t._ S. waxed, grew, 281. _Waxen_, _part. pa._ grown, 302, 791.\n\nWicke, Wike, Wikke, _adj._ S. wicked, vile, 66, 319, 425, 665, 688, &c.\n_Swithe wicke_, 965, very mean. _Swi\u00fee wikke clo\u00fees_, 2458, very mean\nclothing. _Wicke wede_, 2825, mean clothing.\n\nWicth, With, _n._ S. [_wiht_] whit, bit, small part, 97, 1763, 2500.\nLa[gh]am. l.\u00a015031; Sevyn Sages, 293. 'The loue of hire ne lesteth no\n_wyht_ longe,' MS. Harl. 2253, f.\u00a0128.\n\nWicth, With, _adj._ courageous, stout, active, 344, 1008, 1064, 1651,\n1692, &c. _Wicteste_, _sup._ 9. An epithet used universally by the\nancient poets, and to be found in every Gloss. merely differing in\northography, as spelt _Waite_, _Wate_, _Wight_, _Wich_ &c. [Sir F.\nMadden suggests a derivation from A.S. _hw\u00e6t_ (Icel. _hv\u00e1tr_), acute,\nbrave. Wedgwood suggests Sw. _vig_, nimble. Cf. Su.-Goth. _wig_, Icel.\n_vigr_, fit for _war_ (A.S. _wig_).]\n\nWider, _adv._ S. whither, where, 1139.\n\nWiduen, Wydues, _n. pl._ S. widows, 33, 79.\n\nWif, _n._ S. wife, 2860; woman, 1713. _Wiues_, _pl._ 2855.\n\nWike, Wikke. _See_ Wicke.\n\nWil, _adv._ S. while, 6.\n\nWil, _adj._ lost in error, uncertain how to proceed, 863; at a loss,\nwithout experience, 1042. Wynt. vi. 13, 115. V. Jam. who derives it from\nSu.-G. _wild_, Isl. _villr_. It is radically the same with _wild_.\n\nWile, will, 352, 485, &c. _Wilte_, 528, 1135, wilt thou; _Wiltu_, 681,\n905. _Wilen_, _pl._ 732, 920, 1345, 2817, &c.\n\nWille, _n._ S. will, 528.\n\nWimman, _n._ S. woman, 1139, 1168, &c. _Wman_, 281. _Wymman_, 1156.\n\nWin, _n._ S. wine, 1729. _Wyn_, 2341.\n\nWinan, _v._ S. to get to, arrive at, 174. V. Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_.\n\nWinne, _n._ S. joy, gain, 660, 2965. _Muchere winne_, La[gh]am. l.\n10233. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M.\u00a0R., V.\u00a03, p.\u00a0294.\n\nWirchen, _v._ S. to work, cause, 510.\n\nWirwed. _See_ Werewed.\n\nWis, _adj._ S. wise, prudent, 180, 1421, 1635; skilled, 282.\n\nWislike, _adv._ S. wisely, 274.\n\nWisse, _v._ S. to direct, ordain, advice, 104, 361. Sir Tr. p.\u00a029;\nK.\u00a0Horn, Chron. of Engl. 499; Chauc., Gl. Lynds.\n\nWissing, _n._ S. advice, or conduct, 2902.\n\nWiste, _pa. t._ S. knew, 115, 358, 541, &c. _Wisten_, _pa. t. pl._ 1184,\n1187, 1200, &c.\n\nWit, _prep._ S. with, 52, 505, 701, 905, 1090, 2517, &c.; by, 2489.\n_Wituten_, 179, 247, 2860, without. _Withuten_, 425, except. _With\nthan_, provided that, 532. _With that_, 1220.\n\nWite, _v._ S. [_w\u00edtan_, decernere] _pres. subj. or imp._ decree, ordain,\n19, 1316.\n\nWite, _v._ S. _pres. subj. or imp._ preserve, guard, defend, 405, 559.\nR.\u00a0Gl. p.\u00a098, 102. So in the _Carmen inter Corpus & Animam_, MS. Digb.\n86.\n\n  The king that al this world shop thoru his holi mi[gh]tte,\n  He _wite_ houre soule from then heuele wi[gh]tte.\n\nAnd in the French Romance of Kyng Horn, MS. Harl. 527, f. 72, b. c. 2.\n\n  Ben iurez _Wite God_, kant auerez beu tant,\n  Kant le vin uus eschaufe, si seez si iurant.\n\nWite, Witen, _v._ S. [_witan_, cognoscere] to know, 367, 625, 2201,\n2786; to recollect, 2708. _Wite_, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ know, 2808; _imp. 3\np.\u00a0wite_, know, 517. _Wite_, _3 p.\u00a0s. subj._ (if) he know, 694. _Witen_,\n_pr. t. pl. 2 p._ know, 2208. _See_ Wot.\n\nWith, _conj._ _See_ Wit.\n\nWith, _n._ _See_ Wicth.\n\nWith, _adj._ _See_ Wicth.\n\nWith, _adj._ S. white, 48, 1144.\n\nWith-sitten, _v._ S. to oppose, 1683. R. Br., Web.\n\nWlf, _n._ S. wolf, 573.\n\nWluine, _n._ S. she-wolf, 573. Dan. _ulfinde_, a she-wolf.\n\nWman. _See_ Wimman.\n\nWnden, _part. pa._ S. wound, 546.\n\nWo, _pron._ S. who, whoso, 76, 79, &c. _See_ Hwo.\n\nWo, _n._ S. woe, sorrow, 510, &c.\n\nWod, _adj._ S. mad, 508, 1777, 1848, &c. _Wode_, _pl._ 1896, 2361.\n\nWok, _pa. t._ S. awoke, 2093.\n\nWol. _See_ Wel.\n\nWole, will, 1150. _Wolde_, _would_, 354, 367, &c. _Wode_, 951, 2310.\n_Wolden_, _pl._ 456, 514, 1057.\n\nWombes, _n. pl._ S. bellies, 1911.\n\nWom so, _pron._ S. whomso, 197.\n\nWon, Wone, great number, plenty, in phr. _ful god won_, in great\nquantity (_in_ 1791 _it seems to mean_ with great force), 1024, 1791,\n1837, 1907, 2325, 2617, 2729. R.\u00a0Gl., Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M.\u00a0R.,\nV.\u00a03, p.\u00a0308, 314; R.\u00a0C[oe]ur de\u00a0L. 3747; K.\u00a0Alisaund, 1468; K. of Tars,\n635; Minot, p.\u00a014; Chauc. _Wane_, Yw. and Gaw. 1429; _Wayn_, Wall. viii.\n947. Cf. Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_.\n\nWone, _n._ S. (probably the same as _ween_, Sir Tr. p.\u00a059, 78), opinion,\nconjecture, 1711, 1972. Cf. l.\u00a0816, and the Glossaries, in\u00a0v. _Wene_.\n\nWone, _v._ S. to dwell, 247, 406. _Woneth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ dwelleth, 105.\n\nWone, _part. pa._ wont, 2151, 2297. K. Horn, 36; R. Gl. Chron. of Engl.\n632; Web., Chauc. [A.S. _wune_, a custom.]\n\nWonges, _n. pl._ S. fields, plains, 397, 1444. Cf. l. 1360. Spelman\nthinks arable land is meant by the term, rather than pasture.\n\nWore, _2 and 3 p.\u00a0s._ were, 504, 684, &c. _Wore_, _Woren_, _pl._ 237,\n448, &c. It is not merely a licentious spelling, as conjectured by Sir\nW. Scott.\n\nWor\u00fee, _v._ S. _imp._ may he be, 1102, 2873. _Wrth_, 434. _Wur\u00fee_, 2221.\nLa[gh]am. l.\u00a028333. Sir Tr. p.\u00a049, and all the Gloss., including Lynds.\n\nWosseyled. _See_ Wesseylen.\n\nWot, Woth, _pr. t. 1 p._ S. know, 119, 213, 653, 1345, &c. _Wost_, _pr.\nt. 2 p._ knowest, 527, 582, 1384, &c. _Woth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ knows, 2527.\n_Wot_, _pl. 1 p._ know, 2803. _Wat_, _part. pa._ known, 1674.\n\nWowe. _See_ Wawe.\n\nWrathe, _n._ S. wrath, anger, 2719, 2977. _See_ Wroth.\n\nWreieres, _n. pl._ S. betrayers, spoilers, 39.\n\n  The _wraiers_ that weren in halle,\n  Schamly were thai schende.\n\n    _Sir Tristr._ p.\u00a0190.\n\nWreken, _v._ S. to avenge, revenge, 327, 1901. _Wreke_, _imp._ revenge\n(thou), 1363. _Wreken_ (_miswritten for_ wreke), _3 p.\u00a0imp._ 544.\n_Wreke_, _pr. pl. subj._ 1884. _Wreke_, _Wreken_, _part. pa._ revenged,\n2368, 2849, 2992. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0190, &c.\n\nWringen, _v._ S. to wring, 1233.\n\nWrit, _n._ S. writing, 2486. _Writes_, _pl._ writs, letters, 136, 2275.\n_See_ note to l.\u00a0136.\n\nWrobberes, _n. pl._ S. robbers, 39.\n\nWros, _n. pl._ corners, 68. So in the _Leg. of S. Margrete_, quoted by\nDr Leyden:\n\n  Sche sei[gh]e a wel fouler thing\n  Sitten in a _wro_;\n\nwhich Jamieson aptly derives from the Su.-G. _wraa_, angulus. Cf. Dan.\n_vraa_, a nook, corner.\n\nWroth, _adj._ S. wrath, angry, 1117. _Wro\u00fee_, 2973. _See_ Wrathe.\n\nWrouht, _pa. t._ S. wrought, 2810. _Wrouth_, 1352. _Wrowht_, 2453.\n\nWrth. _See_ Worthe.\n\nWunde, _n._ S. wound, 1980, 2673, &c. _Wounde_, 1978. _Wundes_, _pl._\n1845, 1898, 1986. _Woundes_, 1977, &c.\n\nWur\u00fee. _See_ Wor\u00fee.\n\n\nY, _pron._ I. _See_ Ich.\n\nYa, _adv._ S. yea, yes, 1888, 2009, 2607. _Ye_, 2606. _See_ Rits. note\nto Yw. and Gaw. l.\u00a043. In l.\u00a02009, we should probably have found _yis_\nin a more southern work. See the note to _[gh]is_ in Gl. to _Will. of\nPalerne_. The distinction between _no_ (l.\u00a01800) and _nay_ (l.\u00a01136) is\nrightly made.\n\nYaf. _See_ Yeue.\n\nYare, _adj._ S. ready, 1391, 2788, 2954. Sir Tr. p.\u00a028; Rits. M.\u00a0R.,\nWeb., Chauc., Gl. Lynds.\n\nYaren, _v._ S. to make ready, 1350. This word in all the Gloss. has the\nform of _Yarken_.\n\nYede, _pa. t._ S. went, 6, 774, 821, &c. _Yeden_, _pa. t. pl._ 889, 952.\n\nYeft. _See_ Giue.\n\nYelde, _v._ S. to yield, 2712; _imp. 3 p._ requite, 803. Very common\nformerly in this sense. _Yeld_, _imp._ yield (thou), 2717.\n\nYeme, _v._ S. to take charge of, govern, 131, 172, 182, 324, &c.\n_Yemede_, _pa. t._ governed, 975, 2276. Sir Tr. p.\u00a0115, Rits. M.\u00a0R.,\nWeb., R.\u00a0Gl., Chauc.\n\nYen. _See_ Agen.\n\nYerne, _adv._ S. eagerly, anxiously, 153, 211, 880, 925. Web., Rits.\nM.\u00a0R., Chauc.\n\nYerne, _v._ S. to desire earnestly, 299. La[gh]am. l. 4427. K.\u00a0Horn,\n1419; R.\u00a0Br., Chauc., Gl. Lynds.\n\nYete, _adv._ S. yet, 495, 973, 996, 1043.\n\nYeue, _v._ S. to give, 298, &c. _Yeueth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ giveth, 459.\n_Yif_, _imp._ give (thou), 674; _3 p._ _yeue_, 22; _pl._ _yeue\u00fe_, 911.\n_Yaf_, _pa. t._ gave, _or_ gave heed, 315, 419, &c. _Gaf_, 218, 418,\n1311, &c. _Gouen_, _pa. t. pl._ 164 (in phr. _gouen hem ille_, gave\nthemselves up to grief); Sir Tr. p.\u00a0129. _Giue_, _part. pa._ 2488;\n_gouen_, 220. _Youenet_ = _Youen it_, given it, 1643. For _yaf_ in\nl.\u00a01174, see note on the line.\n\nY-here. _See_ Here, _v._\n\nYif, _prep._ S. if, 126, 377, 1974, &c. _Yf_, 1189.\n\nYif. _See_ Yeue.\n\nY-lere. _See_ Lere.\n\nYnow. _See_ Inow.\n\nYouenet. _See_ Yeue.\n\nYs. _See_ note to l. 1174.\n\nYuel, Yuele. _See_ Iuele.\n\nYunge, _adj._ S. young, 368, &c.\n\nYure, _pron._ S. your, 171.\n\n\n\n\nINDEX OF NAMES TO \"HAUELOK.\"\n\n  [Transcriber's Note:\n  The following bracketed paragraph is in the original. This e-text\n  does not include page numbers, but listed names can easily be found\n  by a text search. For line references, note that printed line numbers\n  go by multiples of 4.]\n\n[In this Index, the references under words in large capitals are in\ngeneral to the _pages_ of the book; otherwise, the references are to the\n_lines_ of the poem.]\n\n\n  ATHELWOLD (_spelt_ A\u00feelwald, l. 1077), is king of England, and\n  governs wisely, pp.\u00a02, 3;\n    feels he is dying, p.\u00a04;\n    bequeaths his daughter to the care of Godrich, pp.\u00a06, 7;\n    dies, p.\u00a08.\n    (Mentioned again in ll. 2709, 2803.)\n\n  Auelok, _another spelling of_ Hauelok, 1395, 1793.\n\n\n  BERNARD BRUN (i.e. Bernard Brown; so called in ll. 1751, 1945),\n    provides a supper for Havelok, p.\u00a048;\n    his house attacked by thieves, p.\u00a049;\n    fights against them, p.\u00a052;\n    tells Ubbe how well Havelok fought, p.\u00a054.\n\n  BERTRAM (_named_ in l. 2898),\n    is cook to the Earl of Cornwall, and employs Havelok, pp.\u00a027, 28;\n    is made Earl of Cornwall, and marries Levive, Grim's daughter,\n      p.\u00a083.\n\n  BIRKABEYN (spelt Bircabein, l. 494);\n    _gen._ Birkabeynes, 2150, 2209, 2296,\n    is king of Denmark, p.\u00a011;\n    commends his three children to Godard, p.\u00a012;\n    dies, p.\u00a013;\n    his son Havelok's resemblance to him, p.\u00a060.\n\n\n  Cestre (Chester), 2607, 2859, 2896.\n\n  Cornwayle (Cornwall), 178, 2908;\n    Cornwalie, 884.\n\n  Crist, 16, &c.;\n    --krist, 22;\n    _gen._ kristes, 2797.\n\n\n  Dauy, seint, 2863.\n\n  Denemark (Denmark), 340, 381, 386, &c.\n\n  Denshe, _sing. adj._ Danish, 1403;\n    _pl._ 2575, 2693, 2938.\n    Danshe, 2689.\n\n  Douere (Dover), 139, 265.\n    Doure, 320.\n\n\n  Engelond (England), 59, 202, 250, &c.;\n    --Engellond, 1093;\n    --Engelonde, 208;\n    --Englond, 1270;\n    --Engeland, 108, 610;\n    --Hengelond, 999;\n    _gen._ Engelondes, 63.\n\n  Englishe, _pl. adj._ (_followed by_ men), 2766, 2795;\n    --Englis (_used absolutely_), 254;\n    --Henglishe, 2945.\n\n\n  Giffin [_Qu._ Griffin] Galle, 2029.\n\n  GODARD (_gen._ Godardes, l. 2415),\n    is made regent of Denmark, pp.\u00a012, 13;\n    shuts up Birkabeyn's children in a castle, p.\u00a013;\n    kills Swanborow and Helfled, p.\u00a015;\n    spares Havelok, p.\u00a016;\n    but afterwards hires Grim to drown Havelok, p.\u00a017;\n    is attacked by Havelok, p.\u00a067;\n    is taken prisoner, p.\u00a068;\n    condemned, flayed, drawn, and hung, pp.\u00a070, 71.\n\n  GODRICH (_spelt_ Godrigh, l. 178),\n    is Earl of Cornwall, p.\u00a06;\n    is made regent of England, pp.\u00a07, 8, 9;\n    shuts Goldborough up in Dover castle, p.\u00a010;\n    makes Goldborough marry Havelok, p.\u00a033;\n    raises an army against Havelok, p.\u00a072;\n    excites his men, p.\u00a073;\n    marches to Grimsby, p.\u00a074;\n    fights with Ubbe, p.\u00a075;\n    fights with Havelok, pp.\u00a077, 78;\n    is taken prisoner, p.\u00a078;\n    taken to Lincoln, and burnt alive, pp.\u00a080, 81.\n\n  GOLDEBORU (_or_ Goldeborw, l. 2985),\n    is daughter of King Athelwold, p.\u00a04;\n    is committed to the care of Godrich, pp.\u00a08, 9;\n    shut up in Dover castle, p.\u00a011;\n    is sent for to Lincoln, p.\u00a033;\n    is married to Havelok, p.\u00a036;\n    hears an angel's voice, p.\u00a039;\n    encourages Havelok to go to Denmark, p.\u00a041;\n    rejoices at Godrich's death, p.\u00a081;\n    is queen of England, p.\u00a085.\n    _See_ Havelok.\n\n  GRIM, a fisher, is hired by Godard to drown Havelok, p.\u00a017;\n    discovers Havelok to be the right heir to the crown, p.\u00a019;\n    takes Havelok over to England, p.\u00a020;\n    founds Grimsby, p.\u00a023;\n    sends Havelok to Lincoln, p.\u00a026;\n    dies, p.\u00a037.\n    [In l. 2333, there seems to be an allusion to a spectacle, in which\n    the history of Grim is represented.]\n\n  Grimes, _gen. c. of_ Grim, 1343, 1392, 2867.\n\n  Grimesbi, 745, 2540, 2579, 2617, 2619;\n    --Grimesby, 1202.\n\n  Gunnild (daughter of Grim, marries Earl Reyner of Chester),\n      2866, 2896.\n\n  Gunter (an English earl), 2606.\n\n\n  HAUELOK, son of king Birkabeyn of Denmark, p.\u00a013;\n    spared by Godard, p.\u00a016;\n    but given over by him to Grim to be drowned, p.\u00a017;\n    spared and fed by Grim, p.\u00a020;\n    goes to England, p.\u00a022;\n    sells fish, p.\u00a025;\n    works as a porter, p.\u00a027;\n    puts the stone, p.\u00a031;\n    marries Goldborough, p.\u00a035;\n    returns to Grimsby, p.\u00a036;\n    his dream, p.\u00a039;\n    returns to Denmark, p.\u00a043;\n    trades there, p.\u00a044;\n    is noticed by Ubbe, p.\u00a045;\n    defends Bernard's house against thieves, pp.\u00a048-53;\n    is known to be heir of Denmark by a miraculous light, p.\u00a060;\n    is dubbed knight by Ubbe, p.\u00a065;\n    is king of Denmark, p.\u00a066;\n    defeats Godard, p.\u00a068;\n    invades England, p.\u00a072;\n    defeats Godrich, p.\u00a077;\n    rewards Bertram and others, p.\u00a082;\n    lives to be a hundred years old, p.\u00a083;\n    is crowned king of England at London, p.\u00a084;\n    is king for sixty years, p.\u00a085.\n    [The story is called \"\u00fee gest of Hauelok and of Goldeborw,\"\n    l.\u00a02985.]\n\n  Helfled (Havelok's sister), 411.\n\n  Hengelonde (England), 999.\n\n  Henglishe (_pl._ English), 2945.\n\n  Humber (the river), 733.\n\n  Huwe Rauen (one of Grim's sons), 1398, 1868, 2349, 2636, 2677;\n    _spelt_ Hwe, 1878.\n\n\n  Iohan, seint; the patron saint to whom Havelok commits his Danes,\n      2957;\n    bi seint Iohan! 1112, 2563.\n    _Spelt_ Ion, 177.\n\n  Iudas, 319, 425, 1133.\n\n\n  Lazarun (= Lazarum, _acc._ of Lazarus), 331.\n    Cf. \"Lord\"--said Guy--\"that reared _Lazaroun_,\" &c.\n    Guy of Warwick, in Ellis, Met. Rom. (ed. Halliwell), p.\u00a0227.\n\n  Leue (Grim's wife), 558, 576, 595, 642.\n\n  Leuiue (Grim's daughter, married to Bertram), 2914.\n\n  Lincolne, 773, 847, 862, 980, 1105, 2558, 2572, 2824.\n\n  Lindeseye (N. part of Lincolnshire), 734.\n\n  Lundone (London), 2943.\n\n\n  Marz (March), 2559.\n\n\n  Reyner (earl of Chester), 2607.\n\n  Roberd \u00fee rede (Grim's eldest son), 1397, 1686, 1888, &c.;\n    --Robert, 2405, 2411, &c.;\n    _gen._ Roberdes, 1691.\n\n  Rokesborw (explained by Prof. Morley to mean Rokeby, but it is surely\n  Roxburgh), 265;\n    --Rokesburw, 139.\n    Roxburgh is spelt _Rokesburgh_ in Walsingham, ed. Riley, i. 340, &c.\n\n\n  Sathanas (Satan), 1100, 1134, 2512.\n\n  Swanborow (Havelok's sister), 411.\n\n\n  UBBE, a great Danish lord, p.\u00a044;\n    entertains Havelok, p.\u00a045;\n    takes him to his castle, p.\u00a057;\n    does homage to Havelok, p.\u00a063;\n    dubs him knight, p.\u00a065;\n    his combat with Godrich, p.\u00a075;\n    is sorely wounded, p.\u00a076.\n\n\n  Willam Wendut (one of Grim's sons), 1690, 1881, 1892, 2348, 2632;\n    --Wiliam Wenduth, 1398.\n\n  Winchestre, 158, 318.\n\n\n  Yerk (York), 1178.\n\n  Ynde, India, 1085.\n\n\n\n\nJOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.\n\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n           *       *       *       *\n\n\nERRORS AND INCONSISTENCIES:\n\n_Multiple Texts:_\n\nThis book exists in at least two forms, distinguished by minor\ndifferences in the modern (1868) material. The title page(s),\nverso and introduction give no hint that there were any changes or\nadditions; references to the \"former\" and \"present\" edition are to\nMadden alone (Roxburghe, 1828) contrasted with Skeat (EETS, 1868). For\nconvenience the two 1868 variants will be called \"preliminary\" and\n\"final\". The 1975 reprint used the \"final\" version.\n\nAnglo-Saxon diphthongs are written as e\u00e1, e\u00f3 with stress on second\nvowel. The form \"hung\" (with the meaning \"hanged\") is used consistently.\n\n\n_Preface:_\n\n  \u00a7 7:\n  'Apres ceo vient  [_open quote invisible_]\n  \u00a7 9:\n  Seuene an tuenti fulle [gh]er.' / MS. Reg. 12. C. xii.\n    [_close quote printed after MS name_]\n  \u00a7 13:\n  (the Latin text, viz. MSS. Harl. 655, Cott. Jul. E.\u00a08, Reg. 13 E. 1)\n    [_close parenthesis missing_]\n  \u00a7 18:\n  In his MSS. collections  [\"In his...]\n  he proceeds: / \"that Hauelocke did sometymes\n    [_in the original, the quoted passage begins at mid-paragraph\n    in smaller type_]\n  \u00a7 22:\n  his five children are yet alive  [_inconsistent tense in original_]\n  \u00a7 27:\n  _Nouns._ ... _bleik\u00e8_\n    [_\u00e8 conjectural: printed text unclear_]\n  \u00a7 28:\n  Here the syllables _-nes and_ in l. 3, _of a_ in l.\u00a04, and _it wile_\n  in l.\u00a05  [_printed as shown: errors for ll. 2, 3, 4_]\n  [Footnote 41]\n  _sawe_, _wowe_; _be\u00fee_, _rede_; _knaue_, _plawe_; _sawe_, _hawe_\n    [_printed commas changed to semicolons for consistency_]\n  [Footnote 43]\n  1083, 1289, 1685, 2431  [_comma after 1289 invisible_]\n  \u00a7 29\n  [Section C.1]\n  ... various grammatical inflexions:--\n    [_paragraph break added by transcriber_]\n  [Section 3.d]\n  Observe hated = hated_e_, 40.  [_final . missing_]\n  \u00fein\u00eb cherl\u00ebs, \u00fein\u00eb hin\u00eb, 620;  [_printed . for ;_]\n  each foot has _two_ or _three_ syllables in it  [sylalbles]\n\n_Emendations:_\n\n  p.\u00a020, l. 640. For _ney_ ...  [_text has 60 for 640_]\n\n  p.\u00a024, l. 784. Perhaps we should, however, read _se-weren_, and the\n  note on the line (p.\u00a093) may be wrong. See _Weren_ in the Glossary.\n    [_The preliminary version of the Emendations reads:_\n    ... Perhaps there should be no stop in the line, and ...\n    _There are no differences in the body text or Note._]\n\n  Also, _Greting_ is wrongly placed before _Gres_.\n    [_This and the remainder of the Emendations-- _Hal_, _Shoten_\n    (_Schoten_), _Teyte_, _Bise_-- are missing from the preliminary\n    version._]\n\n_HAVELOK:_\n\n  [_sidenote line numbers refer to their location in the e-text_]\n\n  [307 sidenote]\n  My son shall have England.\"  [_close quote missing_]\n  [452 sidenote]\n  [Fol. 206b, col. 1.]  [col 1.]\n  [1377]\n  \u00deat ihc haue ther-offe douthe and kare,  [_see Glossary_]\n  [2897 sidenote]\n  Havelok remembers Bertram, the earl's cook,\n    [_comma after \"cook\" missing_]\n\n_Notes:_\n\n  31. ... Pinkerton's Scotish Poems Reprinted  [_not an error_]\n  939. ... \"a coarse reedy shrub--like ours perhaps\"\n    [_i.e. the kind we have in Suffolk (quoting Moor)_]\n  --. Isl. _staer_  [_unchanged: error for \"st\u00e6r\"?_]\n  1838. ... Dogges, that wolden him to-tere.\n    [_text has superfluous closing bracket at end of line_]\n  2927. _Hire that was ful swete in bedde._]\n    [_mismatched closing bracket in original_]\n\n_Glossary:_\n\n  [_A number of Glossary entries are missing the part of speech,\n  usually _n._ They have not been individually noted._]\n\n  [Abbreviations]\n  Su. G. Suio-Gothic.\n    [_unchanged: Glossary always hyphenates \"Su.-G.\" or \"Su.-Goth.\"_]\n\n  Al, _adv._ S. wholly, entirely, 34, 70, 139, 203, &c.\n  Al, _adj._ S. all, 203, 264, &c.\n    [_entries unchanged: \"al\" occurs only once in 203_]\n  Als, Also, Also\n    [_unchanged: error for two words \"Al so\"?_]\n  And, _conj._ if, 2862.  [_\"if\" italicized_]\n  Aute, Awcte  [_alphabetization may be intentional_]\n  Bise ...  [_line number added from Emendations (final version only)_]\n  Datheit, _interj._ ... [from the O.F. _hait_, pleasure].\n    [_In the preliminary version, the bracketed addition reads\n    \"possibly from _ha\u00efr_, to hate\"._]\n  Dunten, _pa. t. pl._ S. struck, beat, 2448.  [_see Emendations_]\n  Greting, _n._ S. weeping, 166.\n    [_see Emendations (final version only)_]\n  Hal ...\n    [_bracketed text added from Emendations (final version only)_]\n  Halue ... _See_ Bi-halue.\n    [_cross-referenced entry is one word \"Bihalue\"_]\n  Hul, _n._ S. hollow, i.e. vale, 2687.  [_. after 2687 invisible_]\n  Hwil-gat ... _Howgates_, Skinner.  [_final . missing_]\n  Keft ... _See_ Sure _and_ Coupe.\n    [_no Glossary entry for \"Sure\" or similar_]\n  Ladde, _n._ S. lad, 1786.  [_period after 1786 missing_]\n  Lene ... _Yw. and Gaw._ 737.  [_final . missing_]\n  Liue ... _See_ On-liue.\n    [_entry is two words \"On liue\" under \"On\"_]\n  Loken ...  [_bracketed text added from Emendations_]\n  Offrende, Dan. Fr. offering, 1386.  [_final . missing_]\n  Pastees ... Al of _pasteiis_ beth the walles.\n    [_The preliminary version has the apparent error \"_paste\u00fcs_\"._]\n  Pyment, _n._ B.L.  [_unchanged: usual form is \"B. Lat.\"_]\n  Rathe, _v._ S. [_r\u00e6dan_] to advise  [_text has \"raedan\"_]\n  Schoten, Shoten ...\n    [_bracketed text added from Emendations (final version only)_]\n  Seken ... Sire, we ben knizttes fer i-fare\n    [_unchanged: z error for [gh]?_]\n  Shamelike ... Sir Tr. p.\u00a093.  [_final . missing_]\n  Spille ... _Of limes spille_  [_quoted \"Of\" not italicized_]\n  Teyte ...\n    [_second (shorter) bracketed section added from Emendations\n    (final version only)_]\n  Umbistode ... _See_ Bistode, Stonden.\n    [_no Glossary entry for \"Bistode\" or similar_]\n  Weren ...\n    [_The preliminary version is printed without brackets but is\n    otherwise identical._]\n  Wrathe ... _See_ Wroth.  [_final . missing_]\n\n_Index of Names:_\n\n  BIRKABEYN (spelt Bircabein, l. 494);\n  _gen._ Birkabeynes, 2150, 2209, 2296,\n    [_closing parenthesis printed after 2296 in second line_]","title":"The Lay of Havelok the Dane","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":82933}