{"collection":"scripture-revelation","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_33237/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_33237","id":"gutenberg_33237","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33237","summary":null,"tags":["Category: History - American","Category: History - Religious","Category: Religion/Spirituality","Laymen's missionary movement of the United States and Canada","Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada","Missions"],"text":"Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed\nProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  The Call of the World\n  _OR_, _EVERY MAN'S\n  SUPREME OPPORTUNITY_\n\n  BY\n  W. E. DOUGHTY\n  EDUCATIONAL SECRETARY, LAYMEN'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT\n\n  REVISED EDITION\n\n  NEW YORK\n  Missionary Education Movement of the\n  United States and Canada\n  1913\n\n\n\n\n  PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY\n\n  MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT\n  AND\n  LAYMEN'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT\n\n\n\n\nCONTENTS\n\n\n  FOREWORD\n\n\n  CHAPTER I\n  THE WIDENING SOVEREIGNTY OF CHRIST\n\n    WORLD CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY\n\n      An accessible world, 2--A plastic world, 4--A changing\n      world, 4--Increase in Christian populations, 9--Spread of\n      English language, 9--Geographical control of the world, 11.\n\n    THE MULTIPLYING AGENCIES OF THE KINGDOM\n\n      The number and growing efficiency of missionary societies,\n      13--Resulting in unity and cooeperation, 14--A science of\n      missions, 14--The application of the principles of strategy,\n      15--The number of missionaries, 17--Money, 18--Translation\n      of Scriptures, 19.\n\n    SIGNS OF WORLD-WIDE VICTORY\n\n      Progress by centuries, 20--Recent victories, 21--The native\n      Church, 25--Humanitarian institutions, 27--Social reconstruction,\n      27--Conclusion, 29.\n\n\n  CHAPTER II\n  THE CHALLENGE OF A GREAT TASK\n\n      Unity of the race, 34--Explanation of terms, 34--America's\n      home problem, 37--Mexico, 43--South America, 44--Africa,\n      47--Asia, 50--Near East, 50--Central Asia, 52--India,\n      53---Bhutan and Nepal, 55--Indo-China, 55--Japan, 55--Korea,\n      56--China, 56--Summary, 59.\n\n\n  CHAPTER III\n  AMERICA'S POSITION IN THE WORLD BATTLE\n\n      The United States and Canada, a Common World Task, 66.\n\n    AMERICA'S POSITION OF LEADERSHIP SHOWN BY STRATEGIC LOCATION\n    AND OTHER GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS\n\n      America faces the two great oceans, 67--Is near to undeveloped\n      parts of the world, 68--Has many world harbors,\n      68--Navigable rivers, 69--Is isolated from other commanding\n      powers, 69.\n\n    AMERICA HAS QUALITIES OF CHARACTER NEEDED FOR A WORLD TASK\n\n      The pioneers, 70--Mechanical genius, 71--Public school, 72--The\n      home missionary, 72--Home of world movements, 73.\n\n    AMERICA HAS RESOURCES FOR A WORLD TASK\n\n      Size, 75--Mineral resources, 77--Railroads, 77--Wealth,\n      78--Agricultural products, 79.\n\n    AMERICA MUST HAVE VISION AND CONSECRATION ADEQUATE TO HER TASK\n\n      A spiritual enterprise, 82--America's share of the world task,\n      83--Men and money needed, 84.\n\n\n  CHAPTER IV\n  A MAN'S RESPONSE TO THE WORLD APPEAL\n\n      Efficiency experts, 87--A fourfold program, 89--WIDENING\n      HORIZON, 90--Studying the Church, 92--The missionary\n      committee, 93--UNWITHHOLDING CONSECRATION, 95--Principles\n      of stewardship, 98--Methods, 101--UNENDING PRAYER,\n      103--Calls forth and energizes movements, 106--Finds a\n      way out in hours of crisis, 107--Fills gaps in thin line of\n      battle, 107--Togo's telegram, 109.\n\n\n\n\nFOREWORD\n\n\nThe four questions which the author has most frequently heard in\ndiscussing world problems with men are the following:\n\nWhat progress is the missionary enterprise making?\n\nHow much remains to be done?\n\nWhat is America's share of world responsibility?\n\nHow can men relate themselves in a practical way to the spread of\nChristianity throughout the world?\n\nIt is to give a brief answer to these four fundamental questions that\nthe following pages have been prepared for use in Missionary Discussion\nGroups, Men's Bible Classes, Brotherhoods, Missionary Committees, and\ngroups of Sunday School Officers and Teachers. It is also confidently\nexpected that many men who cannot meet to discuss these problems in any\nof the groups mentioned will read and study the book in private. In\npreparing the manuscript the author has had in mind a large number of\nmen who are now or should become public advocates of missions. The book\npresents information which they may use in addresses.\n\nMany of the facts given have been taken from the _Report_ of the\nEdinburgh World Missionary Conference, _The World Atlas of Christian\nMissions_, _The Statesman's Year Book, 1912_, _The Decisive Hour of\nChristian Missions_, by John R. Mott, and _The Unoccupied Mission\nFields of Africa and Asia_, by S. M. Zwemer.\n\nThe author is indebted to his friend, the Rev. W. R. Dobyns, D.D., of\nSt. Joseph, Missouri, for the design on the cover.\n\nIt is the hope of the writer that the reading and discussion of the\ntopics outlined in these pages will inspire many men to undertake to\nmaster the world plans of Christ and lead them to enthrone at the\ncenter of life the missionary purpose--the one purpose around which a\nman may build all the facts of his life and to which he may cling and\nlet everything else go when he is hard pressed.\n\nNew York, September, 1912.\n\n\n\n\nTHE CALL OF THE WORLD\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER I\n\nTHE WIDENING SOVEREIGNTY OF CHRIST IN THE WORLD\n\n\nIn a discussion concerning the elements of an effective speech, Dr. C.\nH. Patton, of the American Board, gave the following outline:\n\nAn effective speech must be made up of\n\n    Facts,\n\n    Big facts,\n\n    Human facts,\n\n    Related facts.\n\nThese suggestions apply not only to speeches but to any case which is\nto make an effective appeal to men. What subject is there which so\nperfectly illustrates the principles stated by Dr. Patton as the\nmissionary theme? Nowhere else in all the realm of thinking and action\nare there such big, human, related facts as in the enterprise which\nhas for its goal the world-wide propagation and naturalization of\nChristianity.\n\nChristian business men are constantly asking certain pertinent questions\nabout any business undertaking. Is it honest? Is it safe? Will it pay?\nIs it big enough to be worth while? Will it succeed? Will it last?\n\nMen have a right to ask such questions about business. They have an\nequal right to make the same thorough and searching investigation of\nthe proposition to evangelize the world. Confident of the power of the\ncause to capture and hold men when once it has had a chance at them,\nbelieving that this is the greatest case that has ever challenged the\nmanhood of the world, some of the evidences of the widening\nsovereignty of Christ in the world are marshaled here. The Scriptures\nunmistakably indicate that God has pledged universal dominion to his\nSon. The facts which follow are concrete illustrations of the truth of\nthe missionary principles of the Bible. The gathering momentum of the\nKingdom makes an irresistible appeal.\n\nFor convenience the facts may be grouped under three general heads:\n\n    WORLD CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY\n\n    THE MULTIPLYING AGENCIES OF THE KINGDOM\n\n    SIGNS OF WORLD-WIDE VICTORY\n\n\nI. WORLD CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY\n\n=An Accessible World.=--1. Improved means of intercommunication. That\nwe live in a contracting world is strikingly illustrated by the fact\nthat when Robert Morrison went to China it took him seventy-eight days\nto reach New York from England, and four months to go from New York to\nChina. Hunter Corbett, of China, who was six months on his way the\nfirst time he took the trip, made the journey a few months ago in\ntwenty-one days. It is now possible to go from Peking to London in\ntwelve and one-half days over the Trans-Siberian Railroad. A recent\njourney around the world was made in less than thirty-six days. When\nJules Verne published _Around the World in Eighty Days_, the journey\ndescribed was laughed at as an impossible feat. To-day it is possible\nto circle the globe in less than one half the time of which Jules\nVerne wrote in his book. It took the old Greeks forty days to go the\nlength of the Mediterranean Sea in their swiftest triremes. The\ngreatest stretch of open water in the world is 10,000 miles in the\nPacific Ocean. There are vessels afloat to-day that can traverse the\n10,000 miles in one half the time that it took the old Greeks to go\nthe length of the Mediterranean Sea.\n\n2. The nations of the earth are accessible because of changed sentiment.\n\nThere are to-day no lands in the world which are closed entirely to\nmodern influence and only a few which do not at least tolerate the\nChristian missionary with his advanced ideas of civilization and\nprogress. It is difficult to estimate the amazing changes in sentiment\nin lands where missionaries have been at work even for a generation,\nas in Korea, or for a century or more, as in India or China.\n\nIt is unthinkable that there should ever be another Chinese wall\nshutting out all world contact. Edicts in force as late as 1870 ordering\nthe death of Christians in Japan are now exhibited only as relics of a\nburied past. The twentieth century is making hermit nations impossible.\n\n3. A mental attitude has been created in the non-Christian world which\nnothing but Christ can satisfy. This may be only an indefinite\nrestlessness and dissatisfaction with existing conditions in many\ncases, but it is apparently true that the principles of the Christian\ngospel have created an altogether new mental attitude in the world. It\nis stated by one of the great missionary authorities in India that\nthere are millions of people in that land who are intellectually\nconverted to the gospel who have not yet yielded personal allegiance\nto Christ. This mental attitude is an enormous asset to the Kingdom.\n\n=A Plastic World.=--The nations of our day are plastic to a degree\nnever before witnessed. Heat, pressure, and decay, are some of the\nforces which make physical substances plastic. There are intellectual\nand moral and spiritual forces which produce a like effect on men and\nnations. As great heat applied to metal fuses it, so the ideas and\nforces of the twentieth century have fused the non-Christian world.\nPressure, such as foreign aggression, world commerce, and modern\nscience have helped to bring about the present plastic state in vast\nsections of the world. Added to these two and accompanying them are\nthe forces of disintegration and decay in the old religions, old forms\nof government, and the customs and habits of centuries. In itself this\npresent remarkable state of the non-Christian world has no moral\nquality. The significant thing is that, while nations are in a plastic\nstate, they offer special opportunity to put the stamp of Christianity\non them before they harden again, and to determine the direction their\ncivilization shall take by building into them the principles of\nChristian civilization and the Christian faith.\n\n=A Changing World.=--One of the most impressive evidences that the\nleaven of Christian civilization is at work in the non-Christian world\nis the fact that there are wide-spread changes taking place. God has\nbeen shaping and preparing the nations in the interests of a world-wide\ngospel. The extent and character of these changes make the present the\nmost momentous hour in the history of the non-Christian world.\n\n_The extent of the changes_ may best be illustrated by comparing the\npresent awakening with other great historic movements of the last two\nthousand years. In naming the epoch-making movements of the Christian\nEra the following could not be omitted: The Renaissance, The\nMohammedan Conquest, The Crusades, The Reformation, The American\nRevolution, The French Revolution, The Wesleyan Revival, and The Rise\nof Popular Governments. On examination it is discovered that each of\nthese movements was confined to a comparatively limited geographical\narea, one or two of the countries of Europe, or certain racial\nsections such as the Anglo-Saxon, or the countries bordering on the\nMediterranean Sea, or, as in the case of the American Revolution,\nEngland and America. While these movements were all of far-reaching\nsignificance they affected directly only a few countries. But to-day\nall Asia is awake, Africa is stirring with life as never before, and\nthe South American lands are in the midst of a period of commercial\nactivity and of progress unparalleled. Instead of a limited area\nmillions of square miles are in the midst of far-reaching changes.\n\nThe great awakenings of the last twenty centuries influenced directly\nonly a few millions of people in contrast with the awakening of to-day\nwhich affects _THREE FOURTHS OF THE HUMAN RACE_. _From the standpoint\nof the vast populations involved as well as of the immense territory\naffected the world has never seen an awakening of such magnitude as\nthat which is taking place in our time._\n\nIn _character_ also the present movement is eclipsing all former\nawakenings in history. One of the most satisfactory ways of measuring\nthe power of any movement is to analyze it in relation to the\nfundamental institutions of society. Reducing civilization to its\nsimplest terms society is built around five great institutions. In one\ncolumn the institutions are named, in the other the human relations\nwhich each represents.\n\n    The Home--social.\n\n    The State--political.\n\n    The Shop--commercial.\n\n    The School--educational.\n\n    The Church--religious.\n\nWhile the illustration must not be carried too far, yet in a striking\nway it is true that the great awakenings of the last two thousand\nyears have been characterized by only one or two central and\ncontrolling principles. The Renaissance was an intellectual awakening,\nthus changing the educational life of Europe. The Reformation was\nreligious and profoundly influenced the Church. The Rise of Popular\nGovernments was political and began a new era for the state. So on\nthrough the list. By way of contrast, we are to-day in the midst of an\nawakening which radically affects all these fundamental institutions\nof society. In China, for example, a movement is in progress which is\nnot simply affecting the state, or the social life, or the religious\ncharacter of the people, but is transforming all five of the\nfundamental institutions of life. As Dr. J. E. Williams, of Nanking\nUniversity, puts it: \"If we could conceive of the Renaissance of\nlearning after the dark ages, the interest in literature that came\nwith the study of Latin and Greek, and the awakening of thought that\nfollowed upon the discovery of new worlds--material and\nintellectual--and then add to this the new forces of the Reformation,\nthe reconstruction of men's moral and religious ideas and ideals and\nthe recovery of the right of the individual conscience, and if to\nthese we could conceive as added the French Revolution--the break-up\nof all that men had regarded as final in social and political\norganization; and if to these again could be added the movement of\nmodern science, which began with Lord Bacon's _Novum Organum_--and the\napplication of the inductive method in the discovery of the forces and\nlaws of nature; and, if further we could conceive of these great\nforces as operating, not at different times, in different countries,\nthrough a period of several centuries, but as combined and\nconcentrated in a brief decade or two in one country upon a great\npeople, we should have a more adequate conception of the magnitude and\nsignificance of the present Revolution in China.\"\n\nA significant fact is that most of the revolutionary forces and agencies\nwhich have brought about the awakening have come from Christian lands.\nThe most powerful single force at work has been the missionary. He has\ncarried with him the finest ideals of Western civilization, and has been\nable in an unusual way to bring the latest ideas in all realms of life\nto bear upon the non-Christian world. A condition exists which\nProfessor Ross, in _The Changing Chinese_, a book which it will pay\nevery man to read, finely describes in the following words:\n\n\"The crucifixion was two hundred and eighty years old before\nChristianity won toleration in the Roman Empire. It was one hundred\nand twenty-eight years after Luther's defiance before the permanence\nof the Protestant Reformation was assured. After the discovery of the\nNew World one hundred and fifteen years elapsed before the first\nEnglish colony was planted here. No one who saw the beginning of these\ngreat, slow, historic movements could grasp their full import or\nwitness their culmination. But nowadays world processes are telescoped\nand history is made at aviation speed.\"\n\nAll this makes it clear that we have come to an hour of crisis in the\nrelations between Christendom and the non-Christian world. What is a\ncrisis but a point of time in the history of the human race when great\nissues are at stake, when there is an unprecedented break-up of\ncivilizations, when Christian nations must make great decisions about\ntheir relations with the non-Christian world. We find everywhere\nconditions that are passing and that will not return. It is the time\nof all times for men who love Christ to make him known to the ends of\nthe earth. The situation is summarized in \"the Message of the\nEdinburgh Conference,\" in the following language: \"The next ten years\nwill, in all probability, constitute a turning-point in human history,\nand may be of more critical importance in determining the spiritual\nevolution of mankind than many centuries of ordinary experience. If\nthose years are wasted, havoc may be wrought that centuries will not\nbe able to repair. On the other hand, if they are rightly used, they\nmay be among the most glorious in Christian history.\"\n\n=The Increase of Populations in Christian Countries.=--At the beginning\nof the nineteenth century the entire population of the United States and\nCanada was only about 5 millions; to-day it is 100 millions. In the same\nperiod of time the populations of Europe have increased from 170 to 450\nmillions. During this same hundred years the population in some parts of\nthe non-Christian world has declined, in others remained stationary, or\nthe growth has been very slow. While the birth rate is much greater in\nmany non-Christian lands, the cheapness of human life, the lack of\nsanitary and other conditions for safeguarding life greatly increase the\ndeath rate. The population of the world at the end of the eighteenth\ncentury was estimated to be approximately 1,000 millions. During the\nnineteenth century the numbers increased by about 600 millions. Europe\nand North America together increased in population by nearly 400\nmillions during that century. These figures for the world are only\nestimates but are given by the most reliable students of such matters.\nWhile exact figures for the non-Christian world cannot be given, the\nsignificant fact is that there has been a marvelous expansion of\nChristian nations within the last one hundred years, far outstripping\nthe expansion of other parts of the world. The nations which know most\nof Christ and his gospel have increased in numbers as well as in power\nout of all proportion to the rest of mankind.\n\n=The Spread of the English Language.=--We quote from a leaflet entitled\n\"The Seven Wonders of the Modern Missionary World,\" by Dr. A. W. Halsey.\n\n\"The spread of the English language is one of the wonders of the age.\nThe English language is spoken at the present time by nearly\n200,000,000 people; each year sees large additions to the group of\nEnglish-speaking peoples. In the Philippines more people to-day speak\nthe English language than spoke the Spanish language after three\nhundred years of Spanish rule.\n\n\"In all higher education in India, English is compulsory; in the\nsecondary schools in India, English is taught. In China, the government\nhas made English a part of the regular curriculum. In Japan, the\nstudents are eager to learn English. It is the avenue through which the\nmissionary frequently is able to reach the educated classes. In Syria,\none of the boys in the classroom wrote on the blackboard, 'God is love'\nin his own language, thirty boys followed, each writing the text in his\nown language; yet these boys sooner or later will all speak the English\nlanguage. A speaker at the Edinburgh Conference declared that some\nmissionaries read the Lord's command as though it were written 'Go and\nteach all nations the English language.' Macaulay says that whoever\nknows the English language has 'ready access to the vast intellectual\nwealth which all the wisest nations of the earth have created and stored\nin the course of ninety generations.' The English language is the\nlanguage of liberty, of law, of morals, of high ideals. The English\nBible, which has molded Anglo-Saxon civilization, is making no small\nimpress on world civilization.\n\n\"The Greek language became the vehicle in which the gospel story was\nborne to the educated world of the first century. The English language\nseems destined in the providence of God to be the bearer of the\ngospel to the races of the twentieth century.\"\n\nThe following table indicates the remarkable growth during the\nnineteenth century of the English language as compared with other\ntongues. The estimates are given by Mulhall and John Bartholomew of\nEdinburgh and appear in the 1912 _World Almanac_.\n\n                     1801             1901\n\n  French          31,450,000       52,100,000\n\n  German          30,320,000       84,200,000\n\n  Italian         15,070,000       34,000,000\n\n  Spanish         26,190,000       46,500,000\n\n  Portuguese       7,480,000       15,000,000\n\n  Russian         30,770,000       85,000,000\n\n  English         20,520,000      130,300,000\n\nIn the light of these figures the total given by Dr. Halsey quoted\nabove is perhaps too high. It will be seen, however, that the number\nspeaking German has multiplied nearly threefold and the number of\nthose speaking English six and a half times in the century under\nreview. Since an overwhelming majority of missionaries speak either\nEnglish or German or both, the significance of the spread of these\nlanguages is apparent.\n\n=The Geographical Control of the World.=--One of the most inspiring\nevidences of the widening sovereignty of Christ is that he has passed\nover the control of the territory of the world to the Christian\nnations. According to Gulick's _Growth of the Kingdom of God_, in 1600\nonly 7 per cent. of the territory of the world was controlled by\nChristian nations, but to-day 82 per cent., so that the growth of\nChristian control has passed in three hundred years from 7 per cent.\nto 82 per cent., while the control of non-Christian nations has\ndecreased from 93 per cent. to 18 per cent.\n\nThe increasing control of the world by Christian nations is due in no\nsmall measure to the fact that they are masters of most of the great\nwaterways and highways of the world. The Suez and Panama Canals and\nthe Khaibar Pass in India are striking illustrations.\n\nIn 1800, four hundred millions of people were governed by Catholic and\nProtestant Christian powers; in 1912 at least one thousand millions,\nor two and a half times as many as were thus governed in 1800. In\n1500, there were no Protestant political powers in the world. To-day,\nEngland, Germany, and the United States rule over about six hundred\nmillions of the population of the world. These three Protestant powers\nalone now have dominion over more millions of people than are ruled\nover by all the non-Christian nations of the world added together.\n\nThe Mohammedan world furnishes a startling illustration of this\nshifting control of the world. A few generations ago Mohammedan\npolitical and religious control were coextensive. To-day over three\nfourths of the Mohammedans of the world live in lands which they do\nnot rule politically. The passing of Mohammedan political dominion\nfrom Africa is of profound significance for that continent. France has\nextended and consolidated her African possessions by taking Algeria\nand establishing a protectorate over Morocco, which is one of the\ngreatest strongholds of orthodox Mohammedanism. Italy has now taken\nfull control of Tripoli. Only a few of the forty or more millions of\nMohammedans in Africa are under Moslem political rule. Italy has\nalready begun the construction of 400 miles of railway in Tripoli. In\nAlgiers and down through the Sahara toward the Sudan the steel lines\nare being laid by France. God is evidently preparing his people for a\ngreat advance among Mohammedans. The great question now is whether his\nChurch will be equal to the emergency.\n\n\nII. THE MULTIPLYING AGENCIES OF THE KINGDOM\n\n=The Number and Growing Efficiency of Missionary Societies.=--More\nthan two hundred years ago Bartholomew Ziegenbalg and his colaborer\nPluetschau were ordained missionaries to India in the city of\nCopenhagen; and two years later, in 1707, at Tranquebar, the first\nProtestant Church of the non-Christian world was established in South\nIndia among the Tamil people. Later the great Schwartz and others\ncarried on the work resulting in the founding of the missionary work\nof the present day in India.\n\nAt the beginning of the nineteenth century there were two important\nmissionary organizations in Great Britain. On the continent the\nLutherans and Moravians were struggling heroically in the carrying on\nof their missionary operations. There were scarcely more than a dozen\nmissionary societies altogether in the whole world, either well\nestablished or just beginning. It was a very small and feeble list of\norganizations compared with that of the present day. The Edinburgh\nMissionary Conference reported that there were 994 missionary\norganizations in Christendom in 1910. These have nearly all come into\nexistence within the century.\n\nAmong the indications of increased efficiency the following may be\nnamed:\n\n1. Unity and Cooeperation. It has been well said that \"The three dominant\nnotes of our time are unity, reality, and universality.\" That there is a\ngrowing spirit of unity in the home Church is illustrated by the way the\nmission boards are cooeperating in the work of the interdenominational\nmissionary movements, by the growing number of interdenominational\ntraining-schools for missionary candidates, and by organizations like\nthe Home Missions Council and the Conference of Foreign Mission Boards\nin which there is interchange of ideas and plans and methods among the\nleaders of the home and foreign missionary activities.\n\nNowhere have Christian unity and practical cooeperation made greater\nprogress than in the foreign missions of American Churches. In several\nlands there are now conspicuous illustrations of the practical working\nof this spirit in the organization of union colleges, theological\nseminaries and training schools and in united campaigns of many\ndifferent kinds.\n\nIn Korea a union hymnal was issued some time ago and the first edition\nof 24,000 copies was sold within the first few weeks. In this same\nland, in dividing the territory between the different missions, the\nMethodists and Presbyterians exchanged several thousand converts, and\nnow, Korean Christians moving from a territory occupied by one mission\ninto that occupied by another automatically transfer their membership\nto the other denomination.\n\n2. The Science of Missions. Modern Missionary leaders are doing much\nto create an interest in and to develop the science of missions. The\nEdinburgh Conference took a great advance step when it appointed the\nContinuation Committee. This committee represents Christendom in\nmaking a scientific, continuous and united study of missions. _The\nInternational Review of Missions_, a quarterly magazine, is the\nCommittee's organ for reporting investigations to the Christian world.\nThe committee has appointed a number of commissions which are at work\non the various problems of missions. Their reports from time to time\nare awaited with great interest.\n\n3. The Principles of Strategy. There never has been a time in the\nhistory of the missionary enterprise when the principles of strategy\nin the promotion of missions were so well understood and applied as\nto-day.\n\nThe Edinburgh Missionary Conference called special attention to these\nstrategic principles and pointed out how they apply to the\nevangelization of the world. The application of these principles is\nanother evidence of the fact that the leaders of the Church are facing\nin a thoroughgoing way, not a fragment of the plans of Christ, but his\ntotal program for the world. Some of these principles are quoted here:\n\n(1) \"Accessibility, openness, and willingness to attend to the gospel\nmessage. During the past ten years the people of pagan Africa have\nbeen peculiarly ready to listen to the presentation of the facts and\narguments of the Christian religion.\n\n(2) \"The responsiveness of the field. Korea and Manchuria are examples\nof nations in which the people of every community show readiness to\nyield to the claims of Christ when presented to them.\n\n(3) \"The presence or concentration of large numbers of people.\nObviously, the Chengtu plain of the westernmost province of China,\nwith its population of 1,700 to the square mile, or the densely\npopulated valleys of the Ganges and lower Nile, should receive\nattention commensurate with the massing of the people.\n\n(4) \"Previous neglect. With a gospel intended for all mankind the\npolicy of the Church should be influenced by the existence of any\ntotally unoccupied field, like extensive tracts of the Sudan.\n\n(5) \"Conditions of gross ignorance, social degradation, and spiritual\nneed. Christ came in a special sense to seek and to save that which\nwas lost, and the history of the Christian Church has abundantly shown\nhow the blessing of God has attended efforts to reach the most\nunfortunate and depressed classes and peoples, such as the Pacific\nIslanders, the outcasts of India, the lepers, and the aboriginal\ntribes of the East Indies.\n\n(6) \"As has already been made plain, the Church, while recognizing the\nimportance of advancing along lines of largest immediate promise,\nshould, under divine guidance, direct special attention to the most\ndifficult fields of the non-Christian world. In the light of this\nprinciple, Moslem lands present an irresistible appeal to the Church.\n\n(7) \"The prospective power and usefulness of a nation as a factor in\nthe establishment of Christ's kingdom in the world, and the probable\nweight of its example as an influence over other nations. Japan is\nespecially fitted to become, in intellectual and moral matters no less\nthan in material civilization, the leader of the Orient. This attaches\ntranscendent importance to its attitude toward Christianity.\n\n(8) \"The principle of urgency should as a rule have the right of way;\nthat is, if there is to-day an opportunity to reach a people or\nsection which in all probability will soon be gone, the Church should\nenter the door at once; for example, if there is danger that the field\nmay be preoccupied by other religions or by influences adverse to\nChristianity. Equatorial Africa in a most striking degree is just now\nsuch a battle-ground. It is plain to every observer that unless\nChristianity extends its ministry to tribes throughout this part of\nAfrica the ground will in a short time be occupied by Mohammedanism.\"\n\n=Increase in the Number of Missionaries.=--Not only does the expanding\nspirit of conquest express itself in organizations to extend\nChristianity, but also in the increasing number of lives that are\ndedicated to the service.\n\nAt the beginning of the nineteenth century the missionary force was a\nmere handful. There was not one representative of the churches of\nNorth America anywhere in the non-Christian world. The Buddhist world\nand the Brahmin world were closed, and the millions of the Mohammedan\nworld were practically untouched. The vast regions of South America\nand Africa were almost unknown. To-day there is an army of 24,000\nmissionaries, counting wives, or about 17,000 missionary families and\nsingle missionaries scattered over all the continents, and in almost\nevery country of the world.\n\nIn North America the evidence of the growth of conviction regarding\nforeign missions is seen in the following record of the Student\nVolunteer Movement. In the report made by that Movement every four\nyears the following facts appear:\n\nNumber of Volunteers Sailed\n\n  1898-1902                                780\n\n  1902-1906                              1,000\n\n  1906-1910                              1,286\n\nIn the year 1911 the total reached was 410, indicating the fact that\nthe goal of two thousand sailed volunteers for the quadrennium is not\nan impossible number to expect to see go out before the next\nconvention in 1914.\n\n[Illustration: Gifts for Foreign Missions 1891-1912]\n\n=Money Devoted to Missions.=--One hundred years ago the total\ncontributions to the foreign missionary enterprise from all the\nChristians of the world amounted to about $100,000 annually. To-day the\nregular annual income is over $30,000,000, or three hundred times as\nmuch per year as one hundred years ago. Great buildings are being\nerected at a cost of millions of additional capital to house colleges\nand hospitals and printing-presses and all other institutions necessary\nfor the propaganda. In 1911 these special contributions from North\nAmerica amounted to at least five millions of dollars. In all this vast\nenterprise the cost of administration at the home base averages only\nabout 8 per cent. of the total of the regular receipts. The cost of all\nother big business is much higher than this. There are perhaps some\ncases where the efficiency of the mission Boards would be increased if\nmore money was spent on the cultivation of the home constituency.\n\n=Translation of the Scriptures.=--The Bible is the missionary's book,\nand translated into the language of the people is an indispensable aid\nto his work. The Bible Societies on both sides of the Atlantic have\ndone and are doing a magnificent and enduring work the benefits of\nwhich all the churches are reaping. In 1800 the Scriptures were\ntranslated into 66 languages; to-day the Scriptures in part or in\nwhole are available in more than 500 languages and dialects. One of\nthe most striking intellectual achievements of the world has been made\nby the missionaries in the translation of the Scriptures, to say\nnothing of their tremendous contribution to science and all the\nbranches of knowledge by the reduction of languages to writing, by the\ntranslation of text-books, and by the publication of many other books\nin the vernaculars. When it is remembered that the Edinburgh\nConference declared that there are 843 languages and dialects in\nAfrica alone and that only about 100 of them have been reduced to\nwriting, a glimpse is given of the magnitude of the intellectual task\nremaining before the battle is won. The difficulties have been very\ngreat. Milne, a colaborer of Morrison, has this to say regarding the\nlearning of the Chinese language:\n\n\"To learn Chinese is work for men with bodies of brass, lungs of\nsteel, heads of oak, hands of spring steel, eyes of eagles, hearts of\napostles, memories of angels, and lives of Methuselah!\"\n\n\nIII. SIGNS OF WORLD-WIDE VICTORY\n\n=Progress by Centuries.=--The following table used by Gulick in _The\nGrowth of the Kingdom of God_, indicates the onward sweep of\nChristianity throughout the last two thousand years. Of this table\nGulick says: \"The table does not give the number of professed\nChristians or church-members, but only the number of those who may be\nfairly said to have accepted the Christian standards of moral life\nwhether attempting and professing to live up to them or not. The word\n'Christianity' is used in its broadest, loosest sense.\"\n\nThe first column includes the period to the end of the century named.\nThe second column gives the number of millions of Christians of all\nfaiths:\n\n   2nd century                        2 millions\n\n  10th century                       50 millions\n\n  15th century                      100 millions\n\n  18th century                      200 millions\n\n  19th century                      500 millions\n\nA glance at these figures reveals the following inspiring facts.\n\nThe number of Christians reported at the end of ten centuries was\ndoubled in the next five centuries. The total was doubled again in the\nnext three hundred years. At the end of the nineteenth century the\nnumber was two and a half times as great as at the end of the previous\neighteen centuries.\n\n=Recent Victories.=--While the survey of the progress of the kingdom\nby centuries just given is inspiring, recent years have witnessed an\nunprecedented response to the Christian appeal.\n\nLooking at America first we discover that one hundred years ago there\nwere 364,872 communicant members of the Protestant churches out of a\npopulation of 5,305,925, or one in fourteen. To-day one in four of the\npopulation is identified with the Protestant church. These are not\nnominal Christians, as in the paragraph above, but actual Protestant\nchurch-members. These figures make it clear that the forces of\naggressive Christianity in America have realized a tremendous return\non their investment. If we include Catholic and all other religious\nbodies the total communicant members reach 36 millions in round\nnumbers, or about two fifths of the total population.\n\nOne hundred years ago only one in ten of the college students in\nAmerica was a communicant member of the Church; to-day practically\nevery other college student is a member of some church. It is\ncertainly encouraging that fifty per cent. of that small fraction of\nour population which will furnish an enormous percentage of the\nleaders are church-members to-day, or five times as large a proportion\nas a hundred years ago.\n\nThe situation in the non-Christian world to-day is summed up, on the\nbasis of the statistics in the chart below, as follows: It took about\nninety years to gain the first million converts (1793-1885). The\nsecond million were added in twenty-three years (1885-1908). They are\nnow being added at the rate of a million in ten years.\n\n[Illustration: WORLD MISSION PROGRESS\n\nGAIN IN PROTESTANT COMMUNICANTS\nSINCE 1800 IN THE FOREIGN FIELD]\n\nAt the beginning of the nineteenth century there was not a single\nProtestant in Japan, not one in China, only a few in India, and the\ngreat non-Christian world was practically closed to the Protestant\nmissionary. Three of the five continents of the world were\ninaccessible and a large part of a fourth largely untouched.\n\nProtestant Christian work began in Japan in 1859. In 1913 there are\n73,000 Protestant communicants,--among them twelve members of the\nJapanese Parliament. The influence of the Protestant Christians in the\nEmpire is out of all proportion to their comparatively small numbers,\nbecause Christianity began with the ruling classes in Japan. There are\nto-day in that one country more Protestant Christians than there were in\nall the non-Christian world at the beginning of the nineteenth century.\n\nMorrison, the pioneer missionary to China, entered that land in 1807.\nAt the end of thirty-five years of effort there were only six\nconverts; at the end of fifty years there were less than fifty, but\nto-day, according to the China Year Book, there are 195,905\ncommunicant members of the Protestant churches, and Dr. Timothy\nRichard has publicly stated that he thinks there are not less than two\nmillions of people in China who accept Christ as Savior, although many\nof these have not as yet united themselves with the Christian Church.\nOne missionary in North China reported recently that he had seen more\nChinese accepting Christ in the last nine months than in the previous\nnineteen years of his service in China.\n\nIn Korea, on Christmas Day, 1887, the first seven men were baptized in\nsecret; now there is a Christian community of 300,000. There has been\nan average of one convert every hour of the day and night since\nProtestant missionaries entered Korea. The Korean Christians are an\nevangelistic, self-sacrificing, Bible-studying, prayer-loving people.\nThe training-classes for Bible study and preparation for Christian\nwork have been wonderful in their attendance and power. One church has\ndeveloped into five churches in its short history. The members of a\nsingle church in Seoul preach the gospel in over a hundred villages in\nthe vicinity of the city. Pingyang was not entered until 1895. At that\ntime it was said of the city that every other house was a wine shop.\nIn the short time since the first missionary entered the city such\nprogress has been made that it is now said of Pingyang that every\nother house has a Christian in it, and that at least one sixth of the\npopulation may be found in the regular church services every Sunday\nmorning. The great challenge presented by Korea is to press the\nadvantage at this point in the far-flung battle line, in confident\nexpectation that Korea will be evangelized in this generation.\n\nIndia furnishes many thrilling illustrations of the victorious\nprogress of Christianity. On a journey around the world two years ago,\na Christian leader saw one church record in the Baptist mission among\nthe Telugus in which there were the names of 19,000 Christian\nconverts. Forty years ago there were not more than a half-dozen\nChristians in that section of India.\n\nUganda in Central Africa has made great progress since the days of\nStanley's discovery of Livingstone. Recently an eight-days' meeting\nwas held in one of the stations. The attendance ranged from 3,500 the\nfirst day to more than 6,000 on the last day. In the five years\nending September, 1907, there was an average increase in membership of\n6,000 a year, and in 1909 the total increase reached 8,000.\n\nEven the Near East which has for many years been so comparatively\nunresponsive to the appeal of the gospel, is more ready than ever to\nreceive the gospel message and especially the missionary school. On a\nvisit to the Near East in 1911, Dr. C. H. Patton, one of the\nSecretaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign\nMissions, addressed some inspiring audiences, in one place a multitude\nnumbering three thousand. At Aintab, the crowd was divided into three\naudiences so that all could hear. There was a total attendance of four\nthousand. Among many other encouraging signs Dr. Patton found forty\nsons of pashas and members of the Turkish parliament in one school.\nWhere a very few years ago there were hatred and hostility, there is\nnow not only toleration but in many places a growing spirit of welcome\nto the Christian school and the Christian missionary.\n\nThese examples are typical of a world-wide response to the gospel\nnever known before. The simplest and most evident proof of the\nwidening sovereignty of Christ in the world is the number of those who\nare uniting themselves with the Christian Church. It is an inspiring\nrecord, but only the beginning of the indications that the kingdom of\nGod is spreading over all the earth.\n\n=The Native Church.=--Further progress is indicated when it is\nremembered that there are now about 100,000 native workers in the\nvarious non-Christian lands. The calling forth and training of these\nworkers is the greatest and most urgent single task on the field, for\nthe chief hope of Christianizing the world is in the multiplication of\nthe numbers and the increasing of the efficiency of the native workers\nin all non-Christian countries.\n\nPowerful native leaders are arising in many lands. This is a most\nheartening evidence of the progress of Christianity. Men like the Hon.\nT. H. Yun, the statesman, of Korea, Ding Li Mai, the evangelist, of\nChina, Bishop V. S. Azariah of India, and the late Bishop Honda of\nJapan are the type of leaders who may well inspire hope in the success\nof Christianity in the lands from which they come. Native leaders are\nin the forefront of the great social and moral reforms and\nevangelistic campaigns among their people. The dependence of China\nupon her Christian leaders in this present hour of great crisis has\nthrown a great light upon the value of Christian institutions and\nteachings. The sacrificial giving of the native Church is a revelation\nof the great depth and sincerity of their Christian life. Dr. Alva W.\nTaylor in his very valuable recent book, _The Social Work of Christian\nMissions_, calls attention to the fact that in China, while the\nmembership of the Protestant Church has increased eleven times in\nthirty years, the rate of native giving has increased thirty times.\n\nEvery land has a contribution to make before there can be a complete\ninterpretation of Christianity. Christendom is as yet only beginning to\nrealize what enrichment of life is to come from Africa and the East,\nfrom Mohammedan lands and the islands of the seas, when the living\nenergies of Christ have been brought to bear adequately upon their life.\n\n=Humanitarian Institutions.=--One hundred years ago there was not one\nhospital or trained physician in the non-Christian world; to-day there\nare 675 hospitals; and 8,000,000 treatments in these hospitals were\nreported in a single recent year. The relief of suffering, the\nprevention and cure of contagious diseases, the successful war against\nplague, asylums for the insane and blind, for the deaf, homes for\nlepers and consumptives, rescue homes, prison work, famine relief--all\nthese are recent forms of Christian service and are rapidly extending.\n\n=Social Reconstruction and Progress.=--Dr. S. M. Zwemer has well said,\n\"Fifty years ago in the study of missions the emphasis was on\ntheology, to-day it is on sociology.\"\n\nThe expanding influence of Christ in the world is not only shown by the\nstatistical evidences of the growth of the missionary enterprise, but\nthere are also certain large and general aspects of the case which must\nnot be overlooked. Volumes have been written on the subject of humane\nprogress, such as _Gesta Christi, A History of Humane Progress_, by C.\nLoring Brace, and _Christian Missions and Social Progress_, by J. S.\nDennis. But two of these humane ideas are enlarged upon here.\n\n1. The growth of the idea of liberty. The freedom of the masses is\npossible only in those lands where Christ is known. From the days when\nthe influence of the Christians put a stop to the sacrifices and\ngladiatorial combats in Rome to the wiping out of human slavery among\nall the civilized nations of modern times is an inspiring record of\nthe expansion of the Christian spirit of liberty. Dr. Josiah Strong\nsays \"At the end of the eighteenth century slaves were held in Russia,\nPrussia, Austria, Scotland, in British, French, and Spanish colonies,\nand in North and South America.\" To-day no reputable Christian nation\ntolerates slaves.\n\n2. The elevation of womanhood. Wherever Christ's ideas of the\nsacredness and value of womanhood have penetrated, women have risen to\na place of power. Christ found woman the plaything and drudge of man\nor worse and has lifted her up to be a queen in the home and a\npowerful influence in society. To a gentleman who asked a woman in\nTurkey what her life was like she replied, \"Our life is hell.\" Let her\nanswer stand for the life of millions upon millions of women and girls\nwhere the purity and love of Christ are unknown.\n\nIn the introduction to _Gesta Christi, A History of Humane Progress_\nby Brace, the following summary is given:\n\n\"There are certain practises, principles, and ideals--now the richest\ninheritance of the race--that have been either implanted or stimulated\nor supported by Christianity.\n\n\"They are such as these: regard for the personality of the weakest and\npoorest; respect for women; the absolute duty of each member of the\nfortunate classes to raise up the unfortunate; humanity to the child,\nthe prisoner, the stranger, the needy, and even the brute; unceasing\nopposition to all forms of cruelty, oppression, and slavery; the duty of\npersonal purity and the sacredness of marriage; the necessity of\ntemperance; the obligation of a more equitable division of the profits\nof labor, and of greater cooeperation between employers and employed; the\nright of every human being to have the utmost opportunity of developing\nhis faculties, and of all persons to enjoy equal political and social\nprivileges; the principle that the injury of one nation is the injury of\nall, and the expediency and duty of unrestricted trade and intercourse\nbetween all countries; and finally and principally, a profound\nopposition to war, a determination to limit its evils when existing, and\nto prevent its arising by means of international arbitration.\n\n\"Ideals, principles, and practises such as these are among the best\nachievements of history.\"\n\n=The Conclusion of the Whole Matter.=--Under the weight of this mass\nof proof we may accept the interpretation of history given in Isaiah\nxiv. 26-27. He is answering that question which has challenged\nthinkers in all ages, What is the vocation of the nations? Isaiah\nconcludes that all nations have a place in God's purpose and that all\npeoples contribute to his plan.\n\n\"This is the purpose that is purposed upon the whole earth; and this\nis the hand that is stretched out upon all the nations. For Jehovah of\nhosts hath purposed, and who shall annul it? and his hand is stretched\nout and who shall turn it back?\"\n\nNo man who is willing to accept the facts which have been stated can\nescape the conviction that Christ is possessing the world in an\nunmistakable way. Although there are still great battles to be fought\nout, and problems to be solved,--greater probably than men have ever\ngrappled with in the history of the world,--the final issue cannot be\nin doubt. In the midst of all the disturbing forces, when many leaders\nare bewildered by the swiftly moving scenes incident to the\ntransformation of great and ancient civilizations, at a time when the\ncries of race and clan are deafening and when there is a struggle\nbetween age-long forces on a gigantic scale never before witnessed,\nserene and confident of the outcome moves our Christ.\n\nAs Mr. Robert E. Speer puts it, \"Christianity is moving out over the\nearth with ever-enlarging agencies, with ever-increasing success, and\nwith open and undiscouraged purpose to win the world.\"\n\nWith the change of a single phrase we may join in the song of Christ's\ntriumph which Longfellow left as an inspiring heritage to the world.\n\n    \"And him evermore I behold\n    Walking in the midst of the world,\n    Through the cornfield's waving gold,\n    In hamlet, in wood, and in wold,\n    By the shores of the beautiful sea,\n    He toucheth the sightless eyes;\n    Before him the demons flee;\n    To the dead he saith: Arise!\n    To the living: Follow me!\n    And that voice still soundeth on,\n    From the centuries that are gone,\n    To the centuries that shall be.\"\n\n\nFOR ADDITIONAL READING AND FOR REFERENCE\n\n     Edinburgh Conference Report (9 volumes). Missionary Education\n     Movement, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York. $5.00.\n\n     World Atlas of Christian Missions. Student Volunteer Movement,\n     600 Lexington Avenue, New York, $4.00.\n\n     The Statesmen's Year Book, 1913. Macmillan Company, 64 Fifth\n     Avenue, New York. $3.40.\n\n     Taylor, Alva W. The Social Work of Christian Missions. The\n     Foreign Christian Missionary Society, Cincinnati. $0.50.\n\n     Gulick, Sidney L. The Growth of the Kingdom of God. Fleming H.\n     Revell Co., 158 Fifth Avenue, New York. $1.00.\n\n     Brace, Charles Loring. Gesta Christ, A History of Humane\n     Progress. George H. Doran, 25 West 32nd Street, New York. $1.00.\n\n     Ross, E. A. The Changing Chinese. The Century Company, 33 East\n     17th Street, New York. $2.40.\n\n     Dennis, James S. Christian Missions and Social Progress (3\n     volumes). Fleming H. Revell Co., 158 Fifth Avenue, New York.\n     $6.25.\n\n     Dennis, James S. Commerce and Missions (A Pamphlet). Laymen's\n     Missionary Movement, 1 Madison Avenue, New York. 5 cents.\n\n     Goucher, John F. Growth of the Missionary Concept. Eaton & Mains,\n     150 Fifth Avenue, New York. $0.75.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER II\n\nTHE CHALLENGE OF A GREAT TASK\n\n\nOne of the best tests of the measure of a man is in his relation to\ngreat forces and opportunities and tasks. A small man will either be\nunconscious of their presence and significance, or will be overwhelmed\nby them, and therefore inactive or inefficient. On the other hand a\nman who is really alive will rejoice that it is given to him to relate\nhimself to life's greatest forces and opportunities and tasks.\n\nIt would be difficult to conceive of any combination of human and divine\nenergies, of golden opportunities and inspiring tasks, comparable with\nthose centering in the world-wide propagation of Christianity. In our\nday more men are undertaking with relentless courage the whole program\nof Christ than ever before, notwithstanding its immensity, its\nbewildering complexity, and its taxing difficulty. The first long step\ntoward a solution of the missionary problem is this willingness to face\nthe total issues involved without reserve and without fear.\n\nThe following pages present a condensed and swift survey of the\nunfinished task of the Church of Christ. The size of the task is\nsketched in its bold outlines. In this chapter is heard the cry that\nis flung out across the world to every Christian man. It is a cry of\nneglect and need, of urgency and crisis, the united voice of\nmultitudes among whom the forces of the new age are battling for\nmastery. The limits of the chapter make it impossible to discuss many\nimportant features of the missionary task, such as the social evils of\nthe non-Christian world, the inadequacy of the vast religious systems\nto meet the deepest needs of mankind, the strength of the customs of\ncenturies, and many more. The reader is referred to the books listed\nat the close of this chapter for a discussion of these elements of the\nproblems. These pages will give but a glimpse of the task but enough\nsurely to strike a high note of summons to every man to whom Christ is\nindispensable to make Christ known to all other men in the world to\nwhom he is also indispensable.\n\n=The Unity of the Race.=--In this survey it will be of great value to\nremember that God \"made of one every nation of men\" (Acts xvii. 26).\nThe unity of the race is a great and solemnizing truth. Men can not be\nclassified by the color of their skin or their language. It is\nimpossible for a scientist to tell the difference between the blood of\nan Arab, a Chinese, and an Englishman. Sin is not a heathen\ncharacteristic, it is a human characteristic. If the gospel had gone\neastward instead of westward civilization would have traveled that\nway. As we speak about the backward races let us remember that the\nchief difference between them and us is that we have Christ and they\nhave him not.\n\n=Explanation of Terms.=--It is essential that the meaning of three\nterms which are current in the literature and discussion of missions\nbe understood before we proceed. These terms are, _the evangelization\nof the world_, _the naturalization of Christianity_, and _the\nChristianization of the world_. What do these terms mean, and whose\ntask is indicated by each?\n\n=The Evangelization of the World.=--This phrase means the giving of\nevery person in the world an adequate opportunity to know and receive\nJesus Christ. This is the present and urgent task of all Christians. It\nis a universal obligation organic in the gospel. By this we do not mean\nsimply giving the message of Christ once in the hearing of all men. That\nis not adequate. There must be repeated instruction in the gospel, until\nthe need of Christ is made clear and influence brought to bear upon the\nwill so that an intelligent decision to accept and follow Christ is made\npossible. Many will reject the message, no doubt, but the responsibility\nof Christians to any man is not discharged until that man has had\nopportunity to know and receive Jesus Christ. Wherever there are belated\ncountries and races, or religions that do not meet the deepest needs of\nmankind, wherever there is no adequate opportunity to enjoy the\ndeliverance from sin, the freedom, the intelligence, the purity, the\nsafety, the justice and equality, the rewards of honest labor, which the\ngospel of Christ brings, it is the duty of those who possess all these\nto pass them on to others.\n\n=The Naturalization of Christianity.=--By the naturalization of\nChristianity in a country is meant the permanent planting of the\nChristian Church and Christian institutions in that land. When a\nforeigner becomes a naturalized American he must meet certain\neducational and financial requirements and take the oath of allegiance\nto the United States, in return for which he is guaranteed the\nprivileges and rights of citizenship. The process of Americanization\nis not completed by this act of naturalization; it is only well begun.\nMany years are required to thoroughly assimilate the spirit of our\ninstitutions and life. Naturalization is a first not a final process,\nAmericanization is the goal.\n\nChristianity may be said to be naturalized in a land when the native\nChurch has reached the point where it is capable of governing and\nsupporting itself and of completing the work of evangelizing the\ncountry. Therefore the naturalization of Christianity is the joint\ntask of the foreign missionary and the native Christian Church. In the\nprocess the foreign missionary must decrease, as the native Church\nincreases.\n\n=The Christianization of the World.=--This involves the application of\nthe principles of the gospel to the total life of mankind. In a strict\nsense this is not yet true in any country. There are of course many\ncountries where the evangelization of the people is being vigorously\ncarried out and the naturalization of Christianity is without\nquestion; but the complete redemption of society is not yet a fact.\nThis final stage in the missionary enterprise is the task of the\nnative Church in each land. There will still be fellowship with the\nChurch in all lands and interchanges of ideas and service. There will\nno doubt be greater unity than ever, but the final responsibility\nrests with the naturalized Church in each land to complete the\nChristianizing task.\n\nWhile the definitions given must not be interpreted too strictly,\nsince the processes overlap and there is no absolutely sharp line of\ndistinction between them, in general it is true that it is the duty of\neach generation of Christians to evangelize its own generation; it is\nthe joint duty of Christendom and the native Church to naturalize\nChristianity in every land and among all races, and it is the task of\nthe native Church in each land to press with all possible urgency the\nChristianization of the country. Evangelization and naturalization are\nthe immediate aim: Christianization the final aim of the Church of\nChrist in the world.\n\nI. AMERICA'S HOME PROBLEM\n\nA primary missionary obligation is to purify the fountains out of\nwhich the missionary streams flow. Unless there is a genuine Christian\ncivilization in America the impact of America on the non-Christian\nworld will not be life-giving. As Dr. Love well says, in _The Mission\nof Our Nation_:\n\n\"The man who minimizes the importance of any department of missions\nleaves himself without ground for the strongest appeal for any\ndepartment of missions.\n\n\"We shall never be able to develop a great conscience concerning any\none department of our missionary work, except we develop a great\nconscience concerning it all.\n\n\"Though he may not think so himself, a man whose appeal is wholly for\nforeign missions may be as truly provincial as one who is all for home\nmissions, for his field does not comprehend the whole world.\"\n\nNo man who has candidly studied the home problems in Canada with all\ntheir significance to the future of the Dominion, and the splendid way\nin which the Canadian leaders are seeking to solve those problems can\ntalk lightly of the task there. The total immigration to Canada in\n1910-11 was the largest in its history,--311,084. While the large\nmajority were from England and the United States, the total included\nrepresentatives of 64 nationalities. The Bible has been called for in\n110 languages in the Dominion. There are about 900,000 Protestant\nChurch members out of a total population of 7,200,000. The Catholic\nChurch claims 2,538,374 members. There are about 3,000,000 French\nCanadians. Montreal has 70,000 foreigners; Winnipeg, 50,000. There are\n12,000 Orientals in Vancouver. The great western provinces have all\nthe problems of the frontier.\n\nLooking at the situation in the United States we are confronted with\nthe fact that there are 34,796,077 people over ten years of age who\nare outside the membership of all the churches. That in itself\nconstitutes an enormous spiritual opportunity and responsibility. Tens\nof thousands of these people are unreached because the Church has not\nseriously attempted to reach them. Recent investigations have shown\nthat thousands of our country churches are entirely abandoned, and\nthat in large rural sections the rising generation is practically\ndeprived of all religious training. Until America solves its rural and\ncity church problems, it will be greatly handicapped in its world-wide\nmissionary operations.\n\nThere are certain neglected and overlooked groups in American life,\nsuch as the Mountaineers of the South. Concerning these sturdy\nSoutherners, who are serving an altogether too long apprenticeship,\nand who have remained in isolation while modern progress has rushed by\nthem, W. G. Frost says, \"I expect to see the mountain regions of the\nSouth as peculiar a joy and glory to America as old Scotland is to\nGreat Britain.\"\n\nThe Mormon menace is appalling. Every citizen should read Bruce\nKinney's _Mormonism, the Islam of America_, and then do his part to\neradicate this evil from the land.\n\nSeveral millions of illiterate Negroes sorely need education and\nChristianity if the civilization of the country is to be safe. Progress\nin the solution of these problems has been great, and the Churches are\naddressing themselves to the task with growing conviction and power.\n\nThe loudest call to missionary devotion in the United States is\npresented by the unprecedented tides of immigration from all corners\nof the globe. While Canada is feeling this pressure in an unusual\ndegree, the magnitude of the problem in the United States is much\ngreater, not only because of the great numbers but also because of the\ncharacter of the immigration. The sheer size of the task may be made\nconcrete by comparing the numbers of people who have come to the\nUnited States in the last few years with some of the other great\nmigrations of history.\n\nThe leading of the children of Israel out of Egypt was one of the\noutstanding movements of a great population in ancient history.\nAccording to the census figures in Numbers i. 46, there were 603,550 men\nof twenty years of age and upwards. Some were heads of families but many\nof these were single men, so that, if we multiply the number given in\nthe Bible by five, it will probably give the approximate number of the\nentire population, or 3,017,750. In the last ten years nearly three\ntimes as many people have come to America as the number Moses led out of\nEgypt. Furthermore, immigrants to America are not all of one race as in\nthe case of Israel, but represent a Babel of races and languages.\n\n[Illustration: RELIGIOUS CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES\n\nSHOWING PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION REPORTED AS PROTESTANT, ROMAN\nCATHOLIC, AND \"ALL OTHER\" CHURCH MEMBERS, AND PROPORTION NOT REPORTED\nAS CHURCH MEMBERS FOR EACH STATE AND TERRITORY. PUBLISHED BY THE\nUNITED STATES CENSUS BUREAU]\n\nThe hordes of barbarians which overwhelmed Rome have left a mark on\nEurope that can never be forgotten. The size and vigor of the\nmovement made a profound impression which history cannot outgrow, and\nyet Genseric, one of the greatest of their leaders, never had more\nthan 80,000 warriors in his palmiest days.\n\nThere have been great successive waves of immigration into China and\nIndia from the plains and the mountains of the north and east, but so\nfar as we have knowledge of the numbers they dwindle into comparative\ninsignificance when measured by this greatest of all invasions.\n\nThe numbers involved in the Norman Conquest of England would hardly\nmake a ripple on the sea of races and populations crowding to American\nshores.\n\nThe Crusades stand out as epoch-making and unparalleled up to that\ntime in the number of nations disturbed. They covered a period of more\nthan a century and a half and involved several millions of people, but\nmore men, women, and children from other lands have come to the United\nStates and Canada in the last six years than swept across the face of\nEurope in a century and a half in the Crusades.\n\nTo assimilate and Christianize these multitudes is one of the supreme\ntests of the reality of our faith and the vitality of our national life.\n\nThe glory of immigration is fourfold:\n\n1. _God has written much history in terms of migratory peoples._ It is\nthe impatient, unsatisfied, vigorous peoples that have made the history\nof the world. If the meaning of the past is correctly interpreted, then\nthe blending of these races together on a Christian basis into one\nunited people is America's superlative opportunity to make history.\n\n2. _Immigration is compelling America to study the languages, the\nhistory, the achievements, the religions, and the characteristics of\nthese multitudes of people._ Such study is imperative in order that\nAmerica may adequately bear to the incoming millions the deepest\nmessage of her religion and her Western institutions. This fact in\nitself furnishes an intellectual and moral task of transcendent\nimportance. On this continent the modern gift of tongues must be given\nif America fails not her Christ.\n\n3. _Immigration is leading millions to study the English tongue._ This\nis of great importance if the multitudes of future Americans are to\nunderstand and appropriate the principles of democracy and\nProtestantism enshrined in English literature. The German and\nScandinavian and other tongues will contribute to America the best\nthey possess, while at the same time they are themselves greatly\nenriched.\n\n4. _The mingling races are challenging America to demonstrate the\ntruth of those principles of freedom and democracy of which such proud\nboast has been made in days gone by._ The principles of democracy can\nscarcely be thoroughly and finally tested among people who are of the\nsame race and have a common speech and who have a more or less common\npurpose. Democracy can be adequately tested only amid the complexities\nof race and clan, of diverse speech and history. These principles of\ndemocracy have never been literally applied in any large way yet, but\none of God's greatest challenges to the manhood of the United States\nand Canada to-day is that literal application of the principles of\ndemocracy shall be made to the whole population gathered within their\nvast domains. Here is a call for statesmanship and spiritual passion\nworthy of the finest life America has produced.\n\n[Illustration: SIZE OF PARISHES AT HOME AND ABROAD\n\nFigures Give the Number of People to Each Protestant Minister]\n\nII. MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA\n\nThese lands lying to the south are America's nearest foreign\nmissionary field.\n\nIn each case in which the number of missionaries is mentioned in this\nvolume, unless otherwise stated, it may be understood to include all\nmissionaries, both men and women, except wives of missionaries. This\nis thought to be fair, not because missionaries' wives are not as\ndevoted as their husbands or other workers, but because it is not to\nbe expected that a woman with household cares should be responsible\nfor the same amount of direct Christian work that is expected of other\nworkers on the field. In other words, the family or the single worker\nis considered the unit.\n\nThe people in Mexico are nominally Roman Catholic, the census returns\nshowing thirteen and a half millions of that faith. Conditions are\ndifficult for Protestant missions. The population of Mexico is more\nthan fifteen millions. Among these millions there are 249\nrepresentatives of Protestant Christianity. In 1895 more than ten\nmillions in Mexico could neither read nor write, and while conditions\nhave improved somewhat since then, it is safe to say that seven out of\nevery ten of the population are illiterate. In Central America,\nincluding Panama, there are 96 missionaries.\n\nThese simple facts will illustrate the truth that there are still\nparts of the North American continent inadequately cultivated by the\nProtestant churches.\n\nIII. SOUTH AMERICA\n\nThe South American lands are nominally Roman Catholic. They know\nconsiderable of the phraseology of Christianity, but its vital truth\nhas not been largely realized. Here are seven million square miles of\nopportunity which call loudly for the Christian application of the\nMonroe doctrine. While the majority of the people are of European\nblood (if we do not count the unknown numbers of millions of\nIndians), every principle of justice indicates North America's\nobligation to hasten the redemption of South America. These lands\nfollowed the example of the United States in adopting the republic as\ntheir ideal of government. They have not hitherto enjoyed our\nreligious freedom along with our republican form of government. Free\ngovernment cannot be fully and permanently enjoyed by any people\nwithout actual religious liberty. Freedom of conscience produces the\nintelligence and virtue essential to a democracy. The South American\nlands have lacked such freedom. This in itself constitutes a real\nchallenge to the faith of North American Christians.\n\nA brief glimpse of two or three of the lands will indicate the\ncharacter of the problem a little more clearly.\n\nBrazil, the greatest of the South American lands, about 2,700 miles in\nextent from east to west and fully the same from north to south, with\nan area nearly as great as the entire continent of Europe, has,\naccording to the _Statesman's Year Book_, a population of more than\ntwenty-three millions or nearly one half of the population of the\ncontinent. Its great forests and mineral wealth are but little used.\nAccording to the _World Atlas of Christian Missions_, there is but one\nProtestant mission station near the mouth of the Amazon River and not\na single missionary in all the vast territory through which that river\nand most of its tributaries flow. Algot Lange, who has spent many\nmonths exploring the Amazon Basin, says there are 373 tribes speaking\na variety of languages in the Amazon territory. These are practically\nall unreached by the gospel. The mission stations are scattered along\nthe coast with very few in the interior. The majority of the\nmissionaries are within three or four hundred miles of Rio Janeiro.\nEighty-five per cent. of the population is reported illiterate.\n\nBolivia, which is fourteen times as large as the State of New York,\nhas only sixteen workers, counting wives, so that each worker in\nBolivia has a parish larger than the entire State of Pennsylvania. The\nsame proportion would give five workers to the Province of Quebec.\nSince these words were written however a party of three new\nmissionaries sailed from New York to enter this field.\n\nThe Argentine Republic is the most advanced and prosperous country of\nSouth America. It has, according to figures given by Mr. Robert E.\nSpeer at the Rochester Student Volunteer Convention, a per capita\nexport three and a half times as great as the United States, one\nhundred and twenty times as great as the Chinese Empire and the total\nexports were nearly equal to those of the entire continent of Africa.\nThe Argentine Republic has but one worker to every 8,737 square miles.\nThe illiteracy of this, the most enlightened land of South America, is\n50 per cent. of the population. Thus it is seen that the brightest\nspot in South America has appalling need of Protestant Christianity.\n\nLooking at the problem in the large, there is in South America a\npopulation of approximately 49,000,000. In the whole continent there\nare only 881 Protestant missionaries. If we omit the wives of\nmissionaries from the calculations this gives to each worker a\npopulation of 83,050 and a field of 12,450 square miles, or more than\nnine times the size of Rhode Island.\n\nNew York State has 42,558 primary and high school teachers. If we\nomit the teachers in the two lands farthest north in South America;\nnamely, Venezuela and Colombia, New York has as many teachers as all\nof the South American continent.\n\nThe illiteracy of the United States, even including all those who\ncannot read or write among immigrants and Negroes, is only 10.7 per\ncent., while the lowest per cent. of illiteracy in any country in\nSouth America is 50 and the highest nearly 90.\n\nIt would perhaps be a fair estimate to say that at least three out of\nfour people in the South American lands live where they will probably\nnot hear the message of Christ from Protestant missionaries in any\nadequate way in this generation unless the Church greatly multiplies\nits missionary agencies in South America.\n\nIV. AFRICA\n\nThere are three Africas, each with its difficult problems.\n\n_Christian Africa_ is at the southern end of the continent where live\nnearly five and one-half million people. This is more nearly\nevangelized than any other portion of the continent. Some notable\nChristian leaders have been developed in South Africa, of whom the\nRev. Andrew Murray is one of the most widely known. In Abyssinia is\nthe old Coptic Church which is without much real Christian life.\n\n_Pagan Africa_ comprises the greatest solid mass of paganism on the\nearth.\n\n_Mohammedan Africa_ numbers at least forty millions of population\nspread over the vast regions from the Equator to the Mediterranean\nSea. With the exception of Abyssinia, Liberia and Sierra Leone,\npractically the whole of North Africa is under the sway of the false\nprophet and even in the lands mentioned the pressure of Mohammedan\ninvasion is rapidly growing more severe.\n\nThe intellectual task on this educational frontier of the world is\nindicated by the fact that there are 843 languages and dialects on the\ncontinent. The Edinburgh Conference estimated that in Pagan and\nMohammedan Africa combined there are a hundred millions of people\nwithout a written language or even an alphabet of their own.\n\nOn the whole continent of Africa there are 3,244 missionaries, each\nwith a parish of 3,614 square miles and 46,239 people. There is only a\nhandful of missionaries to guard 3,000 miles of Mediterranean coast\nfrom Egypt to Gibraltar. From Khartum to Uganda, along the rich Nile\nvalley, a distance of 1,000 miles, there are about a dozen missionaries.\n\nAs far as the proportion of missionaries to population is concerned,\nAfrica is much better supplied than Asia, yet in Africa there are five\ngreat blocks of territory which are unoccupied and other areas with\nmissionaries only around the fringes or reaching only a small fraction\nof the people. These areas are irregular in shape and the lines\nbounding them have been drawn so as to exclude all mission stations.\nSome of the people in them no doubt are hearing the gospel, but there\nare no resident missionaries in any of them, according to the maps of\nthe _World Atlas of Christian Missions_.\n\nThe smallest of these five unoccupied areas is in Portuguese and German\nEast Africa. It is four times the size of the State of New York.\n\nA second near the west coast, south of the equator, has three times\nthe extent of New England.\n\nThe third near the west coast, south of the equator, would make eight\nStates as large as Iowa. In Iowa there are at least 4,000 ordained\nministers, to say nothing of other Christian workers, but in this\nblock of territory, eight times as large as Iowa, there is not a\nsingle ordained missionary.\n\nAnother region, some distance north of the one just mentioned, without\nmissionaries, is 1,500 miles long and 500 miles wide.\n\nLast of all, if we omit the mission stations on the Nile and a few\nscattered workers around the fringes, there is in the upper half of\nthe continent a block of territory nearly as large as the United\nStates but with a scattered population estimated at fifteen millions,\nwithout resident missionaries. Starting from the Nile River, 1,000\nmiles from its mouth, a traveler could go directly westward through\nthe heart of the continent nearly three thousand miles before reaching\nthe next mission station on the west coast. If he started at the mouth\nof the Sobat River, about 2,000 miles from Cairo, the nearest mission\nstation to the west is 1,500 miles away, in Northern Nigeria. In all\nthose weary miles there is not a single church spire pointing toward\nthe stars or a home where a missionary family lives.\n\nTaking the continent as a whole, there are at least fifty millions of\npeople who are not only entirely outside the reach but even of the\nplans of any missionary society now at work on the continent.\n\nV. ASIA\n\nIn Asia live more than one half of the human race. Accepting the\nfigures of the _Statesman's Year Book_, the population of the world is\n1,698,552,204. The population of Asia is given as 958,781,233. Of\nevery hundred people in the earth fifty-six live in Asia. Of these\nfifty-six, forty-three out of every hundred live in China and India.\nAsia as a whole has 9,013 workers, according to the _World Atlas of\nChristian Missions_, each having an average parish of 1,781 square\nmiles, containing an average of 106,377 people. Let us survey the\ncontinent, \"beginning from Jerusalem.\"\n\n=1. The Near East.=--The Asiatic Levant, or Near East includes\n_Turkey_, _Persia_, and _Arabia_. This territory has an area of\n2,381,310 square miles and a population of a little more than\nthirty-four millions. This region where Christ was born and wrought\nhis mighty works is to-day in desperate need of his message and life.\n\n(1) Turkey has an area of 693,610 square miles, and is therefore more\nthan eighty-six times the size of Massachusetts. This great area has\nonly 2,836 miles of railroad, while Pennsylvania with one fifteenth\nits area has 15,415 miles. Turkey includes Asia Minor, Armenia,\nKurdistan, Mesopotamia, Syria, and a portion of Arabia. Turkey has a\npopulation of 17,683,550, fourteen millions of whom are Mohammedans\nand the rest divided among Christian churches; a majority of these are\nin Asia Minor and Armenia. There are only 354 missionaries, including\nwives, in all Turkey. The Mohammedan population is practically\nuntouched, since a majority of the missionaries for political and\nother reasons have devoted comparatively little of their time to them.\n\n(2) Persia is nearly as large as Turkey but has not more than one half\nof the population. The country extends about 700 miles north and south\nand 900 miles east and west. Millions of the people are difficult of\naccess because Persia has only six miles of railroad, and political\nconditions have been unfavorable to missionary effort. This railroad\nwas opened in 1888, and since that time no other railroads have been\nbuilt. Not only are there no railroads but only a few good carriage\nroads. Twelve of these cities have a population ranging from thirty\nthousand in Kashan to two hundred and eighty thousand in Teheran, the\ncapital. Four of the large cities have not been occupied by\nmissionaries. There are eighty-four missionaries for the more than\nnine and a half millions of population.\n\n(3) Arabia includes a territory 1,500 miles long by 1,200 miles wide.\nMuch of this country is only partially explored. The eight millions of\npopulation are almost all Mohammedans. Of the six provinces only three\nare occupied by missionaries, and in the coast-line of 4,000 miles\nthere are workers in only four centers--Aden, Muscat, Bahrein, and\nBusrah, and not one in the interior. Along the 1,500 miles of Red Sea\ncoast from Suez to Aden, passing the Sinai Peninsula and the forbidden\ncity of Mecca on the way, there is not one missionary. From Aden to\nMuscat is a journey of nearly 1,500 miles, from there to Bahrein is\n550, and Busrah is 400 miles further on.\n\nThe judgment of the Edinburgh Conference was that at least six of the\neight millions are beyond the reach of the present missionary force.\nUnless there is adequate response in Christendom six millions of our\nfellow beings in this one land must lie down and die without a\nknowledge of Christ.\n\n=2. Central Asia.=--Between the Near East and the Far East is Central\nAsia. The lands located here are comparatively little known, and in\npart unexplored. They have an area of 2,700,000 square miles, nearly\nas great as the United States. Out of this area we could carve\nfifty-two Englands, or nearly eight provinces the size of British\nColumbia, or twenty-four countries as large as Italy. The population\nis quite dense in the oases and along the rivers, but in other parts\nwidely scattered, so that the numbers are not nearly so great as in\nthe countries with which its geographical area has been compared.\nThere are, however, 23,368,000 people. We have here a bewildering\narray of races and languages.\n\nThe most important of these lands are Afghanistan, Chinese Turkestan,\nTibet, and Russian Turkestan. The entire region is overwhelmed by the\nintellectual stagnation and moral rottenness of Mohammendanism, except\nTibet, which is the stronghold of Lamaism, a corrupt form of Buddhism.\n\nIn all this region there are only three mission stations, and not a\nphysician or hospital anywhere. It is 2,000 miles from the Moravian\nstation at Leh to the first outpost of the China Inland Mission in\nChina. From the last station of the Church Missionary Society in North\nIndia it is 1,000 miles northward to the next missionary outpost.\n\nIn this territory there are some cities of considerable size like\nBokhara, which has 10,000 students and 364 mosques, but no Christian\nchurch, and Tashkend with a population of more than 155,000. There are a\ndozen or more cities with populations reaching from 25,000 to 200,000.\n\nAfghanistan is unoccupied by Christian missions. Fanaticism and hatred\nof Christ hold sway everywhere. According to Dr. S. M. Zwemer, 94 per\ncent. of the people are illiterate. Mohammed has swept the field. Only\nfearless workers can win this land.\n\nTibet is still the Gibraltar of the non-Christian world, and although\na line of missionary outposts is drawn around it, in one place there\nis a gap of 1,500 miles between stations.\n\n=3. India.=--India is the burning heart of Asia. It has a genius for\nreligion unsurpassed in the world.\n\nIndia has been called the Mother of Religions. Of the four great\nfaiths which were born in Asia, two came from India.\n\nIndia is a menagerie of races and languages. According to the\nEdinburgh Conference Report there are 147 languages in India. Some of\nthese are spoken by only a few people, but there are ten languages,\neach of which is spoken by ten millions or more.\n\nThe census of 1911 gives the population of the country as 315,132,537.\nOf every hundred people in the world eighteen live in this one land.\nAmong them there are two hundred and seventeen millions of Hindus,\nmore than sixty-six and a half millions of Mohammedans and 3,876,196\nChristians. There are ten millions of Buddhists in Burma. George\nSherwood Eddy says there are four and one-half millions of mendicants\nor holy men. These figures are all the more startling when it is\nrecalled that the holy men outnumber the Christians by several\nhundred thousand.\n\nThe caste system makes India one of the most difficult mission fields\nin the world. There are 2,378 principal castes and tribes, but all\nthese are subdivided so that there are 100,000 caste divisions in\nIndia and no two of these can intermarry. The Brahmins have 886\nsub-castes. Of the 144,000,000 women, in 1901, according to the\n_Statesman's Year Book_, there were 26,000,000 widows, or one in six.\nOn account of the fact that they are not allowed to remarry and other\nhard social conditions their lot is pitiable indeed. Of these widows\nit is reported there are 115,285 under ten years of age, 19,487 under\nfive, and 1,064 under one year of age.\n\nIndia has only 3,555 newspapers and periodicals of all kinds, while\nthe United States with less than one third the population has more\nthan six times as many. Only about five out of each hundred people can\nread or write. Of 39,000,000 children of school age, 28,000,000 are\ngrowing up without schooling.\n\nIndia has 5,200 missionaries, counting wives, or one to every 60,293\nof the population. If wives are not counted, each worker has a parish\nof 93,901. The preamble of the constitution adopted by the National\nMissionary Society of India two years ago, states that only one third\nof India has been reached by missionaries and that one third only\npartially. There are whole districts, densely populated, where there\nis no missionary, and in some not even a native Christian.\n\nIn the Bombay Presidency it is reported that there are thirty\ndistricts, each with a population of over 50,000, in not one of which\nis there a missionary or a native worker. In Sind there are 3,000,000\npeople and only three mission stations in the province. \"In northern\nBengal,\" says George Sherwood Eddy, \"there is only one missionary to\nevery two million of the population.\"\n\nThe problem of determining the exact situation for the whole of India\nwas so complex that the Edinburgh Conference was not able to give a\ndefinite statement regarding even the approximate number of people who\nare not reached, but considering all the facts it seems a fair estimate\nto say that there are living to-day in India at least 150,000,000 people\nlargely untouched, none of whom can hope to know of Christ unless the\nforce of missionaries and native workers is greatly increased.\n\n=4. Bhutan and Nepal.=--These two wholly unoccupied states north of\nIndia are usually overlooked, yet Bhutan has a population of 250,000,\nand Nepal, which is not quite as large as Michigan, has five millions\nof people, or twice as many as there are in that State.\n\n=5. French Indo-China.=--This portion of Asia is six times as large as\nNew York, with a population of about sixteen and a half millions.\nRoman Catholics are allowed in all parts of French Indo-China. In all\nthis region there are but two Protestant mission stations, one in\nAnnam and one in Laos. Except in the two missions mentioned, there is\nnot a hospital or even a physician or trained nurse in the whole\nterritory. The attitude of the government has been unfriendly to\nmissionary effort. Vast populations are absolutely ignorant of Christ\nand his gospel. No Protestant mission work is carried on in Cambodia,\nCochin-China, or Tongking.\n\n=6. Japan.=--Everyone who has studied the geography of Asia has been\nimpressed with the strategic geographical position of Japan. This\nline of islands circling the seacoast of Asia from Siberia to southern\nChina is truly the gateway of the Orient. The Japanese Christians and\nsome of the missionaries have strongly advocated independence and also\nthe union of the Christian forces.\n\nMany think that Japan is largely evangelized, but one fact will make\nit clear that this is an erroneous idea. Half of the population of\nJapan are farmers and have scarcely been touched at all. It will be\nreadily seen why this is so when it is stated that 60 per cent. of the\nmissionaries are in eight cities, Tokyo alone being the headquarters\nof 279 of the total of 1,029 missionaries in the Empire. These figures\ninclude wives.\n\n=7. Korea.=--This land, only slightly larger than Kansas, was closed to\nforeign influence until twenty-five years ago. It has a population of\napproximately twelve millions. There are 307 missionaries, including\nwives, two fifths of them in the south, in one fourth of the area of the\ncountry. Korea is a conspicuous example of an entire nation divided up\namong the missions at work in it. That division is now complete, and the\neight denominations having representatives in the country each have a\nclearly defined territory. Responsibility for every foot of soil is\ndefinitely assigned, although millions of the Koreans have not yet had\nthe gospel preached to them in an adequate way.\n\n=8. China.=--This is the world's newest and largest republic. Bishop\nBashford's statement is no doubt true that the greatest compliment\never paid to the United States in its history was when the leaders of\nChina's new era accepted its form of government as their model.\n\nAccording to the _Statesman's Year Book_, the population of the\nChinese Empire is 433,533,030, with an area of 4,277,170. If we omit\nIndia alone there are more non-Christians here than in all the rest of\nthe world. According to the _World Atlas of Christian Missions_ there\nare at present in China 4,197 missionaries of all classes. This gives\na total of 103,300 people and a parish of 1,018 square miles to each\nmissionary. All the provinces and, except Tibet, all the dependencies\nhave some mission stations, yet there are great populations which are\nyet unreached.\n\nLet us look at two or three sections of the problem.\n\nSin Kiang has thirty-eight walled cities, but there are missionaries\nin only two of these cities.\n\nMongolia, twenty-four times the size of the State of Iowa or six times\nas large as the Province of Ontario, has but ten missionaries. One's\nheart is deeply moved as thought goes back to the time when Gilmour\nbegan his heroic labors in Mongolia. When he came within sight of the\nfirst native hut he fell upon his knees and thanked God for a redeemed\nMongolia. In our time there is need of a thousand Gilmours with the\nsame daring of faith and uttermost devotion of life to carry the\ngospel message to these vigorous and wonderful people just now\nemerging into the light of modern life.\n\nManchuria has a population estimated at 20,000,000, but only the\nsouthern and western portions are occupied at all. One of the\nmissionaries in reporting to the Edinburgh Conference says that two\nthirds of the population in his field have not even been approached.\n\nDr. Fulton reported to the Edinburgh Conference that within 140 miles\nof the scene of the labors of the first missionary to China, Robert\nMorrison, there are three counties containing some ten thousand\nvillages, averaging two hundred and fifty inhabitants each and so near\none another that in some cases from a central point six hundred\nvillages may be counted within a radius of five miles. He says that in\nhundreds of these no missionary or Christian preacher has ever set foot.\n\nSome time ago a striking map appeared in _China's Millions_, and is\nreproduced in _The Unoccupied Fields_, contrasting England and Wales\nwith the province of Honan. While conditions have changed somewhat\nsince the map was made, it is still sufficiently accurate for\nillustration. On this map are shown 1,846 villages and cities. There\nare 106 walled official cities, only twenty-six of which have resident\nmissionaries. Three other large towns are occupied as mission\nstations, only twenty-nine places occupied out of the 1,846.\n\n                                ENGLAND AND WALES  HONAN\n\n  Area                          58,309 sq. miles   67,940 sq. miles.\n\n  Population                    32,526,075 (1901)  35,316,800 (1901)\n\n  Ordained Ministry             32,897             112 missionaries\n                                                     (including wives\n                                                     and single ladies)\n\n  Local Preachers               52,341             159 Chinese helpers\n                                                     (including women)\n\n  Average area of parish        1-3/4 sq. miles    1,788 sq. miles.\n\n  Average population of parish  1,000              929,389\n\nThe dimensions of the task remaining in China are sufficiently\nsummarized by stating that there are 2,033 walled cities in the Empire\nand that only 476 of them have missionaries, leaving 1,557 of the\nprincipal cities unoccupied.\n\nSUMMARY OF CONDITIONS IN THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD\n\n1. _Fields Unoccupied but Open_\n\n     (1) Large portions of Mongolia, Manchuria, and Central Asia\n\n     (2) Many parts of Africa\n\n2. _Fields Unoccupied by either Protestant or Catholic Missions\nbecause Closed to All Christian Work_\n\n     (1) Tibet\n\n     (2) Nepal\n\n     (3) Bhutan\n\n     (4) Afghanistan\n\n3. _Fields Unoccupied by Protestant Missions because of Government\nOpposition_\n\n     (1) French Indo-China\n\n     (2) French Possessions in Africa\n\nThese three lists represent the work _yet to be begun_.\n\n4. _The Religion Least Reached is Mohammedanism_\n\nConservative estimates state that not less than 150,000,000 Mohammedans\nare not being reached in any adequate way by the Christian gospel.\n\n5. _The World as a Whole._ (1) The Edinburgh Conference Report says\nthat there are 119,000,000 people in Asia and Africa who are not even\nincluded in the plans of any missionary society on earth. (2) There\nare many more millions--and no one knows accurately how many--who are\nincluded in plans which have not yet been carried out. (3) In view of\nthe facts presented it is probably a safe estimate to say that with\nthe present forces in the field 500,000,000 people will pass out of\nthis generation without having a fair chance to know Christ and his\nmessage of redemption, unless the Church pours out a princely offering\nof lives and money and prayer to give them that opportunity.\n\n[Illustration: RELIGIOUS CENSUS OF THE WORLD\n\nWorld Population, 1912 1,700,000,000]\n\nWhen it is remembered that there are such multitudes of people who have\nnever had a chance to adopt a living creed adequate to the facts of\nlife; that there are still whole nations which are the habitations of\nnameless cruelty; millions for whom as yet Christ died in vain; vast\nregions where there are a starless sky, a bottomless need, a life full\nof fear and a future without hope--this certainly presents a task which\nmay well test to the utmost the vitality and devotion of Christendom.\nOne look at the immensity of the problem drives us back upon the\nmeasureless resources of God. Over against the greatness of the task we\nplace the greatness of our God. He alone is sufficient for these things.\n\nThe great question to be answered now is whether or not there have\nbeen developed in Christian lands a faith and power sufficient for\nthis most momentous hour for the human race. The supreme question of\nmissions is the development in Christendom of a vitality equal to\ncarrying the faith of Christ to the last man in the world.\n\nIs my Christianity equal to this task? Will the Christianity of my\nChurch go to the limit of devotion to the plans of Christ? Is American\nChristianity strong enough so God can anchor a planet to America\nwithout wrecking America? In this great hour you must answer and so\nmust I and so must the Church. Accepting the great opportunity with an\nunmoved confidence in final victory, let every man joyously put his\nhands between the King's hands to follow him forever.\n\nSome questions in parliamentary law are undebatable. Having been faced\nsquarely and the decision made, the vote is cast in silence. When a\nChristian man has once understood what the call of Christ is, and what\nmoral and spiritual demands that call makes upon men, the only possible\nattitude which a real man can take is _obedience without debate_.\n\n\nBOOKS FOR ADVANCED READING\n\n     Carrying the Gospel to All the World. Vol. 1. Edinburgh\n     Conference Report.\n\n     Zwemer, S. M. The Unoccupied Mission Fields of Africa and Asia.\n     Student Volunteer Movement, 600 Lexington Avenue, New York. $1.00.\n\n     Barton, James L. The Unfinished Task. Student Volunteer Movement,\n     600 Lexington Avenue, New York.\n\n     Dennis, James S. Social Evils of the Non-Christian World. Student\n     Volunteer Movement, 600 Lexington Avenue. $0.35.\n\n     Moscrop, Thomas. The Kingdom Without Frontiers. Eaton & Mains,\n     150 Fifth Avenue, New York. $1.00.\n\n     Eddy, Sherwood. The New Era in Asia. Missionary Education\n     Movement, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York. $0.50.\n\n     Pott, F. L. Hawks. The Emergency in China. Missionary Education\n     Movement, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York. $0.50.\n\n     Winton, George B. Mexico To-Day. Missionary Education Movement,\n     156 Fifth Avenue, New York. $0.50.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER III\n\nAMERICA'S POSITION IN THE WORLD BATTLE\n\n\nThat was a great day for the world when the Pilgrim Fathers started on\ntheir history-making journey across the Atlantic to America. There is\nno more thrilling scene in the beginnings of the history of any\nnation. A service of solemn consecration was held in the church. Then\nthe immortal company marched to the sea led by their pastor, John\nRobinson, reading from an open Bible those words in Genesis xii. 1-3,\nwhich must have had a prophetic meaning to every man within the sound\nof the pastor's voice.\n\n\"Now Jehovah said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, and from\nthy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto the land that I will\nshow thee; and I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless\nthee, and make thy name great; and be thou a blessing: and I will\nbless them that bless thee, and him that curseth thee will I curse:\nand in thee shall all the families of the earth be blessed.\"\n\nIt was a summons across the centuries to a new and profound application\nof the principles of religion to nation building. The conviction burned\nin their hearts that God was sending them out on a divine mission and\nthat they were to found on this side the sea a nation which should bear\nan important part in the world plans of Christianity. There are no\nwords in the Bible which have a more wonderful meaning in the light of\nthe expanding purpose of God for America than these words of commission\nto Abraham which were accepted as God's commission to the Pilgrim\nFathers. In the days that followed God was as good as his word and the\nPilgrim Fathers were as good as theirs.\n\nThere is a growing conviction with many leaders in America that one of\nthe central features of our religious life should be this sense of\nmission. In the history of the expanding Kingdom, God has evidently\ngiven to America a commanding place of leadership and power. This is\nnothing less than a divine appointment. To have such an appointment as\nthis in a time like ours, from our God, is to have a share in a task\nlike no other task the world has ever seen. To make men see that the\nredeeming of America is strategy of a high order is to strike a high\nnote of summons to extend the sway of Christ to the remotest bounds of\nour own continent. To hasten the time when this conviction shall\nleaven the thinking of American Christianity and when this sense of\nmission shall liberate the measureless spiritual and material energies\nof America to bless the world should be the aim of every Christian\nAmerican.\n\nWhat are some of the signs that America has been called to a place of\nleadership in the Kingdom? Are there certain principles according to\nwhich God selects men and nations for the fulfilment of his world\npurposes? Do these principles and purposes emerge in God's dealing\nwith America? The answer to these questions has a deep missionary\nsignificance.\n\nAmong the principles which God has evidently applied in choosing his\nprophets through the ages, the following are unmistakably clear:\n\n1. PROPHETS ARE STRATEGICALLY LOCATED.\n\n2. PROPHETS ARE CHOSEN BECAUSE OF A CERTAIN FITNESS OF CHARACTER.\n\n3. PROPHETS HAVE RESOURCES SUFFICIENT FOR THEIR TASK.\n\n4. PROPHETS REMAIN SUCH ONLY SO LONG AS THEY HAVE VISION AND\nCONSECRATION ADEQUATE TO THEIR TASK.\n\nThese principles apply to the outstanding prophetic figures of all\ntimes. Amos and Hosea, Isaiah and Malachi in the Old Testament, Paul\nin the New, Luther and Wesley in modern times, all illustrate the\nworking of these laws.\n\nThe principles stated above apply to nations as well as to individual\nmen. Israel may be taken as an illustration. Palestine was the\ncrossroads of the world. Israel was centrally located so that she had\nan unusual opportunity to influence the known world. Her leaders had a\nmessage and a spiritual insight unique in their day. They were a\npeople chosen not for privilege but for service, and when in the\nsupreme test the nation failed to understand and accept its world-wide\nmission, God was compelled to move westward in his choice of a new\nprophetic race to bear his message to the world.\n\nThere is a tradition that Christ died with his face turned westward.\nWhether this be true or not, men in these Western lands, with the\nmissionary principle at the center of life, may well be steadied and\nstrengthened by the thought that Christ saw across centuries and\ncivilizations the new peoples in the West who were to be called to a\nprophet's place in his Kingdom. At any rate the westward movement\noutlined in Acts and later history, from Palestine to Europe, to the\nAnglo-Saxon race, to America, is an unmistakable indication of God's\nplan. For two thousand years this movement has been gathering momentum\nfor impact on the mighty East.\n\nThe United States and Canada are standing together solidly in all the\ngreat religious and missionary movements of our time. In the\ndiscussions that follow there is no thought of minimizing Canada's\nposition of leadership. She has vast dimensions and almost unlimited\nlatent resources. Her response to the call of world-wide missions is\ninspiring. The national missionary policy adopted by the Canadian\nchurches at the conclusion of the National Campaign of the Laymen's\nMissionary Movement in 1909 set a definite goal for the Dominion which\nis much more nearly realized to date than that suggested for the\nUnited States by the National Congress in Chicago in 1910. These two\nnations are inseparably united in common missionary ideals and plans\nand in a common missionary purpose. On both sides of the border\nHuntington's hymn may be sung with real sincerity.\n\n    Two empires by the sea,\n    Two nations great and free\n      One anthem raise.\n    One race of ancient fame,\n    One tongue, one faith we claim,\n    One God whose glorious name\n      We love and praise.\n\n    Now may the God above\n    Guard the dear lands we love,\n      Both east and west.\n    Let love more fervent glow\n    As peaceful ages go,\n    And strength yet stronger grow\n      Blessing and blest.\n\nCanadians will find it easy to apply to their own land the principles\nhere stated. Some of the illustrations are taken from Canada, but of\nnecessity a majority refer to the United States. A pamphlet entitled\n\"5,000 Facts About Canada,\" published by Canadian Facts Publishing\nCo., Toronto, is illuminating reading.\n\n\nAMERICA'S PLACE OF LEADERSHIP IN THE KINGDOM OF GOD IS INDICATED BY\nHER STRATEGIC LOCATION AND OTHER GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS.\n\nProvincialism has no place in true statesmanship, especially the\nstatesmanship of the kingdom of God. It was Salisbury who, in the\nEnglish Parliament, took as the basis of one of his greatest speeches\nthe phrase \"Study large maps.\" It was Carey who said that he received\nhis call by studying the Bible beside the map of the world. Gladstone\nhad great power of discriminating judgment and it was he who said,\n\"America has a natural base for the greatest continuous empire ever\nestablished by mankind.\"\n\nThe strategic position of America is indicated by the following facts:\n\n1. The United States faces the two great oceans. So does Canada, but\nwith that exception there is no other commanding nation that has a\ngreat coast-line on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. With many\nmiles of coast-line on the east, America looks out toward the\nhistory-making nations of the past. Westward she faces that sea upon\nwhich look out the eyes of one half of the human race where life is\nall athrob with the new awakening.\n\nThe six great naval powers of the world in the order of their strength\nare Great Britain, Germany, the United States, France, Japan, and\nRussia. The coast-line of the United States is very extensive on both\nthe Atlantic and the Pacific. It is surely significant that God has\ngiven America control of so much coast-line on both oceans and so many\nharbors for commerce and as distributing centers for the gospel. The\nmost significant thing about our past is that we grew out of the best\nlife of Europe and inherit the intellectual and moral fiber of the\nAnglo-Saxon. One of the most significant facts about our future is\nthat with three thousand miles of coast-line we face toward the Orient\nwhere the coming world conflicts are to be waged.\n\n2. The United States is the nearest commanding power to the\nundeveloped parts of the world. The great undeveloped regions are the\nCanadian Northwest, Alaska, Siberia, Australia, South America, Africa.\nAll these face on the Pacific Ocean except Africa, and in the\naggregate America is nearer to them all than any other great\nProtestant Christian power. The Panama Canal will make the nearness\nall the more significant since its completion will bring Shanghai much\nnearer New York by boat than it is now.\n\n3. The United States has many great harbors. Not one of the nations of\nEurope has more than two or three great harbors, several of them have\nnone. Russia is too far north. Germany is at a disadvantage because\nshe has no direct access to the Atlantic. Great Britain commands that\nocean. The United States has several harbors on the east coast, and\nthe Gulf of Mexico on the south, while on the west coast there are two\nof the most important harbors in the Western Hemisphere opening into\nthe Pacific Ocean--San Francisco Bay, where come and go the navies of\nthe world, and Puget Sound, the Mediterranean of America, with its\n1,500 miles of coast-line.\n\n4. Navigable rivers. The _Encyclopedia Britannica_ says that the\nMississippi River with its branches affords 35,000 miles of navigable\nwaterway. All Europe has 17,000 miles, or less than one half the\nlength of the great central waterway of the United States. It is no\nwonder that Napoleon said, \"The nation which controls the Mississippi\nValley will be the most powerful nation on earth.\" There are only two\nnavigable rivers flowing into the Pacific Ocean in the Western\nHemisphere, the Yukon River, navigable for thirteen hundred miles, and\nthe Columbia, opening into a great inland empire. Almost the entire\nnavigable extent of both is within the territory of the United States,\nalthough they drain great sections of Canada.\n\n5. Isolation from other commanding powers. The favorable location of\nthe United States for internal development is equaled by no other\nnation in the world, because of the fact that it is separated by many\nthousands of miles of sea from the other world powers of our time.\nGreat Britain, Germany, France, and Russia must continually guard\ntheir frontiers and are never for a moment free from the tremendous\npressure of mighty and aggressive peoples. Our nation has been favored\nwith the one great block of territory in the North Temperate Zone,\ncapable of vast development and with almost infinite variety of soil\nand climate, remote from other powers. Otherwise it might have been\nnecessary for America to devote her strength to defense rather than\nthe development of her vast resources.\n\n\nAMERICA HAS QUALITIES OF CHARACTER NEEDED FOR A WORLD TASK\n\nAs Emerson has well said, \"The true test of civilization is not the\ncensus, not the size of its cities, nor the crops, but in the kind of\nmen the country turns out.\" Leroy Beaulieu has this to say about\nAmericans:\n\n\"The history of nations like the history of individuals proves beyond\nperadventure that no economic strength, no material prosperity, is\nlasting unless it be sustained by real moral worth.\n\n\"Moral worth, which includes the recognition of duties as well as of\nrights, self-respect and respect for one's fellows, has contributed\nfully as much as the magnificent resources of their country to the\nbrilliant success of the American people.\n\n\"Of the qualities that have cooeperated to elevate them so rapidly to\nsuch a commanding position, the most impressive is a great, a tireless\nenergy.\"\n\n1. Our debt to the pioneers. The early history of American life has\nmany wholesome chapters for modern men to read. The religious basis of\nthe state was a much more evident and vital fact in the life of the\nfounders of the Republic than of many modern leaders. Quotations from\nthe early charters make it clear that there was a wonderful religious\nsignificance in their nation building. \"This thing is of God,\" said\nthe London Trading Company to the Pilgrim Fathers. \"In the name of\nGod, Amen,\" are the opening words of the Mayflower compact, and that\ndocument ends with these words, \"For the glory of God and the\nadvancement of the Christian faith.\" The early settlers of North and\nSouth Carolina declared themselves to be actuated by laudable zeal for\nthe propagation of the gospel. America owes much to the character and\nvigor of the German and Scandinavian elements in her population as\nwell as to those of English parentage. No land has had a higher grade\nof founders than has the United States.\n\nLeroy Beaulieu says, in _The United States in the Twentieth Century_:\n\"The Americans have been the product of a selection and of a double\nselection. Only the boldest, the most enterprising of men have the\ncourage to traverse the sea for the purpose of carving out a new life\nin an unknown and distant land. Then, having arrived, only the most\nenergetic, the wisest, and the most gifted in the spirit of\norganization succeed in a struggle which is more severe, more\nmerciless to the feeble, in new countries than in old ones. Thus\nAmerica, so to speak, has secured the cream of Old World society. That\nis why the human standard is higher there than in other countries.\"\n\n2. Mechanical genius. In the world-wide propagation of the gospel the\nability to master the forces of nature and so make modern progress\npossible has a place in the fitness of character displayed by American\nlife. A large number of the modern labor-saving inventions have come\nfrom America as shown by the fact that in one of the great International\nExpositions five gold medals were offered for the greatest labor-saving\ninventions. When the awards were made, it was discovered that all of\nthem were bestowed for inventions in the United States.\n\n3. The public school. It is generally acknowledged that whatever may\nbe the faults and imperfections of our intellectual life, the American\npublic school has demonstrated to the world on a larger scale than\never before the possibility of the education of the masses. Japan was\nquick to see that this was one of the secrets of the power of Western\nnations. Nowhere is there a more marvelous example of an entire nation\ngoing to school than in recent years in Japan, where probably a larger\npercentage of children of school age are actually in school to-day\nthan in any other country in the world. It is generally acknowledged\nthat America has set the pace for the world in her system of common\nschools. Education, not ignorance, is everywhere the mother of devotion.\n\n4. The character of the home missionary. The United States and Canada\nhave produced a great race of home missionaries, such as Robertson,\nwho helped to dot the land with Presbyterian churches, and whose name\nis a household word in Canada, or John Eliot, who wrote the first book\npublished in America, of whom the poet Southey says, \"No greater man\nhas ever been produced by any nation;\" David Brainard, whose life of\nprayer has been an inspiration to many thousands of students of\nmissionary history; or Sheldon Jackson, with his eye ever on the\nhorizon, but with practical zeal, not only preaching the gospel\nthroughout the vast regions of the West but introducing the reindeer\ninto Alaska, thus making a great economic contribution to the blessing\nof mankind. These men are typical of those intrepid heroes, who on the\nprairies of western Canada, in the mining sections of the United\nStates, or in the heart of great cities, are the founders of empires\nas well as the builders of churches; as Dr. C. L. Thompson has well\nsaid, \"The march of our civilization is to the music of our religion.\"\n\nWhen the historian correctly interprets the story of national progress\nin the nineteenth century, he will first of all take account of the\nhome missionary. No one has helped more than he to make the nation\ngreat and strong. As J. Wesley Johnston puts it, \"The home missionary\nwas a founder of schools, a builder of churches, a maker of states, a\nsigner of treaties, an unfurler of flags, and always and everywhere a\ngenuine American.\"\n\n5. The home of great world movements. It must not be forgotten that\nout of American faith and courage and vision were born the most\nconspicuous missionary movements of modern times. The Moravians and\nLutherans in Germany and William Carey and others in Great Britain\nblazed the way for the modern missionary uprising. In America the\nmovement for world evangelization was greatly quickened and expanded\nby companies of students at Williams College and Andover Seminary. The\npurpose of these young men to carry the gospel abroad when North\nAmerica was not represented by missionaries anywhere in the\nnon-Christian world, was at the same time a mighty challenge to faith\nand a rebuke to the narrow vision of American Christianity one hundred\nyears ago. Since that day practically all the conspicuous\ninterdenominational missionary movements have begun their career in\nAmerica. What student of missionary history can forget that the\nStudent Volunteer Movement was born in a conference called by Dwight\nL. Moody! This Movement caused America to dream of a union of college\nmen throughout the world for the world-wide propagation of the gospel.\nThe fruition of that vision is The World's Student Christian\nFederation, binding together the students of many lands and thousands\nof institutions of higher learning. Let it not be forgotten that God\nplanted here the conviction that missionary education is central in\nthe life of the Church and that ten years ago at Silver Bay on Lake\nGeorge, began what was then known as the Young People's Missionary\nMovement but which has recently been renamed the Missionary Education\nMovement of the United States and Canada. This Movement has spread to\nother lands. In North America alone in the ten years, more than one\nmillion copies of text-books and large numbers of other publications\nhave been circulated by this Movement.\n\nThe latest of these evidences of the missionary life of North America is\nthe Laymen's Missionary Movement, which is now organized in fourteen of\nthe principal denominations of North America, with affiliated movements\nin three others, and in six other lands, with the first steps taken\ntoward the forming of three additional national organizations. Never,\nuntil the Laymen's Missionary Movement flung out the challenge have\nCanada and the United States so powerfully felt the call to proceed\nseriously to undertake to evangelize their share of the world.\n\n\nAMERICA HAS RESOURCES SUFFICIENT FOR THE TASK OF A CHRISTIAN WORLD\nPOWER\n\nThere is abundance of intellectual, moral and spiritual power\navailable. Here are great vigorous churches with many millions of\nmembers. Without any thought of minimizing all these moral and\nspiritual resources, let us think of the problem first from the\nstandpoint of the \"sinews of war.\"\n\n1. Size. Bigness is not always to be mistaken for greatness, yet size\ngives a great advantage to a powerful people. There are vast regions\nof the earth that will probably never be inhabited by a dense\npopulation because they are too far north. This fact puts a limit on\nthe future population of the Russian Empire that is not true of the\nUnited States. Brazil has a territory nearly equal to the United\nStates, but it is in the tropics, and it may be generations before the\nvast regions in Brazil are opened up to civilized life. China is the\none formidable rival of the United States because of her size and\nenormous resources. It will, however, take a long time to develop her\npowers. The character of the territory of the United States, capable\nas it is of almost infinite variety of agricultural productions, in a\nmost favorable location in the North Temperate Zone, with so little\nwaste territory, may lay claim to favorable possibilities, equaled\nperhaps by no single political unit in the world except China. In\nshort, it is not only size that counts but a combination of great\nextent with other favoring forces. If we add together the eighteen\nprovinces of China proper, Japan, European Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece,\nSwitzerland, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Germany,\nAustria, Denmark, and Great Britain, they equal only about the same\ngeographical area as the United States exclusive of Alaska and our\nisland possessions. In the countries named the census shows a\npopulation of more than 700,000,000 people. A few illustrations may be\nilluminating at this point.\n\nThere are only three States west of the Mississippi as small as all\nNew England.\n\nCalifornia is three fourths as large as France. There are forty\nmillions of people in France, only a little more than two and a third\nmillions in California.\n\nArizona is about the same size as Italy, and New Mexico is only\nslightly smaller than Great Britain.\n\nOregon has only 672,765 population now, but if it were as densely\npopulated as New Jersey there would be thirty-two millions of people\nin Oregon.\n\nIf the United States, including Alaska and the island possessions,\nwere as densely populated as the island of Java, we would have in this\ncountry one and one-half times the present population of the entire\nglobe, and yet the United States would not then be more densely\npopulated than Belgium.\n\nTaking the State of Texas as an illustration, if France were an island\nand Texas a sea, and the island were in the midst of the sea, the people\non the island would be out of sight of land in every direction. Counting\nthe population of the world as seventeen hundred millions, if all the\nmillions of Africa, Asia, Europe, South America, North America, etc.,\nwere in the one State of Texas,--not a man, woman or child anywhere else\nin the world,--there would be only ten to the acre!\n\nSections of America are not capable of sustaining a large population,\nit is true, but on this topic we quote a third time from _The United\nStates in the Twentieth Century_:\n\n\"If the dry lands of the West account for one third of the 3,000,000\nand more square miles of the United States, at least four fifths of\nAustralia and the same proportion of South Africa are far more barren\nthan this arid zone; three fourths of Canada is unfertile, or rendered\nso by cold; one half of Argentina consists of steppes or semi-desert\ncountry; and, finally, fully two thirds of the enormous Russian Empire\nis uncultivable, either by lack of heat or by lack of rain.\n\n\"More than this, in respect to mineral wealth, in respect to water\npower, and in respect to agricultural possibilities, all of the\ncountries just mentioned are far less endowed than is the United\nStates.\"\n\nGod has made America a giant in size that America may do a giant's\nshare in the world-wide propagation of the Gospel.\n\n2. Mineral resources. The United States furnishes the world to-day\nwith 63 per cent. of its petroleum. Copper is indispensable in this\nelectric age, and 57 per cent. of the world's supply comes from the\nUnited States. In the production of coal, America leads the world, and\naccording to the _Statesman's Year Book_ all Europe has only one\nfourth as much coal as the United States. The gold output of the\nUnited States is many times that of any other country, except the\nTransvaal in Africa.\n\n3. Railroads. Railroads are an indication of wealth and progress and\npower. Canada has more railroad mileage than all the continent of\nAfrica. Almost 38 per cent. of the total mileage is in the United\nStates; or, putting it in another way, the United States could\nduplicate all the railroad mileage of Asia, Africa, South America, and\nAustralia and then have enough left to build a single track line three\nand three-fourths times around the globe! The United States has six\nand one-half times as many miles of railroad as any other country in\nthe world There are no railroads where Christ has not gone.\n\n[Illustration: WEALTH OF THE UNITED STATES 1850-1910]\n\n4. Wealth. According to the latest summary prepared by the Bureau of\nStatistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor, the wealth of the\nUnited States equals 42 per cent. of the total wealth of all Europe.\nIn 1910 the deposits in savings banks exceeded the amount for 1900 by\nsixteen hundred and eighty millions of dollars. The depositors\nincreased more than three millions in the same period of time. The\nlatest figures show that the people of the United States as a whole\nare now saving an average of about nine million dollars a day. The\nstatistics of wealth as represented by manufactured products show that\nour nearest competitor is Germany, but that the United States\nfurnishes millions of dollars more of manufactured products annually\nthan any other country. The trade of the United States with foreign\nlands and its own island possessions, according to reports of the\nfiscal year ending June 30, 1912, set a high-water mark of\n$4,000,000,000.\n\nAs an illustration of the growing wealth of a single city, a statement\nis in circulation that in 1885, according to the city records, there\nwere only twenty-eight millionaires in New York City; now there are\nmore than two thousand.\n\n5. Agricultural products. Two of the staple agricultural products are\ncorn and wheat. The United States had two and four fifths times as\nmany acres of corn in 1910 as all the rest of the world. According to\nfigures given out by the Bureau of the Census the cotton crop of the\nUnited States in 1909 was five eighths of the total grown in the\nworld. Russia alone of all the countries in the world grew a few more\nbushels of wheat last year than the United States.\n\nThe value of the farm products of the United States in 1909, according\nto the report of the Department of Agriculture, was $8,760,000,000.\nThe farm products have considerably more than doubled in ten years,\nequaling in value eighteen times the world's output of gold. In\ncommenting on these figures, a writer in the _Literary Digest_ gives\nthe following concrete illustration of what they mean: If the money\nwere all in twenty-dollar gold pieces, it would make a pile 720 miles\nhigh, and if the gold pieces were laid on the earth touching one\nanother, the value of the farm products of that one year would make a\nline of twenty-dollar gold pieces reaching across Alaska, Canada, the\nUnited States and Mexico to the Isthmus of Panama, and there would\nthen be enough of these coins left to make a line of gold from New\nYork to San Francisco, and some pieces would fall off into the Pacific\nOcean before they were all used! Even this fabulous amount of wealth\nproduced on the farms was increased by one hundred and sixty-eight\nmillions of dollars in 1910.\n\nThese few facts, startling as they are, are only the beginning of an\nexhibit of the prodigality of power centering here. The moral and\nspiritual meaning of these resources constitutes a challenge to our\nbest civilization.\n\nGod needs tremendous financial resources for the work of winning the\nworld. Vast resources are needed for the educational, evangelistic,\nphilanthropic, and industrial work of missions. There seems to be no\nplace on earth where in our time there are such available resources\nfor this task as here in this land.\n\nOne of the supreme tests of our civilization is the use we are making\nof this God-given treasure, for cash and consecration should increase\nin proportionate ratio. How to be rich and religious at the same time\nis one of the burning issues in our land to-day. The release of a\nlegitimate portion of this wealth for the blessings of mankind and\nthe refreshing of the thirsty earth is evidently a part of the purpose\nof God. If the riches of America are to be a resource and not an\nincubus, a highway and not a terminus, American men, to whom God has\ngiven the ability to get great wealth, must be brought face to face\nwith the challenge of the needy world in order to save them from the\ndisaster of selfishness and sin. God is not grieved when his men get\nrich, but he is grieved when riches are not invested for the\nenrichment of the world. It seems inconceivable that America could\nthrow away this supreme opportunity for service. \"Napoleonic energies\nrequire an international program.\"\n\n\nAMERICA CAN RETAIN HER PLACE OF LEADERSHIP IN THE KINGDOM OF GOD ONLY\nBY DEVELOPING VISION AND CONSECRATION ADEQUATE TO HER TASK\n\nIt will be well for American Christianity if it learns the eloquent\nlessons which are written on many pages of the world's history, telling\nof the setting aside of nations and men who have had a great opportunity\nbut have failed to carry out the divinely appointed commission.\n\nAll the facts given above emphasize the imperative necessity for\ngreatly enlarged home missionary effort. The world battle cannot be\nwon unless the attack upon sin and the defense of the bulwarks of\nrighteousness at home are aggressive and victorious. The home battle\nand the world battle are one.\n\n_What then is America's share of the world task?_ How much will be\nrequired of money and men if America does her duty to the\nnon-Christian world?\n\nHow to determine a nation's share of the world task is a very complex\nproblem, and mathematical statements have many serious limitations. In\nthe first place it is no doubt true that whenever the Christian Church\nreally sets out seriously to obey Christ's command there will be such\na pouring forth of the power of the Spirit as will upset all numerical\ncomputations. Again, the varying conditions in different parts of the\nfield make any uniform standard impossible. In parts of Africa and\nAsia where the populations are scattered, perhaps one missionary to\nevery 5,000 people will be necessary. In other fields a large and\nsudden increase in missionaries might precipitate an anti-missionary\nuprising, which would greatly retard the growth of the Kingdom.\nMission boards are by no means unanimous in judgment as to the most\neffective way to present the appeal. The condition of the native\nChurch is another factor which is variable in different lands. Account\nmust be taken of quality as well as quantity in the work.\n\nSince this is a spiritual enterprise and dependent upon superhuman\nforces, no arithmetical statement can be considered as authoritative\nand final. The great resources in this task are the spiritual energies\nwhich God alone can give. But the following study at least has the\nvirtue of being a definite and concrete statement of some factors in\nthe problem. Men are thinking and acting in the realm of the concrete\nin business and professional life. The call of God is not less sacred\nwhen it is stated in terms of every-day life which grip and hold the\nmind and conscience. The task may be accomplished much more rapidly\nthan now seems probable. That is clearly a possible thing with God.\nBut stating the best judgment of some of the most spiritually-minded\nmen in the conflict as to the visible resources needed is not\nlimiting God.\n\nTherefore as a temporary estimate, leaving the way open for adjustment\nand reconstruction as new light is thrown on the problem, the\nfollowing statement may be helpful.\n\nIt is the conviction of many that the smallest force of missionaries\nwhich can make possible the evangelization of the world in this\ngeneration is one for every 25,000 of the population.\n\nLooking at North America's share of this world task, the following are\nfactors in the problem.\n\n1. In view of the fact that North America is now furnishing nearly one\nhalf of the Protestant foreign missionaries and about one half of the\nforeign mission contributions, and also in view of the fact that the\nresources of North America are greater than those of many other parts\nof Christendom, it is probably fair to estimate North America's share\nof the non-Christian world as 500,000,000 people. This includes the\nportion of the world now being evangelized by American missionaries on\nthe field.\n\n2. Toward the evangelization of this vast number of people there are\nnow abroad, representing the churches of the United States and Canada,\napproximately 6,000 single missionaries and missionary families. On\nthe basis given above these 6,000 missionaries can evangelize one\nhundred and fifty millions in this generation. This leaves three\nhundred and fifty millions still to be provided for or seven tenths of\nthe whole number for whom America is responsible.\n\n3. In view of the above facts, in order to occupy their field the\nchurches of North America will therefore need to multiply by two and\none third their output, that is, to send out and maintain 14,000\nadditional missionaries, making 20,000 in all.\n\n4. For the support of the missionaries from the United States and\nCanada now on the field the Mission Boards spent in 1912 about fifteen\nmillions of dollars, or an average of a little more than $2,000 per\nmissionary. This does not mean that each missionary received a $2,000\nsalary. Missionary salaries average only half or less than half of\nthat amount. The balance was spent for all other expenses such as\ntraveling, equipment, etc. If we accept this amount as approximately\nwhat will be needed for each new missionary sent out, the United\nStates and Canada must increase the amount of money given to about\nforty-three millions of dollars annually.\n\n_Can America furnish the men and the money?_\n\nThere are about twenty-two millions of Protestant church-members in\nthe United States and nine hundred thousand in Canada, about\ntwenty-three millions in all. In order to secure the required number\nof missionaries American churches must send out and maintain about one\nin 1,150 of the membership. This is clearly possible and has been\nlargely exceeded by the Moravian Church. This leaves 1,149 out of\nevery 1,150 church-members to carry on the work on this continent.\n\nA majority of the volunteers will come from the colleges and\ntheological seminaries. There were 195,724 students in these\ninstitutions in the United States in 1909-10. It would therefore take\nabout one in fourteen of these students to furnish the 14,000 workers\nrequired to secure America's share of the missionaries.\n\nAs far as the financial problem for America is concerned the support\nof 14,000 new missionaries involves increasing our annual offerings\nfrom about $15,000,000 a year to approximately $43,000,000 a year.\nWhen reduced to actual figures the average per church-member is\npitifully small. To secure the entire budget for 20,000 missionaries\nwould require an average gift from the twenty-three millions of\nchurch-members in the United States and Canada of a little less than\ntwo dollars per year or two postage stamps a week! And this for the\nredemption of the world! Many thousands of Christians and hundreds of\nchurches should go far beyond this average.\n\n\"Shall America Evangelize Her Share of the World?\" This is the ringing\nchallenge flung down to American Christianity.\n\nO America, America, stretching between the two great seas, in whose\nheart flows the rich blood of many nations, into whose mountain safes\nGod has put riches of fabulous amount, in whose plains the Almighty\nhas planted the magic genius that blossoms into harvests with which to\nfeed the hungry multitudes of earth, nursed by Puritan and Pilgrim,\ndefended by patriot and missionary, guided by the pillar of cloud by\nday and of fire by night, sanctified by a faith as pure as looks up to\nheaven from any land, O America, let thy Master make thee a savior of\nthe nations; let thy God flood thee with a resistless passion for\nconquest; let thy Father lead thee over mountains and seas, through\nfire and flood, through sickness and pain, out to that great hour when\nall men shall hear the call of Christ, and the last lonely soul shall\nsee the uplifted cross, and the whole round world be bound back to the\nheart of God!\n\n\nBOOKS FOR FURTHER READING\n\n     Love, J. F., The Mission of Our Nation. Fleming H. Revell Co.,\n     158 Fifth Avenue, New York. $1.25.\n\n     Coolidge, The United States as a World Power. Macmillan Company,\n     64 Fifth Avenue, New York. $2.00.\n\n     Van Dyke, Henry, The Spirit of America. Fleming H. Revell Co.,\n     158 Fifth Avenue, New York. $0.50.\n\n     Reinsch, World Politics. Macmillan Company, 64 Fifth Avenue, New\n     York. $1.25.\n\n     Stead, W. T., The Americanization of the World. Horace Markley.\n     New York, $1.00.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IV\n\nA MAN'S RESPONSE TO THE WORLD APPEAL\n\n\nThe efficiency expert is a familiar figure in modern big business. His\nfunction is the checking up and scaling up of commercial enterprises.\nHis one study is business organization, methods, management and\noutput. His life is built around such problems as these: Are the\ncapital and force at work in this business bringing adequate returns?\nWhat combinations are possible so as to reduce expenses without\nreducing returns? Is there waste? Is there duplication of effort? Is\nthe product satisfactory as to quality and quantity? Is there anything\nthe matter with the organization? Has the business too many officials\nor too few? Are there unimproved opportunities? Is the advertising all\nthat could be desired? In short, his function is to study business\nwith a view to securing a maximum of efficiency with the expenditure\nof a minimum of time, force and capital.\n\nWhy not apply the same methods and skill and intense application to\nthe work of the kingdom of Jesus Christ? There is no business in the\nworld comparable with it from the standpoint of immensity--there are\nhundreds of millions of people involved, and not a foot of soil where\na man lives is excluded from the plan of Jesus Christ. There is no\nenterprise which promises such inspiring and enduring returns from\nthe investment. Its complexity and baffling difficulties are a\nchallenge to the passion for mastery that is central in every real\nman. Christian men might well ponder deeply and then take as a guiding\nprinciple in life that sentence of the late Mr. J. H. Converse of the\nBaldwin Locomotive Works, \"When Christian business men devote the same\nskill and energy to Christian work which they now give to their\nprivate business concerns the proposition to evangelize the world in\nthis generation will be no longer a dream.\"\n\nIt may be well to approach the study of this final topic in the spirit\nof the favorite sayings of two famous modern generals. One of the\nprinciples of a great German tactician was, \"First ponder, then dare.\"\nThe motto of another well-known general was, \"Know your geography and\nfight your men.\" It is of the utmost importance that there be\ndeveloped in the Church of Christ such a militant temper as shall make\nit capable of carrying out the plans of Christ to naturalize\nChristianity in every land. It is an urgent necessity that Christ's\nsoldiers ponder world conditions in order that they may release their\nlives for the carrying of the gospel to the world. Men must know the\ngeography of the kingdom of God if they are to apply the principles of\nstrategy to the carrying out of the last command of Christ.\n\nSome of the outstanding facts related to the evangelization of the\nworld have passed in review in the preceding chapters. The time for\naction has come. What is needed now is not more rhetoric but more\nreality of conviction; not more facts, but deeper purpose. The\ncrucial question in this whole discussion is how every man may relate\nhimself in a practical way to the winning of the world to Christ. The\ncarrying of the gospel to all the world is every man's opportunity.\nThere is no monopoly of a chance to serve in this war. This is the one\nopportunity which makes it possible for every life to influence the\nwhole world. What then are the moral and spiritual demands which a\nworld like ours makes upon men?\n\nThe answer to this fundamental question takes us back to the\nprinciples stated by our Lord. How did he expect men to relate\nthemselves to this, his world task? What were his missionary commands?\nStated in their logical and chronological order they are:\n\n\"Lift up your eyes and behold the fields!\"--Study.\n\n\"Pray ye the Lord of the harvest that he thrust forth laborers into\nhis harvest.\"--Intercede.\n\n\"Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel.\"--Give and Serve.\n\nReduced to their simplest terms then, the missionary principles of\nJesus demand four things of men. If men relate themselves to the whole\ntask of our Lord a fourfold program, in which every man will have a\nshare, must be carried out in every church.\n\n    A program of Education.\n\n    A program of Finance.\n\n    A program of Service.\n\n    A program of Intercession.\n\nIt is one of the tragedies of language that the great phrases get\nfrayed out with constant use. They lose their grip and their power to\nstimulate thought and action. For the sake of variety these familiar\nways of expressing the missionary obligation are stated in a\ndifferent way, yet so as to retain the fundamental principles\nenunciated above. The world to-day demands of men:\n\n     WIDENING HORIZON--STUDY\n\n     UNWITHHOLDING CONSECRATION--MONEY AND SERVICE\n\n     UNENDING PRAYER--INTERCESSION\n\nI. WIDENING HORIZON\n\nThe hour in which we live makes it imperative that men study world\nconditions. It is almost impossible to keep pace with changing\nconditions and new opportunities unless one is constantly in touch\nwith the progress of the Kingdom throughout the world.\n\nThere are at least seven good reasons why every man should plan to\ndevote time to the study of missions.\n\n=1. Christ's Missionary Program Includes Study (John, iv. 35).=--If a\nman cannot be thoroughly loyal to Christ without active participation\nin the spread of the gospel in the world, it is equally true that a\nman is disobedient to the missionary call of Christ who does not study\nmissions. Information is essential to intercession and intercession is\nthe greatest human missionary force. \"Facts are the fuel with which\nmissionary fervor is fired and fed.\"\n\n=2. Missions Is the Greatest Living Issue.=--There is no question\nbefore the world to-day which involves such large forces, such\nmultitudes of people and with such tremendous issues. There is nothing\ngreater to which a man may relate his life.\n\n=3. The Study of Missions Is the Only Possible Way to Keep in Touch with\nWorld Progress.=--In order to read the magazines and newspapers\nintelligently constant study of missions is necessary. Progress in our\ntime is largely along Christian lines. The progress of the world is only\nanother way of saying that Christ is increasingly possessing the world.\n\n=4. Men Cannot Be Qualified for Leadership Without Study.=--There\nnever was such an urgent call for leaders or such unlimited\nopportunities for the investment of talents as in our day in this\ngreatest of movements. Real leadership is trained leadership and\ntraining involves study.\n\n=5. World Conquest Is the Biggest Business Proposition Before the\nChurch.=--The enterprise has in it all the elements that go to make\nbig business so fascinating to strong men. Here is an opportunity not\nonly of displaying the business talents which men have, but to display\nthem in an enterprise which brings the most satisfactory returns to\nmen in the way of the enrichment of their own lives. The keenest\nsagacity of business men is sorely needed in all the councils of the\nChurch to-day, and in no place is the need more urgent than in the\nservice of world-wide missions.\n\n=6. Investigation Will Suggest Definite and Practical Missionary\nActivities.=--It is not enough to be sentimentally interested in\nmissions. That day has gone by. The calls of our time demand definite\nand practical plans and methods and there are no members of the church\nwho are in a position to render larger service than the business men.\n\n=7. It Furnishes Intellectual Outlook and Spiritual Uplook.=--One of\nthe great drawbacks of modern business life is that the horizon is\nnarrowed and life made provincial. There is but little in ordinary\nbusiness to furnish spiritual stimulus. A church service one day in\nseven is not sufficient to cause the springs of spiritual power in a\nman's life to burst forth into activity. Here is a cause which brings\nthe keenest intellectual and spiritual delight. The study of missions\nwill give men a greatly enriched Bible because they will discover that\nit is the great missionary Book. This fact and the consequent\nintellectual and spiritual stimulus justify any amount of time spent\nin studying the program of Christ.\n\n=Studying the Church.=--The Word, the World, and the Workman--these\nare both the sources of information and the objects for study. Not\nonly must modern men study the world and the Word, but also the Church\nwhich is God's appointed instrument for achieving his world purposes.\nOne of the first problems confronting a man who desires to relate\nhimself to the world program is the study of his own local church to\nsee how he can make possible the relating of the whole church to the\nwhole task in such a way as to release the full power of the whole\nconstituency. This will necessitate careful study of the present\nmissionary organization and life of the church to which each man\nbelongs. He is now determined to become an efficiency expert in the\nmatter of the world-wide propagation of Christianity. He will apply\nthe same principles to this study that he applies to his daily\nbusiness. In some cases it will be discovered that there is very\nlittle efficient organization, or if there are organizations, they\nwill be found to be sadly lacking in a big and definite objective.\nThey have been content if they have done as well this year as they\ndid last, or if their record compares favorably with the record of a\nneighboring church. In other words, their achievements have been\nmeasured by some standard which has seemed a possible goal at the time\nrather than by the great and final aim of getting the whole task of\nChrist accomplished.\n\nIt is also often true that the church is not organized to reach the\nentire community in which it lives. One of the first duties will\ntherefore be to relate the church in a vital way to the entire\ncommunity. The church is not a field but a force with which to work\nthe field. The field is the community, the state, the world!\n\nIn some cases it will be necessary to create new machinery for this\nwork. However, it is much wiser to use the existing organizations of\nthe church if they can be made effective.\n\n=The Missionary Committee.=--The one type of organization in the local\nchurch which has met with most general approval by Christian leaders is\nwhat is called \"The Church Missionary Committee.\" Even where several\ndistinct missionary organizations exist in the local church there is\nstill urgent need for this committee for two very important reasons.\n\n1. It unifies the missionary activities of the church. The most\nfruitful way of organizing the committee is to have representatives of\nall the existing missionary organizations upon it. The pastor should\nby all means be a member of this committee but ordinarily not the\nchairman. The committee should always be definitely appointed or at\nleast confirmed by the official body of the congregation. By thus\nbringing together all the leaders of the various activities, a\nunified and well-articulated missionary program is made possible.\n\n[Illustration: THE CHURCH MISSIONARY COMMITTEE\n\nITS FIELDS (INNER CIRCLE)\nITS FUNCTIONS (OUTER CIRCLE)]\n\n2. The missionary committee represents the entire congregation. In the\npast it has been true that only a fraction of the congregation has\nbeen enlisted in definite missionary activities. Only small groups\nhave been organized for missionary service. The men especially have\nbeen unreached. Obviously the first move to make if the church is to\nmeet its full missionary responsibility is to plan to enlist the\nwhole constituency. This committee should have enough meetings to plan\na comprehensive policy for the entire congregation, including all the\nlines of activity indicated in the missionary commands of Christ to\nwhich reference has been made, also to check up results. A meeting for\nthe whole congregation should be held each year at which reports are\nmade and plans projected for the succeeding season. The pamphlets on\nthe Missionary Committee and its work listed at the end of this\nchapter are earnestly recommended to the thoughtful study of every man\nwho desires to relate himself effectively to the problem of making a\nmissionary church. The policy outlined by the committee, after a study\nof these pamphlets, should be adopted by the official body, presented\nto the whole congregation, and explained at a regular church service.\nTo make the preceding suggestions effective calls for a high type of\nability and the conspicuous and continuous application of all those\ntraits of character which have been developed in the business and\nprofessional men of the church.\n\nII. UNWITHHOLDING CONSECRATION\n\nYour money and your life! What greater gifts can a man bring? God\ncares more for men than for anything else in the world. It is life\nlaid down for him which gives joy to the heart of the sacrificial\nSavior. But money represents life--nay, it is coined personality.\nMillions of money beyond any previous gift will be needed before the\nworld can be won. Here is the hardest personal battle for a multitude\nof men. After the personal battle is over others must be persuaded by\nthe victor to share in the enterprise.\n\n[Illustration: A PLAN FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND WORK OF THE CHURCH\nMISSIONARY COMMITTEE]\n\nAs a result of experience in thousands of churches in all parts of the\nUnited States and Canada it has been demonstrated that the Every\nMember Canvass is the most effective financial method now being\nemployed by the churches. No program of finance in the local church is\ncomplete without an annual Every Member Canvass.\n\nThe adoption of sound principles of stewardship, and life brought into\ndeepening harmony with those principles is a part of the price of\nvictory in this war. Such principles are essential to the development\nand enrichment of character and necessary if there is to be proper\nexpression of character in doing the will of God.\n\nThere is hardly any outstanding question in the Church about which\nthere is such confusion and therefore so nerveless an appeal as the\nsubject of stewardship. It is a difficult question and an unpopular\none. Inadequate thinking is very common and practise is even more\ninadequate than thinking both in pulpit and in pew.\n\nThe fact that little constructive attention is being given to this\nsubject by the leaders of the Church was well illustrated at one of\nthe Silver Bay Conferences a few years ago. In a group of about\nseventy-five men, where the subject was under discussion, the leader\nof the conference asked how many of the men had ever read a book on\nChristian stewardship. Not more than one half of the men raised their\nhands. When asked how many had read a book on tithing not more than\none fifth responded in the affirmative. If such a representative group\nof picked leaders is uninformed or uninterested in so vital a matter,\nthe rank and file of the Church must surely need their attention\npowerfully called to the subject.\n\nThe Bible gives a much larger place to the matter of giving than is\ngenerally supposed. Some one who claims to have counted the Scripture\nreferences says that giving is mentioned 1,565 times in the Bible. One\nof the significant things about the parables of Jesus is that thirteen\nof the twenty-nine have some reference to property.\n\nA group of men recently worked out a statement of the principles of\nstewardship and the methods of applying these principles to life.\nThese principles are worthy of careful study and wide adoption. In\nMay, 1912, they were adopted by the governing body of one of the\ndenominations as the guiding principles and methods for that church.\n\n=Principles of Stewardship.=--_God is the Giver and is the Absolute\nOwner of All things._--This invincible conviction lies at the base of\nall correct thinking about stewardship. To commit oneself to the\ninspiring idea that God is the owner of all things is to take all\nbitterness and drudgery out of stewardship. When a man realizes what\nkind of a God he has, that he purposes his best for every man and\nwants him to know how rich and powerful and loving his Father is, the\npractise of stewardship becomes one of the enriching joys of life. The\nbase-line of all geographical measurements is the level of the sea;\nprairies or mountains or canyons are all measured from this same\nbase-line. It is a unit of measure. Likewise the ownership of God is\nthe base-line for all measurements of truth about property. Having\nlaid down and accepted this fundamental proposition that God is the\nowner of all there follows another truth or corollary, namely,\n\n_Under grace man is a steward, and the steward holds and administers\nthat which he has as a sacred trust._ Life is a trust, not a\npossession. We are stewards of money, not creators. Receiving a trust\nand rendering an account are inseparable. Responsibility and\naccountability are twin brothers.\n\n_God's ownership and man's stewardship are best evidenced by the\nsystematic application of a portion of income to the advancement of the\nKingdom._ Giving should be _regular_. All educational processes are made\neffective by continuous repetition. The needs of the work are also\nregular and therefore call for regular contributions. This application\nof a portion of income should be _stated_. It is a definite transaction\nwith a real personal God. It involves amounts, totals and increments. It\nshould be _worshipful_, remembering who he is to whom we bring the\nreturns of our labor, and in order that there may be the largest\nblessing every offering should be an act of worship. It should be\n_sacrificial_, bearing in mind that no fraction set aside can exhaust\nour responsibility or express the depth of true love for God.\n\n_Biblical and extra-Biblical history point to the setting aside of the\ntenth of the income as a minimum, and indicate a divine sanction of\nthe practise and the amount._ The tenth and _Beyond_ is the Bible\nrule! The Old Testament emphasis is on the _Tithe_, the New Testament\nemphasis is on _The Beyond_. The Old Testament asks a tenth, the New\nTestament demands less but expects more. The one tenth tests our\nobedience, the nine tenths tests our consecration. The Old Testament\nprinciple is, \"The tithe is the Lord's.\" The New Testament principle\nis, \"He that forsaketh not all that he hath cannot be my disciple.\"\n\nIf the adoption of any principles of stewardship are to be adequate,\nevery man must finally go the whole length as expressed in the words\nof Jesus just stated. The sooner this is done the better, but the full\nconception of stewardship breaks into life gradually with most men and\na large majority begin by setting aside a small proportion of income.\nThe adoption of a regulative principle, even though inadequate at\nfirst, is a powerful spiritual force in a man's life. When the\npractise of systematic and proportionate giving is begun, the first\nimportant step is taken which often leads to complete devotion to God.\n\n_There should be careful, intelligent, personal, and prayerful\nconsideration of the uses to be made of the money thus regularly set\naside. This will require study not only of the local situation, but\nalso of the missionary and benevolent work of the Church._ This\nprinciple provides for a thorough-going educational process and is\nindispensable if the Church is to improve her great opportunity.\nIndividuals, churches, nations cannot come to the highest efficiency\nwithout recognizing and accepting their world responsibility.\n\n_Consistent use of the balance of the income not set aside._ All the\npreceding principles are undermined if a man does not adopt this last\nprinciple as a safeguard. It pries down deep into men's lives and\nuncovers their secret motives. If men are to have an adequate program\nof stewardship, it must be adequate educationally, spiritually, and\nfinancially. It is believed that the six principles stated are\nadequate, in the sense just described, because:\n\n1. These principles are taught in the Bible. They are a summary of\nthe total message of the Scriptures on the subject and especially of\nthe essence of the teachings of Jesus.\n\n2. The testimony of history, both Scriptural and extra Biblical history,\ngives sanction to the principles stated and the amount set aside, always\nremembering that the New Testament emphasizes _The Beyond_.\n\n3. These principles are accepted because of their effect on character.\nNo life can grow rich and strong without increasing giving. God is\nmuch more interested in the making of a man than he is in the making\nof money and the adoption of sound principles of stewardship is vital\nto Christian character.\n\n4. The adoption of these principles by Christians generally would meet\nthe practical needs of our time for the spread of Christianity\nthroughout the world so far as money can ever meet the needs of mankind.\n\n=Methods for the Application of These Principles to the Life of the\nIndividual Christian.=--_The Actual or Constructive Separation of the\nProportion of Income_ which complies with the foregoing principles.\nThis does four things:\n\n1. It preserves the integrity of the proportion set aside and guards\nagainst the evil of only estimating what is due.\n\n2. It is a concrete and vital expression of the principle. Mere mental\nassent to a principle without practical expression is deadly to the\nspiritual life.\n\n3. It provides regularly for the regular needs of the Kingdom.\n\n4. It is the best antidote to selfishness.\n\n_A pledge in writing, in advance, of the amounts to be applied to the\nregular work of the Church (current expenses, missions, and\nbenevolences)._ These pledges should ordinarily be considerably less\nthan the whole amount to be devoted during the year.\n\n_A weekly payment of the amount so subscribed, deposited as an act of\nworship at a public service._\n\n_Payments from time to time, out of the sums set aside, but not\npreviously pledged, to special causes as may be desired._\n\n_The plan of keeping a separate \"Lord's Treasury\" is recommended for\nthose who cannot attend the services of the Church._\n\n_Free-will or thank-offerings._\n\nThis method is a safety valve for those whose income is growing and\nwho can easily afford to give large sums in addition to their regular\nofferings. God expects cash and consecration, gold and goodness,\nriches and righteousness to increase together.\n\n    \"Give, give, be always giving,\n    Who gives not is not living,\n    The more you give\n    The more you live,\n    Give strength, give thought, give deeds, give self,\n    Give love, give tears and give thyself,\n    Give, give, be always giving.\n    Who gives not is not living.\n    The more you give, the more you live.\"\n\nThe propagation of the principles and methods of stewardship is an\nimportant part of the program of every individual Christian and of the\nChurch Missionary Committee. Thorough agitation on the subject should\nalways precede the annual every-member canvass. Many churches have\nreceived unprecedented spiritual blessings because of the adoption and\npractise of higher standards of giving. Finally, it should not be\nforgotten that the missionary appeal is one of the most powerful\nmotives to stewardship. The appeal for the two should go together.\n\nIII. UNENDING PRAYER\n\nThe sovereign summons to men is the summons to prayer. It is a call to\nuse the great unused human resource of power. It is a call to every\nman to walk with the tread of a giant \"an open but unfrequented path\nto immortality.\" Other lesser calls must die out in us if the present\nspiritual world crisis is to be met. Practical men of business say\nthat this is the work of the minister or the missionary, but Christ's\ncall to prayer was not limited to any group of individuals or to a\nspecial section of the Church. The men of our time are discovering\nthat they have a wealth of talent of which they did not dream,--to\nbring things to pass by prayer. Intercession has ever been what Arthur\nSmith calls \"The deeply buried talent.\"\n\nLet us in the beginning frankly face the fact that there is no call\nwhich involves more of unwithholding consecration than the life of\nintercession. There is no service which demands so much of a man, which\ndigs down so deep into his life, which floods with such a searching\nlight all the methods and principles by which men govern their lives.\n\nOn the other hand let it not be forgotten that there is no human means\nof releasing such measureless forces among mankind. We are in the\nmidst of a spiritual conflict, and prayer is the determining factor\nin that conflict. This involves not simply a prayer for ourselves in a\nfew hurried sentences at night, when too tired to remember what has\nbeen prayed for when the words are said, not a few fragments of time\ngiven to this most important occupation, but prayer, central in life,\nhaving a clear space in which to live and breathe and yet not confined\nto times and seasons but mingling with the whole of life. Sadly it\nmust be confessed that intercession is not yet the passion of our lives.\n\nPrayer gives quiet confidence that things really happen when men pray.\nIt is as vital as muscular force, as real as electricity. It wrenches\nmen loose from their limitations and projects personality into distant\nlands. It is the lever of God to pry continents and dead civilizations\nup into newness of life. It is the power which helps to lift history\nout of its bed and puts it down into new channels where it belongs. It\nis of this force which John R. Mott speaks when he says: \"The supreme\nquestion of missions is how to multiply the number of Christians who,\nwith truthful lives and with clear unshaken faith in the character and\nability of God, will, individually or collectively, or cooeperatively\nas a church, wield the force of intercessory prayer for the conversion\nand transformation of men, for the inauguration and energizing of\nspiritual movements, and for the breaking down of all that exalts\nitself against Christ and his purposes.\"\n\nJ. Campbell White says: \"Prayer is the first and chief method of\nsolving the missionary problem. Among all the methods that have been\ndevised none is more practical, more fruitful than this. If we could\nget a definite group of people at home into the habit of supporting\nby prayer each missionary in the thick of the fight, by this simple\nmethod alone the efficiency of the present missionary force could\nprobably be doubled without adding a single new missionary.\"\n\nIn bringing in a report on the place of prayer in missions, a\ncommittee of men at one of the conferences of the Laymen's Missionary\nMovement submitted the following: \"Prayer is the only element which\ncan quicken information into inspiration, transmute interest into\npassion, crystallize emotion into consecration, and coin enthusiasm\ninto dollars and lives. Resolved, that we seek by every means to\nconvince every man that, whatever may be his contribution of money or\nservice, he has not exercised his highest influence, performed his\nwhole duty, nor enjoyed his highest privilege until he has made\ndefinite, believing prayer for missions a part of his daily life.\"\n\nAs we remember Jesus Christ, and recall the kind of tasks he has given\nhis men to do, the kind of men he expects us to be, as we lift up our\neyes and look into the upturned faces of the thousand millions of\npeople who know not God and remember that we are the men who must\nbridge the racial gulf and capture the world for Christ, we may well\nbe moved by a solemn sense of our responsibility. It is our duty not\nsimply to nurse the wounded but to stop the battle. If we are to face\nour tasks with inflexible courage and a growing devotion we must\ncultivate the vital processes and bring to Christ the flawless\nwholeness of unshared hearts.\n\nOne of the old Greeks said that every speech must begin with an\nincontrovertible proposition. Three such propositions are stated here.\n\n1. _Prayer has Called Forth and Energized All the Great Spiritual and\nMissionary Movements of All Times._\n\nThe history of the Moravian movement, of the great missionary awakenings\nin Germany, and the modern missionary uprising in Great Britain shows\nthat they were all born and given power because of prayer.\n\nOn this side of the Atlantic it should never be forgotten that the\nthree great interdenominational movements which have had so much to do\nwith the arousing of America to her missionary responsibility were all\ncalled forth by prayer, and whatever of vitality and power they have\ndisplayed still depends upon the energies of God poured forth in\nanswer to prayer. The Student Volunteer Movement grew out of an\nunusual volume of intercession on the part, first, of a small group of\nindividuals, and then of a conference assembled at Northfield in 1886.\nIt was from a small group of men meeting for prayer and counsel in New\nYork and later at Silver Bay on Lake George that the Missionary\nEducation Movement came into being. It was in a prayer-meeting in the\nFifth Avenue Presbyterian Church in New York City, on November 15,\n1906, that the Laymen's Missionary Movement began its career.\n\nTwo principles have been increasingly emphasized in all these\nmovements, and men may well take them to heart and ponder them deeply\nbefore deciding that there is any other way in which they can exert so\npowerful a world influence as in prayer. These principles are:\n\n_God has accomplished most by the men who have adventured themselves\nmost upon God._\n\n_Men must commune with Christ if they are to communicate Christ._\n\n2. _Prayer Finds a Way Out in Hours of Crisis._\n\nThe history of the way in which victory has been achieved in the great\nspiritual crises of the world is a record of answered prayer. There is\nno more impressive picture in the Old Testament than that of Moses,\nthe great leader of Israel, in the midst of a desperate battle with\nhis hands lifted in intercession. When he wearied and his hands were\nwithdrawn, Israel was defeated, but so long as his hands were upheld\nand there was an unceasing stream of intercession, Israel prevailed.\nCrowded into that one incident is one of the greatest single spiritual\nlessons which God would teach mankind. There is no other way than this\nto meet the spiritual crises of the world victoriously. The great\nbattle of Jesus was not won at Calvary but in the garden in prayer.\nThe crowded record of achievement in all the home and foreign mission\nfields of the Church is full of incidents of the truth of the\nprinciple just stated. Since it is the judgment of the missionary\nleaders of to-day that there never has been such an hour of crisis and\nopportunity in the world, then there never was a time when there was\nsuch need that men should covenant with God to wield the force of\nintercession. The victory which is achieved at the front of the battle\nwill be commensurate with the volume of intercession in Christian lands.\n\n3. _Prayer is the Only Power that can Fill the Gaps in the Thin Line\nof Battle._\n\nThe second study in this little book reveals the tremendous unmet need\nof the world. The line is very thin in many parts of the field, in\nmany sections of the world it can be said to be nothing more than a\npicket-line. If qualified leaders are to be thrust out into these\nfields, if the Church is to recover the lost frontiers in the great\ncities and country districts of the home land and in the Mohammedan\nand pagan world abroad, if every man in the world is to be given an\nadequate opportunity in his lifetime to know our Christ, then the\ngreat crucial problem is how to multiply the number of those who will\nenlist as intercessors and then devote themselves to the enlistment of\nothers until the whole Church is committed to this task.\n\nIs it too much to expect that every man in his place should have the\nspirit exhibited by Alexander Duff when he said: \"Having set my hand\nto the plough my resolution was, the Lord helping me, never to look\nback any more and never to make a half-hearted work of it. Having\nchosen missionary labor in India, I gave myself up wholly to it in the\ndestination of my own mind. I united or wedded myself to it in a\ncovenant the bands of which shall be severed only by death.\"\n\nMay our Living Leader give to his men the spirit expressed by Edmund\nBurke when he said: \"The nerve that never relaxes, the eye that never\nblenches, the thought that never wanders: these are the masters of\ndestiny.\"\n\nIn Ladd's _Rare Days in Japan_, reference is made to a telegram\nreceived by Mr. Matsukata, the President of the shipbuilding company\nat Kawasaki, from Admiral Togo just two days before the battle of the\nSea of Japan. Admiral Togo had received the following order from the\nEmperor: \"Find and destroy the Russian fleet.\" Because of the weight\nof his responsibility it is said that Togo ate or slept but little for\nseveral days after receiving the Emperor's order. His mind must have\nbeen filled with thoughts such as these: \"Where was the Russian fleet?\nWhere could he find it? And if he did find it, how could he destroy\nit?\" In those hours of anxiety he formed one plan and abandoned it,\nthought out another scheme and gave it up. Finally he determined upon\nhis course of action and wired Mr. Matsukata, \"After a thousand\ndifferent thoughts now one fixed purpose.\"\n\nThere are a thousand demands upon the time and strength of the modern\nman. They are bewildering and often conflicting. The Christian man is\nnot less busy than the man of the world, and insistent calls are\nringing in his ears every hour. The Church is increasingly needing his\nstrength and leadership. The state calls, the city makes large drafts\non his strength. What shall he do? What causes are most worth while?\nHow shall he spend his energy and his money? What is the most alluring\ntask? Let him choose the highest and the greatest way to spend his\nlife. _If the missionary principle is not unalterably entrenched in\nthe citadel of your life will you not resolve before you put this book\ndown that henceforth all life shall be built around the one purpose\nwhich is most worth while;--to let life run out to the end rich and\ndeep and full in the plans of God for the world?_\n\n    Breathe through the heats of our desire\n    Thy coolness and Thy balm;\n    Let sense be dumb, let flesh retire,\n    Speak through earthquake, wind, and fire,\n    O still small voice of calm.\n\n    In simple trust like those who heard\n    Beside the Syrian Sea,\n    The gracious calling of the Lord,\n    Let us, like them, without a word\n    Rise up and follow Thee.\n\n\"AFTER A THOUSAND DIFFERENT THOUGHTS NOW ONE FIXED PURPOSE.\"\n\n\n\n\nINDISPENSABLE LITERATURE FOR MISSIONARY COMMITTEES\n\n\n     The Church Missionary Committee, Missionary Education Movement,\n     156 Fifth Avenue, New York, 5 cents each.\n\n     Manual of Missionary Methods, J. Campbell White, Laymen's\n     Missionary Movement, 1 Madison Avenue, New York, 5 cents each.\n\n     What Can the Missionary Committee Do? Laymen's Missionary\n     Movement, 1 Madison Avenue, New York, 5 cents each.\n\n     Essentials in an Adequate Plan of Missionary Finance. Laymen's\n     Missionary Movement, 1 Madison Avenue, New York. 1 cent each.\n\n     Prayer and Missions. A packet of nine pamphlets. Laymen's\n     Missionary Movement, 1 Madison Avenue, New York. 25 cents per\n     packet.\n\n     Stewardship. A packet of thirteen booklets and leaflets. Laymen's\n     Missionary Movement, 1 Madison Avenue, New York. 50 cents per\n     packet.\n\n\n\n\nForward Mission Study Courses\n\n\n\"Anywhere, _provided it be_ FORWARD.\"--_David Livingstone._\n\nPrepared under the direction of the MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT OF\nTHE UNITED STATES AND CANADA\n\nEDITORIAL COMMITTEE: T. H. P. Sailer, _Chairman_; A. E. Armstrong, T.\nB. Ray, C. L. White, J. E. McAfee, A. R. Gray, G. F. Sutherland, H. P.\nDouglass, W. E. Doughty, W. W. Cleland, J. H. Poorman.\n\nThe Forward Mission Study Courses are an outgrowth of a conference of\nleaders in young people's mission work, held in New York City,\nDecember, 1901. To meet the need that was manifested at that\nconference for mission study text-books suitable for young people, two\nof the delegates, Professor Amos R. Wells, of the United Society of\nChristian Endeavor, and Mr. S. Earl Taylor, Chairman of the General\nMissionary Committee of the Epworth League, projected the Forward\nMission Study Courses. These courses have been officially adopted by\nthe Missionary Education Movement, and are now under the immediate\ndirection of the Editorial Committee of the Movement. The books of the\nMovement are now being used by more than forty home and foreign\nmission boards and societies of the United States and Canada.\n\nThe aim is to publish a series of text-books covering the various home\nand foreign mission fields and problems and written by leading\nauthorities.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nThe following text-books having a sale of over 1,200,000 have been\npublished:\n\n1. THE PRICE OF AFRICA. (Biographical.) By S. Earl Taylor.\n\n2. INTO ALL THE WORLD. A general survey of missions. By Amos R. Wells.\n\n3. PRINCELY MEN IN THE HEAVENLY KINGDOM. (Biographical.) By Harlan P.\nBeach.\n\n4. SUNRISE IN THE SUNRISE KINGDOM. Revised Edition. A study of Japan.\nBy John H. DeForest.\n\n5. HEROES OF THE CROSS IN AMERICA. Home Missions. (Biographical.) By\nDon O. Shelton.\n\n6. DAYBREAK IN THE DARK CONTINENT. Revised Edition. A study of Africa.\nBy Wilson S. Naylor.\n\n7. THE CHRISTIAN CONQUEST OF INDIA. A study of India. By James M.\nThoburn.\n\n8. ALIENS OR AMERICANS? A study of Immigration. By Howard B. Grose.\n\n9. THE UPLIFT OF CHINA. Revised Edition. A study of China. By Arthur\nH. Smith.\n\n10. THE CHALLENGE OF THE CITY. A study of the City. By Josiah Strong.\n\n11. THE WHY AND HOW OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. A study of the relation of\nthe home Church to the foreign missionary enterprise. By Arthur J.\nBrown.\n\n12. THE MOSLEM WORLD. A study of the Mohammedan World. By Samuel M.\nZwemer.\n\n13. THE FRONTIER. A study of the New West. By Ward Platt.\n\n14. SOUTH AMERICA: Its Missionary Problems. A study of South America.\nBy Thomas B. Neely.\n\n15. THE UPWARD PATH: The Evolution of a Race. A study of the Negro. By\nMary Helm.\n\n16. KOREA IN TRANSITION. A study of Korea. By James S. Gale.\n\n17. ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES. A study of Cuba and Porto Rico. By Howard\nB. Grose.\n\n18. THE DECISIVE HOUR OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONS. A study of conditions\nthroughout the non-Christian world. By John R. Mott.\n\n19. INDIA AWAKENING. A study of present conditions in India. By\nSherwood Eddy.\n\n20. THE CHURCH OF THE OPEN COUNTRY. A study of the problem of the\nRural Church. By Warren H. Wilson.\n\n21. THE EMERGENCY IN CHINA. A study of present-day conditions in\nChina. By F. L. Hawks Pott.\n\n22. MEXICO TO-DAY: Social, Political, and Religious Conditions. A\nstudy of present-day conditions in Mexico. By George B. Winton.\n\n23. IMMIGRANT FORCES. A study of the immigrant in his home and\nAmerican environment. By William P. Shriver.\n\nIn addition to these courses, the following have been published\nespecially for use among younger persons:\n\n1. UGANDA'S WHITE MAN OF WORK. The story of Alexander Mackay of\nAfrica. By Sophia Lyon Fahs.\n\n2. SERVANTS OF THE KING. A series of eleven sketches of famous home\nand foreign missionaries. By Robert E. Speer.\n\n3. UNDER MARCHING ORDERS. The story of Mary Porter Gamewell of China.\nBy Ethel Daniels Hubbard.\n\n4. WINNING THE OREGON COUNTRY. The story of Marcus Whitman and Jason\nLee in the Oregon country. By John T. Faris.\n\n5. THE BLACK BEARDED BARBARIAN. The story of George Leslie Mackay of\nFormosa. By Marian Keith.\n\n6. ANN OF AVA. The story of Ann Hasseltine Judson. By Ethel Daniels\nHubbard.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nThese books are published by mutual arrangement among the home and\nforeign mission boards, to whom all orders should be addressed. They\nare bound uniformly and are sold at 50 cents in cloth, and 35 cents in\npaper; postage, 8 cents extra.\n\n\n\n\nTranscriber's Note:\n\n\n    * Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the\n    original (=bold=).\n\n    * Pg iii Added comma after \"race\" in \"Unity of the race\".\n\n    * Pg iv Added period after \"66\" in \"a Common World Task, 66\".\n\n    * Pg iv Removed period after \"CONDITIONS\" in \"AND OTHER GEOGRAPHICAL\n    CONDITIONS\" for consistency.\n\n    * Pg 15 \"thoroughgoing\" and Pg 100 \"thorough-going\" left as printed.\n\n    * Pg 114 Added periods after listings \"8\" and \"20\".","title":"The Call of the World; or, Every Man's Supreme Opportunity","tradition":"scripture-revelation","translated_text":null,"word_count":28621}