{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_33311/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_33311","id":"gutenberg_33311","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33311","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Children & Young Adult Reading","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Latin language -- Readers -- Biography"],"text":"Produced by Louise Hope, Juliet Sutherland and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the\n\"real\" (Unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. The main difference is that\nletters with macron (\"long\" mark) are shown instead with circumflex\naccents:\n\n  \u00e2\u00ea\u00ee\u00f4\u00fb \u00c2\u00ca\u00ce\u00d4\u00db\n\nLong y (rare) is unmarked in the body text, and shown as y: in the\nGlossary. The circumflex accent in its own right does not occur.\n\nThere is no Greek in this book.\n\nBoldface text is shown with #marks#, sans-serif type (only in the\nAdvertising) with =marks=, and italics with _lines_.\n\nThe text as printed includes several hundred cross-references to\nfootnotes, numbered from 1 on each page, and to lines of text, numbered\ncontinuously within each selection. Each selection is therefore given\ntwice, in \"stripped\" and \"as printed\" forms.\n\nIn the complete form, all page numbers and line breaks have been\nretained. Words split across line or page breaks may appear on either\nthe first or second line, depending on space. Footnote anchors are shown\nin [brackets], page numbers in [[double brackets]] on separate lines,\nand line numbers in {braces} at the end of the line. The printed line\nnumbers use multiples of five; in the e-text, some numbers have been\nmoved up or down when required by line length.\n\nThe stripped form gives the bare text, without macrons. Note that\nselections XXVIII-XXX were edited; see first footnote to XXVIII.\n\nThe two large maps can be found in the \"images\" directory associated\nwith the HTML version of this text, under the names frontis_large.jpg\nand foldout_large.jpg. Map thumbnails and the other illustrations--\nmainly line drawings-- are in the same place.]\n\n\n\n\n    [Illustration {map of Italian peninsula}]\n\n\n\n\n  SELECTIONS\n\n  from\n\n  VIRI ROMAE\n\n\n  Edited By\n\n  ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.\n\n  Late Professor Of Greek And Latin, Teachers College\n\n  and\n\n  CHARLES KNAPP, Ph.D.\n\n  Instructor In Latin, Barnard College\n\n\n    [Decoration]\n\n\n  New York \u00b7:\u00b7 Cincinnati \u00b7:\u00b7 Chicago\n\n  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY\n\n\n\n\n  Copyright, 1896, by\n  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.\n\n  VIRI ROMAE.\n\n  W. P. 18\n\n\n\n\nPREFACE\n\n[Decoration]\n\n\nUpon the reviving perception of the true scope of Latin teaching has\nfollowed a return to some of the methods of former times, which, with\nall their faults, were yet imbued with the true spirit of the Classics.\nSince for many years the study of Latin lay in bondage to the spirit\nwhich regarded the language merely as a _corpus vile_ for grammatical\ndissection, and ignored the rich literature lying beyond the classical\ntrinity of authors, it is not surprising that it fell into disfavor as\nunsuited to the requirements of the times. The revival upon which the\nstudy has now entered is due largely to a recognition of the fact that\nmental culture rather than mere mental training is its true aim, and\nthat, with this aim kept steadily in view, the study of Latin is not a\nbarren waste of time and energy, but a most potent agency in securing\nthat broad and sympathetic culture which must ever remain the mark of\nthe educated man. The results of classical study most valuable to the\ncharacter are surely not to be found in the ability, usually lost\nafter a few years, to recite paradigms faultlessly, to give the\nprincipal parts of verbs, and to enumerate the various kinds of\n_cum_-constructions and the subdivisions of the ablative. Of far greater\nworth are the mental breadth and sympathy, the weakening of prejudice\nand Philistinism, and the increased power of entering into higher forms\nof enjoyment which must inevitably flow from the study of the life of a\ngreat people as revealed in its literature and art.\n\nThis conception of the sphere of Latin study has brought with it some\nmodifications of the initial steps and a return to some of the texts in\nuse fifty years since. In the traditional sequence of authors, and\nparticularly in the selection of a purely military work as the means by\nwhich to introduce the student to the language, the entrance into the\nfields of Latin literature has frequently been made so distasteful as to\ndestroy the desire for further exploration. More attractive paths,\nhowever, are opening to the beginner; and of these the _Viri Romae_\noffers in a notable degree material of real interest to the young, and,\nfrom the very outset, gives a foretaste of the contents of the\nliterature.\n\nThe history of this work is of interest, as showing an early recognition\nof the correctness of the standpoint to which we are now returning. It\nwas compiled by a Professor of the University of Paris, Charles Fran\u00e7ois\nLhomond, who lived from 1727 to 1794, and enjoyed an enviable reputation\nas a successful teacher, especially of younger pupils. His experience\ntaught him the need of an introductory text combining interest of story\nwith simplicity of style. The best proof of the excellence of his work\nis the fact that it has ever since remained a favorite with teachers of\nLatin. The material is taken from the works of various authors, chiefly\nLivy and Eutropius, but was simplified by Lhomond in vocabulary and\nconstruction wherever necessary to fit it to the requirements of\nbeginners. As its title indicates, it deals with the early stories of\nRome, so fascinating in any dress to the young, and it is therefore\neminently fitted to arouse a desire for further reading.\n\nThe present edition has been prepared with reference to the difficulties\nmost likely to embarrass the young pupil at the outset of the new study.\nOne of the most perplexing of these difficulties is the inability to\ndiscover in an alphabetical vocabulary the inflected forms encountered\nin the text. This is met, in part at least, by giving in italics in the\nfootnotes the vocabulary form of verbs not easily recognizable. For a\nsimilar reason grammatical constructions are, on their first occurrence,\nexplained in simple language, or their nature briefly indicated, in\norder that the student may more intelligently consult the grammatical\nreferences which follow. For purposes of comparison, and as a means of\nhelping the pupil to form proper habits of study and observation,\nsubsequent occurrences are referred to previous instances, or to the\ntables of constructions on pages xvi-xxvi.\n\nAlthough the compiler of the _Viri Romae_ greatly simplified the\nlanguage of his authorities, there yet remain in the early part of the\nbook many constructions which the beginner is not fitted to discuss. It\nis strongly recommended, therefore, that the treatment of the more\ndifficult and complex of these constructions be postponed to a later\nperiod. At the outset the attention of the pupil should be centered upon\nmatters of primary importance and upon the simplest and most common\nusages, such as the form of the sentence, the relation of its parts to\none another, the significance of terminations, and the modes of\nexpressing the constantly recurring relations of time, place, cause,\nmeans, purpose, and result. Even these should be treated as simply as\npossible and with constant regard to English usage. It is the experience\nof many teachers that reference to a Latin grammar to explain a\nconstruction possessed by English as well as by Latin frequently creates\na difficulty where the student, if left to his own devices, would have\nexperienced none.\n\nThe notes on matters of Roman custom have been made intentionally full\nwith the aim of adding reality to the stories, and of inducing the\npupil, under the teacher's guidance, to discover for himself further\ndetails. The use of other accounts, whether in ancient or modern\nauthors, of photographs, plates, and other graphic aids can not be too\nstrongly encouraged, in accordance with the dictum of Horace:--\n\n  Segnius irritant animos demissa per aures\n  Quam quae sunt oculis subiecta fidelibus.\n\nAll vowels known to be long have been carefully marked. The text of this\nedition is, in the main, that of C.\u00a0Holzer (tenth edition, Stuttgart,\n1889). In orthography, however, Brambach has been followed. In the\nvocabulary compound verbs are given under the simple verbs as an aid to\nthe fuller appreciation of the methods by which they are formed and\ntheir meanings derived. The exercises in prose composition have been\nmade simple in order that they may occupy their legitimate place as\nsubordinate and auxiliary to the development of the more important\nreading power.\n\nThe thanks of the editors are due to Mr. E. G. Warner, of the Brooklyn\nPolytechnic Institute, for his hearty co\u00f6peration in the work, and\nparticularly for the labor which he has expended upon the exercises.\n\n  ROBERT ARROWSMITH.\n  CHARLES KNAPP.\n\nAugust, 1895.\n\n\n\n\nCONTENTS\n\n[Decoration]\n\n  PAGE\n\n  Suggestions to the Student                              ix\n  Plan of Rome                                        xxviii\n       I. R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee Imperi\u00ee Ex\u00f4rdium                          1\n      II. R\u00f4mulus                                          4\n     III. Numa Pompilius                                   8\n      IV. Tullus Host\u00eelius                                10\n       V. Ancus M\u00e2rcius                                   15\n      VI. L\u00fbcius Tarquinius Pr\u00eescus                       17\n     VII. Servius Tullius                                 19\n    VIII. Tarquinius Superbus                             22\n      IX. I\u00fbnius Br\u00fbtus                                   25\n       X. M\u00fbcius Scaevola                                 26\n      XI. Fabi\u00ee Trecent\u00ee Sex                              27\n     XII. L\u00fbcius Virg\u00eenius                                29\n    XIII. Titus M\u00e2nlius Torqu\u00e2tus                         30\n     XIV. P\u00fbblius Decius                                  35\n      XV. M\u00e2nius Curius                                   36\n     XVI. G\u00e2ius Du\u00eelius                                   38\n    XVII. M\u00e2rcus At\u00eelius R\u00eagulus                          39\n   XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher                         42\n     XIX. Qu\u00eentus Fabius M\u00e2ximus                          43\n      XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varr\u00f4              48\n     XXI. P\u00fbblius Corn\u00ealius Sc\u00eepio \u00c2fric\u00e2nus              52\n    XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et G\u00e2ius Gracchus             63\n   XXIII. G\u00e2ius Marius                                    68\n    XXIV. L\u00fbcius Corn\u00ealius Sulla                          74\n     XXV. L\u00fbcius L\u00fbcullus                                 77\n    XXVI. Gnaeus Pomp\u00eaius M\u00e2gnus                          80\n   XXVII. G\u00e2ius I\u00fblius Caesar                             86\n  XXVIII. M\u00e2rcus Tullius Cicer\u00f4                           96\n    XXIX. M\u00e2rcus Br\u00fbtus                                  102\n     XXX. Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2nus Caesar Augustus                     103\n  Exercises for Translation                              112\n  Vocabulary                                             131\n\n\n\n\nSUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT\n\n[Decoration]\n\nTo read Latin quickly and intelligently, and to enjoy the reading\nproperly, we must possess (1)\u00a0a\u00a0vocabulary, _i.e._ a collection of Latin\nwords with whose meanings, whether used singly or in combination, we are\nthoroughly familiar; (2)\u00a0a\u00a0knowledge of the inflectional system of the\nlanguage, _i.e._ its declensions and conjugations; (3)\u00a0a\u00a0knowledge of\nits syntax; and (4)\u00a0a\u00a0knowledge of the plan upon which the Latin\nsentence is constructed, or, in other words, we must be able to overcome\nthe difficulties arising out of the peculiar order of the words and\nclauses that form a Latin sentence.\n\n#Vocabulary.#--Words are the material out of which sentences are\nconstructed. Hence it is of prime importance to know their meanings. The\nbest way, in fact the only way, to acquire a vocabulary, is by constant\nreading, and by noting carefully the force of individual words as they\noccur. It soon becomes evident that certain words are very frequently\nused, especially verbs which denote actions that have to do with\neveryday life, such as _d\u00eec\u00f4_, _e\u00f4_, _faci\u00f4_, _habe\u00f4_, _veni\u00f4_, _sum_,\nand their compounds. These at least must be mastered at the very outset.\nIt is worth while to notice what prefixes are used in forming compound\nverbs, and the modifications of meaning which they produce. If the force\nof the simple verb is mastered, a\u00a0little practice will enable the\nstudent to detect at sight the meaning of any of its compounds without\nreference to any dictionary.\n\nIt is useful also to group together in memory words derived from the\nsame stem, _e.g._ _can\u00f4_, _cantus_; _cert\u00f4_, _cert\u00e2men_; _d\u00fbc\u00f4_, _dux_;\n_reg\u00f4_, _r\u00eax_, _r\u00eagius_; _caed\u00f4_, _caed\u00eas_. A\u00a0specially interesting\nstudy consists in noting the English words which go back to Latin\noriginals. From various causes a large part of our English vocabulary is\nborrowed from Latin. Cf. _donate_ with _d\u00f4n\u00f4_ and _d\u00f4num_, _lucid_ with\n_l\u00fbx_, _regent_ with _r\u00eax_ and _reg\u00f4_.\n\nFinally, it will be found very helpful constantly to read Latin aloud,\nfor thus the _ear_ will help the _eye_ and words will have meaning when\n_heard_ as well as when _seen_. Indeed, we ought to use our ears far\nmore than our eyes in acquiring a Latin vocabulary, in order that Latin\nwords, when heard, shall suggest at once to our minds the same pictures\nwhich they suggested to the minds of Roman boys.\n\n#Inflections and Syntax.#--It is not enough, however, to be familiar\nwith the meanings of individual words, however many we may succeed in\nmastering. We must possess a knowledge also of _inflections_, _i.e._ of\nthe declensions and conjugations, which tell us how individual words may\nbe altered in form in order to express different relations to other\nwords, and of _syntax_, which tells us how words are combined together\ninto sentences. A\u00a0knowledge of inflections and an understanding of\nsyntax are the tools by which we arrive at the meaning of sentences as a\nwhole. As the wise workman uses the best and most efficient tools, so\none who undertakes to read Latin with speed and pleasure must make his\nmastery of inflections and syntax as complete as possible. It is assumed\nthat students of this book have already had some drill in the commoner\ninflections. The principles of syntax can best be studied as they occur\nin actual reading. The commonest, and therefore most important, are\ndiscussed in the notes and illustrated by appropriate references to the\ngrammars in common use and by the tables of constructions on pages xvi\nto xxvi. A\u00a0very practical way of fixing the principles of syntax firmly\nin mind is by frequent translation from English into Latin. It should be\nremembered, however, that we study syntax simply because such study\nenables us to read and enjoy the great works of Latin literature.\n\n#The Order of Words.#--The greatest difficulty that confronts the\nstudent of Latin literature is the fact that the order of the words in a\nLatin sentence is widely different from that which he ordinarily finds\nin an English sentence. This difference is due mainly to two causes.\n(1)\u00a0Every Latin sentence is a kind of word picture, in which the meaning\nis developed stroke by stroke, _the separate parts being introduced in\nthe order of their importance_. (2)\u00a0It is a principle of Latin to keep\nthe meaning in suspense until the very end, so that the last word\ncompletes not only the form, but also the meaning of the sentence. Both\nthese principles may be seen at work in lines 1 to 5 of selection I,\npage 1. _Proca_ naturally stands first, partly because the whole work is\na story of the deeds of men, partly because at this point he is\nespecially important, as being the reigning king, with power to choose\nhis own successor. The phrase _r\u00eax Alb\u00e2n\u00f4rum_ very properly follows, as\ndefining the scene of the action. _Numitor_ and _Am\u00fblius_ are next\nmentioned because the Latin loves to emphasize contrasts of persons. The\nsense of the whole is not complete till we reach the very last word,\n_habuit_. In the next sentence _Numit\u00f4r\u00ee_ is first, because now Numitor\nis more important, as being Proca's successor. The relative clause _qu\u00ee\n.\u00a0.\u00a0. erat_ not only states a fact, but also gives the reason why Proca\nbequeathed his kingdom (_r\u00eagnum rel\u00eequit_) to Numitor. So in the words\n_ut .\u00a0.\u00a0. f\u00eacit_, the _ut_-clause tells why Amulius performed the act\nindicated by the words _Rh\u00eaam Silviam .\u00a0.\u00a0. f\u00eacit_, so that by the time\nwe know _what_ the act was we know also exactly _why_ it was performed.\nThe Latin thus pictures the parts of the scene in their true order, for\nthe motive in every case precedes the act. We see therefore that,\nhowever strange at times the Latin order may seem to be, there is always\ngood reason for it. It is our task at the outset, as it soon will be our\npleasure, to determine just what this reason\u00a0is.\n\nNow this freer order of words in the Latin sentence is rendered possible\nby the fact that Latin possesses an elaborate inflectional system,\nwhereas English does not. Note, however, that one familiar with Latin\ndeclensions would know at once that in the first sentence discussed\nabove Proca was actor (_i.e._ subject), and Numitor and Amulius acted\nupon (_i.e._ object). So in the sentence _ut .\u00a0.\u00a0. f\u00eacit_ it is clear\nthat Amulius is the actor and that Rhea Silvia is acted upon. Thus the\ninflectional system serves to relieve, in part at least, the very\ndifficulty which it creates.\n\n#How to Read.#--By far the best way for the beginner to make himself\nfamiliar with the Latin order and its meaning is to _make a practice\nfrom the very outset of reading the sentence aloud from beginning to end\nbefore attempting to translate at all_. If the meaning is not clear at\nonce, a\u00a0repetition of such reading will often serve to make it clear,\nprovided the student knows the force of the individual words and\nconstructions. If he does not, he must seek the aid of the vocabulary or\nthe notes. Then let him read the sentence once more aloud, slowly and\ncarefully. He should not, however, look into either vocabulary or notes\nuntil he has read the Latin through at least once. Progress at first\nwill necessarily be slow, but it will be sure. By every page read in the\nmanner indicated above the pupil is preparing himself to read with more\nand more intelligence and pleasure the pages that remain. Besides, in\nthis way he reads his Latin precisely as he reads English, word after\nword, in the order in which it is written, and precisely as a Roman boy\n1800 years ago read his Latin story or poem. He will gain further the\nadvantage of training his ear as well as his eye and of making it do its\nfair share of the work. In translating, too, it will be wise to follow\nas closely as possible the Latin order. Often it will be found that the\nresulting English order, even if not very common, is none the less\nintelligible. So the sentence _ut .\u00a0.\u00a0. f\u00eacit_ discussed above may be\ntranslated almost exactly in the Latin order.\n\n\nLATIN COMPOSITION\n\n#Its Value.#--An exercise which is very practical and helpful, and which\nmay also become extremely delightful, is the rendering into Latin of\nEnglish sentences based upon that portion of the Latin text which has\nalready been carefully studied. This exercise is helpful, because it\ncalls upon us to put into practice the knowledge which we have acquired\nin reading; it may become delightful because it shows us accurately the\nmeasure of our advance and thus affords us the pleasure which comes from\nthe feeling that one is making sure progress in a given line of study.\n\n#Essentials.#--To write Latin well one needs precisely the things which\nwe found necessary in reading (page\u00a0ix). The words and constructions\nrequired in the sentences for translation given on pages 112 to 129 are\nillustrated by the corresponding pages of the Latin text. The pupil\nshould always endeavor to recall the word, inflectional form, phrase, or\nconstruction for himself before referring to his text or to his grammar.\nIn other words, he should make the exercise one of thought rather than\nof mere mechanical copying from a printed model.\n\n#The Object.#--We read the Latin text in order to understand the\nthoughts of the writer. So in turning English sentences into Latin our\nchief object is to clothe the _thoughts_ which such sentences convey in\nproper Latin dress, not merely to substitute Latin _words_ for English\n_words_. Every language has its own peculiar expressions, which are\ncalled _idioms_. Such expressions can never be literally translated from\none language into another. Hence in attempting to turn an English\nsentence into Latin, we must begin by noting carefully the thought which\nit expresses, and then consider how the Romans gave expression to that\nthought.\n\n#Choice of Expression.#--In Latin, just as in English, it often happens\nthat the same thought may be expressed in several ways, which differ\ngreatly in the words used as well as in the form and expression. In\nEnglish it is often impossible to give a reason for the choice of one\nform of expression in preference to others. Sometimes the choice is made\nconsciously for the sake of variety, or because there is a very slight\nshade of difference in meaning,--so slight that we can perhaps feel it,\nbut cannot put it into words; sometimes unconsciously, because every one\nfalls into the habit of using certain phrases and manners of speech with\nno deeper reason than the habit. The same is true of Latin writers.\nTheir various forms of expression have been noted and collected, and we\nfind them laid down in the grammars as _rules_. Some of these\nexpressions are found to be used by the best writers more frequently\nthan others, and these are considered the best models. But the student\nmust avoid the error of confining himself absolutely to one iron-bound\nform because most stress is laid upon it by the grammars, if he finds\nother modes of expression in the writings of good authors. By searching\nout the greatest variety of forms in which an idea may be expressed, by\ntrying to discover the differences in meaning between them, and by\nplacing yourself as far as possible in the writer's place, you will gain\na far greater grasp and appreciation of the language than by learning a\nsingle rigid rule and forcing it to fit every case.\n\nOne of the central ideas of the following exercises, then, should be to\nrender the thought in as many ways as possible, drawing your authority\nfrom the text on which the exercise is based, as well as from your\ngrammar.\n\nExamine the tables on pages xvi to xxvi, where you will find several of\nthe most important constructions treated. Compare the examples given and\ntry to trace out the reasons for the different forms. In many cases you\nwill not be able to do so, and are free to choose one of several modes\nof expression. In others the meaning of the sentences and the aid of the\ngrammar will give the reason for your choice.\n\n#Caution.#--The pupil should note that all the words and constructions\nnecessary to enable him to write in Latin the sentences given below,\npages 112 to 129, are to be found on the pages of the Latin text upon\nwhich the exercises are based. _An English-Latin vocabulary or\ndictionary is, therefore, wholly unnecessary._ Additional sentences\nbased on the text may be made up by student or teacher as required.\n\n\nTABLES OF CONSTRUCTIONS\n\nThe following tables have been prepared for the purpose of affording the\npupil material for study and comparison, by grouping together under\nappropriate heads examples of certain constructions as they actually\noccur in this book. It is expected that they will be helpful to the\nstudent in two ways: (1)\u00a0by supplementing and illustrating the notes,\nand (2)\u00a0by affording him guides which he may follow in his writing of\nLatin. No attempt whatever has been made to include under any given head\nall the examples that are to be found in the text. The pupil will find\nit both interesting and instructive to add to the lists himself as he\nfinds new instances in his own reading.\n\n\n_A._ EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE\n\n1. PLACE AT OR NEAR WHICH:\n\n  #R\u00f4mae#, VII, 26, and often; #Tarent\u00ee#, XV, 30; sal\u00fbbri\u00f4ra\n  #m\u00eelitiae# quam #dom\u00ee# esse iuvenum corpora, IV, 70 (locative:\n  chiefly used with names of towns);--#in sicc\u00f4#, I, 10; #in i\u00ees\n  loc\u00ees#, I, 11; #in# (on) #sinistr\u00ees manibus#, II, 21; #in colle\n  Quir\u00een\u00e2l\u00ee#, II, 54; #in \u00e2r\u00e2#, III, 4; #in medi\u00e2 urbe#, V, 23; ponte\n  .\u00a0. #in# (over) #Tiber\u00ee# fact\u00f4, #in# (at) #\u00f4re# Tiberis, V,\n  27;--#mult\u00ees loc\u00ees#, XXV, 17; #terr\u00e2 mar\u00eeque#, XXI, 125;--#apud\n  T\u00eec\u00eenum# amnem .\u00a0. #apud Trebiam#, XIX, 16;--#ad# Caprae #pal\u00fbdem#,\n  II, 44; #ad# tertium #lapidem#, XIII, 12; #ad fl\u00fbmen# Bagradam,\n  XVII,\u00a018.\n\n\n_B._ EXPRESSIONS OF MOTION\n\n1. PLACE FROM WHICH:\n\n  #Curibus# .\u00a0. acc\u00eetus est, III, 2; #Tarquini\u00ees# .\u00a0. profectus, VI, 1\n  (simple abl., especially with names of towns);--#\u00e2 port\u00e2# .\u00a0.\n  pergit, XIII, 5; #ab urbe# profectus, XIII, 13; #\u00e2\u00a0l\u00fbd\u00ees# p\u00fbblic\u00ees\n  revert\u00eans, XVIII, 17;--d\u00eal\u00e2bitur #\u00ea cael\u00f4 sciss\u00f4# sc\u00fbtum, III, 15;\n  #ex e\u00f4 loc\u00f4# .\u00a0. auf\u00fbgerat, IV, 20; d\u00f4nec novae c\u00f4piae #ex \u00c2fric\u00e2#\n  adven\u00eerent, XVII, 3; #ex angusti\u00ees# \u00eav\u00e2sit, XIX,\u00a038.\n\n2. PLACE TOWARDS WHICH:\n\n  #Albam# proper\u00e2vit, I, 25; Qu\u00ee cum #R\u00f4mam# v\u00eanisset, III, 3; #R\u00f4mam#\n  also in IV, 64, V, 20, and often; Pergunt inde #Coll\u00e2tiam#, VIII,\n  21; Profectus #Delph\u00f4s#, IX, 4; #Carth\u00e2ginem# rediit, XVII, 54;\n  #domum# d\u00ead\u00fbcunt, IV, 31; #domum# refugi\u00eans, VII, 45; cum .\u00a0.\n  #domum# red\u00eeret, VII, 48 (simple accusative, chiefly with names of\n  towns);--Cum lupa saepius #ad parvul\u00f4s# .\u00a0. reverter\u00eatur, I, 16;\n  Remum .\u00a0. #ad Am\u00fblium# r\u00eagem perd\u00fbx\u00earunt, I, 27; #ad Gab\u00een\u00f4s# s\u00ea\n  contulit, VIII, 4;--#in \u00c2fricam# .\u00a0. tr\u00e2i\u00eacit, XVII, 15; #in\n  \u00cetaliam# v\u00eanit, XIX, 15; abi\u00eacit #in Tiberim#, I, 7; Sab\u00een\u00f4s #in\n  urbem# rec\u00eapit, II, 38; aciem #in# (to) #collem# subd\u00fbxit, IV, 58;\n  cum #in# (upon) #trib\u00fbnal# \u00eascendisset, XII, 20; #In# (against)\n  #eum# .\u00a0. rediit, IV, 22; ausae sunt s\u00ea #inter t\u00eala# .\u00a0. \u00eenferre,\n  II,\u00a036.\n\n3. WAY BY WHICH:\n\n  #port\u00e2# (abl. of means) #qu\u00e2# profect\u00ee erant, XI, 19; #Per# (over)\n  #loca alta# \u00e2gmen d\u00fbc\u00eabat, XIX, 23; Qu\u00ee cum .\u00a0. #per mont\u00eas, per\n  silv\u00e2s# h\u00fbc ill\u00fbc discurrerent, XIX,\u00a035.\n\n\n_C._ EXPRESSIONS OF TIME[I.1]\n\n1. TIME AT WHICH:\n\n  #Poster\u00f4 di\u00ea#, IV, 61, VIII, 24; #Pr\u00eem\u00f4 impet\u00fb#, II, 29; #Kalend\u00ees\n  M\u00e2rti\u00ees#, III, 20; #e\u00e2 tempest\u00e2te#, VI, 17; #nocte medi\u00e2#, XIX,\u00a068.\n\n2. TIME WITHIN WHICH OR IN THE COURSE OF WHICH:\n\n  #Ann\u00f4 trecent\u00easim\u00f4# ab urbe condit\u00e2, XII, 1; #e\u00f4dem ann\u00f4#, XIII, 11;\n  #bell\u00f4 Lat\u00een\u00f4#, XIV, 11; #h\u00f4c bell\u00f4#, XIV, 12; #in proeli\u00f4#, VI, 26;\n  #In proeli\u00f4 qu\u00f4dam, in qu\u00f4#, VII, 8; #In qu\u00f4 bell\u00f4#, XV, 2.[I.2]\n\n3. AGE:\n\n  f\u00eelium #tredecim ann\u00f4rum#, VI, 25; Hannibal .\u00a0. #novem ann\u00f4s n\u00e2tus#,\n  XIX,\u00a01.\n\n    [Footnote I.1: See also below, Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.]\n\n    [Footnote I.2: The form with #in# is the more exact.]\n\n\n_D._ DURATION OF TIME AND EXTENT OF SPACE\n\n1. DURATION OF TIME:\n\n  R\u00f4mulus #septem# et #tr\u00eegint\u00e2# r\u00eagn\u00e2vit #ann\u00f4s#, III, 38; r\u00eagn\u00e2vit\n  #ann\u00f4s du\u00f4s# et #tr\u00eegint\u00e2#, IV, 75; r\u00eagn\u00e2vit #ann\u00f4s quattuor# et\n  #quadr\u00e2gint\u00e2#, VII, 52; #per t\u00f4tum b\u00eeduum#, XIII, 87; #omn\u00ee deinde\n  v\u00eet\u00e2#, XIII, 60. (This last form should not be imitated.)\n\n2. EXTENT OF SPACE:\n\n  Iam #aliquantum# spati\u00ee .\u00a0. auf\u00fbgerat, IV, 20; centum et v\u00eegint\u00ee\n  #ped\u00eas# longum, XVII, 27; qu\u00eenque di\u00earum #iter# .\u00a0. abest, XXI, 163.\n\n\n_E._ EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE\n\n1. Pure purpose: #ut# or #n\u00ea# with the subjunctive:\n\n  #ut# eum subole #pr\u00eev\u00e2ret#, I, 3; #ut# populum ferum religi\u00f4ne\n  #m\u00eetig\u00e2ret#, III, 3; #ut esset# index p\u00e2cis et bell\u00ee, III, 25;--#n\u00ea#\n  f\u00fbrt\u00f4 auferr\u00ee #posset#, III, 16; #n\u00ea# duo violenta ingenia\n  m\u00e2trim\u00f4ni\u00f4 #iungerentur#, VII,\u00a038.\n\n2. Relative clause:\n\n  m\u00eesit #qu\u00ee# societ\u00e2tem .\u00a0. #peterent#, II, 5; Centum .\u00a0. \u00eal\u00eagit,\n  #qu\u00f4rum# c\u00f4nsili\u00f4 omnia #ageret#, II, 40; sacerd\u00f4t\u00eas l\u00eagit, #qu\u00ee#\n  anc\u00eelia .\u00a0. #c\u00fbst\u00f4d\u00eerent# et .\u00a0. #ferrent#, III, 19; R\u00f4mam missus,\n  #ubi# (= ut ibi) .\u00a0. #interesset#, XXVIII,\u00a08.\n\n3. #Qu\u00f4#[I.3] (whereby) with subjunctive:\n\n  #qu\u00f4 frequentius habit\u00e2r\u00eatur#, IV, 66 (see note); #qu\u00f4 minor# turba\n  R\u00f4mae #foret#, XVIII, 21; #qu\u00f4 di\u00fbtius# in magistr\u00e2t\u00fb #esset#,\n  XIX,\u00a046.\n\n4. Gerundive:\n\n  coniug\u00ee dedit #\u00eaducand\u00f4s#, I, 19; \u00eegnem .\u00a0. perpetu\u00f4 #alendum#\n  virginibus dedit, III, 4; agellum #colendum# loc\u00e2vit, XVII, 36; #ad\n  exercitum l\u00fbstrandum#, II, 44; m\u00eelit\u00eas #ad vindicandum# facinus\n  accendit, XII,\u00a026.\n\n5. Future participle:\n\n  quasi d\u00ea p\u00e2ce #\u00e2ct\u00fbrus#, r\u00ea v\u00ear\u00e2 ut tempus extraheret, XVII, 2 (see\n  note).\n\n6. Supine:\n\n  aquam .\u00a0. #pet\u00eetum# ierat, II, 17; \u00ea\u00a0su\u00ees \u00fbnum .\u00a0. mittit\n  #sc\u00eescit\u00e2tum#, VIII, 8; Cum .\u00a0. l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00ee R\u00f4mam v\u00eanissent #conquestum#,\n  XIII, 81; pecora .\u00a0. quae #p\u00e2stum# pr\u00f4pulsa essent, XIX,\u00a063.\n\n7. Substantive clauses:\n\n  adf\u00eerm\u00e2ns .\u00a0. R\u00f4mulum .\u00a0. praecipere #ut# s\u00eaditi\u00f4nibus #abstin\u00earent#\n  et rem m\u00eelit\u00e2rem #colerent#, II, 51-53; Lat\u00een\u00f4rum popul\u00ees su\u00e2sit\n  #ut# .\u00a0. f\u00e2num Di\u00e2nae .\u00a0. in Avent\u00een\u00f4 monte #aedific\u00e2rent#, VII, 25;\n  opt\u00e2vit #ut# fr\u00e2ter .\u00a0. #rev\u00eev\u00eesceret# atque iterum classem\n  #\u00e2mitteret#, XVIII, 19; \u00ead\u00eexit #n\u00ea# quis .\u00a0. in host\u00eas #p\u00fbgn\u00e2ret#,\n  XIII, 42; Veritus autem #n\u00ea# .\u00a0. poen\u00e2s #daret#, XVI, 21; petiit \u00e2\n  patribus c\u00f4nscr\u00eept\u00ees #n\u00ea# quid d\u00ea e\u00e2 r\u00ea #statuerent#, XIII,\u00a083.\n\n    [Footnote I.3: This is merely a special form of (2), but its\n    importance entitles it to separate treatment.]\n\n\n_F._ EXPRESSIONS OF RESULT\n\n1. Pure result: #ut# or #ut n\u00f4n# with the subjunctive:\n\n  ita omnium anim\u00f4s e\u00e2 piet\u00e2te imbuit #ut# fid\u00eas .\u00a0. c\u00eev\u00eas\n  #contin\u00earet#, III, 33; ade\u00f4 fr\u00e2ct\u00ee .\u00a0. sunt sp\u00eerit\u00fbs .\u00a0. #ut# n\u00fbll\u00ee\n  re\u00ee posth\u00e2c nisi sacr\u00ees operam #daret#, IV, 72; ita e\u00f4s adlici\u00eans\n  #ut# apud omn\u00eas pl\u00fbrimum #posset#, VIII,\u00a06.\n\nNote that in the main clause there is usually some word like #ita#,\n#ade\u00f4#, #tam#, #t\u00e2lis#, #is#, which paves the way for the result clause.\n\n2. Relative (characteristic):\n\n  inven\u00eer\u00ee potuit n\u00eam\u00f4, #qu\u00ee .\u00a0. peteret#, XXIII, 119; \u00dbnus adul\u00easc\u00eans\n  fuit, #qu\u00ee aud\u00earet# quer\u00ee, XXIV, 50. Here too belongs #qu\u00een# with\n  the subjunctive: haud procul erat #qu\u00een .\u00a0. \u00e2gn\u00f4sceret#, I, 33; n\u00f4n\n  esse dubium #qu\u00een .\u00a0. oport\u00earet#, XVI, 27; N\u00eamin\u00ee dubium est #qu\u00een\n  .\u00a0. restituerit#, XIX, 105.\n\n3. Substantive:\n\n  (R\u00f4mulus d\u00eexit) #fut\u00fbrum ut# omnium gentium domin\u00ee #exsisterent#,\n  II, 53; #oportet# d\u00eescipl\u00eenam, quam solvist\u00ee, .\u00a0. #restitu\u00e2s#, XIII,\n  54; #concessum est ut# .\u00a0. praecinente t\u00eeb\u00eecine \u00e2 c\u00ean\u00e2 #red\u00eeret#,\n  XVI,\u00a016.\n\n\n_G._ TEMPORAL CLAUSES[I.4]\n\n1. #Ubi#, #ut#, or #postquam# with the indicative mood, especially the\nperfect tense:\n\n  #Ubi# spect\u00e2cul\u00ee tempus #v\u00eanit#, II, 11; #Ut .\u00a0. increpu\u00eare# arma\n  micant\u00easque #fuls\u00eare# gladi\u00ee, IV, 13; Is #postquam adol\u00eavit#, VII,\n  7; Qu\u00ee #postquam# frequent\u00eas #conv\u00ean\u00eare#, XIII,\u00a052.\n\n2. #Dum# (while) with the indicative (the tense employed is generally\nthe present):\n\n  Ea r\u00eas #dum# Numit\u00f4ris animum anxium #tenet#, I, 36; #dum# Alb\u00e2nus\n  exercitus #incl\u00e2mat# C\u00fbri\u00e2ti\u00ees, IV, 23; Lat\u00eenus #dum# ad Tiberim\n  #d\u00eascendit#, sacerd\u00f4s bovem immol\u00e2vit, VII,\u00a034.\n\n3. #Dum#, #d\u00f4nec# (until) with the subjunctive:\n\n  #dum conval\u00easceret# (indirect discourse also), VII, 17; ut tempus\n  extr\u00e2heret, #d\u00f4nec# novae c\u00f4piae ex \u00c2fric\u00e2 #adven\u00eerent#, XVII,\n  3\u00a0(partly purpose).\n\n4. #Antequam# and #priusquam# with the subjunctive:\n\n  Alterum .\u00a0. #priusquam# tertius #posset# c\u00f4nsequ\u00ee, interf\u00eacit, IV,\n  24; #priusquam# e\u00ees bellum #ind\u00eeceret#, l\u00eag\u00e2tum m\u00eesit qu\u00ee r\u00eas\n  repeteret, V, 7; petiit .\u00a0. n\u00ea quid .\u00a0. statuerent #antequam# ipse\n  #\u00eenspexisset# Macedonum .\u00a0. causam, XIII, 83 (indirect discourse).\n\n5. #Cum# with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive:\n\n  #cum# i\u00ees #\u00eensidi\u00e2t\u00ee essent# latr\u00f4n\u00eas, I, 22; #cum# Numitor .\u00a0.\n  #compar\u00e2ret#, I, 30; #cum# (as) R\u00f4mae #appropinqu\u00e2rent#, II, 15; cum\n  (while) .\u00a0. c\u00f4nti\u00f4nem .\u00a0. #hab\u00earet#, II, 44; Qu\u00ee #cum# R\u00f4mam\n  #v\u00eanisset#, III, 2. This form of temporal clause is extremely\n  common.\n\n    [Footnote I.4: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.]\n\n\n_H._ CAUSAL CLAUSES[I.5]\n\n1. Relative clause with the subjunctive:\n\n  qu\u00eeppe #qu\u00ee cerneret# ferrum ante ocul\u00f4s mic\u00e2ns, acc\u00fbs\u00e2ti\u00f4nem\n  d\u00eem\u00eesit, XIII, 8; cum in eam c\u00eevit\u00e2tem animadvertere d\u00eacr\u00eavisset\n  #quae# (= cum\u00a0ea) sibi #advers\u00e2ta fuisset#, XXVII,\u00a037.\n\n2. #Cum# with the subjunctive:\n\n  #Cum# v\u00ear\u00f4 ux\u00f4r\u00eas .\u00a0. n\u00f4n #hab\u00earent#, l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00f4s circ\u00e2 v\u00eec\u00een\u00e2s gent\u00eas\n  m\u00eesit, II, 3; #cum# s\u00ea invidi\u00f4sum .\u00a0. #vid\u00earet#, V\u00eaient\u00eas .\u00a0.\n  adversus R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s concit\u00e2vit, IV, 55; #Cum# .\u00a0. facinora clandest\u00eena\n  #fierent#, Ancus carcerem .\u00a0. aedific\u00e2vit, V, 21-25.\n\n3. #Quod#,[I.6] #quia#, #quoniam#, or #quand\u00f4#, with the indicative:\n\n  #quia# tribus imp\u00e2r #erat#, .\u00a0. fugam capess\u00eevit, IV, 18;\n  #quand\u00f4quidem .\u00a0. p\u00fbgn\u00e2vist\u00ee#, XIII, 53; #quia# n\u00f4n #p\u00e2ruist\u00ee#,\n  XIII,\u00a077.\n\n4. #Quod# with the subjunctive:\n\n  cum s\u00ea invidi\u00f4sum apud c\u00eev\u00eas vid\u00earet, #quod# bellum \u00fbn\u00f4 pauc\u00f4rum\n  cert\u00e2mine #f\u00een\u00eesset#, IV, 55-56 (see note); Tarquinius f\u00eelium .\u00a0.\n  #quod# in proeli\u00f4 hostem #percussisset#, praetext\u00e2 .\u00a0. d\u00f4n\u00e2vit, VI,\n  25-27.\n\n5. #Quasi# with the subjunctive (assumed reason):\n\n  eum acc\u00fbsant\u00eas, #quasi# Numit\u00f4ris agr\u00f4s \u00eenf\u00east\u00e2re #solitus esset#,\n  I, 28; Is cum \u00eer\u00e2tus ad mortem d\u00fbc\u00ee iussisset m\u00eelitem, #quasi#\n  (because, as was supposed,) #interf\u00eacisset# comm\u00eelit\u00f4nem, XIII,\u00a065.\n\nNOTE.--These clauses resemble those in 4, as giving the reason ascribed\nto some one other than the writer. They show also that the reason is\nfictitious, and invented by the person who advances\u00a0it.\n\n    [Footnote I.5: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 4.]\n\n    [Footnote I.6: These conjunctions are regularly used with the\n    indicative. They are employed with the subjunctive only when the\n    writer is indirectly quoting the reason given by some one else.]\n\n\n_I._ CONCESSIVE OR ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES\n\n1. #Cum# (although) with the subjunctive:\n\n  #cum retin\u00ear\u00eatur# \u00e2 propinqu\u00ees et am\u00eec\u00ees, tamen Carth\u00e2ginem rediit,\n  XVII,\u00a053.\n\n2. #Quamquam# with the indicative:\n\n  #quamquam . . pell\u00eab\u00e2tur#, XXI, 242.\n\n3. #Quamv\u00ees# with the subjunctive:\n\n  #quamv\u00ees s\u00ees# molestus, XXVI, 158.\n\n\n_J._ CUM CLAUSES\n\nThe temporal, causal, and concessive uses of #cum# have already been\ngiven separately. #Cum# was originally a temporal conjunction. From the\ntemporal idea were developed its other meanings. So the English _when_\nfrequently contains the ideas of time and cause, or time and concession\ncombined, and _while_ also is frequently at once temporal and\nconcessive. So #cum# also may represent these ideas in combination as\nwell as separately. In many cases, indeed, it is difficult, if not\nimpossible, to decide which meaning is more prominent:\u00a0cf.\n\n  #Cum# (_when_ and _since_) lupa saepius ad parvul\u00f4s .\u00a0.\n  #reverter\u00eatur#, I, 16; H\u00ees artibus #cum# (_when_ and _although_)\n  Hannibalem Fabius .\u00a0. #clausisset#, ille .\u00a0. s\u00ea exped\u00eevit, XIX,\u00a031.\n\n\n_K._ THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE\n\n1. FORM.--The ablative absolute consists usually of a noun and a\nparticiple. The participle is generally passive, but often active: #E\u00f4\nr\u00eagnante#, IV, 3; #rel\u00e2bente fl\u00fbmine#, I,\u00a09.\n\n2. Often, however, the ablative absolute consists of a noun and\nadjective, or of two nouns, or a noun and pronoun. In such cases there\nis an ellipsis of the lost present participle of #sum#:\n\n  #m\u00e2gn\u00e2 gl\u00f4ri\u00e2# bell\u00ee, IV, 75; #par\u00ee# fer\u00ea #\u00f4rn\u00e2t\u00fb#, X, 6; #Appi\u00f4\n  i\u00fbdice#, XII, 15; #Valeri\u00f4# et #Coss\u00f4 c\u00f4nsulibus#, XIV,\u00a01.\n\n3. MEANING.--The ablative absolute may denote\n\n  TIME; compare Temporal Clauses, _G_ 1, 2, and\u00a05.\n\n  #puls\u00f4 fr\u00e2tre#, r\u00eagn\u00e2vit, I, 3; #E\u00e2 r\u00ea c\u00f4gnit\u00e2#, parvul\u00f4s .\u00a0.\n  abi\u00eacit in Tiberim, I, 5; #arm\u00e2t\u00ees p\u00e2st\u00f4ribus#, Albam proper\u00e2vit,\n  I,\u00a025.\n\nNOTE.--This is the original and most frequent use of the ablative\nabsolute.\n\n4. CAUSE: compare Causal Clauses, _H_ 2 and 3.\n\n  #ort\u00e2# inter e\u00f4s #contenti\u00f4ne#, I, 40; d\u00fbrissim\u00e2 squ\u00e2m\u00e2rum #l\u00f4r\u00eec\u00e2#\n  omnia t\u00eala facile #repellente#, XVII, 22; in c\u00f4nfert\u00e2 multit\u00fbdine\n  aegr\u00ea #pr\u00f4c\u00eadente carpent\u00f4#, XVIII,\u00a017.\n\n5. CONCESSION:\n\n  agrum \u00eaius, #omnibus# circ\u00e2 #v\u00e2st\u00e2t\u00ees#, int\u00e2ctum rel\u00eequit, XIX,\u00a039.\n\n6. Often time and cause together: compare note on Cum Clauses, _J_.\nExamples are:\n\n  #m\u00eelitibus# s\u00eagnius #d\u00eemicantibus#, raptum s\u00eegnum in hostem m\u00eesit,\n  VII, 9; #occ\u00ees\u00f4 Tati\u00f4#, ad R\u00f4mulum potent\u00e2tus omnis recidit, II,\u00a040.\n\n7. CONDITION:\n\n  #r\u00ea# male #gest\u00e2# (if\u00a0he fails), XVI, 31; n\u00ea, #d\u00easert\u00f4# agr\u00f4, n\u00f4n\n  esset (lest, if he neglected his farm, he might not have), XVII,\u00a034.\n\n8. MEANS:\n\n  #advect\u00ees ballist\u00ees# et #catapult\u00ees# (by\u00a0bringing up, etc.) .\u00a0.\n  d\u00eaiciendus hostis fuit, XVII,\u00a023.\n\n9. ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCE:\n\n  #cr\u00eenibus pass\u00ees#, II, 36; #m\u00e2gn\u00e2 gl\u00f4ri\u00e2# bell\u00ee r\u00eagn\u00e2vit, IV, 75;\n  scr\u00eeb\u00e2 cum r\u00eage #par\u00ee fer\u00ea \u00f4rn\u00e2t\u00fb# sed\u00eabat, X,\u00a06.\n\n10. The ablative absolute is often best translated by the English\nperfect active participle with an object: #arm\u00e2t\u00ees p\u00e2st\u00f4ribus#, I, 25,\n_having armed_ the shepherds. A\u00a0combination of an abl. abs. and a finite\nverb is often best rendered by two verbs in the same mood and tense:\n#inter\u00eampt\u00f4 Am\u00fbli\u00f4#, Numit\u00f4rem in r\u00eagnum #restituit#, I, 37, _he killed_\nAmulius _and restored_ Numitor to the throne.\n\n\n_L._ PARTICIPLES\n\nIn Latin the participles, especially the perfect passive participle, are\nused far more frequently than in English, and with a much larger variety\nof meanings. The use of the participle tends to produce brevity of\nexpression. Thus the Latin participle may be equivalent\u00a0to\n\n1. A RELATIVE CLAUSE:\n\n  #raptae# mulier\u00eas, II, 35; R\u00f4m\u00e2nus .\u00a0. male #sustinentem# (= qu\u00ee\n  male sustin\u00eabat) arma C\u00fbri\u00e2tium c\u00f4nficit, IV, 29; ab lani\u00f4 cultr\u00f4\n  #adrept\u00f4# (with a knife _which he caught up_ from a butcher's\n  stall), XII, 24; #volentibus# (= e\u00ees qu\u00ee vol\u00eabant) c\u00f4nsulere s\u00ea d\u00ea\n  i\u00fbre praebuit, XIII,\u00a097.\n\n2. A CAUSAL CLAUSE:\n\n  necessit\u00e2te #compulsus# indic\u00e2vit, I, 24; n\u00f4mina m\u00fbt\u00e2re n\u00f4n potuit\n  #d\u00eaterritus# .\u00a0. N\u00e2vi\u00ee auct\u00f4rit\u00e2te, VI, 16; H\u00f4c terr\u00f4re c\u00eater\u00ee\n  #ad\u00e2ct\u00ee# n\u00f4mina pr\u00f4mptius ded\u00earunt, XV,\u00a025.\n\n3. A CONCESSIVE CLAUSE:\n\n  #victus# (though beaten) crucis supplicium eff\u00fbgit, XVI,\u00a030.\n\n4. Latin often uses a perfect passive participle in agreement with a\nnoun, where, judging from English usage, we should expect a noun with a\nlimiting genitive:\n\n  ob #virgin\u00eas# rapt\u00e2s (on\u00a0account of the _seizure of_ the maidens),\n  II, 14; Ann\u00f4 trecent\u00easim\u00f4 ab #urbe condit\u00e2# (from the _founding of_\n  the city), XII,\u00a01.\n\n5. English is fond of co\u00f6rdinated verbs, that is, verbs in exactly the\nsame mood, tense, and construction, _e.g._ 'They took the ass and\nsaddled him.' Latin, however, objects to such constructions, and prefers\nto replace the former of the two verbs by some other form of expression,\n_e.g._ a passive or deponent participle. We have to notice here two\nclasses of sentences:\n\n(_a_) Such sentences as fulmine #\u00eectum c\u00f4nflagr\u00e2sse#, IV, 74, which =\nfulmine #\u00eectum esse et c\u00f4nflagr\u00e2sse#, _i.e._ 'he _was struck_ by\nlightning _and burned_,' etc.\n\n(_b_) such sentences as the following: parvul\u00f4s alve\u00f4 #imposit\u00f4s\nabi\u00eacit#, I, 6 = parvul\u00f4s alve\u00f4 #imposuit et abi\u00eacit#; #\u00ealatam# sec\u00fbrim\nin \u00eaius caput #d\u00eai\u00eacit#, VI, 37 = #extulit# sec\u00fbrim #et# in \u00eaius caput\n#d\u00eai\u00eacit#; c\u00f4niugem \u00ea C\u00fbri\u00e2 #\u00eavoc\u00e2tum# .\u00a0. r\u00eagem #sal\u00fbt\u00e2vit#, VII, 47 =\nc\u00f4niugem \u00ea C\u00fbri\u00e2 #\u00eavoc\u00e2vit et# eum r\u00eagem #sal\u00fbt\u00e2vit#.\n\n\n_M._ INDIRECT DISCOURSE\n\n1. INDIRECT DISCOURSE DEFINED.--The terms _Direct Discourse_ and\n_Indirect Discourse_ denote the two distinct ways in which a writer may\nquote the statement or represent the thought of another person. If the\nwriter gives the exact words in which the statement was made, or in\nwhich the thought was formulated (if\u00a0put into words at all), he is said\nto use the _direct_ discourse. If, on the other hand, he gives merely\nthe substance or the gist of his own or another's statements or\nthoughts, he is said to use the _indirect_ discourse. In Latin, as in\nEnglish, the indirect discourse is more common than the direct.\n\n2. In passing from the direct discourse to the indirect, numerous\nchanges become necessary. These may, however, be readily grouped under\ntwo heads: (_a_) those which occur in principal clauses, and (_b_) those\nwhich occur in subordinate clauses.\n\n3. CHANGES IN PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.--Principal clauses may be declarative,\ninterrogative, or imperative; that is, they may make a statement, ask a\nquestion, or give expression to a command. We thus have to consider\nthree forms of principal clauses: (_a_) Statements, (_b_) Questions,\n(_c_) Commands.\n\n4. STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.\n\nAll Statements of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect,\nfall into the infinitive mood, because they become objects of verbs of\nsaying:\n\n  adf\u00eerm\u00e2ns #v\u00eesum# (sc.\u00a0#esse#) \u00e2\u00a0s\u00ea R\u00f4mulum .\u00a0. eundemque\n  #praecipere#, II, 51 (direct form, #v\u00eesus est# \u00e2 m\u00ea R\u00f4mulus .\u00a0.\n  \u00eedemque #praecipit#); pr\u00f4cl\u00e2m\u00e2bat f\u00eeliam suam i\u00fbre #caesam esse#,\n  IV, 43 (direct form, f\u00eelia mea i\u00fbre #caesa est#); min\u00e2tur s\u00ea v\u00ee\n  #abstr\u00e2ct\u00fbrum#, XII, 12 (direct form (ego) v\u00ee t\u00ea #abstraham#).\n\n5. QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.\n\nAll Questions of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect,\nfall into the subjunctive mood, because they are in reality dependent on\na verb of asking. No example of a question in formal indirect discourse\noccurs in the selections contained in this book. Indirect questions\n(cf.\u00a0p.\u00a03, n.\u00a02), however, fall under this general head as giving some\none's thoughts without quoting his exact words.\n\n6. COMMANDS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.\n\nAll Commands of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fall\ninto the subjunctive, because they are in reality dependent on some verb\nlike _imper\u00e2vit_, to be supplied in thought:\n\n  proinde #n\u00ea grav\u00e2r\u00eatur# s\u00ea spectandum praeb\u00eare, XXI, 289 (direct\n  form, #N\u00f4l\u00ee grav\u00e2r\u00ee# t\u00ea spectandum praeb\u00eare); satis c\u00f4nstat Sullam\n  .\u00a0. pr\u00f4cl\u00e2m\u00e2sse, #vincerent#, dummodo sc\u00eerent, XXVII, 12-15 (direct\n  form, #Vincite#, dummodo sci\u00e2tis).\n\n7. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.\n\nAll Subordinate Clauses of the Indirect Discourse have their verbs in\nthe subjunctive mood:\n\n  Tatius .\u00a0. Tarp\u00eaiae opti\u00f4nem m\u00fbneris dedit, #s\u00ee .\u00a0. perd\u00fbxisset#,\n  II, 19-21 (direct form, d\u00f4 or dab\u00f4 opti\u00f4nem m\u00fbneris, #s\u00ee .\u00a0.\n  perd\u00fbxeris#: see note); Illa petiit quod #gererent#, II, 21 (direct\n  form, Pet\u00f4 quod .\u00a0. #geritis#).\n\n\n\n\nThe grammatical references in the footnotes are to the Latin Grammars in\nmost common use; H\u00a0= Harkness' Complete Latin Grammar, references to\nHarkness' Standard Grammar being inclosed in parentheses; M\u00a0= Lane &\nMorgan; A\u00a0= Allen & Greenough; G\u00a0= Gildersleeve; B\u00a0= Bennett.\n\n\n\n\n    [Illustration: THE HILLS OF ROME]\n\nThe original Latin city comprised only the Palatine and a small portion\nof the surrounding territory. The Etruscans inhabited the Caelian Hill,\nand extended toward the Esquiline. The Sabine town occupied the\nQuirinal, which was originally connected with the Capitoline, on which\nwas the Sabine citadel, by a ridge sloping toward the Forum and the\nCampus Martius. Ancus Marcius added to the city the Aventine, and built\na fortress on the Janiculum. Servius Tullius added the Viminal and\nEsquiline, and inclosed the seven hills with a line of fortifications,\nof which one portion is still traceable. The ridge connecting the\nCapitoline and Quirinal was a barrier which cut the town in two. The\nonly means of communication between the two halves of the city, when its\npopulation had reached nearly two million inhabitants, were the narrow\nstrip of land between the Capitoline and the river and a lane ten feet\nwide crossing the ridge. To relieve the pressure, this ridge was cut\naway by the Emperor Trajan, in whose Forum on the site of the\nexcavations stands the well-known 'Trajan's Column,' 140 feet high,\n'erected to show to posterity how high was the mountain leveled by the\nEmperor.' The business portion of the modern city occupies the Campus\nMartius, its main artery, the famous 'Corso,' following the line of the\nancient street shown on the plan. See Lanciani, _Ancient Rome_, p.\u00a086.\n\n\n\n\nURBIS R\u00d4MAE VIR\u00ce INL\u00dbSTR\u00caS\n\n\n#I. Romani imperii exordium# [[stripped text]]\n\nProca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Numitori, qui\nnatu maior erat, regnum reliquit; sed Amulius, pulso fratre, regnavit\net, ut eum subole privaret, Rheam Silviam, eius filiam, Vestae\nsacerdotem fecit, quae tamen Romulum et Remum geminos edidit. Ea re\ncognita Amulius ipsam in vincula coniecit, parvulos alveo impositos\nabiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus; sed,\nrelabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastae tum in iis locis\nsolitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit,\ninfantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum ori matremque se gessit.\n\nCum lupa saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos reverteretur, Faustulus,\npastor regius, re animadversa eos tulit in casam et Accae Larentiae\nconiugi dedit educandos. Adulti deinde hi inter pastores primo ludicris\ncertaminibus vires auxere, deinde venando saltus peragrare et latrones a\nrapina pecorum arcere coeperunt. Quare cum iis insidiati essent\nlatrones, Remus captus est, Romulus vi se defendit. Tum Faustulus,\nnecessitate compulsus, indicavit Romulo quis esset eorum avus, quae\nmater. Romulus statim armatis pastoribus Albam properavit.\n\nInterea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, eum accusantes,\nquasi Numitoris agros infestare solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege\nNumitori ad supplicium traditus est; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vultum\nconsiderans, aetatem minimeque servilem indolem compararet, haud procul\nerat quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris lineamentis erat matri\nsimillimus aetasque expositionis temporibus congruebat. Ea res dum\nNumitoris animum anxium tenet, repente Romulus supervenit, fratrem\nliberat, interempto Amulio avum Numitorem in regnum restituit.\n\nDeinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi expositi ubique\neducati erant, condiderunt; sed orta inter eos contentione, uter nomen\nnovae urbi daret eamque imperio regeret, auspicia decreverunt adhibere.\nRemus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus,\nvictor augurio, urbem Romam vocavit. Ad novae urbis tutelam sufficere\nvallum videbatur. Cuius angustias inridens cum Remus saltu id\ntraiecisset, eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis: \"Sic\ndeinde, quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!\" Ita solus potitus est\nimperio Romulus.\n\n\n    [[1]]\n\n  #I. R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee imperi\u00ee ex\u00f4rdium# [[as printed]]\n\n  Proca,[1] r\u00eax Alb\u00e2n\u00f4rum, Numit\u00f4rem et Am\u00fblium f\u00eeli\u00f4s habuit.\n  Numit\u00f4r\u00ee, qu\u00ee n\u00e2t\u00fb[2] m\u00e2ior erat, r\u00eagnum rel\u00eequit;[3] sed Am\u00fblius,\n  puls\u00f4[4] fr\u00e2tre, r\u00eagn\u00e2vit et, ut[5] eum subole[6] pr\u00eev\u00e2ret,[5] Rh\u00eaam\n    [[2]]\n  Silviam, \u00eaius f\u00eeliam, Vestae[1] sacerd\u00f4tem f\u00eacit, quae[2] tamen    {4}\n  R\u00f4mulum et Remum gemin\u00f4s \u00eadidit.[3] E\u00e2[4] r\u00ea c\u00f4gnit\u00e2 Am\u00fblius ipsam[5]\n  in vincula coni\u00eacit,[6] parvul\u00f4s\n  alve\u00f4[7] imposit\u00f4s[8] abi\u00eacit in\n  Tiberim, qu\u00ee tunc forte super\n  r\u00eep\u00e2s erat eff\u00fbsus[9]; sed, rel\u00e2bente\n  fl\u00fbmine, e\u00f4s aqua in sicc\u00f4                                        {10}\n  rel\u00eequit. V\u00e2stae tum in i\u00ees\n  loc\u00ees s\u00f4lit\u00fbdin\u00eas erant. Lupa,\n  ut f\u00e2m\u00e2[10] tr\u00e2ditum est, ad v\u00e2g\u00eetum[11] accurrit,\n  \u00eenfant\u00eas lingu\u00e2[10] lambit, \u00fbbera e\u00f4rum \u00f4r\u00ee[7]\n  m\u00e2tremque[12] s\u00ea gessit.                                          {15}\n\n    [Illustration: TEMPLE OF VESTA / _From a coin_]\n\n    [Illustration: A VESTAL]\n\n  Cum[13] lupa saepius[14] ad parvul\u00f4s velut\u00ee ad\n  catul\u00f4s reverter\u00eatur,[13] Faustulus, p\u00e2stor\n  r\u00eagius,[15] r\u00ea[16] animadvers\u00e2 e\u00f4s tulit in casam et              {18}\n  Accae L\u00e2rentiae coniug\u00ee dedit[17] \u00eaducand\u00f4s.[18] Adult\u00ee[19] deinde\n  h\u00ee inter p\u00e2st\u00f4r\u00eas pr\u00eem\u00f4 l\u00fbdicr\u00ees[20] cert\u00e2minibus v\u00eer\u00eas aux\u00eare,[21]\n  deinde v\u00eanand\u00f4[22] salt\u00fbs peragr\u00e2re et latr\u00f4n\u00eas \u00e2 rap\u00een\u00e2[23] pecorum\n  arc\u00eare coep\u00earunt. Qu\u00e2r\u00ea cum[13] i\u00ees \u00eensidi\u00e2t\u00ee essent[13] latr\u00f4n\u00eas,\n  Remus captus est, R\u00f4mulus[24] v\u00ee s\u00ea d\u00eafendit. Tum Faustulus,      {23}\n    [[3]]\n  necessit\u00e2te compulsus,[1] indic\u00e2vit R\u00f4mul\u00f4 quis esset[2] e\u00f4rum\n  avus, quae m\u00e2ter. R\u00f4mulus statim arm\u00e2t\u00ees[3] p\u00e2st\u00f4ribus Albam[4]   {25}\n  proper\u00e2vit.\n\n  Intere\u00e2 Remum latr\u00f4n\u00eas ad Am\u00fblium r\u00eagem perd\u00fbx\u00earunt,[5]\n  eum acc\u00fbsant\u00eas, quasi[6] Numit\u00f4ris agr\u00f4s \u00eenf\u00east\u00e2re solitus[7] esset;\n  itaque Remus \u00e2 r\u00eage Numit\u00f4r\u00ee ad[8] supplicium\n  tr\u00e2ditus est; at cum Numitor,                                     {30}\n  adul\u00eascentis vultum c\u00f4ns\u00eeder\u00e2ns, aet\u00e2tem[9]\n  minim\u00eaque serv\u00eelem indolem compar\u00e2ret,\n  haud[10] procul erat qu\u00een nep\u00f4tem \u00e2gn\u00f4sceret.\n  Nam Remus \u00f4ris l\u00eene\u00e2ment\u00ees[11] erat m\u00e2tr\u00ee[12]\n  simillimus[13] aet\u00e2sque expositi\u00f4nis temporibus                   {35}\n  congru\u00eabat. Ea r\u00eas dum Numit\u00f4ris animum anxium tenet,[14]\n  repente R\u00f4mulus supervenit,[15] fr\u00e2trem l\u00eeberat,[15] inter\u00eampt\u00f4 Am\u00fbli\u00f4\n  avum Numit\u00f4rem in r\u00eagnum restituit.[15]\n\n    [Illustration: CASA]\n\n    [Illustration: TIBER STATUE / _Paris_]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 754.]\n\n  Deinde R\u00f4mulus et Remus urbem in i\u00eesdem loc\u00ees, ubi exposit\u00ee[16]\n  ubique \u00eaduc\u00e2t\u00ee erant, condid\u00earunt[17]; sed ort\u00e2[18] inter e\u00f4s     {40}\n  contenti\u00f4ne, uter n\u00f4men novae urb\u00ee daret[19] eamque imperi\u00f4\n  regeret, auspicia[20] d\u00eacr\u00eav\u00earunt[21] adhib\u00eare. Remus prior[22] sex\n    [[4]]\n  vultur\u00eas, R\u00f4mulus poste\u00e2 duodecim v\u00eedit. S\u00eec R\u00f4mulus, victor\n  auguri\u00f4,[1] urbem R\u00f4mam voc\u00e2vit. Ad[2] novae urbis t\u00fbt\u00ealam sufficere\n  v\u00e2llum vid\u00eab\u00e2tur. C\u00fbius[3] angusti\u00e2s inr\u00eed\u00eans cum Remus           {45}\n  salt\u00fb id tr\u00e2i\u00eacisset, eum \u00eer\u00e2tus[4] R\u00f4mulus interf\u00eacit, h\u00ees increp\u00e2ns\n  verb\u00ees: \"S\u00eec[5] deinde, qu\u00eecumque alius tr\u00e2nsiliet moenia mea!\"\n  Ita s\u00f4lus pot\u00eetus est imperi\u00f4[6] R\u00f4mulus.\n\n    Among the few Trojans who escaped after the fall of Troy was\n    Aeneas, the son of Venus and the hero Anchises. After many\n    wanderings Aeneas reached Italy, married there Lavinia, the\n    daughter of Latinus, king of the Latins, and founded a town called\n    Lavinium, from the name of his wife. He was succeeded by his son\n    Ascanius, who founded a second city, called Alba Longa, and\n    transferred thither the seat of government. The date traditionally\n    assigned to the capture of Troy was 1184 B.C. Hence it is clear\n    that Alba Longa was settled more than 400 years before the\n    foundation of Rome in 754 B.C. To fill this gap a list of fourteen\n    Alban kings, all descendants of Aeneas, was given by the Roman\n    writers. How Rome itself was founded from Alba Longa is described\n    in the text. It should be kept constantly in mind that little\n    faith is to be put in these traditional accounts of Rome's early\n    history, at least as far as details are concerned. Latin writers\n    tell us that the oldest records of the city perished in the sack\n    of Rome by the Gauls in 388 B.C. The first historical work written\n    by a Roman was published about 215 B.C., more than 500 years after\n    the foundation of the city. Many of the stories were obviously\n    invented to account for institutions which existed in the later\n    times, and the traditional narrative is full of inconsistencies\n    and contradictions.\n\n    [Footnotes: I (pages 1-4)\n\n    1.1: #Proca# was the twelfth king of Alba Longa.\n    1.2: #n\u00e2t\u00fb m\u00e2ior#: 'greater by birth' = 'elder.'\n    1.3: from _relinqu\u00f4_.\n    1.4: #puls\u00f4# (_pell\u00f4_) #fr\u00e2tre#: abl. abs.; 'his brother having\n    been driven out' (pass.) = 'having driven out,' _or_ 'when he had\n    driven out his brother' (act.): H\u00a0489 (431): M\u00a0638: A\u00a0255: G\u00a0409:\n    B\u00a0227.\n    1.5: #ut pr\u00eev\u00e2ret#: purpose: H 568 (497, II): M\u00a0893: A\u00a0317, 1:\n    G\u00a0545: B\u00a0282.\n    1.6: abl. of separation: H 462 (414, I): M 601: A 243, _a_: G\u00a0405:\n    B\u00a0214, 1, c.\n    2.1: See Voc., _Vesta_.\n    2.2: #quae# = _sed ea_.\n    2.3: _\u00ead\u00f4_.\n    2.4: #e\u00e2 r\u00ea c\u00f4gnit\u00e2# (_c\u00f4gn\u00f4sc\u00f4_): cf. p.\u00a01, n.\u00a04.\n    2.5: i.e. Rhea Silvia.\n    2.6: _conici\u00f4_.\n    2.7: dat. with compound verb: H 429 (386): M 534: A\u00a0228: G\u00a0347:\n    B\u00a0187, III.\n    2.8: #imposit\u00f4s# (_imp\u00f4n\u00f4_) #abi\u00eacit# (_abici\u00f4_) = _imposuit et\n    abi\u00eacit_. English is fond of co\u00f6rdination of clauses; Latin\n    prefers to subordinate clause to clause. Hence, in general, Latin\n    avoids two co\u00f6rdinated verbs. See p. xxiv, L\u00a05, and H\u00a0639\n    (549,\u00a05): A\u00a0292, R.: G\u00a0664, R. 1, 2: B\u00a0337,\u00a02.\n    2.9: _effund\u00f4_.\n    2.10: abl. of means: H 476 (420): M 645: A 248, c, 1: G\u00a0401:\n    B\u00a0218.\n    2.11: #ad v\u00e2g\u00eetum#: 'to (their) squalling,' i.e. to them as they\n    were crying.\n    2.12: #m\u00e2trem s\u00ea gessit# (_ger\u00f4_): 'conducted herself, acted like\n    a mother.'\n    2.13: not only '_when_,' but also '_because_ the wolf kept coming\n    back.' See p. xxii,\u00a0J.\n    2.14: 'very often.' The comparative often has this intensive\n    force.\n    2.15: adj. = the genitive of _r\u00eax_.\n    2.16: #r\u00ea . . . tulit# (_fer\u00f4_) = _rem animadvertit et e\u00f4s tulit_;\n    cf. p. xxiii, K\u00a010.\n    2.17: _d\u00f4_.\n    2.18: = _ut \u00eaduc\u00e2rentur_. The gerundive expresses purpose here, as\n    often. See p. xviii, E\u00a04, H\u00a0622 (544, N.\u00a02): M\u00a0994: A\u00a0294, _d_:\n    G\u00a0430: B\u00a0337, 7,\u00a02.\n    2.19: #adult\u00ee# (_adol\u00easc\u00f4_): 'having grown' = 'when grown.'\n    2.20: #l\u00fbdicr\u00ees cert\u00e2minibus#: 'with playful contests,'--such as\n    running, wrestling, and boxing. For the case, cf. n.\u00a010.\n    2.21: = _aux\u00earunt_ (_auge\u00f4_).\n    2.22: The abl. of the gerund here denotes manner.\n    2.23: 'from the seizure of' = 'from stealing.'\n    2.24: = '_but_ Romulus.'\n    3.1: _compell\u00f4_.\n    3.2: indir. quest.: H 649, II (529, I): M 810: A 334: G\u00a0467:\n    B\u00a0300.\n    3.3: See p. 1, n. 4.\n    3.4: acc. of limit without preposition: H 418 (380,\u00a0II): M\u00a0515:\n    A\u00a0258, _b_: G\u00a0337: B\u00a0182, 1, _a_; cf. English 'to go _home_.'\n    3.5: _perd\u00fbc\u00f4_.\n    3.6: 'because, as they said'; _quasi_ often denotes a statement or\n    thought of some person other than the writer himself. See p. xxi,\n    H\u00a05.\n    3.7: _sole\u00f4_.\n    3.8: #ad supplicium#: 'to be punished'; _ad_ with its noun often\n    denotes purpose.\n    3.9: #aet\u00e2tem . . . compar\u00e2ret#: 'compared his age with his\n    nature, (which was) by no means that of a slave'; i.e. his\n    appearance and demeanor indicated that he belonged to a higher\n    station than the shepherds.\n    3.10: #haud . . . \u00e2gn\u00f4sceret#: 'he came very near to recognizing\n    him'; how literally? In this construction _qu\u00een_ = _ut n\u00f4n_, and\n    the subjunctive is one of result: H\u00a0595 (504): M\u00a0913: A\u00a0319, _d_:\n    G\u00a0555: B\u00a0284,\u00a03.\n    3.11: abl. of specification: H 480 (424): M 650: A 253: G\u00a0397:\n    B\u00a0226,\u00a01.\n    3.12: _similis_ is construed with both gen. and dat.\n    3.13: 'very like'; cf. a similar use of the comparative in l.\u00a016.\n    3.14: _dum_, 'while,' regularly takes the pres. indic. where\n    English uses the imperfect: H\u00a0533, 4 (467,\u00a04): M\u00a0917: A\u00a0276, _e_:\n    G\u00a0570, R.: B\u00a0293.\n    3.15: historical presents: H 532, 3 (467, III): M 734: A\u00a0276, _d_:\n    G\u00a0229: B\u00a0259,\u00a03.\n    3.16: _exp\u00f4n\u00f4_.\n    3.17: _cond\u00f4_.\n    3.18: #ort\u00e2# (_orior_) . . . #contenti\u00f4ne# = '_because_ a strife\n    arose'; see p. xxiii, K\u00a04.\n    3.19: indir. quest. depending on _contenti\u00f4ne_; cf. n.\u00a02. The\n    strife centered in the question, \"Which of us shall rule?\"\n    3.20: Romulus stood on the Palatine Hill, and Remus on the\n    Aventine.\n    3.21: _d\u00eacern\u00f4_.\n    3.22: 'first.'\n    4.1: 'by virtue of the augury'; abl. of cause: H 475 (416): M\u00a0612:\n    A\u00a0245: G\u00a0408: B\u00a0219.\n    4.2: #Ad . . . t\u00fbt\u00ealam#: 'to guard the new city.' Cf. p.\u00a03, n.\u00a08.\n    4.3: Render 'its.' Latin is fond of closely connecting successive\n    clauses, and for this purpose often employs a relative pronoun,\n    where English uses a simple demonstrative, or a demonstrative or\n    personal pronoun with a conjunction,--generally _and_, often _but_\n    or _for_: cf. p.\u00a02, n.\u00a02.\n    4.4: 'in anger.' An adjective may often be best rendered by an\n    adverb or adverbial phrase.\n    4.5: Sc. _pereat_ (subjunctive of wish).\n    4.6: H 477, I (421, I): M 646: A 249: G 407: B 218,\u00a01.]\n\n\n#II. Romulus, Romanorum rex primus# [[stripped text]]\n\n753-715 B.C.\n\nRomulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat; incolae deerant. Erat\nin proximo lucus; hunc asylum fecit. Et statim eo mira vis latronum\npastorumque confugit. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent,\nlegatos circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem conubiumque novo\npopulo peterent. Nusquam benigne audita legatio est; ludibrium etiam\nadditum: \"Cur non feminis quoque asylum aperuistis? Id enim compar foret\nconubium.\" Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos parat; indici\ndeinde finitimis spectaculum iubet. Multi convenere studio etiam\nvidendae novae urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis et coniugibus. Ubi\nspectaculi tempus venit eoque conversae mentes cum oculis erant, tum\nsigno dato iuvenes Romani discurrunt, virgines rapiunt.\n\nHaec fuit statim causa belli. Sabini enim ob virgines raptas bellum\nadversus Romanos sumpserunt, et cum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam\nvirginem nacti sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Huius\npater Romanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae\noptionem muneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset.\nIlla petiit quod Sabini in sinistris manibus gererent, videlicet aureos\nanulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in arcem\nperduxit, ubi Tatius scutis eam obrui iussit; nam et ea in laevis\nhabuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena vindicata est.\n\nDeinde Romulus ad certamen processit, et in eo loco, ubi nunc Romanum\nForum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo impetu vir inter Romanos insignis,\nnomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit; cuius interitu\nconsternati Romani fugere coeperunt. Iam Sabini clamitabant: \"Vicimus\nperfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sciunt longe aliud esse\nvirgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris.\" Tunc Romulus, arma ad caelum\ntollens, Iovi aedem vovit, et exercitus seu forte seu divinitus\nrestitit. Itaque proelium redintegratur; sed raptae mulieres crinibus\npassis ausae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre et hinc patres, hinc\nviros orantes, pacem conciliarunt.\n\nRomulus, foedere cum Tatio icto, et Sabinos in urbem recepit et regnum\ncum Tatio sociavit. Verum haud ita multo post, occiso Tatio, ad Romulum\npotentatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex senioribus elegit, quorum\nconsilio omnia ageret, quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. Tres\nequitum centurias constituit, populum in triginta curias distribuit. His\nita ordinatis, cum ad exercitum lustrandum contionem in campo ad Caprae\npaludem haberet, subito coorta est tempestas cum magno fragore\ntonitribusque et Romulus e conspectu ablatus est. Ad deos transisse\nvulgo creditus est; cui rei fidem fecit Iulius Proculus, vir nobilis.\nOrta enim inter patres et plebem seditione, in contionem processit,\niureiurando adfirmans visum a se Romulum augustiore forma, eundemque\npraecipere ut seditionibus abstinerent et rem militarem colerent;\nfuturum ut omnium gentium domini exsisterent. Aedes in colle Quirinali\nRomulo constituta, ipse pro deo cultus et Quirinus est appellatus.\n\n\n  #II. R\u00f4mulus, R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum r\u00eax pr\u00eemus# [[as printed]]\n\n  753-715 B.C.\n\n  R\u00f4mulus[7] im\u00e2ginem urbis magis quam urbem f\u00eacerat; incolae\n  deerant.[8] Erat in[9] proxim\u00f4 l\u00fbcus[10]; hunc asylum f\u00eacit. Et\n  statim e\u00f4 m\u00eera v\u00ees[11] latr\u00f4num p\u00e2st\u00f4rumque c\u00f4nf\u00fbgit. Cum[12] v\u00ear\u00f4\n    [[5]]\n  ux\u00f4r\u00eas ipse[1] populusque n\u00f4n hab\u00earent, l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00f4s circ\u00e2 v\u00eec\u00een\u00e2s\n  gent\u00eas m\u00eesit,[2] qu\u00ee[3] societ\u00e2tem c\u00f4n\u00fbbiumque[4] nov\u00f4 popul\u00f4      {5}\n  peterent.[3] N\u00fbsquam ben\u00eegn\u00ea aud\u00eeta l\u00eag\u00e2ti\u00f4 est; l\u00fbdibrium etiam\n  additum[5]: \"C\u00fbr n\u00f4n f\u00eamin\u00ees quoque asylum aperuistis? Id\n  enim comp\u00e2r foret[6] c\u00f4n\u00fbbium.\" R\u00f4mulus, aegrit\u00fbdinem anim\u00ee\n  dissimul\u00e2ns, l\u00fbd\u00f4s parat; ind\u00eec\u00ee[7] deinde f\u00eenitim\u00ees spect\u00e2culum\n  iubet. Mult\u00ee conv\u00ean\u00eare[8] studi\u00f4 etiam[9] videndae novae urbis,   {10}\n  m\u00e2xim\u00ea Sab\u00een\u00ee cum l\u00eeber\u00ees et coniugibus. Ubi spect\u00e2cul\u00ee tempus\n  v\u00eanit e\u00f4que[10] conversae[11] ment\u00eas[12] cum ocul\u00ees erant, tum s\u00eegn\u00f4\n  dat\u00f4 iuven\u00eas R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee discurrunt, virgin\u00eas rapiunt.[13]\n\n    [Illustration: ARMILLA]\n\n  Haec[14] fuit statim causa bell\u00ee. Sab\u00een\u00ee enim ob[15] virgin\u00eas rapt\u00e2s\n  bellum adversus R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s s\u00fbmps\u00earunt,[16] et cum                    {15}\n  R\u00f4mae[17] appropinqu\u00e2rent, Tarp\u00eaiam virginem nact\u00ee\n  sunt,[18] quae aquam forte[19] extr\u00e2 moenia pet\u00eetum[20]\n  ierat. H\u00fbius pater R\u00f4m\u00e2nae praeerat arc\u00ee. Titus\n  Tatius, Sab\u00een\u00f4rum dux, Tarp\u00eaiae opti\u00f4nem m\u00fbneris\n  dedit, s\u00ee exercitum suum in Capit\u00f4lium                            {20}\n    [[6]]\n  perd\u00fbxisset.[1] Illa petiit quod[2] Sab\u00een\u00ee in sinistr\u00ees manibus[3]\n      gererent,[4]                                                  {21}\n  vid\u00ealicet aure\u00f4s \u00e2nul\u00f4s et armill\u00e2s. Quibus dol\u00f4s\u00ea pr\u00f4miss\u00ees,\n  Tarp\u00eaia Sab\u00een\u00f4s in arcem perd\u00fbxit, ubi Tatius\n  sc\u00fbt\u00ees[5] eam obru\u00ee iussit; nam et[6] ea in laev\u00ees[7]\n  habuerant.[8] S\u00eec impia pr\u00f4diti\u00f4 celer\u00ee poen\u00e2[5] vindic\u00e2ta        {25}\n  est.\n\n    [Illustration: DEATH OF TARP\u00caIA]\n\n  Deinde R\u00f4mulus ad cert\u00e2men pr\u00f4cessit, et in\n  e\u00f4 loc\u00f4, ubi nunc R\u00f4m\u00e2num Forum[9] est, p\u00fbgnam\n  c\u00f4nseruit. Pr\u00eem\u00f4[10] impet\u00fb vir inter[11] R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s \u00eens\u00eegnis, n\u00f4mine[12]\n  Host\u00eelius, fortissim\u00ea d\u00eemic\u00e2ns cecidit; c\u00fbius interit\u00fb[13] c\u00f4nstern\u00e2t\u00ee\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee fugere coep\u00earunt. Iam Sab\u00een\u00ee cl\u00e2mit\u00e2bant: \"V\u00eecimus         {31}\n  perfid\u00f4s hospites,[14] imbell\u00eas host\u00eas. Nunc sciunt long\u00ea[15] aliud\n  esse virgin\u00eas rapere,[16] aliud p\u00fbgn\u00e2re[16] cum vir\u00ees.\" Tunc R\u00f4mulus,\n  arma ad caelum toll\u00eans, Iov\u00ee aedem[17] v\u00f4vit, et exercitus seu forte\n  seu d\u00eev\u00eenitus restitit.[18] Itaque proelium redintegr\u00e2tur; sed raptae\n  mulier\u00eas cr\u00eenibus[19] pass\u00ees ausae sunt s\u00ea inter t\u00eala volantia \u00eenferre\n  et hinc patr\u00eas, hinc vir\u00f4s \u00f4rant\u00eas,[20] p\u00e2cem concili\u00e2runt.       {37}\n\n    [Illustration: R\u00d4MULUS AS QUIR\u00ceNUS / _From a coin_]\n\n  R\u00f4mulus, foedere[21] cum Tati\u00f4 \u00eect\u00f4, et Sab\u00een\u00f4s in urbem rec\u00eapit\n    [[7]]\n  et r\u00eagnum[1] cum Tati\u00f4 soci\u00e2vit. V\u00earum haud ita mult\u00f4 post,\n  occ\u00ees\u00f4[2] Tati\u00f4, ad R\u00f4mulum potent\u00e2tus omnis recidit.[3] Centum   {40}\n  deinde ex seni\u00f4ribus \u00eal\u00eagit, qu\u00f4rum c\u00f4nsili\u00f4[4] omnia ageret,[5] qu\u00f4s\n  sen\u00e2t\u00f4r\u00eas n\u00f4min\u00e2vit propter senect\u00fbtem. Tr\u00eas equitum[6] centuri\u00e2s\n  c\u00f4nstituit, populum in tr\u00eegint\u00e2 c\u00fbri\u00e2s distribuit. H\u00ees ita\n  \u00f4rdin\u00e2t\u00ees, cum[7] ad[8] exercitum l\u00fbstrandum c\u00f4nti\u00f4nem in camp\u00f4[9] ad\n  Caprae[10] pal\u00fbdem hab\u00earet, subit\u00f4 coorta est                     {45}\n  tempest\u00e2s cum m\u00e2gn\u00f4 frag\u00f4re tonitribusque et\n  R\u00f4mulus \u00ea c\u00f4nspect\u00fb abl\u00e2tus[11] est. Ad de\u00f4s\n  tr\u00e2ns\u00eesse vulg\u00f4 cr\u00eaditus[12] est; cu\u00ee[13] re\u00ee fidem\n  f\u00eacit I\u00fblius Proculus, vir n\u00f4bilis. Ort\u00e2[14] enim\n  inter patr\u00eas et pl\u00eabem s\u00eaditi\u00f4ne, in c\u00f4nti\u00f4nem                    {50}\n  pr\u00f4cessit,[15] i\u00fbrei\u00fbrand\u00f4 adf\u00eerm\u00e2ns v\u00eesum[16] \u00e2 s\u00ea\n  R\u00f4mulum augusti\u00f4re[17] f\u00f4rm\u00e2, eundemque[18] praecipere[19] ut\n      s\u00eaditi\u00f4nibus\n  abstin\u00earent[20] et rem m\u00eelit\u00e2rem colerent[20]; fut\u00fbrum[21] ut\n    [[8]]\n  omnium gentium domin\u00ee exsisterent. Aed\u00eas in colle Quir\u00een\u00e2l\u00ee\n  R\u00f4mul\u00f4[1] c\u00f4nstit\u00fbta,[2] ipse[3] pr\u00f4 de\u00f4 cultus[2] et Quir\u00eenus est\n  appell\u00e2tus.                                                       {56}\n\n    [Footnotes: II (pages 4-8)\n\n    4.7: It has been suggested that the name _R\u00f4mulus_ is derived from\n    _R\u00f4ma_, and that this in turn was made from an ancient word\n    _Rumon_, 'river.' _R\u00f4ma_ would then be 'the town by the river,'\n    'Rivertown' (cf.\u00a0English 'Watertown,' etc.), and _R\u00f4mulus_ would\n    be 'the man from Rivertown.'\n    4.8: _d\u00easum_.\n    4.9: #in proxim\u00f4#: 'near by.' Phrases consisting of a preposition\n    and a neuter adjective are common, and have the force of\n    adjectives or adverbs.\n    4.10: This grove lay between the two summits of the Capitoline\n    Hill.\n    4.11: #v\u00ees# often means 'number,' as here, or 'quantity'; 'power'\n    is used in the same sense in some parts of Great Britain.\n    4.12: #cum#: 'since': H 598 (517): M 863: A 326: G\u00a0586: B\u00a0286, 2.\n    5.1: = _R\u00f4mulus_. Cf. _ipsam_, I, 5.\n    5.2: _mitt\u00f4_.\n    5.3: #qu\u00ee . . . peterent#: rel. clause of purpose; see p. xviii,\n    E\u00a02, and H\u00a0590 (497,\u00a0I): M\u00a0835: A\u00a0317, 2: G\u00a0630: B\u00a0282,\u00a02.\n    5.4: In early times the right of intermarriage did not exist\n    between neighboring tribes, except by special treaty.\n    5.5: Sc. _est_, which, like _esse_, is often omitted with the\n    passive, especially in rapid narrative.\n    5.6: = _esset_: H 205, 2 (204, 2): M 327: A 119, N.: G\u00a0116, N. 1,\n    _c_: B\u00a0100, N.\u00a02.\n    5.7: #ind\u00eec\u00ee . . . iubet#: 'he bids a show to be announced.' Such\n    an announcement would carry with it an invitation to be present.\n    5.8: Cf. p. 2, n. 21.\n    5.9: i.e. they were not only interested in the games, but they\n    were also curious to see the new city.\n    5.10: = _in spect\u00e2culum_.\n    5.11: _convert\u00f4_.\n    5.12: #ment\u00eas cum ocul\u00ees#: 'minds and eyes alike.' The emphasis is\n    on _ment\u00eas_; they were thinking only of the show.\n    5.13: In rapid historical narrative, clauses are often set side by\n    side without a connective. See also n.\u00a05 above.\n    5.14: #Haec#, referring to the matters related in the preceding\n    paragraph, should theoretically be neuter, but is feminine because\n    the predicate noun #causa# is feminine. Such attraction is the\n    rule in Latin. H\u00a0396, 2 (445,\u00a04): A\u00a0195, _d_: G\u00a0211, 5: B\u00a0246,\u00a05.\n    5.15: #ob virgin\u00eas rapt\u00e2s#: 'on account of the stolen maidens' =\n    'on account of the seizure of the maidens.' A\u00a0participle agreeing\n    with a noun is preferred in Latin to an abstract noun with a\n    dependent genitive.\n    5.16: _s\u00fbm\u00f4_.\n    5.17: dat.; why?\n    5.18: 'they happened upon' (_nanc\u00eescor_).\n    5.19: #forte . . . ierat#: 'had gone by chance' = 'happened to\n    have gone.' _Forte_ is often best rendered by a clause: 'as it\n    happened,' or 'it so happened.'\n    5.20: supine denoting purpose; see p. xviii, E 6, and H\u00a0633 (546):\n    M\u00a01005: A\u00a0302: G\u00a0435: B\u00a0340, 1.\n    6.1: The subjunctive here, as in #gererent#, is due to implied\n    indirect discourse; #s\u00ee perd\u00fbxisset# represents the fut. perf.\n    indic. of direct discourse _s\u00ee perd\u00fbxeris_, 'if you shall have\n    led' = 'if you (shall) lead'; H\u00a0646 (527,\u00a0I): M\u00a01034, 1038: A\u00a0337:\n    G\u00a0656-7: B\u00a0319, B.\n    6.2: 'that which.'\n    6.3: _manus_ often = 'arm,' just as _p\u00eas_ = 'leg.'\n    6.4: #gererent#: either 'wore' or 'bore.' Tarpeia meant it in the\n    former sense; Tatius chose to understand it in the latter.\n    6.5: Why abl.?\n    6.6: #et ea# = _ea quoque_: 'these too,' as well as the _armillae_\n    and _\u00e2nul\u00ee_.\n    6.7: Sc. _manibus_.\n    6.8: Note the tense; they _had had_ these, too, on their arms when\n    the bargain was struck.\n    6.9: See Vocab., _Forum_.\n    6.10: #Pr\u00eem\u00f4 impet\u00fb#: 'in the very first charge.' The ablative\n    fixes the time of #cecidit#.\n    6.11: #inter . . . \u00eens\u00eegnis#: 'the most conspicuous of the\n    Romans.' How literally?\n    6.12: abl. of specification.\n    6.13: = _morte_. The abl. includes the ideas of means and cause.\n    6.14: 'hosts.' The relation of host and guest was regarded by the\n    Romans, as by other ancient peoples, as peculiarly sacred.\n    6.15: #long\u00ea aliud . . . aliud#: 'one thing . .\u00a0. quite another.'\n    Note here the difference between the English and the Latin idiom.\n    6.16: Infinitives, because the clauses in which they stand are\n    subjects of #esse#; H\u00a0615 (538): M\u00a0972: A\u00a0270: G\u00a0422: B\u00a0377.\n    6.17: This temple was called the Temple of _Iuppiter Stator_, i.e.\n    the 'Stayer,' the god who had _stayed_ the army's flight.\n    6.18: _resist\u00f4_: 'maintained its ground,' 'held its own,' as\n    contrasted with its previous flight (_fugere coep\u00earunt_).\n    6.19: #cr\u00eenibus pass\u00ees# (_pand\u00f4_): 'with streaming hair.'\n    6.20: '_by_ beseeching'; the abl. of the gerund (_\u00f4rand\u00f4_) might\n    have been used.\n    6.21: #foedere . . . \u00eect\u00f4# (_\u00eec\u00f4_): 'having struck a treaty.' How\n    literally? The abl. abs. is one of the regular substitutes in\n    Latin for the missing perfect active participle. In the phrase\n    _foedus \u00eecere_, the verb suggests the striking of the victims in\n    the sacrifice which accompanied the making of the treaty.\n    7.1: #r\u00eagnum . . . soci\u00e2vit#: i.e. henceforth there were two\n    kings.\n    7.2: By the inhabitants of Laurentum, whose ambassadors he had\n    insulted.\n    7.3: Note the force of the prefix: the sovereignty 'came _back_,'\n    or 'devolved _again_' upon Romulus, precisely as before he shared\n    it with Tatius.\n    7.4: abl. of means.\n    7.5: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.\n    7.6: See Vocab., _eques_.\n    7.7: 'When': H 600, II (521, II): M 858: A 325: G 585: B\u00a0288.\n    7.8: #ad . . . l\u00fbstrandum# = _ut . . . l\u00fbstr\u00e2ret_. What does the\n    gerundive construction express?\n    7.9: Sc. _M\u00e2rti\u00f4_. See Vocab., _campus_, and map, p. xxviii.\n    7.10: #Caprae pal\u00fbdem#: 'Goat Swamp.'\n    7.11: _aufer\u00f4_.\n    7.12: #cr\u00eaditus est#: we would say: 'it was believed that he,'\n    etc.; Latin prefers the personal construction, and says: 'he was\n    believed to have,' etc.\n    7.13: #cu\u00ee . . . f\u00eacit#: literally 'for which thing he made (i.e.\n    secured) belief (i.e. general acceptance).'\n    7.14: What does the abl. abs. here express? See p. xxiii, K\u00a06.\n    7.15: _pr\u00f4c\u00ead\u00f4_.\n    7.16: Sc. _esse_. #v\u00eesum esse# and #praecipere# depend on\n    #adf\u00eerm\u00e2ns#: see H\u00a0642 (523,\u00a0I): M\u00a01023: A\u00a0336, 2: G\u00a0650: B\u00a0314:\n    and p. xxv, M\u00a04.\n    7.17: #augusti\u00f4re f\u00f4rm\u00e2#: 'of more imposing presence' (than he was\n    while on earth); abl. of characteristic, H\u00a0473, 2 (419,\u00a0II):\n    M\u00a0643: A\u00a0251: G\u00a0400: B\u00a0224.\n    7.18: i.e. _R\u00f4mulum_.\n    7.19: Note the change of tense from that in _v\u00eesum_ (_esse_)\n    above. Proculus actually said: (_R\u00f4mulus_) _praecipit_, i.e. he\n    used the historical present. Above _v\u00eesum_ (_esse_) represents\n    _v\u00eesus est_ of the direct discourse.\n    7.20: substantive clause of purpose; H 565 (498, I): M\u00a0892: A\u00a0331:\n    G\u00a0546: B\u00a0295,\u00a04.\n    7.21: #fut\u00fbrum ut . . . exsisterent# gives the statement, not of\n    Proculus, but of Romulus himself. The inf. #fut\u00fbrum# (_esse_)\n    depends on a verb of saying implied in #praecipere#. Romulus said\n    _exsist\u00eatis_. Since, however, _exsist\u00f4_ has no supine and so no\n    future participle, no direct future infinitive can be formed from\n    it. Hence the phrase _fut\u00fbrum ut_ with subjunctive becomes\n    necessary: 'it would happen that they would become,' etc.\n    8.1: 'in honor of Romulus'; dat. of advantage.\n    8.2: With #c\u00f4nstit\u00fbta# and #cultus# (_col\u00f4_) sc. _est_.\n    8.3: For the omission of the conjunction before #ipse#, cf. p.\u00a05,\n    n.\u00a013.]\n\n\n#III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus# [[stripped text]]\n\n716-673 B.C.\n\nSuccessit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclita iustitia et religione. Is\nCuribus, ex oppido Sabinorum, accitus est. Qui cum Romam venisset, ut\npopulum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima instituit. Aram Vestae\nconsecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit. Flaminem\nIovis sacerdotem creavit eumque insigni veste et curuli sella adornavit.\nDicitur quondam ipsum Iovem e caelo elicuisse. Hic, ingentibus\nfulminibus in urbem demissis, descendit in nemus Aventinum, ubi Numam\ndocuit quibus sacris fulmina essent procuranda, et praeterea imperii\ncerta pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promisit. Numa laetus rem\npopulo nuntiavit. Postridie omnes ad aedes regias convenerunt\nsilentesque exspectabant quid futurum esset. Atque sole orto delabitur e\ncaelo scisso scutum, quod ancile appellavit Numa. Id ne furto auferri\nposset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma fabricare iussit.\nDuodecim autem Salios Martis sacerdotes legit, qui ancilia, secreta illa\nimperii pignora, custodirent et Kalendis Martiis per urbem canentes et\nrite saltantes ferrent. Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum lunae\ndescripsit; nefastos fastosque dies fecit; portas Iano gemino\naedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli; nam apertus, in armis esse\ncivitatem, clausus, pacatos circa omnes populos, significabat.\n\nLeges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut vero maiorem institutis\nsuis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit sibi cum dea Egeria esse\nconloquia nocturna eiusque monitu se omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lucus\nerat, quem medium fons perenni rigabat aqua; eo saepe Numa sine arbitris\nse inferebat, velut ad congressum deae; ita omnium animos ea pietate\nimbuit, ut fides ac iusiurandum non minus quam legum et poenarum metus\ncives contineret. Bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati\nprofuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in Ianiculo monte sepultus est.\nIta duo deinceps reges, ille bello, hic pace, civitatem auxerunt.\nRomulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Numa tres et quadraginta.\n\n\n  #III. Numa Pompilius, R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum r\u00eax secundus# [[as printed]]\n\n  716-673 B.C.\n\n    [Illustration: SELLA CUR\u00dbLIS / _From a coin_]\n\n  Successit R\u00f4mul\u00f4 Numa Pompilius, vir inclit\u00e2 i\u00fbstiti\u00e2[4] et\n  religi\u00f4ne.[4] Is Curibus,[5] ex oppid\u00f4 Sab\u00een\u00f4rum, acc\u00eetus est. Qu\u00ee\n  cum R\u00f4mam v\u00eanisset, ut[6] populum ferum religi\u00f4ne m\u00eetig\u00e2ret, sacra\n  pl\u00fbrima \u00eenstituit. \u00c2ram Vestae c\u00f4nsecr\u00e2vit, et \u00eegnem[7] in \u00e2r\u00e2\n  perpetu\u00f4 alendum virginibus dedit. Fl\u00e2minem[8]                     {5}\n  Iovis sacerd\u00f4tem cre\u00e2vit eumque \u00eens\u00eegn\u00ee veste[9]\n  et cur\u00fbl\u00ee[10] sell\u00e2 ad\u00f4rn\u00e2vit. D\u00eecitur[11] quondam\n  ipsum Iovem \u00ea cael\u00f4 \u00ealicuisse.[12] H\u00eec, ingentibus\n  fulminibus in urbem d\u00eamiss\u00ees, d\u00eascendit in nemus\n  Avent\u00eenum, ubi Numam docuit quibus sacr\u00ees                         {10}\n  fulmina[13] essent pr\u00f4c\u00fbranda,[13] et praetere\u00e2 imperi\u00ee\n    [[9]]\n  certa[1] p\u00eegnora popul\u00f4 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4 dat\u00fbrum s\u00ea esse pr\u00f4m\u00eesit. Numa\n  laetus rem popul\u00f4 n\u00fbnti\u00e2vit. Postr\u00eedi\u00ea omn\u00eas ad aed\u00eas[2] r\u00eagi\u00e2s\n  conv\u00ean\u00earunt silent\u00easque exspect\u00e2bant[3] quid fut\u00fbrum esset.[4] Atque\n  s\u00f4le ort\u00f4 d\u00eal\u00e2bitur \u00ea cael\u00f4 sciss\u00f4[5] sc\u00fbtum, quod                {15}\n  anc\u00eele appell\u00e2vit Numa. Id n\u00ea[6] f\u00fbrt\u00f4 auferr\u00ee\n  posset,[6] M\u00e2murium fabrum \u00fbndecim sc\u00fbta e\u00e2dem\n  f\u00f4rm\u00e2 fabric\u00e2re iussit. Duodecim autem Sali\u00f4s[7]\n  M\u00e2rtis sacerd\u00f4t\u00eas l\u00eagit, qu\u00ee anc\u00eelia, s\u00eacr\u00eata\n  illa imperi\u00ee p\u00eegnora, c\u00fbst\u00f4d\u00eerent[8] et Kalend\u00ees                  {20}\n  M\u00e2rti\u00ees per urbem canent\u00eas et r\u00eete saltant\u00eas\n  ferrent.[8] Annum in duodecim[9] m\u00eans\u00eas ad\n  cursum l\u00fbnae d\u00eascr\u00eepsit; nef\u00e2st\u00f4s[10] f\u00e2st\u00f4sque\n  di\u00eas f\u00eacit; port\u00e2s I\u00e2n\u00f4[11] gemin\u00f4[12] aedific\u00e2vit\n  ut esset index p\u00e2cis et bell\u00ee; nam apertus,[13] in                {25}\n  arm\u00ees esse c\u00eevit\u00e2tem, clausus,[13] p\u00e2c\u00e2t\u00f4s circ\u00e2\n  omn\u00eas popul\u00f4s, s\u00eegnific\u00e2bat.\n\n    [Illustration: ANC\u00ceLIA / _From a coin_]\n\n    [Illustration: I\u00c2NUS]\n\n  L\u00eag\u00eas[14] quoque pl\u00fbrim\u00e2s et \u00fbtil\u00eas tulit                         {28}\n  Numa. Ut v\u00ear\u00f4 m\u00e2i\u00f4rem \u00eenstit\u00fbt\u00ees[15] su\u00ees auct\u00f4rit\u00e2tem concili\u00e2ret,\n    [[10]]\n  simul\u00e2vit[1] sibi[2] cum de\u00e2 \u00cageri\u00e2 esse conloquia nocturna \u00eaiusque[3]\n  monit\u00fb s\u00ea omnia, quae ageret, facere. L\u00fbcus erat, quem[4] medium\n  f\u00f4ns perenn\u00ee rig\u00e2bat aqu\u00e2; e\u00f4 saepe Numa sine arbitr\u00ees[5] s\u00ea      {32}\n  \u00eenfer\u00eabat, velut[6] ad congressum deae; ita[7] omnium anim\u00f4s e\u00e2[7]\n  piet\u00e2te imbuit, ut fid\u00eas[8] ac i\u00fbsi\u00fbrandum n\u00f4n minus quam l\u00eagum\n  et poen\u00e2rum metus c\u00eev\u00eas contin\u00earet.[9] Bellum quidem[10] n\u00fbllum   {35}\n  gessit, sed[10] n\u00f4n minus c\u00eevit\u00e2t\u00ee pr\u00f4fuit quam R\u00f4mulus.[11] Morb\u00f4[12]\n  exst\u00eenctus in I\u00e2nicul\u00f4 monte sepultus[13] est. Ita duo[14] deinceps\n  r\u00eag\u00eas, ille bell\u00f4, h\u00eec p\u00e2ce, c\u00eevit\u00e2tem aux\u00earunt. R\u00f4mulus septem\n  et tr\u00eegint\u00e2 r\u00eagn\u00e2vit ann\u00f4s,[15] Numa tr\u00eas et quadr\u00e2gint\u00e2.         {39}\n\n    [Footnotes: III (pages 8-10)\n\n    8.4: See p. 7, n. 17.\n    8.5: #Curibus . . . Sab\u00een\u00f4rum#: 'from Cures, a\u00a0town of the\n    Sabines.' H\u00a0462 (412,\u00a0II): M\u00a0605: A\u00a0258, _a_: G\u00a0391: B\u00a0229, 1.\n    '_At_ Cures, a\u00a0town of the Sabines,' would be _Curibus, in oppid\u00f4\n    Sab\u00een\u00f4rum_. The two phrases well illustrate the difference between\n    the treatment of names of towns, and that of common nouns, in\n    expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from a\n    given point.\n    8.6: #ut . . . m\u00eetig\u00e2ret#: purpose clause, to be joined with what\n    follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which\n    they modify.\n    8.7: #\u00eegnem . . . alendum#: for the form of expression, see p.\u00a02,\n    n.\u00a018.\n    8.8: #Fl\u00e2minem . . . cre\u00e2vit#: 'he appointed a priest to be\n    Jupiter's Flamen.' See Vocab., _fl\u00e2men_.\n    8.9: The distinctive parts of the dress worn by the _Fl\u00e2min\u00eas_\n    were (1)\u00a0a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick\n    of olive wood, called _apex_; (2)\u00a0the _toga praetexta_ (see\n    Vocab., _toga_); and (3)\u00a0a laurel crown.\n    8.10: See Vocab., _sella_.\n    8.11: Cf. p. 7, n. 12.\n    8.12: _\u00ealici\u00f4_.\n    8.13: The Romans derived many omens from thunder. _Pr\u00f4c\u00fbr\u00e2re_ is\n    the technical word for 'caring for' an omen, i.e. warding off all\n    harmful effects by sacrifices.\n    9.1: 'trustworthy.' This word never = 'certain,' as in the phrase\n    'a\u00a0certain man.' In that sense _qu\u00eedam_ is used.\n    9.2: #aed\u00eas r\u00eagi\u00e2s#: 'the palace.' What two meanings does _aed\u00eas_\n    bear?\n    9.3: 'waited (to see) what,' etc.\n    9.4: Why subjunctive? See p. 3, n. 2.\n    9.5: _scind\u00f4_. #d\u00eal\u00e2bitur . . . sc\u00fbtum#: 'the heavens were opened\n    and a shield descended.'\n    9.6: Negative clause of purpose: H 568 (497, II): M\u00a0893: A\u00a0317, 1:\n    G\u00a0545, 3: B\u00a0282. On the possession of this _anc\u00eele_ Rome's power\n    was believed to depend; hence Numa's care in guarding\u00a0it.\n    9.7: #Sali\u00f4s . . . f\u00eacit#: 'he chose twelve Salii as priests of\n    Mars.'\n    9.8: Why subjunctive? Cf. p. 5, n. 3.\n    9.9: Roman writers say that before Numa's time the year contained\n    only ten months, a\u00a0statement hardly credible.\n    9.10: #nef\u00e2st\u00f4s . . . f\u00eacit#: 'he made a distinction between _di\u00eas\n    nef\u00e2st\u00ee_ and _di\u00eas f\u00e2st\u00ee_.' See Vocab., _f\u00e2stus_ and _nef\u00e2stus_.\n    9.11: Cf. p. 8, n. 1.\n    9.12: 'two-headed.' The reference is to a temple of Janus in the\n    Forum, with two doors opposite each other, so that the whole\n    structure resembled an arch.\n    9.13: Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively\n    'when open,' 'when shut.' They agree with _I\u00e2nus_ understood,\n    which means the temple, not the god. After Numa's time the temple\n    remained open till 235 B.C. It was opened again in the same year,\n    and not closed till 29 B.C.\n    9.14: #L\u00eag\u00eas quoque#: '_Laws_ too,' i.e. laws as well as religious\n    ceremonies and priestly orders.\n    9.15: #\u00eenstit\u00fbt\u00ees#: dative with #concili\u00e2ret#.\n    10.1: How different in meaning from _dissimul\u00e2ns_, II,\u00a09?\n    10.2: #sibi . . . esse conloquia#: 'that he had conversations.'\n    #sibi# is dat. of the possessor; H\u00a0430 (387): M\u00a0542: A\u00a0231: G\u00a0349:\n    B\u00a0190.\n    10.3: #\u00eaius monit\u00fb#: 'at her suggestion.' Cf. _qu\u00f4rum c\u00f4nsili\u00f4_,\n    II,\u00a041.\n    10.4: #quem medium#: 'the middle of which.'\n    10.5: Here in its original sense of 'witness.'\n    10.6: #velut . . . deae#: 'giving it out that he was going to meet\n    the goddess'; #velut# is used here as _quasi_ is in I, 28. See\n    note there [[note 3.6]]. For #ad congressum# see p.\u00a03, n.\u00a08.\n    #deae# is dat. after the prefix in #congressum#; cf. H\u00a0429 (386):\n    M\u00a0532: A\u00a0228: G\u00a0347: B\u00a0187, III.\n    10.7: #ita# and #e\u00e2# reinforce each other. 'To such a degree\n    (#ita#), and with such (#e\u00e2#) piety,' etc.\n    10.8: Here = 'respect for their oaths (and obligations).' #fid\u00eas\n    ac i\u00fbsi\u00fbrandum# together = 'their own moral sense,' as opposed to\n    the restraints of the law.\n    10.9: subjunctive of result: H 570 (500, II): M 905: A\u00a0319, 1:\n    G\u00a0552, 2: B\u00a0284.\n    10.10: #quidem# is concessive, and so = 'to be sure, it is true.'\n    Hence #quidem .\u00a0.\u00a0. sed# = _quamquam .\u00a0.\u00a0. sed tamen_.\n    10.11: Sc. _pr\u00f4fuerat_.\n    10.12: #Morb\u00f4 exst\u00eenctus# (_exstingu\u00f4_) means that he died a\n    natural death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miraculous\n    disappearance of Romulus, as described on page\u00a07.\n    10.13: _sepeli\u00f4_.\n    10.14: #duo deinceps r\u00eag\u00eas#: 'two _successive_ kings.' When an\n    adverb like _deinceps_ stands between an adjective and a noun, it\n    has the value of an adjective.\n    10.15: acc. of extent of time: H 417 (379): M 513: A\u00a0256, 2:\n    G\u00a0336: B\u00a0181. See also p. xvii, D\u00a01.]\n\n\n#IV. Tullus Host\u00eelius, Romanorum rex tertius# [[stripped text]]\n\n673-641 B.C.\n\nMortuo Numa Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hic non solum proximo regi\ndissimilis, sed ferocior etiam Romulo fuit. Eo regnante bellum inter\nAlbanos et Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et Fufetio placuit rem\npaucorum certamine finiri. Erant apud Romanos trigemini fratres Horatii,\ntres apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum eis agunt reges ut pro sua quisque\npatria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut, unde victoria, ibi\nimperium esset.\n\nIcto foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium inter duas acies\nprocedunt. Consederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestique\narmis terni iuvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Ut\nprimo concursu increpuere arma micantesque fulsere gladii, horror ingens\nspectantes perstringit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim duo Romani\nalius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt; tres Albani vulnerati. Ad\ncasum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Romanos iam spes\ntota deserebat. Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is\ninteger fuit; sed quia tribus impar erat, ut distraheret hostes, fugam\ncapessivit, singulos per intervalla secuturos esse ratus. Iam aliquantum\nspatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, cum respiciens videt\nunum e Curiatiis haud procul ab sese abesse. In eum magno impetu redit,\net dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis ut opem ferant fratri, iam\nHoratius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset\nconsequi, interfecit.\n\nIam singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. Alter erat\nintactus ferro et geminata victoria ferox; alter fessum vulnere, fessum\ncursu trahebat corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male\nsustinentem arma Curiatium conficit, iacentem spoliat. Romani ovantes ac\ngratulantes Horatium accipiunt et domum deducunt. Princeps ibat\nHoratius, trium fratrum spolia prae se gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror,\nquae desponsa fuerat uni ex Curiatiis, visoque super umeros fratris\npaludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, flere et crines solvere\ncoepit. Movet ferocis iuvenis animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio\npublico; itaque stricto gladio transfigit puellam, simul eam verbis\nincrepans: \"Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, oblita fratrum,\noblita patriae. Sic eat, quaecumque Romana lugebit hostem.\"\n\nAtrox id visum est facinus patribus plebique; quare raptus est in ius\nHoratius et apud iudices condemnatus. Iam accesserat lictor iniciebatque\nlaqueum. Tum Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex\nproclamabat filiam suam iure caesam esse; et iuvenem amplexus spoliaque\nCuriatiorum ostentans, orabat populum ne se, quem paulo ante cum egregia\nstirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis faceret. Non tulit populus patris\nlacrimas iuvenemque absolvit admiratione magis virtutis quam iure\ncausae. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater quibusdam\nsacrificiis peractis transmisit per viam tigillum et filium capite\nadoperto velut sub iugum misit; quod tigillum _Sororium_ appellatum est.\n\nNon diu pax Albana mansit; nam Mettius Fufetius, dux Albanorum, cum se\ninvidiosum apud cives videret, quod bellum uno paucorum certamine\nfinisset, ut rem corrigeret, Veientes Fidenatesque adversus Romanos\nconcitavit. Ipse, a Tullo in auxilium arcessitus, aciem in collem\nsubduxit, ut fortunam belli exspectaret et sequeretur. Qua re Tullus\nintellecta magna voce ait suo illud iussu Mettium facere, ut hostes a\ntergo circumvenirentur. Quo audito hostes territi et victi sunt. Postero\ndie Mettius cum ad gratulandum Tullo venisset, iussu illius quadrigis\nreligatus et in diversa distractus est. Deinde Tullus Albam propter\nducis perfidiam diruit et Albanos Romam transire iussit.\n\nRoma interim crevit Albae ruinis; duplicatus est civium numerus; mons\nCaelius urbi additus et, quo frequentius habitaretur, eam sedem Tullus\nregiae cepit ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum virium fiducia elatus\nbellum Sabinis indixit. Pestilentia insecuta est; nulla tamen ab armis\nquies dabatur. Credebat enim rex bellicosus salubriora militiae quam\ndomi esse iuvenum corpora, sed ipse quoque diuturno morbo est\nimplicitus. Tunc vero adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi\nferoces, ut nulli rei posthac nisi sacris operam daret. Memorant Tullum\nfulmine ictum cum domo conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit\nannos duos et triginta.\n\n\n  #IV. Tullus Host\u00eelius, R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum r\u00eax tertius# [[as printed]]\n\n  673-641 B.C.\n\n  Mortu\u00f4[16] Num\u00e2 Tullus Host\u00eelius r\u00eax cre\u00e2tus est. H\u00eec n\u00f4n\n  s\u00f4lum proxim\u00f4[17] r\u00eag\u00ee dissimilis, sed fer\u00f4cior etiam R\u00f4mul\u00f4[18] fuit.\n    [[11]]\n  E\u00f4 r\u00eagnante[1] bellum inter Alb\u00e2n\u00f4s et R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s exortum[2] est.\n  Ducibus[3] Host\u00eeli\u00f4 et F\u00fbfeti\u00f4 placuit rem[4] pauc\u00f4rum cert\u00e2mine[5]\n  f\u00een\u00eer\u00ee. Erant apud R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s trigemin\u00ee fr\u00e2tr\u00eas Hor\u00e2ti\u00ee, tr\u00eas apud    {5}\n  Alb\u00e2n\u00f4s C\u00fbri\u00e2ti\u00ee. Cum[6] e\u00ees agunt r\u00eag\u00eas ut pr\u00f4 su\u00e2 quisque\n  patri\u00e2 d\u00eemicent[7] ferr\u00f4. Foedus[8] \u00eectum est e\u00e2[9] l\u00eage, ut, unde[10]\n  vict\u00f4ria, ibi imperium esset.\n\n  \u00cect\u00f4 foedere trigemin\u00ee arma capiunt et in medium inter du\u00e2s\n  aci\u00eas pr\u00f4c\u00eadunt. C\u00f4ns\u00eaderant utrimque duo exercit\u00fbs. Datur        {10}\n  s\u00eegnum, \u00eenf\u00east\u00eeque[11] arm\u00ees tern\u00ee[12] iuven\u00eas, m\u00e2gn\u00f4rum[13]\n      exercituum\n  anim\u00f4s gerent\u00eas, concurrunt. Ut pr\u00eem\u00f4 concurs\u00fb increpu\u00eare[14]\n  arma micant\u00easque fuls\u00eare[15] gladi\u00ee, horror ing\u00eans spectant\u00eas[16]\n  perstringit. C\u00f4nsert\u00ees[17] deinde manibus, statim duo R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee alius\n  super alium exsp\u00eerant\u00eas cecid\u00earunt[18]; tr\u00eas Alb\u00e2n\u00ee vulner\u00e2t\u00ee. Ad[19]\n  c\u00e2sum R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum concl\u00e2m\u00e2vit gaudi\u00f4 exercitus Alb\u00e2nus. R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s     {16}\n  iam sp\u00eas t\u00f4ta d\u00easer\u00eabat. \u00dbnum Hor\u00e2tium tr\u00eas C\u00fbri\u00e2ti\u00ee\n  circumsteterant.[20] Forte[21] is integer fuit; sed quia tribus imp\u00e2r\n  erat, ut distraheret host\u00eas, fugam capess\u00eevit,[22] singul\u00f4s[23] per\n      interv\u00e2lla\n    [[12]]\n  sec\u00fbt\u00fbr\u00f4s esse ratus. Iam aliquantum[1] spati\u00ee ex e\u00f4 loc\u00f4,        {20}\n  ubi p\u00fbgn\u00e2tum est, auf\u00fbgerat, cum respici\u00eans videt \u00fbnum \u00ea C\u00fbri\u00e2ti\u00ees\n  haud procul ab s\u00eas\u00ea abesse. In[2] eum m\u00e2gn\u00f4 impet\u00fb redit,\n  et dum Alb\u00e2nus exercitus incl\u00e2mat[3] C\u00fbri\u00e2ti\u00ees ut opem ferant\n  fr\u00e2tr\u00ee, iam Hor\u00e2tius eum occ\u00eederat. Alterum[4] deinde, priusquam[5]\n  tertius posset[5] c\u00f4nsequ\u00ee, interf\u00eacit.                           {25}\n\n  Iam singul\u00ee[6] supererant,[7] sed nec sp\u00ea nec v\u00eeribus par\u00eas.[8]\n      Alter[9]\n  erat int\u00e2ctus ferr\u00f4 et gemin\u00e2t\u00e2 vict\u00f4ri\u00e2 fer\u00f4x[10]; alter fessum[11]\n      vulnere,\n  fessum curs\u00fb trah\u00eabat[12] corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit.\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2nus exsult\u00e2ns male sustinentem arma C\u00fbri\u00e2tium c\u00f4nficit,[13]\n  iacentem[14] spoliat. R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee ovant\u00eas[15] ac gr\u00e2tulant\u00eas Hor\u00e2tium  {30}\n  accipiunt et domum[16] d\u00ead\u00fbcunt. Pr\u00eenceps \u00eebat Hor\u00e2tius, trium fr\u00e2trum\n  spolia prae s\u00ea ger\u00eans. Cu\u00ee[17] obvia fuit soror, quae d\u00easp\u00f4nsa\n  fuerat \u00fbn\u00ee ex C\u00fbri\u00e2ti\u00ees, v\u00ees\u00f4que[18] super umer\u00f4s fr\u00e2tris pal\u00fbd\u00e2ment\u00f4\n  sp\u00f4ns\u00ee, quod ipsa c\u00f4nf\u00eacerat, fl\u00eare et cr\u00een\u00eas[19] solvere coepit.\n      Movet                                                         {34}\n  fer\u00f4cis iuvenis animum compl\u00f4r\u00e2ti\u00f4 sor\u00f4ris in tant\u00f4 gaudi\u00f4 p\u00fbblic\u00f4;\n  itaque strict\u00f4[20] gladi\u00f4 tr\u00e2nsf\u00eegit puellam, simul eam verb\u00ees[21]\n      increp\u00e2ns:                                                    {36}\n  \"Ab\u00ee[22] hinc cum imm\u00e2t\u00fbr\u00f4 am\u00f4re ad sp\u00f4nsum, obl\u00eeta[23]\n    [[13]]\n  fr\u00e2trum, obl\u00eeta patriae. S\u00eec eat,[1] quaecumque R\u00f4m\u00e2na l\u00fbg\u00eabit\n  hostem.\"\n\n  Atr\u00f4x id v\u00eesum est facinus[2] patribus[3] pl\u00eab\u00eeque; qu\u00e2r\u00ea raptus  {40}\n  est in i\u00fbs[4] Hor\u00e2tius et apud i\u00fbdic\u00eas condemn\u00e2tus. Iam accesserat\n  l\u00eector[5] inici\u00eabatque[6] laqueum. Tum Hor\u00e2tius ad populum pr\u00f4voc\u00e2vit.\n  Intere\u00e2 pater Hor\u00e2ti\u00ee senex pr\u00f4cl\u00e2m\u00e2bat f\u00eeliam suam i\u00fbre\n  caesam[7] esse; et iuvenem amplexus[8] spoliaque C\u00fbri\u00e2ti\u00f4rum\n  ostent\u00e2ns, \u00f4r\u00e2bat populum n\u00ea[9] s\u00ea, quem paul\u00f4                    {45}\n  ante cum \u00eagregi\u00e2 stirpe c\u00f4nspexissent,[10] orbum\n  l\u00eeber\u00ees[11] faceret.[9] N\u00f4n tulit populus patris lacrim\u00e2s\n  iuvenemque[12] absolvit adm\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4ne[13] magis\n  virt\u00fbtis quam i\u00fbre[13] causae. Ut tamen caed\u00eas\n  manif\u00easta expi\u00e2r\u00eatur, pater quibusdam[14] sacrifici\u00ees             {50}\n  per\u00e2ct\u00ees tr\u00e2nsm\u00eesit per viam[15] tigillum et f\u00eelium\n  capite adopert\u00f4 velut sub iugum[16] m\u00eesit; quod\n  tigillum _Sor\u00f4rium_[17] appell\u00e2tum est.\n\n    [Illustration: FASC\u00caS]\n\n  N\u00f4n di\u00fb p\u00e2x[18] Alb\u00e2na m\u00e2nsit[19]; nam Mettius                    {54}\n  F\u00fbfetius, dux Alb\u00e2n\u00f4rum, cum[20] s\u00ea invidi\u00f4sum apud c\u00eev\u00eas vid\u00earet,[20]\n    [[14]]\n  quod[1] bellum \u00fbn\u00f4[2] pauc\u00f4rum cert\u00e2mine f\u00een\u00eesset, ut[3] rem\n      corrigeret,\n  V\u00eaient\u00eas F\u00eed\u00eanat\u00easque adversus R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s concit\u00e2vit. Ipse,\n  \u00e2 Tull\u00f4 in[4] auxilium arcess\u00eetus, aciem in collem subd\u00fbxit, ut\n      fort\u00fbnam\n  bell\u00ee exspect\u00e2ret et sequer\u00eatur. Qu\u00e2[5] r\u00ea Tullus intell\u00eact\u00e2      {59}\n  m\u00e2gn\u00e2 v\u00f4ce ait[6] su\u00f4 illud iuss\u00fb Mettium facere, ut host\u00eas \u00e2 terg\u00f4\n  circumven\u00eerentur. Qu\u00f4 aud\u00eet\u00f4 host\u00eas territ\u00ee et vict\u00ee sunt. Poster\u00f4\n  di\u00ea Mettius cum ad gr\u00e2tulandum Tull\u00f4 v\u00eanisset, iuss\u00fb ill\u00eeus\n  quadr\u00eeg\u00ees[7] relig\u00e2tus et in[8] d\u00eeversa distr\u00e2ctus[9] est. Deinde\n      Tullus Albam\n  propter ducis perfidiam d\u00eeruit et Alb\u00e2n\u00f4s R\u00f4mam tr\u00e2ns\u00eere iussit.[10]\n\n  R\u00f4ma interim cr\u00eavit[11] Albae ru\u00een\u00ees[12]; duplic\u00e2tus est c\u00eevium   {65}\n  numerus; m\u00f4ns Caelius urb\u00ee additus et, qu\u00f4[13] frequentius\n  habit\u00e2r\u00eatur,[13] eam[14] s\u00eadem Tullus r\u00eagiae c\u00eapit ibique deinde\n      habit\u00e2vit.\n  Auct\u00e2rum[15] v\u00eerium f\u00eed\u00fbci\u00e2 \u00eal\u00e2tus[16] bellum Sab\u00een\u00ees ind\u00eexit.\n      P\u00eastilentia\n    [[15]]\n  \u00eensec\u00fbta[1] est; n\u00fblla tamen ab arm\u00ees qui\u00eas dab\u00e2tur. Cr\u00ead\u00eabat\n  enim r\u00eax bellic\u00f4sus[2] sal\u00fbbri\u00f4ra m\u00eelitiae[3] quam dom\u00ee esse      {70}\n  iuvenum[4] corpora, sed ipse quoque[5] diuturn\u00f4 morb\u00f4 est implicitus.\n  Tunc v\u00ear\u00f4 ade\u00f4[6] fr\u00e2ct\u00ee[7] simul cum corpore sunt sp\u00eerit\u00fbs[8]\n  ill\u00ee fer\u00f4c\u00eas, ut n\u00fbll\u00ee re\u00ee posth\u00e2c nisi sacr\u00ees operam daret. Memorant\n  Tullum fulmine[9] \u00eectum cum dom\u00f4 c\u00f4nflagr\u00e2sse. Tullus\n  m\u00e2gn\u00e2 gl\u00f4ri\u00e2 bell\u00ee r\u00eagn\u00e2vit ann\u00f4s du\u00f4s et tr\u00eegint\u00e2.               {75}\n\n    [Footnotes: IV (pages 10-15)\n\n    10.16: #Mortu\u00f4 Num\u00e2#: abl. abs. = _post Numae mortem_.\n    10.17: #proxim\u00f4 r\u00eag\u00ee#: 'his predecessor.' Join with #dissimilis#,\n    which has the same constructions as _similis_ (p.\u00a03, n.\u00a012).\n    _Proximus_ may mean 'nearest (in\u00a0the past)' = 'last,' or 'nearest\n    (in\u00a0the future)' = 'next.' The context must determine the sense.\n    10.18: abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G\u00a0398:\n    B\u00a0217.\n    11.1: #E\u00f4 r\u00eagnante#: 'during his reign.' How does this abl. abs.\n    differ from those in I, lines 3, 5, 18, 37, and 40? Cf. p. xxii,\n    K\u00a01.\n    11.2: _exorior_.\n    11.3: #Ducibus . . . placuit#: 'the leaders agreed that,' etc. The\n    subject of #placuit# is the clause #rem .\u00a0.\u00a0. f\u00een\u00eer\u00ee#.\n    11.4: The meanings of _r\u00eas_ are extremely varied. Here #rem# may\n    be translated 'dispute,' and so practically = _bellum_ above. For\n    the mood of _f\u00een\u00eer\u00ee_, see p.\u00a06, n.\u00a016.\n    11.5: The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner\n    in which the quarrel was to be ended.\n    11.6: #Cum . . . r\u00eag\u00eas#: 'the kings urge them.' How literally?\n    11.7: Cf. p. 1, n. 5.\n    11.8: Cf. p. 6, n. 21.\n    11.9: #e\u00e2 l\u00eage ut#: 'with the understanding that,' 'with the\n    proviso (#l\u00eage#) that.' The clause #ut .\u00a0.\u00a0. esset# expresses the\n    purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the treaty.\n    11.10: Sc. _fuisset_. #unde# = _qu\u00e2 ex parte_. We would rather\n    say, '_on_ which side.' Latin often thus prefers to view an idea\n    as one of _motion from_ a place where the English views it rather\n    as that of _rest at_ a point. Why?\n    11.11: #\u00eenf\u00east\u00ee arm\u00ees#: 'hostile in (respect of) arms,' i.e. 'with\n    hostile arms.'\n    11.12: 'three on each side.' Why do we give this meaning to the\n    adjective?\n    11.13: #m\u00e2gn\u00f4rum . . . gerent\u00eas#: 'breathing the spirit of mighty\n    armies.' So we speak of a person as 'a\u00a0host in himself.'\n    11.14: #increpu\u00eare# describes the sound made by the spears as they\n    struck the shields.\n    11.15: _fulge\u00f4_.\n    11.16: = _spect\u00e2t\u00f4r\u00eas_.\n    11.17: _c\u00f4nser\u00f4_.\n    11.18: _cad\u00f4_.\n    11.19: #Ad c\u00e2sum#: we say '_at_ the fall,' but the Latin thinks of\n    the shout as rising _against_ (i.e. to greet) the fall.\n    11.20: _circumst\u00f4_.\n    11.21: Cf. p. 5, n. 19.\n    11.22: #fugam capess\u00eevit#: 'took (to) flight'; cf. 'to take to\n    one's heels.'\n    11.23: #singul\u00f4s per interv\u00e2lla#: 'one by one, at intervals.'\n    12.1: #aliquantum spati\u00ee#: 'some distance.' #spati\u00ee# is a\n    partitive genitive; #aliquantum# is an acc. of extent of space:\n    H\u00a0417 (379): M\u00a0513: A\u00a0257: G\u00a0335: B\u00a0181.\n    12.2: #In . . . redit# (_rede\u00f4_): 'he turned and made a furious\n    attack upon him.' How literally?\n    12.3: #incl\u00e2mat . . . ferant#: 'was shouting .\u00a0.\u00a0. (bidding them)\n    to bear aid.' For #incl\u00e2mat#, see p.\u00a03, n.\u00a014.\n    12.4: = _secundum_, as often.\n    12.5: H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292.\n    12.6: 'one on each side.' Cf. _tern\u00ee_, l. 11, and note there.\n    12.7: _supersum_.\n    12.8: 'equally matched.'\n    12.9: #alter . . . alter#: 'the one . . . the other (of\u00a0the two).'\n    With #int\u00e2ctus# cf. _integer_, l.\u00a018.\n    12.10: 'inspirited, emboldened.'\n    12.11: The repetition of #fessum# gives emphasis by dwelling upon\n    the fact.\n    12.12: 'was dragging,' i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor.\n    We would rather say, 'could barely drag his body along.' So we\n    would render #male sustinentem arma#, l. 29, as 'barely able to\n    endure (the weight\u00a0of) his armor.'\n    12.13: = _occidit_.\n    12.14: 'as he lay prostrate.'\n    12.15: #ovant\u00eas ac gr\u00e2tulant\u00eas#: 'with rejoicing and\n    congratulations.' Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial\n    force.\n    12.16: accus. of limit of motion; cf. p. 3, n. 4.\n    12.17: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.\n    12.18: #v\u00ees\u00f4 . . . sp\u00f4ns\u00ee#: 'when she saw her lover's cloak,' etc.\n    Cf. p.\u00a01, n.\u00a04.\n    12.19: #cr\u00een\u00eas solvere#: a common token of grief among the Romans.\n    Cf. _crinibus pass\u00ees_, II,\u00a036.\n    12.20: _string\u00f4_.\n    12.21: #verb\u00ees increp\u00e2ns#: cf. _h\u00ees increp\u00e2ns verb\u00ees_, I,\u00a046.\n    12.22: _abe\u00f4_.\n    12.23: #obl\u00eeta# (_obliv\u00eescor_) #fr\u00e2trum#: 'you who have\n    forgotten,' or 'since you have forgotten.' For the genitives\n    #fr\u00e2trum# and #patriae#, see H\u00a0454 (406,\u00a0II): M\u00a0588: A\u00a0219: G\u00a0376:\n    B\u00a0206, 1. Cf. the English 'forgetful of.' For the repetition of\n    #obl\u00eeta# see n.\u00a011.\n    13.1: 'fare, perish.' The subject is _f\u00eamina_, or _illa f\u00eamina_,\n    as suggested by #quaecumque#. How? With the whole sentence cf.\n    _S\u00eec .\u00a0.\u00a0. mea_, I, 47, and see note there.\n    13.2: #facinus#, by its derivation from _faci\u00f4_, properly =\n    'a\u00a0deed,' whether good or bad, but generally 'a\u00a0crime.'\n    13.3: = _sen\u00e2t\u00f4ribus_, who were officially styled _Patr\u00eas\n    C\u00f4nscr\u00eept\u00ee_. #patribus pl\u00eab\u00eeque# virtually = _omnibus_.\n    13.4: 'court.'\n    13.5: See Vocab., _l\u00eector_.\n    13.6: The tense has dramatic force and = 'was (actually)\n    putting\u00a0on.'\n    13.7: _caed\u00f4_.\n    13.8: _amplector_.\n    13.9: clause of negative purpose: see p. 9, n. 6.\n    13.10: _c\u00f4nspici\u00f4_. The subjunctive may be explained (1)\u00a0as caused\n    by attraction to #faceret#, H\u00a0652, 1 (529,\u00a0II): M\u00a0793: A\u00a0342:\n    G\u00a0663: B\u00a0324, or (2)\u00a0as in informal indir. disc.\n    13.11: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6), to be joined with\n    #orbum faceret#, which = _orb\u00e2ret_.\n    13.12: After a negative clause the Romans often use _que_ or _et_,\n    where the English idiom requires _but_.\n    13.13: why abl.? see p. 4, n. 1.\n    13.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 21.\n    13.15: 'a (certain) street.' The street referred to ran up the\n    slope of the Esquiline Hill.\n    13.16: See Vocab., _iugum_. The father of Horatius, by making him\n    pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically executed the\n    sentence of death passed by the judges.\n    13.17: Sc. _Tigillum_. Livy says that this beam was renewed from\n    time to time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another\n    memorial of this fight was the _P\u00eela_ ('Column') _Hor\u00e2tia_,\n    adjoining the Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the\n    spoils taken from the Curiatii.\n    13.18: #p\u00e2x Alb\u00e2na# = _p\u00e2x cum Alb\u00e2 \u00eecta_.\n    13.19: _mane\u00f4_.\n    13.20: #cum . . . vid\u00earet#: subjunctive of cause. See p.\u00a02, n.\u00a013;\n    p.\u00a04, n.\u00a012; and p. xx, H\u00a02.\n    14.1: #quod . . . f\u00een\u00eesset#: 'because (as they said),' etc. The\n    subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and\n    expresses the thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius'\n    subjects. See p. xxi, H\u00a04.\n    14.2: #\u00fbn\u00f4 . . . cert\u00e2mine#: 'by one contest (only), and that a\n    contest in which but few fought.' Cf. l.\u00a04.\n    14.3: #ut . . . corrigeret#: 'to set the matter straight,' i.e. to\n    regain the good will of his people. Join this clause with what\n    follows.\n    14.4: #in auxilium#: 'to give aid,' an expression of purpose.\n    Cf. _ad supplicium_, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius\n    in accordance with the treaty made before the fight between the\n    Horatii and the Curiatii (l.\u00a07).\n    14.5: #Qu\u00e2 r\u00ea . . . intell\u00eact\u00e2# (_intelleg\u00f4_): 'when he noticed\n    this state of things.' For #qu\u00e2#, see p.\u00a04, n.\u00a03.\n    14.6: #ait . . . circumven\u00eerentur#: Tullus' purpose in making this\n    statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his\n    own men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces\n    against the Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The\n    withdrawal of Mettius exposed the flank of the Romans to attack\n    from the Fidenates, and so was regarded at once by the Romans as\n    proof of treachery.\n    14.7: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6). _lig\u00e2re_ and its\n    compounds are construed with either (1)\u00a0the simple ablative, or\n    (2)\u00a0the ablative with _ab_, _d\u00ea_, or _ex_.\n    14.8: #in . . . est#: 'was torn limb from limb.'\n    14.9: _distrah\u00f4_.\n    14.10: _iube\u00f4_.\n    14.11: _cr\u00easc\u00f4_.\n    14.12: abl. of means.\n    14.13: #qu\u00f4 . . . habit\u00e2r\u00eatur#: 'that it might be more densely\n    inhabited,' i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced\n    to live there. In purpose clauses containing a comparative, _qu\u00f4_\n    is used instead of _ut_: H\u00a0568, 7 (497,\u00a02): M\u00a0909: A\u00a0317, _b_:\n    G\u00a0545, 2; B\u00a0282, _a_. This _qu\u00f4_ is the abl. sing. neut. of the\n    relative pronoun, and = _ut e\u00f4_, 'that thereby.'\n    14.14: #eam . . . c\u00eapit# (_capi\u00f4_): 'Tullus chose it (the\n    mountain) as the site of his palace,' Why is #eam# feminine,\n    although referring to _m\u00f4ns Caelius_, which is masculine? Cf.\n    p.\u00a05, n.\u00a014.\n    14.15: #Auct\u00e2rum . . . f\u00eed\u00fbci\u00e2#: 'because of the confidence\n    (begotten) of his increased strength,' or 'by his confidence in\n    his increased strength.' In the former case the gen. is\n    subjective; in the latter it is objective; H\u00a0440, 1 and 2 (396, II\n    and III): M\u00a0553, 571: A\u00a0213, 1, 2: G\u00a0363, 1 and 2: B\u00a0199, 200.\n    14.16: _effer\u00f4_.\n    15.1: _\u00eensequor_.\n    15.2: #bellic\u00f4sus# = a causal clause _quod ipse bellic\u00f4sus erat_.\n    15.3: #m\u00eelitiae quam dom\u00ee#: 'in war than in peace.' See H\u00a0484, 2\n    (426,\u00a02): M\u00a0622: A\u00a0258, _d_: G. 411, R. 2: B\u00a0232, 2; xvi, A\u00a01.\n    15.4: = 'the fighting men,' because _iuven\u00eas_ (men under\u00a045) were\n    eligible for military duty.\n    15.5: #sed ipse quoque#: 'but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he\n    too.'\n    15.6: 'so completely.'\n    15.7: _frang\u00f4_.\n    15.8: #sp\u00eerit\u00fbs ill\u00ee fer\u00f4c\u00eas#: 'that high spirit of his'; #ill\u00ee# =\n    'that for which he was so famous.' Cf. l.\u00a02.\n    15.9: #fulmine \u00eectum . . . c\u00f4nflagr\u00e2sse# = _fulmine \u00eectum esse et\n    c\u00f4nflagr\u00e2sse_. Instead of using two co\u00f6rdinated verbs with a\n    common subject, Latin regularly represents the first verb by a\n    perf. pass. part., or by the past part. of a deponent verb, in\n    agreement with that common subject. Cf. p.\u00a02, n.\u00a08, and p. xxiv,\n    L\u00a05.]\n\n\n#V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus# [[stripped text]]\n\n641-616 B.C.\n\nTullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit. Numae Pompilii nepos\nAncus Marcius erat, aequitate et religione avo similis. Tunc Latini, cum\nquibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant animos, et\nincursionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. Ancus, priusquam eis bellum\nindiceret, legatum misit, qui res repeteret, eumque morem posteri\nacceperunt. Id autem hoc modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit\na quibus res repetuntur, capite velato \"Audi, Iuppiter,\" inquit \"audite,\nfines huius populi. Ego sum publicus nuntius populi Romani; verbis meis\nfides sit.\" Deinde peragit postulata. Si non deduntur res quas exposcit,\nhastam in fines hostium emittit bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea\nde re mittitur, _Fetialis_ ritusque belli indicendi _Ius Fetiale_\nappellatur.\n\nLegato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est a Latinis; quare\nbellum hoc modo eis indictum est. Ancus, exercitu conscripto, profectus\nLatinos fudit et compluribus oppidis deletis cives Romam traduxit. Cum\nautem in tanta hominum multitudine facinora clandestina fierent, Ancus\ncarcerem in media urbe ad terrorem increscentis audaciae aedificavit.\nIdem nova moenia urbi circumdedit, Ianiculum montem ponte sublicio in\nTiberi facto urbi coniunxit, in ore Tiberis Ostiam urbem condidit.\nPluribus aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis; immatura morte\npraereptus obiit.\n\n\n  #V. Ancus M\u00e2rcius, R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum r\u00eax qu\u00e2rtus# [[as printed]]\n\n  641-616 B.C.\n\n    [Illustration: NUMA AND ANCUS M\u00c2RCIUS]\n\n  Tull\u00f4 mortu\u00f4[10] Ancum M\u00e2rcium r\u00eagem[11]\n  populus cre\u00e2vit. Numae Pompili\u00ee nep\u00f4s\n  Ancus M\u00e2rcius erat, aequit\u00e2te[12] et\n  religi\u00f4ne[12] av\u00f4 similis. Tunc Lat\u00een\u00ee, cum quibus\n  Tull\u00f4 r\u00eagnante \u00eectum foedus erat,                                  {5}\n  sustulerant[13] anim\u00f4s, et incursi\u00f4nem in agrum\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2num f\u00eac\u00earunt. Ancus, priusquam[14] e\u00ees\n  bellum ind\u00eeceret,[14] l\u00eag\u00e2tum m\u00eesit, qu\u00ee[15] r\u00eas\n    [[16]]\n  repeteret, eumque[1] m\u00f4rem poster\u00ee acc\u00eap\u00earunt. Id autem h\u00f4c\n  mod\u00f4 f\u00ee\u00eabat. L\u00eag\u00e2tus, ubi ad f\u00een\u00eas e\u00f4rum venit \u00e2 quibus r\u00eas       {10}\n  repetuntur, capite[2] v\u00eal\u00e2t\u00f4 \"Aud\u00ee, Iuppiter,\" inquit[3] \"aud\u00eete,\n  f\u00een\u00eas h\u00fbius[4] popul\u00ee. Ego sum p\u00fbblicus[5] n\u00fbntius popul\u00ee R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee;\n  verb\u00ees[6] me\u00ees fid\u00eas sit.\" Deinde peragit p\u00f4stul\u00e2ta. S\u00ee n\u00f4n d\u00eaduntur\n  r\u00eas qu\u00e2s exp\u00f4scit, hastam in f\u00een\u00eas hostium \u00eamittit bellumque\n  ita ind\u00eecit. L\u00eag\u00e2tus, qu\u00ee e\u00e2 d\u00ea r\u00ea mittitur, _F\u00eati\u00e2lis_[7] r\u00eetusque\n      bell\u00ee                                                         {15}\n  ind\u00eecend\u00ee _I\u00fbs F\u00eati\u00e2le_ appell\u00e2tur.\n\n    [Illustration: CARCER MAMERT\u00ceNUS]\n\n  L\u00eag\u00e2t\u00f4 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4 r\u00eas repetent\u00ee superb\u00ea resp\u00f4nsum[8] est \u00e2 Lat\u00een\u00ees;\n  qu\u00e2r\u00ea bellum h\u00f4c[9] mod\u00f4 e\u00ees indictum est. Ancus, exercit\u00fb\n  c\u00f4nscr\u00eept\u00f4, profectus[10] Lat\u00een\u00f4s f\u00fbdit et\n  compl\u00fbribus oppid\u00ees d\u00eal\u00eat\u00ees c\u00eev\u00eas R\u00f4mam                           {20}\n  tr\u00e2d\u00fbxit[11]. Cum[12] autem in tant\u00e2 hominum\n  multit\u00fbdine facinora clandest\u00eena\n  fierent, Ancus carcerem[13] in medi\u00e2 urbe\n  ad[14] terr\u00f4rem incr\u00eascentis aud\u00e2ciae aedific\u00e2vit.\n  \u00cedem nova moenia urb\u00ee circumdedit,                                {25}\n  I\u00e2niculum montem ponte[15] sublici\u00f4\n    [[17]]\n  in Tiber\u00ee fact\u00f4 urb\u00ee c\u00f4ni\u00fbnxit, in \u00f4re[1] Tiberis \u00d4stiam urbem\n  condidit. Pl\u00fbribus ali\u00ees r\u00eabus intr\u00e2 pauc\u00f4s ann\u00f4s c\u00f4nfect\u00ees;\n  imm\u00e2t\u00fbr\u00e2 morte praereptus obiit.                                  {29}\n\n    [Footnotes: V (pages 15-17)\n\n    15.10: What is the force of this abl. abs.?\n    15.11: #r\u00eagem populus cre\u00e2vit#: This phrase, as it stands, is\n    somewhat misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither\n    hereditary nor elective. On the death of a king an _interr\u00eax_, or\n    regent, was chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred\n    from the signs that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was\n    then elected by the Assembly, and the choice was confirmed by the\n    Senate.\n    15.12: abl. of specification.\n    15.13: #sustulerant# (_toll\u00f4_) #anim\u00f4s#: 'had plucked up courage.'\n    15.14: Cf. _priusquam . . . posset_, IV, 25, and note.\n    15.15: #qu\u00ee . . . repeteret#: relative clause of purpose. _R\u00eas\n    repetere_ = 'to demand the (stolen) things,' is a technical phrase\n    of war, and = 'to demand restitution or satisfaction.' The\n    opposite is _r\u00eas reddere_, or _r\u00eas d\u00eadere_, as in l. 13.\n    16.1: #eum m\u00f4rem . . . acc\u00eap\u00earunt#: 'that custom posterity (the\n    Romans of later times) adopted.' Traces of the custom appear as\n    late as the reign of Augustus.\n    16.2: While praying, the Romans covered their faces with a fold of\n    the toga, that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions.\n    The _l\u00eag\u00e2tus_ here covers his face, because he is praying to\n    Jupiter and to the #f\u00een\u00eas#, which are personified.\n    16.3: This word, rather than _d\u00eexit_, is used with direct\n    discourse, and regularly stands, as here, _within_ the quotation.\n    16.4: The _l\u00eag\u00e2tus_, of course, said _f\u00een\u00eas Alb\u00e2n\u00f4rum_, or\n    _V\u00eaientium_, as the case might\u00a0be.\n    16.5: 'official,' i.e. duly accredited.\n    16.6: #verb\u00ees . . . sit# = _verb\u00ees me\u00ees cr\u00eadite_. Cf. II, 48, _cu\u00ee\n    re\u00ee fidem f\u00eacit_. #sit# is a hortatory subjunctive; H\u00a0559, 1\n    (484,\u00a0II): M\u00a0713: A\u00a0266: G\u00a0263: B\u00a0274.\n    16.7: See Vocab., _f\u00eati\u00e2lis_.\n    16.8: #resp\u00f4nsum . . . Lat\u00een\u00ees# = _Lat\u00een\u00ee respond\u00earunt_. The\n    impersonal passive is common.\n    16.9: #h\u00f4c#: 'described _above_,' in lines 9-16. In l. 9 _h\u00f4c_ =\n    'described _below_.' _H\u00eec_ more often bears the latter sense, i.e.\n    it refers to what follows.\n    16.10: #profectus . . . f\u00fbdit# (_fund\u00f4_): cf. p.\u00a015, n.\u00a09.\n    16.11: 'transferred, removed.'\n    16.12: #Cum . . . fierent#: a causal clause; cf. p.\u00a013, n.\u00a020.\n    16.13: See Vocab., _carcer_.\n    16.14: #ad . . . aud\u00e2ciae# = _ut incr\u00eascentem aud\u00e2ciam terr\u00earet_.\n    Cf. p.\u00a03, n.\u00a08, and _ad congressum deae_, III, 33. #aud\u00e2ciae# is\n    objective genitive: cf. p.\u00a014, n.\u00a015.\n    16.15: #ponte sublici\u00f4#: abl. abs., with #fact\u00f4#, expressing\n    means. This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges\n    over the Tiber, derived its name from the circumstance that it was\n    always made of wood and supported on piles (_sublicae_). It is\n    this bridge that figures so largely in Macaulay's _Lays of Ancient\n    Rome_, Horatius, stanzas xxix. ff.\n    17.1: #in \u00f4re#: 'at the mouth.' The town Ostia got its name from\n    its position _in \u00f4re Tiberis_. It was the port of Rome, and thus\n    attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the\n    days of the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the\n    warehouses built for the storage of merchandise from abroad, are\n    still visible.]\n\n\n#VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex quintus# [[stripped text]]\n\n616-578 B.C.\n\nAnco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, Tarquiniis, ex Etruriae urbe,\nprofectus, cum coniuge et fortunis omnibus Romam commigravit. Additur\nhaec fabula: advenienti aquila pilleum sustulit et super carpentum, cui\nTarquinius insidebat, cum magno clangore volitans rursus capiti apte\nreposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil coniux, caelestium prodigiorum\nperita, regnum ei portendi intellexit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa\net alta sperare eum iussit. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes\nurbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato Tarquinius pecunia et\nindustria dignitatem atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus\nest; a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercepit et ita\nadministravit, quasi iure adeptus esset.\n\nTarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit; Circum Maximum aedificavit; de\nSabinis triumphavit; murum lapideum urbi circumdedit. Equitum centurias\nduplicavit, nomina mutare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, Atti Navii\nauctoritate. Attus enim, ea tempestate augur inclitus, id fieri posse\nnegabat, nisi aves addixissent; iratus rex in experimentum artis eum\ninterrogavit, fierine posset quod ipse mente concepisset; Attus augurio\nacto fieri posse respondit. \"Atqui hoc\" inquit rex \"agitabam, num cotem\nillam secare novacula possem.\" \"Potes ergo\" inquit augur, et rex\nsecuisse dicitur. Tarquinius filium tredecim annorum, quod in proelio\nhostem percussisset, praetexta bullaque donavit; unde haec ingenuorum\npuerorum insignia esse coeperunt.\n\nSupererant duo Anci filii, qui, aegre ferentes se paterno regno\nfraudatos esse, regi insidias paraverunt. Ex pastoribus duos\nferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. Ei simulata rixa in\nvestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quorum clamor cum penitus in regiam\npervenisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferari coepit et\ncertatim alter alteri obstrepere. Cum vero iussi essent in vicem dicere,\nunus ex composito rem orditur; dumque intentus in eum se rex totus\navertit, alter elatam securim in eius caput deiecit, et relicto in\nvulnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt.\n\n\n  #VI. L\u00fbcius Tarquinius Pr\u00eescus, R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum r\u00eax qu\u00eentus# [[as printed]]\n\n  616-578 B.C.\n\n  Anc\u00f4 r\u00eagnante L\u00fbcius Tarquinius, Tarquini\u00ees,[2] ex Etr\u00fbriae urbe,\n  profectus,[3] cum coniuge et fort\u00fbn\u00ees omnibus R\u00f4mam commigr\u00e2vit.\n  Additur haec f\u00e2bula: advenient\u00ee[4] aquila pilleum sustulit[5] et super\n  carpentum,[6] cu\u00ee[7] Tarquinius \u00eensid\u00eabat, cum m\u00e2gn\u00f4 clang\u00f4re volit\u00e2ns\n  r\u00fbrsus[8] capit\u00ee[9] apt\u00ea reposuit; inde subl\u00eemis[10] abiit. Tanaquil\n  coniux, caelestium[11] pr\u00f4digi\u00f4rum per\u00eeta, r\u00eagnum[12] e\u00ee portend\u00ee  {6}\n  intell\u00eaxit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa[13] et alta[13] sp\u00ear\u00e2re\n    [[18]]\n  eum iussit. H\u00e2s sp\u00eas c\u00f4git\u00e2ti\u00f4n\u00easque s\u00eacum portant\u00eas urbem\n  ingress\u00ee[1] sunt, domicili\u00f4que ibi compar\u00e2t\u00f4 Tarquinius pec\u00fbni\u00e2 et\n  ind\u00fbstri\u00e2 d\u00eegnit\u00e2tem atque etiam Anc\u00ee r\u00eagis famili\u00e2rit\u00e2tem        {10}\n  c\u00f4nsec\u00fbtus[2] est; \u00e2 qu\u00f4 t\u00fbtor l\u00eeber\u00ees rel\u00eectus[3] r\u00eagnum interc\u00eapit\n      et ita\n  administr\u00e2vit, quasi[4] i\u00fbre adeptus[5] esset.\n\n    [Illustration: AUGUR]\n\n  Tarquinius Pr\u00eescus Lat\u00een\u00f4s bell\u00f4 domuit; Circum[6] M\u00e2ximum\n  aedific\u00e2vit; d\u00ea[7] Sab\u00een\u00ees triumph\u00e2vit; m\u00fbrum[8] lapideum urb\u00ee\n  circumdedit. Equitum centuri\u00e2s[9] duplic\u00e2vit,                     {15}\n  n\u00f4mina m\u00fbt\u00e2re n\u00f4n potuit, d\u00eaterritus, ut ferunt,\n  Att\u00ee N\u00e2vi\u00ee auct\u00f4ritate. Attus enim, e\u00e2\n  tempest\u00e2te[10] augur inclitus, id fier\u00ee posse neg\u00e2bat,\n  nisi[11] av\u00eas add\u00eexissent[11]; \u00eer\u00e2tus r\u00eax in[12]\n  exper\u00eementum artis eum interrog\u00e2vit, fier\u00eene posset[13]           {20}\n  quod ipse mente conc\u00eapisset[14]; Attus auguri\u00f4\n  \u00e2ct\u00f4 fier\u00ee posse respondit. \"Atqu\u00ee h\u00f4c\"[15] inquit\n  r\u00eax \"agit\u00e2bam, num c\u00f4tem illam sec\u00e2re\n  nov\u00e2cul\u00e2 possem.\"[13] \"Potes[16] erg\u00f4\" inquit\n  augur, et r\u00eax secuisse d\u00eecitur. Tarquinius f\u00eelium tredecim        {25}\n  ann\u00f4rum,[17] quod in proeli\u00f4 hostem percussisset,[18] praetext\u00e2[19]\n    [[19]]\n  bull\u00e2que[1] d\u00f4n\u00e2vit; unde[2] haec[3] ingenu\u00f4rum puer\u00f4rum \u00eens\u00eegnia esse\n  coep\u00earunt.\n\n  Supererant[4] duo Anc\u00ee f\u00eeli\u00ee, qu\u00ee, aegr\u00ea ferent\u00eas s\u00ea patern\u00f4[5]\n  r\u00eagn\u00f4 fraud\u00e2t\u00f4s esse,[6] r\u00eag\u00ee \u00eensidi\u00e2s par\u00e2v\u00earunt. Ex p\u00e2st\u00f4ribus  {30}\n  du\u00f4s fer\u00f4cissim\u00f4s d\u00ealigunt ad patrandum facinus. E\u00ee simul\u00e2t\u00e2\n  rix\u00e2 in v\u00eastibul\u00f4 r\u00eagiae tumultuantur. Qu\u00f4rum[7] cl\u00e2mor cum[8]\n  penitus in r\u00eagiam perv\u00eanisset, voc\u00e2t\u00ee ad r\u00eagem pergunt. Pr\u00eem\u00f4\n  uterque v\u00f4cifer\u00e2r\u00ee coepit et cert\u00e2tim[9] alter alter\u00ee obstrepere.\n  Cum v\u00ear\u00f4 iuss\u00ee essent in vicem d\u00eecere, \u00fbnus ex[10] composit\u00f4 rem  {35}\n  \u00f4rd\u00eetur; dumque intentus in eum s\u00ea r\u00eax t\u00f4tus \u00e2vertit, alter\n  \u00eal\u00e2tam[11] sec\u00fbrim in \u00eaius caput d\u00eai\u00eacit, et rel\u00eect\u00f4[12] in vulnere\n  t\u00eal\u00f4 amb\u00f4 for\u00e2s s\u00ea pr\u00f4ripiunt.\n\n    [Footnotes: VI (pages 17-19)\n\n    17.2: #Tarquini\u00ees . . . urbe#: 'from Tarquinii, a\u00a0city of\n    Etruria.' Cf. p.\u00a08, n.\u00a05.\n    17.3: _profic\u00eescor_.\n    17.4: Sc. _R\u00f4mam_: 'while on his way to Rome.' The participle\n    agrees with _e\u00ee_ understood, which is a dat. of separation, or\n    disadvantage, with #sustulit#: H\u00a0427 (385,\u00a02): M\u00a0539: A\u00a0229:\n    G\u00a0345, R. 1: B\u00a0188, 2, _d_.\n    17.5: _toll\u00f4_.\n    17.6: A two-wheeled carriage, with curtains and an awning.\n    17.7: #cu\u00ee#: 'in which.' Why dat.?\n    17.8: #r\u00fbrsus . . . reposuit#: since _rep\u00f4n\u00f4_ = 'to put _back_,'\n    or 'to place _again_,' #r\u00fbrsus# is unnecessary.\n    17.9: More often _rep\u00f4n\u00f4_ is followed by _in_ with the abl., or\n    the acc.\n    17.10: #subl\u00eemis abiit#: 'flew high up in the air and departed.'\n    17.11: #caelestium . . . per\u00eeta#: 'skilled in (interpreting)\n    portents from heaven.' The Romans regarded the Etruscans as\n    exceptionally skillful in such matters. For the gen., see H\u00a0451, 1\n    (399, I,\u00a02). M\u00a0573: A\u00a0218, _a_: G\u00a0374: B\u00a0204,\u00a01.\n    17.12: #r\u00eagnum e\u00ee portend\u00ee intell\u00eaxit#: 'perceived that the sign\n    indicated that he was to be king.' How literally? According to\n    Livy, the significance of the omen lay in these facts: It came\n    from a favorable quarter of the sky (which, to the Romans, was the\n    east); it concerned his _head_, the _supreme_ part of his being;\n    hence the removal of his cap by the eagle, the bird of Jupiter,\n    'king of gods and men,' and its restoration, implied that his\n    _cap_ was to be removed and replaced by a _crown_.\n    17.13: neuter plural adjectives, used as nouns: 'an exalted\n    destiny.'\n    18.1: _ingredior_.\n    18.2: _c\u00f4nsequor_.\n    18.3: _relinqu\u00f4_.\n    18.4: H 584 (513, II): M 944, 945: A 312, and N. 1: G\u00a0602 and R.:\n    B\u00a0307.\n    18.5: _adip\u00eescor_.\n    18.6: #Circum M\u00e2ximum#: see map, p. xxviii. In its final form it\n    could accommodate nearly 300,000 spectators. The Romans of the\n    Empire were passionately devoted to the chariot races of the\n    circus. For a good description of a Roman circus, see Lew\n    Wallace's _Ben Hur_, Book V, Chap. XII.\n    18.7: #d\u00ea Sab\u00een\u00ees triumph\u00e2vit#: 'he triumphed over'; lit., 'he got\n    a triumph out of.' See Vocab., _triumphus_.\n    18.8: #m\u00fbrum . . . circumdedit#: 'he built a stone wall round the\n    city.' According to Livy, the wall was merely begun by Tarquin and\n    finished by his successor, Servius Tullius.\n    18.9: Cf. II, 42. Livy says that when Romulus formed the three\n    centuries of horsemen he called one _Ramn\u00eas_, after his own name,\n    another _Titi\u00eans\u00eas_, after King Tatius. Tarquin desired to name\n    the new centuries after himself.\n    18.10: = _tempore_.\n    18.11: #nisi . . . add\u00eexissent#: 'unless the birds gave consent,'\n    i.e. without taking the _auspicia_ and finding them favorable. Cf.\n    I, 42. The subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse. For the\n    tense, see p.\u00a06, n.\u00a01.\n    18.12: #in exper\u00eementum artis#: 'to test his art.' Cf. p.\u00a014,\n    n.\u00a04.\n    18.13: Cf. Cf.] p. 3, n. 2.\n    18.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 1. The king said '_Potestne fier\u00ee quod in\n    mente conc\u00eap\u00ee?_'\n    18.15: #h\u00f4c# is emphatic, 'Ah, but what I had in mind was _this_.'\n    18.16: #Potes erg\u00f4#: 'well, you can.'\n    18.17: descriptive gen.: H 440, 3 (396, V): M 558: A\u00a0215: G\u00a0365:\n    B\u00a0203.\n    18.18: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.\n    18.19: Sc. _tog\u00e2_.\n    19.1: See Vocab., _bulla_.\n    19.2: = _ex qu\u00f4_: 'in consequence of this circumstance.'\n    19.3: Cf. p. 5, n. 14, and p. 16, n. 9.\n    19.4: 'were still alive.'\n    19.5: = _patris_. Cf. the use of _r\u00eagius_, I,\u00a017.\n    19.6: The infinitive depends on #aegr\u00ea ferent\u00eas#. Phrases\n    expressive of emotion, whether of joy or of sorrow, are often\n    followed by the infinitive with subject accus.\n    19.7: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.\n    19.8: The conjunction of the subordinate clause is often preceded\n    by one or two words, sometimes by a larger number.\n    19.9: #cert\u00e2tim . . . obstrepere#: 'to (try to) drown each other's\n    voices'; lit., 'in eager rivalry to make noise one against (_ob_)\n    the other.' Why is _alter\u00ee_ dative?\n    19.10: #ex composit\u00f4#: 'according to previous agreement.'\n    19.11: #\u00eal\u00e2tam sec\u00fbrim . . . d\u00eai\u00eacit# = _extulit_ ('raised') _et\n    d\u00eai\u00eacit_. Cf. p.\u00a02, n.\u00a08.\n    19.12: #rel\u00eect\u00f4 . . . t\u00eal\u00f4#: we say, 'leaving the weapon--they\n    flee,' i.e. we treat the two actions as simultaneous. The Romans\n    say more exactly: 'having left--they flee,' i.e. the act of\n    leaving is viewed as prior to that of flight.]\n\n\n#VII. Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus# [[stripped text]]\n\n578-534 B.C.\n\nPost hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili femina,\ncaptiva tamen et famula. Qui cum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur,\nferunt prodigium visu eventuque mirabile accidisse. Flammae species\npueri dormientis caput amplexa est. Hoc visu Tanaquil summam ei\ndignitatem portendi intellexit coniugique suasit ut eum haud secus ac\nsuos liberos educaret. Is postquam adolevit, et fortitudine et consilio\ninsignis fuit. In proelio quodam, in quo rex Tarquinius adversus Sabinos\nconflixit, militibus segnius dimicantibus, raptum signum in hostem\nmisit. Cuius recipiendi gratia Romani tam acriter pugnaverunt, ut et\nsignum et victoriam referrent. Quare a Tarquinio gener adsumptus est; et\ncum Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil, Tarquinii uxor, mortem eius\ncelavit, populumque ex superiore parte aedium adlocuta ait regem grave\nquidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse, eumque petere, ut interim dum\nconvalesceret, Servio Tullio dicto audientes essent. Sic Servius Tullius\nregnare coepit, sed recte imperium administravit. Sabinos subegit;\nmontes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum urbi adiunxit; fossas\ncirca murum duxit. Idem censum ordinavit, et populum in classes et\ncenturias distribuit.\n\nServius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere volebat. Iam tum inclitum erat\nDianae Ephesiae fanum. Id communiter a civitatibus Asiae factum fama\nferebat. Itaque Latinorum populis suasit ut et ipsi fanum Dianae cum\npopulo Romano Romae in Aventino monte aedificarent. Quo facto, bos mirae\nmagnitudinis cuidam Latino nata dicitur, et responsum somnio datum eum\npopulum summam imperii habiturum, cuius civis bovem illam Dianae\nimmolasset. Latinus bovem ad fanum Dianae egit et causam sacerdoti\nRomano exposuit. Ille callidus dixit prius eum vivo flumine manus\nabluere debere. Latinus dum ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem\nimmolavit. Ita imperium civibus sibique gloriam adquisivit.\n\nServius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alteram habens, cum\nTarquinii filios pari esse animo videret, ferocem miti, mitem feroci in\nmatrimonium dedit, ne duo violenta ingenia matrimonio iungerentur. Sed\nmites seu forte seu fraude perierunt; feroces morum similitudo\nconiunxit. Statim Tarquinius a Tullia incitatus advocato senatu regnum\npaternum repetere coepit. Qua re audita Servius dum ad Curiam contendit,\niussu Tarquinii per gradus deiectus et domum refugiens interfectus est.\nTullia carpento vecta in Forum properavit et coniugem e Curia evocatum\nprima regem salutavit; cuius iussu cum e turba ac tumultu decessisset\ndomumque rediret, viso patris corpore, cunctantem et frena mulionem\ninhibentem super ipsum corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde vicus ille\nSceleratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quattuor et\nquadraginta.\n\n\n  #VII. Servius Tullius, R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum r\u00eax sextus# [[as printed]]\n\n  578-534 B.C.\n\n  Post hunc Servius Tullius susc\u00eapit imperium, genitus ex n\u00f4bil\u00ee\n  f\u00eamin\u00e2,[13] capt\u00eev\u00e2 tamen et famul\u00e2. Qu\u00ee cum in dom\u00f4 Tarquini\u00ee\n  Pr\u00eesc\u00ee \u00eaduc\u00e2r\u00eatur, ferunt[14] pr\u00f4digium[15] v\u00ees\u00fb \u00eavent\u00fbque m\u00eer\u00e2bile\n    [[20]]\n  accidisse. Flammae[1] speci\u00eas puer\u00ee dormientis caput amplexa est.\n  H\u00f4c v\u00ees\u00fb Tanaquil summam[2] e\u00ee d\u00eegnit\u00e2tem portend\u00ee intell\u00eaxit      {5}\n  coniug\u00eeque su\u00e2sit ut[3] eum haud secus ac su\u00f4s l\u00eeber\u00f4s[4]\n  \u00eaduc\u00e2ret.[3] Is postquam adol\u00eavit, et fortit\u00fbdine et c\u00f4nsili\u00f4\n  \u00eens\u00eegnis fuit. In proeli\u00f4 qu\u00f4dam,[5] in qu\u00f4 r\u00eax Tarquinius\n  adversus Sab\u00een\u00f4s c\u00f4nfl\u00eexit, m\u00eelitibus[6] s\u00eagnius\n  d\u00eemicantibus, raptum[7] s\u00eegnum in hostem m\u00eesit. C\u00fbius[8]          {10}\n  recipiend\u00ee gr\u00e2ti\u00e2 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee tam \u00e2criter p\u00fbgn\u00e2v\u00earunt, ut et\n  s\u00eegnum et vict\u00f4riam referrent. Qu\u00e2r\u00ea \u00e2 Tarquini\u00f4 gener\n  ads\u00fbmptus est; et cum Tarquinius occ\u00eesus esset, Tanaquil,\n  Tarquini\u00ee uxor, mortem \u00eaius c\u00eal\u00e2vit, populumque\n  ex superi\u00f4re[9] parte aedium adloc\u00fbta[10] ait r\u00eagem grave         {15}\n  quidem, sed n\u00f4n l\u00eat\u00e2le vulnus acc\u00eapisse, eumque petere, ut\n  interim dum conval\u00easceret,[11] Servi\u00f4 Tulli\u00f4[12] dict\u00f4 audient\u00eas\n      essent.\n  S\u00eec[13] Servius Tullius r\u00eagn\u00e2re coepit, sed r\u00eact\u00ea imperium\n      administr\u00e2vit.\n  Sab\u00een\u00f4s sub\u00eagit[14]; mont\u00eas tr\u00eas, Quir\u00een\u00e2lem, V\u00eemin\u00e2lem, \u00casquil\u00eenum\n  urb\u00ee adi\u00fbnxit; foss\u00e2s[15] circ\u00e2 m\u00fbrum d\u00fbxit. \u00cedem c\u00eansum[16]      {20}\n  \u00f4rdin\u00e2vit, et populum in class\u00eas[17] et centuri\u00e2s[18] distribuit.\n\n    [Illustration: SIGNUM]\n\n    [[21]]\n  Servius Tullius aliquod urb\u00ee decus addere vol\u00eabat. Iam[1] tum\n  inclitum erat Di\u00e2nae Ephesiae f\u00e2num.[2] Id comm\u00fbniter[3] \u00e2 c\u00eevit\u00e2tibus\n  Asiae factum f\u00e2ma fer\u00eabat. Itaque Lat\u00een\u00f4rum\n  popul\u00ees su\u00e2sit ut et[4] ips\u00ee f\u00e2num Di\u00e2nae                         {25}\n  cum[5] popul\u00f4 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4 R\u00f4mae in Avent\u00een\u00f4 monte\n  aedific\u00e2rent. Qu\u00f4[6] fact\u00f4, b\u00f4s m\u00eerae m\u00e2gnit\u00fbdinis[7]\n  cu\u00eedam Lat\u00een\u00f4 n\u00e2ta[8] d\u00eecitur, et resp\u00f4nsum somni\u00f4\n  datum[8] eum populum summam imperi\u00ee habit\u00fbrum,[8]\n  c\u00fbius c\u00eevis bovem illam Di\u00e2nae immol\u00e2sset.[9]                     {30}\n  Lat\u00eenus[10] bovem ad f\u00e2num Di\u00e2nae \u00eagit et causam\n  sacerd\u00f4t\u00ee R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4 exposuit. Ille callidus[11] d\u00eexit\n  prius eum v\u00eev\u00f4 fl\u00fbmine man\u00fbs abluere d\u00eab\u00eare.\n  Lat\u00eenus dum ad Tiberim[12] d\u00eascendit, sacerd\u00f4s bovem immol\u00e2vit.\n  Ita imperium c\u00eevibus sibique gl\u00f4riam adqu\u00ees\u00eevit.                  {35}\n\n    [Illustration: DIANA OF EPHESUS]\n\n    [Illustration: SACRIFICE]\n\n  Servius Tullius f\u00eeliam alteram fer\u00f4cem, m\u00eetem alteram hab\u00eans,[13]\n  cum Tarquini\u00ee f\u00eeli\u00f4s par\u00ee esse anim\u00f4[14] vid\u00earet, fer\u00f4cem[15] m\u00eet\u00ee,\n  m\u00eetem fer\u00f4c\u00ee in m\u00e2trim\u00f4nium dedit, n\u00ea duo violenta ingenia\n    [[22]]\n  m\u00e2trim\u00f4ni\u00f4 iungerentur. Sed m\u00eet\u00eas seu forte seu fraude peri\u00earunt;\n  fer\u00f4c\u00eas m\u00f4rum similit\u00fbd\u00f4 coni\u00fbnxit. Statim Tarquinius             {40}\n  \u00e2 Tulli\u00e2[1] incit\u00e2tus advoc\u00e2t\u00f4[2] sen\u00e2t\u00fb r\u00eagnum\n  paternum repetere coepit. Qu\u00e2[3] r\u00ea\n  aud\u00eet\u00e2 Servius dum ad C\u00fbriam contendit,\n  iuss\u00fb Tarquini\u00ee per grad\u00fbs[4] d\u00eaiectus et\n  domum refugi\u00eans interfectus est. Tullia                           {45}\n  carpent\u00f4 vecta in Forum proper\u00e2vit et\n  c\u00f4niugem \u00ea C\u00fbri\u00e2 \u00eavoc\u00e2tum pr\u00eema r\u00eagem\n  sal\u00fbt\u00e2vit; c\u00fbius iuss\u00fb cum \u00ea turb\u00e2 ac\n  tumult\u00fb d\u00eacessisset[5] domumque red\u00eeret,\n  v\u00ees\u00f4 patris corpore, cunctantem et fr\u00eana m\u00fbli\u00f4nem inhibentem      {50}\n  super ipsum[6] corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde[7] v\u00eecus ille\n  Sceler\u00e2tus dictus est. Servius Tullius r\u00eagn\u00e2vit ann\u00f4s quattuor et\n  quadr\u00e2gint\u00e2.\n\n    [Footnotes: VII (pages 19-22)\n\n    19.13: Livy relates that at the capture of the Latin town\n    Corniculum, Servius' father was killed and his mother taken\n    prisoner. Out of respect to her high rank, Tanaquil set her free\n    and welcomed her to the palace. There Servius was born, and he was\n    brought up in Tarquin's household.\n    19.14: #ferunt . . . accidisse#: in English, the verb\n    corresponding to #ferunt# would be parenthetical, thus:\n    'a\u00a0prodigy, _they say_, happened.'\n    19.15: #pr\u00f4digium . . . m\u00eer\u00e2bile#: 'a prodigy, strange to look\n    upon, and marvelously fulfilled.' #v\u00ees\u00fb# and #\u00eavent\u00fb# are\n    ablatives of specification to #m\u00eer\u00e2bile#: H\u00a0480 (424): M\u00a0650:\n    A\u00a0253: G\u00a0397: B\u00a0226, 1.\n    20.1: #Flammae speci\u00eas#: 'the semblance of fire.' We may render\n    the whole sentence, 'Fire seemed to envelop,' etc.\n    20.2: #summam . . . intell\u00eaxit#: cf. p. 17, n.\u00a012.\n    20.3: Cf. p. 1, n. 5.\n    20.4: governed by _\u00eaduc\u00e2bat_ understood.\n    20.5: _qu\u00eedam_ and _\u00fbnus_ often have no more force than the\n    English indefinite article.\n    20.6: #m\u00eelitibus . . . d\u00eemicantibus#: causal.\n    20.7: #raptum . . . m\u00eesit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8. To lose the standard\n    was as much of a disgrace then as it is now to lose the flag.\n    20.8: #C\u00fbius . . . gr\u00e2ti\u00e2#: an expression of purpose = _quod ut\n    reciperet_.\n    20.9: Roman houses in general had no windows on the ground floor.\n    20.10: Cf. p. 19, n. 12.\n    20.11: H 603, 2 (519, 2): M 921: A 328: G 572: B 293, III, 2, and\n    p. xx, G\u00a03.\n    20.12: dat. with #dict\u00f4 audient\u00eas essent#, which together =\n    _p\u00e2r\u00earent_: H\u00a0426 (385,\u00a0I): M\u00a0530: A\u00a0227 and N. 2: G\u00a0346 and N. 5:\n    B\u00a0187, II. #dict\u00f4# is dat. with #audient\u00eas#, which here itself =\n    'obeying.'\n    20.13: i.e. instead of being formally chosen king by the senate\n    and people (p.\u00a015, n.\u00a011).\n    20.14: _subig\u00f4_.\n    20.15: #foss\u00e2s . . . d\u00fbxit#: this statement harmonizes with VI,\n    14: see note there. Remains of the wall and ditch are extant,\n    especially along the east side of the Esquiline, Viminal, and\n    Quirinal hills.\n    20.16: The census was not, as with us, a mere enumeration of the\n    inhabitants, but an enrollment and classification of them\n    according to property for purposes of taxation and military\n    service. Hence the clause #in .\u00a0.\u00a0. distribuit# is in part an\n    explanation of #c\u00eansum \u00f4rdin\u00e2vit#.\n    20.17: These classes were six in number.\n    20.18: According to Livy, there were 193 centuries. At elections\n    each century cast a single vote, the opinion of the majority of\n    its members being regarded as the voice of the whole century. The\n    first, or richest class, contained 98 centuries, and so controlled\n    98 votes, more than a majority.\n    21.1: #Iam tum#: 'even in those early days.'\n    21.2: This temple was one of the seven wonders of the ancient\n    world. See Acts xix, 24\u00a0f.\n    21.3: #comm\u00fbniter . . . factum# (_esse_): 'that the states of Asia\n    had united in building it.' How literally?\n    21.4: #et ips\u00ee# = _etiam ips\u00ee_, or _ips\u00ee quoque_: 'they too,' i.e.\n    as well as the _c\u00eevit\u00e2t\u00eas Asiae_.\n    21.5: 'in conjunction with.' The whole might have been expressed\n    thus: _ut ill\u00ee_ (i.e. the _Lat\u00een\u00ee_) _et populus R\u00f4m\u00e2nus .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n    aedific\u00e2rent_. Cf. lines 23,\u00a024.\n    21.6: #Qu\u00f4 fact\u00f4# = _postquam h\u00f4c_ (i.e. the building of the\n    temple) _factum est_.\n    21.7: Cf. p. 18, n. 17.\n    21.8: Sc. _esse_. For the personal construction #d\u00eecitur#, see\n    H\u00a0611, 1 (534, I\u00a0and N.\u00a01): M\u00a0962: A\u00a0330, _b_, 1: G\u00a0528, 1: B\u00a0332.\n    21.9: Subjunctive, because in a subordinate clause of indir. disc.\n    For the tense, cf. p.\u00a06, n.\u00a01.\n    21.10: '_The_ (aforesaid) Latin,' mentioned in l. 28. This is one\n    of the cases where Latin suffers from the lack of the definite\n    article.\n    21.11: 'cunningly.' Cf. p. 4, n. 4.\n    21.12: The Tiber ran close to the foot of the Aventine hill on\n    which (l.\u00a026) the temple of Diana stood.\n    21.13: = _cum hab\u00earet_, 'since he had.' #cum .\u00a0.\u00a0. vid\u00earet# is\n    also causal.\n    21.14: abl. of quality: H 473, 2 (419, II): M 643: A\u00a0251: G\u00a0400:\n    B\u00a0224.\n    21.15: #fer\u00f4cem . . . fer\u00f4c\u00ee#: note that the order in the second\n    of these two pairs of words is the reverse of that in the first.\n    Cf. l. 36, _alteram fer\u00f4cem, m\u00eetem alteram_. This arrangement is\n    called _Chiasmus_: H\u00a0666, 2 (562): M\u00a01150: A\u00a0344, _f_, and N.:\n    G\u00a0682, and R.: B\u00a0350, II, _c_).\n    22.1: The daughter of Tullius.\n    22.2: #advoc\u00e2t\u00f4 . . . coepit# = _sen\u00e2tum advoc\u00e2vit et .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n    coepit_. Cf. p.\u00a02, n.\u00a08.\n    22.3: #qu\u00e2 r\u00ea . . . contendit#: 'while Servius, after he had heard\n    of this action, was hastening,' etc. For the tense of #contendit#,\n    see p.\u00a03, n.\u00a014.\n    22.4: Sc. _C\u00fbriae_.\n    22.5: #d\u00eacessisset . . . red\u00eeret#: 'had departed .\u00a0.\u00a0. and _was_\n    returning.'\n    22.6: #super ipsum corpus#: 'over the _very_ body'; #ipsum#\n    emphasizes the wickedness of Tullia. Roman feeling usually\n    required that the utmost respect be shown to the bodies of the\n    dead.\n    22.7: Used here as in VI, 27.]\n\n\n#VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septimus et ultimus#\n[[stripped text]]\n\n534-510 B.C.\n\nTarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occupavit. Tamen bello strenuus\nLatinos Sabinosque domuit. Urbem Gabios in potestatem redegit fraude\nSexti filii. Is cum indigne ferret eam urbem a patre expugnari non\nposse, ad Gabinos se contulit, patris saevitiam in se conquerens.\nBenigne a Gabinis exceptus paulatim eorum benevolentiam consequitur,\nfictis blanditiis ita eos adliciens, ut apud omnes plurimum posset, et\nad postremum dux belli eligeretur. Tum e suis unum ad patrem mittit\nsciscitatum quidnam se facere vellet. Pater nuntio filii nihil\nrespondit, sed velut deliberabundus in hortum transiit ibique inambulans\nsequente nuntio altissima papaverum capita baculo decussit. Nuntius,\nfessus exspectando, rediit Gabios. Sextus, cognito silentio patris et\nfacto, intellexit quid vellet pater. Primores civitatis interemit\npatrique urbem sine ulla dimicatione tradidit.\n\nPostea rex Ardeam urbem obsidebat. Ibi cum in castris essent, Tarquinius\nCollatinus, sorore regis natus, forte cenabat apud Sextum Tarquinium cum\niuvenibus regiis. Incidit de uxoribus mentio; cum suam unusquisque\nlaudaret, placuit experiri. Itaque citatis equis Romam avolant; regias\nnurus in convivio et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collatiam;\nLucretiam, Collatini uxorem, inter ancillas lanae deditam inveniunt. Ea\nergo ceteris praestare iudicatur. Paucis interiectis diebus Sextus\nCollatiam rediit et Lucretiae vim attulit. Illa postero die,\nadvocatispatre et coniuge, rem exposuit et se cultro, quem sub veste\nabditum habebat, occidit. Conclamat vir paterque et in exitium regum\nconiurant. Tarquinio Romam redeunti clausae sunt urbis portae et\nexsilium indictum.\n\nIn antiquis annalibus memoriae haec sunt prodita. Anus hospita atque\nincognita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum regem adiit, novem libros\nferens, quos esse dicebat divina oracula: eos se velle venumdare.\nTarquinius pretium percontatus est: mulier nimium atque immensum\npoposcit. Rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, derisit. Tum illa foculum\ncum igni apponit et tres libros ex novem deurit; et, ecquid reliquos sex\neodem pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed Tarquinius id multo\nrisit magis, dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare. Mulier ibidem\nstatim tres alios libros exussit; atque id ipsum denuo placide rogat, ut\ntres reliquos eodem illo pretio emat. Tarquinius ore iam serio atque\nattentiore animo fit; eam constantiam confidentiamque non neglegendam\nintellegit: libros tres reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio quam quod\nerat petitum pro omnibus. Sed eam mulierem tunc a Tarquinio digressam\npostea nusquam loci visam constitit. Libri tres in sacrario conditi\nSibyllinique appellati. Ad eos, quasi ad oraculum, Quindecemviri adeunt,\ncum dii immortales publice consulendi sunt.\n\n\n  #VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum r\u00eax septimus et \u00fbltimus#\n  [[as printed]]\n\n  534-510 B.C.\n\n  Tarquinius Superbus r\u00eagnum scelest\u00ea[8] occup\u00e2vit.[9] Tamen bell\u00f4\n  str\u00eanuus Lat\u00een\u00f4s Sab\u00een\u00f4sque domuit. Urbem Gabi\u00f4s in potest\u00e2tem\n  red\u00eagit fraude Sext\u00ee f\u00eeli\u00ee. Is cum ind\u00eegn\u00ea ferret eam urbem\n  \u00e2 patre exp\u00fbgn\u00e2r\u00ee n\u00f4n posse,[10] ad Gab\u00een\u00f4s s\u00ea contulit, patris\n      saevitiam\n  in s\u00ea conquer\u00eans. Ben\u00eegn\u00ea \u00e2 Gab\u00een\u00ees exceptus paul\u00e2tim              {5}\n  e\u00f4rum benevolentiam c\u00f4nsequitur, f\u00eect\u00ees blanditi\u00ees ita e\u00f4s adlici\u00eans,\n    [[23]]\n  ut apud omn\u00eas pl\u00fbrimum posset,[1] et ad postr\u00eamum dux bell\u00ee\n  \u00ealiger\u00eatur. Tum \u00ea su\u00ees \u00fbnum ad patrem mittit sc\u00eescit\u00e2tum[2]\n  quidnam s\u00ea[3] facere vellet. Pater n\u00fbnti\u00f4 f\u00eeli\u00ee nihil respondit, sed\n  velut d\u00eal\u00eeber\u00e2bundus[4] in hortum tr\u00e2nsiit ibique inambul\u00e2ns      {10}\n  sequente n\u00fbnti\u00f4 altissima[5] pap\u00e2verum capita bacul\u00f4 d\u00eacussit.\n  N\u00fbntius, fessus exspectand\u00f4, rediit Gabi\u00f4s. Sextus, c\u00f4gnit\u00f4\n  silenti\u00f4 patris et fact\u00f4,[6] intell\u00eaxit[7] quid vellet pater.\n  Pr\u00eem\u00f4r\u00eas c\u00eevit\u00e2tis inter\u00eamit patr\u00eeque urbem sine \u00fbll\u00e2 d\u00eemic\u00e2ti\u00f4ne\n  tr\u00e2didit.                                                         {15}\n\n  Poste\u00e2 r\u00eax Ardeam urbem obsid\u00eabat. Ibi cum in castr\u00ees essent,\n  Tarquinius Coll\u00e2t\u00eenus, sor\u00f4re[8] r\u00eagis n\u00e2tus, forte c\u00ean\u00e2bat apud\n  Sextum Tarquinium cum iuvenibus[9] r\u00eagi\u00ees. Incidit[10] d\u00ea ux\u00f4ribus\n  menti\u00f4; cum suam \u00fbnusquisque laud\u00e2ret, placuit exper\u00eer\u00ee.\n  Itaque cit\u00e2t\u00ees[11] equ\u00ees R\u00f4mam \u00e2volant; r\u00eagi\u00e2s[12] nur\u00fbs in\n      conv\u00eevi\u00f4[13]                                                  {20}\n  et l\u00fbx\u00fb d\u00eaprehendunt. Pergunt inde Coll\u00e2tiam[14]; Lucr\u00eatiam,\n  Coll\u00e2t\u00een\u00ee ux\u00f4rem, inter ancill\u00e2s l\u00e2nae[15] d\u00eaditam inveniunt. Ea\n  erg\u00f4 c\u00eater\u00ees praest\u00e2re i\u00fbdic\u00e2tur. Pauc\u00ees interiect\u00ees di\u00eabus Sextus\n  Coll\u00e2tiam rediit et Lucr\u00eatiae vim[16] attulit. Illa poster\u00f4 di\u00ea,\n      advoc\u00e2t\u00ees\n  patre et coniuge, rem exposuit et s\u00ea cultr\u00f4, quem sub veste       {25}\n    [[24]]\n  abditum hab\u00eabat, occ\u00eedit. Concl\u00e2mat vir paterque et in[1] exitium\n  r\u00eagum coni\u00fbrant. Tarquini\u00f4[2] R\u00f4mam redeunt\u00ee clausae sunt\n  urbis portae et exsilium indictum.[3]\n\n  In ant\u00eequ\u00ees ann\u00e2libus memoriae haec sunt pr\u00f4dita.[4] Anus\n  hospita atque inc\u00f4gnita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum r\u00eagem      {30}\n  adiit,[5] novem libr\u00f4s fer\u00eans, qu\u00f4s esse d\u00eec\u00eabat d\u00eev\u00eena \u00f4r\u00e2cula: e\u00f4s\n  s\u00ea velle[6] v\u00eanumdare. Tarquinius pretium percont\u00e2tus est: mulier\n  nimium atque imm\u00eansum pop\u00f4scit. R\u00eax, quasi[7] anus aet\u00e2te d\u00easiperet,\n  d\u00ear\u00eesit.[8] Tum illa foculum cum \u00eegn\u00ee app\u00f4nit et tr\u00eas libr\u00f4s\n  ex novem de\u00fbrit; et, ecquid reliqu\u00f4s sex e\u00f4dem preti\u00f4[9] emere    {35}\n  vellet, r\u00eagem interrog\u00e2vit. Sed Tarquinius id mult\u00f4 r\u00eesit magis,\n  d\u00eexitque anum iam procul dubi\u00f4 d\u00eal\u00eer\u00e2re. Mulier ib\u00eedem statim\n  tr\u00eas ali\u00f4s libr\u00f4s ex\u00fbssit[10]; atque id[11] ipsum d\u00eanu\u00f4 placid\u00ea rogat,\n  ut[12] tr\u00eas reliqu\u00f4s e\u00f4dem ill\u00f4 preti\u00f4 emat. Tarquinius \u00f4re[13] iam\n  s\u00eari\u00f4 atque attenti\u00f4re anim\u00f4[13] fit; eam[14] c\u00f4nstantiam\n      c\u00f4nf\u00eedentiamque                                               {40}\n  n\u00f4n neglegendam[15] intellegit: libr\u00f4s tr\u00eas reliqu\u00f4s merc\u00e2tur\n  nihil\u00f4 min\u00f4re preti\u00f4[9] quam quod erat pet\u00eetum pr\u00f4 omnibus. Sed\n  eam mulierem tunc \u00e2 Tarquini\u00f4 d\u00eegressam[16] poste\u00e2 n\u00fbsquam loc\u00ee\n  v\u00eesam[15] c\u00f4nstitit. Libr\u00ee[17] tr\u00eas in sacr\u00e2ri\u00f4 condit\u00ee Sibyll\u00een\u00eeque\n  appell\u00e2t\u00ee. Ad e\u00f4s, quasi ad \u00f4r\u00e2culum, Qu\u00eendecemvir\u00ee adeunt, cum   {45}\n  di\u00ee immort\u00e2l\u00eas p\u00fbblic\u00ea c\u00f4nsulend\u00ee sunt.\n\n    [Footnotes: VIII (pages 22-24)\n\n    22.8: Cf. the whole description VII, 40-53.\n    22.9: not 'occupied.'\n    22.10: The infinitive depends on #ind\u00eegn\u00ea ferret#, an expression\n    of emotion. Cf. p.\u00a019, n.\u00a06.\n    23.1: #pl\u00fbrimum posset#: 'he possessed great influence.'\n    #pl\u00fbrimum# is an accusative of extent.\n    23.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 20.\n    23.3: #s\u00ea# refers to Sextus. Sextus asked his father through the\n    messenger: _Quidnam m\u00ea facere v\u00ees?_\n    23.4: Adjectives ending in -_bundus_ generally have the force of\n    the English present participle active.\n    23.5: #altissima . . . capita# = 'the heads of the tallest\n    poppies.' How literally?\n    23.6: #fact\u00f4# is here a noun.\n    23.7: It has been shown that the whole of this story was derived\n    from Greek sources, and that the incident described in the text\n    is, so far as Gabii is concerned, without foundation.\n    23.8: H 469, 2 (415, II): M 609: A 244: G 395: B 215.\n    23.9: #iuvenibus r\u00eagi\u00ees#: 'the princes.'\n    23.10: #Incidit . . . menti\u00f4#: 'the conversation happened to turn\n    on (the merits\u00a0of) their (respective) wives.' How literally?\n    23.11: #cit\u00e2t\u00ees equ\u00ees#: 'at top speed.' How literally?\n    23.12: #r\u00eagi\u00e2s nur\u00fbs#: 'the king's daughters-in-law,' i.e. the\n    princes' wives.\n    23.13: #conv\u00eevi\u00f4 et l\u00fbx\u00fb#: 'a banquet and luxury' = 'a\u00a0luxurious\n    banquet.'\n    23.14: The home of Collatinus.\n    23.15: #l\u00e2nae d\u00eaditam#: 'wholly intent on spinning.' In the\n    oldest times the Roman housewife made all the garments of the\n    household. Hence a frequent laudatory inscription on the\n    tombstones of Roman ladies is _l\u00e2nam f\u00eacit_. Macaulay had this\n    feature of Roman life in mind when (_Horatius_, stanza LXX) he\n    wrote:\n        \"When the goodwife's shuttle merrily\n          Goes flashing through the loom.\"\n    23.16: #vim attulit# (_adfer\u00f4_): 'outraged.'\n    24.1: #in exitium r\u00eagum#: 'to kill the royal family (#r\u00eagum#).'\n    For #in exitium# cf. p.\u00a014, n.\u00a04.\n    24.2: dat. of disadvantage. Translate: 'against T., on his return\n    to Rome.'\n    24.3: Sc. _est_.\n    24.4: _pr\u00f4d\u00f4_.\n    24.5: _ade\u00f4_.\n    24.6: infin. because dependent on _d\u00eexit_ understood, to be\n    supplied from #d\u00eec\u00eabat#.\n    24.7: #quasi . . . d\u00easiperet#: 'thinking that the old woman's mind\n    was failing through age.' See p.\u00a03, n.\u00a06.\n    24.8: _d\u00ear\u00eede\u00f4_.\n    24.9: abl. of price: H 478 (422): M 652: A 252: G 404: B\u00a0225.\n    24.10: _ex\u00fbr\u00f4_.\n    24.11: explained by the clause #ut . . . emat#.\n    24.12: #ut . . . emat#: a substantive clause of purpose depending\n    on #rogat#: H\u00a0565 (498,\u00a0I): M\u00a0894: A\u00a0331: G\u00a0546: B\u00a0295,\u00a04.\n    24.13: abl. of quality with #fit#.\n    24.14: = _t\u00e2lem_, as often.\n    24.15: sc. _esse_.\n    24.16: #d\u00eegressam# (_d\u00eegredior_) = _postquam d\u00eegressa est_.\n    24.17: #Libr\u00ee . . . appell\u00e2t\u00ee#: the _Sibyllae_ were inspired\n    maidens devoted to the worship of Apollo. The most famous, from\n    whom Tarquin was believed to have received the Sibylline books,\n    lived at Cumae, on the coast of Campania, in Italy. The books were\n    placed in a vault beneath the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. When\n    this temple was burned in 83 B.C., the senate sent envoys to\n    Greece to make a new collection of oracular sayings. These also\n    were deposited for a time in the temple of Jupiter after its\n    restoration.]\n\n\n#IX. Iunius Brutus, Romanorum consul primus# [[stripped text]]\n\nIunius Brutus, sorore Tarquinii Superbi natus, cum eandem fortunam\ntimeret, in quam frater inciderat, qui ob divitias et prudentiam ab\navunculo erat occisus, stultitiam finxit, unde Brutus dictus est.\nProfectus Delphos cum Tarquinii filiis, quos pater ad Apollinem\nmuneribus honorandum miserat, baculo sambuceo aurum inclusum dono tulit\ndeo. Peractis deinde mandatis patris, iuvenes Apollinem consulunt\nquisnam ex ipsis Romae regnaturus esset. Responsum est eum Romae summam\npotestatem habiturum, qui primus matrem osculatus esset. Tunc Brutus,\nvelut si casu prolapsus cecidisset, terram osculatus est, scilicet quod\nea communis mater omnium mortalium esset.\n\nExpulsis regibus duo consules creati sunt, Iunius Brutus et Tarquinius\nCollatinus Lucretiae maritus. At libertas modo parta per dolum et\nproditionem paene amissa est. Erant in iuventute Romana adulescentes\naliquot, sodales adulescentium Tarquiniorum. Hi cum legatis, quos rex ad\nbona sua repetenda Romam miserat, de restituendis regibus conloquuntur,\nipsos Bruti consulis filios in societatem consilii adsumunt. Sermonem\neorum ex servis unus excepit; rem ad consules detulit. Datae ad\nTarquinium litterae manifestum facinus fecerunt. Proditores in vincula\nconiecti sunt, deinde damnati. Stabant ad palum deligati iuvenes\nnobilissimi; sed a ceteris liberi consulis omnium in se oculos\navertebant. Consules in sedem processere suam, missique lictores nudatos\nvirgis caedunt securique feriunt. Supplicii non spectator modo, sed et\nexactor erat Brutus, qui tunc patrem exuit, ut consulem ageret.\n\nTarquinius deinde bello aperto regnum reciperare conatus est. Equitibus\npraeerat Aruns, Tarquinii filius: rex ipse cum legionibus sequebatur.\nObviam hosti consules eunt; Brutus ad explorandum cum equitatu\nantecessit. Aruns, ubi procul Brutum agnovit, inflammatus ira \"Ille est\nvir\" inquit \"qui nos patria expulit; ipse en ille nostris decoratus\ninsignibus magnifice incedit.\" Tum concitat calcaribus equum atque in\nipsum consulem dirigit; Brutus avide se certamini offert. Adeo infestis\nanimis concurrerunt, ut ambo hasta transfixi caderent; fugatus tamen\nproelio est Tarquinius. Alter consul Romam triumphans rediit. Bruti\nconlegae funus, quanto potuit apparatu, fecit. Brutum matronae, ut\nparentem, annum luxerunt.\n\n\n    [[25]]\n\n  #IX. I\u00fbnius Br\u00fbtus, R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum c\u00f4nsul pr\u00eemus# [[as printed]]\n\n  I\u00fbnius Br\u00fbtus, sor\u00f4re[1] Tarquini\u00ee Superb\u00ee n\u00e2tus, cum[2] eandem\n  fort\u00fbnam tim\u00earet, in quam fr\u00e2ter inciderat, qu\u00ee ob d\u00eeviti\u00e2s et\n  pr\u00fbdentiam ab avuncul\u00f4 erat occ\u00eesus, stultitiam finxit, unde\n  Br\u00fbtus dictus est. Profectus[3] Delph\u00f4s[4] cum Tarquini\u00ee f\u00eeli\u00ees,\n  qu\u00f4s pater ad Apollinem m\u00fbneribus hon\u00f4randum m\u00eeserat, bacul\u00f4[5]    {5}\n  samb\u00fbce\u00f4 aurum incl\u00fbsum d\u00f4n\u00f4[6] tulit de\u00f4. Per\u00e2ct\u00ees deinde\n  mand\u00e2t\u00ees patris, iuven\u00eas Apollinem c\u00f4nsulunt quisnam ex ips\u00ees\n  R\u00f4mae[7] r\u00eagn\u00e2t\u00fbrus esset.[8] Resp\u00f4nsum est eum R\u00f4mae[7] summam\n  potest\u00e2tem habit\u00fbrum, qu\u00ee pr\u00eemus m\u00e2trem \u00f4scul\u00e2tus esset.[9] Tunc\n  Br\u00fbtus, velut s\u00ee c\u00e2s\u00fb pr\u00f4l\u00e2psus[10] cecidisset, terram \u00f4scul\u00e2tus est,\n  sc\u00eelicet quod ea comm\u00fbnis m\u00e2ter omnium mort\u00e2lium esset.           {11}\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 509.]\n\n  Expuls\u00ees r\u00eagibus duo c\u00f4nsul\u00eas[11] cre\u00e2t\u00ee sunt, I\u00fbnius Br\u00fbtus et\n  Tarquinius Coll\u00e2t\u00eenus[12] Lucr\u00eatiae mar\u00eetus. At l\u00eebert\u00e2s\n  modo parta[13] per dolum et pr\u00f4diti\u00f4nem paene \u00e2missa est.\n  Erant in iuvent\u00fbte R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00e2 adul\u00eascent\u00eas aliquot, sod\u00e2l\u00eas           {15}\n  adul\u00eascentium Tarquini\u00f4rum.[14] H\u00ee cum l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00ees, qu\u00f4s r\u00eax ad bona sua\n  repetenda R\u00f4mam m\u00eeserat, d\u00ea restituend\u00ees r\u00eagibus conloquuntur,\n  ips\u00f4s Br\u00fbt\u00ee c\u00f4nsulis f\u00eeli\u00f4s in societ\u00e2tem c\u00f4nsili\u00ee ads\u00fbmunt. Serm\u00f4nem\n  e\u00f4rum ex serv\u00ees \u00fbnus exc\u00eapit; rem ad c\u00f4nsul\u00eas d\u00eatulit.\n  Datae[15] ad Tarquinium l\u00eetterae manif\u00eastum facinus f\u00eac\u00earunt.     {20}\n  Pr\u00f4dit\u00f4r\u00eas in vincula coniect\u00ee sunt, deinde damn\u00e2t\u00ee. St\u00e2bant ad\n  p\u00e2lum d\u00ealig\u00e2t\u00ee iuven\u00eas n\u00f4bilissim\u00ee; sed \u00e2 c\u00eater\u00ees l\u00eeber\u00ee c\u00f4nsulis\n  omnium in s\u00ea ocul\u00f4s \u00e2vert\u00eabant. C\u00f4nsul\u00eas in s\u00eadem pr\u00f4cess\u00eare[16]\n    [[26]]\n  suam, miss\u00eeque l\u00eect\u00f4r\u00eas n\u00fbd\u00e2t\u00f4s[1] virg\u00ees caedunt sec\u00fbr\u00eeque feriunt.\n  Supplici\u00ee n\u00f4n spect\u00e2tor modo, sed et[2] ex\u00e2ctor erat Br\u00fbtus,      {25}\n  qu\u00ee tunc patrem exuit, ut c\u00f4nsulem ageret.[3]\n\n    [Illustration {BRVTVS}]\n\n  Tarquinius deinde bell\u00f4 apert\u00f4 r\u00eagnum reciper\u00e2re c\u00f4n\u00e2tus[4] est.\n  Equitibus praeerat \u00c2r\u00fbns, Tarquini\u00ee f\u00eelius: r\u00eax ipse cum legi\u00f4nibus\n  sequ\u00eab\u00e2tur. Obviam host\u00ee[5] c\u00f4nsul\u00eas\n  eunt; Br\u00fbtus ad expl\u00f4randum cum equit\u00e2t\u00fb                          {30}\n  antecessit. \u00c2r\u00fbns, ubi procul Br\u00fbtum\n  \u00e2gn\u00f4vit,[6] \u00eenflamm\u00e2tus \u00eer\u00e2 \"Ille est vir\" inquit\n  \"qu\u00ee n\u00f4s patri\u00e2 expulit; ipse[7] \u00ean ille nostr\u00ees\n  decor\u00e2tus \u00eens\u00eegnibus m\u00e2gnific\u00ea inc\u00eadit.\" Tum\n  concitat calc\u00e2ribus equum atque in ipsum c\u00f4nsulem                 {35}\n  d\u00eerigit; Br\u00fbtus avid\u00ea s\u00ea cert\u00e2min\u00ee offert. Ade\u00f4[8] \u00eenf\u00east\u00ees\n  anim\u00ees concurr\u00earunt, ut amb\u00f4 hast\u00e2 tr\u00e2nsf\u00eex\u00ee caderent; fug\u00e2tus\n  tamen proeli\u00f4 est Tarquinius. Alter[9] c\u00f4nsul R\u00f4mam triumph\u00e2ns\n  rediit. Br\u00fbt\u00ee conl\u00eagae f\u00fbnus, quant\u00f4[10] potuit appar\u00e2t\u00fb, f\u00eacit.\n  Br\u00fbtum m\u00e2tr\u00f4nae, ut parentem, annum l\u00fbx\u00earunt.[11]                 {40}\n\n    [Footnotes: IX (pages 25-26)\n\n    25.1: Cf. p. 23, n. 8.\n    25.2: #cum#: causal; cf. p. 4, n. 12; also p. xx, H\u00a02.\n    25.3: _profic\u00eescor_.\n    25.4: Cf. p. 3, n. 4.\n    25.5: Join with #incl\u00fbsum#, and cf. p. 2, n. 7.\n    25.6: dat. of purpose or service: H 433 (390): M 548: A\u00a0233, _a_:\n    G\u00a0356: B\u00a0191, 2. This dat. is specially common in connection with\n    another dat., as #de\u00f4# here (dat. of advantage).\n    25.7: locative: H 483 (425, II): M 620: A 258, _c_, 2: G\u00a0411:\n    B\u00a0228,\u00a01.\n    25.8: Cf. p. 3, n. 2. The whole clause is the object of\n    #c\u00f4nsulunt#, 'consult (by\u00a0asking).'\n    25.9: Cf. p. 6, n. 1. The oracle said: _Is . . . hab\u00eabit, qu\u00ee\n    .\u00a0.\u00a0. erit_.\n    25.10: #pr\u00f4l\u00e2psus# (_pr\u00f4l\u00e2bor_) #cecidisset# (_cad\u00f4_) = _pr\u00f4l\u00e2psus\n    esset et cecidisset_.\n    25.11: See Vocab., _c\u00f4nsul_.\n    25.12: Cf. VIII, 17.\n    25.13: _pari\u00f4_.\n    25.14: The sons of Tarquin, mentioned above, l. 4.\n    25.15: = _quae datae erant_. _datae_ = _missae_, and so is\n    construed with _ad_ and the accusative.\n    25.16: = _pr\u00f4cess\u00earunt._\n    26.1: #n\u00fbd\u00e2t\u00f4s virg\u00ees caedunt# = _n\u00fbdant (e\u00f4s) et virg\u00ees caedunt_.\n    26.2: = _etiam._\n    26.3: What does the subjunctive express?\n    26.4: _c\u00f4nor_.\n    26.5: dat. after _ob_ in #obviam#. The rule regarding compound\n    verbs (p.\u00a02, n.\u00a07) holds true often of nouns, adjectives, and\n    adverbs.\n    26.6: _\u00e2gn\u00f4sc\u00f4_.\n    26.7: #ipse . . . inc\u00eadit#: the _spirit_ of this dramatic sentence\n    may be reproduced thus: 'Look at him (#\u00ean\u00a0ille#)! He is actually\n    adorned with _our_ insignia! See in what a lordly way he\n    advances!'\n    26.8: #Ade\u00f4#, 'such,' in part qualifies #\u00eenf\u00east\u00ees#, in part paves\n    the way for the result clause #ut .\u00a0.\u00a0. caderent#.\n    26.9: #Alter#: 'the remaining.' Why may it be so translated?\n    26.10: #quant\u00f4 . . . appar\u00e2t\u00fb#: 'with the greatest possible\n    splendor.'\n    26.11: _l\u00fbge\u00f4._]\n\n\n#X. Mucius Scaevola# [[stripped text]]\n\nCum Porsena Romam obsideret, Mucius, vir Romanae constantiae, senatum\nadiit et veniam transfugiendi petiit, necem regis repromittens. Accepta\npotestate cum in castra Porsenae venisset, ibi in confertissima turba\nprope tribunal constitit. Stipendium tunc forte militibus dabatur et\nscriba cum rege pari fere ornatu sedebat. Mucius, ignorans uter rex\nesset, illum pro rege occidit. Apprehensus et ad regem pertractus\ndextram accenso ad sacrificium foculo iniecit, velut manum puniens, quod\nin caede peccasset. Attonitus miraculo rex iuvenem amoveri ab altaribus\niussit. Tum Mucius, quasi beneficium remunerans, ait trecentos adversus\neum sui similes coniurasse. Qua re ille territus bellum acceptis\nobsidibus deposuit. Mucio prata trans Tiberim data, ab eo Mucia\nappellata. Statua quoque ei honoris gratia constituta est.\n\n\n  #X. M\u00fbcius Scaevola# [[as printed]]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 507]\n\n  Cum Porsena[12] R\u00f4mam obsid\u00earet, M\u00fbcius, vir R\u00f4m\u00e2nae[13]\n  c\u00f4nstantiae, sen\u00e2tum adiit et veniam[14] tr\u00e2nsfugiend\u00ee petiit, necem\n    [[27]]\n  r\u00eagis repr\u00f4mitt\u00eans. Accept\u00e2[1] potest\u00e2te cum in castra Porsenae\n  v\u00eanisset, ibi in c\u00f4nfertissim\u00e2 turb\u00e2 prope trib\u00fbnal c\u00f4nstitit.\n  St\u00eependium tunc forte[2] m\u00eelitibus dab\u00e2tur et scr\u00eeba cum           {5}\n  r\u00eage par\u00ee[3] fer\u00ea \u00f4rn\u00e2t\u00fb sed\u00eabat. M\u00fbcius, \u00eegn\u00f4r\u00e2ns uter r\u00eax esset,\n  illum pr\u00f4 r\u00eage occ\u00eedit. Appreh\u00eansus et ad r\u00eagem pertr\u00e2ctus[4]\n  dextram acc\u00eans\u00f4[5] ad sacrificium focul\u00f4 ini\u00eacit, velut manum\n  p\u00fbni\u00eans, quod[6] in caede pecc\u00e2sset. Attonitus m\u00eer\u00e2cul\u00f4 r\u00eax        {9}\n  iuvenem \u00e2mov\u00ear\u00ee ab alt\u00e2ribus iussit. Tum M\u00fbcius, quasi beneficium\n  rem\u00fbner\u00e2ns, ait trecent\u00f4s adversus eum[7] su\u00ee simil\u00eas coni\u00fbr\u00e2sse.\n  Qu\u00e2 r\u00ea ille territus[8] bellum accept\u00ees obsidibus d\u00eaposuit.[9]\n  M\u00fbci\u00f4 pr\u00e2ta tr\u00e2ns Tiberim data,[10] ab e\u00f4 M\u00fbcia appell\u00e2ta. Statua\n  quoque e\u00ee[11] hon\u00f4ris gr\u00e2ti\u00e2 c\u00f4nstit\u00fbta est.                      {14}\n\n    [Footnotes: X (pages 26-27)\n\n    26.12: Tarquinius Superbus had applied to Porsena, king of the\n    Etruscan city of Clusium, for aid in the recovery of his throne.\n    Porsena gathered a large army and marched against Rome. For this\n    story, see Macaulay's _Lays of Ancient Rome, Horatius_. Modern\n    authorities on Roman history maintain that Porsena was so\n    successful in his operations that he compelled the Romans to\n    submit to a very humiliating treaty.\n    26.13: We would say, 'truly Roman.'\n    26.14: #veniam tr\u00e2nsfugiend\u00ee#: 'permission to go over (to\u00a0the\n    enemy).'\n    27.1: #Accept\u00e2# (_accipi\u00f4_) #. . . v\u00eanisset# = _Cum potest\u00e2tem\n    acc\u00eapisset et .\u00a0.\u00a0. v\u00eanisset_.\n    27.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 19.\n    27.3: #par\u00ee . . . \u00f4rn\u00e2t\u00fb#: abl. abs. to denote an attendant\n    circumstance: H\u00a0489, 1 (431,\u00a01): M\u00a0640: A\u00a0255, _d_, 5: G\u00a0409, N.:\n    B\u00a0227.\n    27.4: _pertrah\u00f4_.\n    27.5: _accend\u00f4_.\n    27.6: #quod . . . pecc\u00e2sset# expresses Scaevola's thought: see\n    H\u00a0588, II (516,\u00a0II): M\u00a0851: A\u00a0321: G\u00a0541: B\u00a0286, 1, and cf. p.\u00a014,\n    n.\u00a01, and p. xxi, H\u00a04.\n    27.7: #eum# refers to the king, #su\u00ee# to Scaevola. Scaevola's\n    speech was: _Trecent\u00ee adversus t\u00ea me\u00ee simil\u00eas coni\u00fbr\u00e2v\u00earunt._\n    27.8: _terre\u00f4_.\n    27.9: _d\u00eap\u00f4n\u00f4_.\n    27.10: Sc. _sunt_.\n    27.11: dat. of advantage with #c\u00f4nstit\u00fbta est#.]\n\n\n#XI. Fabii trecenti sex# [[stripped text]]\n\n479-477 B.C.\n\nCum adsiduis Veientium incursionibus vexarentur Romani, Fabia gens\nsenatum adit; consul Fabius pro gente loquitur: \"Vos alia bella curate;\nFabios hostes Veientibus date: id bellum privato sumptu gerere nobis in\nanimo est.\" Gratiae\u00a0ei ingentes actae sunt. Consul e Curia egressus,\ncomitante Fabiorum agmine, domum rediit. Manat tota urbe rumor; Fabium\nad caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabii postero die arma capiunt. Numquam\nexercitus neque minor numero neque clarior fama et admiratione hominum\nper urbem incessit. Ibant sex et trecenti milites, omnes patricii, omnes\nunius gentis. Ad Cremeram flumen perveniunt. Is opportunus visus est\nlocus communiendo praesidio. Hostes non semel fusi pacem supplices\npetunt.\n\nVeientes pacis impetratae cum brevi paenituisset, redintegrato bello\ninierunt consilium insidiis ferocem hostem captandi. Multo successu\nFabiis audacia crescebat. Cum igitur palati passim agros popularentur,\npecora a Veientibus obviam acta sunt; ad quae progressi Fabii in\ninsidias delapsi omnes ad unum perierunt. Dies, quo id factum est, inter\nnefastos relatus est; porta, qua profecti erant, Scelerata est\nappellata. Unus omnino superfuit ex ea gente, qui propter aetatem\nimpuberem domi relictus erat. Is genus propagavit ad Quintum Fabium\nMaximum, qui Hannibalem mora fregit.\n\n\n  #XI. Fabi\u00ee trecent\u00ee sex# [[as printed]]\n\n  479-477 B.C.\n\n  Cum[12] adsidu\u00ees V\u00eaientium[13] incursi\u00f4nibus vex\u00e2rentur[12] R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee,\n  Fabia g\u00eans sen\u00e2tum adit; c\u00f4nsul Fabius pr\u00f4 gente loquitur:\n  \"V\u00f4s alia bella c\u00fbr\u00e2te; Fabi\u00f4s[14] host\u00eas V\u00eaientibus date: id\n  bellum pr\u00eev\u00e2t\u00f4 s\u00fbmpt\u00fb[15] gerere n\u00f4b\u00ees[16] in anim\u00f4 est.\" Gr\u00e2tiae\u00a0e\u00ee\n    [[28]]\n  ingent\u00eas \u00e2ctae sunt. C\u00f4nsul \u00ea C\u00fbri\u00e2 \u00eagressus, comitante[1]         {5}\n  Fabi\u00f4rum \u00e2gmine, domum rediit. M\u00e2nat t\u00f4t\u00e2 urbe r\u00fbmor; Fabium\n  ad[2] caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabi\u00ee poster\u00f4 di\u00ea arma capiunt.\n  Numquam[3] exercitus neque minor numer\u00f4 neque cl\u00e2rior f\u00e2m\u00e2 et\n  adm\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4ne hominum per urbem incessit. \u00cebant sex et trecent\u00ee\n  m\u00eelit\u00eas, omn\u00eas patrici\u00ee, omn\u00eas \u00fbn\u00eeus gentis. Ad Cremeram fl\u00fbmen   {10}\n  perveniunt. Is opport\u00fbnus v\u00eesus est locus comm\u00fbniend\u00f4 praesidi\u00f4.[4]\n  Host\u00eas n\u00f4n[5] semel f\u00fbs\u00ee p\u00e2cem supplic\u00eas[6] petunt.\n\n  V\u00eaient\u00eas[7] p\u00e2cis impetr\u00e2tae cum brev\u00ee paenituisset,[8] redintegr\u00e2t\u00f4\n  bell\u00f4 ini\u00earunt c\u00f4nsilium \u00eensidi\u00ees fer\u00f4cem hostem captand\u00ee.\n  Mult\u00f4 success\u00fb Fabi\u00ees[9] aud\u00e2cia cr\u00easc\u00eabat. Cum igitur p\u00e2l\u00e2t\u00ee     {15}\n  passim agr\u00f4s popul\u00e2rentur, pecora \u00e2 V\u00eaientibus obviam[10] \u00e2cta\n  sunt; ad quae pr\u00f4gress\u00ee Fabi\u00ee in \u00eensidi\u00e2s d\u00eal\u00e2ps\u00ee[11] omn\u00eas ad\n  \u00fbnum peri\u00earunt. Di\u00eas, qu\u00f4 id factum est, inter nef\u00e2st\u00f4s rel\u00e2tus[12]\n  est; porta, qu\u00e2 profect\u00ee erant, Sceler\u00e2ta est appell\u00e2ta. \u00dbnus\n  omn\u00een\u00f4 superfuit ex e\u00e2 gente, qu\u00ee propter aet\u00e2tem imp\u00fbberem       {20}\n  dom\u00ee[13] rel\u00eectus[14] erat. Is[15] genus prop\u00e2g\u00e2vit ad Qu\u00eentum[16]\n      Fabium\n  M\u00e2ximum, qu\u00ee Hannibalem mor\u00e2[17] fr\u00eagit.[18]\n\n    [Footnotes: XI (pages 27-28)\n\n    27.12: The subjunctive expresses both time and cause: cf. p.\u00a02,\n    n.\u00a013, and p. xxii,\u00a0J.\n    27.13: The Veientes fought almost constantly against Rome from a\n    very early time (cf.\u00a0IV, 57; Livy says that they were defeated by\n    Romulus) till their city was completely destroyed in 396 B.C.\n    27.14: #Fabi\u00f4s . . . date#: 'give the Veientes the Fabii as their\n    enemies,' i.e. let the war against the Veientes be the special\n    business of the Fabii.\n    27.15: Cf. p. 24, n. 9.\n    27.16: #n\u00f4b\u00ees . . . est#: since #n\u00f4b\u00ees# is a dat. of possession\n    (H\u00a0430 (387): M\u00a0542: A\u00a0231: G\u00a0349: B\u00a0190) with #est#, the phrase\n    exactly = 'we have it in mind.' The subject of #est# is the clause\n    #id .\u00a0.\u00a0. gerere#. #Fabi\u00f4s# is strongly opposed to #v\u00f4s#.\n    28.1: #comitante . . . \u00e2gmine#: 'the Fabii accompanying him in a\n    body.' How literally?\n    28.2: #ad . . . ferunt#: so we 'laud a person to the skies.'\n    28.3: #Numquam . . . neque . . . neque#: in Latin, as in English,\n    two negatives neutralize each other and make an affirmative. To\n    this law there are two regular exceptions in Latin: When a general\n    negative like _n\u00f4n_, _numquam_, or _n\u00eam\u00f4_ is followed (1)\u00a0by\n    _neque .\u00a0.\u00a0. neque_ or (2)\u00a0by the emphatic _n\u00ea .\u00a0.\u00a0. quidem_. In\n    the former case the negation is distributed by the _neque .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n    neque_ into two (or\u00a0more) clauses or phrases; in the latter, the\n    full weight of the negation is concentrated upon a single word or\n    phrase. In English a single negative is always to be employed.\n    28.4: dat. of purpose: cf. p. 25, n. 6. This construction is\n    especially frequent with phrases consisting of a gerundive and a\n    noun.\n    28.5: #n\u00f4n semel#: 'not once (only),' i.e. repeatedly.\n    28.6: Cf. p. 4, n. 4.\n    28.7: #V\u00eaient\u00eas . . . paenituisset#: lit., 'when it had repented\n    the V. of the peace which they had secured.' What is our idiom?\n    #paenituisset# is wholly impersonal; #V\u00eaient\u00eas# is acc., though\n    logically its subject, and #p\u00e2cis# is gen., though logically its\n    object. H\u00a0457 (409, III): M\u00a0585: A\u00a0221, _b_: G\u00a0377: B\u00a0209.\n    28.8: See p. 2, n. 13.\n    28.9: dat. of reference: H 425, 4, N. (384, 4, N.\u00a02): M\u00a0537:\n    A\u00a0235, _a_: G\u00a0346: B\u00a0187,\u00a0II.\n    28.10: Sc. _e\u00ees_: 'to meet them.'\n    28.11: _d\u00eal\u00e2bor_.\n    28.12: _refero_.\n    28.13: locative: H 484, 2 (426, 2): M 622: A 258, _d_: G\u00a0411, R.\n    2: B\u00a0232,\u00a02.\n    28.14: _relinqu\u00f4_.\n    28.15: #Is . . . M\u00e2ximum#: freely 'he saved the family from\n    extinction and became the ancestor of Maximus.'\n    28.16: See Selection XIX.\n    28.17: Fabius, by his 'policy of masterly inactivity,' gained the\n    title of _Cunct\u00e2tor_, 'the Delayer.'\n    28.18: _frang\u00f4_.]\n\n\n#XII. Lucius Virginius# [[stripped text]]\n\nAnno trecentesimo ab urbe condita pro duobus consulibus decemviri creati\nsunt, qui adlatas e Graecia leges populo proponerent. Duodecim tabulis\neae sunt perscriptae. Ceterum decemviri sua ipsorum insolentia in\nexitium acti sunt. Nam unus ex iis Appius Claudius virginem plebeiam\nadamavit. Quam cum Appius non posset pretio ac spe perlicere, unum e\nclientibus subornavit, qui eam in servitutem deposceret, facile victurum\nse sperans, cum ipse esset et accusator et iudex. Lucius Virginius,\npuellae pater, tunc aberat militiae causa. Cliens igitur virgini\nvenienti in Forum (namque ibi in tabernis litterarum ludi erant) iniecit\nmanum, adfirmans suam esse servam. Eam sequi se iubet; ni faciat,\nminatur se vi abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad clamorem nutricis\nfit concursus. Itaque cum ille puellam vi non posset abducere, eam vocat\nin ius, ipso Appio iudice.\n\nInterea missi nuntii ad Virginium properant. Is commeatu sumpto a\ncastris profectus prima luce Romam advenit, cum iam civitas in Foro\nexspectatione erecta stabat. Virginius statim in Forum lacrimabundus et\ncivium opem implorans filiam suam deducit. Neque eo setius Appius, cum\nin tribunal escendisset, Virginiam clienti suo addixit. Tum pater, ubi\nnihil usquam auxilii vidit, \"Quaeso,\" inquit \"Appi, ignosce patrio\ndolori; sine me filiam ultimum adloqui.\" Data venia pater cum filiam\nseduxisset, ab lanio cultro adrepto pectus puellae transfigit. Tum vero\nsibi viam facit et respersus cruore ad exercitum profugit et milites ad\nvindicandum facinus accendit. Concitatus exercitus montem Aventinum\ninsedit; decem tribunos militum creavit; decemviros magistratu se\nabdicare coegit eosque omnes aut morte aut exilio multavit; ipse Appius\nClaudius in carcerem coniectus mortem sibi conscivit.\n\n\n    [[29]]\n\n  #XII. L\u00fbcius Virg\u00eenius# [[as printed]]\n\n  Ann\u00f4 trecent\u00easim\u00f4[1] ab urbe[2] condit\u00e2 pr\u00f4 du\u00f4bus c\u00f4nsulibus\n  decemvir\u00ee cre\u00e2t\u00ee sunt, qu\u00ee[3] adl\u00e2t\u00e2s \u00ea Graeci\u00e2 l\u00eag\u00eas popul\u00f4\n  pr\u00f4p\u00f4nerent.[4] Duodecim[5] tabul\u00ees[6] eae sunt perscr\u00eeptae. C\u00eaterum\n  decemvir\u00ee[7] su\u00e2[8] ips\u00f4rum \u00eensolenti\u00e2 in exitium \u00e2ct\u00ee sunt. Nam\n  \u00fbnus ex i\u00ees Appius Claudius virginem pl\u00eab\u00eaiam adam\u00e2vit. Quam[9]    {5}\n  cum Appius n\u00f4n posset preti\u00f4 ac sp\u00ea perlicere, \u00fbnum \u00ea\n  clientibus[10] sub\u00f4rn\u00e2vit, qu\u00ee eam in[11] servit\u00fbtem d\u00eap\u00f4sceret,[12]\n      facile\n  vict\u00fbrum[13] s\u00ea sp\u00ear\u00e2ns, cum ipse esset et acc\u00fbs\u00e2tor et i\u00fbdex. L\u00fbcius\n  Virg\u00eenius, puellae pater, tunc aberat m\u00eelitiae caus\u00e2. Cli\u00eans igitur\n  virgin\u00ee[14] venient\u00ee in Forum (namque ibi in tabern\u00ees litter\u00e2rum[15]\n  l\u00fbd\u00ee erant) ini\u00eacit manum, adf\u00eerm\u00e2ns suam esse servam. Eam        {11}\n  sequ\u00ee s\u00ea iubet; n\u00ee faciat,[16] min\u00e2tur s\u00ea v\u00ee abstr\u00e2ct\u00fbrum. Pavid\u00e2\n  puell\u00e2[17] stupente,[17] ad cl\u00e2m\u00f4rem n\u00fbtr\u00eecis fit concursus. Itaque\n      cum\n  ille puellam v\u00ee n\u00f4n posset abd\u00fbcere, eam vocat in i\u00fbs, ips\u00f4\n  Appi\u00f4[17] i\u00fbdice.[17]                                             {15}\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 449.]\n\n  Intere\u00e2 miss\u00ee n\u00fbnti\u00ee ad Virg\u00eenium properant. Is comme\u00e2t\u00fb\n  s\u00fbmpt\u00f4 \u00e2 castr\u00ees profectus pr\u00eem\u00e2 l\u00fbce R\u00f4mam adv\u00eanit, cum iam\n  c\u00eevit\u00e2s in For\u00f4 exspect\u00e2ti\u00f4ne \u00ear\u00eacta st\u00e2bat. Virg\u00eenius statim in\n  Forum lacrim\u00e2bundus et c\u00eevium opem impl\u00f4r\u00e2ns f\u00eeliam suam\n    [[30]]\n  d\u00ead\u00fbcit. Neque[1] e\u00f4 s\u00eatius Appius, cum in trib\u00fbnal \u00eascendisset,  {20}\n  Virg\u00eeniam client\u00ee su\u00f4 add\u00eexit. Tum pater, ubi nihil \u00fbsquam\n  auxili\u00ee[2] v\u00eedit, \"Quaes\u00f4,\" inquit \"App\u00ee, \u00eegn\u00f4sce patri\u00f4 dol\u00f4r\u00ee[3];\n  sine m\u00ea f\u00eeliam ultimum adloqu\u00ee.\" Dat\u00e2 veni\u00e2 pater cum f\u00eeliam\n  s\u00ead\u00fbxisset, ab lani\u00f4 cultr\u00f4[4] adrept\u00f4 pectus puellae tr\u00e2nsf\u00eegit.\n  Tum v\u00ear\u00f4 sibi viam facit et respersus cru\u00f4re ad exercitum profugit\n  et m\u00eelit\u00eas ad vindicandum facinus accendit. Concit\u00e2tus            {26}\n  exercitus montem Avent\u00eenum \u00eens\u00eadit; decem trib\u00fbn\u00f4s[5] m\u00eelitum\n  cre\u00e2vit; decemvir\u00f4s magistr\u00e2t\u00fb s\u00ea abdic\u00e2re co\u00eagit[6] e\u00f4sque omn\u00eas\n  aut morte aut exili\u00f4 mult\u00e2vit; ipse Appius Claudius in carcerem\n  coniectus mortem sibi c\u00f4nsc\u00eevit.[7]                               {30}\n\n    [Footnotes: XII (pages 29-30)\n\n    29.1: The dating is not exact, as the Decemvirs were elected in\n    451 B.C.\n    29.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 15.\n    29.3: #qu\u00ee . . . pr\u00f4p\u00f4nerent#: i.e. after studying the laws of\n    Greece, they were to draw up a code and submit it to the people.\n    29.4: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.\n    29.5: From this circumstance the code was known as the _L\u00eag\u00eas XII\n    Tabul\u00e2rum_.\n    29.6: abl. of means; we say '_on_ tablets.' The tablets were of\n    bronze. For many centuries Roman schoolboys had to commit these\n    laws to memory.\n    29.7: The Decemvirs had been elected for one year, at the end of\n    which time they reported their work still unfinished, and a second\n    board was chosen. The story that follows concerns the second\n    board. All accounts agree that the rule of the first board was in\n    all respects just.\n    29.8: #su\u00e2 ips\u00f4rum#: a strong expression for 'their own.'\n    29.9: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.\n    29.10: See Vocab., _cli\u00eans_.\n    29.11: #in servit\u00fbtem# expresses purpose (cf. p.\u00a014, n.\u00a04), and so\n    = _ut serva esset_.\n    29.12: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.\n    29.13: _vinc\u00f4_.\n    29.14: Join with #ini\u00eacit manum#, and cf. p. 2, n.\u00a07.\n    29.15: #litter\u00e2rum l\u00fbd\u00ee#: schools where children were taught their\n    A B C's, i.e. what we should call 'primary schools.'\n    29.16: subjunctive as the subordinate clause of the indirect\n    quotation, which depends on #min\u00e2tur#. The threat was: _N\u00ee (id)\n    f\u00eaceris, v\u00ee (t\u00ea) abstraham_.\n    29.17: abl. abs.\n    30.1: #Neque e\u00f4 s\u00eatius#: 'nevertheless.' How literally? #e\u00f4# =\n    'for that reason.'\n    30.2: partitive gen. with #nihil#: H 441 (397,\u00a01): M\u00a0564: A\u00a0216,\n    _a_, 3: G\u00a0369: B\u00a0201,\u00a02.\n    30.3: dat. with #\u00eegn\u00f4sce#: H 426, 2 (385, II): M\u00a0531: A\u00a0227:\n    G\u00a0346: B\u00a0187, II, _a_.\n    30.4: #cultr\u00f4 . . . tr\u00e2nsf\u00eegit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8.\n    30.5: #trib\u00fbn\u00f4s#: two armies were in the field against the Sabines\n    and Aequians. The eight Decemvirs who commanded them were deposed,\n    and ten tribunes, or 'captains,' were chosen in their place.\n    30.6: _c\u00f4g\u00f4_.\n    30.7: _c\u00f4nsc\u00eesc\u00f4_. With this whole story cf. Macaulay's _Lays_,\n    _Virginia_.]\n\n\n#XIII. Titus Manlius Torquatus# [[stripped text]]\n\nTitus Manlius ob ingenii et linguae tarditatem a patre r\u00fbs relegatus\nerat. Qui cum audivisset patri diem dictam esse a Pomponio, tribuno\nplebis, cepit consilium rudis quidem et agrestis animi, sed pietate\nlaudabile. Cultro succinctus mane in urbem atque a porta confestim ad\nPomponium pergit: introductus cultrum stringit et super lectum Pomponii\nstans se eum transfixurum minatur, nisi ab incepta accusatione desistat.\nPavidus tribunus, quippe qui cerneret ferrum ante oculos micans,\naccusationem dimisit. Ea res adulescenti eo maiori fuit honori quod\nanimum eius acerbitas paterna a pietate non avertisset, ideoque eodem\nanno tribunus militum factus est.\n\nCum postea Galli ad tertium lapidem trans Anienem fluvium castra\nposuissent, exercitus Romanus ab urbe profectus in citeriore ripa fluvii\nconstitit. Pons in medio erat: tunc Gallus eximia corporis magnitudine\nin vacuum pontem processit et quam maxima voce potuit \"Quem nunc\" inquit\n\"Roma fortissimum habet, is procedat agedum ad pugnam, ut eventus\ncertaminis nostri ostendat utra gens bello sit melior.\" Diu inter\nprimores iuvenum Romanorum silentium fuit. Tum Titus Manlius ex statione\nad imperatorem pergit: \"Iniussu tuo,\" inquit, \"imperator, extra ordinem\nnumquam pugnaverim, non si certam victoriam videam; si tu permittis,\nvolo ego illi beluae ostendere me ex ea familia ortum esse, quae\nGallorum agmen ex rupe Tarpeia deiecit.\" Cui imperator \"Macte virtute,\"\ninquit \"Tite Manli, esto: perge et nomen Romanum invictum praesta.\"\n\nArmant deinde iuvenem aequales: scutum capit, Hispano cingitur gladio,\nad propiorem pugnam habili. Exspectabat eum Gallus stolide laetus et\nlinguam ab inrisu exserens. Ubi constitere inter duas acies, Gallus\nensem cum ingenti sonitu in arma Manlii deiecit. Manlius vero inter\ncorpus et arma Galli sese insinuans uno alteroque ictu ventrem\ntransfodit et in spatium ingens ruentem porrexit hostem; iacenti torquem\ndetraxit, quem cruore respersum collo circumdedit suo. Defixerat pavor\ncum admiratione Gallos; Romani alacres obviam militi suo progrediuntur\net gratulantes laudantesque ad imperatorem perducunt. Manlius inde\nTorquati cognomen accepit.\n\nIdem Manlius, postea consul factus bello Latino, ut disciplinam\nmilitarem restitueret, edixit ne quis extra ordinem in hostes pugnaret.\nT.\u00a0Manlius, consulis filius, cum propius forte ad stationem hostium\naccessisset, is, qui Latino equitatui praeerat, ubi consulis filium\nagnovit, \"Visne\" inquit \"congredi mecum, ut singularis certaminis eventu\ncernatur, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet?\" Movit ferocem animum\niuvenis seu ira seu detrectandi certaminis pudor. Itaque oblitus imperii\npaterni in certamen ruit et Latinum ex equo excussum transfixit\nspoliisque lectis in castra ad patrem venit. Extemplo filium aversatus\nconsul milites classico advocat. Qui postquam frequentes convenere,\n\"Quandoquidem\" inquit \"tu, fili, contra imperium consulis pugnasti,\noportet disciplinam, quam solvisti, poena tua restituas. Triste\nexemplum, sed in posterum salubre iuventuti eris. I, lictor, deliga ad\npalum.\" Metu omnes obstupuere; sed postquam cervice caesa fusus est\ncruor, in questus et lamenta erupere. Manlio Romam redeunti seniores\ntantum obviam exierunt: iuventus et tunc eum et omni deinde vita\nexsecrata est.\n\nOperae pretium erit aliud severitatis disciplinae Romanae exemplum\nproferre, simul ut appareat quam facile severitas in crudelitatem et\nfurorem abeat. Cn. Piso fuit vir a multis vitiis integer, sed pravus et\ncui placebat pro constantia rigor. Is cum iratus ad mortem duci\niussisset militem, quasi interfecisset commilitonem, cum quo egressus\nerat e castris et sine quo redierat, roganti tempus aliquod ad\nconquirendum non dedit. Damnatus miles extra castrorum vallum ductus est\net iam cervicem porrigebat, cum subito apparuit ille commilito, qui\noccisus dicebatur. Tunc centurio supplicio praepositus condere gladium\ncarnificem iubet. Ambo commilitones alter alterum complexi ingenti\nconcursu et magno gaudio exercitus deducuntur ad Pisonem. Ille\nconscendit tribunal furens et utrumque ad mortem duci iubet, adicit et\ncenturionem, qui damnatum militem reduxerat, haec praefatus: \"Te morte\nplecti iubeo, quia iam damnatus es; te, quia causa damnationis\ncommilitoni fuisti; te, quia iussus occidere militem imperatori non\nparuisti.\"\n\nCeterum Manlianae gentis propriam fere fuisse illam in filios\nacerbitatem alius Manlius, illius de quo supra diximus nepos, ostendit.\nCum Macedonum legati Romam venissent conquestum de Silano, Manlii\nTorquati filio, quod praetor provinciam expilasset, pater, avitae\nseveritatis heres, petiit a patribus conscriptis ne quid de ea re\nstatuerent, antequam ipse inspexisset Macedonum et filii sui causam. Id\na senatu libenter concessum est viro summae dignitatis, consulari\niurisque civilis peritissimo. Itaque, instituta domi cognitione causae,\nsolus per totum biduum utramque partem audiebat ac tertio die\npronuntiavit filium suum videri non talem fuisse in provincia, quales\neius maiores fuissent, et in conspectum suum deinceps venire vetuit. Tam\ntristi patris iudicio perculsus lucem ulterius intueri non sustinuit et\nproxima nocte vitam suspendio finivit. Peregerat Torquatus severi et\nreligiosi iudicis partes, satisfactum erat rei publicae, habebat\nultionem Macedonia, at nondum erat inflexus patris rigor. Igitur ne\nexsequiis quidem filii interfuit, ut patribus mos erat apud Romanos, et\neo ipso die, quo funus eius ducebatur, aures, ut solebat, volentibus\nconsulere se de iure praebuit.\n\n\n  #XIII. Titus M\u00e2nlius Torqu\u00e2tus# [[as printed]]\n\n  Titus M\u00e2nlius ob ingeni\u00ee et linguae tardit\u00e2tem \u00e2 patre r\u00fbs[8]\n  rel\u00eag\u00e2tus erat. Qu\u00ee cum aud\u00eevisset patr\u00ee[9] diem dictam esse \u00e2\n  Pomp\u00f4ni\u00f4, trib\u00fbn\u00f4 pl\u00eabis, c\u00eapit c\u00f4nsilium rudis quidem et agrestis\n  anim\u00ee,[10] sed piet\u00e2te laud\u00e2bile. Cultr\u00f4 succinctus m\u00e2ne in\n  urbem atque \u00e2 port\u00e2 c\u00f4nf\u00eastim ad[11] Pomp\u00f4nium pergit:             {5}\n  intr\u00f4ductus[12] cultrum stringit et super lectum Pomp\u00f4ni\u00ee st\u00e2ns s\u00ea eum\n  tr\u00e2nsf\u00eex\u00fbrum min\u00e2tur, nisi ab incept\u00e2 acc\u00fbs\u00e2ti\u00f4ne d\u00easistat.[13]\n      Pavidus\n    [[31]]\n  trib\u00fbnus, qu\u00eeppe[1] qu\u00ee cerneret ferrum ante ocul\u00f4s mic\u00e2ns,\n      acc\u00fbs\u00e2ti\u00f4nem\n  d\u00eem\u00eesit. Ea r\u00eas adul\u00eascent\u00ee[2] e\u00f4[3] m\u00e2i\u00f4r\u00ee[4] fuit hon\u00f4r\u00ee\n  quod animum \u00eaius acerbit\u00e2s paterna \u00e2 piet\u00e2te n\u00f4n \u00e2vertisset,      {10}\n  ide\u00f4que e\u00f4dem ann\u00f4 trib\u00fbnus m\u00eelitum factus est.\n\n    [Illustration: M\u00ceLI\u00c2RIUM]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 361.]\n\n  Cum poste\u00e2 Gall\u00ee[5] ad tertium[6] lapidem tr\u00e2ns Ani\u00eanem fluvium\n  castra posuissent, exercitus R\u00f4m\u00e2nus ab urbe profectus in citeri\u00f4re\n  r\u00eep\u00e2 fluvi\u00ee c\u00f4nstitit. P\u00f4ns in medi\u00f4[7] erat: tunc Gallus\n  eximi\u00e2 corporis m\u00e2gnit\u00fbdine in vacuum pontem                      {15}\n  pr\u00f4cessit et quam[8] m\u00e2xim\u00e2 v\u00f4ce potuit \"Quem\n  nunc\" inquit \"R\u00f4ma fortissimum habet, is pr\u00f4c\u00eadat[9]\n  agedum ad p\u00fbgnam, ut \u00eaventus cert\u00e2minis nostr\u00ee\n  ostendat utra g\u00eans bell\u00f4 sit melior.\" Di\u00fb inter\n  pr\u00eem\u00f4r\u00eas iuvenum R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum silentium fuit. Tum                    {20}\n  Titus M\u00e2nlius ex stati\u00f4ne ad imper\u00e2t\u00f4rem pergit:\n  \"Iniuss\u00fb[10] tu\u00f4,\" inquit, \"imper\u00e2tor, extr\u00e2 \u00f4rdinem\n  numquam p\u00fbgn\u00e2verim,[11] n\u00f4n s\u00ee certam vict\u00f4riam                   {23}\n  videam[11]; s\u00ee t\u00fb permittis, vol\u00f4 ego ill\u00ee b\u00ealuae ostendere m\u00ea ex e\u00e2\n  famili\u00e2 ortum esse, quae Gall\u00f4rum \u00e2gmen ex r\u00fbpe Tarp\u00eai\u00e2 d\u00eai\u00eacit.\"[12]\n    [[32]]\n  Cu\u00ee imper\u00e2tor \"Macte[1] virt\u00fbte,\" inquit \"Tite M\u00e2nl\u00ee, est\u00f4: perge\n  et n\u00f4men R\u00f4m\u00e2num invictum praest\u00e2.\"                               {27}\n\n  Armant deinde iuvenem aequ\u00e2l\u00eas: sc\u00fbtum capit, Hisp\u00e2n\u00f4[2]\n  cingitur[3] gladi\u00f4, ad propi\u00f4rem[4] p\u00fbgnam habil\u00ee. Exspect\u00e2bat eum\n  Gallus stolid\u00ea laetus et linguam ab inr\u00ees\u00fb exser\u00eans.              {30}\n  Ubi c\u00f4nstit\u00eare[5] inter du\u00e2s aci\u00eas, Gallus \u00eansem cum\n  ingent\u00ee sonit\u00fb in arma M\u00e2nli\u00ee d\u00eai\u00eacit. M\u00e2nlius v\u00ear\u00f4\n  inter corpus et arma Gall\u00ee s\u00eas\u00ea \u00eensinu\u00e2ns \u00fbn\u00f4[6] alter\u00f4que\n  \u00eect\u00fb ventrem tr\u00e2nsf\u00f4dit et in spatium ing\u00eans\n  ruentem porr\u00eaxit hostem; iacent\u00ee[7] torquem d\u00eatr\u00e2xit,             {35}\n  quem cru\u00f4re respersum[8] coll\u00f4[9] circumdedit[10] su\u00f4.\n  D\u00eaf\u00eexerat pavor[11] cum adm\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4ne Gall\u00f4s; R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee\n  alacr\u00eas obviam m\u00eelit\u00ee su\u00f4 pr\u00f4grediuntur et gr\u00e2tulant\u00eas\n  laudant\u00easque ad imper\u00e2t\u00f4rem perd\u00fbcunt. M\u00e2nlius\n  inde Torqu\u00e2t\u00ee c\u00f4gn\u00f4men acc\u00eapit.                                   {40}\n\n    [Illustration: GLADIUS]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 340.]\n\n  \u00cedem M\u00e2nlius, poste\u00e2 c\u00f4nsul factus bell\u00f4 Lat\u00een\u00f4,\n  ut d\u00eescipl\u00eenam m\u00eelit\u00e2rem restitueret, \u00ead\u00eexit n\u00ea[12] quis\n  extr\u00e2 \u00f4rdinem in host\u00eas p\u00fbgn\u00e2ret. T.\u00a0M\u00e2nlius,[13]\n  c\u00f4nsulis f\u00eelius, cum propius forte ad stati\u00f4nem hostium           {44}\n  accessisset, is, qu\u00ee Lat\u00een\u00f4 equit\u00e2tu\u00ee praeerat, ubi c\u00f4nsulis f\u00eelium\n  \u00e2gn\u00f4vit,[14] \"V\u00eesne\" inquit \"congred\u00ee m\u00eacum, ut singul\u00e2ris cert\u00e2minis\n  \u00eavent\u00fb cern\u00e2tur, quantum eques Lat\u00eenus R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4 praestet?\"\n  M\u00f4vit fer\u00f4cem animum iuvenis seu \u00eera seu d\u00eatr\u00eactand\u00ee[15]\n    [[33]]\n  cert\u00e2minis pudor. Itaque obl\u00eetus[1] imperi\u00ee[2] patern\u00ee in cert\u00e2men\n  ruit et Lat\u00eenum[3] ex equ\u00f4 excussum tr\u00e2nsf\u00eexit spoli\u00eesque l\u00eact\u00ees  {50}\n  in castra ad patrem v\u00eanit. Extempl\u00f4 f\u00eelium \u00e2vers\u00e2tus\n  c\u00f4nsul m\u00eelit\u00eas classic\u00f4 advocat. Qu\u00ee postquam\n  frequent\u00eas conv\u00ean\u00eare, \"Quand\u00f4quidem\" inquit \"t\u00fb,\n  f\u00eel\u00ee, contr\u00e2 imperium c\u00f4nsulis p\u00fbgn\u00e2st\u00ee, oportet[4]\n  d\u00eescipl\u00eenam, quam solvist\u00ee, poen\u00e2[5] tu\u00e2 restitu\u00e2s.               {55}\n  Tr\u00eeste exemplum, sed in[6] posterum sal\u00fbbre iuvent\u00fbt\u00ee\n  eris. \u00ce,[7] l\u00eector, d\u00ealig\u00e2[8] ad p\u00e2lum.\" Met\u00fb omn\u00eas\n  obstupu\u00eare; sed postquam cerv\u00eece caes\u00e2 f\u00fbsus est cruor, in quest\u00fbs\n  et l\u00e2menta \u00ear\u00fbp\u00eare.[9] M\u00e2nli\u00f4 R\u00f4mam redeunt\u00ee seni\u00f4r\u00eas tantum\n  obviam exi\u00earunt: iuvent\u00fbs et tunc eum et omn\u00ee[10] deinde v\u00eet\u00e2     {60}\n  exsecr\u00e2ta est.\n\n    [Illustration: L\u00ceCTOR]\n\n  Operae pretium erit aliud sev\u00earit\u00e2tis d\u00eescipl\u00eenae R\u00f4m\u00e2nae\n  exemplum pr\u00f4ferre, simul ut app\u00e2reat quam facile sev\u00earit\u00e2s in[11]\n  cr\u00fbd\u00ealit\u00e2tem et fur\u00f4rem abeat. Cn. P\u00ees\u00f4 fuit[12] vir \u00e2 mult\u00ees viti\u00ees\n  integer, sed pr\u00e2vus et cu\u00ee[13] plac\u00eabat pr\u00f4 c\u00f4nstanti\u00e2 rigor. Is  {65}\n  cum \u00eer\u00e2tus ad mortem d\u00fbc\u00ee iussisset m\u00eelitem, quasi[14] interf\u00eacisset\n  comm\u00eelit\u00f4nem, cum qu\u00f4 \u00eagressus erat \u00ea castr\u00ees et sine qu\u00f4 redierat,\n  rogant\u00ee[15] tempus aliquod ad conqu\u00eerendum[16] n\u00f4n dedit.\n  Damn\u00e2tus m\u00eeles extr\u00e2 castr\u00f4rum v\u00e2llum ductus est et iam cerv\u00eecem\n  porrig\u00eabat, cum subit\u00f4 app\u00e2ruit ille comm\u00eelit\u00f4, qu\u00ee occ\u00eesus[17]   {70}\n    [[34]]\n  d\u00eec\u00eab\u00e2tur. Tunc centuri\u00f4 supplici\u00f4 praepositus condere gladium\n  carnificem iubet. Amb\u00f4 comm\u00eelit\u00f4n\u00eas alter alterum complex\u00ee\n  ingent\u00ee concurs\u00fb et m\u00e2gn\u00f4 gaudi\u00f4 exercit\u00fbs d\u00ead\u00fbcuntur ad P\u00ees\u00f4nem.\n  Ille c\u00f4nscendit trib\u00fbnal fur\u00eans et utrumque ad mortem             {74}\n  d\u00fbc\u00ee iubet, adicit et centuri\u00f4nem, qu\u00ee damn\u00e2tum m\u00eelitem red\u00fbxerat,\n  haec praef\u00e2tus[1]: \"T\u00ea morte plect\u00ee iube\u00f4, quia iam damn\u00e2tus\n  es; t\u00ea, quia causa damn\u00e2ti\u00f4nis comm\u00eelit\u00f4n\u00ee fuist\u00ee; t\u00ea, quia\n  iussus occ\u00eedere m\u00eelitem imper\u00e2t\u00f4r\u00ee[2] n\u00f4n p\u00e2ruist\u00ee.\"\n\n  C\u00eaterum M\u00e2nli\u00e2nae gentis[3] propriam fer\u00ea fuisse[4] illam in\n  f\u00eeli\u00f4s acerbit\u00e2tem alius M\u00e2nlius, ill\u00eeus d\u00ea qu\u00f4 supr\u00e2 d\u00eeximus     {80}\n  nep\u00f4s, ostendit. Cum Macedonum l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00ee R\u00f4mam v\u00eanissent\n  conquestum[5] d\u00ea S\u00eel\u00e2n\u00f4, M\u00e2nli\u00ee Torqu\u00e2t\u00ee f\u00eeli\u00f4, quod praetor[6]\n      pr\u00f4vinciam\n  exp\u00eel\u00e2sset,[7] pater, av\u00eetae sev\u00earit\u00e2tis h\u00ear\u00eas, petiit \u00e2 patribus[8]\n  c\u00f4nscr\u00eept\u00ees n\u00ea quid d\u00ea e\u00e2 r\u00ea statuerent, antequam ipse \u00eenspexisset\n  Macedonum et f\u00eeli\u00ee su\u00ee causam. Id \u00e2 sen\u00e2t\u00fb libenter concessum     {85}\n  est vir\u00f4 summae[9] d\u00eegnit\u00e2tis, c\u00f4nsul\u00e2r\u00ee i\u00fbrisque c\u00eev\u00eelis per\u00eetissim\u00f4.\n  Itaque, \u00eenstit\u00fbt\u00e2 dom\u00ee c\u00f4gniti\u00f4ne causae, s\u00f4lus per t\u00f4tum b\u00eeduum\n  utramque partem audi\u00eabat ac terti\u00f4 di\u00ea pr\u00f4n\u00fbnti\u00e2vit f\u00eelium suum\n  vid\u00ear\u00ee n\u00f4n t\u00e2lem fuisse in pr\u00f4vinci\u00e2, qu\u00e2l\u00eas \u00eaius m\u00e2i\u00f4r\u00eas fuissent,\n  et in c\u00f4nspectum suum deinceps ven\u00eere vetuit. Tam tr\u00eest\u00ee patris   {90}\n  i\u00fbdici\u00f4 perculsus[10] l\u00fbcem[11] ulterius intu\u00ear\u00ee n\u00f4n sustinuit et\n  proxim\u00e2[12] nocte v\u00eetam suspendi\u00f4 f\u00een\u00eevit. Per\u00eagerat[13] Torqu\u00e2tus\n      sev\u00ear\u00ee\n  et religi\u00f4s\u00ee i\u00fbdicis part\u00eas,[14] satisfactum erat re\u00ee p\u00fbblicae,\n      hab\u00eabat\n  ulti\u00f4nem Macedonia, at n\u00f4ndum erat \u00eenflexus patris rigor. Igitur  {94}\n  n\u00ea[15] exsequi\u00ees quidem f\u00eeli\u00ee interfuit, ut patribus m\u00f4s erat apud\n    [[35]]\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s, et e\u00f4 ips\u00f4 di\u00ea, qu\u00f4 f\u00fbnus \u00eaius d\u00fbc\u00eab\u00e2tur, aur\u00eas, ut\n  sol\u00eabat, volentibus c\u00f4nsulere s\u00ea d\u00ea i\u00fbre praebuit.\n\n    [Footnotes: XIII (pages 30-34)\n\n    30.8: Cf. p. 3, n. 4.\n    30.9: #patr\u00ee . . . esse#: 'that a day had been set against his\n    father (for trial),' i.e. 'that his father had been summoned to\n    appear for trial.' Among the charges against the elder Manlius was\n    that of cruelty to his son. #patr\u00ee# is a dat. of disadvantage.\n    30.10: #c\u00eapit . . . laud\u00e2bile#: 'he formed a plan (which, though\n    it gave token) of a rough and uncouth temper (was) nevertheless\n    commendable by reason of the filial devotion (which it showed).'\n    For #quidem .\u00a0.\u00a0. sed#, cf. p.\u00a010, n.\u00a010. #anim\u00ee# is a genitive of\n    quality or description with #c\u00f4nsilium#.\n    30.11: #ad Pomp\u00f4nium# = 'to (the house of) Pomponius.'\n    30.12: = a temporal clause: 'when he had been ushered\u00a0in.'\n    30.13: For the mood, cf. p. 29, n. 16.\n    31.1: #qu\u00eeppe qu\u00ee#: 'since indeed he,' etc. #qu\u00ee# = _cum is_\n    (cf.\u00a0p.\u00a04, n.\u00a03), and the relative clause has its verb in the\n    subjunctive because it expresses a reason: H\u00a0592, 1 (517, 3,\u00a01)):\n    M\u00a0840: A\u00a0320, _e_, N. 1: G\u00a0633: B\u00a0283, 3, _a_.\n    31.2: dat. of advantage.\n    31.3: #e\u00f4# = 'for this reason,' explained by #quod .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n    \u00e2vertisset#.\n    31.4: #m\u00e2i\u00f4r\u00ee fuit hon\u00f4r\u00ee#: 'was all the more credit'; cf. p.\u00a025,\n    n.\u00a06.\n    31.5: In the fifth century B.C. the Gauls left their homes in\n    northwestern Europe, and, crossing the Alps, gained control of the\n    fertile valley of the Po. Hence that part of the Italian peninsula\n    was called Gallia Cisalpina. Thence they made raids into the lands\n    to the south.\n    31.6: With #tertium# sc. _ab urbe R\u00f4m\u00e2_. On all the roads leading\n    from Rome milestones were set up to mark the distance from the\n    gate in the Servian Wall (see map, p. xxviii), by which the road\n    issued from the capital.\n    31.7: Sc. _du\u00f4rum exercituum_, i.e. 'between the two armies.'\n    31.8: #quam . . . potuit#: cf. p. 26, n. 10.\n    31.9: subjunctive of exhortation or command: H 559, 1 (484,\u00a0II):\n    M\u00a0713: A\u00a0266: G\u00a0263, 3: B\u00a0274.\n    31.10: #Iniuss\u00fb tu\u00f4#: 'without your consent.'\n    31.11: subjunctive in an ideal condition: H 576 (509): M\u00a0936:\n    A\u00a0307, _b_: G\u00a0596: B\u00a0303.\n    31.12: In 388 B.C. the Gauls had captured and destroyed all of\n    Rome save the Capitol, which was commanded by M.\u00a0Manlius, the\n    father of Titus. He was aroused one night by the cackling of the\n    sacred geese, to find that the Gauls had climbed by a secret path,\n    and had almost effected an entrance. He awoke the garrison, hurled\n    the foremost Gauls back upon their companions, and thus saved the\n    Capitol.\n    32.1: #macte virt\u00fbte . . . est\u00f4#: lit., 'be glorified in\n    (respect\u00a0of) your valor.' The phrase is in part an expression of\n    commendation, like our 'bravo!' in part a prayer, like 'success\n    attend thee!'\n    32.2: A straight, two-edged sword, not more than two feet long,\n    used for thrusting rather than for striking. The Gallic sword was\n    long and without point.\n    32.3: = _cingit s\u00ea_, i.e. 'girds himself,' not 'is girded.'\n    32.4: 'nearer,' i.e. hand to hand.\n    32.5: _c\u00f4nsist\u00f4_. What tense?\n    32.6: #\u00fbn\u00f4 alter\u00f4que \u00eect\u00fb#: 'with one stroke after the other';\n    i.e. he killed him with two quick blows.\n    32.7: Sc. _e\u00ee_, and render 'from him as he lay (dead).' See p.\u00a017,\n    n.\u00a04.\n    32.8: _resperg\u00f4_.\n    32.9: What case?\n    32.10: In its compounds, _dare_ more often = 'to put' than 'to\n    give.'\n    32.11: #pavor cum adm\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4ne# = _pavor et adm\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4_; cf. _ment\u00eas\n    cum ocul\u00ees_, II,\u00a012.\n    32.12: #n\u00ea quis . . . p\u00fbgn\u00e2ret#: 'that no one should fight.' For\n    the subjunctive, see p.\u00a09, n.\u00a06.\n    32.13: Subject of #accessisset#. For its position, see p.\u00a019,\n    n.\u00a07.\n    32.14: _\u00e2gn\u00f4sc\u00f4_.\n    32.15: #d\u00eatr\u00eactand\u00ee . . . pudor#: 'his unwillingness to decline\n    the fight.' A\u00a0literal translation would be impossible. _Pudor_\n    implies that he was ashamed to decline lest his refusal should be\n    attributed to cowardice.\n    33.1: _obliv\u00eescor_.\n    33.2: dependent on #obl\u00eetus#: H 454 (406, II): M\u00a0588: A\u00a0219, 1:\n    G\u00a0376: B\u00a0206,\u00a01.\n    33.3: #excussum tr\u00e2nsf\u00eexit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8.\n    33.4: #oportet restitu\u00e2s#: 'it is fitting that you restore.'\n    _Oportet_ is construed either with the infinitive or with the\n    subjunctive of result with _ut_ omitted.\n    33.5: Why abl.?\n    33.6: #in posterum# (cf. p. 4, n. 9) = 'for the future.'\n    33.7: Imperative of _e\u00f4_.\n    33.8: Cf. _St\u00e2bant ad p\u00e2lum d\u00ealig\u00e2ti_, IX, 21.\n    33.9: _\u00earump\u00f4_.\n    33.10: #omn\u00ee . . . v\u00eet\u00e2#: 'throughout his whole subsequent life.'\n    In this sense the simple acc., or the acc. with _per_ is far more\n    common. #deinde#, standing between an adj. and a noun, may be\n    rendered by an adj.: cf. p.\u00a010, n.\u00a014.\n    33.11: #in . . . abeat#: 'passes over into,' 'degenerates into.'\n    33.12: #fuit . . . sed#: we would say, 'was, to be sure, .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n    but, after all,' i.e. 'although he was .\u00a0.\u00a0. yet.' In this sense\n    _quidem .\u00a0.\u00a0. sed_ is commonly used: cf. p.\u00a010, n.\u00a010.\n    33.13: H 426 (385, I): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.\n    33.14: Cf. p. 3, n. 6.\n    33.15: Sc. _m\u00eelit\u00ee_, and join with _dedit_.\n    33.16: Sc. _comm\u00eelit\u00f4nem_.\n    33.17: Sc. _esse_.\n    34.1: _praefor_.\n    34.2: H 426 (385): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.\n    34.3: Join with _propriam_. _Proprius_, like _similis_, is\n    construed with both the gen. and the dat.\n    34.4: dependent on #ostendit#, l. 81.\n    34.5: supine of _conqueror_, expressing purpose. Cf. p.\u00a05, n.\u00a020.\n    34.6: 'when praetor,' or 'during his praetorship.'\n    34.7: Many, indeed most, governors of provinces enriched\n    themselves by extortion.\n    34.8: See Vocab., _c\u00f4nscr\u00eeptus_.\n    34.9: #summae . . . per\u00eetissim\u00f4#: these words contain the reasons\n    why #Id .\u00a0.\u00a0. concessum est#.\n    34.10: _percell\u00f4_.\n    34.11: #l\u00fbcem . . . sustinuit#: 'he refused to live longer.' How\n    literally?\n    34.12: The context must determine whether #proxim\u00e2 nocte# = 'the\n    next night' or 'last night.'\n    34.13: _perg\u00f4_.\n    34.14: 'role.' This meaning of _part\u00eas_ is borrowed from the\n    theater.\n    34.15: #n\u00ea . . . quidem# is a very strong negative, and generally\n    emphasizes some word or phrase placed between the _n\u00ea_ and the\n    _quidem_.]\n\n\n#XIV. Publius Decius# [[stripped text]]\n\nP. Decius, Valerio Maximo et Cornelio Cosso consulibus, tribunus militum\nfuit. Exercitu Romano in angustiis Gauri montis clauso Decius editum\ncollem conspexit imminentem hostium castris. Accepto praesidio verticem\noccupavit, hostes terruit, consuli spatium dedit ad subducendum agmen in\naequiorem locum. Ipse, colle, quem insederat, undique armatis\ncircumdato, intempesta nocte per medias hostium custodias somno\noppressas incolumis evasit. Qua re ab exercitu donatus est corona\ncivica, quae dabatur ei, qui cives in bello servasset. Consul fuit bello\nLatino cum Manlio Torquato. Hoc bello cum utrique consuli somnio\nobvenisset eos victores futuros, quorum dux in proelio cecidisset,\nconvenit inter eos uti, utrius cornu in acie laboraret, is diis se\nManibus devoveret. Inclinante sua parte Decius se et hostes diis Manibus\ndevovit. Armatus in equum insiluit ac se in medios hostes immisit:\ncorruit obrutus telis et victoriam suis reliquit.\n\n\n  #XIV. P\u00fbblius Decius# [[as printed]]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 343.]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 340.]\n\n    [Illustration: COR\u00d4NA C\u00ceVICA]\n\n  P. Decius,[1] Valeri\u00f4[2] M\u00e2xim\u00f4 et Corn\u00eali\u00f4 Coss\u00f4 c\u00f4nsulibus,\n  trib\u00fbnus m\u00eelitum fuit. Exercit\u00fb R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4 in angusti\u00ees Gaur\u00ee\n  montis claus\u00f4[3] Decius \u00eaditum collem c\u00f4nspexit imminentem\n  hostium castr\u00ees. Accept\u00f4 praesidi\u00f4 verticem[4] occup\u00e2vit, host\u00eas\n  terruit, c\u00f4nsul\u00ee spatium dedit ad subd\u00fbcendum \u00e2gmen in aequi\u00f4rem   {5}\n  locum. Ipse, colle, quem \u00eens\u00eaderat,[5] undique\n  arm\u00e2t\u00ees circumdat\u00f4, intempest\u00e2 nocte\n  per[6] medi\u00e2s hostium c\u00fbst\u00f4di\u00e2s somn\u00f4 oppress\u00e2s[7]\n  incolumis \u00eav\u00e2sit. Qu\u00e2 r\u00ea ab exercit\u00fb\n  d\u00f4n\u00e2tus est cor\u00f4n\u00e2 c\u00eevic\u00e2, quae dab\u00e2tur e\u00ee,                       {10}\n  qu\u00ee c\u00eev\u00eas in bell\u00f4 serv\u00e2sset. C\u00f4nsul fuit bell\u00f4\n  Lat\u00een\u00f4 cum M\u00e2nli\u00f4[8] Torqu\u00e2t\u00f4. H\u00f4c\n  bell\u00f4 cum[9] utr\u00eeque c\u00f4nsul\u00ee somni\u00f4 obv\u00eanisset\n  e\u00f4s vict\u00f4r\u00eas fut\u00fbr\u00f4s, qu\u00f4rum dux in proeli\u00f4 cecidisset,\n  conv\u00eanit inter e\u00f4s ut\u00ee, utr\u00eeus corn\u00fb in aci\u00ea lab\u00f4r\u00e2ret, is di\u00ees[10]\n  s\u00ea M\u00e2nibus d\u00eavov\u00earet. Incl\u00eenante su\u00e2 parte Decius s\u00ea et host\u00eas    {16}\n  di\u00ees M\u00e2nibus d\u00eav\u00f4vit.[11] Arm\u00e2tus in equum \u00eensiluit ac s\u00ea in medi\u00f4s\n  host\u00eas imm\u00eesit: corruit obrutus t\u00eal\u00ees et vict\u00f4riam su\u00ees rel\u00eequit.\n\n    [Footnotes: XIV (page 35)\n\n    35.1: His full name was P. Decius Mus.\n    35.2: #Valeri\u00f4 . . . c\u00f4nsulibus#: 'in the consulship of,' etc. For\n    the abl. abs. consisting of two nouns, see H\u00a0489 (431,\u00a04): M\u00a0639:\n    A\u00a0255, _a_: G\u00a0409: B\u00a0227, 1. For another method of dating events,\n    cf. XII,\u00a01.\n    35.3: _claud\u00f4_.\n    35.4: Sc. _collis_.\n    35.5: _\u00eenside\u00f4_.\n    35.6: #per . . . c\u00fbst\u00f4di\u00e2s#: 'through the _midst of_ the enemy's\n    pickets.' Cf. l. 17, #in medi\u00f4s host\u00eas#, 'against the enemy's\n    center.' Note the difference between the Latin and the English\n    idioms. H\u00a0497, 4 (440, N. 1-2): M\u00a0565: A\u00a0193: G\u00a0291, R. 2:\n    B\u00a0241,\u00a01.\n    35.7: _opprim\u00f4_.\n    35.8: Cf. XIII, 41.\n    35.9: #cum . . . obv\u00eanisset#: 'when the two consuls had dreamed.'\n    How literally? The subject of #obv\u00eanisset# is #e\u00f4s .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n    cecidisset#. So the subject of #conv\u00eanit# is #ut\u00ee .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n    d\u00eavov\u00earet#.\n    35.10: See Vocab., _M\u00e2n\u00eas_.\n    35.11: Decius' act was called #d\u00eav\u00f4ti\u00f4#, and proceeded from the\n    idea that for the victim which the Manes seemed to be claiming\n    another might be substituted. According to Livy, Decius used this\n    formula: \"As a substitute for the commonwealth, the army, the\n    legions, and the allies of the Roman people I devote to the Manes\n    myself and the legions and allies of the enemy.\"]\n\n\n#XV. Manius Curius# [[stripped text]]\n\nManius Curius contra Samnites profectus eos ingentibus proeliis vicit.\nIn quo bello cum permultum agri hominumque maximam vim cepisset, ipse\ninde ditari adeo noluit, ut, cum interversae pecuniae argueretur,\ncatillo ligneo, quo uti ad sacrificia consueverat, in medium prolato\niuraret se nihil amplius de praeda hostili in domum suam convertisse.\nCurio ad focum sedenti in agresti scamno et ex ligneo catillo cenanti\ncum magnum auri pondus Samnites attulissent, repudiati ab eo sunt\ndixitque non aurum habere sibi praeclarum videri, sed iis qui haberent\naurum imperare. Quo responso Curius Samnitibus ostendit se neque acie\nvinci neque pecunia corrumpi posse. Agri capti septena iugera populo\nviritim divisit; cumque ipsi senatus iugera quinquaginta adsignaret,\nplus accipere noluit quam singulis civibus erat datum, dixitque\nperniciosum esse civem, qui eo, quod reliquis tribueretur, contentus non\nesset.\n\nPostea consul creatus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque in Capitolio\ndelectum haberet et iuniores taedio belli nomina non darent, coniectis\nin urnam omnium tribuum nominibus primum nomen urna extractum citari\niussit et cum adulescens non responderet, bona eius hastae subiecit,\ndeinde cum is questus de iniuria consulis tribunos plebis appellasset,\nipsum quoque vendidit, nihil opus esse rei publicae eo cive, qui\nnesciret parere, dicens. Neque tribuni plebis adulescenti auxilio\nfuerunt; posteaque res in consuetudinem abiit, ut delectu rite acto, qui\nmilitiam detrectaret, in servitutem venderetur. Hoc terrore ceteri\nadacti nomina promptius dederunt.\n\nHis copiis Curius Pyrrhi exercitum cecidit deque eo rege triumphavit.\nInsignem triumphum fecerunt quattuor elephanti cum turribus suis, tum\nprimum Romae visi. Victus rex relicto Tarenti praesidio in Epirum\nrevertit. Cum autem bellum renovaturus putaretur, Manium Curium iterum\nconsulem fieri placuit. Sed inopinata mors regis Romanos metu liberavit.\nPyrrhus enim, dum Argos oppugnat, urbem iam ingressus a iuvene quodam\nArgivo lancea leviter vulneratus est. Mater adulescentis, anus\npaupercula, cum aliis mulieribus e tecto domus proelium spectabat; quae\ncum vidisset Pyrrhum in auctorem vulneris sui magno impetu ferri,\npericulo filii sui commota protinus tegulam corripuit et utraque manu\nlibratam in caput regis deiecit.\n\n\n    [[36]]\n\n  #XV. M\u00e2nius Curius# [[as printed]]\n\n  M\u00e2nius Curius contr\u00e2 Samn\u00eet\u00eas profectus[1] e\u00f4s ingentibus proeli\u00ees\n  v\u00eecit.[2] In qu\u00f4 bell\u00f4 cum permultum agr\u00ee[3] hominumque[3]\n  m\u00e2ximam vim[4] c\u00eapisset,[5] ipse inde[6] d\u00eet\u00e2r\u00ee ade\u00f4[7] n\u00f4luit, ut,\n      cum                                                            {3}\n  interversae[8] pec\u00fbniae arguer\u00eatur, cat\u00eell\u00f4[9] l\u00eegne\u00f4, qu\u00f4[10] \u00fbt\u00ee ad\n  sacrificia c\u00f4nsu\u00eaverat,[11] in medium pr\u00f4l\u00e2t\u00f4 i\u00fbr\u00e2ret s\u00ea nihil amplius\n  d\u00ea praed\u00e2 host\u00eel\u00ee in domum suam convertisse. Curi\u00f4[12] ad focum    {6}\n  sedent\u00ee in agrest\u00ee scamn\u00f4 et ex l\u00eegne\u00f4 cat\u00eell\u00f4 c\u00eanant\u00ee cum m\u00e2gnum\n  aur\u00ee pondus Samn\u00eet\u00eas attulissent,[13] repudi\u00e2t\u00ee ab e\u00f4 sunt d\u00eexitque\n  n\u00f4n[14] aurum hab\u00eare[15] sibi praecl\u00e2rum vid\u00ear\u00ee, sed i\u00ees qu\u00ee hab\u00earent\n  aurum imper\u00e2re.[15] Qu\u00f4 resp\u00f4ns\u00f4 Curius Samn\u00eetibus ostendit s\u00ea    {10}\n  neque aci\u00ea vinc\u00ee neque pec\u00fbni\u00e2 corrump\u00ee posse. Agr\u00ee capt\u00ee sept\u00eana\n  i\u00fbgera popul\u00f4 vir\u00eetim d\u00eev\u00eesit[16]; cumque ips\u00ee sen\u00e2tus i\u00fbgera\n  qu\u00eenqu\u00e2gint\u00e2 ads\u00eegn\u00e2ret, pl\u00fbs accipere n\u00f4luit quam singul\u00ees c\u00eevibus\n  erat datum, d\u00eexitque pernici\u00f4sum esse c\u00eevem,[17] qu\u00ee e\u00f4,[18] quod\n  reliqu\u00ees tribuer\u00eatur, contentus n\u00f4n esset.[19]                    {15}\n\n  Poste\u00e2 c\u00f4nsul cre\u00e2tus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque\n  in Capit\u00f4li\u00f4 d\u00eal\u00eactum hab\u00earet et i\u00fbni\u00f4r\u00eas taedi\u00f4[20] bell\u00ee n\u00f4mina[21]\n  n\u00f4n darent, coniect\u00ees in \u00fbrnam omnium tribuum n\u00f4minibus\n  pr\u00eemum[22] n\u00f4men \u00fbrn\u00e2 extr\u00e2ctum cit\u00e2r\u00ee iussit et cum adul\u00easc\u00eans n\u00f4n\n  respond\u00earet, bona[23] \u00eaius hastae subi\u00eacit, deinde cum is         {20}\n    [[37]]\n  questus[1] d\u00ea ini\u00fbri\u00e2 c\u00f4nsulis trib\u00fbn\u00f4s[2] pl\u00eabis appell\u00e2sset, ipsum\n      quoque\n  v\u00eandidit, nihil[3] opus esse re\u00ee p\u00fbblicae e\u00f4 c\u00eeve,[4] qu\u00ee nesc\u00eeret\n  p\u00e2r\u00eare, d\u00eec\u00eans. Neque trib\u00fbn\u00ee pl\u00eabis adul\u00eascent\u00ee[5] auxili\u00f4[5]\n      fu\u00earunt;\n  poste\u00e2que r\u00eas[6] in c\u00f4nsu\u00eat\u00fbdinem abiit, ut d\u00eal\u00eact\u00fb r\u00eete \u00e2ct\u00f4,    {24}\n  qu\u00ee[7] m\u00eelitiam d\u00eatr\u00eact\u00e2ret, in servit\u00fbtem v\u00eander\u00eatur. H\u00f4c[8] terr\u00f4re\n  c\u00eater\u00ee ad\u00e2ct\u00ee[9] n\u00f4mina pr\u00f4mptius ded\u00earunt.\n\n    [Illustration: ELEPHANT]\n\n  H\u00ees c\u00f4pi\u00ees Curius Pyrrh\u00ee exercitum cec\u00eedit[10] d\u00eaque e\u00f4 r\u00eage\n  triumph\u00e2vit. \u00cens\u00eegnem[11] triumphum f\u00eac\u00earunt quattuor elephant\u00ee\n  cum turribus su\u00ees, tum pr\u00eemum R\u00f4mae[12]\n  v\u00ees\u00ee. Victus r\u00eax rel\u00eect\u00f4 Tarent\u00ee[12] praesidi\u00f4                    {30}\n  in \u00cap\u00eerum revertit. Cum[13] autem\n  bellum renov\u00e2t\u00fbrus put\u00e2r\u00eatur, M\u00e2nium\n  Curium iterum c\u00f4nsulem fier\u00ee placuit.[14]\n  Sed inop\u00een\u00e2ta mors r\u00eagis R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s met\u00fb\n  l\u00eeber\u00e2vit. Pyrrhus enim, dum Arg\u00f4s                                {35}\n  opp\u00fbgnat,[15] urbem iam ingressus \u00e2 iuvene\n  qu\u00f4dam Arg\u00eev\u00f4 lance\u00e2 leviter vulner\u00e2tus\n  est. M\u00e2ter adul\u00eascentis, anus paupercula,\n  cum ali\u00ees mulieribus \u00ea t\u00eact\u00f4 dom\u00fbs proelium\n  spect\u00e2bat; quae cum v\u00eedisset Pyrrhum in auct\u00f4rem vulneris         {40}\n  su\u00ee m\u00e2gn\u00f4 impet\u00fb ferr\u00ee,[16] per\u00eecul\u00f4 f\u00eeli\u00ee su\u00ee comm\u00f4ta pr\u00f4tinus\n      t\u00eagulam\n  corripuit et utr\u00e2que man\u00fb l\u00eebr\u00e2tam[17] in caput r\u00eagis d\u00eai\u00eacit.\n\n    [Footnotes: XV (pages 36-37)\n\n    36.1: _profic\u00eescor_.\n    36.2: _vinc\u00f4_.\n    36.3: partitive gen.: cf. p. 30, n. 2.\n    36.4: Cf. p. 4, n. 11.\n    36.5: _capi\u00f4_.\n    36.6: i.e. from the _ager_, or the money derived from the sale of\n    the _homin\u00eas_.\n    36.7: Cf. p. 26, n. 8.\n    36.8: See p. 5, n. 15; cf. also H 456 (409, II): M 582: A\u00a0220:\n    G\u00a0378: B\u00a0208,\u00a01.\n    36.9: #cat\u00eell\u00f4 . . . pr\u00f4l\u00e2t\u00f4# (_pr\u00f4fer\u00f4_) #i\u00fbr\u00e2ret# = _cat\u00eellum\n    pr\u00f4ferret et i\u00fbr\u00e2ret_. Cf. p.\u00a02, n.\u00a08.\n    36.10: H 477, I (421, I): M 253: A 249: G 407: B 218,\u00a01.\n    36.11: _c\u00f4nsu\u00easc\u00f4_.\n    36.12: Join with #attulissent#.\n    36.13: _adfer\u00f4_.\n    36.14: #n\u00f4n . . . imper\u00e2re#: 'it was not the having gold that\n    seemed to him glorious, but the ruling over those who had it.'\n    Give Curius' exact words.\n    36.15: subjects of #vid\u00ear\u00ee#: cf. p. 6, n. 16.\n    36.16: = _distribuit_.\n    36.17: We would say, '_that_ citizen.'\n    36.18: H 476, 1 (421, III): M 629: A 254, _b_, 2: G\u00a0401, N. 6:\n    B\u00a0219.\n    36.19: Why subjunctive?\n    36.20: abl. of cause.\n    36.21: _n\u00f4mina dare_ = to hand in one's name to a recruiting\n    officer, i.e. 'to volunteer.'\n    36.22: #pr\u00eemum n\u00f4men#: i.e. the man whose name was first drawn.\n    36.23: #bona . . . subi\u00eacit#: i.e. he sold his goods at auction.\n    At Roman auctions, especially of booty taken in war, a\u00a0spear was\n    set in the ground, just as nowadays a flag is exposed.\n    37.1: _queror_.\n    37.2: The _trib\u00fbn\u00ee pl\u00eabis_ had been created for the express\n    purpose of protecting the people from unjust treatment by the\n    patrician magistrates, especially the consuls. They could veto the\n    acts of any magistrate.\n    37.3: #nihil# (adv. acc.) #. . . c\u00eeve#: 'the state had no need of\n    that citizen.'\n    37.4: abl. with #opus#: H 477, III (414, IV): M\u00a0646: A\u00a0243, _e_:\n    G\u00a0406: B\u00a0218,\u00a02.\n    37.5: For the two datives see p. 25, n. 6.\n    37.6: #r\u00eas . . . \u00e2biit#: i.e. it became a regular custom. Cf.\n    _sev\u00earit\u00e2s .\u00a0.\u00a0. abeat_, XIII,\u00a063.\n    37.7: 'whoever.'\n    37.8: #H\u00f4c terr\u00f4re#: i.e. 'by the terror occasioned by this\n    (act).'\n    37.9: _adig\u00f4_.\n    37.10: At Beneventum, 275 B.C.\n    37.11: #\u00cens\u00eegnem . . . elephant\u00ee#: 'this triumph was made notable\n    by the presence of four elephants.' How literally?\n    37.12: Cf. p. 25, n. 7.\n    37.13: #Cum . . . put\u00e2r\u00eatur#: with #renov\u00e2t\u00fbrus# sc. _esse_. For\n    the personal construction, see p.\u00a07, n.\u00a012.\n    37.14: Sc. _popul\u00f4 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4_. Its subject is the clause #M\u00e2nium\n    .\u00a0.\u00a0. fier\u00ee#; hence the infin. #fier\u00ee#.\n    37.15: '_was_ besieging.' Cf. p. 3, n. 14.\n    37.16: 'rushing.' How literally?\n    37.17: #l\u00eebr\u00e2tam . . . d\u00eai\u00eacit# = _l\u00eebr\u00e2vit et d\u00eai\u00eacit_.]\n\n\n#XVI. Gaius Duilius# [[stripped text]]\n\nGaius Duilius Poenos navali pugna primus devicit. Qui cum videret naves\nRomanas a Punicis velocitate superari, manus ferreas sive corvos,\nmachinam ad comprehendendas hostium naves tenendasque utilem,\nexcogitavit. Quae manus ubi hostilem apprehenderant navem, superiecto\nponte transgrediebatur Romanus et in ipsorum ratibus comminus\ndimicabant, unde Romanis, qui robore praestabant, facilis victoria fuit.\nCeleriter sunt expugnatae naves Punicae triginta, in quibus etiam\npraetoria septiremis capta est, mersae tredecim.\n\nDuilius victor Romam reversus primus navalem triumphum egit. Nulla\nvictoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod invicti terra iam etiam mari\nplurimum possent. Itaque Duilio concessum est, ut per omnem vitam\npraelucente funali et praecinente tibicine a cena rediret.\n\nHannibal, dux classis Punicae, e navi quae iam capiebatur, in scapham\nsaltu se demittens Romanorum manus effugit. Veritus autem, ne in patria\nclassis amissae poenas daret, civium odium astutia avertit, nam ex illa\ninfelici pugna priusquam cladis nuntius domum perveniret quendam ex\namicis Carthaginem misit. Qui postquam curiam intravit, \"Consulit\"\ninquit \"vos Hannibal, cum dux Romanorum magnis copiis maritimis\ninstructis advenerit, num cum eo confligere debeat?\" Acclamavit\nuniversus senatus non esse dubium quin confligi oporteret. Tum ille\n\"Conflixit\" inquit \"et superatus est.\" Ita non potuerunt factum damnare,\nquod ipsi fieri debuisse iudicaverant. Sic Hannibal victus crucis\nsupplicium effugit: nam eo poenae genere dux re male gesta apud Poenos\nadficiebatur.\n\n\n    [[38]]\n\n  #XVI. G\u00e2ius Du\u00eelius# [[as printed]]\n\n  G\u00e2ius Du\u00eelius Poen\u00f4s n\u00e2v\u00e2l\u00ee p\u00fbgn\u00e2 pr\u00eemus[1] d\u00eav\u00eecit.\n  Qu\u00ee cum vid\u00earet n\u00e2v\u00eas R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00e2s \u00e2 P\u00fbnic\u00ees\n  v\u00eal\u00f4cit\u00e2te super\u00e2r\u00ee, man\u00fbs ferre\u00e2s s\u00eeve corv\u00f4s,\n  m\u00e2chinam ad comprehendend\u00e2s hostium n\u00e2v\u00eas\n  tenend\u00e2sque \u00fbtilem, exc\u00f4git\u00e2vit. Quae[2] man\u00fbs ubi                 {5}\n  host\u00eelem apprehenderant n\u00e2vem, superiect\u00f4 ponte\n  tr\u00e2nsgredi\u00eab\u00e2tur R\u00f4m\u00e2nus[3] et in ips\u00f4rum[4] ratibus\n  comminus d\u00eemic\u00e2bant, unde[5] R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees, qu\u00ee r\u00f4bore\n  praest\u00e2bant, facilis vict\u00f4ria fuit. Celeriter sunt\n  exp\u00fbgn\u00e2tae n\u00e2v\u00eas P\u00fbnicae tr\u00eegint\u00e2, in quibus etiam                {10}\n  praet\u00f4ria[6] septir\u00eamis[7] capta est, mersae[8] tredecim.\n\n    [Illustration: COLUMNA R\u00d4STR\u00c2TA OF DU\u00ceLIUS]\n\n  Du\u00eelius victor R\u00f4mam reversus pr\u00eemus\n  n\u00e2v\u00e2lem triumphum \u00eagit. N\u00fblla vict\u00f4ria\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees gr\u00e2tior fuit, quod[9] invict\u00ee terr\u00e2\n  iam etiam mar\u00ee pl\u00fbrimum[10] possent.[9] Itaque                    {15}\n  Du\u00eeli\u00f4 concessum est, ut per omnem v\u00eetam\n  prael\u00fbcente f\u00fbn\u00e2li et praecinente t\u00eeb\u00eecine \u00e2\n  c\u00ean\u00e2 red\u00eeret.[11]\n\n    [Illustration: T\u00ceB\u00ceCEN]\n\n  Hannibal, dux classis P\u00fbnicae, \u00ea n\u00e2v\u00ee\n  quae iam capi\u00eab\u00e2tur, in scapham salt\u00fb s\u00ea d\u00eamitt\u00eans R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum      {20}\n  man\u00fbs eff\u00fbgit. Veritus autem, n\u00ea[12] in patri\u00e2 classis[13] \u00e2missae\n    [[39]]\n  poen\u00e2s daret, c\u00eevium odium \u00e2st\u00fbti\u00e2 \u00e2vertit, nam ex ill\u00e2 \u00eenf\u00eal\u00eec\u00ee\n  p\u00fbgn\u00e2 priusquam[1] cl\u00e2dis n\u00fbntius domum[2] perven\u00eeret[1] quendam\n  ex am\u00eec\u00ees Carth\u00e2ginem[2] m\u00eesit. Qu\u00ee postquam c\u00fbriam intr\u00e2vit,\n  \"C\u00f4nsulit\" inquit \"v\u00f4s Hannibal, cum[3] dux R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum m\u00e2gn\u00ees      {25}\n  c\u00f4pi\u00ees maritim\u00ees \u00eenstr\u00fbct\u00ees adv\u00eanerit,[3] num cum e\u00f4 c\u00f4nfl\u00eegere\n  d\u00eabeat?\" Accl\u00e2m\u00e2vit \u00fbniversus sen\u00e2tus n\u00f4n esse dubium qu\u00een[4]\n  c\u00f4nfl\u00eeg\u00ee oport\u00earet. Tum ille \"C\u00f4nfl\u00eexit\" inquit \"et super\u00e2tus\n  est.\" Ita n\u00f4n potu\u00earunt factum damn\u00e2re, quod ips\u00ee fier\u00ee d\u00eabuisse\n  i\u00fbdic\u00e2verant. S\u00eec Hannibal victus crucis supplicium eff\u00fbgit:      {30}\n  nam e\u00f4[5] poenae genere dux r\u00ea[6] male gest\u00e2 apud Poen\u00f4s\n  adfici\u00eab\u00e2tur.\n\n    [Footnotes: XVI (pages 38-39)\n\n    38.1: #pr\u00eemus d\u00eav\u00eecit#: 'was the first (Roman) to conquer.' Cf.\n    _pr\u00eemus \u00eagit_, l. 12. H\u00a0497, and 1 (443 and\u00a01): A\u00a0191: G\u00a0325, R.\n    6: B\u00a0239. Such a phrase as _pr\u00eemus fuit d\u00eavincere_ is never used\n    by good writers.\n    38.2: 'These'; cf. p. 4, n. 3.\n    38.3: a collective noun: 'the Romans.'\n    38.4: Sc. _hostium_.\n    38.5: = 'and as a consequence.'\n    38.6: Cf. _r\u00eagius_, I, 17. The Romans applied the term _praetor_\n    to the commander of any foreign force.\n    38.7: Sc. _n\u00e2vis_. At this time Carthaginian ships generally had\n    five banks of oars. In building the fleet commanded by Duilius,\n    the Romans, it is said, took as their model a Carthaginian vessel\n    which had been wrecked on the coast of Italy.\n    38.8: _merg\u00f4_; sc. _sunt_.\n    38.9: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.\n    38.10: 'were supreme'; cf. p. 23, n. 1.\n    38.11: In commemoration also of the victory the Columna R\u00f4str\u00e2ta\n    was erected in the Forum.\n    38.12: #n\u00ea . . . daret#: a clause of purpose, dependent on\n    #veritus#: H\u00a0567 (498, III) M\u00a0897: A\u00a0331, _f_: G\u00a0550: B\u00a0296,\u00a02.\n    38.13: #classis \u00e2missae#: 'for losing the fleet'; see p.\u00a05, n.\u00a015.\n    39.1: Cf. p. 12, n. 5.\n    39.2: Why accusative?\n    39.3: causal subjunctive.\n    39.4: _qu\u00een_ with a subjunctive of result is regularly used after\n    negative expressions of doubt: H\u00a0595, 1 (504, 3,\u00a02): M\u00a0913: A\u00a0332,\n    _g_, R.: G\u00a0555, 2: B\u00a0298.\n    39.5: #e\u00f4 . . . adfici\u00eab\u00e2tur#: 'in that way . .\u00a0. was punished.'\n    How literally?\n    39.6: #r\u00ea male gest\u00e2#: 'if unsuccessful.' How literally?]\n\n\n#XVII. Marcus Atilius Regulus# [[stripped text]]\n\nMarcus Regulus cum Poenos magna clade adfecisset, Hanno Carthaginiensis\nad eum venit, quasi de pace acturus, re vera ut tempus extraheret, donec\nnovae copiae ex Africa advenirent. Is ubi ad consulem accessit, exortus\nest militum clamor auditaque vox, idem huic faciendum esse, quod paucis\nante annis Cornelio consuli a Poenis factum esset. Cornelius enim, velut\nin conloquium per fraudem evocatus, a Poenis comprehensus erat et in\nvincula coniectus. Iam Hanno timere incipiebat, sed periculum astuto\nresponso avertit: \"Hoc vero\" inquit \"si feceritis, nihilo eritis Afris\nmeliores.\" Consul tacere iussit eos, qui par pari referri volebant, et\nconveniens gravitati Romanae responsum dedit: \"Isto te metu, Hanno,\nfides Romana liberat.\" De pace, quia neque Poenus serio agebat et consul\nvictoriam quam pacem malebat, non convenit.\n\nRegulus deinde in Africam primus Romanorum ducum traiecit. Clypeam urbem\net trecenta castella expugnavit, neque cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam\ncum monstris dimicavit. Nam cum ad flumen Bagradam castra haberet,\nanguis mira magnitudine exercitum Romanorum vexabat; multos milites\ningenti ore corripuit; plures caudae verbere elisit; nonnullos ipso\npestilentis halitus adflatu exanimavit. Neque is telorum ictu perforari\npoterat, durissima squamarum lorica omnia tela facile repellente.\nConfugiendum fuit ad machinas advectisque ballistis et catapultis, velut\narx quaedam munita, deiciendus hostis fuit. Tandem saxorum pondere\noppressus iacuit, sed cruore suo flumen corporisque pestifero adflatu\nvicina loca infecit Romanosque castra inde submovere coegit. Corium\nbeluae, centum et viginti pedes longum, Romam misit Regulus.\n\nHuic ob res bene gestas imperium in annum proximum prorogatum est. Quod\nubi cognovit Regulus, scripsit senatui vilicum suum in agello, quem\nseptem iugerum habebat, mortuum esse et servum, occasionem nactum,\naufugisse ablato instrumento rustico ideoque petere se ut sibi successor\nin Africam mitteretur, ne, deserto agro, non esset unde uxor et liberi\nalerentur. Senatus, acceptis litteris, res quas Regulus amiserat publica\npecunia redimi iussit, agellum colendum locavit, alimenta coniugi ac\nliberis praebuit. Regulus deinde multis proeliis Carthaginiensium opes\ncontudit eosque pacem petere coegit. Quam cum Regulus nollet nisi\ndurissimis condicionibus dare, a Lacedaemoniis illi auxilium petierunt.\n\nLacedaemonii Xanthippum, virum belli peritissimum, Carthaginiensibus\nmiserunt, a quo Regulus victus est ultima pernicie: nam duo tantum milia\nhominum ex omni Romano exercitu refugerunt et Regulus ipse captus et in\ncarcerem coniectus est. Inde Romam de permutandis captivis missus est\ndato iureiurando. ut, si non impetrasset, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Qui\ncum Romam venisset, inductus in senatum mandata exposuit; sententiam ne\ndiceret recusavit; quamdiu iureiurando hostium teneretur, se non esse\nsenatorem. Iussus tamen sententiam dicere, negavit esse utile captivos\nPoenos reddi, illos enim adulescentes esse et bonos duces, se iam\nconfectum senectute. Cuius cum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti\nsunt, ipse, cum retineretur a propinquis et amicis, tamen Carthaginem\nrediit: neque vero tunc ignorabat se ad crudelissimum hostem et ad\nexquisita supplicia proficisci, sed iusiurandum conservandum putavit.\nReversum Carthaginienses omni cruciatu necaverunt: palpebris enim\nresectis aliquamdiu in loco tenebricoso tenuerunt: deinde cum sol esset\nardentissimus, repente eductum intueri caelum coegerunt; postremo in\narcam ligneam, undique clavis praeacutis horrentem et tam angustam, ut\nerectus perpetuo manere cogeretur, incluserunt. Ita dum fessum corpus,\nquocumque inclinabat, stimulis ferreis confoditur, vigiliis et dolore\ncontinuo interemptus est. Hic fuit Atilii Reguli exitus, ipsa vita\nclarior et inlustrior.\n\n\n  #XVII. M\u00e2rcus At\u00eelius R\u00eagulus# [[as printed]]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 256.]\n\n  M\u00e2rcus R\u00eagulus cum Poen\u00f4s m\u00e2gn\u00e2 cl\u00e2de[7] adf\u00eacisset, Hann\u00f4\n  Carth\u00e2gini\u00eansis ad eum v\u00eanit, quasi d\u00ea p\u00e2ce \u00e2ct\u00fbrus,[8] r\u00ea\n  v\u00ear\u00e2 ut[8] tempus extraheret,[8] d\u00f4nec[9] novae c\u00f4piae ex \u00c2fric\u00e2\n  adven\u00eerent.[9] Is ubi ad c\u00f4nsulem accessit, exortus[10] est m\u00eelitum\n  cl\u00e2mor aud\u00eetaque v\u00f4x, idem[11] hu\u00eec faciendum esse, quod pauc\u00ees    {5}\n  ante ann\u00ees[12] Corn\u00eali\u00f4 c\u00f4nsul\u00ee \u00e2 Poen\u00ees factum esset. Corn\u00ealius\n  enim, velut in conloquium per fraudem \u00eavoc\u00e2tus, \u00e2 Poen\u00ees\n  compreh\u00eansus erat et in vincula coniectus. Iam Hann\u00f4 tim\u00eare\n  incipi\u00eabat, sed per\u00eeculum \u00e2st\u00fbt\u00f4 resp\u00f4ns\u00f4 \u00e2vertit: \"H\u00f4c v\u00ear\u00f4\" inquit\n    [[40]]\n  \"s\u00ee f\u00eaceritis,[1] nihil\u00f4[2] eritis \u00c2fr\u00ees[3] meli\u00f4r\u00eas.\" C\u00f4nsul tac\u00eare\n  iussit e\u00f4s, qu\u00ee p\u00e2r[4] par\u00ee referr\u00ee vol\u00eabant, et conveni\u00eans[5]\n      gravit\u00e2t\u00ee                                                     {11}\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2nae resp\u00f4nsum dedit: \"Ist\u00f4 t\u00ea met\u00fb, Hann\u00f4, fid\u00eas R\u00f4m\u00e2na\n  l\u00eeberat.\" D\u00ea p\u00e2ce, quia neque Poenus s\u00eari\u00f4 ag\u00eabat et c\u00f4nsul\n  vict\u00f4riam quam p\u00e2cem m\u00e2l\u00eabat, n\u00f4n conv\u00eanit.\n\n  R\u00eagulus deinde in \u00c2fricam pr\u00eemus[6] R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum ducum tr\u00e2i\u00eacit.     {15}\n  Clypeam urbem et trecenta[7] castella exp\u00fbgn\u00e2vit, neque[8]\n  cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum m\u00f4nstr\u00ees d\u00eemic\u00e2vit. Nam\n  cum ad fl\u00fbmen Bagradam castra hab\u00earet, anguis m\u00eer\u00e2 m\u00e2gnit\u00fbdine\n  exercitum R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum vex\u00e2bat; mult\u00f4s m\u00eelit\u00eas ingent\u00ee \u00f4re corripuit;\n  pl\u00fbr\u00eas caudae verbere \u00eal\u00eesit[9]; n\u00f4nn\u00fbll\u00f4s ips\u00f4 p\u00eastilentis       {20}\n  h\u00e2lit\u00fbs adfl\u00e2t\u00fb exanim\u00e2vit. Neque is t\u00eal\u00f4rum \u00eect\u00fb perfor\u00e2r\u00ee\n  poterat, d\u00fbrissim\u00e2[10] squ\u00e2m\u00e2rum l\u00f4r\u00eec\u00e2 omnia t\u00eala facile repellente.\n  C\u00f4nfugiendum[11] fuit ad m\u00e2chin\u00e2s advect\u00eesque ballist\u00ees[12]       {23}\n  et catapult\u00ees, velut[13] arx quaedam m\u00fbn\u00eeta, d\u00eaiciendus hostis fuit.\n  Tandem sax\u00f4rum pondere oppressus[14] iacuit, sed cru\u00f4re su\u00f4 fl\u00fbmen\n  corporisque p\u00eastifer\u00f4 adfl\u00e2t\u00fb v\u00eec\u00eena loca \u00eenf\u00eacit R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4sque castra\n  inde submov\u00eare co\u00eagit.[15] Corium b\u00ealuae, centum et v\u00eegint\u00ee ped\u00eas[16]\n  longum, R\u00f4mam m\u00eesit R\u00eagulus.\n\n  Hu\u00eec ob r\u00eas[17] bene gest\u00e2s imperium in annum proximum pr\u00f4rog\u00e2tum\n    [[41]]\n  est. Quod ubi c\u00f4gn\u00f4vit R\u00eagulus, scr\u00eepsit sen\u00e2tu\u00ee v\u00eelicum          {30}\n  suum in agell\u00f4, quem septem i\u00fbgerum[1] hab\u00eabat, mortuum esse et\n  servum, occ\u00e2si\u00f4nem nactum,[2] auf\u00fbgisse abl\u00e2t\u00f4 \u00eenstr\u00fbment\u00f4[3]\n  r\u00fbstic\u00f4 ide\u00f4que petere s\u00ea ut sibi[4] successor in \u00c2fricam mitter\u00eatur,\n  n\u00ea, d\u00easert\u00f4 agr\u00f4, n\u00f4n esset unde[5] uxor et l\u00eeber\u00ee alerentur.[6]  {34}\n  Sen\u00e2tus, accept\u00ees litter\u00ees, r\u00eas qu\u00e2s R\u00eagulus \u00e2m\u00eeserat p\u00fbblic\u00e2 pec\u00fbni\u00e2\n  redim\u00ee iussit, agellum colendum[7] loc\u00e2vit, alimenta[8] coniug\u00ee ac\n  l\u00eeber\u00ees praebuit. R\u00eagulus deinde mult\u00ees proeli\u00ees Carth\u00e2gini\u00eansium\n  op\u00eas contudit[9] e\u00f4sque p\u00e2cem petere co\u00eagit. Quam cum\n  R\u00eagulus n\u00f4llet nisi d\u00fbrissim\u00ees condici\u00f4nibus[10] dare, \u00e2\n  Lacedaemoni\u00ees ill\u00ee auxilium peti\u00earunt.                            {40}\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 255]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 251]\n\n  Lacedaemoni\u00ee Xanthippum, virum bell\u00ee per\u00eetissimum, Carth\u00e2gini\u00eansibus\n  m\u00ees\u00earunt, \u00e2 qu\u00f4 R\u00eagulus victus est \u00fbltim\u00e2 pernici\u00ea[10]:\n  nam duo tantum m\u00eelia hominum ex omn\u00ee R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4\n  exercit\u00fb ref\u00fbg\u00earunt et R\u00eagulus ipse captus et in carcerem\n  coniectus est. Inde R\u00f4mam d\u00ea perm\u00fbtand\u00ees capt\u00eev\u00ees missus          {45}\n  est dat\u00f4 i\u00fbrei\u00fbrand\u00f4. ut,[11] s\u00ee n\u00f4n impetr\u00e2sset,[12] red\u00eeret ipse\n  Carth\u00e2ginem. Qu\u00ee cum R\u00f4mam v\u00eanisset, inductus in sen\u00e2tum\n  mand\u00e2ta exposuit; sententiam[13] n\u00ea d\u00eeceret rec\u00fbs\u00e2vit; quamdi\u00fb[14]\n  i\u00fbrei\u00fbrand\u00f4 hostium ten\u00ear\u00eatur, s\u00ea n\u00f4n esse sen\u00e2t\u00f4rem. I\u00fbssus\n  tamen sententiam d\u00eecere, neg\u00e2vit[15] esse \u00fbtile capt\u00eev\u00f4s Poen\u00f4s   {50}\n    [[42]]\n  redd\u00ee, ill\u00f4s enim adul\u00eascent\u00eas esse et bon\u00f4s duc\u00eas, s\u00ea iam\n  c\u00f4nfectum[1] senect\u00fbte. C\u00fbius cum[2] valuisset auct\u00f4rit\u00e2s, capt\u00eev\u00ee\n  retent\u00ee sunt, ipse, cum retin\u00ear\u00eatur \u00e2 propinqu\u00ees et am\u00eec\u00ees, tamen\n  Carth\u00e2ginem rediit: neque v\u00ear\u00f4 tunc \u00eegn\u00f4r\u00e2bat s\u00ea ad cr\u00fbd\u00ealissimum\n  hostem et ad exqu\u00ees\u00eeta supplicia profic\u00eesc\u00ee, sed i\u00fbsi\u00fbrandum      {55}\n  c\u00f4nservandum[3] put\u00e2vit. Reversum[4] Carth\u00e2gini\u00eans\u00eas omn\u00ee\n  cruci\u00e2t\u00fb nec\u00e2v\u00earunt: palpebr\u00ees enim resect\u00ees aliquamdi\u00fb in loc\u00f4\n  tenebric\u00f4s\u00f4 tenu\u00earunt: deinde cum s\u00f4l esset \u00e2rdentissimus, repente\n  \u00eaductum intu\u00ear\u00ee caelum co\u00eag\u00earunt; postr\u00eam\u00f4 in arcam l\u00eegneam,\n  undique cl\u00e2v\u00ees praeac\u00fbt\u00ees horrentem et tam angustam, ut \u00ear\u00eactus   {60}\n  perpetu\u00f4 man\u00eare c\u00f4ger\u00eatur, incl\u00fbs\u00earunt. Ita dum fessum corpus,\n  qu\u00f4cumque incl\u00een\u00e2bat, stimul\u00ees ferre\u00ees c\u00f4nfoditur, vigili\u00ees et dol\u00f4re\n  continu\u00f4 inter\u00eamptus est. H\u00eec fuit At\u00eeli\u00ee R\u00eagul\u00ee exitus, ips\u00e2 v\u00eet\u00e2\n  cl\u00e2rior et inl\u00fbstrior.\n\n    [Footnotes: XVII (pages 39-42)\n\n    39.7: #cl\u00e2de adf\u00eacisset# = 'had inflicted defeat upon.' Cf. _e\u00f4\n    genere .\u00a0.\u00a0. adfici\u00eab\u00e2tur_, XVI, 31. The reference is to the naval\n    victory off Ecnomus, in Sicily.\n    39.8: Note carefully the two ways of expressing purpose, the\n    future participle being exactly equivalent to _ut_ with the\n    subjunctive. See p. xviii, E\u00a05; #quasi# = 'as if,' and is\n    contrasted with #r\u00ea v\u00ear\u00e2#, 'in reality.'\n    39.9: The subjunctive in reality expresses purpose. See also p.\n    xx, G\u00a03.\n    39.10: _exorior_.\n    39.11: #idem . . . esse#: 'the same thing _ought to be done_ to\n    him.' The gerundive with _esse_ denotes either physical necessity\n    ('must'), or moral obligation ('ought').\n    39.12: abl. of the measure of difference: H 479 (423): M\u00a0655:\n    A\u00a0250: G\u00a0403: B\u00a0223. #pauc\u00ees ann\u00ees# is a sort of temporal adverb\n    with _ante_.\n    40.1: Latin is extremely exact in the use of the tenses. Of two\n    _past_ actions the prior is expressed by the _pluperfect_ tense;\n    of two _future_ actions the prior is expressed by the _future\n    perfect_ tense. Apply this principle here. We say simply, 'if\n    you\u00a0do.'\n    40.2: Join with #meli\u00f4r\u00eas#, and cf. p. 39, n. 12.\n    40.3: i.e. the Carthaginians. To the Roman mind _P\u00fbnica fid\u00eas_ was\n    a synonym for the vilest treachery. So Livy says of the great\n    Hannibal that his character was marred by 'worse than Punic\n    treachery.' For #\u00c2fr\u00ees#, see p.\u00a010, n.\u00a018.\n    40.4: #p\u00e2r . . . referr\u00ee# = 'retaliation.' How literally?\n    40.5: 'consistent with.'\n    40.6: #pr\u00eemus . . . tr\u00e2i\u00eacit#: cf. p. 38, n. 1.\n    40.7: indefinite, like our 'hundreds of.' _S\u00eascent\u00ee_ and _m\u00eelle_\n    are often used in the same way.\n    40.8: = _et n\u00f4n_ (cf. l. 13).\n    40.9: _\u00eal\u00eed\u00f4_.\n    40.10: #d\u00fbrissim\u00e2 . . . repellente#: what does the abl. abs.\n    express?\n    40.11: #C\u00f4nfugiendum . . . ad#: impersonal passive: 'they had to\n    resort to.' Cf. p.\u00a039, n.\u00a011.\n    40.12: The _ballistae_ and _catapultae_ were the artillery of\n    antiquity. It is said that from the _ballistae_ stones weighing\n    one hundred pounds could be sent half a mile.\n    40.13: #velut . . . m\u00fbn\u00eeta#: to be taken with what follows.\n    40.14: _opprim\u00f4_.\n    40.15: _c\u00f4g\u00f4_.\n    40.16: acc. of extent (cf. p. 12, n. 1) with #longum#.\n    40.17: #r\u00eas bene gest\u00e2s#: 'successes,' 'exploits.' Contrast _r\u00ea\n    male gest\u00e2_, XVI, 31, and note.\n    41.1: Cf. p. 18, n. 17.\n    41.2: #occ\u00e2si\u00f4nem nactum# (_nanc\u00eescor_): 'seizing the\n    opportunity.'\n    41.3: #\u00eenstr\u00fbment\u00f4 r\u00fbstic\u00f4#: 'his farming implements.'\n    41.4: Join with #successor#, and cf. p. 26, n.\u00a05.\n    41.5: #unde . . . alerentur#: 'the wherewithal to support,' etc.\n    41.6: subjunctive partly of purpose, partly by attraction, for\n    which see p.\u00a013, n.\u00a010.\n    41.7: #colendum#: 'to be tilled' (cf. p. 2, n.\u00a018), for Regulus'\n    benefit. In such cases the produce of the farm was divided equally\n    between owner and tenant.\n    41.8: #alimenta . . . praebuit#: i.e. they were supported at\n    public expense till the harvest of that year was gathered. No\n    salary was given to Roman officials.\n    41.9: _contund\u00f4_.\n    41.10: abl. of manner: H 473, 3 (419, III): M 635: A\u00a0248: G\u00a0399:\n    B\u00a0220,\u00a01.\n    41.11: #ut . . . red\u00eeret# gives the purpose of the Carthaginians\n    in exacting the oath.\n    41.12: subjunctive in indirect discourse. Regulus said: _S\u00ee n\u00f4n\n    impetr\u00e2ver\u00f4, .\u00a0.\u00a0. red\u00eeb\u00f4._\n    41.13: #sententiam . . . rec\u00fbs\u00e2vit#: 'he refused to express his\n    opinion.' _rec\u00fbs\u00e2re_ is construed (1)\u00a0with the simple infinitive;\n    (2)\u00a0with _n\u00ea_ and a subjunctive of purpose; (3)\u00a0with _qu\u00een_ or\n    _qu\u00f4minus_ and a subjunctive of result.\n    41.14: #quamdi\u00fb . . . sen\u00e2t\u00f4rem#: indirect discourse = '(saying\n    that) as long as,' etc.\n    41.15: #neg\u00e2vit esse \u00fbtile#: 'he _said_ that it was _not_\n    expedient.' In such sentences _neg\u00e2re_ rather than _n\u00f4n d\u00eecere_ is\n    used. The subject of #esse# is the clause #capt\u00eev\u00f4s .\u00a0.\u00a0. redd\u00ee#.\n    42.1: 'exhausted.'\n    42.2: Here temporal, but in the next line adversative, as is shown\n    by #tamen#: see p. xxii,\u00a0J.\n    42.3: Sc. _esse_, and cf. p. 39, n. 11.\n    42.4: Sc. _eum_: 'on his return.' The story is given by no writer\n    earlier than Cicero, and modern historians are inclined to view\n    the whole narrative as fictitious.]\n\n\n#XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher# [[stripped text]]\n\nAppius Claudius, vir stultae temeritatis, consul adversus Poenos\nprofectus priorum ducum consilia palam reprehendebat seque, quo die\nhostem vidisset, bellum confecturum esse iactitabat. Qui cum, antequam\nnavale proelium committeret, auspicia haberet pullariusque ei\nnuntiasset, pullos non exire e cavea neque vesci, inridens iussit eos in\naquam mergi, ut saltem biberent, quoniam esse nollent. Ea res cum, quasi\niratis diis, milites ad omnia segniores timidioresque fecisset, commisso\nproelio magna clades a Romanis accepta est: octo eorum milia caesa sunt,\nviginti milia capta. Qua re Claudius postea a populo condemnatus est\ndamnationisque ignominiam voluntaria morte praevenit. Ea res calamitati\nfuit etiam Claudiae, consulis sorori: quae a ludis publicis revertens,\nin conferta multitudine aegre procedente carpento, palam optavit ut\nfrater suus Pulcher revivisceret atque iterum classem amitteret, quo\nminor turba Romae foret. Ob vocem illam impiam Claudia quoque damnata\ngravisque ei dicta est multa.\n\n\n  #XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher# [[as printed]]\n\n    [Illustration: SACRED CHICKENS / _From the tomb of a Pull\u00e2rius_]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 249.]\n\n  Appius Claudius, vir stultae temerit\u00e2tis, c\u00f4nsul adversus Poen\u00f4s\n  profectus pri\u00f4rum ducum c\u00f4nsilia palam reprehend\u00eabat\n  s\u00eaque, qu\u00f4[5] di\u00ea hostem v\u00eedisset, bellum c\u00f4nfect\u00fbrum esse\n  iactit\u00e2bat. Qu\u00ee cum, antequam n\u00e2v\u00e2le proelium committeret,         {4}\n  auspicia[6] hab\u00earet pull\u00e2riusque[7] e\u00ee n\u00fbnti\u00e2sset, pull\u00f4s n\u00f4n ex\u00eere \u00ea\n    [[43]]\n  cave\u00e2 neque vesc\u00ee, inr\u00eed\u00eans iussit e\u00f4s in aquam merg\u00ee, ut saltem\n  biberent, quoniam \u00easse[1] n\u00f4llent. Ea r\u00eas cum, quasi[2] \u00eer\u00e2t\u00ees di\u00ees,\n  m\u00eelit\u00eas ad omnia s\u00eagni\u00f4r\u00eas timidi\u00f4r\u00easque\n  f\u00eacisset, commiss\u00f4 proeli\u00f4[3]\n  m\u00e2gna cl\u00e2d\u00eas \u00e2 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees accepta est:                               {10}\n  oct\u00f4 e\u00f4rum m\u00eelia caesa sunt, v\u00eegint\u00ee\n  m\u00eelia capta. Qu\u00e2 re Claudius poste\u00e2 \u00e2\n  popul\u00f4 condemn\u00e2tus est damn\u00e2ti\u00f4nisque[4]\n  \u00eegn\u00f4miniam volunt\u00e2ri\u00e2 morte\n  praev\u00eanit. Ea r\u00eas calamit\u00e2t\u00ee[5] fuit                              {15}\n  etiam Claudiae,[5] c\u00f4nsulis sor\u00f4r\u00ee: quae\n  \u00e2 l\u00fbd\u00ees p\u00fbblic\u00ees revert\u00eans, in[6] c\u00f4nfert\u00e2\n  multit\u00fbdine aegr\u00ea pr\u00f4c\u00eadente carpent\u00f4,\n  palam opt\u00e2vit ut fr\u00e2ter suus Pulcher\n  rev\u00eev\u00eesceret atque iterum classem \u00e2mitteret,                      {20}\n  qu\u00f4[7] minor turba R\u00f4mae foret.[7] Ob v\u00f4cem illam impiam\n  Claudia quoque damn\u00e2ta gravisque[8] e\u00ee[9] dicta est multa.\n\n    [Footnotes: XVIII (pages 42-43)\n\n    42.5: #qu\u00f4 di\u00ea#: we should expect _di\u00ea qu\u00f4_, or _e\u00f4dem di\u00ea qu\u00f4_,\n    but the antecedent, as often, is incorporated into the relative\n    clause and made to agree with the pronoun: H\u00a0399, 3 (445,\u00a09):\n    A\u00a0200, _b_: G\u00a0616: B\u00a0251,\u00a04.\n    42.6: #auspicia hab\u00earet#: cf. _auspicia adhib\u00eare_, I,\u00a042.\n    42.7: #pull\u00e2rius . . . vesc\u00ee#: on setting out for the seat of war,\n    the commanding general often took with him a cage of sacred\n    chickens, in charge of a special keeper (#pull\u00e2rius#). If, when\n    food was thrown before them, the chickens ate so greedily that\n    portions of the food fell from their mouths to the ground, it was\n    considered a very favorable omen. The circumstance described in\n    the text would be regarded by the superstitious soldiery as of\n    very dire significance.\n    43.1: infinitive of _ed\u00f4_.\n    43.2: #quasi . . . di\u00ees#: 'because (as they supposed), the gods\n    were angry.' Cf. p.\u00a03, n.\u00a06. #\u00eer\u00e2t\u00ees di\u00ees# is an abl. abs.\n    43.3: The battle was fought off Drepanum, in Sicily. Appius lost\n    93 out of 123 ships.\n    43.4: #que# here = 'but,' a meaning which it bears more frequently\n    after negative sentences (p.\u00a013, n.\u00a012).\n    43.5: Cf. p. 25, n. 6.\n    43.6: #in . . . carpent\u00f4#: an abl. abs., giving the cause of\n    #opt\u00e2vit#.\n    43.7: Cf. p. 14, n. 13.\n    43.8: #gravis . . . multa#: 'a heavy fine was imposed upon her.'\n    43.9: dat. of disadvantage.]\n\n\n#XIX. Quintus Fabius Maximus# [[stripped text]]\n\nHannibal, Hamilcaris filius, novem annos natus, a patre aris admotus\nodium in Romanos perenne iuravit. Quae res maxime videtur concitasse\nsecundum Punicum bellum. Nam, mortuo Hamilcare, Hannibal causam belli\nquaerens Saguntum, civitatem Hispaniae Romanis foederatam evertit.\nQuapropter Roma missi sunt Carthaginem legati, qui Hannibalem, mali\nauctorem, exposcerent. Tergiversantibus Poenis Quintus Fabius,\nlegationis princeps, sinu ex toga facto \"Hic\" inquit \"vobis bellum et\npacem portamus; utrum placet, sumite.\" Poenis daret utrum vellet\nsucclamantibus, Fabius, excussa toga, bellum se dare dicit. Poeni\naccipere se responderunt et, quibus acciperent animis, iisdem se\ngesturos.\n\nHannibal superatis Pyrenaei et Alpium iugis in Italiam venit. Publium\nScipionem apud Ticinum amnem, Sempronium apud Trebiam, Flaminium apud\nTrasumenum profligavit.\n\nAdversus hostem totiens victorem missus Quintus Fabius dictator\nHannibalis impetum mora fregit; namque, priorum ducum cladibus edoctus\nbelli rationem mutare et adversus Hannibalem, successibus proeliorum\ninsolentem, recedere ab ancipiti discrimine et tueri tantummodo Italiam\nconstituit Cunctatorisque nomen et laudem summi ducis meruit. Per loca\nalta agmen ducebat modico ab hoste intervallo, ut neque omitteret eum\nneque cum eo congrederetur; castris, nisi quantum necessitas cogeret,\nmiles tenebatur. Dux neque occasioni rei bene gerendae deerat, si qua ab\nhoste daretur, neque ullam ipse hosti dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus\nproeliis superior discederet, militem minus iam coepit aut virtutis suae\naut fortunae paenitere.\n\nHis artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agro Falerno locorum angustiis\nclausisset, ille sine ullo exercitus detrimento se expedivit. Namque\narida sarmenta in boum cornibus deligata principio noctis incendi\nbovesque ad montes, quos Romani insederant, agi iussit. Qui cum accensis\ncornibus per montes, per silvas huc illuc discurrerent, Romani miraculo\nattoniti constiterunt; ipse Fabius, insidias esse ratus, militem extra\nvallum egredi vetuit. Interea Hannibal ex angustiis evasit.\n\nDein Hannibal, ut Fabio apud suos conflaret invidiam, agrum eius,\nomnibus circa vastatis, intactum reliquit. At Fabius, misso Romam Quinto\nfilio, inviolatum ab hoste agrum vendidit eiusque pretio captivos\nRomanos redemit.\n\nHaud grata tamen Romanis erat Fabii cunctatio: eumque pro cauto timidum,\npro cunctatore segnem vocitabant. Augebat invidiam Minucius, magister\nequitum, dictatorem criminando: illum in ducendo bello sedulo tempus\nterere, quo diutius in magistratu esset solusque et Romae et in exercitu\nimperium haberet. His sermonibus accensa plebs dictatori magistrum\nequitum imperio aequavit. Hanc iniuriam aequo animo tulit Fabius\nexercitumque suum cum Minucio divisit. Cum autem Minucius temere\nproelium commisisset, ei periclitanti auxilio venit Fabius. Cuius subito\nadventu repressus Hannibal receptui cecinit, palam confessus ab se\nMinucium, se a Fabio victum esse. Redeuntem ex acie dixisse eum ferunt\ntandem eam nubem, quae sedere in iugis montium solita esset, cum\nprocella imbrem dedisse. Minucius autem periculo liberatus castra cum\nFabio iunxit et patrem eum appellavit idemque facere milites iussit.\n\nPostea Hannibal Tarento per proditionem potitus est. Hanc urbem ut\nPoenis traderent, tredecim fere nobiles iuvenes Tarentini coniuraverant.\nHi, nocte per speciem venandi urbe egressi, ad Hannibalem, qui haud\nprocul castra habebat, venerunt. Cui cum quid pararent exposuissent,\nconlaudavit eos Hannibal monuitque ut redeuntes pecora Carthaginiensium,\nquae pastum propulsa essent, ad urbem agerent et veluti praedam ex hoste\nfactam aut praefecto aut custodibus portarum donarent. Id iterum ac\nsaepius ab iis factum eoque consuetudinis adducta res est, ut, quocumque\nnoctis tempore sibilo dedissent signum, porta urbis aperiretur. Tunc\nHannibal eos nocte media cum decem milibus hominum delectorum secutus\nest. Ubi portae appropinquarunt, nota iuvenum vox et familiare signum\nvigilem excitavit. Duo primi inferebant aprum vasti corporis. Vigil\nincautus, dum beluae magnitudinem miratur, venabulo occisus est.\nIngressi proditores ceteros vigiles sopitos obtruncant. Tum Hannibal cum\nsuo agmine ingreditur: Romani passim trucidantur. Livius Salinator,\nRomanorum praefectus, cum iis, qui caedi superfuerunt, in arcem\nconfugit.\n\nProfectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidione cinxit.\nLeve dictu momentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam eum adiuvit. Praefectus\npraesidii Tarentini deperibat amore mulierculae, cuius frater in\nexercitu Fabii erat. Miles iussus a Fabio pro perfuga Tarentum transiit\nac per sororem praefectum ad tradendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigilia\nprima accessit ad eam partem muri, quam praefectus custodiebat.\nAdiuvantibus recipientibusque eius militibus, Romani in urbem\ntranscenderunt. Inde, proxima porta refracta, Fabius cum exercitu\nintravit. Hannibal nuntiata Tarenti oppugnatione, cum ad opem ferendam\nfestinans captam urbem esse audivisset, \"Et Romani\" inquit \"suum\nHannibalem habent: eadem, qua ceperamus, arte Tarentum amisimus.\"\n\nCum postea Livius Salinator coram Fabio gloriaretur, quod arcem\nTarentinam retinuisset, dixissetque eum sua opera Tarentum recepisse,\n\"Certe\" inquit Fabius ridens, \"nam nisi tu amisisses, ego numquam\nrecepissem.\"\n\nQuintus Fabius iam senex filio suo consuli legatus fuit; cumque in eius\ncastra veniret, filius obviam patri progressus est, duodecim lictoribus\npro more antecedentibus. Equo vehebatur senex neque appropinquante\nconsule descendit. Iam ex lictoribus undecim verecundia paternae\nmaiestatis taciti praeterierant. Quod cum consul animadvertisset,\nproximum lictorem iussit inclamare Fabio patri ut ex equo descenderet.\nPater tum desiliens \"Non ego, fili,\" inquit \"tuum imperium contempsi,\nsed experiri volui num scires consulem te esse.\" Ad summam senectutem\nvixit Fabius Maximus, dignus tanto cognomine. Cautior quam promptior\nhabitus est, sed insita eius ingenio prudentia ei bello, quod tum\ngerebatur, proprie apta erat. Nemini dubium est quin rem Romanam\ncunctando restituerit. Ut Scipio pugnando, ita hic non dimicando maxime\ncivitati Romanae succurrisse visus est. Alter enim celeritate sua\nCarthaginem oppressit, alter cunctatione id egit, ne Roma opprimi\nposset.\n\n\n  #XIX. Qu\u00eentus Fabius M\u00e2ximus# [[as printed]]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 236.]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 219.]\n\n  Hannibal, Hamilcaris[10] f\u00eelius, novem[11] ann\u00f4s[12] n\u00e2tus, \u00e2\n  patre \u00e2r\u00ees adm\u00f4tus odium in R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s perenne i\u00fbr\u00e2vit.\n  Quae r\u00eas m\u00e2xim\u00ea vid\u00eatur concit\u00e2sse secundum[13] P\u00fbnicum bellum.\n    [[44]]\n  Nam, mortu\u00f4[1] Hamilcare, Hannibal causam bell\u00ee quaer\u00eans Saguntum,\n  c\u00eevit\u00e2tem Hisp\u00e2niae R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees[2] foeder\u00e2tam \u00eavertit.                 {5}\n  Qu\u00e2propter R\u00f4m\u00e2 miss\u00ee sunt Carth\u00e2ginem\n  l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00ee, qu\u00ee Hannibalem, mal\u00ee auct\u00f4rem, exp\u00f4scerent.\n  Tergiversantibus Poen\u00ees Qu\u00eentus Fabius,\n  l\u00eag\u00e2ti\u00f4nis pr\u00eenceps, sin\u00fb ex tog\u00e2 fact\u00f4 \"H\u00eec\"\n  inquit \"v\u00f4b\u00ees bellum et p\u00e2cem port\u00e2mus; utrum[3]                  {10}\n  placet, s\u00fbmite.\" Poen\u00ees daret[4] utrum vellet\n  succl\u00e2mantibus, Fabius, excuss\u00e2[5] tog\u00e2, bellum\n  s\u00ea dare d\u00eecit. Poen\u00ee accipere s\u00ea respond\u00earunt et,\n  quibus[6] acciperent anim\u00ees, i\u00eesdem s\u00ea gest\u00fbr\u00f4s.[7]\n\n    [Illustration: HANNIBAL]\n\n  Hannibal super\u00e2t\u00ees Pyr\u00eanae\u00ee et Alpium iug\u00ees in \u00cetaliam v\u00eanit.     {15}\n  P\u00fbblium[8] Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem apud T\u00eec\u00eenum[9] amnem, Sempr\u00f4nium apud\n  Trebiam, Fl\u00e2minium apud Trasum\u00eanum pr\u00f4fl\u00eeg\u00e2vit.\n\n  Adversus hostem toti\u00eans vict\u00f4rem missus Qu\u00eentus Fabius            {18}\n  dict\u00e2tor[10] Hannibalis impetum mor\u00e2[11] fr\u00eagit; namque, pri\u00f4rum ducum\n  cl\u00e2dibus \u00eadoctus bell\u00ee rati\u00f4nem m\u00fbt\u00e2re et adversus[12] Hannibalem,\n  succ\u00eassibus proeli\u00f4rum \u00eensolentem, rec\u00eadere[13] ab ancipit\u00ee discr\u00eemine\n  et tu\u00ear\u00ee tantummodo \u00cetaliam c\u00f4nstituit Cunct\u00e2t\u00f4risque             {22}\n  n\u00f4men et laudem summ\u00ee ducis meruit. Per loca alta \u00e2gmen\n  d\u00fbc\u00eabat modic\u00f4 ab hoste interv\u00e2ll\u00f4,[14] ut neque omitteret[15] eum\n    [[45]]\n  neque cum e\u00f4 congreder\u00eatur; castr\u00ees,[1] nisi[2] quantum necessit\u00e2s\n  c\u00f4geret,[2] m\u00eeles ten\u00eab\u00e2tur. Dux neque occ\u00e2si\u00f4n\u00ee[3] re\u00ee[4] bene   {26}\n  gerendae deerat, s\u00ee qua ab hoste dar\u00eatur, neque \u00fbllam ipse host\u00ee\n  dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus proeli\u00ees superior disc\u00eaderet,\n  m\u00eelitem[5] minus iam coepit aut virt\u00fbtis suae aut fort\u00fbnae\n  paenit\u00eare.                                                        {30}\n\n  H\u00ees artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agr\u00f4 Falern\u00f4 loc\u00f4rum\n  angusti\u00ees clausisset, ille sine \u00fbll\u00f4 exercit\u00fbs d\u00eatr\u00eement\u00f4 s\u00ea\n      exped\u00eevit.\n  Namque \u00e2rida sarmenta in boum cornibus d\u00ealig\u00e2ta[6] pr\u00eencipi\u00f4[7]\n  noctis incend\u00ee bov\u00easque ad mont\u00eas, qu\u00f4s R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee \u00eens\u00eaderant, ag\u00ee\n  iussit. Qu\u00ee cum acc\u00eans\u00ees cornibus per mont\u00eas, per silv\u00e2s h\u00fbc      {35}\n  ill\u00fbc discurrerent, R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee m\u00eer\u00e2cul\u00f4 attonit\u00ee c\u00f4nstit\u00earunt; ipse\n  Fabius, \u00eensidi\u00e2s esse ratus,[8] m\u00eelitem extr\u00e2 v\u00e2llum \u00eagred\u00ee vetuit.\n  Intere\u00e2 Hannibal ex angusti\u00ees \u00eav\u00e2sit.\n\n  Dein Hannibal, ut Fabi\u00f4 apud su\u00f4s c\u00f4nfl\u00e2ret invidiam, agrum       {39}\n  \u00eaius, omnibus circ\u00e2 v\u00e2st\u00e2t\u00ees, int\u00e2ctum rel\u00eequit. At Fabius, miss\u00f4\n  R\u00f4mam Qu\u00eent\u00f4 f\u00eeli\u00f4, inviol\u00e2tum ab hoste agrum v\u00eandidit \u00eaiusque\n  preti\u00f4 capt\u00eev\u00f4s R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s red\u00eamit.\n\n  Haud gr\u00e2ta tamen R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees erat Fabi\u00ee cunct\u00e2ti\u00f4: eumque pr\u00f4\n  caut\u00f4 timidum, pr\u00f4 cunct\u00e2t\u00f4re s\u00eagnem[9] vocit\u00e2bant. Aug\u00eabat\n  invidiam Minucius, magister[10] equitum, dict\u00e2t\u00f4rem cr\u00eeminand\u00f4:   {45}\n  illum in d\u00fbcend\u00f4 bell\u00f4 s\u00eadul\u00f4 tempus terere,[11] qu\u00f4 di\u00fbtius in\n  magistr\u00e2t\u00fb esset s\u00f4lusque et R\u00f4mae et in exercit\u00fb imperium\n  hab\u00earet. H\u00ees serm\u00f4nibus acc\u00eansa pl\u00eabs dict\u00e2t\u00f4r\u00ee[12] magistrum\n    [[46]]\n  equitum imperi\u00f4[1] aequ\u00e2vit. Hanc ini\u00fbriam aequ\u00f4[2] anim\u00f4 tulit\n  Fabius exercitumque suum cum Minuci\u00f4 d\u00eev\u00eesit. Cum autem           {50}\n  Minucius temer\u00ea proelium comm\u00eesisset, e\u00ee[3] per\u00eeclitant\u00ee auxili\u00f4\n  v\u00eanit Fabius. C\u00fbius subit\u00f4 advent\u00fb repressus Hannibal receptu\u00ee[4]\n  cecinit, palam c\u00f4nfessus[5] ab s\u00ea Minucium, s\u00ea \u00e2 Fabi\u00f4 victum esse.\n  Redeuntem ex aci\u00ea d\u00eexisse eum[6] ferunt tandem[7] eam n\u00fbbem, quae\n  sed\u00eare in iug\u00ees montium solita esset, cum procell\u00e2 imbrem dedisse.\n  Minucius autem per\u00eecul\u00f4 l\u00eeber\u00e2tus castra cum Fabi\u00f4 i\u00fbnxit et      {56}\n  patrem eum appell\u00e2vit idemque facere m\u00eelit\u00eas iussit.\n\n  Poste\u00e2 Hannibal Tarent\u00f4[8] per pr\u00f4diti\u00f4nem pot\u00eetus est. Hanc\n  urbem ut Poen\u00ees tr\u00e2derent, tredecim fer\u00ea n\u00f4bil\u00eas iuven\u00eas Tarent\u00een\u00ee\n  coni\u00fbr\u00e2verant. H\u00ee, nocte per[9] speciem v\u00eanand\u00ee urbe \u00eagress\u00ee,     {60}\n  ad Hannibalem, qu\u00ee haud procul castra hab\u00eabat, v\u00ean\u00earunt. Cu\u00ee\n  cum quid par\u00e2rent exposuissent, conlaud\u00e2vit e\u00f4s Hannibal monuitque\n  ut[10] redeunt\u00eas pecora Carth\u00e2gini\u00eansium, quae p\u00e2stum[11] pr\u00f4pulsa\n  essent, ad urbem agerent[10] et velut\u00ee[12] praedam ex hoste\n  factam aut praefect\u00f4 aut c\u00fbst\u00f4dibus port\u00e2rum d\u00f4n\u00e2rent.[10] Id     {65}\n  iterum ac saepius ab i\u00ees factum e\u00f4que[13] c\u00f4nsu\u00eat\u00fbdinis adducta r\u00eas\n  est, ut, qu\u00f4cumque noctis tempore s\u00eebil\u00f4 dedissent[14] s\u00eegnum, porta\n  urbis aper\u00eer\u00eatur. Tunc Hannibal e\u00f4s nocte medi\u00e2 cum decem\n  m\u00eelibus hominum d\u00eal\u00eact\u00f4rum sec\u00fbtus est. Ubi portae appropinqu\u00e2runt,\n    [[47]]\n  n\u00f4ta iuvenum v\u00f4x et famili\u00e2re s\u00eegnum vigilem excit\u00e2vit.           {70}\n  Duo pr\u00eem\u00ee \u00eenfer\u00eabant aprum v\u00e2st\u00ee corporis. Vigil incautus, dum\n  b\u00ealuae m\u00e2gnit\u00fbdinem m\u00eer\u00e2tur, v\u00ean\u00e2bul\u00f4 occ\u00eesus est. Ingress\u00ee\n  pr\u00f4dit\u00f4r\u00eas c\u00eater\u00f4s vigil\u00eas s\u00f4p\u00eet\u00f4s[1] obtruncant. Tum Hannibal\n  cum su\u00f4 \u00e2gmine ingreditur: R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee passim truc\u00eedantur. L\u00eevius\n  Sal\u00een\u00e2tor, R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum praefectus, cum i\u00ees, qu\u00ee caed\u00ee superfu\u00earunt,\n  in arcem c\u00f4nf\u00fbgit.                                                {76}\n\n  Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidi\u00f4ne\n  cinxit. Leve[2] dict\u00fb m\u00f4mentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam\n  eum adi\u00fbvit. Praefectus praesidi\u00ee Tarent\u00een\u00ee d\u00eaper\u00eebat[3]\n  am\u00f4re mulierculae,[4] c\u00fbius fr\u00e2ter in exercit\u00fb Fabi\u00ee erat. M\u00eeles  {80}\n  iussus \u00e2 Fabi\u00f4 pr\u00f4 perfug\u00e2 Tarentum tr\u00e2nsiit ac per sor\u00f4rem\n  praefectum ad[5] tr\u00e2dendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigili\u00e2[6] pr\u00eem\u00e2\n  accessit ad eam partem m\u00fbr\u00ee, quam praefectus c\u00fbst\u00f4di\u00eabat. Adiuvantibus\n  recipientibusque \u00eaius m\u00eelitibus, R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee in urbem tr\u00e2nscend\u00earunt.\n  Inde, proxim\u00e2 port\u00e2 refr\u00e2ct\u00e2,[7] Fabius cum exercit\u00fb              {85}\n  intr\u00e2vit. Hannibal[8] n\u00fbnti\u00e2t\u00e2 Tarent\u00ee opp\u00fbgn\u00e2ti\u00f4ne, cum ad opem\n  ferendam f\u00east\u00een\u00e2ns captam urbem esse aud\u00eevisset, \"Et R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee\"\n  inquit \"suum[9] Hannibalem habent: e\u00e2dem, qu\u00e2 c\u00eaper\u00e2mus, arte\n  Tarentum \u00e2m\u00eesimus.\"\n\n  Cum poste\u00e2 L\u00eevius Sal\u00een\u00e2tor c\u00f4ram Fabi\u00f4 gl\u00f4ri\u00e2r\u00eatur, quod[10]     {90}\n  arcem Tarent\u00eenam retinuisset,[10] d\u00eexissetque eum[11] su\u00e2 oper\u00e2\n  Tarentum rec\u00eapisse, \"Cert\u00ea\" inquit Fabius r\u00eed\u00eans, \"nam nisi t\u00fb\n  \u00e2m\u00eesiss\u00eas,[12] ego numquam rec\u00eapissem.\"[12]\n\n  Qu\u00eentus Fabius iam senex f\u00eeli\u00f4 su\u00f4 c\u00f4nsul\u00ee l\u00eag\u00e2tus fuit; cumque\n    [[48]]\n  in \u00eaius castra ven\u00eeret, f\u00eelius obviam patr\u00ee pr\u00f4gressus est,       {95}\n  duodecim l\u00eect\u00f4ribus pr\u00f4 m\u00f4re antec\u00eadentibus. Equ\u00f4[1] veh\u00eab\u00e2tur\n  senex neque appropinquante c\u00f4nsule d\u00eascendit. Iam ex l\u00eect\u00f4ribus\n  \u00fbndecim ver\u00eacundi\u00e2[2] paternae m\u00e2iest\u00e2tis tacit\u00ee praeterierant.\n  Quod cum c\u00f4nsul animadvertisset, proximum l\u00eect\u00f4rem iussit\n  incl\u00e2m\u00e2re[3] Fabi\u00f4 patr\u00ee ut ex equ\u00f4 d\u00eascenderet. Pater tum       {100}\n  d\u00easili\u00eans \"N\u00f4n ego, f\u00eel\u00ee,\" inquit \"tuum imperium contemps\u00ee, sed\n  exper\u00eer\u00ee volu\u00ee num sc\u00eer\u00eas c\u00f4nsulem t\u00ea esse.\" Ad summam senect\u00fbtem\n  v\u00eexit Fabius M\u00e2ximus, d\u00eegnus tant\u00f4 c\u00f4gn\u00f4mine.[4] Cautior[5]\n  quam pr\u00f4mptior habitus est, sed \u00eensita[6] \u00eaius ingeni\u00f4 pr\u00fbdentia e\u00ee\n  bell\u00f4, quod tum ger\u00eab\u00e2tur, propri\u00ea apta erat. N\u00eamin\u00ee[7] dubium   {105}\n  est qu\u00een[8] rem[9] R\u00f4m\u00e2nam cunctand\u00f4[10] restituerit. Ut Sc\u00eepi\u00f4\n  p\u00fbgnand\u00f4,[10] ita h\u00eec n\u00f4n d\u00eemicand\u00f4[10] m\u00e2xim\u00ea c\u00eevit\u00e2t\u00ee R\u00f4m\u00e2nae\n  succurrisse v\u00eesus est. Alter enim celerit\u00e2te su\u00e2 Carth\u00e2ginem\n  oppressit, alter cunct\u00e2ti\u00f4ne id[11] \u00eagit, n\u00ea R\u00f4ma opprim\u00ee posset.\n\n    [Footnotes: XIX (pages 43-48)\n\n    43.10: In the latter part of the First Punic War Hamilcar had\n    successfully maintained himself for several years in Sicily\n    against the Romans. Subsequently he built up a great Carthaginian\n    empire in Spain, partly to offset the losses which Carthage had\n    sustained in its struggle with Rome, and partly to supply it with\n    the means for a renewal of the conflict.\n    43.11: #novem . . . n\u00e2tus#: 'when only nine years old.'\n    43.12: Cf. p. 10, n. 15.\n    43.13: This war lasted from 218 to 202 B.C.\n    44.1: When Hamilcar was killed in battle in Spain in 227, his\n    son-in-law Hasdrubal took command of the Carthaginian forces\n    there. He in turn was succeeded by Hannibal in 219.\n    44.2: dat. with #foeder\u00e2tam#. Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4,\u00a03): A\u00a0248,\n    _a_, R.: G\u00a0359: B\u00a0192, 1. Compare the dat. used with _iung\u00f4_ and\n    _m\u00eesce\u00f4_.\n    44.3: #utrum# is here a relative pronoun; hence the indicative\n    #placet#, with which we must supply _v\u00f4b\u00ees_. In #utrum vellet#,\n    however, #utrum# is interrogative: hence the subjunctive.\n    44.4: = a subjunctive in ind. disc. representing an original\n    imperative. See p. xxvi, M\u00a06.\n    44.5: _excuti\u00f4_.\n    44.6: #quibus . . . anim\u00ees, i\u00eesdem#: abl. of manner. See p.\u00a042,\n    n.\u00a05.\n    44.7: Sc. _bellum_.\n    44.8: P. Cornelius Scipio, father of the famous P. Cornelius\n    Scipio Africanus Maior, and consul in 218.\n    44.9: The first two battles were fought in 218, the third in 217.\n    44.10: See Vocab., _dict\u00e2tor_.\n    44.11: Cf. p. 28, n. 17.\n    44.12: #adversus Hannibalem# = a causal clause: 'since he was\n    facing H.' Here again the Latin feels the lack of a participle to\n    _sum_.\n    44.13: #rec\u00eadere . . . discr\u00eemine#: 'to avoid (any) hazardous\n    risk.' #rec\u00eadere# depends on #c\u00f4nstituit#, l.\u00a022.\n    44.14: #modic\u00f4 . . . interv\u00e2ll\u00f4#: we say, 'at a moderate\n    distance.' For the abl., see p.\u00a039, n.\u00a012.\n    44.15: 'let slip,' 'lose sight of.'\n    45.1: apparently = _in castr\u00ees_, but really an abl. of means.\n    45.2: #nisi . . . c\u00f4geret#: 'except as far as necessity forced\n    (Fabius to lead them forth).' #c\u00f4geret# is an example of the\n    iterative subjunctive, used to denote the frequent repetition of\n    an act. It generally occurs in clauses containing a past tense,\n    and is common in Livy, on whom this story is based.\n    45.3: #neque . . . deerat#: 'missed no chance of scoring a\n    success.'\n    45.4: #re\u00ee bene gerendae#: cf. p. 40, n. 17.\n    45.5: #m\u00eelitem . . . paenit\u00eare#: 'the soldiers began to be less\n    discontented with (i.e. to be more confident\u00a0of),' etc. For the\n    construction, see p.\u00a028, n.\u00a07.\n    45.6: #d\u00ealig\u00e2ta . . . incend\u00ee# = _d\u00ealig\u00e2r\u00ee et incend\u00ee_.\n    45.7: Why abl.?\n    45.8: _reor_.\n    45.9: Render by a noun: 'sluggard.'\n    45.10: See Vocab., _magister_.\n    45.11: indirect discourse, dependent on the verb of saying\n    suggested by #cr\u00eeminand\u00f4#.\n    45.12: Indirect object with #aequ\u00e2vit#, which = _aequum f\u00eacit_.\n    46.1: #abl.# of specification.\n    46.2: #aequ\u00f4 anim\u00f4# is an abl. of manner (p. 41, n.\u00a010), and =\n    'patiently.'\n    46.3: #e\u00ee . . . auxili\u00f4#: 'to help him in his peril.' Cf. p.\u00a025,\n    n.\u00a06.\n    46.4: #receptu\u00ee cecinit#: 'gave the signal for a retreat.'\n    #receptu\u00ee# is a dat. of purpose: cf. p.\u00a025, n.\u00a06. _canere_ is used\n    of instrumental music (here of playing on the trumpet) as well as\n    of vocal.\n    46.5: _c\u00f4nfiteor_.\n    46.6: i.e. Hannibal.\n    46.7: #tandem . . . dedisse#: 'the cloud . . . had at last brought\n    wind and rain,' i.e. Fabius, after so long threatening the\n    Carthaginians, had at last proceeded to active measures.\n    46.8: Cf. p. 4, n. 6.\n    46.9: #per . . . v\u00eanand\u00ee#: 'under pretense of hunting.'\n    46.10: a substantive clause of purpose, object of #monuit#.\n    46.11: supine of _p\u00e2sc\u00f4_, denoting the purpose of #pr\u00f4pulsa\n    essent#: cf. p.\u00a05, n.\u00a020.\n    46.12: _veluti . . . factam_: 'as if they (i.e. the cattle) were\n    plunder captured from the foe.' #praedam# is accus. by attraction\n    to _ea pecora_, to be supplied as the object of d\u00f4n\u00e2rent.\n    46.13: #e\u00f4 . . . est#: lit., 'to such a degree of custom was the\n    matter brought,' = 'so customary did this proceeding become.'\n    #c\u00f4nsu\u00eat\u00fbdinis# is a partitive gen. with #e\u00f4#, which strictly =\n    'thither, to that point.'\n    46.14: subjunctive by attraction (p. 13, n. 10) to #aper\u00eer\u00eatur#,\n    which itself denotes result.\n    47.1: 'who were buried in slumber.' The perf. pass. part. here, as\n    often, = a relative clause.\n    47.2: #Leve . . . m\u00f4mentum#: 'a circumstance (almost too) trifling\n    to mention.' For #dict\u00fb#, see p.\u00a019, n.\u00a015.\n    47.3: #d\u00eaper\u00eebat am\u00f4re#: 'was dying for (lit. because\u00a0of) love,'\n    i.e. was desperately in love with.\n    47.4: objective gen. with #am\u00f4re#: cf. p. 14, n.\u00a015.\n    47.5: #ad . . . perpulit# (_perpell\u00f4_): 'drove him to,' i.e.\n    induced him to, etc.\n    47.6: '#watch.#'\n    47.7: _refring\u00f4_.\n    47.8: emphatic by reason of its position before the conjunction\n    #cum#: cf. p.\u00a019, n.\u00a08.\n    47.9: #suum Hannibalem#: 'a Hannibal of their own.'\n    47.10: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.\n    47.11: i.e. Fabius. Livius said: _me\u00e2 oper\u00e2 t\u00fb Tarentum\n    rec\u00eapist\u00ee_.\n    47.12: A conditional sentence, containing a supposition contrary\n    to the facts: H\u00a0579 and N. (510 and N.\u00a01): M\u00a0938: A\u00a0308: G\u00a0597:\n    B\u00a0304.\n    48.1: #equ\u00f4 veh\u00eab\u00e2tur#: 'was riding.' #equ\u00f4# is an abl. of means.\n    48.2: #ver\u00eacundi\u00e2 . . . m\u00e2iest\u00e2tis#: 'out of respect for his\n    dignity as a father.' Explain the case of #ver\u00eacundi\u00e2#, also of\n    #m\u00e2iest\u00e2tis#. Roman fathers were as absolutely masters of their\n    children as they were of their slaves. Yet the rights of a son in\n    official position took precedence of the honors due a father.\n    48.3: Cf. p. 12, n. 3.\n    48.4: abl. with #d\u00eegnus#: H 481 (421, III): M 654: A\u00a0245, _a_:\n    G\u00a0397, N. 2: B\u00a0226,\u00a02.\n    48.5: #Cautior . . . est#: = 'he was accounted cautious rather\n    than alert.' See H\u00a0499 (444,\u00a02): M\u00a0429: A\u00a0192: G\u00a0299: B\u00a0240,\u00a04.\n    48.6: #\u00eensita . . . pr\u00fbdentia#: 'his innate caution'; lit., the\n    caution implanted in his nature. For _ingeni\u00f4_, see p.\u00a02, n.\u00a07.\n    48.7: possessive dative: 'no one has a doubt.'\n    48.8: Cf. p. 39, n. 4.\n    48.9: = _rem p\u00fbblicam_.\n    48.10: abl. of means. With #cunctand\u00f4# cf. _mor\u00e2_, l. 19, and\n    _cunct\u00e2ti\u00f4ne_, l. 109.\n    48.11: #id . . . posset#: 'accomplished this, that it should be\n    impossible to overthrow Rome.' #n\u00ea .\u00a0.\u00a0. posset# is a clause of\n    purpose, in apposition with #id#.]\n\n\n#XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro# [[stripped text]]\n\nHannibal in Apuliam pervenerat. Adversus eum Roma profecti sunt duo\nconsules, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro. Paulo Fabii cunctatio\nmagis placebat; Varro autem, ferox et temerarius, acriora sequebatur\nconsilia. Ambo consules ad vicum, qui Cannae appellabatur, castra\ncommuniverunt. Ibi deinde Varro, invito conlega, aciem instruxit et\nsignum pugnae dedit. Hannibal autem ita constituerat aciem, ut Romanis\net solis radii et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflans adversi essent.\nVictus caesusque est Romanus exercitus; nusquam graviore vulnere\nadflicta est res publica. Aemilius Paulus telis obrutus cecidit: quem\ncum media in pugna sedentem in saxo oppletum cruore conspexisset quidam\ntribunus militum, \"Cape\" inquit \"hunc equum et fuge, Aemili. Etiam sine\ntua morte lacrimarum satis luctusque est.\" Ad ea consul: \"Tu quidem\nmacte virtute esto! Sed cave exiguum tempus e manibus hostium evadendi\nperdas! Abi, nuntia patribus ut urbem muniant ac prius quam hostis\nvictor adveniat, praesidiis firment. Me in hac strage meorum militum\npatere exspirare.\" Alter consul cum paucis equitibus Venusiam perfugit.\nConsulares aut praetorii occiderunt viginti, senatores capti aut occisi\ntriginta, nobiles viri trecenti, militum quadraginta milia, equitum tria\nmilia et quingenti. Hannibal in testimonium victoriae suae tres modios\naureorum anulorum Carthaginem misit, quos de manibus equitum Romanorum\net senatorum detraxerat.\n\nHannibali victori cum ceteri gratularentur suaderentque ut quietem iam\nipse sumeret et fessis militibus daret, unus ex eius praefectis,\nMaharbal, minime cessandum ratus, Hannibalem hortabatur ut statim Romam\npergeret, die quinto victor in Capitolio epulaturus. Cumque Hannibal\nillud non probasset, Maharbal \"Non omnia nimirum\" inquit \"eidem dii\ndedere. Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis.\" Mora huius diei\nsatis creditur saluti fuisse urbi et imperio. Hannibal cum victoria\nposset uti, frui maluit, relictaque Roma in Campaniam divertit, cuius\ndeliciis mox exercitus ardor elanguit, adeo ut vere dictum sit Capuam\nHannibali Cannas fuisse.\n\nNumquam tantum pavoris Romae fuit, quantum ubi acceptae cladis nuntius\nadvenit. Neque tamen ulla pacis mentio facta est; quin etiam animo\ncivitas adeo magno fuit, ut Varroni ex tanta clade redeunti obviam irent\net gratias agerent, quod de re publica non desperasset: qui, si Poenorum\ndux fuisset, temeritatis poenas omni supplicio dedisset. Non autem vitae\ncupiditate, sed rei publicae amore se superfuisse reliquo aetatis suae\ntempore approbavit. Nam et barbam capillumque submisit, et postea\nnumquam recubans cibum cepit; honoribus quoque, cum ei deferrentur a\npopulo, renuntiavit, dicens felicioribus magistratibus rei publicae opus\nesse. Dum igitur Hannibal segniter et otiose agebat. Romani interim\nrespirare coeperunt. Arma non erant: detracta sunt templis vetera\nhostium spolia. Deerat iuventus: servi manumissi et armati sunt. Egebat\naerarium: opes suas libens senatus in medium protulit, nec praeter quod\nin bullis singulisque anulis erat quidquam sibi auri reliquerunt. Patrum\nexemplum secuti sunt equites imitataeque equites omnes tribus. Denique\nvix suffecere tabulae, vix scribarum manus, cum omnes privatae opes in\npublicum deferrentur.\n\nCum Hannibal redimendi sui copiam captivis Romanis fecisset, decem ex\nipsis Romam ea de re missi sunt; nec pignus aliud fidei ab iis\npostulatum est, quam ut iurarent se, si non impetrassent, in castra esse\nredituros. Eos senatus non redimendos censuit responditque eos cives non\nesse necessarios, qui, cum armati essent, capi potuissent. \u00dbnus ex iis\nlegatis e castris Poenorum egressus, veluti aliquid oblitus, paulo post\nin castra erat regressus, deinde comites ante noctem adsecutus erat. Is\nergo, re non impetrata, domum abiit; reditu enim in castra se liberatum\nesse iureiurando interpretabatur. Quod ubi innotuit, iussit senatus\nillum comprehendi et vinctum duci ad Hannibalem. Ea res Hannibalis\naudaciam maxime fregit, quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus adflictis\ntam excelso esset animo.\n\n\n  #XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varr\u00f4# [[as printed]]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 216.]\n\n  Hannibal[12] in \u00c2p\u00fbliam perv\u00eanerat. Adversus eum R\u00f4m\u00e2\n  profect\u00ee sunt duo c\u00f4nsul\u00eas, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius\n    [[49]]\n  Varr\u00f4. Paul\u00f4 Fabi\u00ee cunct\u00e2ti\u00f4 magis plac\u00eabat; Varr\u00f4[1] autem, fer\u00f4x\n  et temer\u00e2rius, \u00e2cri\u00f4ra sequ\u00eab\u00e2tur c\u00f4nsilia. Amb\u00f4 c\u00f4nsul\u00eas ad\n  v\u00eecum, qu\u00ee Cannae appell\u00e2b\u00e2tur, castra comm\u00fbn\u00eev\u00earunt. Ibi          {5}\n  deinde Varr\u00f4, inv\u00eet\u00f4[2] conl\u00eag\u00e2, aciem \u00eenstr\u00fbxit et s\u00eegnum p\u00fbgnae\n  dedit. Hannibal autem ita c\u00f4nstituerat aciem, ut R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees[3] et\n  s\u00f4lis radi\u00ee et ventus ab oriente pulverem adfl\u00e2ns advers\u00ee\n  essent. Victus caesusque est R\u00f4m\u00e2nus exercitus; n\u00fbsquam gravi\u00f4re\n  vulnere adfl\u00eecta est r\u00eas p\u00fbblica. Aemilius Paulus t\u00eal\u00ees obrutus   {10}\n  cecidit: quem cum medi\u00e2 in p\u00fbgn\u00e2 sedentem in sax\u00f4 oppl\u00eatum cru\u00f4re\n  c\u00f4nspexisset qu\u00eedam trib\u00fbnus m\u00eelitum, \"Cape\" inquit \"hunc\n  equum et fuge, Aemil\u00ee.[4] Etiam sine tu\u00e2 morte lacrim\u00e2rum satis\n  l\u00fbct\u00fbsque est.\" Ad ea c\u00f4nsul[5]: \"T\u00fb[6] quidem macte virt\u00fbte\n  est\u00f4! Sed cav\u00ea[7] exiguum tempus \u00ea manibus hostium \u00eav\u00e2dend\u00ee       {15}\n  perd\u00e2s! Ab\u00ee, n\u00fbnti\u00e2 patribus ut urbem m\u00fbniant ac prius quam\n  hostis victor adveniat, praesidi\u00ees f\u00eerment. M\u00ea in h\u00e2c str\u00e2ge me\u00f4rum\n  m\u00eelitum patere[8] exsp\u00eer\u00e2re.\" Alter c\u00f4nsul cum pauc\u00ees equitibus\n  Venusiam perf\u00fbgit. C\u00f4nsul\u00e2r\u00eas aut praet\u00f4ri\u00ee occid\u00earunt\n  v\u00eegint\u00ee, sen\u00e2t\u00f4r\u00eas capt\u00ee aut occ\u00ees\u00ee tr\u00eegint\u00e2, n\u00f4bil\u00eas             {20}\n  vir\u00ee trecent\u00ee, m\u00eelitum quadr\u00e2gint\u00e2 m\u00eelia, equitum\n  tria m\u00eelia et qu\u00eengent\u00ee. Hannibal in[9] t\u00eastim\u00f4nium\n  vict\u00f4riae suae tr\u00eas modi\u00f4s aure\u00f4rum \u00e2nul\u00f4rum[10]\n  Carth\u00e2ginem m\u00eesit, qu\u00f4s d\u00ea manibus\n  equitum R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum et sen\u00e2t\u00f4rum d\u00eatr\u00e2xerat.                        {25}\n\n    [Illustration: \u00c2NULUS]\n\n    [[50]]\n  Hannibal\u00ee vict\u00f4r\u00ee cum c\u00eater\u00ee gr\u00e2tul\u00e2rentur su\u00e2d\u00earentque ut\n  qui\u00eatem iam ipse s\u00fbmeret et fess\u00ees m\u00eelitibus daret, \u00fbnus ex \u00eaius\n  praefect\u00ees, Maharbal, minim\u00ea[1] cessandum ratus, Hannibalem\n  hort\u00e2b\u00e2tur ut statim R\u00f4mam pergeret, di\u00ea qu\u00eent\u00f4 victor in\n  Capit\u00f4li\u00f4 epul\u00e2t\u00fbrus.[2] Cumque Hannibal illud n\u00f4n prob\u00e2sset,     {30}\n  Maharbal \"N\u00f4n omnia n\u00eem\u00eerum\" inquit \"e\u00eedem[3] di\u00ee ded\u00eare.\n  Vincere sc\u00ees, Hannibal; vict\u00f4ri\u00e2 \u00fbt\u00ee nesc\u00ees.\" Mora h\u00fbius di\u00ea\u00ee satis\n  cr\u00eaditur sal\u00fbt\u00ee[4] fuisse urb\u00ee[4] et imperi\u00f4.[4] Hannibal cum vict\u00f4ri\u00e2\n  posset \u00fbt\u00ee, fru\u00ee m\u00e2luit, rel\u00eect\u00e2que R\u00f4m\u00e2 in Camp\u00e2niam d\u00eevertit,\n  c\u00fbius[5] d\u00ealici\u00ees mox exercit\u00fbs \u00e2rdor \u00ealanguit, ade\u00f4 ut v\u00ear\u00ea dictum\n  sit Capuam[6] Hannibal\u00ee Cann\u00e2s fuisse.                            {36}\n\n  Numquam tantum pav\u00f4ris R\u00f4mae fuit, quantum[7] ubi acceptae\n  cl\u00e2dis n\u00fbntius adv\u00eanit. Neque tamen \u00fblla p\u00e2cis menti\u00f4 facta est;\n  qu\u00een[8] etiam anim\u00f4 c\u00eevit\u00e2s ade\u00f4 m\u00e2gn\u00f4 fuit, ut Varr\u00f4n\u00ee ex tant\u00e2  {39}\n  cl\u00e2de redeunt\u00ee obviam \u00eerent et gr\u00e2ti\u00e2s agerent, quod d\u00ea r\u00ea p\u00fbblic\u00e2\n  n\u00f4n d\u00easp\u00ear\u00e2sset: qu\u00ee, s\u00ee Poen\u00f4rum dux fuisset,[9] temerit\u00e2tis poen\u00e2s\n  omn\u00ee supplici\u00f4 dedisset.[9] N\u00f4n autem v\u00eetae cupidit\u00e2te, sed re\u00ee\n  p\u00fbblicae am\u00f4re s\u00ea superfuisse[10] reliqu\u00f4 aet\u00e2tis suae tempore\n  approb\u00e2vit. Nam et barbam capillumque subm\u00eesit,[11] et poste\u00e2 numquam\n  recub\u00e2ns[12] cibum c\u00eapit; hon\u00f4ribus quoque, cum e\u00ee d\u00eaferrentur \u00e2  {45}\n    [[51]]\n  popul\u00f4, ren\u00fbnti\u00e2vit, d\u00eec\u00eans f\u00eal\u00eeci\u00f4ribus magistr\u00e2tibus[1] re\u00ee p\u00fbblicae\n  opus esse. Dum igitur Hannibal s\u00eagniter et \u00f4ti\u00f4s\u00ea ag\u00eabat.\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee interim resp\u00eer\u00e2re[2]\n  coep\u00earunt. Arma n\u00f4n\n  erant: d\u00eatr\u00e2cta sunt                                              {50}\n  templ\u00ees[3] vetera hostium\n  spolia. Deerat iuvent\u00fbs:\n  serv\u00ee man\u00fbmiss\u00ee et arm\u00e2t\u00ee\n  sunt. Eg\u00eabat aer\u00e2rium:\n  op\u00eas su\u00e2s lib\u00eans sen\u00e2tus in medium pr\u00f4tulit, nec praeter quod in  {55}\n  bull\u00ees singul\u00eesque[4] \u00e2nul\u00ees erat quidquam sibi aur\u00ee rel\u00eequ\u00earunt.\n  Patrum exemplum sec\u00fbt\u00ee sunt equit\u00eas imit\u00e2taeque equit\u00eas omn\u00eas\n  trib\u00fbs. D\u00eanique vix[5] suff\u00eac\u00eare tabulae, vix scr\u00eeb\u00e2rum man\u00fbs, cum\n  omn\u00eas pr\u00eev\u00e2tae op\u00eas in p\u00fbblicum d\u00eaferrentur.\n\n    [Illustration: CONV\u00ceVIUM]\n\n  Cum Hannibal redimend\u00ee[6] su\u00ee c\u00f4piam capt\u00eev\u00ees R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees f\u00eacisset,   {60}\n  decem ex ips\u00ees R\u00f4mam e\u00e2 d\u00ea r\u00ea miss\u00ee sunt; nec p\u00eegnus aliud\n  fide\u00ee ab i\u00ees p\u00f4stul\u00e2tum est, quam ut i\u00fbr\u00e2rent s\u00ea, s\u00ee n\u00f4n impetr\u00e2ssent,\n  in castra esse redit\u00fbr\u00f4s. E\u00f4s sen\u00e2tus n\u00f4n redimend\u00f4s c\u00eansuit\n  responditque e\u00f4s c\u00eev\u00eas n\u00f4n esse necess\u00e2ri\u00f4s, qu\u00ee, cum arm\u00e2t\u00ee\n  essent, cap\u00ee potuissent. \u00dbnus ex i\u00ees l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00ees \u00ea castr\u00ees Poen\u00f4rum   {65}\n  \u00eagressus, velut\u00ee[7] aliquid[8] obl\u00eetus, paul\u00f4 post in castra erat\n  regressus, deinde comit\u00eas ante noctem adsec\u00fbtus erat. Is erg\u00f4, r\u00ea\n  n\u00f4n impetr\u00e2t\u00e2, domum abiit; redit\u00fb enim in castra s\u00ea l\u00eeber\u00e2tum\n  esse i\u00fbrei\u00fbrand\u00f4 interpret\u00e2b\u00e2tur.[9] Quod ubi inn\u00f4tuit, iussit sen\u00e2tus\n    [[52]]\n  illum comprehend\u00ee et vinctum d\u00fbc\u00ee ad Hannibalem. Ea r\u00eas           {70}\n  Hannibalis aud\u00e2ciam m\u00e2xim\u00ea fr\u00eagit, quod sen\u00e2tus populusque\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2nus r\u00eabus[1] adfl\u00eect\u00ees tam excels\u00f4 esset anim\u00f4.\n\n    [Footnotes: XX (pages 48-52)\n\n    48.12: Since the battle at Lake Trasumenus (XIX, 17), there had\n    been no general engagement between the Romans and Hannibal. The\n    latter, closely watched and followed by Fabius, had marched into\n    southern Italy, hoping to induce the peoples there to desert Rome\n    and join him. When Fabius resigned the dictatorship at the end of\n    the legal period, C.\u00a0Terentius Varro and L.\u00a0Aemilius Paulus were\n    elected consuls. Their army numbered 80,000 men, and their\n    instructions were to fight as speedily as possible.\n    49.1: A further cause of trouble between the consuls was the fact\n    that Paulus was a patrician, Varro a plebeian.\n    49.2: #inv\u00eet\u00f4 conl\u00eag\u00e2#: abl. abs.: 'though opposed by his\n    colleague.' How literally? The consuls held supreme command on\n    alternate days.\n    49.3: Construe with #advers\u00ee#.\n    49.4: H 83, 5 (51, 5): M 152: A 40, _c_: G 33, 2: B\u00a025,\u00a01.\n    49.5: sc. _inquit_.\n    49.6: #T\u00fb . . . est\u00f4#: 'God bless you!' Cf. p.\u00a032, n.\u00a01.\n    49.7: #cav\u00ea . . . perd\u00e2s# = _cav\u00ea n\u00ea . . . perd\u00e2s_: 'Take care\n    lest,' etc. For this form see H\u00a0561, 2 (489,\u00a02): M\u00a0715: A\u00a0269,\n    _a_, 3: G\u00a0271, 2: B\u00a0276, _c_. We really have two commands here\n    side by side, thus: 'Take care'; 'Don't waste,' etc.\n    49.8: imperative of _patior_.\n    49.9: #in . . . suae#: 'to prove his victory.'\n    49.10: The custom of wearing rings was universal among the Romans,\n    having arisen out of their use as signets. Originally they were of\n    iron. When gold rings were first used they served to distinguish\n    the higher classes.\n    50.1: #minim\u00ea . . . ratus#: 'thinking that there ought to be no\n    delay.' With #cessandum# sc. _esse_, and see p.\u00a016, n.\u00a08.\n    50.2: #victor . . . epul\u00e2t\u00fbrus#: 'for he would surely dine as\n    victor on the Capitol.' The fut. part. is often thus used to\n    denote the certain occurrence of a future event. Further, the\n    clause expresses the reason why Maharbal urged H. to proceed to\n    Rome. What were Maharbal's exact words?\n    50.3: dat. sing.\n    50.4: Cf. p. 25, n. 6. Contrast the words of a modern historian:\n    \"Hannibal knew Rome better than the simpletons who, in ancient and\n    modern times, have fancied that he might have terminated the\n    struggle by a march on the enemy's capital.\"\n    50.5: #c\u00fbius . . . fuisse#: a gross exaggeration. Hannibal\n    successfully maintained himself in Italy till recalled in 203.\n    50.6: Capua, at this time the most powerful city in Italy next to\n    Rome, had formed an alliance with Hannibal after the battle of\n    Cannae.\n    50.7: Sc. _fuit._\n    50.8: #qu\u00een etiam#: 'on the contrary.'\n    50.9: For the construction, see p. 47, n. 12. For the fact, cf.\n    XVI, 19\u00a0ff.\n    50.10: #superfuisse . . . approb\u00e2vit#: 'he showed that he had\n    effected his escape (lit., had survived).'\n    50.11: 'let grow.' This manner of showing grief is often\n    mentioned.\n    50.12: The Romans reclined on the left side at meals. Varro's act\n    was a kind of penance, since it indicated that he denied himself\n    the pleasures of the table.\n    51.1: #magistr\u00e2tibus . . . esse#: cf. p. 37, notes 3 and\u00a04.\n    51.2: 'to repair their losses'; lit., 'to get their breath again.'\n    51.3: dat.; cf. p. 2, n. 7. After a victory, captured arms, as\n    well as a portion of the captured treasure, were hung up in some\n    temple as a thank-offering to the gods.\n    51.4: #singul\u00ees . . . \u00e2nul\u00ees#: 'a ring apiece.'\n    51.5: #vix . . . man\u00fbs#: i.e. they hardly had clerks and tablets\n    sufficient to keep the record of contributions.\n    51.6: #redimend\u00ee su\u00ee#: 'of ransoming themselves.' H\u00a0626, 3 (542,\n    #I#, N.\u00a01): M\u00a01000: A\u00a0298, _a_: G\u00a0428, R. 1: B\u00a0339,\u00a05.\n    51.7: #velut\u00ee . . . obl\u00eetus#: 'pretending to have forgotten\n    something.' How literally?\n    51.8: A neuter pronoun or adjective is often used with verbs of\n    remembering or forgetting. Contrast _obl\u00eeta fr\u00e2trum_, IV, 37, and\n    note.\n    51.9: 'maintained, held.'\n    52.1: abl. abs.: 'though their affairs were at the lowest ebb.']\n\n\n#XXI. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus# [[stripped text]]\n\nPublius Cornelius Scipio nondum annos pueritiae egressus patrem\nsingulari virtute servavit; qui cum pugna apud Ticinum contra Hannibalem\ncommissa graviter vulneratus in hostium manus iam iam venturus esset,\nfilius interiecto corpore Poenis inruentibus se opposuit et patrem\npericulo liberavit. Quae pietas Scipioni postea aedilitatem petenti\nfavorem populi conciliavit. Cum obsisterent tribuni plebis, negantes\nrationem eius esse habendam, quod nondum ad petendum legitima aetas\nesset, \"Si me\" inquit Scipio \"omnes Quirites aedilem facere volunt,\nsatis annorum habeo.\" Tanto inde favore ad suffragia itum est, ut\ntribuni incepto desisterent.\n\nPost cladem Cannensem Romani exercitus reliquiae Canusium perfugerant;\ncumque ibi tribuni militum quattuor essent, tamen omnium consensu ad\nPublium Scipionem, admodum adulescentem, summa imperii delata est.\nQuibus consultantibus nuntiat Publius Furius Philus, consularis viri\nfilius, nobiles quosdam iuvenes propter desperationem consilium de\nItalia deserenda inire. Statim in hospitium Metelli, qui conspirationis\nerat princeps, se contulit Scipio, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, de\nquibus adlatum erat, invenisset, stricto super capita consultantium\ngladio, \"Iurate\" inquit \"vos neque ipsos rem publicam populi Romani\ndeserturos, neque alium civem Romanum deserere passuros: qui non\niuraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum esse sciat.\" Haud secus pavidi,\nquam si victorem Hannibalem cernerent, iurant omnes custodiendosque\nsemet ipsos Scipioni tradunt.\n\nCum Romani duas clades in Hispania accepissent duoque ibi summi\nimperatores intra dies triginta cecidissent, placuit exercitum augeri\neoque proconsulem mitti; nec tamen quem mitterent satis constabat. Ea de\nre indicta sunt comitia. Primo populus exspectabat ut, qui se tanto\ndignos imperio crederent, nomina profiterentur; sed nemo audebat illud\nimperium suscipere. Maesta igitur civitas ac prope inops consilii\ncomitiorum die in campum descendit. Subito P. Cornelius Scipio, quattuor\net viginti ferme annos natus, professus se petere, in superiore, unde\nconspici posset, loco constitit. In quem postquam omnium ora conversa\nsunt, ad unum omnes Scipionem in Hispania proconsulem esse iusserunt. At\npostquam animorum impetus resedit, populum Romanum coepit facti\npaenitere: aetati Scipionis maxime diffidebant. Quod ubi animadvertit\nScipio, advocata contione ita magno elatoque animo de bello, quod\ngerendum esset, disseruit, ut homines cura liberaret speque certissima\nimpleret.\n\nProfectus igitur in Hispaniam Scipio Carthaginem Novam, quo die venit,\nexpugnavit. Eo congestae erant omnes paene Africae et Hispaniae opes,\nibi arma, ibi pecunia, ibi totius Hispaniae obsides erant: quibus\nomnibus potitus est Scipio. Inter captivos ad eum adducta est eximiae\nformae adulta virgo. Quam ubi comperit inlustri loco inter Celtiberos\nnatam principique eius gentis adulescenti desponsam esse, arcessitis\nparentibus et sponso eam reddidit. Parentes virginis, qui ad eam\nredimendam satis magnum auri pondus attulerant, Scipionem orabant ut id\na se donum acciperet. Scipio aurum ante pedes poni iussit vocatoque ad\nse virginis sponso, \"Super dotem\" inquit \"quam accepturus a socero es,\nhaec tibi a me dotalia dona accedent\" aurumque tollere ac sibi habere\niussit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam Scipioni gratiam Celtiberos\nRomanis conciliavit.\n\nDeinde Scipio Hasdrubalem victum ex Hispania expulit. Castris hostium\npotitus omnem praedam militibus concessit, captivos Hispanos sine pretio\ndomum dimisit; Afros vero vendi iussit. Erat inter eos puer adultus\nregii generis, forma insigni: quem cum percontaretur Scipio quis et\ncuias esset, et cur id aetatis in castris fuisset, \"Numida sum\" inquit\npuer, \"Massivam populares vocant: orbus a patre relictus, apud avum\nmaternum, Numidiae regem, educatus sum. Cum avunculo Masinissa, qui\nnuper subsidio Carthaginiensibus venit, in Hispaniam traieci; prohibitus\npropter aetatem a Masinissa numquam ante proelium inii. Eo die, quo\npugnatum est cum Romanis, inscio avunculo, clam armis equoque sumpto, in\naciem exii: ibi, prolapso equo, captus sum a Romanis.\" Scipio eum\ninterrogat velletne ad avunculum reverti. Cum, effusis gaudio lacrimis,\nid vero se cupere puer diceret, tum Scipio puero anulum aureum equumque\nornatum donat datisque qui tuto deducerent equitibus dimisit.\n\nCum Publius Cornelius Scipio se erga Hispanos clementer gessisset,\ncircumfusa multitudo eum regem ingenti consensu appellavit; at Scipio,\nsilentio per praeconem facto, \"Nomen imperatoris\" inquit, \"quo me mei\nmilites appellarunt, mihi maximum est: regium nomen, alibi magnum, Romae\nintolerabile est. Si id amplissimum iudicatis, quod regale est, vobis\nlicet existimare regalem in me esse animum; sed oro vos ut a regis\nappellatione abstineatis.\" Sensere etiam barbari magnitudinem animi, qua\nScipio id aspernabatur, quod ceteri mortales admirantur et concupiscunt.\n\nScipio recepta Hispania cum iam bellum in ipsam Africam transferre\nmeditaretur, conciliandos prius regum et gentium animos existimavit.\nSyphacem, Maurorum regem, opulentissimum totius Africae regem, quem\nmagno usui sibi fore speraret, primum tentare statuit. Itaque legatum\ncum donis ad eum misit C. Laelium, quocum intima familiaritate vivebat.\nSyphax amicitiam Romanorum se accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec dare nec\naccipere, nisi cum ipso coram duce Romano, voluit. Scipio igitur in\nAfricam traiecit. Forte ita incidit, ut eo ipso tempore Hasdrubal pulsus\nHispania ad eundem portum appelleret, Syphacis amicitiam pariter\npetiturus. Uterque a rege in hospitium invitatus. Cenatum simul apud\nregem est; eodem etiam lecto Scipio atque Hasdrubal accubuerunt. Tanta\nautem inerat comitas in Scipione, ut non Syphacem modo, sed etiam hostem\ninfestissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliaret. Scipio, foedere icto cum\nSyphace, in Hispaniam ad exercitum rediit.\n\nMasinissa quoque amicitiam cum Scipione iungere iam dudum cupiebat.\nQuare ad eum tres Numidarum principes misit ad tempus locumque conloquio\nstatuendum. Duos pro obsidibus retineri a Scipione iubet; remisso\ntertio, qui Masinissam ad locum constitutum adduceret, Scipio et\nMasinissa cum paucis in conloquium venerunt. Ceperat iam ante Numidam ex\nfama rerum gestarum admiratio viri, sed maior praesentis veneratio\ncepit: erat enim in vultu maiestas summa; accedebat promissa caesaries\nhabitusque corporis, non cultus munditiis, sed virilis vere ac\nmilitaris, et florens iuventa. Prope attonitus ipso congressu Numida\ngratias de filio fratris remisso agit: adfirmat se ex eo tempore eam\nquaesivisse occasionem, quam tandem oblatam non omiserit; cupere se illi\net populo Romano operam navare. Laetus eum Scipio audivit atque in\nsocietatem recepit.\n\nScipio deinde Romam rediit et ante annos consul factus est. Sicilia ei\nprovincia decreta est permissumque ut in Africam inde traiceret. Qui cum\nvellet ex fortissimis peditibus Romanis trecentorum equitum numerum\ncomplere, nec posset illos subito armis et equis instruere, id prudenti\nconsilio perfecit. Namque ex omni Sicilia trecentos iuvenes nobilissimos\net ditissimos, qui equis militarent et secum in Africam traicerent,\nlegit diemque iis edixit, qua equis armisque instructi atque ornati\nadessent. Gravis ea militia, procul domo, terra marique multos labores,\nmagna pericula adlatura videbatur; neque ipsos modo, sed parentes\ncognatosque eorum ea cura angebat. Ubi dies quae dicta erat advenit,\narma equosque ostenderunt, sed omnes fere longinquum et grave bellum\nhorrere apparebat. Tunc Scipio militiam iis se remissurum ait, si arma\net equos militibus Romanis voluissent tradere. Laeti condicionem\nacceperunt iuvenes Siculi. Ita Scipio sine publica impensa suos\ninstruxit ornavitque equites.\n\nTunc Scipio ex Sicilia in Africam vento secundo profectus est tanto\nmilitum ardore, ut non ad bellum duci viderentur, sed ad certa victoriae\npraemia. Celeriter naves e conspectu Siciliae ablatae sunt conspectaque\nbrevi Africae litora. Scipio cum egrediens ad terram navi prolapsus\nesset et ob hoc attonitos milites cerneret, id, quod trepidationem\nadferebat, in hortationem convertens, \"Africam oppressi\" inquit,\n\"milites!\" Expositis copiis in proximis tumulis castra metatus est. Ibi\nspeculatores hostium in castris deprehensos et ad se perductos nec\nsupplicio adfecit nec de consiliis ac viribus Poenorum percontatus est,\nsed circa omnes Romani exercitus manipulos curavit deducendos; dein\ninterrogatos num ea satis considerassent, quae speculari erant iussi,\nprandio dato incolumes dimisit.\n\nScipioni in Africam advenienti Masinissa se coniunxit cum parva equitum\nturma. Syphax vero a Romanis ad Poenos defecerat. Hasdrubal, Poenorum\ndux, Syphaxque Scipioni se opposuerunt, qui utriusque castra una nocte\nperrupit et incendit. Syphax ipse captus et vivus ad Scipionem\npertractus est. Syphacem in castra adduci cum esset nuntiatum, omnis\nvelut ad spectaculum triumphi multitudo effusa est; praecedebat ipse\nvinctus, sequebatur grex nobilium Maurorum. Movebat omnes fortuna viri,\ncuius amicitiam olim Scipio petierat. Regem aliosque captivos Romam\nmisit Scipio; Masinissam, qui egregie rem Romanam adiuverat, aurea\ncorona donavit.\n\nHaec et aliae, quae sequebantur, clades Carthaginiensibus tantum\nterroris intulerunt, ut Hannibalem ex Italia ad tuendam patriam\nrevocarent. Frendens gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans is dicitur\nlegatorum verba audisse mandatisque paruisse. Respexit saepe Italiae\nlitora, semet accusans, quod non victorem exercitum statim ab Cannensi\npugna Romam duxisset. Zamam venerat Hannibal, quae urbs quinque dierum\niter a Carthagine abest, et nuntium ad Scipionem misit ut conloquendi\nsecum potestatem faceret. Scipio cum conloquium haud abnuisset, dies\nlocusque constituitur. Itaque congressi sunt duo clarissimi suae aetatis\nduces. Steterunt aliquamdiu taciti mutuaque admiratione defixi. Cum vero\nde condicionibus pacis inter eos non convenisset, ad suos se receperunt,\nrenuntiantes armis decernendum esse. Commisso deinde proelio Hannibal\nvictus cum quattuor equitibus fugit. Ceterum constat utrumque de altero\nconfessum esse nec melius instrui aciem nec acrius potuisse pugnari.\n\nCarthaginienses metu perculsi ad petendam pacem oratores mittunt\ntriginta civitatis principes. Qui ubi in castra Romana venerunt, veniam\ncivitati petebant non culpam purgantes, sed initium culpae in Hannibalem\ntransferentes. Victis leges imposuit Scipio. Legati, cum nullas\ncondiciones recusarent, Romam profecti sunt, ut, quae a Scipione pacta\nessent, ea patrum ac populi auctoritate confirmarentur. Ita pace terra\nmarique parta, Scipio exercitu in naves imposito Romam revertit. Ad quem\nadvenientem concursus ingens factus est; effusa non ex urbibus modo, sed\netiam ex agris multitudo viam obsidebat. Scipio inter gratulantium\nplausus triumpho omnium clarissimo urbem est invectus primusque nomine\nvictae a se gentis est nobilitatus Africanusque appellatus.\n\nEx his rebus gestis virum eum esse virtutis divinae vulgo creditum est.\nId etiam dicere haud piget, quod scriptores de eo litteris mandaverunt,\nScipionem consuevisse, priusquam dilucesceret, in Capitolium ventitare\nac iubere aperiri cellam Iovis ibi solum diu demorari, quasi\nconsultantem de re publica cum Iove: aedituosque eius templi saepe esse\nmiratos, quod eum id temporis in Capitolium ingredientem canes, semper\nin alios saevientes, non latrarent. Has vulgi de Scipione opiniones\nconfirmare atque approbare videbantur dicta factaque eius pleraque\nadmiranda, ex quibus est unum huiuscemodi. Adsidebat oppugnabatque\noppidum in Hispania, situ moenibusque ac defensoribus validum et\nmunitum, re etiam cibaria copiosum, neque ulla eius potiundi spes erat.\nQuodam die ius in castris sedens dicebat Scipio atque ex eo loco id\noppidum procul videbatur. Tum e militibus, qui in iure apud eum stabant,\ninterrogavit quispiam ex more in quem diem locumque vades sisti iuberet.\nEt Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi, quod obsidebatur, arcem protendens,\n\"Perendie\" inquit \"sese sistant illo in loco,\" atque ita factum. Die\ntertia, in quam vades sisti iusserat, oppidum captum est. Eodem die in\narce eius oppidi ius dixit.\n\nHannibal, a Scipione victus suisque invisus, ad Antiochum, Syriae regem,\nconfugit eumque hostem Romanis fecit. Missi sunt Roma legati ad\nAntiochum, in quibus erat Scipio Africanus, qui cum Hannibale Ephesi\nconlocutus ab eo quaesivit, quem fuisse maximum imperatorem crederet.\nRespondit Hannibal Alexandrum, Macedonum regem, maximum sibi videri,\nquod parva manu innumerabiles exercitus fudisset. Quaerenti deinde, quem\nsecundum poneret, \"Pyrrhum\" inquit, \"quod primus castra metari docuit\nnemoque illo elegantius loca cepit et praesidia deposuit.\" Sciscitanti\ndenique quem tertium duceret, semet ipsum dixit. Tum ridens Scipio\n\"Quidnam tu diceres\" inquit \"si me vicisses?\" \"Tum me vero\" respondit\nHannibal \"et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios\nimperatores posuissem.\" Ita improviso adsentationis genere Scipionem e\ngrege imperatorum velut inaestimabilem secernebat.\n\nScipio ipse fertur quondam dixisse, cum eum quidam parum pugnacem\ndicerent, \"Imperatorem me mater, non bellatorem peperit.\" Idem dicere\nsolitus est non solum dandam esse viam fugientibus, sed etiam muniendam.\n\nDecreto adversus Antiochum bello cum Syria provincia obvenisset Lucio\nScipioni, quia parum in eo putabatur esse animi, parum roboris, senatus\ngerendi huius belli curam mandari volebat conlegae eius C. Laelio.\nSurgens tunc Scipio Africanus, frater maior Lucii Scipionis, illam\nfamiliae ignominiam deprecatus est: dixit in fratre suo summam esse\nvirtutem, summum consilium seque ei legatum fore promisit. Quod cum ab\neo esset dictum, nihil est de Lucii Scipionis provincia commutatum:\nitaque frater natu maior minori legatus in Asiam profectus est et tam\ndiu eum consilio operaque adiuvit, donec triumphum ille et cognomen\nAsiatici peperisset.\n\nEodem bello filius Scipionis Africani captus est et ad Antiochum\ndeductus. Benigne et liberaliter adulescentem rex habuit, quamquam ab\neius patre tum maxime finibus imperii pellebatur. Cum deinde pacem\nAntiochus a Romanis peteret, legatus eius Publium Scipionem adiit eique\nfilium sine pretio redditurum regem dixit, si per eum pacem impetrasset.\nCui Scipio respondit \"Abi, nuntia regi, me pro tanto munere gratias\nagere; sed nunc aliam gratiam non possum referre, quam ut ei suadeam ut\nbello absistat et pacis condicionem nullam recuset.\" Pax non convenit;\ntamen Antiochus Scipioni filium remisit tantique viri maiestatem\nvenerari quam dolorem suum ulcisci maluit.\n\nVicto Antiocho cum praedae ratio a L. Scipione reposceretur, Africanus\nprolatum ab eo librum, quo acceptae et expensae summae continebantur et\nrefelli inimicorum accusatio poterat, discerpsit, indignatus de ea re\ndubitari, quae sub ipso legato administrata esset. Quin etiam hunc in\nmodum verba fecit: \"Non est quod quaeratis, patres conscripti, num\nparvam pecuniam in aerarium rettulerim, qui antea illud Punico auro\nrepleverim, neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocari. Cum Africam\ntotam potestati vestrae subiecerim, nihil ex ea praeter cognomen\nrettuli. Non igitur me Punicae, non fratrem meum Asiaticae gazae avarum\nreddiderunt; sed uterque nostrum invidia quam pecunia est locupletior.\"\nTam constantem defensionem Scipionis universus senatus comprobavit.\n\nDeinde Scipioni Africano duo tribuni plebis diem dixerunt, quod praeda\nex Antiocho capta aerarium fraudasset. Ubi causae dicendae dies venit,\nScipio magna hominum frequentia in Forum est deductus. Iussus causam\ndicere rostra conscendit et, corona triumphali capiti suo imposita, \"Hoc\nego die\" inquit \"Hannibalem Poenum, imperio nostro inimicissimum, magno\nproelio vici in terra Africa pacemque nobis et victoriam peperi\ninsperabilem. Ne igitur simus adversus deos ingrati, sed censeo\nrelinquamus nebulones hos eamusque nunc protinus in Capitolium Iovi\noptimo maximo supplicatum.\" A\u00a0rostris in Capitolium ascendit; simul se\nuniversa contio ab accusatoribus avertit et secuta Scipionem est, nec\nquisquam praeter praeconem, qui reum citabat, cum tribunis remansit.\nCelebratior is dies favore hominum fuit, quam quo triumphans de Syphace\nrege et Carthaginiensibus urbem est ingressus. Inde, ne amplius\ntribuniciis iniuriis vexaretur, in Literninum concessit, ubi reliquam\negit aetatem sine urbis desiderio.\n\nCum in Liternina villa se contineret, complures praedonum duces ad eum\nvidendum forte confluxerunt. Quos cum ad vim faciendam venire\nexistimasset, praesidium servorum in tecto conlocavit aliaque parabat,\nquae ad eos repellendos opus erant. Quod ubi praedones animadverterunt,\nabiectis armis ianuae appropinquant et clara voce nuntiant Scipioni se\nnon vitae eius hostes, sed virtutis admiratores venisse, conspectum\ntanti viri, quasi caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentes; proinde ne\ngravaretur se spectandum praebere. Haec postquam audivit Scipio, fores\nreserari eosque introduci iussit. Illi postes ianuae tamquam\nreligiosissimam aram venerati, cupide Scipionis dextram apprehenderunt\nac diu deosculati sunt; deinde positis ante vestibulum donis laeti, quod\nsibi Scipionem ut viderent contigisset, domum reverterunt. Paulo post\nmortuus est Scipio moriensque ab uxore petiit ne corpus suum Romam\nreferretur.\n\n\n  #XXI. P\u00fbblius Corn\u00ealius Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 \u00c2fric\u00e2nus# [[as printed]]\n\n    [Illustration: SC\u00cePI\u00d4]\n\n  P\u00fbblius Corn\u00ealius Sc\u00eepi\u00f4[2] n\u00f4ndum ann\u00f4s\n  pueritiae \u00eagressus patrem singul\u00e2r\u00ee virt\u00fbte\n  serv\u00e2vit; qu\u00ee[3] cum p\u00fbgn\u00e2[4] apud T\u00eec\u00eenum[5]\n  contr\u00e2 Hannibalem commiss\u00e2 graviter vulner\u00e2tus\n  in hostium man\u00fbs iam iam[6] vent\u00fbrus                               {5}\n  esset, f\u00eelius interiect\u00f4[7] corpore Poen\u00ees inruentibus\n  s\u00ea opposuit et patrem per\u00eecul\u00f4 l\u00eeber\u00e2vit.\n  Quae[8] piet\u00e2s Sc\u00eepi\u00f4n\u00ee poste\u00e2 aed\u00eelit\u00e2tem\n  petent\u00ee fav\u00f4rem popul\u00ee concili\u00e2vit. Cum obsisterent\n  trib\u00fbn\u00ee pl\u00eabis, negant\u00eas[9] rati\u00f4nem \u00eaius esse habendam,          {10}\n  quod n\u00f4ndum ad petendum l\u00eagitima[10] aet\u00e2s esset, \"S\u00ee m\u00ea\" inquit\n  Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 \"omn\u00eas Quir\u00eet\u00eas aed\u00eelem facere volunt, satis ann\u00f4rum\n  habe\u00f4.\" Tant\u00f4 inde fav\u00f4re ad suffr\u00e2gia itum[11] est, ut trib\u00fbn\u00ee\n  incept\u00f4 d\u00easisterent.\n\n  Post cl\u00e2dem Cann\u00eansem R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee exercit\u00fbs reliquiae Canusium         {15}\n  perf\u00fbgerant; cumque ibi trib\u00fbn\u00ee m\u00eelitum quattuor essent, tamen\n  omnium c\u00f4ns\u00eans\u00fb ad P\u00fbblium Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem, admodum[12] adul\u00eascentem,\n  summa imperi\u00ee d\u00eal\u00e2ta est. Quibus c\u00f4nsultantibus n\u00fbntiat\n    [[53]]\n  P\u00fbblius F\u00fbrius Philus, c\u00f4nsul\u00e2ris vir\u00ee f\u00eelius, n\u00f4bil\u00eas qu\u00f4sdam\n  iuven\u00eas propter d\u00easp\u00ear\u00e2ti\u00f4nem c\u00f4nsilium d\u00ea Itali\u00e2 d\u00easerend\u00e2       {20}\n  in\u00eere. Statim in hospitium Metell\u00ee, qu\u00ee c\u00f4nsp\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4nis erat pr\u00eenceps,\n  s\u00ea contulit Sc\u00eepi\u00f4, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, d\u00ea quibus\n  adl\u00e2tum[1] erat, inv\u00eanisset, strict\u00f4 super c\u00e2pita c\u00f4nsultantium\n  gladi\u00f4, \"I\u00fbr\u00e2te\" inquit \"v\u00f4s neque ips\u00f4s rem p\u00fbblicam popul\u00ee\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee d\u00easert\u00fbr\u00f4s, neque alium c\u00eevem R\u00f4m\u00e2num d\u00easerere             {25}\n  pass\u00fbr\u00f4s[2]: qu\u00ee[3] n\u00f4n i\u00fbr\u00e2verit, in s\u00ea hunc gladium strictum esse\n  sciat.\"[4] Haud[5] secus pavid\u00ee, quam s\u00ee vict\u00f4rem Hannibalem\n  cernerent,[6] i\u00fbrant omn\u00eas c\u00fbst\u00f4diend\u00f4sque s\u00eamet ips\u00f4s Sc\u00eepi\u00f4n\u00ee\n  tr\u00e2dunt.\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 212.]\n\n  Cum R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee du\u00e2s cl\u00e2d\u00eas in Hisp\u00e2ni\u00e2 acc\u00eapissent duoque ibi         {30}\n  summ\u00ee imper\u00e2t\u00f4r\u00eas[7] intr\u00e2 di\u00eas tr\u00eegint\u00e2 cecidissent, placuit[8]\n  exercitum aug\u00ear\u00ee e\u00f4que pr\u00f4c\u00f4nsulem mitt\u00ee; nec tamen\n  quem mitterent[9] satis c\u00f4nst\u00e2bat. E\u00e2 d\u00ea r\u00ea indicta sunt comitia.\n  Pr\u00eem\u00f4 populus exspect\u00e2bat ut, qu\u00ee s\u00ea tant\u00f4 d\u00eegn\u00f4s imperi\u00f4         {34}\n  cr\u00eaderent,[10] n\u00f4mina profit\u00earentur; sed n\u00eam\u00f4 aud\u00eabat illud imperium\n  suscipere. Maesta igitur c\u00eevit\u00e2s ac prope inops[11] c\u00f4nsili\u00ee[12]\n  comiti\u00f4rum di\u00ea in campum d\u00eascendit. Subit\u00f4 P. Corn\u00ealius Sc\u00eepi\u00f4,\n  quattuor et v\u00eegint\u00ee ferm\u00ea ann\u00f4s n\u00e2tus, professus s\u00ea petere,[13] in\n  superi\u00f4re, unde[14] c\u00f4nspic\u00ee posset, loc\u00f4 c\u00f4nstitit. In quem\n  postquam omnium \u00f4ra conversa sunt, ad \u00fbnum omn\u00eas Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem in     {40}\n  Hisp\u00e2ni\u00e2 pr\u00f4c\u00f4nsulem esse iuss\u00earunt. At postquam anim\u00f4rum[15]\n  impetus res\u00eadit, populum[16] R\u00f4m\u00e2num coepit fact\u00ee paenit\u00eare:\n    [[54]]\n  aet\u00e2t\u00ee Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nis m\u00e2xim\u00ea diff\u00eed\u00eabant. Quod ubi animadvertit\n  Sc\u00eepi\u00f4, advoc\u00e2t\u00e2 c\u00f4nti\u00f4ne ita m\u00e2gn\u00f4 \u00eal\u00e2t\u00f4que anim\u00f4 d\u00ea bell\u00f4,\n  quod gerendum esset, disseruit, ut homin\u00eas c\u00fbr\u00e2 l\u00eeber\u00e2ret sp\u00eaque  {45}\n  certissim\u00e2 impl\u00earet.\n\n  Profectus igitur in Hisp\u00e2niam Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 Carth\u00e2ginem Novam,\n  qu\u00f4[1] di\u00ea v\u00eanit, exp\u00fbgn\u00e2vit. E\u00f4[2] congestae[3] erant omn\u00eas paene\n  \u00c2fricae et Hisp\u00e2niae op\u00eas, ibi arma, ibi pec\u00fbnia, ibi t\u00f4t\u00eeus Hisp\u00e2niae\n  obsid\u00eas erant: quibus omnibus pot\u00eetus est Sc\u00eepi\u00f4. Inter           {50}\n  capt\u00eev\u00f4s ad eum adducta est eximiae f\u00f4rmae adulta virg\u00f4. Quam\n  ubi comperit inl\u00fbstr\u00ee loc\u00f4 inter Celtib\u00ear\u00f4s n\u00e2tam pr\u00eencip\u00eeque \u00eaius\n  gentis adul\u00eascent\u00ee d\u00easp\u00f4nsam esse, arcess\u00eet\u00ees parentibus et sp\u00f4ns\u00f4\n  eam reddidit. Parent\u00eas virginis, qu\u00ee ad eam redimendam satis[4]\n  m\u00e2gnum aur\u00ee pondus attulerant, Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem \u00f4r\u00e2bant ut id \u00e2 s\u00ea       {55}\n  d\u00f4num acciperet. Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 aurum ante ped\u00eas p\u00f4n\u00ee i\u00fbssit voc\u00e2t\u00f4que\n  ad s\u00ea virginis sp\u00f4ns\u00f4, \"Super d\u00f4tem\" inquit \"quam accept\u00fbrus\n  \u00e2 socer\u00f4 es, haec tibi \u00e2 m\u00ea d\u00f4t\u00e2lia d\u00f4na acc\u00eadent\" aurumque\n  tollere \u00e2c sibi hab\u00eare i\u00fbssit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam\n  Sc\u00eepi\u00f4n\u00ee gr\u00e2tiam Celtib\u00ear\u00f4s R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees concili\u00e2vit.                  {60}\n\n  Deinde Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 Hasdrubalem[5] victum[6] ex Hisp\u00e2ni\u00e2 expulit.\n  Castr\u00ees hostium pot\u00eetus omnem praedam m\u00eelitibus concessit,\n  capt\u00eev\u00f4s[7] Hisp\u00e2n\u00f4s sine preti\u00f4 domum d\u00eem\u00eesit; \u00c2fr\u00f4s v\u00ear\u00f4 v\u00eand\u00ee\n  iussit. Erat inter e\u00f4s puer adultus r\u00eagi\u00ee generis,[8] f\u00f4rm\u00e2       {64}\n  \u00eens\u00eegn\u00ee[8]: quem cum percont\u00e2r\u00eatur Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 quis et c\u00fbi\u00e2s esset, et\n  c\u00fbr id[9] aet\u00e2tis in castr\u00ees fuisset, \"Numida sum\" inquit puer,\n  \"Mass\u00eevam popul\u00e2r\u00eas vocant: orbus \u00e2 patre rel\u00eectus, apud avum\n  m\u00e2ternum, Numidiae r\u00eagem, \u00eaduc\u00e2tus sum. Cum avuncul\u00f4 Masiniss\u00e2,\n  qu\u00ee n\u00fbper subsidi\u00f4 Carth\u00e2gini\u00eansibus v\u00eanit, in Hisp\u00e2niam\n    [[55]]\n  tr\u00e2i\u00eac\u00ee; prohibitus propter aet\u00e2tem \u00e2 Masiniss\u00e2 numquam ante      {70}\n  proelium ini\u00ee. E\u00f4 di\u00ea, qu\u00f4 p\u00fbgn\u00e2tum est cum R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees, \u00eensci\u00f4\n  avuncul\u00f4, clam arm\u00ees equ\u00f4que s\u00fbmpt\u00f4, in aciem exi\u00ee: ibi, pr\u00f4l\u00e2ps\u00f4\n  equ\u00f4, captus sum \u00e2 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees.\" Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 eum interrogat velletne[1]\n  ad avunculum revert\u00ee. Cum, eff\u00fbs\u00ees[2] gaudi\u00f4 lacrim\u00ees, id\n  v\u00ear\u00f4 s\u00ea cupere puer d\u00eeceret, tum Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 puer\u00f4 \u00e2nulum aureum       {75}\n  equumque \u00f4rn\u00e2tum d\u00f4nat dat\u00eesque qu\u00ee[3] t\u00fbt\u00f4 d\u00ead\u00fbcerent equitibus\n  d\u00eem\u00eesit.\n\n  Cum P\u00fbblius Corn\u00ealius Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 s\u00ea erg\u00e2 Hisp\u00e2n\u00f4s cl\u00eamenter gessisset,\n  circumf\u00fbsa multit\u00fbd\u00f4 eum r\u00eagem ingent\u00ee c\u00f4ns\u00eans\u00fb appell\u00e2vit;\n  at Sc\u00eepi\u00f4, silenti\u00f4 per praec\u00f4nem fact\u00f4, \"N\u00f4men imper\u00e2t\u00f4ris\"      {80}\n  inquit, \"qu\u00f4[4] m\u00ea me\u00ee m\u00eelit\u00eas appell\u00e2runt, mihi[5] m\u00e2ximum est:\n  r\u00eagium[6] n\u00f4men, alib\u00ee m\u00e2gnum, R\u00f4mae intoler\u00e2bile est. S\u00ee id\n  amplissimum i\u00fbdic\u00e2tis, quod r\u00eag\u00e2le est, v\u00f4b\u00ees licet ex\u00eestim\u00e2re r\u00eag\u00e2lem\n  in m\u00ea esse animum; sed \u00f4r\u00f4 v\u00f4s ut \u00e2 r\u00eagis appell\u00e2ti\u00f4ne abstine\u00e2tis.\"\n  S\u00eans\u00eare etiam barbar\u00ee m\u00e2gnit\u00fbdinem anim\u00ee, qu\u00e2 Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 id           {85}\n  \u00e2spern\u00e2b\u00e2tur, quod c\u00eater\u00ee mort\u00e2l\u00eas adm\u00eerantur et concup\u00eescunt.\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 206.]\n\n  Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 recept\u00e2 Hisp\u00e2ni\u00e2 cum iam bellum in ipsam \u00c2fricam\n  tr\u00e2nsferre medit\u00e2r\u00eatur, conciliand\u00f4s[7] prius r\u00eagum et gentium\n  anim\u00f4s ex\u00eestim\u00e2vit. Syph\u00e2cem, Maur\u00f4rum r\u00eagem, opulentissimum\n  t\u00f4t\u00eeus \u00c2fricae r\u00eagem, quem[8] m\u00e2gn\u00f4 \u00fbsu\u00ee[9] sibi[9] fore[10] sp\u00ear\u00e2ret,\n  pr\u00eemum tent\u00e2re statuit. Itaque l\u00eag\u00e2tum cum d\u00f4n\u00ees ad eum m\u00eesit     {91}\n  C. Laelium, qu\u00f4cum intim\u00e2 famili\u00e2rit\u00e2te v\u00eev\u00eabat. Syph\u00e2x am\u00eecitiam\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum s\u00ea accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec dare\n  nec accipere, nisi cum ips\u00f4 c\u00f4ram duce R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4, voluit.\n  Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 igitur in \u00c2fricam tr\u00e2i\u00eacit. Forte ita incidit, ut e\u00f4 ips\u00f4  {95}\n    [[56]]\n  tempore Hasdrubal[1] pulsus Hisp\u00e2ni\u00e2 ad eundem portum appelleret,[2]\n  Syph\u00e2cis am\u00eecitiam pariter pet\u00eet\u00fbrus.[3] Uterque \u00e2 r\u00eage in\n  hospitium inv\u00eet\u00e2tus. C\u00ean\u00e2tum[4] simul apud r\u00eagem est; e\u00f4dem\n  etiam lect\u00f4[5] Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 atque Hasdrubal accubu\u00earunt. Tanta autem\n  inerat c\u00f4mit\u00e2s in Sc\u00eepi\u00f4ne, ut n\u00f4n Syph\u00e2cem modo, sed etiam      {100}\n  hostem \u00eenf\u00eastissimum Hasdrubalem sibi concili\u00e2ret. Sc\u00eepi\u00f4, foedere\n  \u00eect\u00f4 cum Syph\u00e2ce, in Hisp\u00e2niam ad exercitum rediit.\n\n  Masinissa quoque am\u00eecitiam cum Sc\u00eepi\u00f4ne iungere iam d\u00fbdum[6]\n  cupi\u00eabat. Qu\u00e2r\u00ea ad eum tr\u00eas Numid\u00e2rum pr\u00eencip\u00eas m\u00eesit ad         {104}\n  tempus locumque conloqui\u00f4 statuendum. Du\u00f4s pr\u00f4 obsidibus retin\u00ear\u00ee\n  \u00e2 Sc\u00eepi\u00f4ne iubet; remiss\u00f4 terti\u00f4, qu\u00ee Masinissam ad locum\n  c\u00f4nstit\u00fbtum add\u00fbceret, Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 et Masinissa cum pauc\u00ees in\n  conloquium v\u00ean\u00earunt. C\u00eaperat iam ante Numidam ex f\u00e2m\u00e2 r\u00earum\n  gest\u00e2rum adm\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4 vir\u00ee, sed m\u00e2ior praesentis[7] vener\u00e2ti\u00f4 c\u00eapit:\n  erat enim in vult\u00fb m\u00e2iest\u00e2s summa; acc\u00ead\u00eabat pr\u00f4missa caesari\u00eas  {110}\n  habitusque corporis, n\u00f4n cultus[8] munditi\u00ees, sed vir\u00eelis v\u00ear\u00ea ac\n  m\u00eelit\u00e2ris, et fl\u00f4r\u00eans iuventa. Prope attonitus ips\u00f4 congress\u00fb\n  Numida gr\u00e2ti\u00e2s d\u00ea[9] f\u00eeli\u00f4 fr\u00e2tris remiss\u00f4 agit: adf\u00eermat s\u00ea ex e\u00f4\n  tempore eam quaes\u00eevisse[10] occ\u00e2si\u00f4nem, quam tandem obl\u00e2tam[11]\n  n\u00f4n om\u00eeserit; cupere s\u00ea ill\u00ee et popul\u00f4 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4 operam n\u00e2v\u00e2re.  {115|\n  Laetus eum Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 aud\u00eevit atque in societ\u00e2tem rec\u00eapit.\n\n  Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 deinde R\u00f4mam rediit et ante ann\u00f4s[12] c\u00f4nsul factus est.\n  Sicilia e\u00ee pr\u00f4vincia d\u00eacr\u00eata est permissumque ut in \u00c2fricam inde\n    [[57]]\n  tr\u00e2iceret. Qu\u00ee cum vellet ex fortissim\u00ees peditibus R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees\n  trecent\u00f4rum equitum numerum compl\u00eare, nec posset ill\u00f4s subit\u00f4    {120}\n  arm\u00ees et equ\u00ees \u00eenstruere, id pr\u00fbdent\u00ee c\u00f4nsili\u00f4 perf\u00eacit. Namque\n  ex omn\u00ee Sicili\u00e2 trecent\u00f4s iuven\u00eas n\u00f4bilissim\u00f4s et d\u00eetissim\u00f4s, qu\u00ee\n  equ\u00ees m\u00eelit\u00e2rent[1] et s\u00eacum in \u00c2fricam tr\u00e2icerent,[1] l\u00eagit diemque\n  i\u00ees \u00ead\u00eexit, qu\u00e2[2] equ\u00ees arm\u00eesque \u00eenstr\u00fbct\u00ee atque \u00f4rn\u00e2t\u00ee adessent.[1]\n  Gravis ea m\u00eelitia, procul dom\u00f4, terr\u00e2 mar\u00eeque mult\u00f4s lab\u00f4r\u00eas,    {125}\n  m\u00e2gna per\u00eecula adl\u00e2t\u00fbra vid\u00eab\u00e2tur; neque ips\u00f4s modo, sed parent\u00eas\n  c\u00f4gn\u00e2t\u00f4sque e\u00f4rum ea c\u00fbra ang\u00eabat. Ubi di\u00eas quae dicta\n  erat adv\u00eanit, arma equ\u00f4sque ostend\u00earunt, sed omn\u00eas fer\u00ea\n  longinquum et grave bellum horr\u00eare app\u00e2r\u00eabat. Tunc Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 m\u00eelitiam\n  i\u00ees s\u00ea remiss\u00fbrum ait, s\u00ee arma et equ\u00f4s m\u00eelitibus R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees        {130}\n  voluissent[3] tr\u00e2dere. Laet\u00ee condici\u00f4nem acc\u00eap\u00earunt iuven\u00eas Sicul\u00ee.\n  Ita Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 sine p\u00fbblic\u00e2 imp\u00eans\u00e2 su\u00f4s \u00eenstr\u00fbxit \u00f4rn\u00e2vitque equit\u00eas.\n\n  Tunc Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 ex Sicili\u00e2 in \u00c2fricam vent\u00f4 secund\u00f4 profectus est\n  tant\u00f4 m\u00eelitum \u00e2rd\u00f4re, ut n\u00f4n ad bellum d\u00fbc\u00ee vid\u00earentur, sed ad\n  certa vict\u00f4riae praemia. Celeriter n\u00e2v\u00eas \u00ea c\u00f4nspect\u00fb Siciliae    {135}\n  abl\u00e2tae sunt c\u00f4nspectaque brev\u00ee \u00c2fricae l\u00eetora. Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 cum \u00eagredi\u00eans\n  ad terram n\u00e2v\u00ee pr\u00f4l\u00e2psus esset et ob h\u00f4c attonit\u00f4s m\u00eelit\u00eas\n  cerneret, id, quod trepid\u00e2ti\u00f4nem adfer\u00eabat, in hort\u00e2ti\u00f4nem convert\u00eans,\n  \"\u00c2fricam oppress\u00ee\" inquit, \"m\u00eelit\u00eas!\" Exposit\u00ees c\u00f4pi\u00ees in        {139}\n  proxim\u00ees tumul\u00ees castra m\u00eat\u00e2tus[4] est. Ibi specul\u00e2t\u00f4r\u00eas hostium\n  in castr\u00ees d\u00eapreh\u00eans\u00f4s[5] et ad s\u00ea perduct\u00f4s[5] nec supplici\u00f4 adf\u00eacit\n  nec d\u00ea c\u00f4nsili\u00ees ac v\u00eeribus Poen\u00f4rum percont\u00e2tus est, sed circ\u00e2\n  omn\u00eas R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee exercit\u00fbs manipul\u00f4s c\u00fbr\u00e2vit d\u00ead\u00fbcend\u00f4s; dein\n  interrog\u00e2t\u00f4s[6] num ea satis c\u00f4ns\u00eeder\u00e2ssent, quae specul\u00e2r\u00ee erant\n  i\u00fbss\u00ee, prandi\u00f4 dat\u00f4 incolum\u00eas d\u00eem\u00eesit.                           {145}\n\n    [[58]]\n  Sc\u00eepi\u00f4n\u00ee in \u00c2fricam advenient\u00ee Masinissa s\u00ea coni\u00fbnxit cum\n  parv\u00e2 equitum turm\u00e2. Syph\u00e2x v\u00ear\u00f4 \u00e2 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees ad Poen\u00f4s d\u00eaf\u00eacerat.\n  Hasdrubal, Poen\u00f4rum dux, Syph\u00e2xque Sc\u00eepi\u00f4n\u00ee s\u00ea opposu\u00earunt,\n  qu\u00ee utr\u00eeusque castra \u00fbn\u00e2 nocte perr\u00fbpit et incendit.\n  Syph\u00e2x ipse captus et v\u00eevus ad Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem pertr\u00e2ctus est.         {150}\n  Syph\u00e2cem in castra add\u00fbc\u00ee cum esset n\u00fbnti\u00e2tum, omnis velut ad\n  spect\u00e2culum triumph\u00ee multit\u00fbd\u00f4 eff\u00fbsa est; praec\u00ead\u00eabat ipse[1]\n  vinctus, sequ\u00eab\u00e2tur grex n\u00f4bilium Maur\u00f4rum. Mov\u00eabat omn\u00eas\n  fort\u00fbna[2] vir\u00ee, c\u00fbius am\u00eecitiam \u00f4lim Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 petierat. R\u00eagem\n  ali\u00f4sque capt\u00eev\u00f4s R\u00f4mam m\u00eesit Sc\u00eepi\u00f4; Masinissam, qu\u00ee \u00eagregi\u00ea rem\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2nam adi\u00fbverat, aure\u00e2 cor\u00f4n\u00e2 d\u00f4n\u00e2vit.                         {156}\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 203.]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 202.]\n\n  Haec et aliae, quae sequ\u00eabantur, cl\u00e2d\u00eas Carth\u00e2gini\u00eansibus\n  tantum terr\u00f4ris intul\u00earunt, ut Hannibalem ex \u00cetali\u00e2 ad\n  tuendam patriam revoc\u00e2rent. Frend\u00eans gem\u00eansque ac vix\n  lacrim\u00ees[3] temper\u00e2ns is d\u00eecitur l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00f4rum v\u00earba aud\u00eesse         {160}\n  mand\u00e2t\u00eesque p\u00e2ruisse. Respexit saepe \u00cetaliae l\u00eetora, s\u00eamet acc\u00fbs\u00e2ns,\n  quod[4] n\u00f4n vict\u00f4rem exercitum statim ab[5] Cann\u00eans\u00ee p\u00fbgn\u00e2 R\u00f4mam\n  d\u00fbxisset. Zamam v\u00eanerat Hannibal, quae urbs qu\u00eenque di\u00earum\n  iter[6] \u00e2 Carth\u00e2gine abest, et n\u00fbntium ad Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem m\u00eesit ut     {164}\n  conloquend\u00ee s\u00eacum potest\u00e2tem faceret. Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 cum conloquium haud\n  abnuisset, di\u00eas locusque c\u00f4nstituitur. Itaque congress\u00ee sunt duo\n  cl\u00e2rissim\u00ee suae aet\u00e2tis duc\u00eas. Stet\u00earunt aliquamdi\u00fb tacit\u00ee m\u00fbtu\u00e2que\n  adm\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4ne d\u00eaf\u00eex\u00ee.[7] Cum v\u00ear\u00f4 d\u00ea condici\u00f4nibus p\u00e2cis inter\n  e\u00f4s n\u00f4n conv\u00eanisset, ad su\u00f4s s\u00ea rec\u00eap\u00earunt, ren\u00fbntiant\u00eas arm\u00ees[8]\n  d\u00eacernendum esse. Commiss\u00f4 deinde proeli\u00f4 Hannibal               {170}\n  victus cum quattuor equitibus f\u00fbgit. C\u00eaterum[9] c\u00f4nstat\n    [[59]]\n  utrumque d\u00ea alter\u00f4 c\u00f4nfessum esse nec melius \u00eenstru\u00ee aciem nec\n  \u00e2crius potuisse p\u00fbgn\u00e2r\u00ee.\n\n  Carth\u00e2gini\u00eans\u00eas met\u00fb perculs\u00ee[1] ad petendam p\u00e2cem \u00f4r\u00e2t\u00f4r\u00eas\n  mittunt tr\u00eegint\u00e2 c\u00eevit\u00e2tis pr\u00eencip\u00eas. Qu\u00ee ubi in castra R\u00f4m\u00e2na   {175}\n  v\u00ean\u00earunt, veniam c\u00eevit\u00e2t\u00ee pet\u00eabant n\u00f4n culpam p\u00fbrgant\u00eas,[2] sed\n  initium culpae in Hannibalem tr\u00e2nsferent\u00eas.[2] Vict\u00ees l\u00eag\u00eas\n  imposuit Sc\u00eepi\u00f4. L\u00eag\u00e2t\u00ee, cum n\u00fbll\u00e2s condici\u00f4n\u00eas rec\u00fbs\u00e2rent, R\u00f4mam\n  profect\u00ee sunt, ut, quae \u00e2 Sc\u00eepi\u00f4ne pacta[3] essent, ea patrum ac\n  popul\u00ee auct\u00f4rit\u00e2te c\u00f4nf\u00eerm\u00e2rentur. Ita p\u00e2ce terr\u00e2 mar\u00eeque        {180}\n  part\u00e2,[4] Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 exercit\u00fb in n\u00e2v\u00eas imposit\u00f4 R\u00f4mam revertit. Ad\n  quem advenientem concursus ing\u00eans factus est; eff\u00fbsa n\u00f4n ex\n  urbibus modo, sed etiam ex agr\u00ees multit\u00fbd\u00f4 viam obsid\u00eabat.\n  Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 inter gr\u00e2tulantium plaus\u00fbs triumph\u00f4 omnium[5] cl\u00e2rissim\u00f4\n  urbem est invectus pr\u00eemusque n\u00f4mine victae \u00e2 s\u00ea gentis est       {185}\n  n\u00f4bilit\u00e2tus \u00c2fric\u00e2nusque appell\u00e2tus.\n\n    [Illustration: TEMPLE OF IUPPITER CAPIT\u00d4L\u00ceNUS]\n\n  Ex h\u00ees r\u00eabus gest\u00ees virum eum esse virt\u00fbtis d\u00eev\u00eenae vulg\u00f4\n  cr\u00eaditum est. Id etiam d\u00eecere haud piget,[6] quod scr\u00eept\u00f4r\u00eas d\u00ea\n  e\u00f4 litter\u00ees mand\u00e2v\u00earunt, Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem c\u00f4nsu\u00eavisse, priusquam\n  d\u00eel\u00fbc\u00easceret, in Capit\u00f4lium[7] ventit\u00e2re ac iub\u00eare               {190}\n  aper\u00eer\u00ee cellam Iovis ibi s\u00f4lum di\u00fb d\u00eamor\u00e2r\u00ee,\n  quasi c\u00f4nsultantem d\u00ea r\u00ea p\u00fbblic\u00e2 cum Iove:\n  aeditu\u00f4sque \u00eaius templ\u00ee saepe esse m\u00eer\u00e2t\u00f4s,\n  quod eum id[8] temporis in Capit\u00f4lium\n  ingredientem can\u00eas, semper in ali\u00f4s saevient\u00eas,                  {195}\n  n\u00f4n l\u00e2tr\u00e2rent. H\u00e2s vulg\u00ee d\u00ea Sc\u00eepi\u00f4ne\n  op\u00eeni\u00f4n\u00eas c\u00f4nf\u00eerm\u00e2re atque approb\u00e2re vid\u00eabantur\n  dicta factaque \u00eaius pl\u00earaque adm\u00eeranda, ex\n  quibus est \u00fbnum h\u00fbiuscemod\u00ee. Adsid\u00eabat opp\u00fbgn\u00e2batque oppidum\n    [[60]]\n  in Hisp\u00e2ni\u00e2, sit\u00fb moenibusque ac d\u00eaf\u00eans\u00f4ribus validum et         {200}\n  m\u00fbn\u00eetum, r\u00ea etiam cib\u00e2ri\u00e2 c\u00f4pi\u00f4sum, neque \u00fblla \u00eaius potiund\u00ee\n  sp\u00eas erat. Qu\u00f4dam di\u00ea i\u00fbs in castr\u00ees sed\u00eans d\u00eec\u00eabat Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 atque\n  ex e\u00f4 loc\u00f4 id oppidum procul vid\u00eab\u00e2tur. Tum \u00ea[1] m\u00eelitibus, qu\u00ee\n  in i\u00fbre apud eum st\u00e2bant, interrog\u00e2vit quispiam ex m\u00f4re in[2]\n  quem diem locumque vad\u00eas sist\u00ee iub\u00earet. Et Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 manum ad       {205}\n  ipsam oppid\u00ee, quod obsid\u00eab\u00e2tur, arcem pr\u00f4tend\u00eans, \"Perendi\u00ea\"\n  inquit \"s\u00eas\u00ea[3] sistant ill\u00f4 in loc\u00f4,\" atque ita factum. Di\u00ea[4]\nterti\u00e2,\n  in quam vad\u00eas sist\u00ee iusserat, oppidum captum est. E\u00f4dem di\u00ea\n  in arce \u00eaius oppid\u00ee i\u00fbs d\u00eexit.\n\n  Hannibal, \u00e2 Sc\u00eepi\u00f4ne victus su\u00eesque inv\u00eesus, ad Antiochum,       {210}\n  Syriae r\u00eagem, c\u00f4nf\u00fbgit eumque hostem R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees f\u00eacit. Miss\u00ee\n  sunt R\u00f4m\u00e2 l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00ee ad Antiochum, in quibus erat Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 \u00c2fric\u00e2nus,\n  qu\u00ee cum Hannibale Ephes\u00ee[5] conloc\u00fbtus ab e\u00f4 quaes\u00eevit, quem\n  fuisse m\u00e2ximum imper\u00e2t\u00f4rem cr\u00eaderet. Respondit Hannibal\n  Alexandrum, Macedonum r\u00eagem, m\u00e2ximum sibi vid\u00ear\u00ee, quod           {215}\n  parv\u00e2 man\u00fb innumer\u00e2bil\u00eas exercit\u00fbs f\u00fbdisset. Quaerent\u00ee deinde,\n  quem secundum p\u00f4neret, \"Pyrrhum\" inquit, \"quod pr\u00eemus castra[6]\n  m\u00eat\u00e2r\u00ee docuit n\u00eam\u00f4que ill\u00f4[7] \u00ealegantius loca[8] c\u00eapit et praesidia\n  d\u00eaposuit.\" Sc\u00eescitant\u00ee d\u00eanique quem tertium d\u00fbceret, s\u00eamet ipsum\n  d\u00eexit. Tum r\u00eed\u00eans Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 \"Quidnam t\u00fb d\u00eecer\u00eas[9]\" inquit \"s\u00ee m\u00ea   {220}\n  v\u00eeciss\u00eas[9]?\" \"Tum[10] m\u00ea v\u00ear\u00f4\" respondit Hannibal \"et ante\n  Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omn\u00eas ali\u00f4s imper\u00e2t\u00f4r\u00eas\n  posuissem.[9]\" Ita impr\u00f4v\u00ees\u00f4 adsent\u00e2ti\u00f4nis genere Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem \u00ea\n  grege imper\u00e2t\u00f4rum velut inaestim\u00e2bilem s\u00eacern\u00eabat.\n\n    [[61]]\n  Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 ipse fertur quondam d\u00eexisse, cum eum qu\u00eedam parum         {225}\n  p\u00fbgn\u00e2cem d\u00eecerent, \"Imper\u00e2t\u00f4rem m\u00ea m\u00e2ter, n\u00f4n bell\u00e2t\u00f4rem[1]\n  peperit.[2]\" \u00cedem d\u00eecere solitus est n\u00f4n s\u00f4lum dandam esse viam\n  fugientibus, sed etiam m\u00fbniendam.\n\n  D\u00eacr\u00eat\u00f4 adversus Antiochum bell\u00f4[3] cum Syria pr\u00f4vincia          {229}\n  obv\u00eanisset L\u00fbci\u00f4 Sc\u00eepi\u00f4n\u00ee, quia parum in e\u00f4 put\u00e2b\u00e2tur esse anim\u00ee,[4]\n  parum r\u00f4boris,[4] sen\u00e2tus gerend\u00ee h\u00fbius bell\u00ee c\u00fbram mand\u00e2r\u00ee vol\u00eabat\n  conl\u00eagae \u00eaius C. Laeli\u00f4. Surg\u00eans tunc Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 \u00c2fric\u00e2nus,\n  fr\u00e2ter m\u00e2ior L\u00fbci\u00ee Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nis, illam familiae \u00eegn\u00f4miniam\n  d\u00eaprec\u00e2tus est: d\u00eexit in fr\u00e2tre su\u00f4 summam esse virt\u00fbtem, summum\n  c\u00f4nsilium s\u00eaque e\u00ee l\u00eag\u00e2tum fore pr\u00f4m\u00eesit. Quod cum ab e\u00f4 esset   {235}\n  dictum, nihil[5] est d\u00ea L\u00fbci\u00ee Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nis pr\u00f4vinci\u00e2 comm\u00fbt\u00e2tum:\n  itaque fr\u00e2ter n\u00e2t\u00fb m\u00e2ior min\u00f4r\u00ee l\u00eag\u00e2tus in Asiam profectus est\n  et tam di\u00fb eum c\u00f4nsili\u00f4 oper\u00e2que adi\u00fbvit, d\u00f4nec triumphum ille\n  et c\u00f4gn\u00f4men Asi\u00e2tic\u00ee peperisset.\n\n  E\u00f4dem bell\u00f4 f\u00eelius Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nis \u00c2fric\u00e2n\u00ee captus est et ad Antiochum\n  d\u00eaductus. Ben\u00eegn\u00ea et l\u00eeber\u00e2liter adul\u00eascentem r\u00eax habuit,[6]     {241}\n  quamquam ab \u00eaius patre tum[7] m\u00e2xim\u00ea f\u00eenibus imperi\u00ee pell\u00eab\u00e2tur.\n  Cum deinde p\u00e2cem Antiochus \u00e2 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees peteret, l\u00eag\u00e2tus \u00eaius\n  P\u00fbblium Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem adiit e\u00eeque f\u00eelium sine preti\u00f4 reddit\u00fbrum\n  r\u00eagem d\u00eexit, s\u00ee per eum p\u00e2cem impetr\u00e2sset.[8] Cu\u00ee Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 respondit\n  \"Ab\u00ee, n\u00fbnti\u00e2 r\u00eag\u00ee, m\u00ea pr\u00f4 tant\u00f4 m\u00fbnere gr\u00e2ti\u00e2s[9] agere; sed     {246}\n  nunc aliam gr\u00e2tiam n\u00f4n possum referre, quam ut e\u00ee su\u00e2deam[10] ut\n  bell\u00f4 absistat et p\u00e2cis condici\u00f4nem n\u00fbllam rec\u00fbset.\" P\u00e2x n\u00f4n\n  conv\u00eanit[11]; tamen Antiochus Sc\u00eepi\u00f4n\u00ee f\u00eelium rem\u00eesit tant\u00eeque vir\u00ee\n  m\u00e2iest\u00e2tem vener\u00e2r\u00ee quam dol\u00f4rem suum ulc\u00eesc\u00ee m\u00e2luit.            {250}\n\n  Vict\u00f4 Antioch\u00f4 cum praedae rati\u00f4 \u00e2 L. Sc\u00eepi\u00f4ne rep\u00f4scer\u00eatur,\n    [[62]]\n  \u00c2fric\u00e2nus pr\u00f4l\u00e2tum[1] ab e\u00f4 librum, qu\u00f4[2] acceptae et exp\u00eansae\n  summae contin\u00eabantur et refell\u00ee inim\u00eec\u00f4rum acc\u00fbs\u00e2ti\u00f4 poterat,\n  discerpsit, ind\u00eegn\u00e2tus[3] d\u00ea e\u00e2 r\u00ea dubit\u00e2r\u00ee, quae sub ips\u00f4 l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00f4\n  administr\u00e2ta esset. Qu\u00een etiam hunc[4] in modum verba f\u00eacit:     {255}\n  \"N\u00f4n[5] est quod quaer\u00e2tis, patr\u00eas c\u00f4nscr\u00eept\u00ee, num parvam pec\u00fbniam\n  in aer\u00e2rium rettulerim, qu\u00ee ante\u00e2 illud P\u00fbnic\u00f4 aur\u00f4 repl\u00eaverim,\n  neque mea innocentia potest in dubium voc\u00e2r\u00ee. Cum\n  \u00c2fricam t\u00f4tam potest\u00e2t\u00ee vestrae subi\u00eacerim, nihil ex e\u00e2 praeter\n  c\u00f4gn\u00f4men rettul\u00ee. N\u00f4n igitur m\u00ea P\u00fbnicae, n\u00f4n fr\u00e2trem meum        {260}\n  Asi\u00e2ticae gazae av\u00e2rum reddid\u00earunt; sed uterque nostrum[6]\n  invidi\u00e2 quam pec\u00fbni\u00e2 est locupl\u00eatior.\" Tam c\u00f4nstantem d\u00eaf\u00eansi\u00f4nem\n  Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nis \u00fbniversus sen\u00e2tus comprob\u00e2vit.\n\n    [Illustration: COR\u00d4NA TRIUMPH\u00c2LIS]\n\n  Deinde Sc\u00eepi\u00f4n\u00ee \u00c2fric\u00e2n\u00f4 duo trib\u00fbn\u00ee pl\u00eabis diem d\u00eex\u00earunt,\n  quod praed\u00e2 ex Antioch\u00f4 capt\u00e2 aer\u00e2rium fraud\u00e2sset. Ubi causae    {265}\n  d\u00eecendae di\u00eas v\u00eanit, Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 m\u00e2gn\u00e2 hominum frequenti\u00e2 in Forum\n  est d\u00eaductus. Iussus causam d\u00eecere r\u00f4stra c\u00f4nscendit et, cor\u00f4n\u00e2[7]\n  triumph\u00e2l\u00ee capit\u00ee su\u00f4 imposit\u00e2, \"H\u00f4c ego di\u00ea\"\n  inquit \"Hannibalem Poenum, imperi\u00f4 nostr\u00f4\n  inim\u00eecissimum, m\u00e2gn\u00f4 proeli\u00f4 v\u00eec\u00ee in terr\u00e2                       {270}\n  \u00c2fric\u00e2 p\u00e2cemque n\u00f4b\u00ees et vict\u00f4riam peper\u00ee\n  \u00eensp\u00ear\u00e2bilem. N\u00ea[8] igitur s\u00eemus adversus de\u00f4s\n  ingr\u00e2t\u00ee, sed c\u00eanse\u00f4 relinqu\u00e2mus[9] nebul\u00f4n\u00eas h\u00f4s\n  e\u00e2musque nunc pr\u00f4tinus in Capit\u00f4lium Iov\u00ee\n  optim\u00f4 m\u00e2xim\u00f4 supplic\u00e2tum.\" \u00c2 r\u00f4str\u00ees in Capit\u00f4lium \u00e2scendit;    {275}\n  simul s\u00ea \u00fbniversa c\u00f4nti\u00f4 ab acc\u00fbs\u00e2t\u00f4ribus \u00e2vertit et sec\u00fbta Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem\n    [[63]]\n  est, nec quisquam praeter praec\u00f4nem, qu\u00ee reum cit\u00e2bat, cum\n  trib\u00fbn\u00ees rem\u00e2nsit. Celebr\u00e2tior is di\u00eas fav\u00f4re[1] hominum fuit, quam\n  qu\u00f4[2] triumph\u00e2ns d\u00ea Syph\u00e2ce r\u00eage et Carth\u00e2gini\u00eansibus urbem est\n  ingressus. Inde, n\u00ea amplius trib\u00fbn\u00eeci\u00ees ini\u00fbri\u00ees vex\u00e2r\u00eatur, in   {280}\n  L\u00eetern\u00eenum concessit, ubi reliquam \u00eagit aet\u00e2tem sine urbis d\u00eas\u00eederi\u00f4.\n\n  Cum in L\u00eetern\u00een\u00e2 v\u00eell\u00e2 s\u00ea contin\u00earet, compl\u00fbr\u00eas praed\u00f4num\n  duc\u00eas ad eum videndum forte c\u00f4nflux\u00earunt. Qu\u00f4s cum ad vim\n  faciendam ven\u00eere ex\u00eestim\u00e2sset, praesidium serv\u00f4rum in t\u00eact\u00f4\n  conloc\u00e2vit aliaque par\u00e2bat, quae[3] ad e\u00f4s repellend\u00f4s opus erant.\n  Quod ubi praed\u00f4n\u00eas animadvert\u00earunt, abiect\u00ees arm\u00ees i\u00e2nuae        {286}\n  appropinquant et cl\u00e2r\u00e2 v\u00f4ce n\u00fbntiant Sc\u00eepi\u00f4n\u00ee s\u00ea n\u00f4n v\u00eetae \u00eaius\nhost\u00eas,\n  sed virt\u00fbtis adm\u00eer\u00e2t\u00f4r\u00eas v\u00eanisse, c\u00f4nspectum[4] tant\u00ee vir\u00ee, quasi\n  caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetent\u00eas; proinde n\u00ea[5] grav\u00e2r\u00eatur\n  s\u00ea spectandum praeb\u00eare. Haec postquam aud\u00eevit Sc\u00eepi\u00f4, for\u00eas      {290}\n  reser\u00e2r\u00ee e\u00f4sque intr\u00f4d\u00fbc\u00ee iussit. Ill\u00ee post\u00eas i\u00e2nuae tamquam\n  religi\u00f4sissimam \u00e2ram vener\u00e2t\u00ee, cupid\u00ea Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nis dextram\n  apprehend\u00earunt ac di\u00fb de\u00f4scul\u00e2t\u00ee sunt; deinde posit\u00ees ante v\u00eastibulum\n  d\u00f4n\u00ees laet\u00ee, quod sibi Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem ut vid\u00earent contigisset, domum\n  revert\u00earunt. Paul\u00f4 post mortuus est Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 mori\u00eansque ab ux\u00f4re   {295}\n  petiit n\u00ea corpus suum R\u00f4mam referr\u00eatur.\n\n    [Footnotes: XXI (pages 52-63)\n\n    52.2: See Vocab., _\u00c2fric\u00e2nus_ and _Sc\u00eepi\u00f4_.\n    52.3: #qu\u00ee cum#: 'for when he.' Cf. p. 4, n. 3.\n    52.4: 'in (the course of) the battle.' _p\u00fbgna_, like _bellum_ and\n    _proelium_, is often used in the abl. of time without a prep.\n    52.5: Cf. XIX, 16.\n    52.6: #iam iam . . . esset#: 'was on the very point of falling.'\n    52.7: #interiect\u00f4 corpore#: 'by interposing his body.' See p.\n    xxiii, K\u00a08.\n    52.8: #Quae piet\u00e2s#: 'this act of devotion.'\n    52.9: #negant\u00eas . . . habendam#: 'by saying that no account should\n    be taken of him.' For #negant\u00eas#, see p.\u00a041, n.\u00a015. _rati\u00f4nem\n    hab\u00eare_ is a phrase of mercantile life.\n    52.10: Scipio was less than twenty-five years old. In later times\n    no one could be aedile till he had completed his thirty-sixth\n    year.\n    52.11: impersonal pass. from _e\u00f4_: 'they proceeded.'\n    52.12: #admodum adul\u00eascentem#: 'though but,' etc.\n    53.1: #adl\u00e2tum erat#: impersonal pass.: 'the news had been\n    brought.'\n    53.2: _patior_.\n    53.3: #qu\u00ee . . . i\u00fbr\u00e2verit# (fut. perf. indic.) = a conditional\n    clause, _s\u00ee quis n\u00f4n i\u00fbr\u00e2verit_. Cf. _qu\u00ee .\u00a0.\u00a0. cr\u00eaderent_, l. 35,\n    below.\n    53.4: Cf. p. 31, n. 9.\n    53.5: #Haud . . . s\u00ee#: 'Quite as much frightened as\u00a0if.'\n    53.6: Cf. p. 47, n. 12.\n    53.7: P. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Cornelius Scipio, respectively\n    father and uncle of Africanus.\n    53.8: Sc. _sen\u00e2tu\u00ee_ or _popul\u00f4_.\n    53.9: Cf. p. 3, n. 2.\n    53.10: Subjunctive by attraction: see p. 13, n. 10.\n    53.11: #inops c\u00f4nsili\u00ee#: 'at its wit's end.'\n    53.12: The gen. is regularly used with adjectives denoting\n    fullness or the opposite: H\u00a0451, 2 (399, I,\u00a03): M\u00a0573: A\u00a0218, a:\n    G\u00a0374: B\u00a0204,\u00a01.\n    53.13: = 'to be a candidate.'\n    53.14: #unde . . . posset = ut inde . . . posset#; cf. p.\u00a05, n.\u00a03.\n    53.15: #anim\u00f4rum impetus#: 'enthusiasm,' 'excitement.'\n    53.16: #populum . . . paenit\u00eare#: cf. _V\u00eaient\u00eas .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n    paenituisset_, XI, 13, and note.\n    54.1: Cf. p. 42, n. 5.\n    54.2: = _in eum locum_.\n    54.3: _conger\u00f4_.\n    54.4: #satis# often = our 'tolerably.'\n    54.5: A brother of Hannibal.\n    54.6: #victum . . . expulit# = _v\u00eecit et expulit_.\n    54.7: = '_but_ the captives,' etc. Cf. p. 2, n.\u00a024, and p.\u00a05,\n    n.\u00a013.\n    54.8: We have here side by side the gen. and the abl. of\n    characteristic. For the difference between them, see H\u00a0473, 2, N.\n    1 (419,\u00a02): M\u00a0558: A\u00a0215, N.: G\u00a0400, R.\u00a01.\n    54.9: #id aet\u00e2tis#: 'at that age,' i.e. though he was so young.\n    The accus. #id# is variously explained: see H\u00a0416, 2 (378,\u00a02):\n    M\u00a0507: A\u00a0240, _b_: G\u00a0336, N. 2; B\u00a0185. #aet\u00e2tis# is partitive gen.\n    (p.\u00a030, n.\u00a02) with #id#.\n    55.1: Why is #vellet# subjunctive?\n    55.2: #eff\u00fbs\u00ees# (_effund\u00f4_) . . . #lacrim\u00ees#: 'with tears of joy.'\n    How literally?\n    55.3: #qu\u00ee . . . d\u00ead\u00fbcerent#: 'to escort him.'\n    55.4: #qu\u00f4 . . . appell\u00e2runt#: Roman soldiers, after a victory,\n    hailed their general as Imperator. It was a way of saying that the\n    leader had won his spurs and had really earned his title, which he\n    had assumed on beginning the campaign.\n    55.5: 'in my eyes,' 'to my mind'; a dative of reference.\n    55.6: #r\u00eagium n\u00f4men# = _r\u00eagis n\u00f4men_, 'the title of king.' Cf.\n    _n\u00f4men imper\u00e2t\u00f4ris_, l. 80, and _r\u00eagis appell\u00e2ti\u00f4ne_, l.\u00a084.\n    55.7: Sc. _esse_.\n    55.8: #quem . . . sp\u00ear\u00e2ret#: causal rel. clause (p.\u00a031, n.\u00a01).\n    55.9: For the two datives, see p. 25, n. 6.\n    55.10: future infinitive of _sum_.\n    56.1: Son of Gisco (so also in l. 148); to be carefully\n    distinguished from the Hasdrubal of l.\u00a061.\n    56.2: Sc. _n\u00e2vem_; 'was sailing.'\n    56.3: _= ut peteret_. Cf. p. xviii, E 5.\n    56.4: #C\u00ean\u00e2tum . . . est# (_ab i\u00ees_): impers. pass.; 'they dined.'\n    56.5: #lect\u00f4 . . . accubu\u00earunt# (_accumb\u00f4_): the writer has in\n    mind the Roman custom, according to which men reclined at meals,\n    supporting themselves on the left elbow. Three persons or more\n    occupied the same couch.\n    56.6: #iam d\u00fbdum cupi\u00eabat#: 'had long desired.' _Iam di\u00fb_, _iam\n    d\u00fbdum_, and _iam pr\u00eedem_ give to the _present_ the force of the\n    English _perfect_, to the _imperfect_ the force of the English\n    _pluperfect_.\n    56.7: Sc. _\u00eaius_: 'of him present' = 'now that he met him face to\n    face.'\n    56.8: #cultus# (_col\u00f4_) #munditi\u00ees#: '(too) elegantly adorned.'\n    How literally?\n    56.9: #d\u00ea . . . remiss\u00f4#: 'for the release of his nephew.' For the\n    construction, see p.\u00a05, n.\u00a015.\n    56.10: _quaer\u00f4_.\n    56.11: #obl\u00e2tam# (_offer\u00f4_): 'now that it was at last offered.'\n    56.12: 'the legal time'; _l\u00eagitima aet\u00e2s_, l. 11. In later days\n    forty-three was the legal age.\n    57.1: See p. 5, n. 3.\n    57.2: Sc. _di\u00ea_, for the gender of which, as in _di\u00eas, quae dicta\n    erat_, l. 127, see Vocab., _di\u00eas_.\n    57.3: For mood and tense, see p. 6, n. 1. What did Scipio say?\n    57.4: 'pitched,' lit. 'measured.' The Roman camp was always laid\n    out with great care, according to a fixed plan, and was carefully\n    fortified, even if the stay was to last but one night.\n    57.5: The participles = rel. clauses: see p. xxiv, L\u00a01.\n    57.6: #interrog\u00e2t\u00f4s# (sc. _e\u00f4s_) #. . . d\u00eem\u00eesit# = _interrog\u00e2vit\n    (e\u00f4s) .\u00a0.\u00a0. et .\u00a0.\u00a0. d\u00eem\u00eesit_, or _cum (e\u00f4s) .\u00a0.\u00a0. interrog\u00e2sset,\n    .\u00a0.\u00a0. d\u00eem\u00eesit_.\n    58.1: = Syphax. For _ipse_ referring to the principal personage,\n    see also I, 5, and II,\u00a04 [[notes 2.5 and 5.1]].\n    58.2: 'misfortune.' So _f\u00e2ma_ = both 'fame' and 'ill repute,'\n    _val\u00eat\u00fbd\u00f4_ = both 'health' and 'sickness.'\n    58.3: dat. of indir. object with #temper\u00e2ns#.\n    58.4: #quod . . . d\u00fbxisset.# What does the subjunctive show?\n    58.5: #ab . . . d\u00fbxisset#: cf. p. 50, n. 4.\n    58.6: acc. of extent of space: cf. p. xvii, D 2.\n    58.7: 'motionless.'\n    58.8: #arm\u00ees . . . esse#: 'that the issue must be decided by\n    arms.' Note the method employed in translating the impers. passive\n    here and in lines 13, 23, and 98, and apply it to #p\u00fbgn\u00e2r\u00ee#,\n    l. 173.\n    58.9: #C\u00eaterum c\u00f4nstat#: 'it is, however, well known.'\n    59.1: _percell\u00f4_.\n    59.2: Cf. _negant\u00eas_, l. 10, and p. 6, n. 20.\n    59.3: #pacta# (_pac\u00eescor_) #essent#: subjunctive by attraction:\n    see p.\u00a013, n.\u00a010.\n    59.4: _pari\u00f4_.\n    59.5: i.e. of all ever celebrated in Rome.\n    59.6: #haud piget#: sc. _m\u00ea_; 'I\u00a0am not ashamed.' _piget_ is\n    construed exactly like _paenitet_: see p.\u00a028, n.\u00a07.\n    59.7: Here = the temple, sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.\n    59.8: #id temporis# = _e\u00f4 tempore_. Cf. note on _id aet\u00e2tis_,\n    l. 66.\n    60.1: Join #\u00ea m\u00eelitibus# with #quispiam#, l. 204.\n    60.2: #in . . . iub\u00earet#: 'when and where he bade (the accused)\n    appear for trial.' #vad\u00eas sist\u00ee# is the passive of _vad\u00eas\n    sistere_, a\u00a0legal phrase = 'to make one's bail stand,' i.e. to\n    make it effective, and so 'to stand trial.' _Sistere_ often means\n    'to produce in court,' as in l. 207.\n    60.3: #s\u00eas\u00ea sistant#: 'let them produce themselves,' i.e. appear\n    for trial.\n    60.4: #Di\u00ea terti\u00e2# = _perendi\u00ea_, l. 206. In counting days, the\n    Romans usually included the day from which they started.\n    60.5: locative.\n    60.6: Cf. n. on _castra m\u00eat\u00e2tus est_, l. 140.\n    60.7: #ill\u00f4 \u00ealegantius#: 'more judiciously than he.' For #ill\u00f4#,\n    see p.\u00a010, n.\u00a018.\n    60.8: Sc. _castr\u00ees_.\n    60.9: See p. 47, n. 12. #d\u00eecer\u00eas# is imperfect, as referring to\n    present time; the other verbs denote past time.\n    60.10: 'in that event'; = _s\u00ee t\u00ea v\u00eecissem_.\n    61.1: 'a (mere) fighter.'\n    61.2: _pari\u00f4_.\n    61.3: This war lasted from 192 to 190.\n    61.4: partitive gen. with #parum#, which is here a noun. In l. 225\n    it was an adverb.\n    61.5: #nihil . . . comm\u00fbt\u00e2tum#: 'no change was made.' Note that\n    #nihil# is an adverbial acc. of degree, and that #comm\u00fbt\u00e2tum est#\n    is impersonal.\n    61.6: 'treated.'\n    61.7: #tum m\u00e2xim\u00ea#: 'at that very moment.'\n    61.8: Explain mood and tense.\n    61.9: Distinguish between _gr\u00e2ti\u00e2s agere_ and _gr\u00e2tiam referre_.\n    61.10: Notice that _su\u00e2de\u00f4_ = merely 'to advise'; 'to persuade' is\n    _persu\u00e2de\u00f4_.\n    61.11: 'was not arranged.'\n    62.1: = _qu\u00ee pr\u00f4l\u00e2tus erat_; cf. p. xxiv, L 1.\n    62.2: abl. of means (though rendered 'in which') both with\n    #contin\u00eabantur# and #refell\u00ee poterat#.\n    62.3: #ind\u00eegn\u00e2tus . . . dubit\u00e2r\u00ee#: 'angry because doubts were\n    raised.' For the infin. see p.\u00a019, n.\u00a06.\n    62.4: See p. 16, n. 9. #verba f\u00eacit#: 'he delivered a speech.'\n    62.5: #N\u00f4n . . . quaer\u00e2tis#: 'there is no reason why you should\n    ask'; lit., 'there is not (anything) as to which,' etc. H\u00a0591, 4\n    (503, 1, N.\u00a02): M\u00a0836: A\u00a0320, _a_: G\u00a0631, 2: B\u00a0283,\u00a02.\n    62.6: _nostrum_, like _vestrum_, is regularly used only as a\n    partitive gen.\n    62.7: A crown of laurel, worn by the general at his triumph.\n    62.8: #N\u00ea . . . s\u00eemus#: cf. p. 31, n. 9.\n    62.9: (_ut_) #relinqu\u00e2mus . . . e\u00e2mus# is a substantive clause of\n    purpose. For the omission of _ut_ see H\u00a0565, 4 (499,\u00a02): M\u00a0781:\n    A\u00a0331, _f_, R.: G\u00a0546, R. 2: B\u00a0295, 8.\n    63.1: abl. of specification.\n    63.2: #qu\u00f4# (sc. _di\u00ea_) = _e\u00f4 di\u00ea qu\u00f4_.\n    63.3: #quae . . . opus erant#: 'which were necessary'; lit. 'which\n    were a necessity.' For a very different construction with _opus_,\n    cf. _nihil opus esse .\u00a0.\u00a0. e\u00f4 c\u00eeve_, XV, 22, and note.\n    63.4: #c\u00f4nspectum . . . expetent\u00eas#: 'craving a chance to see so\n    great a man, as a sort of heaven-sent favor.'\n    63.5: #n\u00ea . . . grav\u00e2r\u00eatur#: the subjunctive is used here in\n    indir. disc., as representing an imperative of the direct: H\u00a0642,\n    4 (523, III): M\u00a01023: A\u00a0339: G\u00a0652: B\u00a0316.]\n\n\n#XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus# [[stripped text]]\n\nTiberius et Gaius Gracchi Scipionis Africani ex filia nepotes erant.\nHorum adulescentia bonis artibus et magna omnium spe exacta est: ad\negregiam enim indolem optima accedebat educatio. Erant enim diligentia\nCorneliae matris a pueris docti et Graecis litteris eruditi. Maximum\nmatronis ornamentum esse liberos bene institutos merito putabat mater\nilla sapientissima. Cum Campana matrona, apud illam hospita, ornamenta\nsua, illo saeculo pulcherrima, ostentaret ei muliebriter, Cornelia\ntraxit eam sermone quousque e schola redirent liberi. Quos reversos\nhospitae ostendens, \"Haec\" inquit \"mea ornamenta sunt.\" Nihil quidem his\nadulescentibus neque a natura neque a doctrina defuit; sed ambo rem\npublicam, quam tueri poterant, perturbare maluerunt.\n\nTiberius Gracchus, tribunus plebis creatus, a senatu descivit: populi\nfavorem profusis largitionibus sibi conciliavit; agros plebi dividebat;\nprovincias novis coloniis replebat. Cum autem tribuniciam potestatem\nsibi prorogari vellet et palam dictitasset, interempto senatu omnia per\nplebem agi debere, viam sibi ad regnum parare videbatur. Quare cum\nconvocati patres deliberarent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius\nCapitolium petit, manum ad caput referens, quo signo salutem suam populo\ncommendabat. Hoc nobilitas ita accepit, quasi diadema posceret,\nsegniterque cessante consule, Scipio Nasica, cum esset consobrinus\nTiberii Gracchi, patriam cognationi praeferens sublata dextra\nproclamavit: \"Qui rem publicam salvam esse volunt, me sequantur!\" Dein\noptimates, senatus atque equestris ordinis pars maior in Gracchum\ninruunt, qui fugiens decurrensque Clivo Capitolino fragmento subsellii\nictus vitam, quam gloriosissime degere potuerat, immatura morte finivit.\nMortui Tiberii corpus in flumen proiectum est.\n\nGaium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem, Tiberium, occupavit. Tribunatum\nenim adeptus, seu vindicandae fraternae necis, seu comparandae regiae\npotentiae causa, pessima coepit inire consilia: maximas largitiones\nfecit; aerarium effudit: legem de frumento plebi dividendo tulit:\ncivitatem omnibus Italicis dabat. His Gracchi consiliis quanta poterant\ncontentione obsistebant omnes boni, in quibus maxime Piso, vir\nconsularis. Is cum multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset, lege tamen\nlata ad frumentum cum ceteris accipiendum venit. Gracchus ubi\nanimadvertit in contione Pisonem stantem, eum sic compellavit audiente\npopulo Romano: \"Qui tibi constas, Piso, cum ea lege frumentum petas,\nquam dissuasisti?\" Cui Piso \"Nolim quidem, Gracche\" inquit, \"mea bona\ntibi viritim dividere liceat; sed si facies, partem petam.\" Quo responso\naperte declaravit vir gravis et sapiens lege, quam tulerat Gracchus,\npatrimonium publicum dissipari.\n\nDecretum a senatu est ut videret consul Opimius ne quid detrimenti res\npublica caperet: quod nisi in maximo discrimine decerni non solebat.\nGaius Gracchus, armata familia, Aventinum occupavit. Consul, vocato ad\narma populo, Gaium aggressus est, qui pulsus profugit et, cum iam\ncomprehenderetur, iugulum servo praebuit, qui dominum et mox semet ipsum\nsuper domini corpus interemit. Ut Tiberii Gracchi antea corpus, ita Gaii\nmira crudelitate victorum in Tiberim deiectum est. Caput autem a\nSeptimuleio, amico Gracchi, ad Opimium relatum auro repensum fertur.\nSunt qui tradunt infuso plumbo eum partem capitis, quo gravius\nefficeretur, explesse.\n\nOcciso Tiberio Graccho cum senatus consulibus mandasset, ut in eos, qui\ncum Graccho consenserant, animadverteretur, Blosius quidam, Tiberii\namicus, pro se deprecatum venit, hanc, ut sibi ignosceretur, causam\nadferens, quod tanti Gracchum fecisset, ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi\nfaciendum putaret. Tum consul \"Quid?\" inquit \"si te Gracchus templo\nIovis in Capitolio faces subdere iussisset, obsecuturusne voluntati\nillius fuisses propter istam, quam iactas, familiaritatem?\" \"Numquam\"\ninquit Blosius \"voluisset id quidem, sed si voluisset, paruissem.\"\nNefaria est ea vox, nulla enim est excusatio peccati, si amici causa\npeccaveris.\n\nExstat Gaii Gracchi e Sardinia Romam reversi oratio, in qua cum alia tum\nhaec de se narrat: \"Versatus sum in provincia, quomodo ex usu vestro\nexistimabam esse, non quomodo ambitioni meae conducere arbitrabar. Nemo\npossit vere dicere assem aut eo plus in muneribus me accepisse aut mea\ncausa quemquam sumptum fecisse. Zonas, quas Roma proficiscens plenas\nargenti extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettuli. Alii amphoras, quas\nvini plenas extulerunt, eas argento repletas domum reportarunt.\"\n\n\n  #XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et G\u00e2ius Gracchus# [[as printed]]\n\n  Tiberius et G\u00e2ius Gracch\u00ee[6] Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nis \u00c2fric\u00e2n\u00ee[7] ex f\u00eeli\u00e2[8]\n  nep\u00f4t\u00eas erant. H\u00f4rum adul\u00eascentia bon\u00ees artibus et m\u00e2gn\u00e2 omnium sp\u00ea\n    [[64]]\n  ex\u00e2cta est: ad \u00eagregiam enim indolem optima acc\u00ead\u00eabat \u00eaduc\u00e2ti\u00f4.\n  Erant enim d\u00eeligenti\u00e2 Corn\u00ealiae m\u00e2tris \u00e2[1] puer\u00ees doct\u00ee et Graec\u00ees\n  l\u00eetter\u00ees[2] \u00earud\u00eet\u00ee. M\u00e2ximum m\u00e2tr\u00f4n\u00ees \u00f4rn\u00e2mentum esse l\u00eeber\u00f4s      {5}\n  bene \u00eenstit\u00fbt\u00f4s merit\u00f4 put\u00e2bat m\u00e2ter illa sapientissima. Cum\n  Camp\u00e2na m\u00e2tr\u00f4na, apud illam hospita,[3] \u00f4rn\u00e2menta sua, ill\u00f4\n  saecul\u00f4[4] pulcherrima, ostent\u00e2ret e\u00ee muliebriter,[5] Corn\u00ealia tr\u00e2xit\n  eam serm\u00f4ne quo\u00fbsque[6] \u00ea schol\u00e2 red\u00eerent l\u00eeber\u00ee. Qu\u00f4s revers\u00f4s\n  hospitae ostend\u00eans, \"Haec\" inquit \"mea \u00f4rn\u00e2menta sunt.\" Nihil[7]  {10}\n  quidem h\u00ees adul\u00eascentibus neque[7] \u00e2 n\u00e2t\u00fbr\u00e2 neque[7] \u00e2 doctr\u00een\u00e2\n  d\u00eafuit; sed[8] amb\u00f4 rem p\u00fbblicam, quam tu\u00ear\u00ee poterant, perturb\u00e2re\n  m\u00e2lu\u00earunt.\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 134.]\n\n  Tiberius Gracchus, trib\u00fbnus pl\u00eabis cre\u00e2tus, \u00e2 sen\u00e2t\u00fb d\u00easc\u00eevit:\n  popul\u00ee fav\u00f4rem prof\u00fbs\u00ees larg\u00eeti\u00f4nibus sibi concili\u00e2vit;           {15}\n  agr\u00f4s[9] pl\u00eab\u00ee d\u00eevid\u00eabat; pr\u00f4vinci\u00e2s nov\u00ees col\u00f4ni\u00ees[10]\n  repl\u00eabat. Cum autem trib\u00fbn\u00eeciam potest\u00e2tem sibi pr\u00f4rog\u00e2r\u00ee[11] vellet\n    [[65]]\n  et palam dictit\u00e2sset,[1] inter\u00eampt\u00f4 sen\u00e2t\u00fb omnia per pl\u00eabem ag\u00ee\n  d\u00eab\u00eare, viam sibi ad r\u00eagnum par\u00e2re vid\u00eab\u00e2tur. Qu\u00e2r\u00ea cum convoc\u00e2t\u00ee\n  patr\u00eas d\u00eal\u00eeber\u00e2rent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius      {20}\n  Capit\u00f4lium petit, manum ad caput refer\u00eans, qu\u00f4 s\u00eegn\u00f4 sal\u00fbtem\n  suam popul\u00f4 commend\u00e2bat. H\u00f4c[2] n\u00f4bilit\u00e2s ita acc\u00eapit, quasi\n  diad\u00eama p\u00f4sceret, s\u00eagniterque cessante c\u00f4nsule, Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 N\u00e2s\u00eeca,\n  cum[3] esset c\u00f4ns\u00f4br\u00eenus Tiberi\u00ee Gracch\u00ee, patriam c\u00f4gn\u00e2ti\u00f4n\u00ee\n  praefer\u00eans subl\u00e2t\u00e2 dextr\u00e2 pr\u00f4cl\u00e2m\u00e2vit: \"Qu\u00ee rem p\u00fbblicam salvam   {25}\n  esse volunt, m\u00ea sequantur!\" Dein optim\u00e2t\u00eas, sen\u00e2tus atque\n  equestris[4] \u00f4rdinis pars m\u00e2ior in Gracchum inruunt, qu\u00ee fugi\u00eans\n  d\u00eacurr\u00eansque Cl\u00eev\u00f4 Capit\u00f4l\u00een\u00f4 fr\u00e2gment\u00f4 subselli\u00ee \u00eectus v\u00eetam,\n  quam gl\u00f4ri\u00f4sissim\u00ea d\u00eagere[5] potuerat, imm\u00e2t\u00fbr\u00e2 morte f\u00een\u00eevit.\n  Mortu\u00ee Tiberi\u00ee corpus in fl\u00fbmen pr\u00f4iectum est.                    {30}\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 123.]\n\n  G\u00e2ium Gracchum \u00eedem furor, qu\u00ee fr\u00e2trem, Tiberium, occup\u00e2vit.\n  Trib\u00fbn\u00e2tum enim adeptus,[6] seu vindicandae fr\u00e2ternae necis,\n  seu comparandae r\u00eagiae potentiae caus\u00e2, pessima coepit in\u00eere\n  c\u00f4nsilia: m\u00e2xim\u00e2s larg\u00eeti\u00f4n\u00eas f\u00eacit; aer\u00e2rium[7] eff\u00fbdit: l\u00eagem d\u00ea\n  fr\u00fbment\u00f4 pl\u00eab\u00ee d\u00eevidend\u00f4 tulit: c\u00eevit\u00e2tem[8] omnibus \u00cetalic\u00ees\n      dabat.[9]                                                     {35}\n  H\u00ees Gracch\u00ee c\u00f4nsili\u00ees quant\u00e2[10] poterant contenti\u00f4ne obsist\u00eabant\n    [[66]]\n  omn\u00eas[1] bon\u00ee, in quibus m\u00e2xim\u00ea P\u00ees\u00f4,[2] vir c\u00f4nsul\u00e2ris. Is\n  cum multa contr\u00e2 l\u00eagem fr\u00fbment\u00e2riam d\u00eexisset, l\u00eage tamen l\u00e2t\u00e2\n  ad fr\u00fbmentum cum c\u00eater\u00ees accipiendum v\u00eanit. Gracchus ubi\n  animadvertit in c\u00f4nti\u00f4ne P\u00ees\u00f4nem stantem, eum s\u00eec compell\u00e2vit     {40}\n  audiente popul\u00f4 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4: \"Qu\u00ee[3] tibi c\u00f4nst\u00e2s, P\u00ees\u00f4, cum e\u00e2 l\u00eage\n  fr\u00fbmentum pet\u00e2s, quam dissu\u00e2sist\u00ee?\" Cu\u00ee P\u00ees\u00f4 \"N\u00f4lim[4] quidem,\n  Gracche\" inquit, \"mea bona tibi[5] vir\u00eetim d\u00eevidere liceat;\n  sed s\u00ee faci\u00eas, partem petam.\" Qu\u00f4 resp\u00f4ns\u00f4 apert\u00ea d\u00eacl\u00e2r\u00e2vit vir  {44}\n  gravis et sapi\u00eans l\u00eage, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrim\u00f4nium p\u00fbblicum\n  dissip\u00e2r\u00ee.\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 121.]\n\n  D\u00eacr\u00eatum \u00e2 sen\u00e2t\u00fb est ut[6] vid\u00earet c\u00f4nsul Op\u00eemius n\u00ea quid\n  d\u00eatr\u00eement\u00ee r\u00eas p\u00fbblica caperet: quod nisi in m\u00e2xim\u00f4\n  discr\u00eemine d\u00eacern\u00ee n\u00f4n sol\u00eabat. G\u00e2ius Gracchus, arm\u00e2t\u00e2\n  famili\u00e2,[7] Avent\u00eenum occup\u00e2vit. C\u00f4nsul, voc\u00e2t\u00f4 ad arma popul\u00f4,   {50}\n  G\u00e2ium aggressus est, qu\u00ee pulsus prof\u00fbgit et, cum iam[8]\n  comprehender\u00eatur, iugulum serv\u00f4 praebuit, qu\u00ee dominum et mox s\u00eamet\n  ipsum super domin\u00ee corpus inter\u00eamit. Ut Tiberi\u00ee Gracch\u00ee ante\u00e2\n  corpus, ita G\u00e2i\u00ee m\u00eer\u00e2 cr\u00fbd\u00ealit\u00e2te vict\u00f4rum in Tiberim d\u00eaiectum\n  est. Caput autem \u00e2 Septimul\u00eai\u00f4, am\u00eec\u00f4 Gracch\u00ee, ad Op\u00eemium         {55}\n  rel\u00e2tum aur\u00f4[9] rep\u00eansum fertur. Sunt[10] qu\u00ee tr\u00e2dunt \u00eenf\u00fbs\u00f4[11]\n  plumb\u00f4 eum partem capitis, qu\u00f4 gravius efficer\u00eatur, expl\u00easse.[12]\n\n  Occ\u00ees\u00f4 Tiberi\u00f4 Gracch\u00f4 cum sen\u00e2tus c\u00f4nsulibus mand\u00e2sset, ut\n    [[67]]\n  in[1] e\u00f4s, qu\u00ee cum Gracch\u00f4 c\u00f4ns\u00eanserant, animadverter\u00eatur, Blosius\n  qu\u00eedam, Tiberi\u00ee am\u00eecus, pr\u00f4 s\u00ea d\u00eaprec\u00e2tum[2] v\u00eanit, hanc, ut[3] sibi\n  \u00eegn\u00f4scer\u00eatur, causam adfer\u00eans, quod tant\u00ee[4] Gracchum f\u00eacisset,   {61}\n  ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum put\u00e2ret. Tum c\u00f4nsul\n  \"Quid?\" inquit \"s\u00ee t\u00ea Gracchus templ\u00f4 Iovis in Capit\u00f4li\u00f4 fac\u00eas\n  subdere iussisset,[5] obsec\u00fbt\u00fbrusne volunt\u00e2t\u00ee ill\u00eeus fuiss\u00eas[5]\n  propter istam, quam iact\u00e2s, famili\u00e2rit\u00e2tem?\" \"Numquam\" inquit     {65}\n  Blosius \"voluisset[5] id quidem,[6] sed s\u00ee voluisset,[5]\n      p\u00e2ruissem.[5]\"\n  Nef\u00e2ria est ea v\u00f4x, n\u00fblla enim est exc\u00fbs\u00e2ti\u00f4 pecc\u00e2t\u00ee, s\u00ee am\u00eec\u00ee\n  caus\u00e2 pecc\u00e2veris.\n\n    [Illustration: AMPHORAE]\n\n  Exstat G\u00e2i\u00ee Gracch\u00ee \u00ea Sardini\u00e2 R\u00f4mam revers\u00ee \u00f4r\u00e2ti\u00f4, in qu\u00e2       {69}\n  cum[7] alia tum[7] haec d\u00ea s\u00ea n\u00e2rrat: \"Vers\u00e2tus sum in pr\u00f4vinci\u00e2,\n  qu\u00f4modo ex[8] \u00fbs\u00fb vestr\u00f4 ex\u00eestim\u00e2bam esse, n\u00f4n qu\u00f4modo ambiti\u00f4n\u00ee\n  meae cond\u00fbcere arbitr\u00e2bar. N\u00eam\u00f4 possit v\u00ear\u00ea d\u00eecere assem[9]\n  aut e\u00f4 pl\u00fbs in m\u00fbneribus m\u00ea\n  acc\u00eapisse aut me\u00e2 caus\u00e2 quemquam\n  s\u00fbmptum[10] f\u00eacisse. Z\u00f4n\u00e2s, qu\u00e2s                                  {75}\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2 profic\u00eesc\u00eans pl\u00ean\u00e2s\n  argent\u00ee[11] extul\u00ee, e\u00e2s ex pr\u00f4vinci\u00e2\n  in\u00e2n\u00eas rettul\u00ee. Ali\u00ee amphor\u00e2s,\n  qu\u00e2s v\u00een\u00ee[11] pl\u00ean\u00e2s extul\u00earunt, e\u00e2s\n  argent\u00f4[11] repl\u00eat\u00e2s domum                                        {80}\n  report\u00e2runt.\"\n\n    [Footnotes: XXII (pages 63-67)\n\n    63.6: When two persons of the same name are mentioned together,\n    the cognomen is usually put in the plural.\n    63.7: Africanus Maior.\n    63.8: Her brother was the adoptive father of the younger Scipio\n    Africanus. The Gracchi were thus connected with two of the most\n    distinguished of the Roman clans, the Cornelian and the Aemilian.\n    64.1: #\u00e2 puer\u00ees#: we say, 'from _childhood_.'\n    64.2: 'literature'; abl. of means.\n    64.3: 'guest.'\n    64.4: #ill\u00f4 saecul\u00f4#: temporal abl. We say: 'for that age.' The\n    writer of these words was familiar with the extraordinary luxury\n    and extravagance that marked the later history of Rome.\n    64.5: 'with womanish pride.' A tone of contempt often attaches to\n    _mulier_ and its derivatives.\n    64.6: construed here like _d\u00f4nec_, p. 39, n. 9.\n    64.7: Cf. p. 28, n. 3.\n    64.8: #sed . . . m\u00e2lu\u00earunt#: this whole account of the Gracchi was\n    manifestly written by one who sympathized with the senatorial or\n    aristocratic party. Modern scholars are divided in their\n    interpretations of the motives of the Gracchi.\n    64.9: The reference is to the _ager p\u00fbblicus_, or land gained in\n    conquest. It belonged in theory to the state, but the greater part\n    of it had fallen into the hands of wealthy capitalists, who,\n    though possessing no legal title to the land, yet regarded it as\n    their own, and resented any attempt to interfere with their\n    occupancy. Meanwhile, the number of small landholders was\n    constantly decreasing. These circumstances tended to drive numbers\n    of poor people to the cities, especially Rome. The universal\n    employment of slave labor aggravated the trouble by shutting the\n    poor out from honest labor. Tiberius attempted to remedy these\n    evils by limiting the number of acres of the public land which\n    might be held by any individual and by distributing the lands thus\n    redeemed among the poorer classes.\n    64.10: These colonies were intended to aid in relieving the\n    distress at Rome by removing part of the population and supplying\n    such persons with lands.\n    64.11: It was a general rule that no magistrate should hold the\n    same office for two successive terms. Thus no man could be\n    re\u00eblected consul until ten years after the expiration of the first\n    term. When Tiberius, at the end of his year as tribune, presented\n    himself for re\u00eblection, the aristocrats appealed to this rule.\n    Gracchus might have replied that the rule had often been set aside\n    under special circumstances. Still, on the whole, his conduct\n    seems to have been unconstitutional.\n    65.1: This statement is probably wholly false. As the champions of\n    the poor against the rich, the Gracchi were hated by the\n    aristocrats, and received no favors at the hands of Roman\n    historians.\n    65.2: #H\u00f4c . . . p\u00f4sceret#: 'The nobles interpreted this to mean\n    that he was demanding a kingly crown.' #p\u00f4sceret# is subjunctive\n    as giving in indirect discourse the thought of the nobles; cf.\n    p.\u00a03, n.\u00a06.\n    65.3: 'although.'\n    65.4: See Vocab., _equestris_ and _eques_.\n    65.5: #d\u00eagere potuerat#: 'he might have spent.' Cf. _tu\u00ear\u00ee\n    poterant_, l.\u00a012.\n    65.6: _adip\u00eescor_.\n    65.7: #aer\u00e2rium eff\u00fbdit#: 'he wasted (the money\u00a0in) the treasury.'\n    The reference is to the corn law mentioned in the next sentence.\n    This entitled all citizens residing in Rome to a certain measure\n    of corn monthly for less than the market price. The distribution\n    was thus a constant drain upon the treasury.\n    65.8: 'citizenship.'\n    65.9: 'tried to give.' The imperfect tense, like the present,\n    often denotes attempted action; cf. _d\u00eevid\u00eabat_, l. 16, and\n    _commend\u00e2bat_, l. 22. He was unable to carry the law, as the\n    citizens of Rome itself were jealous of any extension of the\n    franchise. The Italians did not obtain citizenship till 89 B.C.\n    65.10: #quant\u00e2 . . . contenti\u00f4ne#: 'with the greatest possible\n    energy.' Cf. _quant\u00f4 potuit appar\u00e2t\u00fb_, IX, 39, and note.\n    66.1: #omn\u00eas bon\u00ee#: 'all loyal citizens.' _bon\u00ee_, like\n    _optim\u00e2t\u00eas_, often has this political meaning. Cf. the derivation\n    of _aristocracy_.\n    66.2: Sc. _obsist\u00eabat_.\n    66.3: #Qu\u00ee . . . c\u00f4nst\u00e2s#: 'How do you explain your conduct?' How\n    literally? See (4)\u00a0_qu\u00ee_ in vocabulary.\n    66.4: #N\u00f4lim#: 'I should hardly desire'; lit. 'I\u00a0should be\n    unwilling.' The subjunctive is often thus used in a modest\n    assertion: H\u00a0556 (486, N.\u00a01): M\u00a0719: A\u00a0311, _b_: G\u00a0257, 2: B\u00a0280,\n    1. Cf. _possit_, l. 72. Often, as here, the modesty is assumed\n    ironically.\n    66.5: Join with #liceat#.\n    66.6: #ut . . . caperet#: this was the formula by which the senate\n    conferred unlimited power upon the consuls. Explain the\n    subjunctives #vid\u00earet# and #caperet#, and give the words of the\n    decree as passed by the senate.\n    66.7: here 'household.'\n    66.8: #iam comprehender\u00eatur#: 'was on the point of being\n    arrested.'\n    66.9: #aur\u00f4 . . . fertur#: 'is said to have been paid for with\n    gold.'\n    66.10: #Sunt qu\u00ee tr\u00e2dunt#: 'there are (those) who relate,' i.e.\n    'some say.'\n    66.11: #inf\u00fbs\u00f4 plumb\u00f4#: 'by pouring in lead.' Cf. p. xxiii, K\u00a08.\n    It is said that Opimius had promised to pay its weight in gold for\n    the head of Gaius.\n    66.12: = _expl\u00eavisse_.\n    67.1: #in e\u00f4s . . . animadverter\u00eatur#: 'punishment should be\n    visited upon those.'\n    67.2: Cf. p. xviii, E 6.\n    67.3: #ut . . . \u00eegn\u00f4scer\u00eatur#: a result clause, dependent on\n    #causam#: 'a\u00a0reason as a result of which he _ought to be\n    pardoned_.' The subjunctive at times expresses necessity or\n    obligation and propriety.\n    67.4: #tant\u00ee . . . f\u00eacisset#: 'he had so highly esteemed\n    Gracchus.' #tant\u00ee# is a so-called gen. of price or value: H\u00a0448, 1\n    (405): M\u00a0576: A\u00a0252, _a_: G\u00a0380: B\u00a0203, 3. For _f\u00eacisset_, cf.\n    p.\u00a014, n.\u00a01.\n    67.5: Cf. p. 47, n. 12.\n    67.6: #quidem# emphasizes #id#. This emphasis in English would be\n    indicated by the stress of the voice, thus: 'he never would have\n    dreamed of _that_.' Cf. _N\u00f4lim quidem_ above, l.\u00a042.\n    67.7: #cum . . . tum#: 'not only . . . but also.'\n    67.8: #ex \u00fbs\u00fb vestr\u00f4#: 'to your interests.'\n    67.9: 'a red cent,' 'a farthing,' as we say.\n    67.10: _s\u00fbmptum facere_ = 'to be put to expense.'\n    67.11: Verbs and adjectives denoting fulness and want are\n    construed with either the gen. or the abl., the abl. in reality\n    expressing means.]\n\n\n#XXIII. Gaius Marius# [[stripped text]]\n\nC. Marius, humili loco natus, militiae tirocinium in Hispania duce\nScipione posuit. Erat imprimis Scipioni carus ob singularem virtutem et\nimpigram ad pericula et labores alacritatem. Cum aliquando inter cenam\nScipionem quidam interrogasset, si quid illi accidisset, quemnam res\npublica aeque magnum habitura esset imperatorem, Scipio, percusso\nleniter Marii umero, \"Fortasse hunc\" inquit. Quo dicto excitatus Marius\ndignos rebus, quas postea gessit, spiritus concepit.\n\nQ. Metellum in Numidiam contra Iugurtham missum, cuius legatus erat, cum\nab eo Romam missus esset, apud populum Romanum criminatus est bellum\nducere: si se consulem fecissent, brevi tempore aut vivum aut mortuum\nIugurtham se in potestatem populi Romani redacturum. Itaque creatus est\nconsul et in Metelli locum suffectus. Bellum ab illo prospere coeptum\nconfecit. Iugurtha ad Gaetulos perfugerat eorumque regem Bocchum\nadversus Romanos concitaverat. Marius Gaetulos et Bocchum aggressus\nfudit; castellum in excelsa ripa positum, ubi regii thesauri erant, non\nsine multo labore expugnavit. Bocchus, bello defessus, legatos ad Marium\nmisit, pacem orantes. Sulla quaestor, a Mario ad regem remissus, Boccho\npersuasit ut Iugurtham Romanis traderet. Iugurtha igitur vinctus ad\nMarium deductus est; quem Marius triumphans ante currum egit et in\ncarcerem caenosum inclusit. Quo cum Iugurtha detracta veste\ningrederetur, os ridentis in modum diduxisse et stupens similisque\ndesipienti exclamasse fertur: \"Pro! quam frigidum est vestrum balneum!\"\nPaucis diebus post in carcere necatus est.\n\nMarius post bellum Numidicum iterum consul creatus bellumque ei contra\nCimbros et Teutones decretum est. Hi novi hostes, ab extremis Germaniae\nfinibus profugi, novas sedes quaerebant, exclusique Gallia et Hispania\ncum in Italiam remigrarent, a Romanis ut aliquid sibi terrae darent\npetierunt. Repulsi, quod nequiverant precibus, armis petere constituunt.\nTres duces Romani impetus barbarorum non sustinuerunt. Omnes fugati,\nexuti castris. Actum erat de imperio Romano, nisi Marius fuisset. Hic\nprimo Teutones sub ipsis Alpium radicibus adsecutus proelio oppressit.\nVallem fluviumque medium hostes tenebant: Romanis aquarum nulla copia.\nAucta necessitate virtus causa victoriae fuit. Nam flagitante aquam\nexercitu Marius \"Viri\" inquit \"estis, en illic aquam habetis.\" Itaque\ntanto ardore pugnatum est eaque caedes hostium fuit, ut Romani victores\nde cruento flumine non plus aquae biberent quam sanguinis barbarorum.\nCaesa traduntur hostium ducenta milia, capta nonaginta. Rex ipse\nTeutobochus in proximo saltu comprehensus insigne spectaculum triumphi\nfuit: quippe vir proceritatis eximiae super tropaea ipsa eminebat.\n\nDeletis Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbros se convertit. Qui cum ex alia\nparte Italiam ingressi Athesim flumen non ponte nec navibus, sed\niniectis arborum truncis, velut aggere, traiecissent, occurrit iis C.\nMarius. Cimbri legatos ad consulem miserunt, agros urbesque sibi et\nfratribus postulantes, Teutonum enim cladem ignorabant. Quaerente Mario\nquos illi fratres dicerent, cum Teutones nominassent, ridens Marius\n\"Omittite\" inquit \"fratres; tenent hi acceptam a nobis terram\naeternumque tenebunt.\" Tum legati se ludibrio haberi sentientes ultionem\nMario minati sunt, simul atque Teutones advenissent. \"Atqui adsunt\"\ninquit Marius \"nec sane civile foret vos fratribus vestris non salutatis\ndiscedere.\" Tum vinctos adduci iussit Teutonum duces, qui in proelio\ncapti erant.\n\nHis rebus auditis, Cimbri egrediuntur castris et cum paucis suorum ad\nvallum Romanum adequitans Boiorix, Cimbrorum dux, Marium ad pugnam\nprovocat et diem pugnae a Romanorum imperatore petit. Proximum dedit\nconsul. Marius cum aciem ita instituisset, ut pulvis in oculos et ora\nhostium ferretur, incredibili strage prostrata est illa Cimbrorum\nmultitudo: caesa traduntur centum octoginta hominum milia. Nec minor cum\nuxoribus pugna quam cum viris fuit, cum obiectis undique plaustris,\ndesuper, quasi e turribus, lanceis contisque pugnarent. Victae tamen cum\nmissa ad Marium legatione libertatem non impetrassent, suffocatis\nelisisque infantibus suis aut mutuis conciderunt vulneribus aut vinculo\ne crinibus suis facto ab arboribus pependerunt. Canes quoque defendere,\nCimbris caesis, eorum domos. Marius pro duobus triumphis, qui\nofferebantur, uno contentus fuit. Primores civitatis, qui ei aliquamdiu\nut novo homini ad tantos honores evecto inviderant, conservatam ab eo\nrem publicam fatebantur. In ipsa acie Marius duas Camertium cohortes,\nmira virtute vim Cimbrorum sustinentes contra legem civitate donaverat.\nQuod quidem factum et vere et egregie postea excusavit, dicens inter\narmorum strepitum verba se iuris civilis exaudire non potuisse.\n\nIlla tempestate primum Romae bellum civile commotum est. Causam bello\ndedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla consul contra Mithridatem, regem Ponti,\nmissus fuisset, Sulpicius, tribunus plebis, legem ad populum tulit ut\nSullae imperium abrogaretur, C. Mario bellum decerneretur Mithridaticum.\nQua re Sulla commotus cum exercitu ad urbem venit, eam armis occupavit,\nSulpicium interfecit, Marium fugavit. Marius hostes persequentes fugiens\naliquamdiu in palude delituit. Sed paulo post repertus extractusque, ut\nerat nudo corpore caenoque oblitus, iniecto in collum loro Minturnas\nraptus et in custodiam coniectus est. Missus est ad eum occidendum\nservus publicus, natione Cimber, quem Marius vultus auctoritate\ndeterruit. Cum enim hominem ad se stricto gladio venientem vidisset\n\"Tune, homo,\" inquit \"C.\u00a0Marium audebis occidere?\" Quo audito attonitus\nille ac tremens abiecto ferro fugit, Marium se non posse occidere\nclamitans. Marius deinde ab iis, qui prius eum occidere voluerant,\ne\u00a0carcere emissus est.\n\nAccepta navicula in Africam traiecit et in agrum Carthaginiensem\npervenit. Ibi cum in locis solitariis sederet, venit ad eum lictor\nSextilii praetoris, qui tum Africam obtinebat. Ab hoc, quem numquam\nlaesisset, Marius humanitatis tamen aliquod officium exspectabat; at\nlictor decedere eum provincia iussit, nisi in se animadverti vellet:\ntorveque intuentem et vocem nullam emittentem Marium rogavit tandem\necquid renuntiari praetori vellet? Marius \"Abi\" inquit, \"nuntia vidisse\nte Gaium Marium in Carthaginis ruinis sedentem.\" Duobus clarissimis\nexemplis de inconstantia rerum humanarum eum admonebat, cum et urbis\nmaximae excidium et viri clarissimi casum ante oculos poneret.\n\nProfecto ad bellum Mithridaticum Sulla, Marius revocatus a Cinna in\nItaliam rediit, efferatus magis calamitate quam domitus. Cum exercitu\nRomam ingressus eam caedibus et rapinis vastavit; omnes adversae\nfactionis nobiles variis suppliciorum generibus adfecit: quinque dies\ncontinuos totidemque noctes illa scelerum omnium duravit licentia. Hoc\ntempore admiranda sane populi Romani abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius\noccisorum domos multitudini diripiendas obiecisset, inveniri potuit\nnemo, qui civili luctu praedam peteret: quae quidem tam misericors\ncontinentia plebis tacita quaedam crudelium victorum vituperatio fuit.\nTandem Marius, senio et laboribus confectus, in morbum incidit et\ningenti omnium laetitia vitam finivit. Cuius viri si examinentur cum\nvirtutibus vitia, haud facile sit dictu utrum bello melior, an pace\nperniciosior fuerit: namque quam rem publicam armatus servavit, eam\nprimo togatus omni genere fraudis, postremo armis hostiliter evertit.\n\nErat Marius durior ad humanitatis studia et ingenuarum artium\ncontemptor. Cum aedem Honoris de manubiis hostium vovisset, spreta\nperegrinorum marmorum nobilitate artificumque Graecorum arte, eam\nvulgari lapide per artificem Romanum curavit aedificandam. Et Graecas\nlitteras despiciebat, quod doctoribus suis parum ad virtutem\nprofuissent. At idem fortis, validus, adversus dolorem confirmatus. Cum\nei varices in crure secarentur, vetuit se adligari. Acrem tamen fuisse\ndoloris morsum ipse ostendit: nam medico, alterum crus postulanti,\nnoluit praebere, quod maiorem esse remedii quem morbi dolorem iudicaret.\n\n\n    [[68]]\n\n  #XXIII. G\u00e2ius Marius# [[as printed]]\n\n  C. Marius, humil\u00ee loc\u00f4 n\u00e2tus,[1] m\u00eelitiae t\u00eer\u00f4cinium in Hisp\u00e2ni\u00e2\n  duce Sc\u00eepi\u00f4ne[2] posuit.[3] Erat impr\u00eem\u00ees Sc\u00eepi\u00f4n\u00ee c\u00e2rus ob\n  singul\u00e2rem virt\u00fbtem et impigram[4] ad per\u00eecula et lab\u00f4r\u00eas alacrit\u00e2tem.\n  Cum aliquand\u00f4 inter c\u00eanam Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem qu\u00eedam interrog\u00e2sset, s\u00ee\n  quid ill\u00ee[5] accidisset, quemnam r\u00eas p\u00fbblica aequ\u00ea m\u00e2gnum          {5}\n  habit\u00fbra esset imper\u00e2t\u00f4rem, Sc\u00eepi\u00f4, percuss\u00f4 l\u00eaniter Mari\u00ee umer\u00f4,\n  \"Fort\u00e2sse hunc\" inquit. Qu\u00f4 dict\u00f4 excit\u00e2tus Marius d\u00eegn\u00f4s\n  r\u00eabus, qu\u00e2s poste\u00e2 gessit, sp\u00eerit\u00fbs conc\u00eapit.\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 107.]\n\n  Q. Metellum[6] in Numidiam contr\u00e2 Iugurtham missum,[7] c\u00fbius\n  l\u00eag\u00e2tus erat, cum ab e\u00f4 R\u00f4mam missus esset, apud populum          {10}\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2num cr\u00eemin\u00e2tus[8] est bellum d\u00fbcere[9]: s\u00ee[10] s\u00ea c\u00f4nsulem\n  f\u00eacissent, brev\u00ee tempore aut v\u00eevum aut mortuum Iugurtham s\u00ea in\n  potest\u00e2tem popul\u00ee R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee red\u00e2ct\u00fbrum. Itaque cre\u00e2tus est\n  c\u00f4nsul et in Metell\u00ee locum suffectus.[11] Bellum ab ill\u00f4\n  pr\u00f4sper\u00ea coeptum c\u00f4nf\u00eacit. Iugurtha ad Gaet\u00fbl\u00f4s perf\u00fbgerat        {15}\n  e\u00f4rumque r\u00eagem Bocchum adversus R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s concit\u00e2verat. Marius\n  Gaet\u00fbl\u00f4s et Bocchum aggressus f\u00fbdit; castellum[12] in excels\u00e2 r\u00eep\u00e2\n  positum, ubi r\u00eagi\u00ee th\u00easaur\u00ee erant, n\u00f4n sine mult\u00f4 lab\u00f4re exp\u00fbgn\u00e2vit.\n  Bocchus, bell\u00f4 d\u00eafessus, l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00f4s ad Marium m\u00eesit, p\u00e2cem           {19}\n  \u00f4rant\u00eas.[13] Sulla[14] quaestor, \u00e2 Mari\u00f4 ad r\u00eagem remissus, Bocch\u00f4\n    [[69]]\n  persu\u00e2sit ut Iugurtham R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees tr\u00e2deret. Iugurtha igitur\n  vinctus ad Marium d\u00eaductus est; quem Marius triumph\u00e2ns ante\n  currum \u00eagit et in carcerem[1] caen\u00f4sum incl\u00fbsit. Qu\u00f4 cum Iugurtha\n  d\u00eatr\u00e2ct\u00e2 veste ingreder\u00eatur, \u00f4s r\u00eedentis[2] in modum d\u00eed\u00fbxisse\n  et stup\u00eans similisque d\u00easipient\u00ee excl\u00e2m\u00e2sse fertur: \"Pr\u00f4! quam    {25}\n  fr\u00eegidum est vestrum balneum!\" Pauc\u00ees di\u00eabus post in carcere\n  nec\u00e2tus est.\n\n    [Illustration {foldout map of Mediterranean}]\n\n    [Illustration: TRIUMPH]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 104.]\n\n  Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum c\u00f4nsul cre\u00e2tus bellumque\n  e\u00ee contr\u00e2 Cimbr\u00f4s[3] et Teuton\u00eas d\u00eacr\u00eatum est. H\u00ee nov\u00ee\n  host\u00eas, ab extr\u00eam\u00ees Germ\u00e2niae f\u00eenibus profug\u00ee, nov\u00e2s s\u00ead\u00eas        {30}\n  quaer\u00eabant, excl\u00fbs\u00eeque Galli\u00e2 et Hisp\u00e2ni\u00e2 cum[4] in \u00cetaliam\n  remigr\u00e2rent, \u00e2 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees ut aliquid sibi terrae darent peti\u00earunt.\n  Repuls\u00ee, quod nequ\u00eeverant[5] precibus, arm\u00ees petere c\u00f4nstituunt.\n  Tr\u00eas[6] duc\u00eas R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee impet\u00fbs barbar\u00f4rum n\u00f4n sustinu\u00earunt.\n    [[70]]\n  Omn\u00eas fug\u00e2t\u00ee,[1] ex\u00fbt\u00ee[1] castr\u00ees. \u00c2ctum[2] erat d\u00ea imperi\u00f4 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4,\n  nisi[3] Marius fuisset. H\u00eec pr\u00eem\u00f4 Teuton\u00eas sub ips\u00ees Alpium       {36}\n  r\u00e2d\u00eecibus adsec\u00fbtus proeli\u00f4[4] oppressit. Vallem fluviumque\n  medium[5] host\u00eas ten\u00eabant: R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees[6] aqu\u00e2rum n\u00fblla c\u00f4pia. Aucta\n  necessit\u00e2te virt\u00fbs causa vict\u00f4riae fuit. Nam fl\u00e2gitante aquam\n  exercit\u00fb Marius \"Vir\u00ee[7]\" inquit \"estis, \u00ean ill\u00eec aquam hab\u00eatis.\"\n  Itaque tant\u00f4 \u00e2rd\u00f4re p\u00fbgn\u00e2tum est eaque caed\u00eas hostium fuit, ut    {41}\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee vict\u00f4r\u00eas d\u00ea cruent\u00f4 fl\u00fbmine n\u00f4n pl\u00fbs\n  aquae biberent quam sanguinis barbar\u00f4rum.\n  Caesa tr\u00e2duntur hostium ducenta m\u00eelia, capta\n  n\u00f4n\u00e2gint\u00e2. R\u00eax ipse Teutobochus in proxim\u00f4                        {45}\n  salt\u00fb compreh\u00eansus \u00eens\u00eegne spect\u00e2culum triumph\u00ee\n  fuit: qu\u00eeppe vir pr\u00f4c\u00earit\u00e2tis eximiae\n  super tropaea ipsa \u00eamin\u00eabat.\n\n    [Illustration: TROPAEUM]\n\n  D\u00eal\u00eat\u00ees Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbr\u00f4s s\u00ea convertit. Qu\u00ee\n  cum ex[8] ali\u00e2 parte \u00cetaliam ingress\u00ee Athesim fl\u00fbmen n\u00f4n ponte    {50}\n  nec n\u00e2vibus, sed iniect\u00ees[9] arborum trunc\u00ees, velut aggere,\n  tr\u00e2i\u00eacissent, occurrit i\u00ees C. Marius. Cimbr\u00ee l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00f4s ad c\u00f4nsulem\n  m\u00ees\u00earunt, agr\u00f4s urb\u00easque sibi et fr\u00e2tribus p\u00f4stulant\u00eas,[10] Teutonum\n  enim cl\u00e2dem \u00eegn\u00f4r\u00e2bant. Quaerente[11] Mari\u00f4 qu\u00f4s ill\u00ee fr\u00e2tr\u00eas\n  d\u00eecerent, cum Teuton\u00eas n\u00f4min\u00e2ssent, r\u00eed\u00eans Marius \"Omittite[12]\"  {55}\n  inquit \"fr\u00e2tr\u00eas; tenent h\u00ee acceptam \u00e2 n\u00f4b\u00ees terram aeternumque\n    [[71]]\n  ten\u00eabunt.\" Tum l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00ee s\u00ea l\u00fbdibri\u00f4[1] hab\u00ear\u00ee sentient\u00eas ulti\u00f4nem\n  Mari\u00f4 min\u00e2t\u00ee sunt, simul atque Teuton\u00eas adv\u00eanissent. \"Atqu\u00ee\n  adsunt\" inquit Marius \"nec s\u00e2n\u00ea c\u00eev\u00eele foret v\u00f4s fr\u00e2tribus vestr\u00ees\n  n\u00f4n sal\u00fbt\u00e2t\u00ees disc\u00eadere.\" Tum vinct\u00f4s add\u00fbc\u00ee iussit Teutonum      {60}\n  duc\u00eas, qu\u00ee in proeli\u00f4 capt\u00ee erant.\n\n  H\u00ees r\u00eabus aud\u00eet\u00ees, Cimbr\u00ee \u00eagrediuntur castr\u00ees et cum pauc\u00ees\n  su\u00f4rum ad v\u00e2llum R\u00f4m\u00e2num adequit\u00e2ns Boiorix, Cimbr\u00f4rum\n  dux, Marium ad p\u00fbgnam pr\u00f4vocat et diem p\u00fbgnae \u00e2 R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum\n  imper\u00e2t\u00f4re petit. Proximum dedit c\u00f4nsul. Marius cum aciem         {65}\n  ita \u00eenstituisset, ut pulvis[2] in ocul\u00f4s et \u00f4ra hostium ferr\u00eatur,\n  incr\u00eadibil\u00ee str\u00e2ge[3] pr\u00f4str\u00e2ta[4] est illa Cimbr\u00f4rum multit\u00fbd\u00f4: caesa\n  tr\u00e2duntur centum oct\u00f4gint\u00e2 hominum m\u00eelia. Nec minor cum\n  ux\u00f4ribus p\u00fbgna quam cum vir\u00ees fuit, cum obiect\u00ees undique plaustr\u00ees,\n  d\u00easuper,[5] quasi \u00ea turribus, lance\u00ees cont\u00eesque p\u00fbgn\u00e2rent.        {70}\n  Victae tamen cum miss\u00e2 ad Marium l\u00eag\u00e2ti\u00f4ne l\u00eebert\u00e2tem[6] n\u00f4n\n  impetr\u00e2ssent, suff\u00f4c\u00e2t\u00ees \u00eal\u00ees\u00eesque[7] \u00eenfantibus su\u00ees aut m\u00fbtu\u00ees[8]\n  concid\u00earunt vulneribus aut vincul\u00f4 \u00ea cr\u00eenibus su\u00ees fact\u00f4 ab[9]\n  arboribus pepend\u00earunt. Can\u00eas quoque d\u00eafend\u00eare, Cimbr\u00ees caes\u00ees,\n  e\u00f4rum dom\u00f4s. Marius pr\u00f4 du\u00f4bus triumph\u00ees, qu\u00ee offer\u00eabantur,       {75}\n  \u00fbn\u00f4 contentus fuit. Pr\u00eem\u00f4r\u00eas c\u00eevit\u00e2tis, qu\u00ee e\u00ee aliquamdi\u00fb ut[10]\n  nov\u00f4 homin\u00ee ad tant\u00f4s hon\u00f4r\u00eas \u00eavect\u00f4[11] inv\u00eederant, c\u00f4nserv\u00e2tam[12]\n  ab e\u00f4 rem p\u00fbblicam fat\u00eabantur. In ips\u00e2 aci\u00ea Marius du\u00e2s Camertium\n  cohort\u00eas, m\u00eer\u00e2 virt\u00fbte vim Cimbr\u00f4rum sustinent\u00eas[13] contr\u00e2\n  l\u00eagem[14] c\u00eevit\u00e2te d\u00f4n\u00e2verat. Quod quidem factum et v\u00ear\u00ea et       {80}\n    [[72]]\n  \u00eagregi\u00ea poste\u00e2 exc\u00fbs\u00e2vit, d\u00eec\u00eans inter arm\u00f4rum strepitum verba\n  s\u00ea i\u00fbris c\u00eev\u00eelis exaud\u00eere n\u00f4n potuisse.\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 88.]\n\n  Ill\u00e2 tempest\u00e2te pr\u00eemum R\u00f4mae bellum c\u00eev\u00eele comm\u00f4tum est.\n  Causam bell\u00f4 dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla[1] c\u00f4nsul\n  contr\u00e2 Mithrid\u00e2tem,[2] r\u00eagem Pont\u00ee, missus fuisset, Sulpicius,    {85}\n  trib\u00fbnus pl\u00eabis, l\u00eagem[3] ad populum tulit ut Sullae imperium\n  abrog\u00e2r\u00eatur, C. Mari\u00f4 bellum d\u00eacerner\u00eatur Mithrid\u00e2ticum. Qu\u00e2 r\u00ea\n  Sulla comm\u00f4tus cum exercit\u00fb ad urbem v\u00eanit, eam arm\u00ees occup\u00e2vit,\n  Sulpicium interf\u00eacit, Marium fug\u00e2vit. Marius host\u00eas persequent\u00eas\n  fugi\u00eans aliquamdi\u00fb in pal\u00fbde d\u00ealituit.[4] Sed paul\u00f4 post          {90}\n  repertus extr\u00e2ctusque, ut erat n\u00fbd\u00f4 corpore caen\u00f4que oblitus,[5]\n  iniect\u00f4 in collum l\u00f4r\u00f4 Minturn\u00e2s raptus et in c\u00fbst\u00f4diam coniectus\n  est. Missus est ad eum occ\u00eedendum servus[6] p\u00fbblicus, n\u00e2ti\u00f4ne\n  Cimber, quem Marius vult\u00fbs auct\u00f4rit\u00e2te d\u00eaterruit. Cum enim\n  hominem ad s\u00ea strict\u00f4 gladi\u00f4 venientem v\u00eedisset \"T\u00fbne, hom\u00f4,\"     {95}\n  inquit \"C.\u00a0Marium aud\u00eabis occ\u00eedere?\" Qu\u00f4 aud\u00eet\u00f4 attonitus ille\n  ac trem\u00eans abiect\u00f4 ferr\u00f4 f\u00fbgit, Marium s\u00ea n\u00f4n posse occ\u00eedere\n  cl\u00e2mit\u00e2ns. Marius deinde ab i\u00ees, qu\u00ee prius eum occ\u00eedere voluerant,\n  \u00ea\u00a0carcere \u00eamissus est.                                            {99}\n\n  Accept\u00e2 n\u00e2vicul\u00e2 in \u00c2fricam tr\u00e2i\u00eacit et in agrum Carth\u00e2gini\u00eansem\n  perv\u00eanit. Ibi cum in loc\u00ees s\u00f4lit\u00e2ri\u00ees[7] sed\u00earet, v\u00eanit ad eum\n  l\u00eector Sextili\u00ee praet\u00f4ris, qu\u00ee tum \u00c2fricam obtin\u00eabat. Ab h\u00f4c,\n  quem[8] numquam laesisset, Marius h\u00fbm\u00e2nit\u00e2tis tamen[9] aliquod\n    [[73]]\n  officium exspect\u00e2bat; at l\u00eector d\u00eac\u00eadere eum pr\u00f4vinci\u00e2 iussit,   {104}\n  nisi in s\u00ea animadvert\u00ee vellet: torv\u00eaque intuentem et v\u00f4cem n\u00fbllam\n  \u00eamittentem Marium rog\u00e2vit tandem ecquid ren\u00fbnti\u00e2r\u00ee praet\u00f4r\u00ee\n  vellet? Marius \"Ab\u00ee\" inquit, \"n\u00fbnti\u00e2 v\u00eedisse t\u00ea G\u00e2ium\n  Marium in Carth\u00e2ginis ru\u00een\u00ees sedentem.\" Du\u00f4bus cl\u00e2rissim\u00ees\n  exempl\u00ees d\u00ea inc\u00f4nstanti\u00e2 r\u00earum h\u00fbm\u00e2n\u00e2rum eum admon\u00eabat,\n  cum et urbis m\u00e2ximae excidium et vir\u00ee cl\u00e2rissim\u00ee c\u00e2sum ante      {110}\n  ocul\u00f4s p\u00f4neret.\n\n  Profect\u00f4 ad bellum Mithrid\u00e2ticum Sull\u00e2, Marius revoc\u00e2tus \u00e2\n  Cinn\u00e2[1] in \u00cetaliam rediit, effer\u00e2tus magis calamit\u00e2te quam domitus.\n  Cum exercit\u00fb R\u00f4mam ingressus eam caedibus et rap\u00een\u00ees             {114}\n  v\u00e2st\u00e2vit; omn\u00eas adversae facti\u00f4nis n\u00f4bil\u00eas vari\u00ees[2] supplici\u00f4rum\n  generibus adf\u00eacit: qu\u00eenque di\u00eas continu\u00f4s totidemque noct\u00eas illa\n  scelerum omnium d\u00fbr\u00e2vit licentia.[3] H\u00f4c tempore adm\u00eeranda s\u00e2n\u00ea\n  popul\u00ee R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius occ\u00ees\u00f4rum        {118}\n  dom\u00f4s multit\u00fbdin\u00ee d\u00eeripiend\u00e2s[4] obi\u00eacisset, inven\u00eer\u00ee potuit n\u00eam\u00f4,\n  qu\u00ee[5] c\u00eev\u00eel\u00ee[6] l\u00fbct\u00fb praedam peteret[5]: quae quidem tam misericors\n  continentia pl\u00eabis tacita[7] quaedam cr\u00fbd\u00ealium vict\u00f4rum vituper\u00e2ti\u00f4\n  fuit. Tandem Marius, seni\u00f4 et lab\u00f4ribus c\u00f4nfectus, in morbum     {122}\n  incidit et ingent\u00ee[8] omnium laetiti\u00e2 v\u00eetam f\u00een\u00eevit. C\u00fbius vir\u00ee s\u00ee\n  ex\u00e2minentur cum virt\u00fbtibus vitia, haud facile sit dict\u00fb[9] utrum\n  bell\u00f4 melior, an p\u00e2ce pernici\u00f4sior fuerit: namque quam rem       {125}\n  p\u00fbblicam arm\u00e2tus[10] serv\u00e2vit, eam pr\u00eem\u00f4 tog\u00e2tus[10] omn\u00ee genere\n      fraudis,\n  postr\u00eam\u00f4 arm\u00ees host\u00eeliter \u00eavertit.\n\n    [[74]]\n  Erat Marius d\u00fbrior[1] ad h\u00fbm\u00e2nit\u00e2tis[2] studia et ingenu\u00e2rum[3]\n  artium contemptor. Cum aedem Hon\u00f4ris d\u00ea manubi\u00ees hostium         {129}\n  v\u00f4visset, spr\u00eat\u00e2[4] peregr\u00een\u00f4rum marmorum n\u00f4bilit\u00e2te artificumque\n  Graec\u00f4rum arte, eam vulg\u00e2r\u00ee lapide[5] per artificem R\u00f4m\u00e2num\n  c\u00fbr\u00e2vit aedificandam. Et Graec\u00e2s litter\u00e2s d\u00easpici\u00eabat, quod[6]\n  doct\u00f4ribus su\u00ees parum ad virt\u00fbtem pr\u00f4fuissent. At \u00eedem fortis,\n  validus, adversus dol\u00f4rem c\u00f4nf\u00eerm\u00e2tus. Cum e\u00ee varic\u00eas in cr\u00fbre\n  sec\u00e2rentur, vetuit s\u00ea adlig\u00e2r\u00ee. \u00c2crem tamen fuisse dol\u00f4ris morsum\n  ipse ostendit: nam medic\u00f4, alterum cr\u00fbs p\u00f4stulant\u00ee, n\u00f4luit       {136}\n  praeb\u00eare, quod m\u00e2i\u00f4rem esse remedi\u00ee quem morb\u00ee dol\u00f4rem\n  i\u00fbdic\u00e2ret.\n\n    [Footnotes: XXIII (pages 68-74)\n\n    68.1: In 157 B.C., near Arpinum in Latium.\n    68.2: Sc. _\u00c2fric\u00e2n\u00f4 Min\u00f4re_.\n    68.3: = _d\u00eaposuit_: 'laid aside, completed, served.'\n    68.4: #impigram . . . alacrit\u00e2tem#: 'his energetic eagerness in\n    the direction of (#ad#),' etc. = 'his energy and eagerness to\n    face,' etc.\n    68.5: i.e. Scipio.\n    68.6: Subject of #d\u00fbcere#, l. 11.\n    68.7: = _qu\u00ee missus erat_. Cf. _coeptum_, l. 15, and p. xxiv,\u00a0L1.\n    68.8: #cr\u00eemin\u00e2tus . . . d\u00fbcere#: 'charged him with prolonging.'\n    _cr\u00eemin\u00e2r\u00ee_ is treated here as a verb of saying.\n    68.9: = _pr\u00f4d\u00fbcere_, 'prolong.' Simple verbs not infrequently have\n    the meanings which are more usually borne by some of their\n    compounds. Cf. n.\u00a03 above.\n    68.10: #s\u00ee . . . red\u00e2ct\u00fbrum#: the words of Marius, reported in\n    indir. disc. Cf. p. xxv, M\u00a04,\u00a07.\n    68.11: #in . . . suffectus#: 'he was appointed to supersede\n    Metellus.' How literally?\n    68.12: This fortress lay on the steep, rocky bank of the river\n    Malucha, which separated the dominions of Jugurtha and Bocchus.\n    68.13: #\u00f4rant\u00eas# may be explained (1) as = _qu\u00ee p\u00e2cem \u00f4r\u00e2bant_\n    (cf.\u00a0n.\u00a07 above); or (2)\u00a0as expressing purpose, and so = _qu\u00ee\n    p\u00e2cem \u00f4r\u00e2rent_. In this latter sense, however, the fut. part.\n    active is commonly employed, not the present.\n    68.14: See next selection.\n    69.1: The Tullianum: see illustration on p. 16.\n    69.2: 'of one smiling.' Join with #modum#.\n    69.3: The Cimbri and Teutones had left their homes in Denmark as\n    early as 113 B.C. Having overrun Gaul, they made their way to the\n    northern slopes of the Alps, defeating three Roman armies on the\n    way (cf.\u00a0l. 34 below). They did not, however, at once enter Italy,\n    but turned off to Spain, whence they were speedily expelled by the\n    natives.\n    69.4: For the position of #cum#, see p. 19, n.\u00a08.\n    69.5: Sc. _petere_, or better _adip\u00eesc\u00ee_, 'to secure.'\n    69.6: Cn. Papirius Carbo, 113; M. Iunius Silanus, 109;\n    Q.\u00a0Servilius Caepio, 105.\n    70.1: Sc. _sunt_.\n    70.2: #\u00c2ctum . . . fuisset#: 'it was all up with the Romans had\n    there not been a Marius.' For #erat# we should have expected\n    _esset_, since we have an unreal condition; but the indic., the\n    mood of fact, is used to show that the ruin of the Romans actually\n    was inevitable but for one thing. H\u00a0581, 1 (511,\u00a01): M\u00a0940: A\u00a0308,\n    _b_: G\u00a0597, 2: B\u00a0304,\u00a03.\n    70.3: #nisi . . . fuisset#: we would say, 'but for Marius,' or 'if\n    it hadn't been for Marius.'\n    70.4: in 102, at Aquae Sextiae (now Aix), near Marseilles.\n    70.5: 'that ran through (the valley).'\n    70.6: dat. of possession with _erat_ (to be supplied). On the\n    whole sentence #Vallem .\u00a0.\u00a0. c\u00f4pia#, see p.\u00a05, n.\u00a013.\n    70.7: #Vir\u00ee . . . hab\u00eatis#: a rhetorical, but vigorous way of\n    saying _S\u00ee vir\u00ee_ ('true men') _estis_, etc., i.e. the getting of\n    water depends wholly on your own courage.\n    70.8: 'from a different side' (from that by which the Teutones had\n    sought to enter Italy). The Cimbri came through the Brenner Pass\n    at the eastern side of the Italian Alps.\n    70.9: Sc. _in fl\u00fbmen_.\n    70.10: Cf. p. 68, n. 13.\n    70.11: #Quaerente . . . n\u00f4min\u00e2ssent# = two temporal clauses: 'when\n    Marius had asked .\u00a0.\u00a0. and they had named.'\n    70.12: 'Never mind.'\n    71.1: #s\u00ea . . . hab\u00ear\u00ee#: 'that they were being mocked.' #l\u00fbdibri\u00f4#\n    is a dat. of purpose: cf. p.\u00a025, n.\u00a06.\n    71.2: #pulvis . . . ferr\u00eatur#: cf. XX, lines 7 and\u00a08.\n    71.3: at the battle of Vercellae (101), near the modern Milan.\n    71.4: _pr\u00f4stern\u00f4_.\n    71.5: 'from above,' i.e. from the tops of the wagons.\n    71.6: Captives were either killed or sold into slavery.\n    71.7: _\u00eal\u00eed\u00f4_.\n    71.8: #m\u00fbtu\u00ees . . . vulneribus#: 'wounds inflicted by each other.'\n    71.9: #ab . . . pepend\u00earunt#: 'hung _from_ trees' = 'hanged\n    themselves _to_ trees.'\n    71.10: #ut . . . homin\u00ee#: 'as (i.e. because he was) a\u00a0new man,'\n    i.e. one whose ancestors had never held any state office. Such a\n    man was not necessarily of plebeian birth.\n    71.11: #\u00eavect\u00f4#: 'when he had been elevated.' #e\u00ee .\u00a0.\u00a0. \u00eavect\u00f4#\n    may also be rendered 'his elevation.'\n    71.12: Sc. _esse_.\n    71.13: The part. gives the cause of _d\u00f4n\u00e2verat_.\n    71.14: In theory citizenship could be conferred only by action of\n    the _comitia trib\u00fbta_, or assembly in which the people met by\n    tribes.\n    72.1: See next selection.\n    72.2: Mithridates the Great waged war thrice with the Romans,\n    88-84 B.C., 83-81, and 74-66, till finally defeated by Pompey the\n    Great. At the time referred to in the text he had overrun Asia\n    Minor and had entered Greece.\n    72.3: #l\u00eagem . . . tulit#: 'proposed a law before the people,'\n    i.e. submitted a proposed law to their votes. The proposal was\n    carried. In the civil strife that followed, Sulla led the\n    aristocratic, Marius and Cinna the popular party.\n    72.4: _d\u00ealit\u00easc\u00f4_.\n    72.5: _oblin\u00f4_.\n    72.6: #servus p\u00fbblicus#: i.e. a slave owned by the state. Cf. the\n    phrase _ager p\u00fbblicus_, p.\u00a064, n.\u00a09.\n    72.7: Carthage had been destroyed by the Romans in 149 B.C.\n    72.8: #quem . . . laesisset# (_laed\u00f4_): a\u00a0causal rel. clause =\n    'since he had,' etc.: H\u00a0592 (517): M\u00a0839: A\u00a0320, _e_: G\u00a0633:\n    B\u00a0283,\u00a03.\n    72.9: #tamen# looks back to #qu\u00ee . . . obtin\u00eabat#, l. 102. The\n    thought is that Marius hoped for some kindly consideration\n    (#h\u00fbm\u00e2nit\u00e2tis aliquod officium#) from Sextilius, though his\n    official position would naturally constrain him to be hostile to\n    an outlaw.\n    73.1: L. Cornelius Cinna, leader with Marius of the popular party\n    and enemy of Sulla. He was consul 86-84, but was killed by his own\n    troops when he ordered them to cross to Greece to fight Sulla, who\n    was preparing to return home at the close of the first Mithridatic\n    War.\n    73.2: #vari\u00ees . . . adf\u00eacit#: 'he punished in various ways.'\n    73.3: 'lawless reign,' 'wild revel.'\n    73.4: Cf. p. 2, n. 18.\n    73.5: #qu\u00ee . . . peteret#: rel. clause of result: H\u00a0591, 1\n    (503,\u00a0I): M\u00a0838: A\u00a0320: G\u00a0631: B\u00a0283.\n    73.6: #c\u00eev\u00eel\u00ee l\u00fbct\u00fb#: 'at the price of (lit. by means\u00a0of) grief to\n    his fellow-citizens.'\n    73.7: #tacita . . . fuit#: '(though) unexpressed was in a sense\n    (#quaedam#) a\u00a0criticism,' etc.\n    73.8: #ingent\u00ee . . . laetiti\u00e2#: 'to the great joy of every one';\n    cf. p.\u00a027, n.\u00a03.\n    73.9: Join with #facile#, and see p. 19, n. 15.\n    73.10: #arm\u00e2tus# = _bell\u00f4_; #tog\u00e2tus# = _p\u00e2ce_. Cf. l. 125. The\n    toga was the regular dress of civilians.\n    74.1: #Erat d\u00fbrior ad#: 'He was rather hard as regards,' i.e. 'he\n    had no liking for.'\n    74.2: 'culture.'\n    74.3: #ingenu\u00e2rum artium#: 'polite accomplishments.'\n    74.4: _spern\u00f4_.\n    74.5: abl. of material: H 470, 1 (415, III): M 610: A\u00a0244, _d_:\n    G\u00a0396, and\u00a03.\n    74.6: #quod . . . pr\u00f4fuissent#: 'because (so he declared) it had\n    been of little service to its teachers in the direction of\n    (attaining) virtue.' Cf. _quod .\u00a0.\u00a0. i\u00fbdic\u00e2ret_, l. 137, and see\n    p.\u00a014, n.\u00a01.]\n\n\n#XXIV. Lucius Cornelius Sulla# [[stripped text]]\n\n138-78 B.C.\n\nCornelius Sulla cum parvulus a nutrice ferretur, mulier obvia \"Salve\"\ninquit \"puer tibi et rei publicae tuae felix,\" et statim quaesita quae\nhaec dixisset, n\u00f4n potuit inveniri.\n\nHic bello Iugurthino quaestor Marii fuit. Qui cum usque ad quaesturae\ncomitia vitam libidine, vino, ludicrae artis amore inquinatam\nperduxisset, C. Marius consul moleste tulisse traditur, quod sibi\ngravissimum bellum gerenti tam delicatus quaestor sorte obvenisset.\nEiusdem tamen, postquam in Africam venit, virtus enituit. Bello\nCimbrico, legatus consulis bonam operam navavit. Consul ipse deinde\nfactus, pulso in exsilium Mario, adversus Mithridatem profectus est.\nMithridates enim, Ponticus rex, vir bello acerrimus, virtute eximius,\nodio in Romanos non inferior Hannibale, occupata Asia necatisque in ea\nomnibus civibus Romanis, quos quidem eadem die atque hora per omnes\ncivitates interimi iusserat, Europae quoque Italiaeque imminere\nvidebatur. Ac primo Sulla illius praefectos duobus proeliis in Graecia\nprofligavit; dein transgressus in Asiam Mithridatem ipsum fudit; et\noppressisset, nisi ad bellum civile adversus Marium festinans\nqualemcumque pacem componere maluisset. Mithridatem tamen pecunia\nmultavit; Asia aliisque provinciis, quas occupaverat, decedere\npaternisque finibus contentum esse coegit.\n\nSulla propter motus urbanos cum victore exercitu Romam properavit; eos,\nqui Mario favebant, omnes superavit. Nihil autem ea victoria fuit\ncrudelius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et dictator creatus, vel in eos, qui\nse sponte dediderant, iussit animadverti. Quattuor milia deditorum\ninermium civium in Circo interfici iussit. Quis autem illos potest\ncomputare, quos in urbe passim, quisquis voluit, occidit, donec\nadmoneret Fufidius quidam vivere aliquos debere, ut essent, quibus\nimperaret. Novo et inaudito exemplo tabulam proscriptionis proposuit,\nqua nomina eorum, qui occidendi essent, continebantur; cumque omnium\norta esset indignatio, postridie plura etiam adiecit nomina. Ingens\ncaesorum fuit multitudo. Nec solum in eos saevivit, qui armis contra se\ndimicavissent, sed etiam quieti animi cives propter pecuniae\nmagnitudinem proscriptorum numero adiecit. Civis quidam innoxius, cui\nfundus in agro Albano erat, cum legens proscriptorum nomina se quoque\nvideret ascriptum, \"Vae\" inquit \"misero mihi! me fundus Albanus\npersequitur.\" Neque longe progressus a quodam, qui eum agnoverat,\nconfossus est.\n\nDepulsis prostratisque inimicorum partibus Sulla Felicem se edicto\nappellavit, cumque eius uxor geminos eodem tunc partu edidisset, puerum\nFaustum puellamque Faustam nominari voluit. Sed paucis annis post\nrepente contra omnium exspectationem dictaturam deposuit. Dimissis\nlictoribus diu in Foro cum amicis deambulavit. Stupebat populus eum\nprivatum videns, cuius modo tam formidolosa fuerat potestas; quodque non\nminus mirandum fuit, privato ei non solum salus, sed etiam dignitas\nconstitit, qui cives innumeros occiderat. Unus adulescens fuit, qui\nauderet queri et recedentem usque ad fores domus maledictis incessere.\nAtque ille, cuius iram potentissimi viri maximaeque civitates nec\neffugere nec placare potuerant, unius adulescentuli contumelias patienti\nanimo tulit, id tantum in limine iam dicens: \"Hic adulescens efficiet ne\nquis posthac tale imperium deponat.\"\n\nSulla deinde in villam profectus rusticari et venando vitam agere\ncoepit. Ibi morbo correptus interiit, vir ingentis animi, cupidus\nvoluptatum, sed gloriae cupidior; litteris Graecis atque Latinis\neruditus et virorum litteratorum adeo amans, ut sedulitatem etiam mali\ncuiusdam poetae aliquo praemio dignam duxerit: nam cum ille epigramma in\neum fecisset eique subiecisset, Sulla statim praemium ei dari iussit,\nsed ea lege, ne quid postea scriberet. Ante victoriam laudandus, in iis\nvero, quae secuta sunt, numquam satis vituperandus, urbem enim et\nItaliam civilis sanguinis fluminibus inundavit. Non solum in vivos\nsaeviit, sed ne mortuis quidem pepercit: nam Gai Marii, cuius, etsi\npostea hostis, aliquando tamen quaestor fuerat, erutos cineres in flumen\nproiecit. Qua crudelitate rerum praeclare gestarum gloriam corrupit.\n\n\n  #XXIV. L\u00fbcius Corn\u00ealius Sulla# [[as printed]]\n\n  138-78 B.C.\n\n  Corn\u00ealius Sulla cum parvulus \u00e2 n\u00fbtr\u00eece ferr\u00eatur, mulier[7] obvia\n  \"Salv\u00ea\" inquit \"puer tibi et re\u00ee p\u00fbblicae tuae f\u00eal\u00eex,\" et statim\n  quaes\u00eeta[8] quae haec d\u00eexisset, n\u00f4n potuit inven\u00eer\u00ee.[9]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 107.]\n\n  H\u00eec bell\u00f4 Iugurth\u00een\u00f4[10] quaestor Mari\u00ee fuit. Qu\u00ee[11] cum[12] \u00fbsque\n  ad quaest\u00fbrae comitia v\u00eetam lib\u00eedine, v\u00een\u00f4, l\u00fbdicrae[13] artis     {5}\n  am\u00f4re inquin\u00e2tam perd\u00fbxisset,[12] C. Marius c\u00f4nsul molest\u00ea\n  tulisse tr\u00e2ditur, quod sibi gravissimum bellum gerent\u00ee tam d\u00ealic\u00e2tus\n  quaestor sorte[14] obv\u00eanisset. \u00caiusdem tamen, postquam in\n    [[75]]\n  \u00c2fricam v\u00eanit, virt\u00fbs[1] \u00eanituit. Bell\u00f4[2] Cimbric\u00f4, l\u00eag\u00e2tus       {9}\n  c\u00f4nsulis[3] bonam operam n\u00e2v\u00e2vit. C\u00f4nsul ipse deinde factus, puls\u00f4\n  in exsilium Mari\u00f4, adversus Mithrid\u00e2tem[4] profectus est. Mithrid\u00e2t\u00eas\n  enim, Ponticus r\u00eax, vir bell\u00f4 \u00e2cerrimus, virt\u00fbte eximius,\n  odi\u00f4 in R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s n\u00f4n \u00eenferior Hannibale,[5] occup\u00e2t\u00e2 Asi\u00e2 nec\u00e2t\u00eesque\n  in e\u00e2 omnibus c\u00eevibus R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees,[6] qu\u00f4s quidem e\u00e2dem di\u00ea\n  atque h\u00f4r\u00e2 per omn\u00eas c\u00eevit\u00e2t\u00eas interim\u00ee iusserat, Eur\u00f4pae quoque  {15}\n  \u00cetaliaeque immin\u00eare vid\u00eab\u00e2tur. Ac pr\u00eem\u00f4 Sulla ill\u00eeus praefect\u00f4s\n  du\u00f4bus proeli\u00ees[7] in Graeci\u00e2 pr\u00f4fl\u00eeg\u00e2vit; dein tr\u00e2nsgressus in\n  Asiam Mithrid\u00e2tem ipsum f\u00fbdit; et oppressisset,[8] nisi ad bellum\n  c\u00eev\u00eele adversus Marium f\u00east\u00een\u00e2ns qu\u00e2lemcumque[9] p\u00e2cem comp\u00f4nere\n  m\u00e2luisset.[8] Mithrid\u00e2tem tamen pec\u00fbni\u00e2[10] mult\u00e2vit; Asi\u00e2[11]    {20}\n  ali\u00eesque pr\u00f4vinci\u00ees,[11] qu\u00e2s occup\u00e2verat, d\u00eac\u00eadere patern\u00eesque\n  f\u00eenibus contentum esse co\u00eagit.\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 82.]\n\n  Sulla propter m\u00f4t\u00fbs urb\u00e2n\u00f4s[12] cum vict\u00f4re exercit\u00fb R\u00f4mam\n  proper\u00e2vit; e\u00f4s, qu\u00ee Mari\u00f4 fav\u00eabant, omn\u00eas super\u00e2vit. Nihil\n  autem e\u00e2 vict\u00f4ri\u00e2 fuit cr\u00fbd\u00ealius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et       {25}\n  dict\u00e2tor[13] cre\u00e2tus, vel in e\u00f4s, qu\u00ee s\u00ea sponte d\u00eadiderant, iussit\n  animadvert\u00ee. Quattuor m\u00eelia d\u00eadit\u00f4rum inermium c\u00eevium\n  in Circ\u00f4 interfic\u00ee iussit. Quis autem ill\u00f4s potest comput\u00e2re, qu\u00f4s\n  in urbe passim, quisquis[14] voluit, occ\u00eedit, d\u00f4nec admon\u00earet F\u00fbfidius\n  qu\u00eedam v\u00eevere aliqu\u00f4s d\u00eab\u00eare, ut[15] essent, quibus[15] imper\u00e2ret.\n    [[76]]\n  Nov\u00f4[1] et inaud\u00eet\u00f4 exempl\u00f4 tabulam pr\u00f4scr\u00eepti\u00f4nis[2] pr\u00f4posuit,  {31}\n  qu\u00e2 n\u00f4mina e\u00f4rum, qu\u00ee occ\u00eedend\u00ee essent, contin\u00eabantur; cumque\n  omnium orta esset ind\u00eegn\u00e2ti\u00f4, postr\u00eedi\u00ea pl\u00fbra etiam adi\u00eacit n\u00f4mina.\n  Ing\u00eans caes\u00f4rum fuit multit\u00fbd\u00f4. Nec s\u00f4lum in[3] e\u00f4s saev\u00eevit, qu\u00ee\n  arm\u00ees contr\u00e2 s\u00ea d\u00eemic\u00e2vissent, sed etiam qui\u00eat\u00ee anim\u00ee c\u00eev\u00eas       {35}\n  propter pec\u00fbniae m\u00e2gnit\u00fbdinem pr\u00f4scr\u00eept\u00f4rum numer\u00f4 adi\u00eacit.\n  C\u00eevis qu\u00eedam innoxius, cu\u00ee fundus in agr\u00f4 Alb\u00e2n\u00f4 erat, cum\n  leg\u00eans pr\u00f4scr\u00eept\u00f4rum n\u00f4mina s\u00ea quoque vid\u00earet \u00e2scr\u00eeptum,\n  \"Vae\" inquit \"miser\u00f4 mihi[4]! m\u00ea fundus Alb\u00e2nus persequitur.\"\n  Neque[5] long\u00ea pr\u00f4gressus \u00e2 qu\u00f4dam, qu\u00ee eum \u00e2gn\u00f4verat,            {40}\n  c\u00f4nfossus[6] est.\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 78.]\n\n  D\u00eapuls\u00ees pr\u00f4str\u00e2t\u00eesque[7] inim\u00eec\u00f4rum partibus Sulla F\u00eal\u00eecem[8] s\u00ea\n  \u00eadict\u00f4 appell\u00e2vit, cumque \u00eaius uxor gemin\u00f4s e\u00f4dem tunc part\u00fb\n  \u00eadidisset, puerum Faustum[8] puellamque Faustam[8] n\u00f4min\u00e2r\u00ee voluit.\n  Sed pauc\u00ees ann\u00ees post repente contr\u00e2 omnium exspect\u00e2ti\u00f4nem        {45}\n  dict\u00e2t\u00fbram d\u00eaposuit. D\u00eemiss\u00ees l\u00eect\u00f4ribus di\u00fb in For\u00f4 cum\n  am\u00eec\u00ees deambul\u00e2vit. Stup\u00eabat populus eum pr\u00eev\u00e2tum vid\u00eans,\n  c\u00fbius modo[9] tam form\u00eedol\u00f4sa fuerat potest\u00e2s; quodque n\u00f4n\n  minus m\u00eerandum fuit, pr\u00eev\u00e2t\u00f4 e\u00ee n\u00f4n s\u00f4lum sal\u00fbs, sed etiam d\u00eegnit\u00e2s\n  c\u00f4nstitit,[10] qu\u00ee c\u00eev\u00eas innumer\u00f4s occ\u00eederat. \u00dbnus adul\u00easc\u00eans     {50}\n  fuit, qu\u00ee[11] aud\u00earet quer\u00ee et rec\u00eadentem \u00fbsque ad for\u00eas dom\u00fbs\n  maledict\u00ees incessere. Atque ille, c\u00fbius \u00eeram potentissim\u00ee vir\u00ee\n  m\u00e2ximaeque c\u00eevit\u00e2t\u00eas nec effugere nec pl\u00e2c\u00e2re potuerant, \u00fbn\u00eeus\n  adul\u00eascentul\u00ee contum\u00eali\u00e2s patient\u00ee anim\u00f4 tulit, id tantum in[12]\n    [[77]]\n  l\u00eemine iam d\u00eec\u00eans: \"H\u00eec adul\u00easc\u00eans efficiet[1] n\u00ea quis[2] posth\u00e2c\n  t\u00e2le imperium d\u00eap\u00f4nat.\"                                           {56}\n\n  Sulla deinde in v\u00eellam profectus r\u00fbstic\u00e2r\u00ee et v\u00eanand\u00f4[3] v\u00eetam\n  agere coepit. Ibi morb\u00f4 correptus interiit, vir ingentis anim\u00ee,\n  cupidus volupt\u00e2tum, sed gl\u00f4riae cupidior; l\u00eetter\u00ees[4] Graec\u00ees atque\n  Lat\u00een\u00ees \u00earud\u00eetus et vir\u00f4rum l\u00eetter\u00e2t\u00f4rum ade\u00f4 am\u00e2ns,[5] ut        {60}\n  s\u00eadulit\u00e2tem etiam mal\u00ee c\u00fbiusdam po\u00eatae aliqu\u00f4 praemi\u00f4 d\u00eegnam d\u00fbxerit:\n  nam cum ille epigramma in eum f\u00eacisset e\u00eeque subi\u00eacisset,[6]\n  Sulla statim praemium e\u00ee dar\u00ee iussit, sed e\u00e2 l\u00eage,[7] n\u00ea quid[2]\n      poste\u00e2                                                        {63}\n  scr\u00eeberet. Ante vict\u00f4riam laudandus,[8] in i\u00ees v\u00ear\u00f4, quae sec\u00fbta\n  sunt, numquam[9] satis vituperandus, urbem enim et \u00cetaliam c\u00eev\u00eelis\n  sanguinis fl\u00fbminibus inund\u00e2vit. N\u00f4n s\u00f4lum in v\u00eev\u00f4s saeviit,       {66}\n  sed n\u00ea mortu\u00ees quidem pepercit[10]: nam G\u00e2\u00ee Mari\u00ee, c\u00fbius, ets\u00ee\n  poste\u00e2 hostis, aliquand\u00f4 tamen quaestor fuerat, \u00earut\u00f4s ciner\u00eas in\n  fl\u00fbmen pr\u00f4i\u00eacit. Qu\u00e2 cr\u00fbd\u00ealit\u00e2te r\u00earum praecl\u00e2r\u00ea gest\u00e2rum gl\u00f4riam\n  corr\u00fbpit.                                                         {70}\n\n    [Footnotes: XXIV (pages 74-77)\n\n    74.7: #mulier obvia . . . inquit#: 'a woman met them and said.'\n    74.8: #quaes\u00eeta . . . d\u00eexisset#: 'though inquiries were made as to\n    who had said this.' How literally? #d\u00eexisset# is a subjunctive of\n    indir. question dependent on #quaes\u00eeta#: cf. p.\u00a03, n.\u00a02.\n    74.9: Cf. VIII, 43.\n    74.10: Cf. XXIII, 20.\n    74.11: i.e. Sulla.\n    74.12: Cf. p. 13, n. 20.\n    74.13: #l\u00fbdicrae artis#: 'the sportive art,' i.e. what we would\n    call 'the stage,' or 'the drama.' The better classes at Rome\n    looked with disfavor on the theater. Since no free Roman was\n    allowed to appear upon the stage, the actors were slaves or\n    freedmen. The praetor was empowered to flog actors publicly at\n    will.\n    74.14: After the election of the quaestors their posts were\n    assigned to them by lot.\n    75.1: 'ability.' It was mainly through Sulla's efforts that\n    Jugurtha was captured.\n    75.2: Cf. XXIII, 49.\n    75.3: Q. Lutatius Catulus, colleague of Marius in 101.\n    75.4: Cf. 72, n. 2.\n    75.5: abl. of comparison with #\u00eenferior#: cf. p.\u00a010, n.\u00a018.\n    75.6: This butchery occurred in 88. The number of victims is\n    variously stated from 80,000 to 150,000.\n    75.7: At Chaeronea and Orchomenus in Boeotia. Both battles were\n    fought in\u00a086.\n    75.8: Cf. p. 47, n. 12.\n    75.9: #qu\u00e2lemcumque p\u00e2cem#: 'peace on any terms.'\n    75.10: abl. of the penalty: H 456, 3 (410, III): M 584: A\u00a0220,\n    _b_: G\u00a0378, R. 3: B\u00a0208, 2, _b_.\n    75.11: Cf. p. 1, n. 6.\n    75.12: Cf. XXIII, 113-122.\n    75.13: Sulla's dictatorship differed widely from those of former\n    times (1)\u00a0because his was unlimited in time, whereas the old\n    dictators held office for six months only; (2)\u00a0his power extended\n    to every department of government, whereas formerly dictators had\n    been created to accomplish some _one_ object.\n    75.14: #quisquis voluit# contains the subject of #occ\u00eedit#.\n    75.15: #ut . . . imper\u00e2ret#: 'that there might be people for him\n    (Sulla) to rule over.' For #quibus .\u00a0.\u00a0. imper\u00e2ret#, see p.\u00a05,\n    n.\u00a03.\n    76.1: #Nov\u00f4 . . . pr\u00f4posuit#: 'He exposed to public view (in\u00a0the\n    Forum) a\u00a0proscription list, an unprecedented and unheard of act.'\n    #exempl\u00f4#: abl. of manner.\n    76.2: #pr\u00f4scr\u00eepti\u00f4nis#: Latin often uses a gen. where English\n    employs an adj. or a noun with adj. value.\n    76.3: #in e\u00f4s saev\u00eevit#: 'he vented his rage upon those.'\n    76.4: ethical dat.: H 432 (389, N. 2): M 541: A\u00a0235, _e_: G\u00a0351:\n    B\u00a0188, 2, _b_.\n    76.5: #Neque# = _et n\u00f4n_, as often at the beginning of clauses.\n    76.6: _c\u00f4nfodi\u00f4_.\n    76.7: _pr\u00f4stern\u00f4_.\n    76.8: These words all = 'Lucky.'\n    76.9: 'just now,' 'but a moment before.'\n    76.10: 'remained intact.'\n    76.11: #qu\u00ee aud\u00earet# is a rel. clause of result = _t\u00e2lis ut\n    aud\u00earet_. It characterizes or describes the antecedent\n    #adul\u00easc\u00eans#. See p.\u00a073, n.\u00a05.\n    76.12: #in l\u00eemine iam#: 'when he was already at (on) his own\n    threshold,' i.e. even the brief comment that he deigned to make\n    was not uttered till the last moment.\n    77.3: #v\u00eanand\u00f4 . . . coepit#: cf. I, 21, _v\u00eanand\u00f4 .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n    coep\u00earunt_, and note.\n    77.4: Cf. p. 64, n. 2.\n    77.5: #am\u00e2ns# is treated here as an adj., and so construed with\n    the gen. Cf. _cupidus volupt\u00e2tum_, l.\u00a059.\n    77.6: 'had thrust up from below.' Sulla was sitting on a tribunal\n    in the Forum.\n    77.7: Cf. p. 11, n. 9.\n    77.8: Sc. _erat_.\n    77.9: #numquam . . . vituperandus# (_est_): 'can never be blamed\n    enough.' In _negative_ sentences the gerundive often conveys this\n    idea of possibility. For its other meanings, see p.\u00a039, n.\u00a011.\n    77.10: _parc\u00f4._]\n\n\n#XXV. Lucius Lucullus# [[stripped text]]\n\nLucius Lucullus ingeni\u00f4, doctrina, virtute fuit insignis. In Asiam\nquaestor profectus ibi per multos annos admirabili quadam laude\nprovinciae praefuit, deinde absens factus aedilis, continuo praetor,\ninde ad consulatum promotus est, quem ita gessit, ut omnes diligentiam\nadmirarentur, ingenium agnoscerent. Post ad Mithridaticum bellum missus\na senatu non modo opinionem vicit omnium, sed etiam gloriam superiorum\nducum. Idque eo fuit mirabilius, quod ab eo laus imperatoria non admodum\nexspectabatur, qui adulescentiam in forensi opera, quaesturae diuturnum\ntempus in Asiae pace consumpserat; sed incredibilis quaedam ingenii\nmagnitudo non desideravit usus disciplinam. Itaque cum totum iter et\nnavigationem consumpsisset partim in percontando a peritis, partim in\nrebus gestis legendis, in Asiam factus imperator venit, cum esset Roma\nprofectus rei militaris rudis.\n\nLucullus eo bello magnas ac memorabiles res gessit; Mithridatem saepe\nmultis locis fudit; Tigranem, regum maximum, in Armenia vicit,\nultimamque bello manum magis noluit imponere, quam non potuit; sed\nalioqui per omnia laudabilis et bello paene invictus pecuniae cupidini\nnimium deditus fuit; quam tamen ideo expetebat, ut per luxuriam\neffunderet. Itaque postquam de Mithridate triumphavit, abiecta omnium\nrerum cura coepit delicate ac molliter vivere otioque et luxu diffluere:\nmagnifice et immenso sumptu villas aedificavit atque ad eorum usum mare\nipsum vexavit. Nam in quibusdam locis moles mari iniecit; in aliis,\nsuffossis montibus, mare in terras induxit, unde eum haud infacete\nPompeius Xerxem togatum vocare adsueverat.\n\nHabebat Lucullus villam prospectu et ambulatione pulcherrimam. Quo cum\nvenisset Pompeius, id unum reprehendit, quod ea habitatio esset quidem\naestate peramoena, sed hieme minus commoda videretur; cui Lucullus\n\"Putasne\" inquit \"me minus sapere quam hirundines, quae adveniente hieme\nsedem commutant?\" Villarum magnificentiae respondebat epularum sumptus.\nCum aliquando modica ei, utpote soli, cena esset posita, coquum graviter\nobiurgavit, eique excusanti ac dicenti se non debuisse lautum parare\nconvivium, quod nemo esset ad cenam invitatus, \"Quid ais?\" inquit iratus\nLucullus. \"Nesciebasne Lucullum hodie cenaturum esse apud Lucullum?\"\n\nLaudanda est Luculli impensa et studium in libris. Nam et multos et\noptimos conquisivit eosque liberaliter dedit utendos. Patebat omnibus\nbibliotheca, et in porticus ei adiectas velut ad Musarum aedem veniebant\nmaxime Graeci tempusque ibi iucunde inter se traducebant ab aliis curis\nliberi. Saepe cum iis versabatur Lucullus et inter magnam doctorum\nvirorum turbam ambulabat.\n\n\n  #XXV. L\u00fbcius L\u00fbcullus# [[as printed]]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 74.]\n\n  L\u00fbcius L\u00fbcullus ingeni\u00f4, doctr\u00een\u00e2, virt\u00fbte fuit \u00eens\u00eegnis. In\n  Asiam quaestor profectus ibi per mult\u00f4s ann\u00f4s adm\u00eer\u00e2bil\u00ee qu\u00e2dam[11]\n  laude[12] pr\u00f4vinciae praefuit, deinde abs\u00eans factus[13] aed\u00eelis,\n  continu\u00f4 praetor, inde ad c\u00f4nsul\u00e2tum[14] pr\u00f4m\u00f4tus est, quem\n  ita gessit, ut omn\u00eas d\u00eeligentiam adm\u00eer\u00e2rentur, ingenium            {5}\n    [[78]]\n  \u00e2gn\u00f4scerent. Post ad Mithrid\u00e2ticum[1] bellum missus \u00e2 sen\u00e2t\u00fb\n  n\u00f4n modo op\u00eeni\u00f4nem v\u00eecit[2] omnium, sed etiam gl\u00f4riam superi\u00f4rum\n  ducum. Idque e\u00f4[3] fuit m\u00eer\u00e2bilius, quod ab e\u00f4 laus[4] imper\u00e2t\u00f4ria\n  n\u00f4n admodum exspect\u00e2b\u00e2tur, qu\u00ee adul\u00eascentiam in for\u00eans\u00ee[5] oper\u00e2,\n  quaest\u00fbrae diuturnum tempus in[6] Asiae p\u00e2ce c\u00f4ns\u00fbmpserat; sed    {10}\n  incr\u00eadibilis quaedam[7] ingeni\u00ee m\u00e2gnit\u00fbd\u00f4 n\u00f4n d\u00eas\u00eed\u00ear\u00e2vit \u00fbs\u00fbs[8]\n  d\u00eescipl\u00eenam. Itaque cum t\u00f4tum iter[9] et n\u00e2vig\u00e2ti\u00f4nem c\u00f4ns\u00fbmpsisset\n  partim in percontand\u00f4 \u00e2 per\u00eet\u00ees,[10] partim in r\u00eabus[11] gest\u00ees\n  legend\u00ees, in Asiam factus[12] imper\u00e2tor v\u00eanit, cum esset R\u00f4m\u00e2\n  profectus re\u00ee m\u00eelit\u00e2ris rudis.[13]                                {15}\n\n  L\u00fbcullus e\u00f4 bell\u00f4 m\u00e2gn\u00e2s ac memor\u00e2bil\u00eas r\u00eas gessit; Mithrid\u00e2tem\n  saepe mult\u00ees loc\u00ees f\u00fbdit; Tigr\u00e2nem,[14] r\u00eagum m\u00e2ximum, in\n  Armeni\u00e2 v\u00eecit, ultimamque[15] bell\u00f4 manum magis n\u00f4luit imp\u00f4nere,\n  quam n\u00f4n potuit; sed alioqu\u00ee per omnia laud\u00e2bilis[16] et bell\u00f4 paene\n  invictus pec\u00fbniae cup\u00eedin\u00ee nimium d\u00eaditus fuit; quam tamen        {20}\n  ide\u00f4 expet\u00eabat, ut per l\u00fbxuriam effunderet. Itaque postquam\n  d\u00ea Mithrid\u00e2te triumph\u00e2vit,[17] abiect\u00e2 omnium r\u00earum c\u00fbr\u00e2 coepit\n  d\u00ealic\u00e2t\u00ea ac molliter v\u00eevere \u00f4ti\u00f4que et l\u00fbx\u00fb diffluere: m\u00e2gnific\u00ea et\n  imm\u00eans\u00f4 s\u00fbmpt\u00fb v\u00eell\u00e2s aedific\u00e2vit atque ad e\u00f4rum \u00fbsum[18] mare\n    [[79]]\n  ipsum vex\u00e2vit. Nam in quibusdam loc\u00ees m\u00f4l\u00eas[1] mar\u00ee ini\u00eacit; in   {25}\n  ali\u00ees, suffoss\u00ees montibus, mare in terr\u00e2s ind\u00fbxit, unde eum haud\n  \u00eenfac\u00eat\u00ea Pomp\u00eaius Xerxem tog\u00e2tum[2] voc\u00e2re adsu\u00eaverat.[3]\n\n    [Illustration: V\u00ceLLA]\n\n  Hab\u00eabat L\u00fbcullus v\u00eellam pr\u00f4spect\u00fb[4] et ambul\u00e2ti\u00f4ne pulcherrimam.\n  Qu\u00f4 cum v\u00eanisset Pomp\u00eaius, id \u00fbnum reprehendit, quod\n  ea habit\u00e2ti\u00f4 esset[5] quidem aest\u00e2te peramoena, sed hieme minus   {30}\n  commoda vid\u00ear\u00eatur[5]; cu\u00ee L\u00fbcullus \"Put\u00e2sne\" inquit \"m\u00ea minus\n  sapere quam hirundin\u00eas, quae adveniente hieme s\u00eadem comm\u00fbtant?\"\n  V\u00eell\u00e2rum m\u00e2gnificentiae respond\u00eabat epul\u00e2rum s\u00fbmptus.\n  Cum aliquand\u00f4 modica e\u00ee, utpote[6] s\u00f4l\u00ee, c\u00eana esset posita, coquum\n  graviter obi\u00fbrg\u00e2vit, e\u00eeque exc\u00fbsant\u00ee ac d\u00eecent\u00ee s\u00ea n\u00f4n d\u00eabuisse   {35}\n  lautum par\u00e2re conv\u00eevium, quod n\u00eam\u00f4 esset[5] ad c\u00eanam inv\u00eet\u00e2tus,\n    [[80]]\n  \"Quid ais?\" inquit \u00eer\u00e2tus L\u00fbcullus. \"Nesci\u00eab\u00e2sne L\u00fbcullum\n  hodi\u00ea c\u00ean\u00e2t\u00fbrum esse apud L\u00fbcullum?\"\n\n  Laudanda est L\u00fbcull\u00ee imp\u00eansa et studium in libr\u00ees. Nam et         {39}\n  mult\u00f4s et optim\u00f4s conqu\u00ees\u00eevit e\u00f4sque l\u00eeber\u00e2liter dedit[1] \u00fbtend\u00f4s.\n  Pat\u00eabat omnibus biblioth\u00eaca, et in portic\u00fbs e\u00ee adiect\u00e2s velut ad\n  M\u00fbs\u00e2rum[2] aedem veni\u00eabant m\u00e2xim\u00ea Graec\u00ee tempusque ibi i\u00fbcund\u00ea\n  inter s\u00ea tr\u00e2d\u00fbc\u00eabant ab ali\u00ees c\u00fbr\u00ees l\u00eeber\u00ee. Saepe cum i\u00ees\n  vers\u00e2b\u00e2tur L\u00fbcullus et inter m\u00e2gnam doct\u00f4rum vir\u00f4rum turbam\n  ambul\u00e2bat.                                                        {45}\n\n    [Footnotes: XXV (pages 77-80)\n\n    77.1: #efficiet n\u00ea . . . d\u00eap\u00f4nat#: 'will prevent any one from\n    resigning.' For the subjunctive #d\u00eap\u00f4nat#, see p.\u00a09, n.\u00a06.\n    77.2: The indefinite pronoun _quis_ occurs chiefly after _s\u00ee_,\n    _nisi_, _n\u00ea_, and _num_. Elsewhere _aliquis_ is used.\n    77.11: Cf. p. 76, n. 1.\n    77.12: 'ability.'\n    77.13: Sc. _est_.\n    77.14: The offices mentioned here formed the _cursus hon\u00f4rum_, or\n    official career, through which all desirous of political\n    distinction were required to pass. The aedileship, however, might\n    be omitted.\n    78.1: Cf. p. 72, n. 2. Lucullus assumed command against\n    Mithridates in 74 B.C.\n    78.2: 'surpassed,' 'outstripped.'\n    78.3: causal abl., explained by #quod . . . exspect\u00e2b\u00e2tur#.\n    78.4: 'ability.'\n    78.5: #for\u00eans\u00ee oper\u00e2#: 'legal business,' i.e. the practice of law.\n    In or near the Forum were the law courts, as well as business\n    places in general.\n    78.6: #in Asiae p\u00e2ce#: 'in Asia, which was then at peace.'\n    78.7: #qu\u00eedam# is often used, as here, to soften a phrase which\n    the writer fears may seem exaggerated.\n    78.8: #\u00fbs\u00fbs d\u00eescipl\u00eenam#: 'the training of experience.'\n    78.9: #iter et n\u00e2vig\u00e2ti\u00f4nem#: 'voyage.'\n    78.10: 'experts.' Sc. #re\u00ee m\u00eelit\u00e2ris#.\n    78.11: #r\u00eabus gest\u00ees#: 'history'; here, of course, military\n    history especially.\n    78.12: Cf. our use of the word 'finished.'\n    78.13: The statements in lines 9-15 are untrue, since Lucullus had\n    served with distinction under Sulla in the first Mithridatic War.\n    78.14: King of Armenia, and son-in-law of Mithridates, with whom\n    he had formed alliance.\n    78.15: #ultimam . . . potuit#: 'his failure to put the finishing\n    touches (#ultimam manum#) to the war was due more to unwillingness\n    than to inability.' How literally? Here too the biographer shows\n    his prejudice. Lucullus' failure to end the war was due to the\n    mutiny of his soldiers, who were weary of their incessant\n    exertions, and angry because L. did not permit them to gratify\n    their greed for plunder.\n    78.16: '(though) praiseworthy.' #invictus# must be similarly\n    translated.\n    78.17: Cf. p. 18, n. 7.\n    78.18: 'convenience.'\n    79.1: #m\u00f4l\u00eas . . . ini\u00eacit#: 'he built huge structures out into\n    the sea.'\n    79.2: Cf. p. 73, n. 10. Xerxes, king of Persia, made an expedition\n    against Greece in 480 B.C., in the course of which he executed\n    certain important engineering works.\n    79.3: _adsu\u00easc\u00f4_.\n    79.4: #pr\u00f4spect\u00fb . . . pulcherrimam#: 'with a very beautiful view\n    and promenade.' #pr\u00f4spect\u00fb# and #ambul\u00e2ti\u00f4ne# are abl. of\n    specification.\n    79.5: Why subjunctive?\n    79.6: #utpote s\u00f4l\u00ee# = _quod s\u00f4lus erat_. In phrases like this\n    Latin suffers from the lack of a present part. to _sum_.\n    80.1: #dedit \u00fbtend\u00f4s#: i.e. loaned them. For #\u00fbtend\u00f4s#, see p.\u00a02,\n    n.\u00a018.\n    80.2: The Muses were patrons of literature in its various forms.]\n\n\n#XXVI. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus# [[stripped text]]\n\nGnaeus Pompeius, stirpis senatoriae, bello civili se et patrem consilio\nservavit. Cum enim Pompei pater exercitui suo ob avaritiam esset\ninvisus, facta in eum conspiratione, Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompei\nfilii contubernalis, hunc occidendum suscepit, dum alii tabernaculum\npatris incenderent. Quae res cum iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata esset,\nnihil periculo motus solito hilarius bibit et cum Terentio eadem, qua\nantea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam subduxit se\ntentorio et firmam patri circumdedit custodiam. Terentius tum destricto\nense ad lectum Pompei accessit multisque ictibus stragula percussit.\nOrta mox seditione Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque\ntumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit ac duci reconciliavit.\n\nEodem bello Pompeius partes Sullae secutus ita se gessit ut ab eo maxime\ndiligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret,\npaterni exercitus reliquias conlegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit.\nMagnus illius apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus\nei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique\ntemperans, somni parcus; inter milites corpus exercens cum alacribus\nsaltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis luctando certabat. Tum ad Sullam\niter intendit et in eo itinere tres hostium exercitus aut fudit aut sibi\nadiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit egregiamque sub signis\niuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem\net postea ei venienti solebat sella adsurgere et caput aperire et equo\ndescendere, quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.\n\nPostea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam a Carbone, Sullae\ninimico, occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus et ad Pompeium ductus\nest: quem Pompeius, etsi Carbo muliebriter mortem extimescens demisse et\nflebiliter mortem deprecabatur, ad supplicium duci iussit. Longe\nmoderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium, Siciliae cuiusdam civitatis\nprincipem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset, quae\nsibi adversata fuisset, inique eum facturum Sthenius exclamavit, si ob\nunius culpam omnes puniret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus\nesset, \"Ego\" inquit Sthenius \"qui cives meos ad id induxi.\" Tam libera\nvoce delectatus Pompeius omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.\n\nTransgressus inde in Africam Iarbam, Numidiae regem, qui Marii partibus\nfavebat, bello persecutus intra dies quadraginta oppressit et Africam\nsubegit adulescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Deinde cum litterae ei a\nSulla redditae essent, quibus exercitu dimisso cum una legione\nsuccessorem exspectare iubebatur, Pompeius, quamquam aegre id ferebat,\ntamen paruit et Romam revertit. Revertenti incredibilis hominum\nmultitudo obviam ivit; Sulla quoque laetus eum excepit et Magni\ncognomine consalutavit. Nihilo minus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit:\nneque vero ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius aususque dicere\nplures adorare solem orientem quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae\npotentiam minui, suam crescere. Ea voce audita Sulla, confidentia\nadulescentis perculsus, \"Triumphet! triumphet!\" exclamavit.\n\nMetello iam seni et bellum in Hispania segnius gerenti conlega datus\nPompeius adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. Maximum ibi in\nproelio quodam periculum subiit: cum enim vir vasta corporis magnitudine\nimpetum in eum fecisset, Pompeius manum amputavit; sed multis in eum\nconcurrentibus vulnus in femore accepit et a suis fugientibus desertus\nin hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: barbari enim equum\neius auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum igitur praedam\ninter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius eorum manus effugit. Altero\nproelio cum Metellus Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, Sertorius\nrecedere coactus dixisse fertur: \"Nisi anus illa supervenisset, ego hunc\npuerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.\" Metellum anum\nappellabat, quia is, iam senex, ad mollem et effeminatam vitam\ndeflexerat. Sertorio interfecto Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.\n\nCum piratae illa tempestate maria omnia infestarent et quasdam etiam\nItaliae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos cum imperio\nextraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant\nquidam ex optimatibus et imprimis Quintus Catulus. Qui cum in contione\ndixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Cn. Pompeium, sed non esse uni\nomnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: \"Si quid huic acciderit, quem in eius\nlocum substituetis?\" summo consensu succlamavit universa contio, \"Te,\nQuinte Catule.\" Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e\ncontione discessit. Pompeius, dispositis per omnes maris recessus\nnavibus, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis\nlocis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris\nprocul a mari conlocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius, nam intra\nquadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.\n\nConfecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra Mithridatem profectus in\nAsiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat,\nneque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu\ncastris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum erat congredi cum hoste in\nlocis ignotis. Nocte tamen aliquando cum Pompeius Mithridatem aggressus\nesset, luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento. Quam cum Romani a tergo\nhaberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium\nordines pertinebant, unde decepti regii milites in umbras, tamquam in\npropinquum hostem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum\nprofugit. Pharnaces filius bellum ei intulit, qui, occisis a patre\nfratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum\nsumpsit; quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea\nmedicamentis corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo, a quo ut adiuvaret se\npetierat, interfectus est.\n\nTigrani deinde, Armeniae regi, qui Mithridatis partes secutus erat,\nPompeius bellum intulit eumque ad deditionem compulit. Qui cum\nprocubuisset ad genua Pompei, eum erexit, et benignis verbis recreatum\ndiadema, quod abiecerat, capiti reponere iussit, aeque pulchrum esse\niudicans et vincere reges et facere. Inde in Iudaeam profectus Romanorum\nprimus Iudaeos domuit, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, cepit, templumque iure\nvictoriae ingressus est. Rebus Asiae compositis, in Italiam versus ad\nurbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitu,\net tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis\ninusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil inlustrius visum, quam\nquod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerant:\nPompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, iterum ex\nEuropa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si,\nquem gloriae, eundem vitae finem habuisset neque adversam fortunam esset\nexpertus iam senex.\n\nPosteriore enim tempore orta inter Pompeium et Caesarem gravi\ndissensione, quod hic superiorem, ille parem ferre non posset, bellum\ncivile exarsit. Caesar infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pompeius,\nrelicta urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa, Thessaliam petit et cum eo consules\nsenatusque omnis: quem insecutus Caesar apud Pharsalum acie fudit.\nVictus Pompeius ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypti regem, cui tutor a senatu datus\nerat, profugit, qui Pompeium interfici iussit. Latus Pompei sub oculis\nuxoris et liberorum mucrone confossum est, caput praecisum, truncus in\nNilum coniectus. Deinde caput cum anulo ad Caesarem delatum est, qui eo\nviso lacrimas non continens illud multis pretiosissimisque odoribus\ncremandum curavit.\n\nIs fuit Pompei post tres consulatus et totidem triumphos vitae exitus.\nErant in Pompeio multae et magnae virtutes ac praecipue admiranda\nfrugalitas. Cum ei aegrotanti praecepisset medicus ut turdum ederet,\nnegarent autem servi eam avem usquam aestivo tempore posse reperiri,\nnisi apud Lucullum, qui turdos domi saginaret, vetuit Pompeius turdum\ninde peti, medicoque dixit: \"Ergo, nisi Lucullus perditus deliciis\nesset, non viveret Pompeius?\" Aliam avem, quae parabilis esset, sibi\niussit apponi.\n\nViris doctis magnum honorem habebat Pompeius. Ex Syria decedens,\nconfecto bello Mithridatico, cum Rhodum venisset, Posidonium cupiit\naudire; sed cum audivisset eum graviter esse aegrum, quod vehementer\neius artus laborarent, voluit tamen nobilissimum philosophum visere. Mos\nerat ut, consule aedes aliquas ingressuro, lictor fores percuteret,\nadmonens consulem adesse, at Pompeius fores Posidonii percuti honoris\ncausa vetuit. Quem ut vidit et salutavit, moleste se dixit ferre, quod\neum non posset audire. At ille \"Tu vero\" inquit \"potes, nec committam ut\ndolor corporis efficiat ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit.\" Itaque\ncubans graviter et copiose de hoc ipso disputavit: nihil esse bonum nisi\nquod honestum esset, nihil malum dici posse, quod turpe non esset. Cum\nvero dolores acriter eum pungerent, saepe \"Nihil agis,\" inquit \"dolor!\nquamvis sis molestus, numquam te esse malum confitebor.\"\n\n\n  #XXVI. Gnaeus Pomp\u00eaius M\u00e2gnus# [[as printed]]\n\n    [Illustration: POMPEY]\n\n  Gnaeus Pomp\u00eaius,[3] stirpis sen\u00e2t\u00f4riae, bell\u00f4[4]\n  c\u00eev\u00eel\u00ee s\u00ea et patrem c\u00f4nsili\u00f4 serv\u00e2vit. Cum enim\n  Pomp\u00ea\u00ee pater exercitu\u00ee su\u00f4 ob av\u00e2ritiam esset\n  inv\u00eesus, fact\u00e2 in eum c\u00f4nsp\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4ne, Terentius\n  qu\u00eedam, Gnae\u00ee Pomp\u00ea\u00ee f\u00eeli\u00ee[5] contubern\u00e2lis, hunc[6]               {5}\n  occ\u00eedendum susc\u00eapit, dum[7] ali\u00ee tabern\u00e2culum\n  patris incenderent.[7] Quae r\u00eas cum iuven\u00ee Pomp\u00eai\u00f4\n  c\u00eanant\u00ee n\u00fbnti\u00e2ta esset, nihil per\u00eecul\u00f4 m\u00f4tus\n  solit\u00f4[8] hilarius bibit et cum Terenti\u00f4 e\u00e2dem,\n  qu\u00e2[9] ante\u00e2, c\u00f4mit\u00e2te \u00fbsus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam  {10}\n  subd\u00fbxit s\u00ea tent\u00f4ri\u00f4 et f\u00eermam patr\u00ee circumdedit c\u00fbst\u00f4diam.\n  Terentius tum d\u00eastrict\u00f4 \u00eanse ad lectum Pomp\u00ea\u00ee accessit mult\u00eesque\n  \u00eectibus str\u00e2gula percussit.[10] Ort\u00e2 mox s\u00eaditi\u00f4ne Pomp\u00eaius s\u00ea in\n    [[81]]\n  media coni\u00eacit \u00e2gmina, m\u00eelit\u00easque tumultuant\u00eas precibus et lacrim\u00ees\n  pl\u00e2c\u00e2vit ac duc\u00ee reconcili\u00e2vit.                                   {15}\n\n  E\u00f4dem bell\u00f4 Pomp\u00eaius part\u00eas Sullae sec\u00fbtus ita s\u00ea gessit ut ab\n  e\u00f4 m\u00e2xim\u00ea d\u00eeliger\u00eatur. Ann\u00f4s tr\u00eas et v\u00eegint\u00ee n\u00e2tus, ut Sullae\n  auxili\u00f4 ven\u00eeret, patern\u00ee exercit\u00fbs reliqui\u00e2s conl\u00eagit, statimque\n  dux per\u00eetus exstitit.[1] M\u00e2gnus ill\u00eeus apud m\u00eelitem amor, m\u00e2gna\n  apud omn\u00eas adm\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4 fuit; n\u00fbllus e\u00ee[2] labor taedi\u00f4,[2] n\u00fblla\n      d\u00eafat\u00eeg\u00e2ti\u00f4                                                   {20}\n  molestiae[2] erat. Cib\u00ee[3] v\u00een\u00eeque[3] temper\u00e2ns, somn\u00ee parcus[4];\n  inter m\u00eelit\u00eas corpus exerc\u00eans cum alacribus salt\u00fb,[5] cum v\u00eal\u00f4cibus\n  curs\u00fb,[5] cum valid\u00ees luctand\u00f4[5] cert\u00e2bat. Tum ad Sullam iter\n  intendit et in e\u00f4 itinere tr\u00eas hostium exercit\u00fbs aut f\u00fbdit aut sibi\n  adi\u00fbnxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad s\u00ea acc\u00eadere aud\u00eevit \u00eagregiamque       {25}\n  sub s\u00eegn\u00ees iuvent\u00fbtem \u00e2spexit, d\u00easiliit ex equ\u00f4 Pomp\u00eaiumque\n  sal\u00fbt\u00e2vit imper\u00e2t\u00f4rem et poste\u00e2 e\u00ee[6] venient\u00ee sol\u00eabat sell\u00e2\n  adsurgere et caput aper\u00eere et equ\u00f4 d\u00eascendere, quem hon\u00f4rem n\u00eamin\u00ee\n  nisi Pomp\u00eai\u00f4 tribu\u00eabat.\n\n  Poste\u00e2 Pomp\u00eaius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam \u00e2 Carb\u00f4ne,      {30}\n  Sullae inim\u00eec\u00f4, occup\u00e2tam reciperet. Carb\u00f4 compreh\u00eansus et ad\n  Pomp\u00eaium ductus est: quem Pomp\u00eaius, etsi Carb\u00f4[7] muliebriter\n  mortem extim\u00easc\u00eans d\u00eamiss\u00ea et fl\u00eabiliter mortem d\u00eaprec\u00e2b\u00e2tur,\n  ad supplicium d\u00fbc\u00ee iussit. Long\u00ea moder\u00e2tior fuit Pomp\u00eaius erg\u00e2\n  Sthenium, Siciliae c\u00fbiusdam c\u00eevit\u00e2tis pr\u00eencipem. Cum enim in      {35}\n  eam c\u00eevit\u00e2tem animadvertere d\u00eacr\u00eavisset, quae[8] sibi advers\u00e2ta\n  fuisset, in\u00eequ\u00ea eum fact\u00fbrum Sthenius excl\u00e2m\u00e2vit,[9] s\u00ee ob \u00fbn\u00eeus\n  culpam omn\u00eas p\u00fbn\u00eeret. Interrogant\u00ee Pomp\u00eai\u00f4 quisnam ille \u00fbnus\n  esset, \"Ego\" inquit Sthenius \"qu\u00ee c\u00eev\u00eas me\u00f4s ad id ind\u00fbx\u00ee.\"\n    [[82]]\n  Tam l\u00eeber\u00e2 v\u00f4ce d\u00ealect\u00e2tus Pomp\u00eaius omnibus et Stheni\u00f4 ips\u00ee       {40}\n  pepercit.[1]\n\n  Tr\u00e2nsgressus inde in \u00c2fricam Iarbam, Numidiae r\u00eagem, qu\u00ee\n  Mari\u00ee partibus fav\u00eabat, bell\u00f4 persec\u00fbtus intr\u00e2 di\u00eas quadr\u00e2gint\u00e2\n  oppressit et \u00c2fricam sub\u00eagit adul\u00easc\u00eans[2] quattuor et v\u00eegint\u00ee\n  ann\u00f4rum. Deinde cum litterae e\u00ee \u00e2 Sull\u00e2 redditae essent, quibus   {45}\n  exercit\u00fb[3] d\u00eemiss\u00f4 cum \u00fbn\u00e2 legi\u00f4ne success\u00f4rem exspect\u00e2re\n  iub\u00eab\u00e2tur, Pomp\u00eaius, quamquam aegr\u00ea id fer\u00eabat, tamen p\u00e2ruit et\n  R\u00f4mam revertit. Revertent\u00ee incr\u00eadibilis hominum multit\u00fbd\u00f4\n  obviam \u00eevit; Sulla quoque laetus eum exc\u00eapit et M\u00e2gn\u00ee\n  c\u00f4gn\u00f4mine c\u00f4nsal\u00fbt\u00e2vit. Nihil\u00f4 minus Pomp\u00eai\u00f4 triumphum petent\u00ee    {50}\n  restitit: neque v\u00ear\u00f4 e\u00e2 r\u00ea \u00e2 pr\u00f4posit\u00f4 d\u00eaterritus est Pomp\u00eaius\n  aususque[4] d\u00eecere pl\u00fbr\u00eas ad\u00f4r\u00e2re s\u00f4lem orientem quam occidentem:\n  qu\u00f4 dict\u00f4 innu\u00eabat Sullae potentiam minu\u00ee, suam cr\u00eascere.\n  E\u00e2 v\u00f4ce aud\u00eet\u00e2 Sulla, c\u00f4nf\u00eedenti\u00e2 adul\u00eascentis perculsus,[5]\n  \"Triumphet! triumphet!\" excl\u00e2m\u00e2vit.                               {55}\n\n  Metell\u00f4[6] iam sen\u00ee[7] et bellum in Hisp\u00e2ni\u00e2 s\u00eagnius gerent\u00ee\n  conl\u00eaga datus Pomp\u00eaius adversus Sert\u00f4rium vari\u00f4 \u00eavent\u00fb d\u00eemic\u00e2vit.\n  M\u00e2ximum ibi in proeli\u00f4 qu\u00f4dam per\u00eeculum subiit: cum enim vir\n  v\u00e2st\u00e2 corporis m\u00e2gnit\u00fbdine impetum in eum f\u00eacisset, Pomp\u00eaius\n  manum amput\u00e2vit; sed mult\u00ees[8] in eum concurrentibus vulnus in    {60}\n  femore acc\u00eapit et \u00e2 su\u00ees fugientibus d\u00easertus in[9] hostium potest\u00e2te\n  erat. At praeter spem \u00eav\u00e2sit: barbar\u00ee enim equum \u00eaius aur\u00f4\n  phaler\u00eesque eximi\u00ees \u00eenstr\u00fbctum c\u00eaperant. Dum igitur praedam\n  inter s\u00ea altercant\u00eas[10] partiuntur, Pomp\u00eaius e\u00f4rum man\u00fbs eff\u00fbgit.\n  Alter\u00f4 proeli\u00f4 cum Metellus Pomp\u00eai\u00f4 lab\u00f4rant\u00ee auxili\u00f4 v\u00eanisset,   {65}\n  Sert\u00f4rius rec\u00eadere co\u00e2ctus d\u00eexisse fertur: \"Nisi anus illa\n    [[83]]\n  superv\u00eanisset,[1] ego hunc puerum verberibus cast\u00eeg\u00e2tum R\u00f4mam\n  d\u00eem\u00eesissem.\"[1] Metellum anum appell\u00e2bat, quia is, iam senex,[2] ad\n  mollem et eff\u00eamin\u00e2tam v\u00eetam d\u00eaflexerat. Sert\u00f4ri\u00f4 interfect\u00f4\n  Pomp\u00eaius Hisp\u00e2niam rec\u00eapit.                                       {70}\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 67.]\n\n  Cum[3] p\u00eer\u00e2tae ill\u00e2 tempest\u00e2te\n  maria omnia \u00eenf\u00east\u00e2rent[3] et qu\u00e2sdam\n  etiam \u00cetaliae urb\u00eas d\u00eeripuissent,[3]\n  ad e\u00f4s opprimend\u00f4s\n  cum imperi\u00f4 extra\u00f4rdin\u00e2ri\u00f4                                        {75}\n  missus est Pomp\u00eaius. Nimiae\n  vir\u00ee potentiae obsist\u00eabant qu\u00eedam\n  ex optim\u00e2tibus et impr\u00eem\u00ees Qu\u00eentus Catulus. Qu\u00ee cum in c\u00f4nti\u00f4ne\n  d\u00eexisset esse quidem[4] praecl\u00e2rum virum Cn. Pomp\u00eaium, sed[4] n\u00f4n\n  esse \u00fbn\u00ee omnia tribuenda, adi\u00eacissetque: \"S\u00ee quid hu\u00eec acciderit,\n  quem in \u00eaius locum substitu\u00eatis?\" summ\u00f4 c\u00f4ns\u00eans\u00fb succl\u00e2m\u00e2vit      {81}\n  \u00fbniversa c\u00f4nti\u00f4, \"T\u00ea, Qu\u00eente Catule.\" Tam hon\u00f4rific\u00f4 c\u00eevium\n  t\u00eastim\u00f4ni\u00f4 victus Catulus \u00ea c\u00f4nti\u00f4ne discessit. Pomp\u00eaius,\n  disposit\u00ees[5] per omn\u00eas maris recess\u00fbs n\u00e2vibus, brev\u00ee terr\u00e2rum orbem\n  ill\u00e2 p\u00easte l\u00eeber\u00e2vit; praed\u00f4n\u00eas mult\u00ees loc\u00ees vict\u00f4s f\u00fbdit; e\u00f4sdem\n  in d\u00eaditi\u00f4nem accept\u00f4s in urbibus et agr\u00ees procul \u00e2 mar\u00ee          {86}\n  conloc\u00e2vit. Nihil h\u00e2c vict\u00f4ri\u00e2 celerius, nam intr\u00e2 quadr\u00e2g\u00easimum\n  diem p\u00eer\u00e2t\u00e2s t\u00f4t\u00f4 mar\u00ee expulit.\n\n    [Illustration: N\u00c2VIS P\u00ceR\u00c2TA]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 66.]\n\n  C\u00f4nfect\u00f4 bell\u00f4 p\u00eer\u00e2tic\u00f4, Gnaeus Pomp\u00eaius contr\u00e2 Mithrid\u00e2tem\n  profectus in Asiam m\u00e2gn\u00e2 celerit\u00e2te contendit. Proelium           {90}\n  cum r\u00eage c\u00f4nserere cupi\u00eabat, neque[6] opport\u00fbna dab\u00e2tur\n  p\u00fbgnand\u00ee facult\u00e2s, quia Mithrid\u00e2t\u00eas interdi\u00fb castr\u00ees s\u00ea contin\u00eabat,\n  noct\u00fb v\u00ear\u00f4 haud t\u00fbtum erat congred\u00ee cum hoste in loc\u00ees \u00eegn\u00f4t\u00ees.\n  Nocte tamen aliquand\u00f4 cum Pomp\u00eaius Mithrid\u00e2tem aggressus\n  esset, l\u00fbna m\u00e2gn\u00f4 fuit R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ees adi\u00fbment\u00f4. Quam cum R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee         {95}\n    [[84]]\n  \u00e2[1] terg\u00f4 hab\u00earent, umbrae corporum longius pr\u00f4iectae ad pr\u00eem\u00f4s\n  \u00fbsque hostium \u00f4rdin\u00eas pertin\u00eabant, unde d\u00eacept\u00ee r\u00eagi\u00ee m\u00eelit\u00eas in\n  umbr\u00e2s, tamquam in propinquum hostem, t\u00eala mitt\u00eabant. Victus\n  Mithrid\u00e2t\u00eas in Pontum prof\u00fbgit. Pharnac\u00eas f\u00eelius bellum e\u00ee        {99}\n  intulit, qu\u00ee, occ\u00ees\u00ees \u00e2 patre fr\u00e2tribus, v\u00eetae suae ipse tim\u00eabat.\n  Mithrid\u00e2t\u00eas \u00e2 f\u00eeli\u00f4 obsessus[2] ven\u00eanum s\u00fbmpsit; quod cum tardius\n  sub\u00eeret, quia adversus ven\u00eana mult\u00ees ante\u00e2 medic\u00e2ment\u00ees corpus\n  f\u00eerm\u00e2verat, \u00e2 m\u00eelite Gall\u00f4, \u00e2[3] qu\u00f4 ut adiuv\u00e2ret s\u00ea petierat,\n  interfectus est.\n\n    [Illustration: DIAD\u00caMA]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 63.]\n\n  Tigr\u00e2n\u00ee deinde, Armeniae r\u00eag\u00ee, qu\u00ee Mithrid\u00e2tis part\u00eas sec\u00fbtus    {105}\n  erat, Pomp\u00eaius bellum intulit eumque ad d\u00eaditi\u00f4nem compulit.\n  Qu\u00ee cum pr\u00f4cubuisset ad genua Pomp\u00ea\u00ee, eum\n  \u00ear\u00eaxit,[4] et ben\u00eegn\u00ees verb\u00ees recre\u00e2tum diad\u00eama,\n  quod abi\u00eacerat, capit\u00ee rep\u00f4nere iussit, aequ\u00ea[5]\n  pulchrum esse i\u00fbdic\u00e2ns et vincere r\u00eag\u00eas et                       {110}\n  facere. Inde in I\u00fbdaeam profectus R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum\n  pr\u00eemus[6] I\u00fbdae\u00f4s domuit, Hierosolyma,\n  caput gentis, c\u00eapit, templumque i\u00fbre[7]\n  vict\u00f4riae ingressus est. R\u00eabus Asiae                             {114}\n  composit\u00ees, in Italiam versus[8] ad urbem[9] v\u00eanit, n\u00f4n, ut pl\u00ear\u00eeque\n  timuerant, arm\u00e2tus, sed d\u00eemiss\u00f4 exercit\u00fb, et tertium triumphum\n  b\u00eedu\u00f4[10] d\u00fbxit. \u00cens\u00eegnis fuit mult\u00ees nov\u00ees in\u00fbsit\u00e2t\u00eesque \u00f4rn\u00e2ment\u00ees\n  h\u00eec triumphus; sed nihil inl\u00fbstrius v\u00eesum, quam quod[11] tribus\n  triumph\u00ees tr\u00eas orbis part\u00eas d\u00eavictae causam praebuerant: Pomp\u00eaius\n    [[85]]\n  enim, quod[1] ante\u00e2 contigerat n\u00eamin\u00ee, pr\u00eemum ex \u00c2fric\u00e2,         {120}\n  iterum ex Eur\u00f4p\u00e2, terti\u00f4 ex Asi\u00e2 triumph\u00e2vit, f\u00eal\u00eex op\u00eeni\u00f4ne\n  hominum fut\u00fbrus, s\u00ee, quem[2] gl\u00f4riae, eundem v\u00eetae f\u00eenem habuisset\n  neque adversam fort\u00fbnam esset expertus iam senex.\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 49.]\n\n  Posteri\u00f4re enim tempore ort\u00e2 inter Pomp\u00eaium et Caesarem[3]\n  grav\u00ee diss\u00eansi\u00f4ne, quod[4] h\u00eec[5] superi\u00f4rem, ille[5] parem ferre\n  n\u00f4n posset, bellum c\u00eev\u00eele ex\u00e2rsit. Caesar \u00eenf\u00east\u00f4[6] exercit\u00fb    {126}\n  in \u00cetaliam v\u00eanit. Pomp\u00eaius, rel\u00eect\u00e2 urbe ac deinde \u00cetali\u00e2 ips\u00e2,\n  Thessaliam petit et cum e\u00f4 c\u00f4nsul\u00eas sen\u00e2tusque omnis: quem\n  \u00eensec\u00fbtus Caesar apud Phars\u00e2lum aci\u00ea f\u00fbdit. Victus Pomp\u00eaius\n  ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypt\u00ee r\u00eagem, cu\u00ee t\u00fbtor \u00e2 sen\u00e2t\u00fb datus erat,     {130}\n  prof\u00fbgit, qu\u00ee Pomp\u00eaium interfic\u00ee iussit. Latus Pomp\u00ea\u00ee sub ocul\u00ees\n  ux\u00f4ris et l\u00eeber\u00f4rum m\u00fbcr\u00f4ne c\u00f4nfossum est, caput praec\u00eesum,\n  truncus in N\u00eelum coniectus. Deinde caput cum \u00e2nul\u00f4 ad Caesarem\n  d\u00eal\u00e2tum est, qu\u00ee e\u00f4 v\u00ees\u00f4 lacrim\u00e2s n\u00f4n contin\u00eans illud\n  mult\u00ees preti\u00f4sissim\u00eesque od\u00f4ribus cremandum c\u00fbr\u00e2vit.             {135}\n\n  Is fuit Pomp\u00ea\u00ee post tr\u00eas c\u00f4nsul\u00e2t\u00fbs et totidem triumph\u00f4s v\u00eetae\n  exitus. Erant in Pomp\u00eai\u00f4 multae et m\u00e2gnae virt\u00fbt\u00eas ac praecipu\u00ea\n  adm\u00eeranda fr\u00fbg\u00e2lit\u00e2s. Cum e\u00ee aegr\u00f4tant\u00ee praec\u00eapisset\n  medicus ut turdum ederet, neg\u00e2rent autem[7] serv\u00ee eam avem\n  \u00fbsquam aest\u00eev\u00f4 tempore posse reper\u00eer\u00ee, nisi apud L\u00fbcullum, qu\u00ee   {140}\n  turd\u00f4s dom\u00ee sag\u00een\u00e2ret, vetuit Pomp\u00eaius turdum inde pet\u00ee, medic\u00f4que\n  d\u00eexit: \"Erg\u00f4,[8] nisi L\u00fbcullus perditus d\u00ealici\u00ees esset, n\u00f4n\n  v\u00eeveret Pomp\u00eaius?\" Aliam avem, quae par\u00e2bilis esset, sibi iussit\n  app\u00f4n\u00ee.\n\n    [[86]]\n  Vir\u00ees[1] doct\u00ees m\u00e2gnum hon\u00f4rem hab\u00eabat Pomp\u00eaius. Ex Syri\u00e2        {145}\n  d\u00eac\u00ead\u00eans, c\u00f4nfect\u00f4 bell\u00f4 Mithrid\u00e2tic\u00f4, cum Rhodum v\u00eanisset,\n  Pos\u00eed\u00f4nium cupiit aud\u00eere[2]; sed cum aud\u00eevisset eum graviter esse\n  aegrum, quod[3] vehementer \u00eaius art\u00fbs lab\u00f4r\u00e2rent, voluit tamen\n  n\u00f4bilissimum philosophum v\u00eesere. M\u00f4s erat ut, c\u00f4nsule[4] aed\u00eas   {149}\n  aliqu\u00e2s ingress\u00fbr\u00f4, l\u00eector for\u00eas percuteret,[5] admon\u00eans c\u00f4nsulem\n  adesse, at Pomp\u00eaius for\u00eas Pos\u00eed\u00f4ni\u00ee percut\u00ee hon\u00f4ris caus\u00e2 vetuit.\n  Quem ut v\u00eedit et sal\u00fbt\u00e2vit, molest\u00ea s\u00ea d\u00eexit ferre, quod eum n\u00f4n\n  posset aud\u00eere. At ille \"T\u00fb v\u00ear\u00f4\" inquit \"potes, nec committam\n  ut dolor corporis efficiat[5] ut fr\u00fbstr\u00e2 tantus vir ad m\u00ea v\u00eanerit.[5]\"\n  Itaque cub\u00e2ns graviter et c\u00f4pi\u00f4s\u00ea d\u00ea h\u00f4c ips\u00f4 disput\u00e2vit: nihil  {155}\n  esse[6] bonum nisi quod honestum esset, nihil malum d\u00eec\u00ee posse,\n  quod turpe n\u00f4n esset. Cum v\u00ear\u00f4 dol\u00f4r\u00eas \u00e2criter eum pungerent,\n  saepe \"Nihil agis,\" inquit \"dolor! quamv\u00ees[7] s\u00ees molestus, numquam\n  t\u00ea esse malum c\u00f4nfit\u00eabor.\"\n\n    [Footnotes: XXVI (pages 80-86)\n\n    80.3: See Vocab., _Pomp\u00eaius_.\n    80.4: The reference is to the war between Marius and Sulla. See\n    selections XXIV and XXV.\n    80.5: Cf. _iuven\u00ee_, l. 7. We should say 'the younger.' He was at\n    this time but nineteen years of age.\n    80.6: #hunc . . . susc\u00eapit#: 'undertook to kill him.' How\n    literally? For #occ\u00eedendum#, see p.\u00a02, n.\u00a018.\n    80.7: #dum#, though meaning 'while' (cf. p. xx, G\u00a02), takes the\n    subjunctive here because of the informal indir. disc. Terenti\n    said: _f\u00eelium .\u00a0.\u00a0. suscipiam dum ali\u00ee incenditis_.\n    80.8: #solit\u00f4 hilarius#: 'with (even) more gaiety than usual.'\n    #solit\u00f4# is here a noun. Neuter adj. and part. are often so used.\n    For its case, see p.\u00a010, n.\u00a018.\n    80.9: #qu\u00e2 ante\u00e2#: sc. _\u00fbsus erat_.\n    80.10: _percuti\u00f4_.\n    81.1: 'proved himself.'\n    81.2: See p. 25, n. 6.\n    81.3: objective gen. (p. 14, n. 15) with the part. #temper\u00e2ns#,\n    which here = a simple adj. So #somn\u00ee# is obj. gen. with #parcus#.\n    81.4: Sc. _erat_.\n    81.5: abl. of specification.\n    81.6: #e\u00ee venient\u00ee#: '(as a mark of respect) to him when\n    approaching.' #e\u00ee# is a dat. of advantage with #adsurgere#.\n    81.7: After #quem#, whose antecedent is #Carb\u00f4#, l. 31, this word\n    might have been omitted without loss of clearness. In fact, such\n    omission is the more usual construction.\n    81.8: #quae . . . fuisset#: causal. Note that in forming the\n    pluperfect subjunctive certain writers often use _fuisset_ for\n    _esset_.\n    81.9: What were the exact words of Sthenius?\n    82.1: _parc\u00f4_.\n    82.2: '(being then) a young man.' Cf. p. 44, n. 12.\n    82.3: #exercit\u00fb d\u00eemiss\u00f4 . . . exspect\u00e2re# = _exercitum d\u00eemittere\n    et .\u00a0.\u00a0. exspect\u00e2re_.\n    82.4: Cf. p. 13, n. 12.\n    82.5: _percell\u00f4_.\n    82.6: Quintus Caecilius Metellus, proconsul in Spain 79-76 B.C.\n    82.7: #sen\u00ee#: 'because he was old.'\n    82.8: #mult\u00ees . . . concurrentibus#: the abl. abs. here denotes\n    both time and cause; see p. xxiii, K\u00a06. The prefix in\n    #concurrentibus# conveys the idea of 'from every side.'\n    82.9: #in . . . erat# = _ab hostibus captus est_.\n    82.10: #altercant\u00eas partiuntur#: lit., 'wrangling they divided' =\n    'they wrangled about the division.'\n    83.1: Why subjunctive?\n    83.2: '_though_ already old.' The thought is that luxury and\n    effeminacy are especially unbecoming to old age.\n    83.3: See p. xx, H 2. What is the meaning of the change of tense\n    in #d\u00eeripuissent#?\n    83.4: Cf. p. 10, n. 10.\n    83.5: See p. xxiii, K 10.\n    83.6: #neque . . . facult\u00e2s#: 'but no opportunity,' etc.\n    84.1: #\u00e2 terg\u00f4#: 'in the rear.' See p. 11, n. 10.\n    84.2: _obside\u00f4_.\n    84.3: #\u00e2 qu\u00f4 . . . petierat#: 'whom he had asked to help him.' How\n    literally? #ut adiuv\u00e2ret s\u00ea# is a substantive clause of purpose\n    and object of _petierat_. See p.\u00a07, n.\u00a020.\n    84.4: _\u00earig\u00f4_.\n    84.5: #aequ\u00ea . . . facere#: lit., 'because he thought it an\n    equally fine thing both to conquer kings and to create them.' The\n    expression is somewhat careless. We would say: 'as glorious to\n    create kings as to conquer them.' #aequ\u00ea pulchrum# is predicate,\n    #et vincere .\u00a0.\u00a0. et facere# subject to #esse#.\n    84.6: #pr\u00eemus . . . domuit#: cf. p. 38, n. 1.\n    84.7: #i\u00fbre vict\u00f4riae#: 'by right of (i.e. on the strength\u00a0of) his\n    victory.'\n    84.8: 'turning'; lit., 'having turned himself.' Cf. n. on\n    _cingitur_, XIII, l.\u00a029.\n    84.9: 'the City,' i.e. Rome.\n    84.10: Cf. p. xvii, D 1.\n    84.11: #quod . . . praebuerant#: 'the fact that the conquest of\n    (the) three parts,' etc. Cf. p.\u00a05, n.\u00a015, and p. xxiv, L\u00a04.\n    85.1: 'something which'; its antecedent is the clause #pr\u00eemum\n    .\u00a0.\u00a0. triumph\u00e2vit# below.\n    85.2: With #quem gl\u00f4riae#, sc. _f\u00eenem habuit_.\n    85.3: The famous C. Julius Caesar, for whom see next selection.\n    85.4: #quod . . . posset#: 'because (as men said) the one,' etc.\n    For the subjunctive, see p. xxi, H\u00a04.\n    85.5: #h\u00eec . . . ille#: 'the one (Caesar) . . . the other\n    (Pompey).'\n    85.6: #\u00eenf\u00east\u00f4 exercit\u00fb#: abl. of accompaniment: H\u00a0474, 2, N. 1\n    (419, III, 1,\u00a01): M\u00a0634: A\u00a0243, _a_, N.: G\u00a0392, R. 1: B\u00a0222,\u00a01.\n    85.7: #autem# contrasts #neg\u00e2rent# with #praec\u00eapisset#. There is a\n    contrast also between #serv\u00ee# and #medicus#.\n    85.8: #Erg\u00f4 . . . Pomp\u00eaius#? The force of this sentence can be\n    given only by a free rendering, thus: 'Shall it be said, then,\n    that Pompey would not be alive, had not Lucullus ruined himself by\n    his luxury?'\n    86.1: #Vir\u00ees . . . hab\u00eabat#: 'he highly honored learned men.'\n    86.2: _audi\u00f4_, like our 'hear,' is often used of listening to\n    lectures or to teachers.\n    86.3: #quod . . . lab\u00f4r\u00e2rent#: i.e. because he had the gout.\n    86.4: #c\u00f4nsule . . . ingress\u00fbr\u00f4#: 'whenever the consul,' etc.;\n    a\u00a0temporal abl. abs.\n    86.5: Subjunctive in substantive clauses of result: see p. xix,\n    F\u00a03.\n    86.6: infinitive, because the clause in which it stands is in\n    apposition to #h\u00f4c#. This use of the infin. is common.\n    86.7: #quamv\u00ees s\u00ees#: concessive subjunctive: H\u00a0586, II (515, III):\n    M\u00a0875: A\u00a0313, _a_: G\u00a0606: B\u00a0308.]\n\n\n#XXVII. Gaius Iulius Caesar# [[stripped text]]\n\nC. Iulius Caesar, nobilissima Iuliorum genitus familia, annum agens\nsextum et decimum patrem amisit. Corneliam, Cinnae filiam, duxit uxorem;\ncuius pater cum esset Sullae inimicissimus, is Caesarem voluit\ncompellere ut eam repudiaret; neque id potuit efficere. Qua re Caesar\nbonis spoliatus cum etiam ad necem quaereretur, mutata veste nocte urbe\nelapsus est et quamquam tunc quartanae morbo laborabat, prope per\nsingulas noctes latebras commutare cogebatur; et comprehensus a Sullae\nliberto, ne ad Sullam perduceretur, vix data pecunia evasit. Postremo\nper propinquos et adfines suos veniam impetravit. Satis constat Sullam,\ncum deprecantibus amicissimis et ornatissimis viris aliquamdiu\ndenegasset atque illi pertinaciter contenderent, expugnatum tandem\nproclamasse, vincerent, dummodo scirent eum, quem incolumem tanto opere\ncuperent, aliquando optimatium partibus, quas secum simul defendissent,\nexitio futurum; nam Caesari multos Marios inesse.\n\nStipendia prima in Asia fecit. In expugnatione Mitylenarum corona civica\ndonatus est. Mortuo Sulla, Rhodum secedere statuit, ut per otium\nApollonio Moloni, tunc clarissimo dicendi magistro, operam daret. Huc\ndum traicit, a praedonibus captus est mansitque apud eos prope\nquadraginta dies. Per omne autem illud spatium ita se gessit, ut piratis\npariter terrori venerationique esset. Comites interim servosque ad\nexpediendas pecunias, quibus redimeretur, dimisit. Viginti talenta\npiratae postulaverant: ille quinquaginta daturum se spopondit. Quibus\nnumeratis cum expositus esset in litore, confestim Miletum, quae urbs\nproxime aberat, properavit ibique contracta classe invectus in eum\nlocum, in quo ipsi praedones erant, partem classis fugavit, partem\nmersit, aliquot naves cepit piratasque in potestatem redactos eo\nsupplicio, quod illis saepe minatus inter iocum erat, adfecit crucique\nsuffixit.\n\nQuaestori ulterior Hispania obvenit. Quo profectus cum Alpes transiret\net ad conspectum pauperis cuiusdam vici comites per iocum inter se\ndisputarent num illic etiam esset ambitioni locus, serio dixit Caesar\nmalle se ibi primum esse, quam Romae secundum. Dominationis avidus\na\u00a0prima aetate regnum concupiscebat semperque in ore habebat hos\nEuripidis, Graeci poetae, versus:\n\n  Nam si violandum est ius, regnandi gratia\n  Violandum est. Aliis rebus pietatem colas.\n\nCumque Gades, quod est Hispaniae oppidum, venisset, animadversa apud\nHerculis templum magni Alexandri imagine ingemuit et quasi pertaesus\nignaviam suam, quod nihildum a se memorabile actum esset in ea aetate,\nqua iam Alexander orbem terrarum subegisset, missionem continuo\nefflagitavit ad captandas quam primum maiorum rerum occasiones in urbe.\n\nAedilis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitolium ornavit porticibus.\nVenationes autem ludosque et cum conlega M. Bibulo et separatim edidit:\nquo factum est ut communium quoque impensarum solus gratiam caperet. His\nautem rebus patrimonium effudit tantumque conflavit aes alienum, ut ipse\ndiceret sibi opus esse millies sestertium, ut haberet nihil.\n\nConsul deinde creatus cum M. Bibulo, societatem cum Gnaeo Pompeio et\nMarco Crasso iunxit Caesar, ne quid ageretur in re publica, quod\ndisplicuisset ulli ex tribus. Deinde legem tulit ut ager Campanus plebi\ndivideretur. Cui legi cum senatus repugnaret, rem ad populum detulit.\nBibulus conlega in Forum venit, ut legi obsisteret, sed tanta in eum\ncommota est seditio, ut in caput eius cophinus stercore plenus\neffunderetur fascesque ei frangerentur atque adeo ipse armis Foro\nexpelleretur. Qua re cum Bibulus per reliquum anni tempus domo abditus\nCuria abstineret, unus ex eo tempore Caesar omnia in re publica ad\narbitrium administrabat, ut nonnulli urbanorum, si quid testandi gratia\nsignarent, per iocum non, ut mos erat, 'consulibus Caesare et\nBibulo' actum scriberent, sed 'Iulio et Caesare,' unum consulem nomine\net cognomine pro duobus appellantes.\n\nFunctus consulatu Caesar Galliam provinciam accepit. Gessit autem novem\nannis, quibus in imperio fuit, haec fere: Galliam in provinciae formam\nredegit; Germanos, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Romanorum ponte\nfabricato aggressus maximis adfecit cladibus. Aggressus est Britannos,\nignotos antea, superatisque pecunias et obsides imperavit. Hic cum multa\nRomanorum militum insignia narrantur, tum illud egregium ipsius\nCaesaris, quod, nutante in fugam exercitu, rapto fugientis e manu scuto\nin primam volitans aciem proelium restituit. Idem alio proelio legionis\naquiliferum ineundae fugae causa iam conversum faucibus comprehensum in\ncontrariam partem detraxit dextramque ad hostem tendens \"Quorsum tu\"\ninquit \"abis? Illic sunt, cum quibus dimicamus.\" Qua adhortatione omnium\nlegionum trepidationem correxit vincique paratas vincere docuit.\n\nInterfecto interea apud Parthos Crasso et defuncta Iulia, Caesaris\nfilia, quae, nupta Pompeio, generi socerique concordiam tenebat, statim\naemulatio erupit. Iam pridem Pompeio suspectae Caesaris opes et Caesari\nPompeiana dignitas gravis, nec hic ferebat parem, nec ille superiorem.\nItaque cum Caesar in Gallia detineretur, et, ne imperfecto bello\ndiscederet, postulasset ut sibi liceret, quamvis absenti, alterum\nconsulatum petere, a senatu, suadentibus Pompeio eiusque amicis, negatum\nei est. Hanc iniuriam acceptam vindicaturus in Italiam rediit et\nbellandum ratus cum exercitu Rubiconem flumen, qui provinciae eius finis\nerat, transiit. Hoc ad flumen paulum constitisse fertur ac reputans\nquantum moliretur, conversus ad proximos, \"Etiamnunc\" inquit \"regredi\npossumus; quod si ponticulum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt.\"\nPostremo autem \"Iacta alea esto!\" exclamans exercitum traici iussit\nplurimisque urbibus occupatis Brundisium contendit, quo Pompeius\nconsulesque confugerant.\n\nQui cum inde in Epirum traiecissent, Caesar, eos secutus a Brundisio,\nDyrrachium inter oppositas classes gravissima hieme transmisit;\ncopiisque quas subsequi iusserat diutius cessantibus, cum ad eas\narcessendas frustra misisset, mirae audaciae facinus edidit. Morae enim\nimpatiens castris noctu egreditur, clam naviculam conscendit, obvoluto\ncapite, ne agnosceretur, et quamquam mare saeva tempestate intumescebat,\nin altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium iubet et, gubernatore\ntrepidante, \"Quid times?\" inquit \"Caesarem vehis!\" neque prius\ngubernatorem cedere adversae tempestati passus est, quam paene obrutus\nesset fluctibus.\n\nDeinde Caesar in Epirum profectus Pompeium Pharsalico proelio fudit, et\nfugientem persecutus, ut occisum cognovit, Ptolemaeo regi, Pompeii\ninterfectori, a quo sibi quoque insidias tendi videret, bellum intulit;\nquo victo in Pontum transiit Pharnacemque, Mithridatis filium,\nrebellantem et multiplici successu praeferocem intra quintum ab adventu\ndiem, quattuor, quibus in conspectum venit, horis una profligavit acie,\nmore fulminis, quod uno eodemque momento venit, percussit, abscessit.\nNec vana de se praedicatio est Caesaris ante victum hostem esse quam\nvisum. Pontico postea triumpho trium verborum praetulit titulum: \"Veni,\nvidi, vici.\" Deinde Scipionem et Iubam, Numidiae regem, reliquias\nPompeianarum partium in Africa refoventes, devicit.\n\nVictorem Africani belli Gaium Caesarem gravius excepit Hispaniense, quod\nCn. Pompeius, Magni filius, adulescens fortissimus, ingens ac terribile\nconflaverat, undique ad eum auxiliis paterni nominis magnitudinem\nsequentium ex toto orbe confluentibus. Sua Caesarem in Hispaniam\ncomitata fortuna est: sed nullum umquam atrocius periculosiusque ab eo\ninitum proelium, adeo ut, plus quam dubio Marte, descenderet equo\nconsistensque ante recedentem suorum aciem increpans fortunam, quod se\nin eum servasset exitum, denuntiaret militibus vestigio se non\nrecessurum; proinde viderent, quem et quo loco imperatorem deserturi\nessent. Verecundia magis quam virtute acies restituta est. Cn. Pompeius\nvictus et interemptus est. Caesar, omnium victor, regressus in urbem\nomnibus, qui contra se arma tulerant, ignovit et quinquies triumphavit.\n\nBellis civilibus confectis, conversus iam ad ordinandum rei publicae\nstatum fastos correxit annumque ad cursum solis accommodavit, ut\ntrecentorum sexaginta quinque dierum esset et, intercalario mense\nsublato, unus dies quarto quoque anno intercalaretur. Ius laboriosissime\nac severissime dixit. Repetundarum convictos etiam ordine senatorio\nmovit. Peregrinarum mercium portoria instituit: legem praecipue\nsumptuariam exercuit. De ornanda instruendaque urbe, item de tuendo\nampliandoque imperio plura ac maiora in dies destinabat: imprimis ius\ncivile ad certum modum redigere atque ex immensa legum copia optima\nquaeque et necessaria in paucissimos conferre libros; bibliothecas\nGraecas et Latinas, quas maximas posset, publicare; siccare Pomptinas\npaludes: viam munire a Mari Supero per Apennini dorsum ad Tiberim usque:\nDacos, qui se in Pontum effuderant, coercere: mox Parthis bellum inferre\nper Armeniam.\n\nHaec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevenit. Dictator enim in\nperpetuum creatus agere insolentius coepit: senatum ad se venientem\nsedens excepit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem, irato vultu respexit.\nCum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus bellis comes et tunc consulatus\nconlega, capiti eius in sella aurea sedentis pro rostris diadema,\ninsigne regium, imposuisset, id ita ab eo est repulsum, ut non offensus\nvideretur. Quare coniuratum in eum est a sexaginta amplius viris, Cassio\net Bruto ducibus conspirationis, decretumque eum Idibus Martiis in\nsenatu confodere.\n\nPlurima indicia futuri periculi obtulerant dii immortales. Uxor\nCalpurnia, territa nocturno visu, ut Idibus Martiis domi subsisteret\norabat et Spurinna haruspex praedixerat ut proximos dies triginta quasi\nfatales caveret, quorum ultimus erat Idus Martiae. Hoc igitur die Caesar\nSpurinnae \"Ecquid scis\" inquit \"Idus Martias iam venisse?\" et is \"Ecquid\nscis illas nondum praeterisse?\" Atque cum Caesar eo die in senatum\nvenisset, adsidentem conspirati specie officii circumsteterunt ilicoque\nunus, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propius accessit renuentique ab utroque\numero togam apprehendit. Deinde clamantem \"Ista quidem vis est!\" Casca,\nunus e coniuratis, adversum vulnerat paulum infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae\nbracchium adreptum graphio traiecit conatusque prosilire alio vulnere\ntardatus est. Dein ut animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti,\ntoga caput obvolvit et ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est. Cum\nMarcum Brutum, quem filii loco habebat in se inruentem vidisset, dixisse\nfertur: \"Tu quoque, mi fili!\"\n\nIllud inter omnes fere constitit talem ei mortem paene ex sententia\nobtigisse. Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophontem legisset Cyrum ultima\nvaletudine mandasse quaedam de funere suo, aspernatus tam lentum mortis\ngenus subitam sibi celeremque optaverat, et pridie quam occideretur, in\nsermone nato super cenam quisnam esset finis vitae commodissimus,\nrepentinum inopinatumque praetulerat. Percussorum autem neque triennio\nquisquam amplius supervixit neque sua morte defunctus est. Damnati omnes\nalius alio casu perierunt, pars naufragio, pars proelio; nonnulli semet\neodem illo pugione, quo Caesarem violaverant, interemerunt.\n\nQuo rarior in regibus et principibus viris moderatio, hoc laudanda magis\nest. C. Iulius Caesar victoria civili clementissime usus est; cum enim\nscrinia deprehendisset epistularum ad Pompeium missarum ab iis, qui\nvidebantur aut in diversis aut in neutris fuisse partibus, legere\nnoluit, sed combussit, ne forte in multos gravius consulendi locum\ndarent. Cicero hanc laudem eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivisci\nsoleret nisi iniurias. Simultates omnes, occasione oblata, libens\ndeposuit. Ultro ac prior scripsit C. Calvo post famosa eius adversum se\nepigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cuius versiculis famam suam laceratam\nnon ignorabat, adhibuit cenae. C. Memmii suffragator in petitione\nconsulatus fuit, etsi asperrimas fuisse eius in se orationes sciebat.\n\nFuisse traditur excelsa statura, ore paulo pleniore, nigris vegetisque\noculis, capite calvo; quam calvitii deformitatem, quod saepe\nobtrectatorum iocis obnoxia erat, aegre ferebat. Ideo ex omnibus\ndecretis sibi a senatu populoque honoribus non alium aut recepit aut\nusurpavit libentius quam ius laureae perpetuo gestandae. Vini\nparcissimum eum fuisse ne inimici quidem negaverunt. Verbum Catonis est\nunum ex omnibus Caesarem ad evertendam rem publicam sobrium accessisse.\nArmorum et equitandi peritissimus, laboris ultra fidem patiens; in\nagmine nonnumquam equo, saepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, seu\nsol, seu imber erat. Longissimas vias incredibili celeritate\nconficiebat, ut persaepe nuntios de se praeveniret: neque eum morabantur\nflumina, quae vel nando vel innixus inflatis utribus traiciebat.\n\n\n  #XXVII. G\u00e2ius I\u00fblius Caesar# [[as printed]]\n\n    [Illustration: CAESAR]\n\n  C. I\u00fblius Caesar,[8] n\u00f4bilissim\u00e2 I\u00fbli\u00f4rum genitus\n  famili\u00e2,[9] annum ag\u00eans sextum et decimum patrem\n  \u00e2m\u00eesit. Corn\u00ealiam, Cinnae[10] f\u00eeliam, d\u00fbxit ux\u00f4rem;\n  c\u00fbius pater cum esset Sullae inim\u00eecissimus, is[11]\n  Caesarem voluit compellere ut eam repudi\u00e2ret;                      {5}\n  neque[12] id potuit efficere. Qu\u00e2 r\u00ea Caesar bon\u00ees\n  spoli\u00e2tus cum etiam ad necem quaerer\u00eatur, m\u00fbt\u00e2t\u00e2\n  veste nocte urbe \u00eal\u00e2psus[13] est et quamquam tunc\n    [[87]]\n  qu\u00e2rt\u00e2nae[1] morb\u00f4 lab\u00f4r\u00e2bat, prope[2] per singul\u00e2s noct\u00eas latebr\u00e2s\n  comm\u00fbt\u00e2re c\u00f4g\u00eab\u00e2tur; et compreh\u00eansus \u00e2 Sullae l\u00eeb\u00eart\u00f4, n\u00ea[3] ad   {10}\n  Sullam perd\u00fbcer\u00eatur, vix dat\u00e2[4] pec\u00fbni\u00e2 \u00eav\u00e2sit. Postr\u00eam\u00f4 per\n  propinqu\u00f4s et adf\u00een\u00eas su\u00f4s veniam impetr\u00e2vit. Satis c\u00f4nstat\n  Sullam, cum d\u00eaprecantibus[5] am\u00eecissim\u00ees et \u00f4rn\u00e2tissim\u00ees vir\u00ees\n  aliquamdi\u00fb d\u00eaneg\u00e2sset atque ill\u00ee pertin\u00e2citer contenderent,\n  exp\u00fbgn\u00e2tum tandem pr\u00f4cl\u00e2m\u00e2sse, vincerent,[6] dummodo sc\u00eerent[7] eum,\n  quem incolumem tant\u00f4 opere cuperent, aliquand\u00f4 optim\u00e2tium         {16}\n  partibus, qu\u00e2s s\u00eacum simul d\u00eafendissent, exiti\u00f4 fut\u00fbrum; nam\n  Caesar\u00ee mult\u00f4s Mari\u00f4s inesse.\n\n  St\u00eependia pr\u00eema in Asi\u00e2 f\u00eacit. In exp\u00fbgn\u00e2ti\u00f4ne Mityl\u00ean\u00e2rum\n  cor\u00f4n\u00e2 c\u00eevic\u00e2 d\u00f4n\u00e2tus est. Mortu\u00f4 Sull\u00e2, Rhodum s\u00eac\u00eadere          {20}\n  statuit, ut per otium Apoll\u00f4ni\u00f4 Mol\u00f4n\u00ee, tunc cl\u00e2rissim\u00f4 d\u00eecend\u00ee[8]\n  magistr\u00f4, operam daret. H\u00fbc dum tr\u00e2icit, \u00e2 praed\u00f4nibus captus\n  est m\u00e2nsitque apud e\u00f4s prope quadr\u00e2gint\u00e2 di\u00eas. Per omne autem\n  illud spatium ita s\u00ea gessit, ut p\u00eer\u00e2t\u00ees pariter terr\u00f4r\u00ee vener\u00e2ti\u00f4n\u00eeque\n  esset. Comit\u00eas interim serv\u00f4sque ad expediend\u00e2s pec\u00fbni\u00e2s, quibus  {25}\n  redimer\u00eatur, d\u00eem\u00eesit. V\u00eegint\u00ee talenta p\u00eer\u00e2tae p\u00f4stul\u00e2verant: ille\n  qu\u00eenqu\u00e2gint\u00e2 dat\u00fbrum s\u00ea spopondit. Quibus numer\u00e2t\u00ees cum           {27}\n  expositus esset in l\u00eetore, c\u00f4nf\u00eastim M\u00eel\u00eatum, quae urbs proxim\u00ea[9]\n  aberat, proper\u00e2vit ibique contr\u00e2ct\u00e2 classe invectus in eum locum,\n  in qu\u00f4 ips\u00ee praed\u00f4n\u00eas erant, partem classis fug\u00e2vit, partem mersit,\n  aliquot n\u00e2v\u00eas c\u00eapit p\u00eer\u00e2t\u00e2sque in potest\u00e2tem red\u00e2ct\u00f4s e\u00f4 supplici\u00f4,\n  quod ill\u00ees saepe min\u00e2tus inter iocum erat, adf\u00eacit cruc\u00eeque suff\u00eexit.\n\n    [[88]]\n  Quaest\u00f4r\u00ee \u00fblterior[1] Hisp\u00e2nia obv\u00eanit. Qu\u00f4 profectus cum Alp\u00eas\n  tr\u00e2ns\u00eeret et ad c\u00f4nspectum pauperis c\u00fbiusdam v\u00eec\u00ee comit\u00eas per     {35}\n  iocum inter s\u00ea disput\u00e2rent num ill\u00eec[2] etiam esset ambiti\u00f4n\u00ee locus,\n  s\u00eari\u00f4 d\u00eexit Caesar m\u00e2lle s\u00ea ibi pr\u00eemum esse, quam R\u00f4mae secundum.\n  Domin\u00e2ti\u00f4nis avidus[3] \u00e2\u00a0pr\u00eem\u00e2 aet\u00e2te r\u00eagnum concup\u00eesc\u00eabat\n  semperque in \u00f4re hab\u00eabat h\u00f4s Eur\u00eepidis, Graec\u00ee po\u00eatae, vers\u00fbs:\n\n    Nam s\u00ee violandum est i\u00fbs, r\u00eagnand\u00ee gr\u00e2ti\u00e2                       {40}\n    Violandum est. Ali\u00ees[4] r\u00eabus piet\u00e2tem col\u00e2s.[5]\n\n  Cumque Gad\u00eas, quod est Hisp\u00e2niae oppidum, v\u00eanisset, animadvers\u00e2\n  apud Herculis templum m\u00e2gn\u00ee Alexandr\u00ee im\u00e2gine ingemuit\n  et quasi pertaesus \u00eegn\u00e2viam suam, quod nihildum \u00e2 s\u00ea memor\u00e2bile\n  \u00e2ctum esset in e\u00e2 aet\u00e2te, qu\u00e2 iam Alexander orbem terr\u00e2rum        {45}\n  sub\u00eagisset, missi\u00f4nem continu\u00f4 effl\u00e2git\u00e2vit ad captand\u00e2s quam pr\u00eemum\n  m\u00e2i\u00f4rum r\u00earum occ\u00e2si\u00f4nes in urbe.\n\n  Aed\u00eelis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capit\u00f4lium \u00f4rn\u00e2vit\n  porticibus. V\u00ean\u00e2ti\u00f4nes autem l\u00fbd\u00f4sque[6] et cum conl\u00eag\u00e2 M. Bibul\u00f4\n  et s\u00eapar\u00e2tim \u00eadidit: qu\u00f4[7] factum est ut comm\u00fbnium quoque        {50}\n  imp\u00eans\u00e2rum s\u00f4lus gr\u00e2tiam caperet. H\u00ees autem r\u00eabus patrim\u00f4nium\n  eff\u00fbdit tantumque c\u00f4nfl\u00e2vit aes ali\u00eanum, ut ipse d\u00eeceret sibi[8] opus\n  esse m\u00eelli\u00eas s\u00eastertium, ut hab\u00earet nihil.\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 60.]\n\n  C\u00f4nsul deinde cre\u00e2tus cum M. Bibul\u00f4, societ\u00e2tem[9] cum Gnae\u00f4\n  Pomp\u00eai\u00f4 et Marc\u00f4 Crass\u00f4 i\u00fbnxit Caesar, n\u00ea quid ager\u00eatur in        {55}\n  r\u00ea p\u00fbblic\u00e2, quod displicuisset \u00fbll\u00ee ex tribus. Deinde l\u00eagem\n    [[89]]\n  tulit ut ager Camp\u00e2nus pl\u00eab\u00ee d\u00eev\u00eeder\u00eatur. Cu\u00ee l\u00eag\u00ee cum sen\u00e2tus\n  rep\u00fbgn\u00e2ret, rem ad populum d\u00eatulit. Bibulus conl\u00eaga in Forum\n  v\u00eanit, ut l\u00eag\u00ee obsisteret, sed tanta in eum comm\u00f4ta est s\u00eaditi\u00f4, ut\n  in caput \u00eaius cophinus stercore pl\u00eanus effunder\u00eatur fasc\u00easque e\u00ee  {60}\n  frangerentur atque ade\u00f4 ipse arm\u00ees For\u00f4 expeller\u00eatur. Qu\u00e2 r\u00ea\n  cum Bibulus per reliquum ann\u00ee tempus dom\u00f4 abditus C\u00fbri\u00e2 abstin\u00earet,\n  \u00fbnus ex e\u00f4 tempore Caesar omnia in r\u00ea p\u00fbblic\u00e2 ad arbitrium\n  administr\u00e2bat, ut n\u00f4nn\u00fbll\u00ee urb\u00e2n\u00f4rum, s\u00ee[1] quid t\u00eastand\u00ee gr\u00e2ti\u00e2\n  s\u00eegn\u00e2rent, per iocum n\u00f4n, ut m\u00f4s erat, 'c\u00f4nsulibus[2] Caesare et  {65}\n  Bibul\u00f4' \u00e2ctum[3] scr\u00eeberent, sed 'I\u00fbli\u00f4 et Caesare,' \u00fbnum c\u00f4nsulem\n  n\u00f4mine et c\u00f4gn\u00f4mine pr\u00f4 du\u00f4bus appellant\u00eas.\n\n  F\u00fbnctus[4] c\u00f4nsul\u00e2t\u00fb Caesar Galliam pr\u00f4vinciam acc\u00eapit. Gessit\n  autem novem[5] ann\u00ees, quibus[5] in imperi\u00f4 fuit, haec fer\u00ea: Galliam\n  in pr\u00f4vinciae f\u00f4rmam red\u00eagit; Germ\u00e2n\u00f4s, qu\u00ee tr\u00e2ns Rh\u00eanum          {70}\n  incolunt, pr\u00eemus R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum ponte fabric\u00e2t\u00f4 aggressus m\u00e2xim\u00ees\n  adf\u00eacit cl\u00e2dibus. Aggressus est Britann\u00f4s, \u00eegn\u00f4t\u00f4s ante\u00e2,\n  super\u00e2t\u00eesque[6] pec\u00fbni\u00e2s et obsid\u00eas imper\u00e2vit. H\u00eec[7] cum[8] multa\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4rum m\u00eelitum \u00eens\u00eegnia n\u00e2rrantur, tum[8] illud[9] \u00eagregium ips\u00eeus\n  Caesaris, quod, n\u00fbtante in fugam exercit\u00fb, rapt\u00f4 fugientis \u00ea man\u00fb\n  sc\u00fbt\u00f4 in pr\u00eemam volit\u00e2ns aciem proelium restituit. \u00cedem ali\u00f4      {76}\n  proeli\u00f4 legi\u00f4nis aquiliferum ineundae fugae caus\u00e2 iam[10] conversum\n  faucibus compreh\u00eansum[11] in contr\u00e2riam partem d\u00eatr\u00e2xit dextramque\n    [[90]]\n  ad hostem tend\u00eans \"Qu\u00f4rsum t\u00fb\" inquit \"ab\u00ees? Ill\u00eec sunt,\n  cum quibus d\u00eemic\u00e2mus.\" Qu\u00e2 adhort\u00e2ti\u00f4ne omnium legi\u00f4num           {80}\n  trepid\u00e2ti\u00f4nem corr\u00eaxit vinc\u00eeque par\u00e2t\u00e2s vincere docuit.\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 53.]\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 49.]\n\n  Interfect\u00f4 intere\u00e2 apud Parth\u00f4s Crass\u00f4 et d\u00eaf\u00fbnct\u00e2 I\u00fbli\u00e2,\n  Caesaris f\u00eeli\u00e2, quae, n\u00fbpta Pomp\u00eai\u00f4, gener\u00ee socer\u00eeque concordiam\n  ten\u00eabat,[1] statim aemul\u00e2ti\u00f4 \u00ear\u00fbpit. Iam pr\u00eedem Pomp\u00eai\u00f4\n  s\u00fbspectae[2] Caesaris op\u00eas et Caesar\u00ee Pomp\u00eai\u00e2na d\u00eegnit\u00e2s gravis,  {85}\n  nec h\u00eec[3] fer\u00eabat parem, nec ille[3] superi\u00f4rem. Itaque cum\n  Caesar in Galli\u00e2 d\u00eatin\u00ear\u00eatur, et, n\u00ea imperfect\u00f4 bell\u00f4 disc\u00eaderet,\n  p\u00f4stul\u00e2sset ut sibi lic\u00earet, quamv\u00ees absent\u00ee,[4] alterum c\u00f4nsul\u00e2tum\n  petere, \u00e2 sen\u00e2t\u00fb, su\u00e2dentibus Pomp\u00eai\u00f4 \u00eaiusque am\u00eec\u00ees, neg\u00e2tum e\u00ee\n  est. Hanc ini\u00fbriam acceptam vindic\u00e2t\u00fbrus[5] in \u00cetaliam rediit et  {90}\n  bellandum[6] ratus cum exercit\u00fb Rubic\u00f4nem fl\u00fbmen, qu\u00ee[7]\n  pr\u00f4vinciae \u00eaius f\u00eenis erat, tr\u00e2nsiit. H\u00f4c ad fl\u00fbmen paulum\n  c\u00f4nstitisse fertur ac reput\u00e2ns quantum m\u00f4l\u00eer\u00eatur, conversus ad\n  proxim\u00f4s, \"Etiamnunc\" inquit \"regred\u00ee possumus; quod s\u00ee ponticulum\n  tr\u00e2nsierimus, omnia arm\u00ees agenda erunt.\" Postr\u00eam\u00f4 autem           {95}\n  \"Iacta \u00e2lea est\u00f4!\" excl\u00e2m\u00e2ns exercitum tr\u00e2ic\u00ee iussit pl\u00fbrim\u00eesque\n  urbibus occup\u00e2t\u00ees Brundisium contendit, qu\u00f4 Pomp\u00eaius c\u00f4nsul\u00easque\n  c\u00f4nf\u00fbgerant.\n\n  Qu\u00ee cum inde in \u00cap\u00eerum tr\u00e2i\u00eacissent, Caesar, e\u00f4s sec\u00fbtus \u00e2        {99}\n  Brundisi\u00f4, Dyrrachium inter[8] opposit\u00e2s class\u00eas gravissim\u00e2 hieme\n  tr\u00e2nsm\u00eesit; c\u00f4pi\u00eesque[9] qu\u00e2s subsequ\u00ee iusserat di\u00fbtius cessantibus,\n  cum ad e\u00e2s arcessend\u00e2s fr\u00fbstr\u00e2 m\u00eesisset, m\u00eerae aud\u00e2ciae facinus\n    [[91]]\n  \u00eadidit. Morae enim impati\u00eans castr\u00ees noct\u00fb \u00eagreditur, clam\n  n\u00e2viculam c\u00f4nscendit, obvol\u00fbt\u00f4 capite, n\u00ea \u00e2gn\u00f4scer\u00eatur, et quamquam\n  mare saev\u00e2 tempest\u00e2te intum\u00easc\u00eabat, in altum tamen pr\u00f4tinus      {105}\n  d\u00eerig\u00ee n\u00e2vigium iubet et, gubern\u00e2t\u00f4re trepidante, \"Quid tim\u00eas?\"\n  inquit \"Caesarem vehis!\" neque prius[1] gubern\u00e2t\u00f4rem c\u00eadere\n  adversae tempest\u00e2t\u00ee passus est, quam[1] paene obrutus esset[1]\n  fluctibus.\n\n  [Sidenote: B.C. 48.]\n\n  Deinde Caesar in \u00cap\u00eerum profectus Pomp\u00eaium Phars\u00e2lic\u00f4            {110}\n  proeli\u00f4 f\u00fbdit, et fugientem persec\u00fbtus, ut occ\u00eesum c\u00f4gn\u00f4vit,\n  Ptolemae\u00f4 r\u00eag\u00ee, Pomp\u00eai\u00ee interfect\u00f4r\u00ee, \u00e2 qu\u00f4 sibi quoque\n  \u00eensidi\u00e2s tend\u00ee vid\u00earet, bellum intulit; qu\u00f4 vict\u00f4 in Pontum\n  tr\u00e2nsiit Pharnacemque, Mithrid\u00e2tis f\u00eelium, rebellantem et        {114}\n  multiplic\u00ee success\u00fb[2] praefer\u00f4cem intr\u00e2[3] qu\u00eentum ab advent\u00fb diem,\n  quattuor, quibus[4] in c\u00f4nspectum v\u00eanit, h\u00f4r\u00ees[4] \u00fbn\u00e2 pr\u00f4fl\u00eeg\u00e2vit\n  aci\u00ea, m\u00f4re fulminis, quod \u00fbn\u00f4 e\u00f4demque m\u00f4ment\u00f4 v\u00eanit, percussit,\n  abscessit. Nec v\u00e2na d\u00ea s\u00ea praedic\u00e2ti\u00f4 est Caesaris ante\n  victum hostem esse quam v\u00eesum.[5] Pontic\u00f4[6] poste\u00e2 triumph\u00f4\n  trium verb\u00f4rum praetulit titulum: \"V\u00ean\u00ee, v\u00eed\u00ee, v\u00eec\u00ee.\" Deinde     {120}\n  Sc\u00eepi\u00f4nem[7] et Iubam, Numidiae r\u00eagem, reliqui\u00e2s Pomp\u00eai\u00e2n\u00e2rum\n  partium in \u00c2fric\u00e2 refovent\u00eas, d\u00eav\u00eecit.[8]\n\n  Vict\u00f4rem \u00c2fric\u00e2n\u00ee bell\u00ee G\u00e2ium Caesarem gravius exc\u00eapit Hisp\u00e2ni\u00eanse,\n  quod Cn. Pomp\u00eaius, M\u00e2gn\u00ee[9] f\u00eelius, adul\u00easc\u00eans fortissimus,\n  ing\u00eans ac terribile c\u00f4nfl\u00e2verat, undique ad eum auxili\u00ees[10]     {125}\n  patern\u00ee n\u00f4minis m\u00e2gnit\u00fbdinem sequentium[11] ex t\u00f4t\u00f4 orbe\n      c\u00f4nfluentibus.\n    [[92]]\n  Sua[1] Caesarem in Hisp\u00e2niam comit\u00e2ta fort\u00fbna est: sed\n  n\u00fbllum umquam atr\u00f4cius per\u00eecul\u00f4siusque ab e\u00f4 initum proelium,\n  ade\u00f4 ut, pl\u00fbs[2] quam dubi\u00f4 M\u00e2rte, d\u00eascenderet equ\u00f4 c\u00f4nsist\u00eansque\n  ante rec\u00eadentem su\u00f4rum aciem increp\u00e2ns fort\u00fbnam, quod s\u00ea in      {130}\n  eum serv\u00e2sset exitum, d\u00ean\u00fbnti\u00e2ret m\u00eelitibus v\u00east\u00eegi\u00f4 s\u00ea n\u00f4n\n  recess\u00fbrum; proinde vid\u00earent,[3] quem[4] et qu\u00f4 loc\u00f4 imper\u00e2t\u00f4rem\n  d\u00easert\u00fbr\u00ee essent. Ver\u00eacundi\u00e2 magis quam virt\u00fbte aci\u00eas restit\u00fbta est.\n  Cn. Pomp\u00eaius victus et inter\u00eamptus est. Caesar, omnium victor,\n  regressus in urbem omnibus, qu\u00ee contr\u00e2 s\u00ea arma tulerant, \u00eegn\u00f4vit\n  et qu\u00eenqui\u00eas triumph\u00e2vit.                                        {136}\n\n  Bell\u00ees c\u00eev\u00eelibus c\u00f4nfect\u00ees, conversus iam ad \u00f4rdinandum re\u00ee\n  p\u00fbblicae statum f\u00e2st\u00f4s[5] corr\u00eaxit annumque ad cursum s\u00f4lis\n  accommod\u00e2vit, ut trecent\u00f4rum sex\u00e2gint\u00e2 qu\u00eenque di\u00earum esset\n  et, intercal\u00e2ri\u00f4[5] m\u00eanse subl\u00e2t\u00f4, \u00fbnus di\u00eas qu\u00e2rt\u00f4 qu\u00f4que[6] ann\u00f4\n  intercal\u00e2r\u00eatur. I\u00fbs lab\u00f4ri\u00f4sissim\u00ea ac sev\u00earissim\u00ea d\u00eexit.         {141}\n  Repetund\u00e2rum[7] convict\u00f4s etiam \u00f4rdine sen\u00e2t\u00f4ri\u00f4 m\u00f4vit. Peregr\u00een\u00e2rum\n  mercium port\u00f4ria \u00eenstituit: l\u00eagem[8] praecipu\u00ea s\u00fbmptu\u00e2riam exercuit.\n  D\u00ea \u00f4rnand\u00e2 \u00eenstruend\u00e2que urbe, item d\u00ea tuend\u00f4 ampliand\u00f4que\n  imperi\u00f4 pl\u00fbra ac m\u00e2i\u00f4ra in di\u00eas d\u00eastin\u00e2bat: impr\u00eem\u00ees i\u00fbs         {145}\n  c\u00eev\u00eele ad certum modum redigere[9] atque ex imm\u00eans\u00e2 l\u00eagum c\u00f4pi\u00e2\n    [[93]]\n  optima quaeque et necess\u00e2ria in paucissim\u00f4s c\u00f4nferre libr\u00f4s;\n  biblioth\u00eac\u00e2s Graec\u00e2s et Lat\u00een\u00e2s, qu\u00e2s[1] m\u00e2xim\u00e2s posset, p\u00fbblic\u00e2re;\n  sicc\u00e2re Pompt\u00een\u00e2s pal\u00fbd\u00eas: viam mun\u00eere \u00e2 Mar\u00ee Super\u00f4 per Apenn\u00een\u00ee\n  dorsum ad Tiberim \u00fbsque: D\u00e2c\u00f4s, qu\u00ee s\u00ea in Pontum eff\u00fbderant,     {150}\n  coerc\u00eare: mox Parth\u00ees bellum \u00eenferre per Armeniam.\n\n  Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praev\u00eanit. Dict\u00e2tor\n  enim in perpetuum cre\u00e2tus agere \u00eensolentius coepit: sen\u00e2tum ad\n  s\u00ea venientem sed\u00eans exc\u00eapit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem,  {154}\n  \u00eer\u00e2t\u00f4 vult\u00fb respexit. Cum Ant\u00f4nius,[2] Caesaris in omnibus bell\u00ees\n  comes et tunc c\u00f4nsul\u00e2t\u00fbs conl\u00eaga, capit\u00ee \u00eaius in sell\u00e2 aure\u00e2 sedentis\n  pr\u00f4 r\u00f4str\u00ees diad\u00eama, \u00eens\u00eegne r\u00eagium, imposuisset, id ita ab e\u00f4\n  est repulsum, ut n\u00f4n off\u00eansus vid\u00ear\u00eatur. Qu\u00e2r\u00ea coni\u00fbr\u00e2tum in\n  eum est \u00e2[3] sex\u00e2gint\u00e2 amplius vir\u00ees, Cassi\u00f4 et Br\u00fbt\u00f4 ducibus    {159}\n  c\u00f4nsp\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4nis, d\u00eacr\u00eatumque eum \u00cedibus M\u00e2rti\u00ees in sen\u00e2t\u00fb c\u00f4nfodere.\n\n  [Sidenote: March 15, B.C. 44.]\n\n  Pl\u00fbrima indicia fut\u00fbr\u00ee per\u00eecul\u00ee obtulerant di\u00ee immort\u00e2l\u00eas. Uxor\n  Calpurnia, territa nocturn\u00f4 v\u00ees\u00fb, ut \u00cedibus M\u00e2rti\u00ees dom\u00ee subsisteret\n  \u00f4r\u00e2bat et Sp\u00fbrinna har\u00fbspex praed\u00eexerat[4] ut proxim\u00f4s di\u00eas\n  tr\u00eegint\u00e2 quasi f\u00e2t\u00e2l\u00eas cav\u00earet, qu\u00f4rum ultimus erat \u00ced\u00fbs M\u00e2rtiae.\n  H\u00f4c igitur di\u00ea Caesar Sp\u00fbrinnae \"Ecquid sc\u00ees\" inquit \"\u00ced\u00fbs       {165}\n  M\u00e2rti\u00e2s iam v\u00eanisse?\" et is \"Ecquid sc\u00ees ill\u00e2s n\u00f4ndum praeter\u00eesse?\"\n  Atque cum Caesar e\u00f4 di\u00ea in sen\u00e2tum v\u00eanisset, ads\u00eedentem\n  c\u00f4nsp\u00eer\u00e2t\u00ee speci\u00ea[5] offici\u00ee circumstet\u00earunt \u00eelic\u00f4que \u00fbnus, quasi\n  aliquid rog\u00e2t\u00fbrus, propius accessit renuent\u00eeque[6] ab[7] utr\u00f4que\n  umer\u00f4 togam apprehendit. Deinde cl\u00e2mantem \"Ista quidem           {170}\n  v\u00ees est!\" Casca, \u00fbnus \u00ea coni\u00fbr\u00e2t\u00ees, adversum[8] vulnerat paulum\n    [[94]]\n  \u00eenfr\u00e2 iugulum. Caesar Cascae bracchium adreptum graphi\u00f4 tr\u00e2i\u00eacit\n  c\u00f4n\u00e2tusque pr\u00f4sil\u00eere ali\u00f4 vulnere tard\u00e2tus est. Dein ut\n  animadvertit undique s\u00ea strict\u00ees pugi\u00f4nibus pet\u00ee,[1] tog\u00e2 caput\n  obvolvit et ita tribus et v\u00eegint\u00ee pl\u00e2g\u00ees c\u00f4nfossus est. Cum      {175}\n  M\u00e2rcum Br\u00fbtum, quem f\u00eeli\u00ee loc\u00f4 hab\u00eabat in s\u00ea inruentem v\u00eedisset,\n  d\u00eexisse fertur: \"T\u00fb quoque, m\u00ee f\u00eel\u00ee!\"\n\n    [Illustration: THE DEATH OF CAESAR]\n\n  Illud inter omn\u00eas fer\u00ea c\u00f4nstitit t\u00e2lem e\u00ee mortem paene ex\n  sententi\u00e2 obtigisse.[2] Nam et quondam cum apud Xenoph\u00f4ntem\n  l\u00eagisset Cyrum ultim\u00e2 val\u00eat\u00fbdine mand\u00e2sse quaedam d\u00ea f\u00fbnere      {180}\n  su\u00f4, \u00e2spern\u00e2tus tam lentum mortis genus subitam sibi celeremque\n    [[95]]\n  opt\u00e2verat, et pr\u00eedi\u00ea quam occ\u00eeder\u00eatur, in serm\u00f4ne n\u00e2t\u00f4 super\n  c\u00eanam quisnam esset f\u00eenis v\u00eetae commodissimus, repent\u00eenum\n  inop\u00een\u00e2tumque praetulerat. Percuss\u00f4rum autem neque trienni\u00f4\n  quisquam amplius superv\u00eexit neque su\u00e2[1] morte d\u00eaf\u00fbnctus est.    {185}\n  Damn\u00e2t\u00ee omn\u00eas alius ali\u00f4 c\u00e2s\u00fb peri\u00earunt, pars naufragi\u00f4, pars\n  proeli\u00f4; n\u00f4nn\u00fbll\u00ee s\u00eamet e\u00f4dem ill\u00f4 pugi\u00f4ne, qu\u00f4 Caesarem viol\u00e2verant,\n  inter\u00eam\u00earunt.\n\n  Qu\u00f4[2] r\u00e2rior in r\u00eagibus et pr\u00eencipibus vir\u00ees moder\u00e2ti\u00f4, h\u00f4c\n  laudanda magis est. C. I\u00fblius Caesar vict\u00f4ri\u00e2 c\u00eev\u00eel\u00ee[3]          {190}\n  cl\u00eamentissim\u00ea \u00fbsus est; cum enim scr\u00eenia d\u00eaprehendisset epistul\u00e2rum\n  ad Pomp\u00eaium miss\u00e2rum ab i\u00ees, qu\u00ee[4] vid\u00eabantur aut in d\u00eevers\u00ees\n  aut in neutr\u00ees fuisse partibus, legere n\u00f4luit, sed comb\u00fbssit, n\u00ea[5]\n  forte in mult\u00f4s gravius c\u00f4nsulend\u00ee locum darent. Cicer\u00f4 hanc     {194}\n  laudem eximiam Caesar\u00ee tribuit, quod nihil obliv\u00eesc\u00ee sol\u00earet nisi\n  ini\u00fbri\u00e2s. Simult\u00e2t\u00eas omn\u00eas, occ\u00e2si\u00f4ne obl\u00e2t\u00e2, lib\u00eans d\u00eaposuit.\n  Ultr\u00f4 ac prior scr\u00eepsit C. Calv\u00f4 post f\u00e2m\u00f4sa \u00eaius adversum s\u00ea\n  epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, c\u00fbius[6] versicul\u00ees f\u00e2mam suam\n  lacer\u00e2tam n\u00f4n \u00eegn\u00f4r\u00e2bat, adhibuit c\u00eanae. C. Memmi\u00ee suffr\u00e2g\u00e2tor\n  in pet\u00eeti\u00f4ne c\u00f4nsul\u00e2t\u00fbs fuit, ets\u00ee asperrim\u00e2s fuisse \u00eaius in s\u00ea  {200}\n  \u00f4r\u00e2ti\u00f4n\u00eas sci\u00eabat.\n\n  Fuisse tr\u00e2ditur excels\u00e2 stat\u00fbr\u00e2,[7] \u00f4re[7] paul\u00f4[8] pl\u00eani\u00f4re, nigr\u00ees\n  veget\u00eesque ocul\u00ees,[7] capite[7] calv\u00f4; quam calviti\u00ee d\u00eaf\u00f4rmit\u00e2tem,\n  quod saepe obtr\u00eact\u00e2t\u00f4rum ioc\u00ees obnoxia erat, aegr\u00ea fer\u00eabat. Ide\u00f4\n  ex omnibus d\u00eacr\u00eat\u00ees sibi \u00e2 sen\u00e2t\u00fb popul\u00f4que hon\u00f4ribus n\u00f4n alium  {205}\n  aut rec\u00eapit aut \u00fbs\u00fbrp\u00e2vit libentius quam i\u00fbs laureae[9] perpetu\u00f4\n    [[96]]\n  gestandae. V\u00een\u00ee[1] parcissimum eum fuisse n\u00ea inim\u00eec\u00ee quidem\n  neg\u00e2v\u00earunt. Verbum Cat\u00f4nis est \u00fbnum ex omnibus Caesarem\n  ad \u00eavertendam rem p\u00fbblicam s\u00f4brium accessisse. Arm\u00f4rum et\n  equitand\u00ee per\u00eetissimus, lab\u00f4ris ultr\u00e2 fidem pati\u00eans; in \u00e2gmine   {210}\n  n\u00f4nnumquam equ\u00f4, saepius pedibus ante\u00eebat, capite d\u00eat\u00eact\u00f4, seu\n  s\u00f4l, seu imber erat. Longissim\u00e2s vi\u00e2s incr\u00eadibil\u00ee celerit\u00e2te\n  c\u00f4nfici\u00eabat, ut[2] persaepe n\u00fbnti\u00f4s d\u00ea s\u00ea praeven\u00eeret: neque eum\n  mor\u00e2bantur fl\u00fbmina, quae vel nand\u00f4 vel inn\u00eexus \u00eenfl\u00e2t\u00ees utribus\n  tr\u00e2ici\u00eabat.                                                      {215}\n\n    [Footnotes: XXVII (pages 86-96)\n\n    86.8: See Vocab., _I\u00fblius_.\n    86.9: ablative of source.\n    86.10: Cf. p. 73, n. 1.\n    86.11: i.e. Sulla.\n    86.12: #neque potuit#: '_but_ he was not able.'\n    86.13: _\u00eal\u00e2bor_.\n    87.1: #qu\u00e2rt\u00e2nae# (sc. _febris_) #. . . lab\u00f4r\u00e2bat#: 'he was\n    suffering from intermittent fever.' #morb\u00f4# is abl. of cause.\n    87.2: #prope . . . noct\u00eas#: 'almost every night.'\n    87.3: #n\u00ea . . . \u00eav\u00e2sit#: 'he barely, by giving money, escaped\n    being surrendered to Sulla.' #n\u00ea .\u00a0.\u00a0. perd\u00fbcer\u00eatur# expresses the\n    purpose of #dat\u00e2 pec\u00fbni\u00e2#.\n    87.4: Cf. p. xxiii, K 8.\n    87.5: = a rel. clause (cf. p. xxiv, L 1): 'who pleaded (for\n    Caesar)'; lit., 'who sought to beg him off.'\n    87.6: For the subjunctive, see p. 63, n. 5. Sulla said: _Vincite,\n    dummodo sci\u00e2tis_, etc. Translate #pr\u00f4cl\u00e2m\u00e2sse .\u00a0.\u00a0. sc\u00eerent# thus:\n    'cried out (bidding them) have their way, but at the same time to\n    (lit. provided they) realize.'\n    87.7: See H 587 (513, I): M 920: A 314: G 573: B 310.\n    87.8: 'oratory.'\n    87.9: _prope abesse_ = 'to be near by,' is a common idiom.\n    88.1: See Vocab., _Hisp\u00e2nia_.\n    88.2: i.e. even in so insignificant a place.\n    88.3: = _quod avidus erat_.\n    88.4: #ali\u00ees r\u00eabus#: 'under other circumstances,' 'otherwise.' For\n    the case, see p.\u00a027, n.\u00a03.\n    88.5: The subjunctive here = an imperative: see p. 31, n.\u00a09. Note\n    also that #col\u00e2s# is an example of the indefinite or universal\n    second person, since the command is addressed, not to any\n    particular individual, but to any one and every one.\n    88.6: #l\u00fbd\u00f4s \u00eadidit#: 'he celebrated games.' On the magnificence\n    of the games which the Aediles gave depended very largely their\n    chance of promotion to the higher offices.\n    88.7: 'whereby'; abl. of means.\n    88.8: #sibi . . . s\u00eastertium#: with #m\u00eelli\u00eas# sc. _cent\u00eana m\u00eelia_,\n    and take #s\u00eastertium# as gen. plural from _s\u00eastertius_, and\n    dependent on _m\u00eelia_. Translate: 'that he needed 100,000,000\n    sesterces,' i.e. about $4,000,000. See Vocab., _s\u00eastertius_.\n    88.9: #societ\u00e2tem . . . i\u00fbnxit#: this combination is called 'The\n    First Triumvirate.'\n    89.1: #s\u00ee . . . s\u00eegn\u00e2rent#: an instance of the iterative\n    subjunctive (p.\u00a045, n.\u00a02) = 'whenever they affixed their seals as\n    witnesses.'\n    89.2: #c\u00f4nsulibus . . . Bibul\u00f4#: for this way of dating events,\n    see XIV,\u00a01.\n    89.3: Sc. _esse_.\n    89.4: #f\u00fbnctus# (_fungor_) = _postquam f\u00fbnctus est_.\n    89.5: Cf. p. xvii, C 2.\n    89.6: Sc. _e\u00ees_, as dat. of indirect object with #imper\u00e2vit#.\n    Caesar's operations were confined to the southern portion of Great\n    Britain.\n    89.7: = _H\u00f4c tempore_, i.e. during this campaign. The language of\n    this whole sentence is somewhat loose. The writer begins as if he\n    were going to say: _H\u00eec, cum .\u00a0.\u00a0. n\u00e2rrantur, tum Caesarem ipsum\n    \u00eagregium f\u00eacisse n\u00e2rrant_, but changes the construction at #tum#.\n    89.8: #cum . . . tum#: cf. p. 67, n. 7.\n    89.9: #illud# is explained by the clause #quod .\u00a0.\u00a0. restituit#.\n    The episode occurred in one of Caesar's Gallic campaigns, not, as\n    here stated, in Britain. It is related in the second book of\n    Caesar's _Gallic War_. Cf. also Longfellow's _Courtship of Miles\n    Standish_,\u00a0II.\n    89.10: #iam conversum# = _qu\u00ee iam conversus erat_.\n    89.11: #compreh\u00eansum . . . d\u00eatr\u00e2xit# = _comprehendit et .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n    d\u00eatr\u00e2xit_.\n    90.1: 'preserved.'\n    90.2: Sc. _erant_; also _erat_ with #gravis#. Through the\n    influence of #iam pr\u00eedem# both verbs have the force of Eng.\n    pluperfects: H\u00a0535, 1 (469,\u00a02): M\u00a0738: A\u00a0277, _b_: G\u00a0234:\n    B\u00a0260,\u00a04.\n    90.3: Point out the chiasmus (p. 21, n. 15) in #Caesaris .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n    superi\u00f4rem#.\n    90.4: The law required a candidate to give notice of his candidacy\n    in person at Rome within seventeen days of the election. Caesar\n    desired to stand for the consulship in 49 B.C.\n    90.5: Cf. p. xviii, E 5.\n    90.6: #bellandum# (sc. _esse_): an impersonal passive: 'that war\n    was necessary.'\n    90.7: #qu\u00ee . . . erat#: this river also formed the boundary\n    between Italy proper and Cisalpine Gaul; hence by crossing it\n    Caesar put himself in a position of open hostility to the\n    government.\n    90.8: = _per_, 'through the midst of.'\n    90.9: #c\u00f4pi\u00ees . . . c\u00eassantibus#: causal abl. abs.: 'when, because\n    his forces .\u00a0.\u00a0. tarried too long, he had sent,' etc.\n    91.1: Cf. p. xx, G 4.\n    91.2: abl. both of cause and means. Join with #praefer\u00f4cem#.\n    91.3: #intr\u00e2 . . . v\u00eanit#: 'within four days of his arrival (and)\n    within four hours after he caught sight of him.'\n    91.4: See p. xvii, C 2.\n    91.5: Strictly, we ought to have _ante victum esse quam v\u00eesus\n    esset_, the subjunctive being due to the indirect discourse.\n    Caesar said: _ante victus est quam v\u00eesus_ (_est_). The infinitive\n    #v\u00eesum# (_esse_) is due to attraction of the neighboring\n    infinitive #victum esse#.\n    91.6: #Pontic\u00f4 . . . triumph\u00f4#: i.e. the procession in which he\n    celebrated his victory in Pontus. #triumph\u00f4# is dat. with\n    #praetulit#.\n    91.7: Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey.\n    91.8: at Thapsus, 46 B.C.\n    91.9: Cf. XXVI, 49.\n    91.10: #auxili\u00ees . . . c\u00f4nfluentibus#: the abl. abs. denotes both\n    cause and attendant circumstance.\n    91.11: = _e\u00f4rum qu\u00ee sequ\u00eabantur_. Cf. _volentibus_, XIII, 97.\n    92.1: 'His own,' i.e. his usual.\n    92.2: #pl\u00fbs . . . M\u00e2rte#: 'since the battle was more than\n    doubtful.' The battle was fought at Munda, 45 B.C.\n    92.3: Cf. p. 63, n. 5.\n    92.4: = _qu\u00e2lem_. So #qu\u00f4# = _qu\u00e2l\u00ee_.\n    92.5: #f\u00e2st\u00f4s corr\u00eaxit#: In III, 22, it is stated that Numa\n    divided the year into twelve months according to the course of the\n    moon. This year contained only 355 days. In order, therefore, to\n    make the months coincide with the seasons to which they belong,\n    Numa ordered that every two years an extra month, called a _m\u00eansis\n    intercal\u00e2ris_, should be added. These intercalary months were\n    inserted after February 23d, and contained alternately 22 and 23\n    days. This arrangement made the average length of the year 366-1/4\n    days. A\u00a0further cause of confusion was the fact that the\n    Pontifices, who had charge of the calendar, often, for political\n    reasons, omitted the intercalary month. In Caesar's time the error\n    amounted to about three months. The calendar arranged by him is\n    almost identical with that in use to-day.\n    92.6: from _quisque_: 'each,' 'every.'\n    92.7: Sc. _r\u00earum_. _r\u00eas repetundae_ was a technical term for\n    'extortion.' For the gen., see p.\u00a036, n.\u00a08.\n    92.8: A _l\u00eax sumptu\u00e2ria_ was a law regulating the sums of money\n    which might be spent for various purposes. Caesar attempted\n    especially to check extravagance in dress and at banquets.\n    92.9: The infinitives in lines 146-151 are used because the\n    clauses in which they stand are in apposition to _pl\u00fbra ac\n    m\u00e2i\u00f4ra_, l. 144. See p.\u00a086, n.\u00a05.\n    93.1: #qu\u00e2s . . . p\u00fbblic\u00e2re#: 'to throw open to the public as\n    large libraries as possible.'\n    93.2: The celebrated Mark Antony.\n    93.3: #\u00e2 . . . vir\u00ees#: 'by more than sixty men.' For the case of\n    #vir\u00ees#, see p.\u00a010, n.\u00a018.\n    93.4: 'had warned him,' _not_ 'had predicted': hence it may be\n    construed with a substantive clause of purpose (#ut\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\n    cav\u00earet#) as its object.\n    93.5: #speci\u00ea offici\u00ee#: 'under pretense of doing him honor.' Cf.\n    _per speciem v\u00eanand\u00ee_, XIX,\u00a060.\n    93.6: Sc. _e\u00ee_: dat. of interest.\n    93.7: 'by'; cf. p. 11, n. 10.\n    93.8: #adversum# (sc. _eum_) #vulnerat#: 'wounds him in front.'\n    The wound was in the shoulder. For #adversum# as = an adverbial\n    phrase, cf. p.\u00a04, n.\u00a04.\n    94.1: 'assailed.'\n    94.2: _obting\u00f4_.\n    95.1: #su\u00e2 morte#: 'a natural death'; an ablative of manner.\n    95.2: #Qu\u00f4 r\u00e2rior . . . h\u00f4c laudanda magis#: 'The rarer .\u00a0.\u00a0. the\n    more praiseworthy.' #Qu\u00f4# and #h\u00f4c# are ablative of the degree of\n    difference (a\u00a0variety of the ablative of means): cf. p.\u00a039, n.\u00a012.\n    95.3: i.e. over his fellow-citizens.\n    95.4: #qu\u00ee . . . partibus#: 'who had apparently belonged,' etc.\n    How literally? With #d\u00eevers\u00ees# sc. _Pomp\u00eai\u00f4_.\n    95.5: #n\u00ea . . . darent#: 'that they might not by any chance give\n    occasion to vigorous measures,' etc.\n    95.6: #c\u00fbius . . . \u00eegn\u00f4r\u00e2bat#: 'by whose verses, as he very well\n    knew, his own fair fame had been wounded.'\n    95.7: ablatives of characteristic.\n    95.8: #paul\u00f4 pl\u00eani\u00f4re#: 'somewhat full.'\n    95.9: Sc. _cor\u00f4nae_, and cf. the frequent omission of _manus_ with\n    _dextra_ and _sinistra_.\n    96.1: #V\u00een\u00ee parcissimum#: cf. _Cib\u00ee v\u00een\u00eeque temper\u00e2ns, somn\u00ee\n    parcus_, XXVI, 21, and note.\n    96.2: #ut . . . praeven\u00eeret# expresses result, not purpose.]\n\n\n#XXVIII. Marcus Tullius Cicero# [[stripped text]]\n\nMarcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpini, quod est Volscorum\noppidum, natus est. Ex eius avis unus verrucam in extremo naso sitam\nhabuit, ciceris grano similem; inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum.\nSuadentibus quibusdam ut id nomen mutaret, \"Dabo operam\" inquit \"ut\nistud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splendorem vincat.\" Cum a patre\nRomam missus, ubi celeberrimorum magistrorum scholis interesset, eas\nartes disceret, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem solet informari,\ntanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum tum ceterorum discipulorum\nadmiratione id fecit, ut, cum fama de Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad\nalios manasset, non pauci, qui eius videndi et audiendi gratia scholas\nadirent, reperti esse dicantur.\n\nCum nulla re magis ad summos in re publica honores viam muniri posse\nintellegeret quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto animo in eius studium\nincubuit, in quo quidem ita versatus est, ut non solum eos, qui in Foro\net iudiciis causas perorarent, studiose sectaretur, sed privatim quoque\ndiligentissime se exerceret. Primum eloquentiam et libertatem adversus\nSullanos ostendit. Nam cum Roscium quendam, parricidii accusatum, ob\nChrysogoni, Sullae liberti, qui in eius adversariis erat, potentiam nemo\ndefendere auderet, tanta eloquentiae vi eum defendit Cicero, ut iam tum\nin arte dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ex quo invidiam veritus\nAthenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi Antiochum philosophum studiose\naudivit. Inde eloquentiae causa Rhodum se contulit, ubi Molonem, Graecum\nrhetorem tum disertissimum, magistrum habuit. Qui cum Ciceronem dicentem\naudivisset, flevisse dicitur, quod per hunc Graecia eloquentiae laude\nprivaretur.\n\nRomam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nullius vero quaestura aut\ngratior aut clarior fuit; cum magna tum esset annonae difficultas,\ninitio molestus erat Siculis, quos cogeret frumenta in urbem mittere;\npostea vero, diligentiam et iustitiam et comitatem eius experti, maiores\nquaestori suo honores quam ulli umquam praetori detulerunt. E Sicilia\nreversus Romam in causis dicendis ita floruit, ut inter omnes causarum\npatronos et esset et haberetur princeps.\n\nConsul deinde factus L. Sergii Catilinae coniurationem singulari\nvirtute, constantia, cura compressit. Catilinae proavum, M. Sergium,\nincredibili fortitudine fuisse Plinius refert. Stipendia is fecit\nsecundo bello Punico. Secundo stipendio dextram manum perdidit:\nstipendiis duobus ter et vicies vulneratus est: ob id neutra manu,\nneutro pede satis utilis, plurimisque postea stipendiis debilis miles\nerat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis vinculorum eius profugus, viginti\nmensibus nullo non die in catenis aut compedibus custoditus. Sinistra\nmanu sola quater pugnavit, duobus equis, insidente eo, suffossis.\nDextram sibi ferream fecit eaque religata proeliatus Cremonam obsidione\nexemit, Placentiam tutatus est, duodena castra hostium in Gallia cepit.\nCeteri profecto, Plinius addit, victores hominum fuere, Sergius vicit\netiam fortunam.\n\nSingularem huius viri gloriam foede dehonestavit pronepotis scelus. Hic\nenim rei familiaris, quam profuderat, inopia multorumque scelerum\nconscientia in furorem actus et dominandi cupiditate incensus\nindignatusque, quod in petitione consulatus repulsam passus esset,\nconiuratione facta senatum confodere, consules trucidare, urbem\nincendere, diripere aerarium constituerat. Actum erat de pulcherrimo\nimperio, nisi illa coniuratio in Ciceronem et Antonium consules\nincidisset, quorum alter industria rem patefecit, alter manu oppressit.\nCum Cicero, habito senatu, in praesentem reum perorasset, Catilina,\nincendium suum ruina se restincturum esse minitans, Roma profugit et ad\nexercitum, quem paraverat, proficiscitur, signa inlaturus urbi. Sed\nsocii eius, qui in urbe remanserant, comprehensi in carcere necati sunt.\nA. Fulvius, vir senatorii ordinis, filium, iuvenem et ingenio et forma\ninter aequales nitentem, pravo consilio Catilinae amicitiam secutum\ninque castra eius ruentem, ex medio itinere retractum supplicio mortis\nadfecit, praefatus non se Catilinae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae\nadversus Catilinam genuisse.\n\nNeque eo magis ab incepto Catilina destitit, sed infestis signis Romam\npetens Antonii exercitu opprimitur. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit exitus\ndocuit: nemo hostium bello superfuit; quem quisque in pugnando ceperat\nlocum, eum amissa anima tegebat. Catilina longe a suis inter hostium\ncadavera repertus est: pulcherrima morte, si pro patria sic concidisset!\nSenatus populusque Romanus Ciceronem patrem patriae appellavit. Cicero\nipse in oratione pro Sulla palam praedicat consilium patriae servandae\nfuisse iniectum sibi a diis, cum Catilina coniurasset adversus eam.\n\"O\u00a0dii immortales,\" inquit \"vos profecto incendistis tum animum meum\ncupiditate conservandae patriae. Vos avocastis me a cogitationibus\nomnibus ceteris et convertistis ad salutem unam patriae. Vos denique\npraetulistis menti meae clarissimum lumen in tenebris tantis erroris et\ninscientiae. Tribuam enim vobis, quae sunt vestra. Nec vero possum\ntantum dare ingenio meo, ut dispexerim sponte mea in tempestate illa\nturbulentissima rei publicae, quid esset optimum factu.\"\n\nPaucis post annis Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius tribunus plebis, quod\ncives Romanos indicta causa necavisset. Senatus maestus, tamquam in\npublico luctu, veste mutata pro eo deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset\narmis salutem suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere quam sua causa caedem\nfieri. Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clodius\nedictum proposuit ut Marco Tullio igni et aqua interdiceretur: illius\ndomum et villas incendit. Sed vis illa non diuturna fuit, mox enim totus\nfere populus Romanus ingenti desiderio Ciceronis reditum flagitare\ncoepit et maximo omnium ordinum studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est.\nNihil per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, accidit\niucundius. Obviam ei redeunti ab universis itum est: domus eius publica\npecunia restituta est.\n\nGravissimae illa tempestate inter Caesarem et Pompeium ortae sunt\ninimicitiae, ut res nisi bello dirimi non posse videretur. Cicero quidem\nsummo studio enitebatur ut eos inter se reconciliaret et a belli civilis\ncalamitatibus deterreret, sed cum neutrum ad pacem ineundam permovere\nposset, Pompeium secutus est. Sed victo Pompeio, a Caesare victore\nveniam ultro accepit. Quo interfecto Octavianum, Caesaris heredem,\nfovit, Antonium impugnavit effecitque ut a senatu hostis iudicaretur.\n\nSed Antonius, inita cum Octaviano societate, Ciceronem iam diu sibi\ninimicum proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero transversis itineribus in\nvillam, quae a mari proxime aberat, fugit indeque navem conscendit, in\nMacedoniam transiturus. Unde aliquotiens in altum provectum cum modo\nventi adversi rettulissent, modo ipse iactationem maris pati non posset,\ntaedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit regressusque ad villam\n\"Moriar\" inquit \"in patria saepe servata.\" Satis constat, adventantibus\npercussoribus, servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad\ndimicandum, ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos pati, quod sors iniqua\ncogeret, iussisse. Prominenti ex lectica et immotam cervicem praebenti\ncaput praecisum est. Manus quoque abscissae; caput relatum est ad\nAntonium eiusque iussu cum dextra manu in rostris positum.\n\nQuamdiu res publica Romana per eos gerebatur, quibus se ipsa commiserat,\nin eam curas cogitationesque fere omnes suas conferebat Cicero et plus\noperae ponebat in agendo quam in scribendo. Cum autem dominatu unius\nC.\u00a0Iulii Caesaris omnia tenerentur, non se angoribus dedidit nec\nindignis homine docto voluptatibus. Fugiens conspectum Fori urbisque\nrura peragrabat abdebatque se, quantum licebat, et solus erat. Nihil\nagere autem cum animus non posset, existimavit honestissime molestias\nposse deponi, si se ad philosophiam rettulisset, cui adulescens multum\ntemporis tribuerat, et omne studium curamque convertit ad scribendum:\natque ut civibus etiam otiosus aliquid prodesse posset, elaboravit ut\ndoctiores fierent et sapientiores, pluraque brevi tempore, eversa re\npublica, scripsit, quam multis annis ea stante scripserat. Sic facundiae\net Latinarum litterarum parens evasit paruitque virorum sapientium\npraecepto, qui docent non solum ex malis eligere minima oportere, sed\netiam excerpere ex his ipsis, si quid insit boni.\n\nMulta exstant facete ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum suum, exiguae\nstaturae hominem, vidisset longo gladio accinctum, \"Quis\" inquit\n\"generum meum ad gladium adligavit?\"--Matrona quaedam iuniorem se, quam\nerat, simulans dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere; cui Cicero\n\"Verum est,\" inquit \"nam hoc viginti annos audio.\"--Caesar, altero\nconsule mortuo die Decembris ultima, Caninium consulem hora septima in\nreliquam diei partem renuntiaverat; quem cum plerique irent salutatum de\nmore, \"Festinemus\" inquit Cicero \"priusquam abeat magistratu.\" De eodem\nCaninio scripsit Cicero: \"Fuit mirifica vigilantia Caninius, qui toto\nsuo consulatu somnum non viderit.\"\n\n\n  #XXVIII. M\u00e2rcus Tullius Cicer\u00f4# [[as printed]]\n\n    [Illustration: CICER\u00d4]\n\n  M\u00e2rcus Tullius Cicer\u00f4, equestr\u00ee genere, Arp\u00een\u00ee,\n  quod est Volsc\u00f4rum oppidum, n\u00e2tus est. Ex \u00eaius\n  av\u00ees[3] \u00fbnus verr\u00fbcam[4] in extr\u00eam\u00f4 n\u00e2s\u00f4[5] sitam\n  habuit, ciceris[6] gr\u00e2n\u00f4 similem; inde c\u00f4gn\u00f4men\n  Cicer\u00f4nis gent\u00ee inditum. Su\u00e2dentibus quibusdam                     {5}\n  ut id n\u00f4men m\u00fbt\u00e2ret, \"Dab\u00f4 operam\"\n  inquit \"ut istud c\u00f4gn\u00f4men n\u00f4bilissim\u00f4rum\n  n\u00f4minum splend\u00f4rem vincat.\" Cum \u00e2 patre\n  R\u00f4mam missus, ubi[7] celeberrim\u00f4rum magistr\u00f4rum\n  schol\u00ees interesset, e\u00e2s art\u00eas d\u00eesceret, quibus aet\u00e2s puer\u00eelis ad  {10}\n  h\u00fbm\u00e2nit\u00e2tem[8] solet \u00eenf\u00f4rm\u00e2r\u00ee, tant\u00f4 success\u00fb tant\u00e2que cum\n  praecept\u00f4rum tum c\u00eater\u00f4rum d\u00eescipul\u00f4rum adm\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4ne id f\u00eacit, ut,\n  cum f\u00e2ma d\u00ea Cicer\u00f4nis ingeni\u00f4 et doctr\u00een\u00e2 ad ali\u00f4s m\u00e2n\u00e2sset,[9]\n  n\u00f4n pauc\u00ee, qu\u00ee \u00eaius vidend\u00ee et audiend\u00ee gr\u00e2ti\u00e2 schol\u00e2s ad\u00eerent,\n  repert\u00ee esse d\u00eecantur.                                            {15}\n\n  Cum n\u00fbll\u00e2 r\u00ea magis ad summ\u00f4s in r\u00ea p\u00fbblic\u00e2 hon\u00f4r\u00eas viam\n  m\u00fbn\u00eer\u00ee posse intellegeret quam arte d\u00eecend\u00ee et \u00ealoquenti\u00e2, t\u00f4t\u00f4\n    [[97]]\n  anim\u00f4 in \u00eaius studium incubuit,[1] in qu\u00f4 quidem ita vers\u00e2tus[2] est,\n  ut n\u00f4n s\u00f4lum e\u00f4s, qu\u00ee in For\u00f4 et i\u00fbdici\u00ees[3] caus\u00e2s per\u00f4r\u00e2rent,[4]\n  studi\u00f4s\u00ea sect\u00e2r\u00eatur,[5] sed pr\u00eev\u00e2tim quoque d\u00eeligentissim\u00ea s\u00ea     {20}\n  exerc\u00earet. Pr\u00eemum \u00ealoquentiam et l\u00eebert\u00e2tem[6] adversus Sull\u00e2n\u00f4s\n  ostendit. Nam cum R\u00f4scium quendam, parric\u00eedi\u00ee acc\u00fbs\u00e2tum, ob\n  Chrysogon\u00ee, Sullae l\u00eeb\u00eart\u00ee,[7] qu\u00ee in \u00eaius advers\u00e2ri\u00ees erat, potentiam\n  n\u00eam\u00f4 d\u00eafendere aud\u00earet, tant\u00e2 \u00ealoquentiae v\u00ee eum d\u00eafendit Cicer\u00f4,\n  ut iam tum in arte d\u00eecend\u00ee n\u00fbllus e\u00ee p\u00e2r esse vid\u00ear\u00eatur. Ex qu\u00f4   {25}\n  invidiam veritus[8] Ath\u00ean\u00e2s studi\u00f4rum gr\u00e2ti\u00e2 petiit, ubi Antiochum\n  philosophum studi\u00f4s\u00ea aud\u00eevit. Inde \u00ealoquentiae caus\u00e2 Rhodum\n  s\u00ea contulit, ubi Mol\u00f4nem, Graecum rh\u00eatorem tum disertissimum,[9]\n  magistrum habuit. Qu\u00ee cum Cicer\u00f4nem d\u00eecentem aud\u00eevisset,\n  fl\u00eavisse d\u00eecitur, quod per hunc Graecia \u00ealoquentiae laude         {30}\n  pr\u00eev\u00e2r\u00eatur.[10]\n\n  R\u00f4mam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. N\u00fbll\u00eeus v\u00ear\u00f4 quaest\u00fbra\n  aut gr\u00e2tior aut cl\u00e2rior fuit; cum m\u00e2gna tum esset ann\u00f4nae[11]\n  difficult\u00e2s, initi\u00f4 molestus erat Sicul\u00ees, qu\u00f4s c\u00f4geret fr\u00fbmenta in\n  urbem mittere; poste\u00e2 v\u00ear\u00f4, d\u00eeligentiam et i\u00fbstitiam et c\u00f4mit\u00e2tem[12]\n  \u00eaius expert\u00ee,[13] m\u00e2i\u00f4r\u00eas quaest\u00f4r\u00ee su\u00f4 hon\u00f4r\u00eas quam \u00fbll\u00ee         {36}\n  umquam praet\u00f4r\u00ee d\u00eatul\u00earunt. \u00ca Sicili\u00e2 reversus R\u00f4mam in caus\u00ees\n  d\u00eecend\u00ees ita fl\u00f4ruit, ut inter omn\u00eas caus\u00e2rum patr\u00f4n\u00f4s[14] et esset\n  et hab\u00ear\u00eatur pr\u00eenceps.\n\n  C\u00f4nsul deinde factus L. Sergi\u00ee Catil\u00eenae coni\u00fbr\u00e2ti\u00f4nem singul\u00e2r\u00ee  {40}\n  virt\u00fbte, c\u00f4nstanti\u00e2, c\u00fbr\u00e2 compressit.[15] Catil\u00eenae proavum,[16]\n  M. Sergium, incr\u00eadibil\u00ee fortit\u00fbdine fuisse Pl\u00eenius refert.\n      St\u00eependia[17]\n  is f\u00eacit secund\u00f4 bell\u00f4 P\u00fbnic\u00f4. Secund\u00f4 st\u00eependi\u00f4[18] dextram      {43}\n  manum perdidit: st\u00eependi\u00ees[18] du\u00f4bus ter et v\u00eeci\u00eas vulner\u00e2tus est:\n  ob id neutr\u00e2 man\u00fb, neutr\u00f4 pede satis \u00fbtilis, pl\u00fbrim\u00eesque[19] poste\u00e2\n    [[98]]\n  st\u00eependi\u00ees d\u00eabilis[1] m\u00eeles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis[2]\n  vincul\u00f4rum \u00eaius profugus, v\u00eegint\u00ee m\u00eansibus n\u00fbll\u00f4[3] n\u00f4n di\u00ea in\n  cat\u00ean\u00ees[4] aut compedibus[5] c\u00fbst\u00f4d\u00eetus. Sinistr\u00e2 man\u00fb s\u00f4l\u00e2 quater\n  p\u00fbgn\u00e2vit, du\u00f4bus equ\u00ees, \u00eensidente e\u00f4, suffoss\u00ees.[6] Dextram sibi\n  ferream f\u00eacit e\u00e2que relig\u00e2t\u00e2[7] proeli\u00e2tus Crem\u00f4nam obsidi\u00f4ne     {50}\n  ex\u00eamit, Placentiam t\u00fbt\u00e2tus est, duod\u00eana castra hostium in Galli\u00e2\n  c\u00eapit. C\u00eater\u00ee profect\u00f4, Pl\u00eenius addit, vict\u00f4r\u00eas hominum fu\u00eare,\n  Sergius v\u00eecit etiam fort\u00fbnam.\n\n  Singul\u00e2rem h\u00fbius vir\u00ee gl\u00f4riam foed\u00ea dehonest\u00e2vit pronep\u00f4tis[8]\n  scelus. H\u00eec enim re\u00ee famili\u00e2ris, quam prof\u00fbderat, inopi\u00e2          {55}\n  mult\u00f4rumque scelerum c\u00f4nscienti\u00e2 in fur\u00f4rem \u00e2ctus et dominand\u00ee\n  cupidit\u00e2te inc\u00eansus ind\u00eegn\u00e2tusque, quod in pet\u00eeti\u00f4ne c\u00f4nsul\u00e2t\u00fbs\n  repulsam[9] passus esset, coni\u00fbr\u00e2ti\u00f4ne fact\u00e2 sen\u00e2tum c\u00f4nfodere,\n  c\u00f4nsul\u00eas truc\u00eed\u00e2re,[10] urbem incendere, d\u00eeripere aer\u00e2rium\n      c\u00f4nstituerat.\n  \u00c2ctum[11] erat d\u00ea pulcherrim\u00f4 imperi\u00f4, nisi illa coni\u00fbr\u00e2ti\u00f4       {60}\n  in[12] Cicer\u00f4nem et Ant\u00f4nium c\u00f4nsul\u00eas incidisset, qu\u00f4rum alter[13]\n  ind\u00fbstri\u00e2 rem patef\u00eacit, alter man\u00fb[14] oppressit. Cum Cicer\u00f4,\n  habit\u00f4 sen\u00e2t\u00fb, in praesentem reum[15] per\u00f4r\u00e2sset, Catil\u00eena, incendium\n  suum ru\u00een\u00e2[16] s\u00ea restinct\u00fbrum esse minit\u00e2ns, R\u00f4m\u00e2 prof\u00fbgit\n  et ad exercitum, quem par\u00e2verat, profic\u00eescitur, s\u00eegna inl\u00e2t\u00fbrus   {65}\n  urb\u00ee. Sed soci\u00ee \u00eaius, qu\u00ee in urbe rem\u00e2nserant, compreh\u00eans\u00ee in\n  carcere nec\u00e2t\u00ee sunt. A. Fulvius, vir sen\u00e2t\u00f4ri\u00ee \u00f4rdinis, f\u00eelium,\n  iuvenem et ingeni\u00f4 et f\u00f4rm\u00e2 inter aequ\u00e2l\u00eas nitentem,[17] pr\u00e2v\u00f4\n  c\u00f4nsili\u00f4 Catil\u00eenae am\u00eecitiam sec\u00fbtum inque castra \u00eaius ruentem,\n  ex medi\u00f4 itinere retr\u00e2ctum supplici\u00f4 mortis adf\u00eacit, praef\u00e2tus[18]\n  n\u00f4n s\u00ea Catil\u00eenae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae adversus     {71}\n  Catil\u00eenam genuisse.[19]\n\n    [[99]]\n  Neque e\u00f4 magis ab incept\u00f4 Catil\u00eena d\u00eastitit, sed \u00eenf\u00east\u00ees s\u00eegn\u00ees\n  R\u00f4mam pet\u00eans Ant\u00f4ni\u00ee exercit\u00fb opprimitur. Quam atr\u00f4citer\n  d\u00eemic\u00e2tum sit exitus docuit: n\u00eam\u00f4 hostium bell\u00f4 superfuit;        {75}\n  quem quisque in p\u00fbgnand\u00f4 c\u00eaperat locum, eum \u00e2miss\u00e2 anim\u00e2[1]\n  teg\u00eabat. Catil\u00eena long\u00ea \u00e2 su\u00ees inter hostium cad\u00e2vera[2] repertus\n  est: pulcherrim\u00e2 morte,[3] s\u00ee pr\u00f4 patri\u00e2 s\u00eec concidisset! Sen\u00e2tus\n  populusque R\u00f4m\u00e2nus Cicer\u00f4nem patrem patriae appell\u00e2vit. Cicer\u00f4\n  ipse in \u00f4r\u00e2ti\u00f4ne pr\u00f4 Sull\u00e2 palam praedicat c\u00f4nsilium patriae      {80}\n  servandae fuisse iniectum sibi \u00e2 di\u00ees, cum Catil\u00eena coni\u00fbr\u00e2sset\n  adversus eam. \"\u00d4 di\u00ee immort\u00e2l\u00eas,\" inquit \"v\u00f4s profect\u00f4\n  incendistis tum animum meum cupidit\u00e2te c\u00f4nservandae patriae. V\u00f4s\n  \u00e2voc\u00e2stis m\u00ea \u00e2 c\u00f4git\u00e2ti\u00f4nibus omnibus c\u00eater\u00ees et convertistis ad\n  sal\u00fbtem \u00fbnam patriae. V\u00f4s d\u00eanique praetulistis ment\u00ee meae         {85}\n  cl\u00e2rissimum l\u00fbmen in tenebr\u00ees tant\u00ees err\u00f4ris et \u00eenscientiae.\n  Tribuam enim v\u00f4b\u00ees, quae sunt vestra. Nec v\u00ear\u00f4 possum tantum\n  dare ingeni\u00f4 me\u00f4, ut[4] d\u00eespexerim sponte me\u00e2 in tempest\u00e2te ill\u00e2\n  turbulentissim\u00e2 re\u00ee p\u00fbblicae, quid esset optimum fact\u00fb.\"\n\n  Pauc\u00ees post ann\u00ees Cicer\u00f4n\u00ee diem d\u00eexit Cl\u00f4dius trib\u00fbnus pl\u00eabis,    {90}\n  quod c\u00eev\u00eas R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00f4s indict\u00e2[5] caus\u00e2 nec\u00e2visset. Sen\u00e2tus maestus,[6]\n  tamquam in p\u00fbblic\u00f4 l\u00fbct\u00fb, veste[7] m\u00fbt\u00e2t\u00e2 pr\u00f4 e\u00f4 d\u00eaprec\u00e2b\u00e2tur.\n  Cicer\u00f4, cum posset arm\u00ees sal\u00fbtem suam d\u00eafendere, m\u00e2luit urbe\n  c\u00eadere quam su\u00e2 caus\u00e2 caedem fier\u00ee. Profic\u00eescentem omn\u00eas bon\u00ee\n  flent\u00eas pr\u00f4sec\u00fbt\u00ee sunt. Dein Cl\u00f4dius \u00eadictum pr\u00f4posuit ut M\u00e2rc\u00f4   {95}\n  Tulli\u00f4[8] \u00eegn\u00ee et aqu\u00e2 interd\u00eecer\u00eatur: ill\u00eeus domum et v\u00eell\u00e2s\n  incendit. Sed v\u00ees illa n\u00f4n diuturna fuit, mox enim t\u00f4tus fer\u00ea populus\n  R\u00f4m\u00e2nus ingent\u00ee d\u00eas\u00eederi\u00f4 Cicer\u00f4nis reditum fl\u00e2git\u00e2re coepit et\n  m\u00e2xim\u00f4 omnium \u00f4rdinum studi\u00f4 Cicer\u00f4 in patriam revoc\u00e2tus est.\n    [[100]]\n  Nihil per t\u00f4tam v\u00eetam Cicer\u00f4n\u00ee itinere, qu\u00f4 in patriam rediit,   {100}\n  accidit i\u00fbcundius. Obviam[1] e\u00ee redeunt\u00ee ab \u00fbnivers\u00ees itum est: domus\n  \u00eaius p\u00fbblic\u00e2 pec\u00fbni\u00e2 restit\u00fbta est.\n\n  Gravissimae ill\u00e2 tempest\u00e2te inter Caesarem et Pomp\u00eaium ortae\n  sunt inim\u00eecitiae, ut r\u00eas[2] nisi bell\u00f4 d\u00eerim\u00ee n\u00f4n posse vid\u00ear\u00eatur.\n  Cicer\u00f4 quidem summ\u00f4 studi\u00f4 \u00ean\u00eet\u00eab\u00e2tur[3] ut e\u00f4s inter s\u00ea reconcili\u00e2ret\n  et \u00e2 bell\u00ee c\u00eev\u00eelis calamit\u00e2tibus d\u00eaterr\u00earet, sed cum neutrum     {106}\n  ad p\u00e2cem ineundam permov\u00eare posset, Pomp\u00eaium sec\u00fbtus est.\n  Sed vict\u00f4 Pomp\u00eai\u00f4, \u00e2 Caesare vict\u00f4re veniam ultr\u00f4 acc\u00eapit. Qu\u00f4\n  interfect\u00f4 Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2num, Caesaris h\u00ear\u00eadem, f\u00f4vit,[4] Ant\u00f4nium\n  imp\u00fbgn\u00e2vit eff\u00eacitque ut \u00e2 sen\u00e2t\u00fb hostis i\u00fbdic\u00e2r\u00eatur.            {110}\n\n  Sed Ant\u00f4nius, init\u00e2 cum Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2n\u00f4 societ\u00e2te,[5] Cicer\u00f4nem iam\n  di\u00fb sibi inim\u00eecum pr\u00f4scr\u00eepsit. Qu\u00e2 r\u00ea aud\u00eet\u00e2, Cicer\u00f4 tr\u00e2nsvers\u00ees[6]\n  itineribus in v\u00eellam, quae \u00e2 mar\u00ee proxim\u00ea aberat, f\u00fbgit indeque\n  n\u00e2vem c\u00f4nscendit, in Macedoniam tr\u00e2nsit\u00fbrus. Unde aliquoti\u00eans\n  in altum pr\u00f4vectum cum modo[7] vent\u00ee advers\u00ee rettulissent, modo  {115}\n  ipse iact\u00e2ti\u00f4nem maris pat\u00ee n\u00f4n posset, taedium[8] tandem eum\n  et fugae et v\u00eetae c\u00eapit regressusque ad v\u00eellam \"Moriar\" inquit\n  \"in patri\u00e2 saepe serv\u00e2t\u00e2.\" Satis c\u00f4nstat, adventantibus percuss\u00f4ribus,\n  serv\u00f4s fortiter fid\u00ealiterque par\u00e2t\u00f4s fuisse ad d\u00eemicandum,\n  ipsum d\u00eap\u00f4n\u00ee lect\u00eecam[9] et qui\u00eat\u00f4s pat\u00ee, quod                   {120}\n  sors in\u00eequa c\u00f4geret, iussisse. Pr\u00f4minent\u00ee[10]\n  ex lect\u00eec\u00e2 et imm\u00f4tam cerv\u00eecem[11] praebent\u00ee[10]\n  caput praec\u00eesum est. Man\u00fbs quoque abscissae;\n  caput rel\u00e2tum est ad Ant\u00f4nium \u00eaiusque\n  iuss\u00fb cum dextr\u00e2 man\u00fb in r\u00f4str\u00ees positum.                        {125}\n\n    [Illustration: LECT\u00ceCA.]\n\n  Quamdi\u00fb r\u00eas p\u00fbblica R\u00f4m\u00e2na per e\u00f4s ger\u00eab\u00e2tur, quibus s\u00ea ipsa\n  comm\u00eeserat, in eam c\u00fbr\u00e2s c\u00f4git\u00e2ti\u00f4n\u00easque fer\u00ea omn\u00eas su\u00e2s c\u00f4nfer\u00eabat\n    [[101]]\n  Cicer\u00f4 et pl\u00fbs[1] operae p\u00f4n\u00eabat in agend\u00f4 quam in scr\u00eebend\u00f4.\n  Cum autem domin\u00e2t\u00fb \u00fbn\u00eeus C. I\u00fbli\u00ee Caesaris omnia ten\u00earentur,\n  n\u00f4n s\u00ea ang\u00f4ribus[2] d\u00eadidit nec ind\u00eegn\u00ees homine doct\u00f4 volupt\u00e2tibus.\n  Fugi\u00eans c\u00f4nspectum For\u00ee urbisque r\u00fbra peragr\u00e2bat abd\u00eabatque      {131}\n  s\u00ea, quantum lic\u00eabat, et s\u00f4lus erat. Nihil agere autem cum\n  animus n\u00f4n posset, ex\u00eestim\u00e2vit honestissim\u00ea molesti\u00e2s posse\n  d\u00eap\u00f4n\u00ee, s\u00ee s\u00ea ad philosophiam rettulisset, cu\u00ee adul\u00easc\u00eans multum\n  temporis tribuerat, et omne studium c\u00fbramque convertit ad scr\u00eebendum:\n  atque ut c\u00eevibus etiam \u00f4ti\u00f4sus[3] aliquid pr\u00f4desse[4] posset,    {136}\n  \u00ealab\u00f4r\u00e2vit ut docti\u00f4r\u00eas fierent et sapienti\u00f4r\u00eas, pl\u00fbraque brev\u00ee\n  tempore, \u00eavers\u00e2 r\u00ea p\u00fbblic\u00e2, scr\u00eepsit, quam mult\u00ees ann\u00ees e\u00e2 stante\n  scr\u00eepserat. S\u00eec f\u00e2cundiae[5] et Lat\u00een\u00e2rum litter\u00e2rum par\u00eans      {139}\n  \u00eav\u00e2sit[6] p\u00e2ruitque vir\u00f4rum sapientium praecept\u00f4, qu\u00ee docent n\u00f4n\n  s\u00f4lum ex[7] mal\u00ees \u00ealigere minima oport\u00eare, sed etiam excerpere[8] ex\n  h\u00ees ips\u00ees, s\u00ee quid \u00eensit bon\u00ee.\n\n  Multa exstant fac\u00eat\u00ea[9] ab e\u00f4 dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum[10]\n  suum, exiguae stat\u00fbrae hominem, v\u00eedisset long\u00f4 gladi\u00f4 accinctum,\n  \"Quis\" inquit \"generum meum ad gladium adlig\u00e2vit?\"--M\u00e2tr\u00f4na      {145}\n  quaedam i\u00fbni\u00f4rem s\u00ea, quam erat, simul\u00e2ns dictit\u00e2bat s\u00ea\n  tr\u00eegint\u00e2 tantum ann\u00f4s hab\u00eare; cu\u00ee Cicer\u00f4 \"V\u00earum est,\" inquit\n  \"nam h\u00f4c v\u00eegint\u00ee ann\u00f4s audi\u00f4.\"--Caesar, alter\u00f4 c\u00f4nsule mortu\u00f4\n  di\u00ea[11] Decembris \u00fbltim\u00e2, Can\u00eenium c\u00f4nsulem h\u00f4r\u00e2 septim\u00e2 in\n  reliquam di\u00ea\u00ee partem ren\u00fbnti\u00e2verat; quem cum pl\u00ear\u00eeque \u00eerent      {150}\n  sal\u00fbt\u00e2tum d\u00ea m\u00f4re, \"F\u00east\u00een\u00eamus\" inquit Cicer\u00f4 \"priusquam abeat\n  magistr\u00e2t\u00fb.\" D\u00ea e\u00f4dem Can\u00eeni\u00f4 scr\u00eepsit Cicer\u00f4: \"Fuit m\u00eerific\u00e2[12]\n  vigilanti\u00e2 Can\u00eenius, qu\u00ee t\u00f4t\u00f4 su\u00f4 c\u00f4nsul\u00e2t\u00fb somnum n\u00f4n\n  v\u00eederit.[13]\"\n\n    [Footnote: The following selections have been edited for rapid\n    reading or reading at sight:]\n\n    [Footnotes: XXVIII (pages 96-101)\n\n    96.3: 'ancestors.'\n    96.4: 'wart.'\n    96.5: 'nose'; cf. _nasal_.\n    96.6: #ciceris gr\u00e2n\u00f4#: 'a tiny chickpea.'\n    96.7: = _ut_.\n    96.8: 'culture.'\n    96.9: 'had spread.'\n    97.1: 'applied himself.'\n    97.2: 'engaged.'\n    97.3: 'courts.'\n    97.4: 'pleaded.'\n    97.5: 'followed,' 'courted' (cf. _sequor_).\n    97.6: 'independence.'\n    97.7: 'freedman.'\n    97.8: 'fearing.'\n    97.9: 'most eloquent.'\n    97.10: 'was being deprived.'\n    97.11: #ann\u00f4nae difficult\u00e2s#: 'a lack of corn.'\n    97.12: 'courtesy.'\n    97.13: 'having had proof of.'\n    97.14: 'lawyers.'\n    97.15: 'crushed.'\n    97.16: 'great-grandfather.'\n    97.17: Cf. XXVII, 19.\n    97.18: 'campaign.'\n    97.19: #que# here = 'but.'\n    98.1: '_though_ disabled.'\n    98.2: #bis . . . profugus# = _bis vincula \u00eaius prof\u00fbgit_.\n    98.3: #n\u00fbll\u00f4 n\u00f4n#: 'every.'\n    98.4: 'chains.'\n    98.5: 'shackles.'\n    98.6: 'slain'; lit., 'stabbed from below.'\n    98.7: 'fastened' (to the stump of his arm).\n    98.8: 'great-grandson.'\n    98.9: 'defeat'; a technical term of Roman politics.\n    98.10: 'butcher.'\n    98.11: #\u00c2ctum erat d\u00ea#: 'it would have been all up with.'\n    98.12: #in . . . incidisset#: 'happened in the days\u00a0of.'\n    98.13: Cicero.\n    98.14: 'prowess.'\n    98.15: 'culprit.'\n    98.16: 'by a general downfall.'\n    98.17: 'conspicuous'; lit., 'shining.'\n    98.18: 'having first said.'\n    98.19: from _g\u00eegn\u00f4_, 'to beget.'\n    99.1: 'life.'\n    99.2: 'corpses.'\n    99.3: Sc. _concidisset_.\n    99.4: #ut . . . d\u00eespexerim#: '(as to say) that I should have of my\n    own accord clearly perceived.'\n    99.5: #indict\u00e2 caus\u00e2#: 'with their cause unpleaded,' i.e. without\n    giving them a trial.\n    99.6: 'mourning.'\n    99.7: #veste m\u00fbt\u00e2t\u00e2#: i.e. changing their ordinary attire, which\n    was white, for darker robes of mourning.\n    99.8: #Tulli\u00f4 . . . interd\u00eecer\u00eatur#: lit., 'that a ban should be\n    laid on Tullius in respect of fire and water,' i.e. that he should\n    be outlawed, and every one forbidden to aid him, even with the\n    necessaries of life.\n    100.1: #Obviam . . . est#: 'all went to meet him.'\n    100.2: 'trouble.'\n    100.3: 'strove.'\n    100.4: 'cherished,' 'supported.'\n    100.5: The reference is to the Second Triumvirate.\n    100.6: #tr\u00e2nsvers\u00ees itineribus#: i.e. by out of the way paths.\n    100.7: #modo . . . modo#: 'now . . . now.'\n    100.8: 'disgust.'\n    100.9: 'litter,' 'sedan chair.'\n    100.10: 'leaning out'; sc. _e\u00ee_, dat. of disadvantage with\n    #praec\u00eesum est#.\n    100.11: 'neck.'\n    101.1: #pl\u00fbs . . . scr\u00eebend\u00f4#: 'he devoted more of his time to\n    practical affairs than to literature.'\n    101.2: 'sorrow.'\n    101.3: #etiam \u00f4ti\u00f4sus#: 'even though at ease,' i.e. not burdened\n    with official duties. #\u00f4ti\u00f4sus# here, as often = _pr\u00eev\u00e2tus_.\n    101.4: 'benefit.'\n    101.5: 'eloquence.' Sc. #Lat\u00eenae#, to be derived from #Lat\u00een\u00e2rum#.\n    101.6: 'became.'\n    101.7: #ex . . . oport\u00eare#: we should say, 'of two evils choose\n    the less.'\n    101.8: 'extract'; lit., 'pluck.'\n    101.9: 'wittily.'\n    101.10: 'son-in-law.'\n    101.11: On this day the consuls went out of office.\n    101.12: 'wondrous.'\n    101.13: causal subjunctive.]\n\n\n#XXIX. Marcus Brutus# [[stripped text]]\n\nM. Brutus, ex illa gente, quae Roma Tarquinios eiecerat, oriundus,\nAthenis philosophiam, Rhodi eloquentiam didicit. Eius pater, qui Sullae\npartibus adversabatur, iussu Pompei interfectus erat, unde Brutus cum eo\ngraves gesserat simultates. Bello tamen civili Pompei causam, quod\niustior videretur, secutus dolorem suum rei publicae utilitati\nposthabuit. Victo Pompeio Brutus a Caesare servatus est et praetor etiam\nfactus. Postea vero, cum Caesar superbia elatus senatum contemnere et\nregnum adfectare coepisset, populus, praesenti statu haud laetus,\nvindicem libertatis requirebat. Subscripsere quidam L. Bruti statuae:\n\"Utinam viveres!\" Item ipsius Caesaris statuae: \"Brutus, quia reges\neiecit, primus consul factus est; hic, quia consules eiecit, postremo\nrex factus est.\" Inscriptum quoque est M. Bruti praetoris tribunali:\n\"Dormis, Brute!\"\n\nCognita populi Romani voluntate, Brutus adversus Caesarem conspiravit.\nPridie quam Caesar est occisus, Porcia, Bruti uxor, Catonis filia,\nconsilii conscia, egresso cubiculum Bruto, cultellum tonsorium quasi\nunguium resecandorum causa poposcit eoque velut forte elapso se\nvulneravit. Clamore deinde ancillarum in cubiculum revocatus obiurgare\neam coepit, quod tonsoris praeripuisset officium. Cui secreto Porcia\n\"Non est\" inquit \"hoc temerarium factum meum, sed in tali statu nostro\nmei erga te amoris certissimum indicium. Experiri enim volui, si tibi\npropositum ex sententia parum cessisset, quam aequo animo me ferro essem\ninteremptura.\" Quibus verbis auditis Brutus ad caelum manus et oculos\nsustulisse dicitur et exclamavisse: \"Utinam dignus tali coniuge maritus\nvideri possem!\"\n\nInterfecto Caesare, cum Antonius vestem eius sanguinolentam ostentans\npopulum veluti furore quodam adversus coniuratos inflammasset, Brutus in\nMacedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem Philippos adversus Antonium et\nOctavianum dimicavit. Victus acie, cum in tumulum se nocte recepisset,\naudita Cassii morte, ne in hostium manus veniret, uni ex comitibus latus\ntransfodiendum praebuit. Antonius Bruti corpus liberto suo sepeliendum\ntradidit, quoque honoratius cremaretur, inici ei suum paludamentum\niussit, iacentem non hostem, sed civem deposito existimans odio. Cumque\ninterceptum a liberto paludamentum comperisset, ira percitus protinus\nin eum animadvertit, praefatus: \"Quid? tu ignorasti cuius tibi viri\nsepulturam commisissem?\" Non eadem fuit Octaviani erga Brutum moderatio,\nis enim avulsum Bruti caput Romam misit, ut Gai Caesaris statuae\nsubiceretur. Porcia cum victum et interemptum virum suum cognovisset,\nquia ferrum non dabatur, ardentes ore carbones hausit, virilem patris\nexitum mulier imitata novo mortis genere.\n\n\n    [[102]]\n\n  #XXIX. M\u00e2rcus Br\u00fbtus# [[as printed]]\n\n    [Illustration: BR\u00dbTUS]\n\n  M. Br\u00fbtus, ex ill\u00e2 gente, quae R\u00f4m\u00e2 Tarquini\u00f4s\n  \u00eai\u00eacerat, oriundus,[1] Ath\u00ean\u00ees philosophiam,\n  Rhod\u00ee \u00ealoquentiam didicit. \u00caius pater, qu\u00ee Sullae\n  partibus advers\u00e2b\u00e2tur, iuss\u00fb Pomp\u00ea\u00ee interfectus\n  erat, unde Br\u00fbtus cum e\u00f4 grav\u00eas gesserat[2]                        {5}\n  simult\u00e2t\u00eas. Bell\u00f4 tamen c\u00eev\u00eel\u00ee Pomp\u00ea\u00ee causam,\n  quod i\u00fbstior vid\u00ear\u00eatur, sec\u00fbtus dol\u00f4rem suum re\u00ee\n  p\u00fbblicae \u00fbtilit\u00e2t\u00ee posthabuit. Vict\u00f4 Pomp\u00eai\u00f4\n  Br\u00fbtus \u00e2 Caesare serv\u00e2tus est et praetor etiam\n  factus. Poste\u00e2 v\u00ear\u00f4, cum Caesar superbi\u00e2 \u00eal\u00e2tus sen\u00e2tum           {10}\n  contemnere et r\u00eagnum adfect\u00e2re[3] coepisset, populus, praesent\u00ee stat\u00fb\n  haud laetus, vindicem[4] l\u00eeb\u00eart\u00e2tis requ\u00eer\u00eabat. Subscr\u00eeps\u00eare qu\u00eedam\n  L. Br\u00fbt\u00ee[5] statuae: \"Utinam[6] v\u00eever\u00eas!\" Item ips\u00eeus Caesaris\n  statuae: \"Br\u00fbtus, quia r\u00eag\u00eas \u00eai\u00eacit, pr\u00eemus c\u00f4nsul factus         {14}\n  est; h\u00eec, quia c\u00f4nsul\u00eas \u00eai\u00eacit, postr\u00eam\u00f4 r\u00eax factus est.\" \u00censcr\u00eeptum\n  quoque est M. Br\u00fbt\u00ee praet\u00f4ris trib\u00fbn\u00e2l\u00ee: \"Dorm\u00ees,[7] Br\u00fbte!\"\n\n  C\u00f4gnit\u00e2 popul\u00ee R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee volunt\u00e2te, Br\u00fbtus adversus Caesarem\n  c\u00f4nsp\u00eer\u00e2vit. Pr\u00eedi\u00ea quam Caesar est occ\u00eesus, Porcia, Br\u00fbt\u00ee uxor,\n  Cat\u00f4nis f\u00eelia, c\u00f4nsili\u00ee[8] c\u00f4nscia, \u00eagress\u00f4 cubiculum[9] Br\u00fbt\u00f4,   {19}\n  cultellum[10] t\u00f4ns\u00f4rium quasi unguium[11] resecand\u00f4rum caus\u00e2 pop\u00f4scit\n  e\u00f4que velut forte \u00eal\u00e2ps\u00f4 s\u00ea vulner\u00e2vit. Cl\u00e2m\u00f4re deinde ancill\u00e2rum[12]\n  in cubiculum revoc\u00e2tus obi\u00fbrg\u00e2re[13] eam coepit, quod t\u00f4ns\u00f4ris\n  praeripuisset officium. Cu\u00ee s\u00eacr\u00eat\u00f4 Porcia \"N\u00f4n est\" inquit\n  \"h\u00f4c temer\u00e2rium[14] factum meum, sed in t\u00e2l\u00ee stat\u00fb nostr\u00f4 me\u00ee\n  erg\u00e2 t\u00ea am\u00f4ris certissimum indicium. Exper\u00eer\u00ee enim volu\u00ee, s\u00ee[15]  {25}\n    [[103]]\n  tibi pr\u00f4positum ex sententi\u00e2 parum cessisset, quam aequ\u00f4 anim\u00f4\n  m\u00ea ferr\u00f4 essem inter\u00eampt\u00fbra.\" Quibus verb\u00ees aud\u00eet\u00ees Br\u00fbtus ad\n  caelum man\u00fbs et ocul\u00f4s sustulisse d\u00eecitur et excl\u00e2m\u00e2visse: \"Utinam\n  d\u00eegnus t\u00e2l\u00ee c\u00f4niuge mar\u00eetus vid\u00ear\u00ee possem!\"\n\n  Interfect\u00f4 Caesare, cum Ant\u00f4nius vestem \u00eaius sanguinolentam[1]    {30}\n  ostent\u00e2ns populum velut\u00ee fur\u00f4re qu\u00f4dam adversus coni\u00fbr\u00e2t\u00f4s\n  \u00eenflamm\u00e2sset, Br\u00fbtus in Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem\n  Philipp\u00f4s adversus Ant\u00f4nium et Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2num d\u00eemic\u00e2vit. Victus\n  aci\u00ea, cum in tumulum[2] s\u00ea nocte rec\u00eapisset, aud\u00eet\u00e2 Cassi\u00ee morte,\n  n\u00ea in hostium man\u00fbs ven\u00eeret, \u00fbn\u00ee ex comitibus latus tr\u00e2nsfodiendum\n  praebuit. Ant\u00f4nius Br\u00fbt\u00ee corpus l\u00eebert\u00f4 su\u00f4 sepeliendum[3]        {36}\n  tr\u00e2didit, qu\u00f4que[4] hon\u00f4r\u00e2tius crem\u00e2r\u00eatur, inic\u00ee e\u00ee suum\n  pal\u00fbd\u00e2mentum[5] iussit, iacentem[6] n\u00f4n hostem, sed c\u00eevem d\u00eaposit\u00f4\n  ex\u00eestim\u00e2ns odi\u00f4. Cumque interceptum \u00e2 l\u00eebert\u00f4 pal\u00fbd\u00e2mentum\n  comperisset, \u00eer\u00e2 percitus[7] pr\u00f4tinus in eum animadvertit, praef\u00e2tus:\n  \"Quid? t\u00fb \u00eegn\u00f4r\u00e2st\u00ee c\u00fbius tibi vir\u00ee sepult\u00fbram comm\u00eesissem?\"      {41}\n  N\u00f4n eadem fuit Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2n\u00ee erg\u00e2 Br\u00fbtum moder\u00e2ti\u00f4, is\n  enim \u00e2vulsum[8] Br\u00fbt\u00ee caput R\u00f4mam m\u00eesit, ut G\u00e2\u00ee Caesaris\n  statuae subicer\u00eatur. Porcia cum victum et inter\u00eamptum virum suum\n  c\u00f4gn\u00f4visset, quia ferrum n\u00f4n dab\u00e2tur, \u00e2rdent\u00eas \u00f4re carb\u00f4nes[9]    {45}\n  hausit, vir\u00eelem patris[10] exitum mulier[11] imit\u00e2ta nov\u00f4 mortis\n  genere.\n\n    [Footnotes: XXIX (pages 102-103)\n\n    102.1: = _ortus, n\u00e2tus_.\n    102.2: _simult\u00e2t\u00eas gerere_ = 'to carry on a feud.'\n    102.3: 'to aim at.'\n    102.4: 'champion.'\n    102.5: The Brutus of selection IX.\n    102.6: #Utinam v\u00eever\u00eas!# 'O that you were yet alive.' The\n    subjunctive here expresses a wish or prayer; cf. l.\u00a029.\n    102.7: 'you're fast asleep.'\n    102.8: #c\u00f4nsili\u00ee c\u00f4nscia#: 'who was aware of,' etc.\n    102.9: 'sleeping-room.'\n    102.10: #cultellum t\u00f4ns\u00f4rium#: 'a barber's knife.'\n    102.11: 'nails.'\n    102.12: 'maids.'\n    102.13: 'scold.'\n    102.14: 'heedless,' 'random.'\n    102.15: #s\u00ee . . . cessisset#: 'if your plan did not turn out\n    according to your expectations.' Join with what follows.\n    103.1: 'bloody.'\n    103.2: 'hill.'\n    103.3: _sepel\u00eere_ = 'to dispose of a body,' whether by burial or\n    by cremation.\n    103.4: #qu\u00f4que# = 'and in order that.'\n    103.5: 'cloak.'\n    103.6: 'the dead man.'\n    103.7: 'thoroughly aroused.'\n    103.8: 'torn (from the body).'\n    103.9: 'coals.'\n    103.10: See Vocab., _Cat\u00f4_.\n    103.11: 'woman though she was.']\n\n\n#XXX. Octavianus Caesar Augustus# [[stripped text]]\n\nOctavianus, Iuliae, Gai Caesaris sororis, nepos, quartum annum agens\npatrem amisit. Ab avunculo adoptatus profectum eum in Hispanias adversus\nGnaei Pompei liberos secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam missus studiis\nvacavit. Utque primum occisum Caesarem heredemque se comperit, in urbem\nregressus hereditatem adiit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit conlectoque\nveteranorum exercitu opem Decimo Bruto tulit, qui ab Antonio Mutinae\nobsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditu prohiberetur, ut Brutum de omnibus\nrebus certiorem faceret, primo litteras misit plumbeis laminis\ninscriptas, quas ad bracchium religatas urinatores Scultennam amnem\ntransnantes ad Brutum deferebant. Quin et avibus internuntiis utebatur.\nColumbis enim, quas inclusas ante fame adfecerat, epistulas ad collum\nreligabat easque a proximo moenibus loco emittebat. Illae, lucis cibique\navidae, altissima aedificiorum petentes excipiebantur a Decimo Bruto,\nqui eo modo de omnibus rebus certior fiebat, utique postquam disposito\nquibusdam locis cibo columbas illuc devolare instituerat.\n\nBellum Mutinense Octavianus duobus proeliis confecit, quorum in altero\nnon ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus est officio atque in media\ndimicatione, aquilifero legionis suae graviter saucio, aquilam umeris\nsubisse diuque fertur portasse. Postea reconciliata cum Antonio\ngratiaiunctisque cum eo copiis, ut Gai Caesaris necem ulcisceretur, ad\nurbem hostiliter accessit misitque qui nomine exercitus sibi consulatum\ndeposcerent. Cunctante senatu centurio, princeps legationis, reiecto\nsagulo, ostendens gladii capulum non dubitavit in Curia dicere: \"Hic\nfaciet, si vos non feceritis.\"\n\nIta cum Octavianus vicesimo aetatis anno consulatum invasisset, pacem\nfecit cum Antonio et Lepido, ita ut triumviri rei publicae constituendae\nper quinquennium essent ipse et Lepidus et Antonius, et ut suos quisque\ninimicos proscriberent. Quae proscriptio Sullana longe crudelior fuit.\nExstant autem ex ea multa vel extremae impietatis vel mirae fidei ac\nconstantiae exempla. T. Toranius, triumvirorum partes secutus,\nproscripti patris sui, praetorii et ornati viri, latebras, aetatem\nnotasque corporis, quibus agnosci posset, centurionibus edidit, qui eum\npersecuti sunt. Alius quidam cum proscriptum se cognovisset, ad clientem\nsuum confugit; sed filius eius per ipsa vestigia patris militibus ductis\noccidendum eum in conspectu suo obiecit.\n\nCum C. Plotius Plancus a triumviris proscriptus in regione Salernitana\nlateret, servi eius, comprehensi multumque ac diu torti, negabant se\nscire ubi dominus esset. Non sustinuit deinde Plancus tam fideles tamque\nboni exempli servos ulterius cruciari; sed processit in medium\niugulumque gladiis militum obiecit. Senatoris cuiusdam servus cum ad\ndominum proscriptum occidendum milites advenisse cognosset, commutata\ncum eo veste, permutato etiam anulo, illum postico clam emisit, se autem\nin cubiculum ad lectulum recepit et ut dominum occidi passus est.\n\"Quanti viri est\" addit Seneca, \"cum praemia proditionis ingentia\nostendantur, praemium fidei mortem concupiscere!\"\n\nOctavianus deinde M. Brutum, interfectorem Caesaris, bello persecutus id\nbellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplici proelio transegit;\nquorum priore castris exutus vix fuga evasit. Victor acerbissime se\ngessit: in nobilissimum quemque captivum non sine verborum contumelia\nsaeviit. Uni suppliciter sepulturam precanti respondisse dicitur iam\nistam in volucrum fore potestate. Alios, patrem et filium, pro vita\nrogantes sortiri fertur iussisse ut alterutri concederetur, ac cum,\npatre quia se obtulerat occiso, filius quoque voluntaria occubuisset\nnece, spectasse utrumque morientem. Orare veniam vel excusare se\nconantibus, una voce occurrebat moriendum esse. Scribunt quidam\ntrecentos ex dediticiis electos ad aram divo Iulio exstructam Idibus\nMartiis hostiarum more mactatos.\n\nAbalienatus postea est ab Antonio, quod is, repudiata Octavia sorore,\nCleopatram, Aegypti reginam, duxisset uxorem: quae quidem mulier cum\nAntonio luxu et deliciis certabat. Una se cena centies sestertium\nabsumpturam aliquando dixerat. Cupiebat discere Antonius, sed fieri\nposse non arbitrabatur. Postero igitur die magnificam alias cenam, sed\ncottidianam Antonio apposuit inridenti, quod promisso stare non\npotuisset. At illa inferri mensam secundam iussit. Ex praecepto ministri\nunum tantum vas ante eam posuere aceti, cuius asperitas visque\nmargaritas resolvit. Exspectante igitur Antonio quidnam esset actura,\nmargaritam, quam auribus gerebat, detraxit et aceto liquefactam\nabsorbuit. Victum Antonium omnes, qui aderant, pronuntiaverunt.\n\nOctavianus cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus est in Epiro, navali\nproelio dimicavit. Victum et fugientem persecutus Aegyptum petiit, et\nAlexandream, quo Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, obsedit. Antonius in\nultima rerum desperatione, cum habitu regis in solio regali sedisset,\nmortem sibi ipse conscivit. Cleopatra, quam Octavianus, Alexandrea in\npotestatem redacta, magno opere cupiebat vivam comprehendi triumphoque\nservari, aspidem sibi adferendam curavit eiusque morsu periit.\nCleopatrae mortuae communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit.\n\nTandem Octavianus, hostibus victis solus imperio potitus, clementem se\nexhibuit. Omnia deinceps in eo plena mansuetudinis et humanitatis.\nMultis ignovit vel iis qui saepe graviter eum offenderant. Reversus in\nItaliam triumphans Romam ingressus est. Tum bellis toto orbe compositis\nIani gemini portas sua manu clausit, quae bis tantum antea clausae\nfuerant, primum sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Punicum bellum. Tunc\nomnes praeteritorum malorum oblivio cepit populusque Romanus praesentis\notii laetitia perfruebatur. Octaviano maximi honores a senatu delati\nsunt. Ipse Augustus cognominatus et in honorem eius mensis Sextilis\neodem nomine appellatus est, quod illo mense bellis civilibus finis\nesset impositus. Patris patriae cognomen universi maximo consensu\ndetulerunt ei. Deferentibus lacrimans respondit Augustus his verbis:\n\"Compos factus votorum meorum, patres conscripti, quid habeo aliud, quod\ndeos immortales precer, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum vitae\nfinem mihi perferre liceat!\"\n\nDictaturam magna vi offerente populo deprecatus est. Domini\nappellationem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribui edicto vetuit. Immo de\nrestituenda re publica non semel cogitavit, sed reputans et se privatum\nnon sine periculo fore, et rem publicam plurium arbitrio commissum iri,\nsummam retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit ne quem novi status\npaeniteret. Bene de iis etiam, quos adversarios expertus erat, et\nsentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e nepotibus invenit;\ncumque puer territus volumen Ciceronis, quod manu tenebat, veste\ntegeret, Augustus librum cepit eoque statim reddito, \"Hic vir,\" inquit\n\"fili mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans.\"\n\nPedibus saepe per urbem incedebat summaque comitate adeuntes excipiebat.\nConvenit aliquando eum veteranus miles, qui vocatus in ius\npericlitabatur rogavitque ut sibi adesset. Statim Augustus unum e\ncomitatu suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem commendaret. Tum\nveteranus exclamavit: \"At non ego, te periclitante bello Actiaco,\nvicarium quaesivi, sed ipse pro te pugnavi,\" simulque detexit\ncicatrices. Erubuit Augustus atque ipse venit in advocationem.\n\nCum post Actiacam victoriam Octavianus Romam reverteretur, occurrit ei\ninter gratulantes opifex quidam corvum tenens, quem instituerat haec\ndicere: \"Ave, Caesar, victor, imperator!\" Miratus Caesar officiosam avem\nviginti milibus nummorum emit. Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex illa\nliberalitate pervenerat, adfirmavit Caesari habere illum et alium\ncorvum, quem ut adferre cogeretur rogavit. Adlatus verba, quae\ndidicerat, expressit: \"Ave, Antoni, victor, imperator!\" Nihil\nexasperatus Caesar satis duxit iubere illum dividere donativum cum\ncontubernali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco emi eum iussit.\n\nExemplum sutorem pauperem sollicitavit ut corvum institueret ad parem\nsalutationem. Qui impendio exhaustus saepe ad avem non respondentem\ndicere solebat \"Opera et impensa periit!\" Aliquando tamen corvus coepit\ndicere dictam salutationem. Hac audita, dum transit, Augustus respondit:\n\"Satis domi talium salutatorum habeo.\" Superfuit corvo memoria, ut et\nilla, quibus dominum querentem solebat audire, subtexeret: \"Opera et\nimpensa periit.\" Ad quod Caesar risit emique avem iussit, quanti nullam\nante emerat.\n\nSolebat Graeculus quidam descendenti e palatio Caesari honorificum\naliquod epigramma porrigere. Id cum frustra saepe fecisset et tamen\nrursus eum idem facturum duxisset Augustus, breve sua manu in charta\nexaravit Graecum epigramma et Graeculo advenienti obviam misit. Ille\ninter legendum laudare mirarique tam voce quam vultu gestuque. Deinde\ncum accessisset ad sellam, qua Caesar vehebatur, demissa in pauperem\ncrumenam manu paucos denarios protulit, quos principi daret, dixitque se\nplus daturum fuisse, si plus habuisset. Secuto omnium risu,\ndispensatorem Caesar vocavit et satis grandem pecuniae summam numerari\nGraeculo iussit.\n\nAugustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus igitur a quodam cena\nsatis parca et paene cottidiana, hoc tantum insusurravit: \"Non putabam\nme tibi esse tam familiarem.\" Cum aliquando apud Pollionem quendam\ncenaret fregissetque unus e servis vas crystallinum, rapi eum ad mortem\nPollio iussit et obici muraenis quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e\nmanibus puer et ad pedes Caesaris confugit, nihil aliud petiturus quam\nut aliter periret nec esca piscium fieret. Motus est novo crudelitatis\ngenere Caesar et illum quidem mitti, crystallina autem omnia coram se\nfrangi iussit complerique piscinam.\n\nAugustus in quadam villa aegrotans noctes inquietas agebat, rumpente\nsomnum eius crebro noctuae cantu. Qua molestia cum liberari se\nvehementer cupere significasset, miles quidam, aucupii peritus, noctuam\nprehendendam curavit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis praemii.\nCui cum Augustus mille nummos dari iussisset, ille minus dignum praemium\nexistimans dicere ausus est: \"Malo ut vivat,\" et avem dimisit.\nImperatori nec ad irascendum causa deerat nec ad ulciscendum potestas:\nhanc tamen iniuriam aequo animo tulit Augustus hominemque impunitum\nabire passus est.\n\nAugustus amicitias neque facile admisit et constantissime retinuit.\nImprimis familiarem habuit Maecenatem, equitem Romanum; qui ea, qua apud\nprincipem valebat, gratia ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus,\nquibus posset, noceret nemini. Ius aliquando dicebat Augustus et multos\ncapite damnaturus videbatur. Aderat tum Maecenas, qui per circumstantium\nturbam perrumpere et ad tribunal propius accedere conabatur. Quod cum\nfrustra tentasset, haec verba in tabella scripsit: \"Surge tandem,\ncarnifex!\" eamque tabellam ad Augustum proiecit. Qua lecta is statim\nsurrexit neque quisquam est morte multatus.\n\nHabitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis, neque laxitate neque cultu\nconspicuis, ac per annos amplius quadraginta in eodem cubiculo hieme et\naestate mansit. Suppellex quoque eius vix privatae elegantiae erat. Raro\nveste alia usus est quam confecta ab uxore, sorore, filia neptibusque.\nItem tamen Romam, quam pro maiestate imperii non satis ornatam\ninvenerat, adeo excoluit, ut iure gloriaretur marmoream se relinquere,\nquam latericiam accepisset.\n\nForma fuit Augustus eximia et per omnes aetatis gradus venustissima.\nErat tamen omnis lenocinii neglegens et in capite comendo tam\nincuriosus, ut eo ipso tempore, quo illud tonsoribus committeret, aut\nlegeret aliquid aut etiam scriberet.\n\nPaucis annis antequam moreretur, gravissimam in Germania accepit cladem,\ntribus legionibus cum duce Varo legatisque\u00a0et auxiliis omnibus caesis.\nHac nuntiata excubias per urbem indixit, ne quis tumultus exsisteret, et\nmagnos ludos Iovi optimo maximo vovit, si res publica in meliorem statum\nvertisset. Adeo denique consternatum ferunt, ut, per continuos menses\nbarba capilloque submisso, caput interdum foribus inlideret, vociferans:\n\"Quintili Vare, legiones redde!\" diemque cladis quotannis maestum\nhabuerit ac lugubrem.\n\nTandem adflicta valetudine in Campaniam concessit, ubi, remisso ad otium\nanimo, nullo hilaritatis genere abstinuit. Supremo vitae die petito\nspeculo capillum sibi comi iussit et amicos circumstantes percontatus\necquid iis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse, adiecit solitam\nclausulam: \"Edite strepitum vosque omnes cum gaudio applaudite.\" Obiit\nNolae sextum et septuagesimum annum agens.\n\n\n  #XXX. Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2nus Caesar Augustus# [[as printed]]\n\n  Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2nus, I\u00fbliae, G\u00e2\u00ee Caesaris sor\u00f4ris, nep\u00f4s, qu\u00e2rtum annum\n  ag\u00eans patrem \u00e2m\u00eesit. Ab avuncul\u00f4 adopt\u00e2tus profectum eum in\n  Hisp\u00e2ni\u00e2s[12] adversus Gnae\u00ee Pomp\u00ea\u00ee l\u00eeber\u00f4s sec\u00fbtus est. Deinde\n  ab e\u00f4 Apoll\u00f4niam missus studi\u00ees[13] vac\u00e2vit. Utque pr\u00eemum occ\u00eesum\n    [[104]]\n  Caesarem h\u00ear\u00eademque s\u00ea comperit, in urbem regressus                {5}\n  h\u00ear\u00eadit\u00e2tem adiit, n\u00f4men Caesaris s\u00fbmpsit conl\u00eact\u00f4que veter\u00e2n\u00f4rum\n  exercit\u00fb opem Decim\u00f4[1] Br\u00fbt\u00f4 tulit, qu\u00ee ab\n  Ant\u00f4ni\u00f4 Mutinae obsid\u00eab\u00e2tur. Cum autem\n  urbis adit\u00fb prohib\u00ear\u00eatur, ut Br\u00fbtum d\u00ea omnibus\n  r\u00eabus certi\u00f4rem faceret, pr\u00eem\u00f4 l\u00eetter\u00e2s                           {10}\n  m\u00eesit plumbe\u00ees[2] l\u00e2min\u00ees \u00eenscr\u00eept\u00e2s, qu\u00e2s ad\n  bracchium[3] relig\u00e2t\u00e2s \u00fbr\u00een\u00e2t\u00f4r\u00eas[4] Scultennam\n  amnem tr\u00e2nsnant\u00eas[5] ad Br\u00fbtum d\u00eafer\u00eabant.\n  Qu\u00een et avibus intern\u00fbnti\u00ees \u00fbt\u00eab\u00e2tur. Columb\u00ees[6]\n  enim, qu\u00e2s incl\u00fbs\u00e2s ante fam\u00ea[7] adf\u00eacerat,                       {15}\n  epistul\u00e2s ad collum relig\u00e2bat e\u00e2sque \u00e2 proxim\u00f4 moenibus loc\u00f4\n  \u00eamitt\u00eabat. Illae, l\u00fbcis cib\u00eeque avidae, altissima aedifici\u00f4rum\n  petent\u00eas excipi\u00eabantur \u00e2 Decim\u00f4 Br\u00fbt\u00f4, qu\u00ee e\u00f4 mod\u00f4 d\u00ea omnibus\n  r\u00eabus certior f\u00ee\u00eabat, utique[8] postquam disposit\u00f4 quibusdam loc\u00ees\n  cib\u00f4 columb\u00e2s ill\u00fbc d\u00eavol\u00e2re \u00eenstituerat.                         {20}\n\n    [Illustration: YOUNG AUGUSTUS]\n\n  Bellum Mutin\u00eanse Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2nus du\u00f4bus proeli\u00ees c\u00f4nf\u00eacit, qu\u00f4rum\n  in alter\u00f4 n\u00f4n ducis modo, sed m\u00eelitis etiam f\u00fbnctus est offici\u00f4\n  atque in medi\u00e2 d\u00eemic\u00e2ti\u00f4ne, aquilifer\u00f4 legi\u00f4nis suae graviter\n  sauci\u00f4,[9] aquilam umer\u00ees sub\u00eesse di\u00fbque fertur port\u00e2sse. Poste\u00e2\n  reconcili\u00e2t\u00e2 cum Ant\u00f4ni\u00f4 gr\u00e2ti\u00e2[10]i\u00fbnct\u00eesque cum e\u00f4 c\u00f4pi\u00ees, ut   {25}\n  G\u00e2\u00ee Caesaris necem ulc\u00eescer\u00eatur, ad urbem host\u00eeliter accessit\n  m\u00eesitque qu\u00ee n\u00f4mine exercit\u00fbs sibi c\u00f4nsul\u00e2tum d\u00eap\u00f4scerent.\n  Cunctante sen\u00e2t\u00fb centuri\u00f4, pr\u00eenceps l\u00eag\u00e2ti\u00f4nis, r\u00eaiect\u00f4 sagul\u00f4,[11]\n  ostend\u00eans gladi\u00ee capulum[12] n\u00f4n dubit\u00e2vit[13] in C\u00fbri\u00e2 d\u00eecere: \"H\u00eec\n  faciet, s\u00ee v\u00f4s n\u00f4n f\u00eaceritis.\"                                    {30}\n\n  Ita cum Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2nus v\u00eec\u00easim\u00f4 aet\u00e2tis ann\u00f4 c\u00f4nsul\u00e2tum inv\u00e2sisset,\n  p\u00e2cem f\u00eacit cum Ant\u00f4ni\u00f4 et Lepid\u00f4, ita ut triumvir\u00ee re\u00ee\n    [[105]]\n  p\u00fbblicae c\u00f4nstituendae per qu\u00eenquennium essent ipse et Lepidus\n  et Ant\u00f4nius, et ut su\u00f4s quisque inim\u00eec\u00f4s pr\u00f4scr\u00eeberent. Quae\n  pr\u00f4scr\u00eepti\u00f4 Sull\u00e2n\u00e2 long\u00ea cr\u00fbd\u00ealior fuit. Exstant autem ex e\u00e2     {35}\n  multa vel extr\u00eamae impiet\u00e2tis vel m\u00eerae fide\u00ee \u00e2c c\u00f4nstantiae\n  exempla. T. T\u00f4ranius, triumvir\u00f4rum part\u00eas sec\u00fbtus, pr\u00f4scr\u00eept\u00ee\n  patris su\u00ee, praet\u00f4ri\u00ee et \u00f4rn\u00e2t\u00ee vir\u00ee, latebr\u00e2s, aet\u00e2tem not\u00e2sque[1]\n  corporis, quibus \u00e2gn\u00f4sc\u00ee posset, centuri\u00f4nibus \u00eadidit, qu\u00ee eum\n  persec\u00fbt\u00ee sunt. Alius qu\u00eedam cum pr\u00f4scr\u00eeptum s\u00ea c\u00f4gn\u00f4visset,      {40}\n  ad clientem suum c\u00f4nf\u00fbgit; sed f\u00eelius \u00eaius per ipsa v\u00east\u00eegia\n  patris m\u00eelitibus duct\u00ees occ\u00eedendum eum in c\u00f4nspect\u00fb su\u00f4 obi\u00eacit.\n\n  Cum C. Pl\u00f4tius Plancus \u00e2 triumvir\u00ees pr\u00f4scr\u00eeptus in regi\u00f4ne\n  Salernit\u00e2n\u00e2[2] lat\u00earet, serv\u00ee \u00eaius, compreh\u00eans\u00ee multumque \u00e2c di\u00fb\n  tort\u00ee,[3] neg\u00e2bant s\u00ea sc\u00eere ubi dominus esset. N\u00f4n sustinuit deinde\n  Plancus tam fid\u00eal\u00eas tamque bon\u00ee exempl\u00ee serv\u00f4s ulterius cruci\u00e2r\u00ee;\n  sed pr\u00f4cessit in medium iugulumque gladi\u00ees m\u00eelitum obi\u00eacit.       {47}\n  Sen\u00e2t\u00f4ris c\u00fbiusdam servus cum ad dominum pr\u00f4scr\u00eeptum occ\u00eedendum\n  m\u00eelit\u00eas adv\u00eanisse c\u00f4gn\u00f4sset, comm\u00fbt\u00e2t\u00e2 cum e\u00f4 veste,\n  perm\u00fbt\u00e2t\u00f4 etiam \u00e2nul\u00f4, illum post\u00eec\u00f4[4] clam \u00eam\u00eesit, s\u00ea autem in  {50}\n  cubiculum ad lectulum[5] rec\u00eapit et ut dominum occ\u00eed\u00ee passus est.\n  \"Quant\u00ee[6] vir\u00ee est\" addit Seneca,[7] \"cum praemia pr\u00f4diti\u00f4nis\n  ingentia ostendantur, praemium fide\u00ee mortem concup\u00eescere!\"\n\n  Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2nus deinde M. Br\u00fbtum, interfect\u00f4rem Caesaris, bell\u00f4\n  persec\u00fbtus id bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplic\u00ee     {55}\n  proeli\u00f4 tr\u00e2ns\u00eagit; qu\u00f4rum pri\u00f4re castr\u00ees ex\u00fbtus[8] vix fug\u00e2 \u00eav\u00e2sit.\n  Victor acerbissim\u00ea s\u00ea gessit: in n\u00f4bilissimum quemque capt\u00eevum\n  n\u00f4n sine verb\u00f4rum contum\u00eali\u00e2 saeviit. \u00dbn\u00ee suppliciter sepult\u00fbram\n  precant\u00ee respondisse d\u00eecitur iam istam in volucrum fore\n  potest\u00e2te. Ali\u00f4s, patrem et f\u00eelium, pr\u00f4 v\u00eet\u00e2 rogant\u00eas sort\u00eer\u00ee     {60}\n  fertur iussisse ut alterutr\u00ee[9] conc\u00eader\u00eatur, ac cum, patre quia\n    [[106]]\n  s\u00ea obtulerat occ\u00ees\u00f4, f\u00eelius quoque volunt\u00e2ri\u00e2 occubuisset nece,\n  spect\u00e2sse utrumque morientem. \u00d4r\u00e2re veniam vel exc\u00fbs\u00e2re s\u00ea\n  c\u00f4nantibus, \u00fbn\u00e2 v\u00f4ce occurr\u00eabat[1] moriendum esse. Scr\u00eebunt\n  qu\u00eedam trecent\u00f4s ex d\u00eadit\u00eeci\u00ees[2] \u00eal\u00eact\u00f4s ad \u00e2ram d\u00eev\u00f4[3] I\u00fbli\u00f4   {65}\n  exstr\u00fbctam \u00cedibus M\u00e2rti\u00ees hosti\u00e2rum[4] m\u00f4re mact\u00e2t\u00f4s.[5]\n\n  Abali\u00ean\u00e2tus poste\u00e2 est ab Ant\u00f4ni\u00f4, quod is, repudi\u00e2t\u00e2 Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2\n  sor\u00f4re, Cleopatram, Aegypt\u00ee r\u00eag\u00eenam, d\u00fbxisset ux\u00f4rem: quae quidem\n  mulier cum Ant\u00f4ni\u00f4 l\u00fbx\u00fb et d\u00ealici\u00ees[6] cert\u00e2bat. \u00dbn\u00e2 s\u00ea c\u00ean\u00e2\n  centi\u00eas[7] s\u00eastertium abs\u00fbmpt\u00fbram aliquand\u00f4 d\u00eexerat. Cupi\u00eabat     {70}\n  d\u00eescere Ant\u00f4nius, sed fier\u00ee posse n\u00f4n arbitr\u00e2b\u00e2tur. Poster\u00f4 igitur\n  di\u00ea m\u00e2gnificam[8] ali\u00e2s c\u00eanam, sed cott\u00eedi\u00e2nam Ant\u00f4ni\u00f4 apposuit\n  inr\u00eedent\u00ee, quod pr\u00f4miss\u00f4 st\u00e2re n\u00f4n potuisset. At illa \u00eenferr\u00ee\n  m\u00eansam[9] secundam iussit. Ex praecept\u00f4 ministr\u00ee \u00fbnum tantum      {74}\n  v\u00e2s ante eam posu\u00eare ac\u00eat\u00ee,[10] c\u00fbius asperit\u00e2s v\u00eesque margar\u00eet\u00e2s[11]\n  resolvit.[12] Exspectante igitur Ant\u00f4ni\u00f4 quidnam esset \u00e2ct\u00fbra,\n  margar\u00eetam, quam auribus ger\u00eabat, d\u00eatr\u00e2xit et ac\u00eat\u00f4 liquefactam\n  absorbuit. Victum Ant\u00f4nium omn\u00eas, qu\u00ee aderant, pr\u00f4n\u00fbnti\u00e2v\u00earunt.   {78}\n\n  Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2nus cum Ant\u00f4ni\u00f4 apud Actium, qu\u00ee locus est in \u00cap\u00eer\u00f4,       {80}\n  n\u00e2v\u00e2l\u00ee proeli\u00f4 d\u00eemic\u00e2vit. Victum et fugientem persec\u00fbtus Aegyptum\n  petiit, et Alexandr\u00eaam, qu\u00f4 Ant\u00f4nius cum Cleopatr\u00e2 c\u00f4nf\u00fbgerat,\n  obs\u00eadit. Ant\u00f4nius in ultim\u00e2 r\u00earum d\u00easp\u00ear\u00e2ti\u00f4ne, cum\n  habit\u00fb r\u00eagis in soli\u00f4[13] r\u00eag\u00e2l\u00ee s\u00eadisset, mortem sibi ipse c\u00f4nsc\u00eevit.\n  Cleopatra, quam Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2nus, Alexandr\u00ea\u00e2 in potest\u00e2tem red\u00e2ct\u00e2,     {85}\n  m\u00e2gn\u00f4 opere cupi\u00eabat v\u00eevam comprehend\u00ee triumph\u00f4que serv\u00e2r\u00ee,\n  aspidem[14] sibi adferendam c\u00fbr\u00e2vit \u00eaiusque mors\u00fb periit. Cleopatrae\n  mortuae comm\u00fbnem cum Ant\u00f4ni\u00f4 sepult\u00fbram tribuit.\n\n    [[107]]\n  Tandem Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2nus, hostibus vict\u00ees s\u00f4lus imperi\u00f4 pot\u00eetus,\n  cl\u00eamentem s\u00ea exhibuit.[1] Omnia deinceps in e\u00f4 pl\u00eana m\u00e2nsu\u00eat\u00fbdinis[2]\n  et h\u00fbm\u00e2nit\u00e2tis. Mult\u00ees \u00eegn\u00f4vit vel i\u00ees qu\u00ee saepe graviter         {91}\n  eum offenderant. Reversus in \u00cetaliam triumph\u00e2ns R\u00f4mam\n  ingressus est. Tum bell\u00ees t\u00f4t\u00f4 orbe composit\u00ees I\u00e2n\u00ee gemin\u00ee port\u00e2s\n  su\u00e2 man\u00fb clausit, quae bis tantum ante\u00e2 clausae fuerant, pr\u00eemum\n  sub Num\u00e2 r\u00eage, iterum post pr\u00eemum P\u00fbnicum bellum. Tunc            {95}\n  omn\u00eas praeterit\u00f4rum mal\u00f4rum obl\u00eevi\u00f4 c\u00eapit populusque R\u00f4m\u00e2nus\n  praesentis \u00f4ti\u00ee laetiti\u00e2 perfru\u00eab\u00e2tur. Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2n\u00f4 m\u00e2xim\u00ee hon\u00f4r\u00eas\n  \u00e2 sen\u00e2t\u00fb d\u00eal\u00e2t\u00ee sunt. Ipse Augustus c\u00f4gn\u00f4min\u00e2tus et in hon\u00f4rem\n  \u00eaius m\u00eansis Sext\u00eelis[3] e\u00f4dem n\u00f4mine appell\u00e2tus est, quod ill\u00f4\n  m\u00eanse bell\u00ees c\u00eev\u00eelibus f\u00eenis esset impositus. Patris patriae     {100}\n  c\u00f4gn\u00f4men \u00fbnivers\u00ee m\u00e2xim\u00f4 c\u00f4ns\u00eans\u00fb d\u00eatul\u00earunt e\u00ee. D\u00eaferentibus\n  lacrim\u00e2ns respondit Augustus h\u00ees verb\u00ees: \"Compos[4] factus\n  v\u00f4t\u00f4rum me\u00f4rum, patr\u00eas conscr\u00eept\u00ee, quid habe\u00f4 aliud, quod de\u00f4s\n  immort\u00e2l\u00eas precer, quam ut hunc c\u00f4ns\u00eansum vestrum ad ultimum\n  v\u00eetae f\u00eenem mihi perferre liceat!\"                               {105}\n\n  Dict\u00e2t\u00fbram m\u00e2gn\u00e2 v\u00ee offerente popul\u00f4 d\u00eaprec\u00e2tus est. Domin\u00ee\n  appell\u00e2ti\u00f4nem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribu\u00ee \u00eadict\u00f4 vetuit.\n  Imm\u00f4[5] d\u00ea restituend\u00e2 r\u00ea p\u00fbblic\u00e2 n\u00f4n semel c\u00f4git\u00e2vit, sed\n  reput\u00e2ns et s\u00ea pr\u00eev\u00e2tum n\u00f4n sine per\u00eecul\u00f4 fore, et rem p\u00fbblicam\n  pl\u00fbrium arbitri\u00f4 commissum[6] \u00eer\u00ee, summam retinuit potest\u00e2tem,   {110}\n  id v\u00ear\u00f4 studuit n\u00ea quem nov\u00ee stat\u00fbs paenit\u00earet. Bene d\u00ea i\u00ees\n  etiam, qu\u00f4s advers\u00e2ri\u00f4s expertus erat, et senti\u00eabat et loqu\u00eab\u00e2tur.\n  Legentem aliquand\u00f4 \u00fbnum \u00ea nep\u00f4tibus inv\u00eanit; cumque puer\n  territus vol\u00fbmen Cicer\u00f4nis, quod man\u00fb ten\u00eabat, veste tegeret,\n  Augustus librum c\u00eapit e\u00f4que statim reddit\u00f4, \"H\u00eec vir,\" inquit    {115}\n  \"f\u00eel\u00ee m\u00ee, doctus fuit et patriae am\u00e2ns.\"\n\n    [[108]]\n  Pedibus saepe per urbem inc\u00ead\u00eabat summ\u00e2que c\u00f4mit\u00e2te adeunt\u00eas\n  excipi\u00eabat. Conv\u00eanit[1] aliquand\u00f4 eum veter\u00e2nus m\u00eeles, qu\u00ee\n  voc\u00e2tus in i\u00fbs per\u00eeclit\u00e2b\u00e2tur rog\u00e2vitque ut sibi adesset. Statim\n  Augustus \u00fbnum \u00ea comit\u00e2t\u00fb[2] su\u00f4 \u00eal\u00eagit advoc\u00e2tum, qu\u00ee l\u00eetig\u00e2t\u00f4rem\n  commend\u00e2ret. Tum veter\u00e2nus excl\u00e2m\u00e2vit: \"At n\u00f4n ego,              {121}\n  t\u00ea per\u00eeclitante bell\u00f4 Actiac\u00f4, vic\u00e2rium[3] quaes\u00eev\u00ee, sed ipse pr\u00f4 t\u00ea\n  p\u00fbgn\u00e2v\u00ee,\" simulque d\u00eat\u00eaxit cic\u00e2tr\u00eec\u00eas.[4] \u00carubuit[5] Augustus\n  atque ipse v\u00eanit in advoc\u00e2ti\u00f4nem.\n\n  Cum post Actiacam vict\u00f4riam Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2nus R\u00f4mam reverter\u00eatur,       {125}\n  occurrit e\u00ee inter gr\u00e2tulant\u00eas opifex[6] qu\u00eedam corvum[7] ten\u00eans,\n  quem \u00eenstituerat haec d\u00eecere: \"Av\u00ea,[8] Caesar, victor, imper\u00e2tor!\"\n  M\u00eer\u00e2tus Caesar offici\u00f4sam avem v\u00eegint\u00ee m\u00eelibus numm\u00f4rum[9] \u00eamit.\n  Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex ill\u00e2 l\u00eeber\u00e2lit\u00e2te perv\u00eanerat,\n  adf\u00eerm\u00e2vit Caesar\u00ee hab\u00eare illum et alium corvum, quem ut adferre\n  c\u00f4ger\u00eatur rog\u00e2vit. Adl\u00e2tus verba, quae didicerat, expressit:     {131}\n  \"Av\u00ea, Ant\u00f4n\u00ee, victor, imper\u00e2tor!\" Nihil exasper\u00e2tus Caesar\n  satis d\u00fbxit iub\u00eare illum d\u00eevidere d\u00f4n\u00e2t\u00eevum[10] cum contubern\u00e2l\u00ee.\n  Sal\u00fbt\u00e2tus similiter \u00e2 psittac\u00f4[11] em\u00ee eum iussit.\n\n  Exemplum s\u00fbt\u00f4rem[12] pauperem sollicit\u00e2vit ut corvum \u00eenstitueret\n  ad parem sal\u00fbt\u00e2ti\u00f4nem. Qu\u00ee impendi\u00f4[13] exhaustus saepe ad       {136}\n  avem n\u00f4n respondentem d\u00eecere sol\u00eabat \"Opera et imp\u00eansa[13]\n  periit[14]!\" Aliquand\u00f4 tamen corvus coepit d\u00eecere dictam\n  sal\u00fbt\u00e2ti\u00f4nem. H\u00e2c aud\u00eet\u00e2, dum tr\u00e2nsit, Augustus respondit: \"Satis\n  dom\u00ee t\u00e2lium sal\u00fbt\u00e2t\u00f4rum habe\u00f4.\" Superfuit corv\u00f4 memoria, ut      {140}\n  et illa, quibus dominum querentem sol\u00eabat aud\u00eere, subtexeret[15]:\n  \"Opera et imp\u00eansa periit.\" Ad quod Caesar r\u00eesit em\u00eeque avem\n  iussit, quant\u00ee[16] n\u00fbllam ante \u00eamerat.\n\n  Sol\u00eabat Graeculus qu\u00eedam d\u00eascendent\u00ee \u00ea pal\u00e2ti\u00f4 Caesar\u00ee hon\u00f4rificum\n  aliquod epigramma porrigere.[17] Id cum fr\u00fbstr\u00e2 saepe f\u00eacisset   {145}\n    [[109]]\n  et tamen r\u00fbrsus eum idem fact\u00fbrum d\u00fbxisset Augustus, breve\n  su\u00e2 man\u00fb in chart\u00e2[1] exar\u00e2vit[2] Graecum epigramma et Graecul\u00f4\n  advenient\u00ee obviam m\u00eesit. Ille inter legendum laud\u00e2re[3] m\u00eer\u00e2r\u00eeque[3]\n  tam[4] v\u00f4ce quam[4] vult\u00fb gest\u00fbque. Deinde cum accessisset       {149}\n  ad sellam, qu\u00e2 Caesar veh\u00eab\u00e2tur, d\u00eamiss\u00e2 in pauperem crum\u00eanam[5]\n  man\u00fb pauc\u00f4s d\u00ean\u00e2ri\u00f4s[6] pr\u00f4tulit, qu\u00f4s pr\u00eencip\u00ee daret, d\u00eexitque\n  s\u00ea pl\u00fbs dat\u00fbrum fuisse, s\u00ee pl\u00fbs habuisset. Sec\u00fbt\u00f4 omnium\n  r\u00ees\u00fb, disp\u00eans\u00e2t\u00f4rem[7] Caesar voc\u00e2vit et satis grandem pec\u00fbniae\n  summam numer\u00e2r\u00ee Graecul\u00f4 iussit.\n\n  Augustus fer\u00ea n\u00fbll\u00ee s\u00ea inv\u00eetant\u00ee neg\u00e2bat. Exceptus igitur \u00e2      {155}\n  qu\u00f4dam c\u00ean\u00e2 satis parc\u00e2 et paene cott\u00eedi\u00e2n\u00e2, h\u00f4c tantum\n  \u00eensusurr\u00e2vit[8]: \"N\u00f4n put\u00e2bam m\u00ea tibi esse tam famili\u00e2rem.\" Cum\n  aliquand\u00f4 apud P\u00f4lli\u00f4nem quendam c\u00ean\u00e2ret fr\u00eagissetque \u00fbnus \u00ea\n  serv\u00ees v\u00e2s crystallinum, rap\u00ee eum ad mortem P\u00f4lli\u00f4 iussit et     {159}\n  obic\u00ee m\u00fbraen\u00ees[9] qu\u00e2s ing\u00eans pisc\u00eena[10] contin\u00eabat. \u00cav\u00e2sit \u00ea manibus\n  puer et ad ped\u00eas Caesaris c\u00f4nf\u00fbgit, nihil aliud pet\u00eet\u00fbrus quam\n  ut aliter per\u00eeret nec \u00easca[11] piscium fieret. M\u00f4tus est nov\u00f4\n      cr\u00fbd\u00ealit\u00e2tis\n  genere Caesar et illum quidem mitt\u00ee,[12] crystallina autem\n  omnia c\u00f4ram s\u00ea frang\u00ee iussit compl\u00ear\u00eeque pisc\u00eenam.\n\n  Augustus in qu\u00e2dam v\u00eell\u00e2 aegr\u00f4t\u00e2ns noct\u00eas inqui\u00eat\u00e2s ag\u00eabat,      {165}\n  rumpente somnum \u00eaius cr\u00eabr\u00f4 noctuae[13] cant\u00fb. Qu\u00e2 molesti\u00e2 cum\n  l\u00eeber\u00e2r\u00ee s\u00ea vehementer cupere s\u00eegnific\u00e2sset, m\u00eeles qu\u00eedam, aucupi\u00ee\n  per\u00eetus, noctuam prehendendam c\u00fbr\u00e2vit, v\u00eevamque August\u00f4 attulit,\n  sp\u00ea ingentis praemi\u00ee. Cu\u00ee cum Augustus m\u00eelle numm\u00f4s[14] dar\u00ee     {169}\n  iussisset, ille minus d\u00eegnum praemium ex\u00eestim\u00e2ns d\u00eecere ausus est:\n  \"M\u00e2l\u00f4 ut v\u00eevat,\" et avem d\u00eem\u00eesit. Imper\u00e2t\u00f4r\u00ee nec ad \u00eer\u00e2scendum\n  causa deerat nec ad ulc\u00eescendum potest\u00e2s: hanc tamen ini\u00fbriam\n  aequ\u00f4 anim\u00f4 tulit Augustus hominemque imp\u00fbn\u00eetum ab\u00eere passus est.\n\n    [[110]]\n  Augustus am\u00eeciti\u00e2s neque facile adm\u00eesit et c\u00f4nstantissim\u00ea retinuit.\n  Impr\u00eem\u00ees famili\u00e2rem habuit Maec\u00ean\u00e2tem, equitem R\u00f4m\u00e2num;          {175}\n  qu\u00ee e\u00e2, qu\u00e2 apud pr\u00eencipem val\u00eabat, gr\u00e2ti\u00e2 ita semper \u00fbsus\n  est, ut pr\u00f4desset omnibus, quibus posset, noc\u00earet n\u00eamin\u00ee. I\u00fbs\n  aliquand\u00f4 d\u00eec\u00eabat Augustus et mult\u00f4s capite damn\u00e2t\u00fbrus vid\u00eab\u00e2tur.\n  Aderat tum Maec\u00ean\u00e2s, qu\u00ee per\n  circumstantium turbam perrumpere et                              {180}\n  ad trib\u00fbnal propius acc\u00eadere c\u00f4n\u00e2b\u00e2tur.\n  Quod cum fr\u00fbstr\u00e2 tent\u00e2sset, haec verba\n  in tabell\u00e2 scr\u00eepsit: \"Surge tandem,\n  carnifex[1]!\" eamque tabellam ad Augustum\n  pr\u00f4i\u00eacit. Qu\u00e2 l\u00eact\u00e2 is statim surr\u00eaxit                           {185}\n  neque quisquam est morte mult\u00e2tus.\n\n    [Illustration: AUGUSTUS]\n\n  Habit\u00e2vit Augustus in aedibus modic\u00ees,\n  neque laxit\u00e2te[2] neque cult\u00fb[3] c\u00f4nspicu\u00ees,\n  ac per ann\u00f4s amplius quadr\u00e2gint\u00e2\n  in e\u00f4dem cubicul\u00f4 hieme et aest\u00e2te                               {190}\n  m\u00e2nsit. Suppellex[4] quoque \u00eaius vix\n  pr\u00eev\u00e2tae \u00ealegantiae erat. R\u00e2r\u00f4 veste\n  ali\u00e2 \u00fbsus est quam c\u00f4nfect\u00e2 ab ux\u00f4re,\n  sor\u00f4re, f\u00eeli\u00e2 neptibusque.[5] Item tamen\n  R\u00f4mam, quam pr\u00f4 m\u00e2iest\u00e2te imperi\u00ee n\u00f4n                            {195}\n  satis \u00f4rn\u00e2tam inv\u00eanerat, ade\u00f4 excoluit, ut i\u00fbre gl\u00f4ri\u00e2r\u00eatur\n  marmoream s\u00ea relinquere, quam later\u00eeciam[6] acc\u00eapisset.\n\n  F\u00f4rm\u00e2 fuit Augustus eximi\u00e2 et per omn\u00eas aet\u00e2tis grad\u00fbs\n  venustissim\u00e2. Erat tamen omnis l\u00ean\u00f4cini\u00ee[7] negleg\u00eans et in capite\n  c\u00f4mend\u00f4 tam inc\u00fbri\u00f4sus, ut e\u00f4 ips\u00f4 tempore, qu\u00f4 illud t\u00f4ns\u00f4ribus\n  committeret, aut legeret aliquid aut etiam scr\u00eeberet.            {201}\n\n  Pauc\u00ees ann\u00ees antequam morer\u00eatur, gravissimam in Germ\u00e2ni\u00e2\n  acc\u00eapit cl\u00e2dem, tribus legi\u00f4nibus cum duce V\u00e2r\u00f4 l\u00eag\u00e2t\u00eesque\u00a0et\n    [[111]]\n  auxili\u00ees omnibus caes\u00ees. H\u00e2c n\u00fbnti\u00e2t\u00e2 excubi\u00e2s[1] per urbem      {204}\n  ind\u00eexit, n\u00ea quis tumultus exsisteret, et m\u00e2gn\u00f4s l\u00fbd\u00f4s Iov\u00ee optim\u00f4\n  m\u00e2xim\u00f4 v\u00f4vit, s\u00ee r\u00eas p\u00fbblica in meli\u00f4rem statum vertisset. Ade\u00f4\n  d\u00eanique[2] c\u00f4nstern\u00e2tum ferunt, ut, per continu\u00f4s m\u00eans\u00eas barb\u00e2\n  capill\u00f4que submiss\u00f4,[3] caput interdum foribus inl\u00eederet, v\u00f4cifer\u00e2ns:\n  \"Qu\u00eentil\u00ee V\u00e2re, legi\u00f4n\u00eas redde!\" diemque cl\u00e2dis quotann\u00ees\n  maestum habuerit ac l\u00fbgubrem.                                    {210}\n\n  Tandem adfl\u00eect\u00e2 val\u00eat\u00fbdine in Camp\u00e2niam concessit, ubi, remiss\u00f4\n  ad \u00f4tium anim\u00f4, n\u00fbll\u00f4 hilarit\u00e2tis genere abstinuit. Supr\u00eam\u00f4 v\u00eetae\n  di\u00ea pet\u00eet\u00f4 specul\u00f4[4] capillum sibi c\u00f4m\u00ee iussit et am\u00eec\u00f4s\n  circumstant\u00eas percont\u00e2tus ecquid i\u00ees vid\u00ear\u00eatur m\u00eemum[5] v\u00eetae commod\u00ea\n  tr\u00e2ns\u00eagisse, adi\u00eacit solitam clausulam[6]: \"\u00cadite strepitum      {215}\n  v\u00f4sque omn\u00eas cum gaudi\u00f4 applaudite.\" Obiit N\u00f4lae sextum et\n  septu\u00e2g\u00easimum annum ag\u00eans.\n\n    [Footnotes: XXX (pages 103-111)\n\n    103.12: See Vocab., _Hisp\u00e2nia_.\n    103.13: #studi\u00ees vac\u00e2bat#: 'had time for (i.e. devoted himself\u00a0to)\n    study.'\n    104.1: At Caesar's death he was governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Antony\n    carried a law allotting this province to himself, and then\n    undertook to expel Brutus.\n    104.2: #plumbe\u00ees l\u00e2min\u00ees#: 'leaden plates.'\n    104.3: 'arm.'\n    104.4: 'divers.'\n    104.5: 'by swimming across.'\n    104.6: 'doves.'\n    104.7: 'hunger.'\n    104.8: 'especially.'\n    104.9: '(being) wounded.'\n    104.10: = _am\u00eeciti\u00e2_.\n    104.11: 'cloak.'\n    104.12: 'hilt.'\n    104.13: 'hesitate.'\n    105.1: 'marks.'\n    105.2: 'of Salernum,' a town in Campania; the modern Salerno.\n    105.3: 'though tortured.'\n    105.4: 'by a back door.'\n    105.5: 'couch.'\n    105.6: #Quant\u00ee . . . est#: 'What marvelous manhood it shows.'\n    105.7: A philosopher of the first century A.D.\n    105.8: 'stripped of.'\n    105.9: 'to one or the other,' i.e. to one, but not to both.\n    106.1: 'he met,' i.e. he answered.\n    106.2: 'prisoners of war.' Cf. _d\u00eadere_, 'to surrender.'\n    106.3: Julius Caesar, like the later emperors, was deified after\n    his death.\n    106.4: 'sacrificial victims.'\n    106.5: 'slaughtered.'\n    106.6: 'pleasure.'\n    106.7: #centi\u00eas# (sc. _cent\u00eana m\u00eelia_) #s\u00eastertium# = 'ten million\n    sesterces,' or about four hundred thousand dollars. Cf. p.\u00a088,\n    n.\u00a08.\n    106.8: #m\u00e2gnificam . . . Ant\u00f4ni\u00f4#: 'under other circumstances\n    truly splendid, but to Antony quite commonplace.'\n    106.9: 'course.'\n    106.10: 'vinegar.'\n    106.11: 'pearls.'\n    106.12: 'melts,' 'dissolves.'\n    106.13: 'throne.'\n    106.14: 'asp.'\n    107.1: = _ostendit_.\n    107.2: 'gentleness.'\n    107.3: 'the sixth,' counting from March, with which, it is said,\n    the Roman year originally began.\n    107.4: #Compos . . . me\u00f4rum#: 'Now that I have gained my heart's\n    desire,' which had been to avenge his uncle's death.\n    107.5: 'Nay.'\n    107.6: #commissum \u00eer\u00ee# is fut. infin. pass. of _committ\u00f4_, and =\n    'was sure to be (lit. was going to\u00a0be) handed over,' i.e. if he\n    resigned.\n    108.1: 'met.'\n    108.2: 'retinue.'\n    108.3: 'substitute.'\n    108.4: 'wounds.'\n    108.5: 'blushed.'\n    108.6: 'artisan.'\n    108.7: 'raven.'\n    108.8: 'Hail!'\n    108.9: = _s\u00easterti\u00f4rum_.\n    108.10: = _d\u00f4num_.\n    108.11: 'parrot.'\n    108.12: 'cobbler.'\n    108.13: 'outlay.'\n    108.14: 'have come to naught.'\n    108.15: 'added': lit., 'wove in.'\n    108.16: #quant\u00ee . . . \u00eamerat#: 'at a higher price than he had paid\n    before.'\n    108.17: 'offer.'\n    109.1: 'paper.'\n    109.2: 'scratched off,' 'wrote.'\n    109.3: Examples of the historical infinitive, so called because it\n    is especially common in historical writing. It is to be translated\n    by an imperfect or perfect indicative.\n    109.4: = _et . . . et_.\n    109.5: 'purse.'\n    109.6: 'francs.'\n    109.7: 'steward.'\n    109.8: 'whispered.'\n    109.9: 'eels.'\n    109.10: 'fish-pond.'\n    109.11: 'food.'\n    109.12: 'freed.'\n    109.13: 'night-owl.'\n    109.14: = _s\u00easterti\u00f4s_.\n    110.1: 'executioner,' 'butcher.'\n    110.2: 'size.'\n    110.3: 'style.'\n    110.4: 'furniture.'\n    110.5: 'granddaughters.'\n    110.6: 'made of brick.'\n    110.7: 'finery.'\n    111.1: #excubi\u00e2s . . . ind\u00eexit#: 'ordered watches to be set.'\n    111.2: Often used like our 'to cut a long story short,' 'in\n    short.'\n    111.3: #barb\u00e2 . . . submiss\u00f4#: 'letting his beard grow.'\n    111.4: 'mirror' (of metal, generally bronze or silver).\n    111.5: 'comedy.'\n    111.6: 'conclusion.' Latin plays regularly close with an appeal of\n    the actors to the spectators to grant them 'loud and prolonged\n    applause.']\n\n\n    [Illustration {SPQR}]\n\n\n\n\nEXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN\n\nWords in round brackets are not to be translated; those in square\nbrackets indicate the Latin rendering. Note the 'Caution' on p. xxv. The\nsection numbers refer to the selections.\n\n\nI.\n\n#Apposition.#\n\n1. Proca left his kingdom to his older son, Numitor. 2. Romulus and\nRemus were the sons of Rhea Silvia, a\u00a0priestess of Vesta. 3. The boys\nwere thrown into the river. 4. A\u00a0shepherd of the king[1] carried them to\nhis hut. 5. Who was the grandfather of these boys? 6. Remus, when\ngrown,[2] was caught by (some) robbers.[3] 7. They thus accused him:\n\"You have trespassed on the king's lands.\" 8. A\u00a0dispute arose between\nthe brothers. 9. Romulus said: \"I\u00a0shall give my name to the new city.\"\n10. Which of them leaped over the wall?\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: Use adj.\n    2: See p. 2, n. 19.\n    3: H. 468 (415, I); M. 614; A 246; G 401; B 216.]\n\n\nII.\n\n#Agreement of adjectives, pronouns, and participles.#\n\n1. Robbers and shepherds took refuge in[1] the city which Romulus had\nfounded. 2. These were the fathers of the Romans. 3. The envoys that the\nking sent were nowhere kindly received. 4. The tribes to which he sent\ndid not seek an alliance. 5. Many of those who gathered had not seen\nRome. 6. The maidens whom they seized were the children of the Sabines,\nwho now undertook war. 7. (While) advancing to battle, the Romans\ncarried (their) shields on (their) left arms. 8. The Sabines killed\nHostilius (while he was) fighting very bravely. 9. The Romans fell\nfighting bravely. 10. They founded a temple in honor[2] of Romulus and\nworshiped him as a god.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: _ad_ with acc.\n    2: See p. 8, n. 1.]\n\n\nIII.\n\n#Expressions of place; extent of time.#\n\n1. Who succeeded Romulus? Numa Pompilius. 2. From what city did he come?\nFrom Cures, [from] a\u00a0city of the Sabines. 3. What did he do at Rome? 4.\nHe established many religious customs and had many useful laws passed.\n5. A\u00a0shield once slipped down from the sky. 6. (There) was a smith in\nRome[1] who made twelve shields of the same shape. 7. The Romans had\npeace (for) forty-three years. 8. No temple was erected in honor of\nNuma, but he was of more use to the state than Romulus.\n\n    [Footnote:\n    1: Locative case.]\n\n\nIV.\n\n#Ablative absolute; locatives of common nouns.#\n\n1. At the death of Numa [Numa having died] the Romans elected a more\nwarlike king. 2. War[1] having broken[1] out between the Romans and the\nSabines, the dispute was settled by a contest between [of] the Curiatii\nand the Horatii. 3. The young men took up arms and [arms having been\ntaken up][1] advanced to battle. 4. At a given[2] signal,[2] with drawn\nswords, they rushed together. 5. As the two Romans fell [the two Romans\nfalling], the Alban army shouted for joy. 6. The sister of Horatius\nbegan to weep when she saw her lover's cloak. 7. He drew his sword and\nstabbed the girl who forgot [having forgotten] her brothers and her\ncountry. 8. When Tullus learned of the treachery of the Alban general,\nin anger[3] he ordered him to be put to death. 9. Then war was declared\nagainst the Sabines.[4] 10. Very many young men were in military\nservice, a\u00a0few were at home. 11. Tullus[5] Hostilius, who succeeded\nNuma, liked war [war pleased] rather than peace.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: See p. 1, n. 4.\n    2: See p. 5, l. 12. [[in selection II]]\n    3: Use participle.\n    4: H. 429 (386); M. 534; A. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.\n    5: H. 426, 1 (385, I); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187,\u00a0II.]\n\n\nV.\n\n#Ablative of specification; dative with compounds.#\n\n1. Ancus Marcius, the fourth king, was like Numa[1] in justice and\npiety, but was more warlike. 2. During[2] his reign[2] a\u00a0raid was made\non the Roman territory by the Latins. 3. When the king heard of this\n[which having been learned], he declared war against them. 4. Having\ndefeated the Latins, he destroyed their towns and transferred the\ncitizens to Rome. 5. Romulus had built a wall around the city, but this\nwall was larger. 6. Of these four kings of Rome, two were distinguished\nin war, two in peace.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: H. 434 (391, I); M. 536; A. 234; G. 359; B. 192,\u00a01.\n    2: Abl. abs.]\n\n\nVI.\n\n#Direct and indirect questions.#\n\n1. Tarquin came from Etruria, a city of the Etruscans. 2. When Ancus\ndied,[2] Tarquin was made guardian of his children. 3. Thus he obtained\nthe throne. 4. (There) was at Rome a celebrated augur. 5. The king once\nasked him whether he could cut a whetstone with a razor. Can[1] you cut\na whetstone with\u00a0a razor? 7. You cannot[2] cut a whetstone with a razor,\ncan you? 8. The sons of Ancus asked the shepherds whether they could\ncommit a crime. 9. Can you commit a crime? 10. The shepherds entered[3]\nthe palace and[3] began to bawl out. 11. One of them killed the king\nwith an axe. 12. Does not this seem to you an atrocious crime?\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: H. 378, 2 (351, 1, N. 1); M. 698; A. 210, _a_; G. 454;\n       B. 162, _c_.\n    2: H. 378 (351, 1, N. 3); M. 701; A. 210, _c_; G. 456;\n       B. 162, _b_.\n    3: See p. 2, n. 8.]\n\n\nVII.\n\n#Ablative of source; ablative of quality.#\n\n1. At the death of Tarquin, Servius Tullius succeeded to the throne. 2.\nHe was born of a woman[1] of rank, who, however, was a slave in\nTarquin's house. 3. On the advice of Tanaquil [Tanaquil advising] he was\nbrought up just as the children of the king. 4. He was a young man of\ngreat bravery,[1] and became the king's son-in-law. 5. One of Tullius's\ndaughters was gentle, the other wild. 6. Tarquin's sons were of like\ncharacter. 7. The king was slain by order of his own son-in-law. 8.\nTullia was a woman of base character and did not love her father. 9. The\npeople asked Tullia what she had done.[2]\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: Abl. Why?\n    2: See p. 3, n. 2.]\n\n\nVIII.\n\n#Temporal clauses with _cum_; ablative of price.#\n\n1. The city of Gabii could not be captured by Tarquin. 2. When Sextus\nhad been chosen general, he sent a messenger to his father. 3. When he\nlearned of the silence[1] and act of his father, he killed the chief men\nof the state. 4. When each of the young men praised his own wife, it was\ndecided to find out who was the best. 5. When Lucretia had summoned her\nhusband[1] and father,[1] she killed herself with a knife. 6. An old\nwoman once asked Tarquin whether he wished to buy some books at an\nenormous price. 7. At first Tarquin ridiculed her, but, after she had\nburned six books, he bought the remaining three at the same price.\n\n    [Footnote:\n    1: Abl. abs.]\n\n\nIX.\n\n#Causal clauses with _cum_; purpose clauses with _ut_.#\n\n1. Since his brother had been killed, Brutus feared the same fate, for\nhe was a young man of great sagacity. 2. He set out for Delphi with\nTarquin's sons. 3. When they had consulted the oracle, they returned to\nRome. 4. The Romans chose Brutus and Collatinus, the son of the sister\nof Tarquin the Elder, consuls. 5. As the sons of Brutus were traitors,\nthey were put to death. 6. In order to regain[1] his throne, Tarquin\nundertook war. 7. Brutus, who had gone ahead with the cavalry to[2]\nreconnoitre,[2] met the enemy. 8. Brutus and Aruns fell in the first\ncharge. 9. Since one consul had been slain, the other returned to the\ncity alone.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: See p. 1, l. 3 and n. 5.\n    2: Express in two ways; cf. l. 30, and #ageret#, l.\u00a026.]\n\n\nX.\n\n#Causal clauses with _quod_.#\n\n1. Mucius received permission to go over [of going over] to the enemy,\nbecause (as\u00a0he said) he wished to kill the king. 2. Because he did not\nknow which was[1] the king, he killed the clerk. 3. To punish the hand\nwhich had committed the crime, he placed it on a lighted altar. 4. After\nthis he was called Scaevola.\n\n    [Footnote:\n    1: See p. 3, n. 2.]\n\n\nXI.\n\n#Dative of possessor; construction with _paenitet_.#\n\n1. The Veientes harassed the Romans with repeated raids. 2. The Fabian\ngens proposed [had in mind] to carry on the war at its own expense. 3.\nThe senate thanked the consul because he had provided for this war. 4.\nWhen they arrived at the river Cremera, they established a fortified\npost and repeatedly routed the enemy. 5. The Veientes soon repented of\nthe peace they had secured and renewed the war. 6. The Fabians roamed\nabout in order to lay waste the enemy's territory. 7. They were\nentrapped in an ambush and all slain.\n\n\nXII.\n\n#Relative clauses of purpose.#\n\n1. I intend to write about the crime of Appius Claudius, the Decemvir.\n2. He fell in love with a beautiful girl, and, when he found that he\ncould not entice her with money, he claimed her as a slave [for\nslavery]. 3. He sent one of his clients to the market place to carry[1]\nher off by force. 4. The girl's friends sent a messenger to carry the\nnews[1] to her father Virginius, who was then away on military duty. 5.\nVirginius immediately returned to Rome and sought the aid of the people.\n6. When he saw that there was no aid anywhere, he seized a knife and\nkilled his daughter. 7. Appius then repented of his crime.\n\n    [Footnote:\n    1: See p. 5, n. 3.]\n\n\nXIII.\n\n#Complementary infinitive; genitive with _obliv\u00eescor_; hortatory\nsubjunctive.#\n\n1. The tribune of the plebs appointed a day for (the trial of) Manlius,\nbecause with great severity he had banished his son to the country. 2.\nWhen his son Titus heard of this design of the tribune, he hastened to\nRome and forced him to abandon the charge. 3. Such [this] filial\ndevotion reflected great credit on the young man, and his father\nrepented of his harshness. 4. Afterwards, when the Gauls were carrying\non war with the Romans, a\u00a0Gaul of enormous size wanted to fight with the\nbravest Roman. 5. \"Let him come on,\" said Titus Manlius, who was now\ntribune of the soldiers, \"that I may show him which of us is the\nbraver.\" 6. Between the two lines they joined[1] in close[1] combat,[1]\nand with a stroke or two of his Spanish sword he thrust through his\ngigantic foe. 7. Having stripped a necklace from the Gaul, he was\nafterwards called Torquatus. 8. The son of this same Torquatus, without\nthe consent of the consul, his father, met and conquered a Latin in a\nsingle combat. 9. When he returned to camp, his father ordered him to be\nput to death because he had disobeyed[2] his commander. 10. The young\nman's companions did not forget the father's cruelty. 11. Cornelius Piso\nwas also a man of great sternness. 12. He once ordered a soldier to be\nput to death on the charge of murdering a comrade. 13. The comrade had\nnot been murdered and soon appeared in camp. 14. When they returned to\nPiso with great rejoicing, he angrily ordered both the comrades and the\ncenturion who had been placed in charge of the execution to be put to\ndeath. 15. Another Manlius was guilty of [showed] like cruelty toward\nhis son. 16. The Macedonians sent ambassadors to complain[3] about his\nson Silanus. 17. Manlius wanted to try the case himself, and this was\ngranted by the senate. 18. After he had heard both sides of the case, he\nforbade his son to return to his home. 19. The next day[4] the young man\ncommitted[5] suicide.[5]\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: See p. 11, l. 14.  [[in selection IV]]\n    2: The reason is that of the father, not the writer.\n    3: Cf. #conquestum#, l. 82, with #qu\u00ee d\u00eap\u00f4sceret#, XII, l. 7, and\n       express in two ways.\n    4: H. 486 (429); M. 630; A. 256; G. 393; B. 230.\n    5: See XII, l. 30.]\n\n\nXIV.\n\n#Construction of _medius_, _summus_, etc.#\n\n1. The consul sent Publius Decius to get possession of the summit of a\nhill. 2. When the consul had escaped, he led his army in safety through\nthe midst of [middle] enemies. 3. In the Latin war he sacrificed himself\nin order to save his army. 4. Let us never forget this brave man.\n\n\nXV.\n\n#Indirect quotation of simple sentences; ablative with _opus_.#\n\n1. \"The Samnites are our enemies,\" said Curius; \"let us set out against\nthem.\" 2. Immediately he set out, and, having[1] conquered[1] the\nSamnites,[1] he took a large amount of land and many captives [men]. 3.\nHe swore (that there) was[2] none [nothing] of the booty in his house.\n4. Cicero says (that) the Samnites brought [to have brought] a\u00a0great\nweight of gold to Curius. 5. Curius scorned[1] their gold[1] (and) said\nthat he could not be bribed. 6. He told the senate that he was contented\nwith seven jugera of land. 7. He afterwards sold into slavery a young\nman who refused to serve in the army [military service]. 8. The young\nman saw that the tribunes could not help him [not to be able to be for\nan aid to him]. 9. After he had destroyed the army of Pyrrhus, he\nreturned to Rome in triumph [triumphing]. 10. It is said that Pyrrhus\nwas slain by a woman of Argos.[3] 11. So the Romans[4] did not need the\naid[5] of Curius again.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: Abl. abs.\n    2: See p. 7, n. 16.\n    3: Use adj.\n    4: Dat. of poss.\n    5: Cf. #c\u00eeve#, l. 22.]\n\n\nXVI.\n\n#_N\u00ea_ with verbs of fearing; ablative with _\u00fbtor_.#\n\n1. It is said that Duilius was the first to conquer the Carthaginians in\na naval battle. 2. He used grappling[1] irons[1] to seize and hold the\nenemy's ships. 3. He saw that with this useful contrivance the Romans\nwould have an easy victory [victory\u00a0to be about to be easy to the\nRomans]. 4. He now set[2] out boldly into the midst[3] of the enemy's\nfleet, and captured many of their ships. 5. The Romans were pleased with\nthis victory. 6. The Carthaginians feared that the Romans would now be\nsupreme on land and sea. 7. Hannibal, the leader of the Carthaginians,\nby a shrewd trick escaped punishment for losing his fleet.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: Cf. #qu\u00f4#, p. 36, l. 4 and n. 10.\n    2: Use participle.\n    3: See Ex. XIV, sentence 2.]\n\n\nXVII.\n\n#Gerundive with _esse_; ablative of separation; ablative with\ncomparatives.#\n\n1. After the Carthaginians had been defeated by Regulus, Hanno came to\nnegotiate[1] [about] peace. 2. The Roman soldiers saw that[2] he had\ncome[2] treacherously and was not in earnest in his negotiations [did\nnot negotiate seriously]. 3. Hanno was afraid that[3] he would be\narrested and put in chains. 4. Regulus relieved him of his fear[4] and\ntold him that the Romans did not wish to retaliate. 5. In Africa,\nRegulus[5] had[6] to fight not only with men, but also with an enormous\nserpent. 6. As its scales could not be pierced by javelins, Regulus was\ncompelled to use the artillery. 7. In this way the monster was crushed.\n8. When Regulus learned that the senate had extended his command to the\nnext year, he asked that his successor should be sent at once.[7] 9. He\nsaid that he had lost his slave and farming implements and that his wife\nand children had no means of support [he had nothing whence his wife and\nchildren should be supported]. 10. The senate relieved him of this\nanxiety. 11. After he had defeated the Carthaginians in many battles,\nRegulus himself was defeated and captured. 12. It is said that he was\nsent from Carthage to Rome to negotiate an exchange of [about\nexchanging] prisoners. 13. When the senate ordered him to state his\nopinion, he said that the Carthaginian captives ought not to be\nreturned. 14. He thought that they were better generals than the\nRomans.[8] 15. As[9] he had given[9] his oath,[9] he returned to\nCarthage and was put to death with terrible torture.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: Several forms of expressing purpose have been used in the text.\n       Express this in as many ways as you can.\n    2: See p. 7, n. 16.\n    3: See p. 38, n. 12.\n    4: Abl. Why?\n    5: H. 431 (388); M. 544; A. 232; G. 355; B. 189,\u00a01.\n    6: See p. 39, n. 11.\n    7: #statim.#\n    8: See #\u00c2fr\u00ees#, l. 10, and note.\n    9: Abl. abs.]\n\n\nXVIII.\n\n#Ablative of time.#\n\n1. Appius Claudius was no[1] better than the preceding generals, who did\nnot boast that they would sink the enemy's fleet (on) the first day[2]\nof the war. 2. The chicken-keeper informed him that the chickens would\nnot [to be unwilling to] eat. 3. \"Let[3] them drink then,\" said Appius,\nand ordered them to be plunged into the sea. 4. That very [self] day he\nwas defeated, and many thousands of the Romans slain. 5. He afterwards\ncommitted suicide, for he knew that he would be put to death by the\npeople. 6. Upon his sister, too, a\u00a0heavy fine had[4] to be imposed.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: See XVII, l. 10, and note.\n    2: Cf. Ex. XIII, sent. 19.\n    3: Cf. Ex. XIII, sent. 5.\n    4: Cf. Ex. XVII, sent. 5.]\n\n\nXIX.\n\n#Purpose clauses with _qu\u00f4_; ablative with _potior_; unreal conditions;\n_qu\u00een_ clauses; ablative with _d\u00eegnus_.#\n\n1. It is said that Hannibal, when a boy of nine years, took an oath of\nundying hatred toward the Romans. 2. On the death of his father, he\nstirred up war by capturing Saguntum [Saguntum captured]. 3. Fabius said\nthat he carried peace and war in his toga. 4. \"Give which you please,\"\nreplied the Carthaginians. 5. \"I\u00a0give war,\" said Fabius. [\"War,\" said\nFabius, \"I\u00a0give.\"] 6. After three Roman consuls had been defeated by\nHannibal, Fabius was sent against him. 7. Changing[1] the policy[1] of\nthe war, he held his soldiers in camp, and did not come to an engagement\nwith the enemy. 8. When, on account of some trifling successes, his\nsoldiers had begun to have more confidence in their valor and fortune,\nhe blockaded Hannibal in a narrow pass. 9. Fabius thought that he could\nnot escape. 10. But Hannibal knew how[2] cautious Fabius was,[3] and got\nout (of\u00a0the trap) without any loss. 11. Minucius,[4] the master of\nhorse, did not like the policy of Fabius. 12. He made charges against\nthe dictator in order to obtain greater authority[5] himself. 13. When\nhe had joined battle, he had to be rescued from his peril by Fabius. 14.\nMinucius now confessed that the policy of Fabius was better than his\nown. 15. They say that some young men of rank betrayed Tarentum to\nHannibal. 16. In the middle of the night the gates were opened and the\nyoung men entered, followed by Hannibal [Hannibal following] with his\narmy. 17. Fabius recaptured Tarentum the same[6] year[6] it was lost.\n18. If he had not used cunning he would not have recaptured it. 19. When\nan old man, Fabius, at the command of a lictor, dismounted from a horse\nwhich he was riding out of respect for the rank of his son, then consul.\n20. \"If you were not consul,\" said he, \"I\u00a0should not dismount.\" 21. No\none doubts that Fabius was worthy of the name _Maximus_. 22. At that\ntime the Romans needed[7] a\u00a0cautious general.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: Abl. abs.\n    2: #quam.#\n    3: See p. 3, n. 2.\n    4: Cf. l. 43.\n    5: Cf. #Tarent\u00f4#, l. 58, and note.\n    6: See l. 88, and Ex. XVIII, n. 4.\n    7: See Ex. XV, sent. 11.]\n\n\nXX.\n\n#Subjunctive of result; dative with special verbs; partitive genitive.#\n\n1. Varro was so rash that,[1] although he was opposed by his colleague,\nhe formed[1] his army in line and gave[1] the signal for battle. 2. In\nthe midst of the carnage a certain military tribune urged[2] Paulus to\ntake[2] his horse and flee.[2] 3. But Paulus said that he preferred to\nperish with his soldiers. 4. When the Carthaginians heard of Hannibal's\nvictory, they sent messengers to congratulate him.[3] 5. Maharbal[4] did\nnot like[4] the advice of the others. 6. He said that Hannibal knew\n(how) to conquer, but did not know (how) to make use of a victory. 7.\nHannibal permitted his army to enjoy the luxuries of Campania. 8. The\nterror at Rome was so great that they did not delay an instant. 9. No\none doubted that[5] Hannibal would come[5] with his victorious army. 10.\nIf he had advanced at once to Rome, the city would have been captured.\n11. Though Varro survived the battle,[6] he thought that he was not\nworthy of office[7] again. 12. As the soldiers did not have enough\nweapons,[8] they took down from the temples the ancient spoils of the\nenemy. 13. One of the ambassadors,[9] whom Hannibal had sent to Rome to\noffer an opportunity of ransoming the captives, did not return. 14. The\nsenate decided that he must be led back to Hannibal in chains [bound].\n15. Rome has no need of citizens who can be captured when armed.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: See p. 10, n. 9.\n    2: Cf. lines 26 and 27.\n    3: H. 426, 2 (385, II); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_.\n    4: Cf. Ex. XIX, sent. 11.\n    5: See p. 39, n. 4.\n    6: See p. 2, n. 7.\n    7: See Ex. XIX, sent. 21.\n    8: H. 440, 5 (397); M. 564; A. 216; G. 367; B. 201.\n    9: Cf. with n. 7 \u00fbnus ex \u00eaius praefect\u00ees, l. 27.]\n\n\nXXI.\n\n#Concessive clauses with _cum_; genitive of characteristic; causal\nrelative clauses; gerundive with _ad_; accusative of extent.#\n\n1. Scipio would have been slain in the battle at the river Ticinus, if\nhis son Publius had not rescued him. 2. When Publius Scipio was not yet\ntwenty years old, he thought that he was old enough [had enough of\nyears] to be a candidate for[1] the aedileship. 3. After the battle of\nCannae, some young men of rank began to form plans for abandoning Italy.\n4. Scipio hastened to their meeting-place, and, although[2] he was\nalone, he forced them to give[3] up their conspiracy.[3] 5. After the\nRomans had suffered two defeats in Spain, Scipio was chosen proconsul\nand sent thither. 6. Here he prosecuted the war with such wisdom and\nbravery that he earned the approval of all. 7. Do you not think that he\nwas worthy of the honor? 8. He gained possession of a large amount of\nmoney and arms, but let the Spanish captives go without ransom. 9. He\ndid not doubt that in this way he would secure for the Romans the favor\nof the Spanish [conciliate the Spanish to the Romans]. 10. Among the\ncaptive Africans he found a boy of remarkable beauty,[4] who said that\nhis grandfather was the king of Numidia, and that he had crossed over\ninto Spain with his uncle Masinissa to carry on war with the Romans. 11.\nScipio freed the boy, and thus won the favor of the Numidian king. 12.\nWhen the Spaniards wanted to call Scipio king, he asked them to refrain\nfrom that title. 13. After Hannibal had been driven from Spain, Scipio,\nwho had[5] long been planning to transfer the war to Africa, sent\nLaelius, whose[6] friendship he did not mistrust, to win over some of\nthe African chiefs. 14. Afterwards he crossed over to Africa himself,\nand it is said that he met Hannibal [to him a meeting with Hannibal to\nhave been] at the court of Syphax. 15. It happened that many of those\nchiefs were eager to form an alliance with Scipio. 16. His plan,\ntherefore, was easily carried out. 17. Although the young men of Sicily\nshrank from so great a war themselves, still they were willing to\nfurnish horses and arms. 18. Although they were wealthy, they were not\n(men) of great bravery. 19. In Africa the Romans fought with such\ndetermination that in a short time the Carthaginians recalled Hannibal\nfrom Italy to defend his country. 20. A\u00a0battle was fought [it was\nfought] at Zama, a\u00a0town five days' march from Carthage. 21. The\nCarthaginians were defeated, and forced to send ambassadors to sue for\npeace. 22. As peace was now secured, Scipio returned to Italy. 23. On[7]\nhis arrival in Rome a vast multitude poured forth to meet him. 24.\nScipio was not only the most illustrious general of his age, but he was\nalso a man distinguished for [of distinguished] piety.[8] 25. The old\nwriters say that he used to visit [resort to] the capitol every day, to\nconsult with Jupiter about the public interests. 26. At Ephesus he[9]\nafterwards had a conversation with Hannibal. 27. It is reported that\nHannibal acknowledged that Scipio was the greatest of all commanders.\n28. When the senate seemed on the point[10] of transferring the conduct\nof the war against Antiochus from Lucius Scipio to Laelius, because\n(as\u00a0was thought) the former[11] had too little courage and too little\nwisdom for such a war, Africanus promised to be himself his brother's\nlieutenant. 29. Scipio could endure no dishonor to his family. 30. After\nAntiochus had been defeated, when the senate demanded from Lucius Scipio\nan accounting of the spoils, Africanus prevented it. 31. He said that he\nhad been of [for] so great aid to his country that his integrity ought\nnot to be doubted. 32. It happened that Africanus himself was afterwards\nsummoned for trial by the tribunes on the very day on which the battle\nof Zama had been fought.[12] 33. When ordered to plead his cause, he\nmounted the rostrum and said: \"Let us offer thanks to Jupiter, by whose\naid we obtained[13] so great a victory.\" 34. As the whole assembly\nfollowed him he was relieved from the insults of the tribunes. 35. Soon\nafterward Scipio retired to the country and never returned to Rome.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: Use #ad# with gerundive or gerund.\n    2: H. 598 (515, III); M. 863; A. 326; G. 587; B. 309,\u00a03.\n    3: Cf. _incept\u00f4 d\u00easisterent_, l. 14.\n    4: Cf. lines 51 and 64.\n    5: See p. 56, n. 6.\n    6: See p. 55, n. 8.\n    7: See XIII, l. 59.\n    8: _religi\u00f4._\n    9: Use dat. of poss. with #esse#.\n    10: Use future participle.\n    11: _ille._\n    12: See sent. 20, and p. 56, n. 4.\n    13: See p. 55, n. 8.]\n\n\nXXII.\n\n#Future conditions.#\n\n1. Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, was the daughter of Scipio\nAfricanus. 2. She had been educated with such care herself that she was\nable to train her sons wisely. 3. She told a Campanian woman, who was a\nguest at her house, that she[1] too had some very beautiful jewels. 4.\nEverybody knows that Cornelia's jewels were her sons. 5. She has justly\nbeen considered one of the wisest women of that age. 6. Though her sons\nwere most worthy of their excellent mother, yet the nobles thought that\nthey were disturbing the republic. 7. Both of the Gracchi thought more\nof [preferred] their country's safety than [to] their own lives. 8.\nTiberius tried to protect the common people, but the senate thought that\nhe was preparing for himself a way to regal power. 9. So Nasica urged[2]\nall loyal citizens to follow him. 10. When Gracchus saw that the\nsenators were rushing upon him he fled, but was killed by a broken piece\nof a bench. 11. Caius had the same[3] love for the common people as[3]\nhis brother. 12. All loyal citizens said that they opposed his plans\nbecause they wanted the republic to be safe. 13. \"If the law about\ndistributing grain to the common people is[4] passed,\" said Piso,\n\"I\u00a0shall come with the others to get the grain.\" 14. Finally this was\ndecreed by the senate: \"Let the consul see that the republic receive no\nharm.\" 15. Some say that Gracchus armed his household and took\npossession of the Aventine. 16. When he was put to flight he ordered his\nslave to kill him that he might not be arrested. 17. Such was the fate\nof the Gracchi, the jewels of Cornelia, the best sons of the Roman\nrepublic.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: Use dat. of poss.\n    2: Cf. Ex. XX, sent. 2, and note.\n    3: Cf. #\u00eedem qu\u00ee#, l. 31.\n    4: See XVII, l. 10, and note.]\n\n\nXXIII.\n\n#Substantive clauses of purpose; latter supine.#\n\n1. When Marius was in Spain with Scipio, some one asked this (question)\nof Scipio. 2. If anything happens[1] to you, what equally great\ncommander will the republic have? 3. Scipio replied that Marius would be\na great commander. 4. In the war against Jugurtha it is said that he\nmade charges against Metellus so that he might be appointed commander\nhimself. 5. If you make me consul, I\u00a0will shortly bring Jugurtha under\nthe power of the Romans. 6. Thus he persuaded the people to make[2] him\nconsul. 7. After Jugurtha had been conquered, he carried on war with the\nCimbri and Teutones. 8. His soldiers entreated Marius to lead them\nagainst the enemy. 9. The battle was fought right at the foot of the\nAlps. 10. As the Romans[3] had no water, Marius told his soldiers that,\nif they conquered[4] the enemy, they would have abundance of water. 11.\nIt is said that after the battle the soldiers drank no less blood than\nwater, because the river was filled with the bodies of the slain. 12.\nThe Cimbri, having now entered Italy, sent messengers to Marius to ask\nhim to give them some land. 13. Marius threatened them[5] with the same\nfate[5] which had befallen their brothers. 14. On the next day a battle\nwas fought, and slaughter terrible to witness[6] followed. 15. When the\nwomen saw that they were defeated they strangled their babes and killed\nthemselves. 16. Marius envied the new consul, Sulla, because the war\nagainst Mithridates had been assigned him. 17. When Sulla heard what\nMarius had done, he returned to Rome with his army and drove him into\nexile. 18. While Marius was hiding in a swamp, he was caught and thrown\ninto prison. 19. He asked the slave, who was sent to kill him, whether\nhe dared kill the great consul. 20. After Sulla had set out for Asia,\nMarius, who was a few days' journey from the city, returned and renewed\nthe civil war. 21. When he had put to death the best men of the state,\nhe gave over their homes to the rabble for plunder. 22. His death\nafforded the Romans[7] more joy than his victory at Aquae Sextiae.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: See p. 40, n. 1.\n    2: Cf. #ut tr\u00e2deret#, l. 21.\n    3: Dat. Why?\n    4: Cf. #s\u00ee f\u00eacissent#, etc., l. 11.\n    5: Observe carefully the construction in lines 57 and\u00a058.\n    6: Cf. #dict\u00fb#, l. 124, and p. 19, n. 15.\n    7: #Dative.#]\n\n\nXXIV.\n\n#Relative clause of characteristic.#\n\n1. A woman told Sulla (when he was) a child that he would be a blessing\nto his country. 2. Was this the same woman who sold the Sibylline books\nto King Tarquin? 3. Marius was vexed because Sulla had been chosen\nquaestor. 4. Although Sulla had been dissolute, his military ability was\nsoon displayed. 5. He conquered Mithridates, the king of Pontus, and\nwould have completely subdued him had he not been recalled to Italy. 6.\nWhen he had returned, with the greatest cruelty he punished with death\nall who had supported Marius. 7. There was one young man who ventured to\nadvise him to spare some of his fellow-citizens. 8. If he had killed\nall, there would have been none to govern [whom he should govern]. 9. He\nwanted to kill not only his enemies, but also all who had money. 10.\nWhen he at last laid down the dictatorship, the people were so crushed\nthat they did not dare to complain. 11. Sulla was fond of literary men\nand was well versed in Greek literature. 12. He once gave a reward to a\nwretched poet who had dedicated a poem to him, on condition that he\nshould write nothing thereafter.\n\n\nXXV.\n\n#Genitive with adjectives.#\n\n1. Lucullus was distinguished both in war and in peace. 2. It is stated\nby certain writers that he spent all of his early life in law practice\nand was untrained in the art[1] of war. 3. But in the war with\nMithridates he surpassed even[2] experts in this art.[1] 4. All say that\nhe was exceedingly fond of money. 5. And this is the more surprising for\nthe reason that he had been educated in Greek philosophy. 6. He was not\nthe only one of the Romans to[3] squander his money in building villas.\n7. He used to dine with the greatest luxury even when he was alone. 8.\nThough fond of banquets, he was no less fond of books, and had a great\nlibrary, which was always open to the public.\n\n    [Footnotes:\n    1: H. 451, 1 (399, I, 2); M. 573; A. 218, _a_; G. 374; B. 204,\u00a01.\n    2: Cf. #mare ipsum#, l. 25.\n    3: See p. 76, n. 11.]\n\n\n\n\nABBREVIATIONS\n\n\n  abl. = ablative.\n  abs. = absolute.\n  acc. = accusative.\n  act. = active.\n  adj. = adjective.\n  adv. = adverb.\n  cf. = compare.\n  comp. = comparative.\n  conj. = conjunction.\n  dat. = dative.\n  def. = defective.\n  dem. = demonstrative.\n  desid. = desiderative.\n  dim. = diminutive.\n  disc. = discourse.\n  e.g. = for example.\n  encl. = enclitic.\n  esp. = especially.\n  f. = feminine, following.\n  freq. = frequentative.\n  gen. = genitive.\n  i.e. = that is.\n  imperf. = imperfect.\n  impers. = impersonal.\n  indef. = indefinite.\n  indir. = indirect.\n  insep. = inseparable.\n  interj. = interjection.\n  interr. = interrogative.\n  intrans. = intransitive.\n  l. = line.\n  m. = masculine.\n  n. = neuter, note.\n  nom. = nominative.\n  num. = numeral.\n  obj. = objective.\n  orig. = originally.\n  p. = page.\n  part. = participle, partitive.\n  pass. = passive.\n  perf. = perfect.\n  pers. = personal.\n  pl. = plural.\n  poss. = possessive.\n  prep. = preposition.\n  pres. = present.\n  pron. = pronoun, pronominal.\n  rel. = relative.\n  sc. = supply.\n  sup. = superlative.\n  trans. = transitive.\n\nThe star prefixed to certain verbs, e.g. #fl\u00eeg\u00f4# and #speci\u00f4#, indicates\nthat the verb was obsolete, i.e. not in ordinary use. Compound verbs are\ndefined under the simple verbs from which they are derived. To this\npractice there are, however, two exceptions: (1)\u00a0When neither the simple\nverb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and\n(2)\u00a0in the case of certain verbs like #s\u00fbm\u00f4# and #surg\u00f4#, which, though\nthemselves compounds, came to be regarded virtually as simple verbs and\nserved as the base of further compounds.\n\nThe student will therefore save time and labor if he accustoms himself\nwhen reading to analyze compound verbs before consulting the Vocabulary.\nThis analysis will often make plain the meaning of the compound, and\nrender it unnecessary to seek the aid of the Vocabulary at all.\n\n\n\n\nVOCABULARY\n\n\n#A.#, abbreviation of the Roman praenomen _Aulus_.\n\n#\u00e2, ab, abs#, prep. with abl.; (1) of place, _from, away from, out of_;\n(2)\u00a0of time, _from, since, after_; (3)\u00a0of agency, _by_; (4)\u00a0of\nseparation, source, cause, _from, through, because of_; in composition,\n_off, away_.\n\n#abali\u00ean\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ab# + #ali\u00eanus#], _to remove, alienate,\nestrange_.\n\n#abdic\u00f4#, see #dic\u00f4#.\n\n#abditus# [orig. part. of #abd\u00f4#], adj., _hidden, concealed_.\n\n#abd\u00f4#, see #d\u00f4#.\n\n#abd\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n#abe\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n#abici\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#ablu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, \u00fbtus# [#ab# + #lu\u00f4#, _to wash_], _to wash, cleanse,\npurify_.\n\n#abnu\u00f4#, see #*nu\u00f4#.\n\n#abripi\u00f4#, see #rapi\u00f4#.\n\n#abrog\u00f4#, see #rog\u00f4#.\n\n#abs#, see #\u00e2#.\n\n#absc\u00ead\u00f4#, see #c\u00ead\u00f4#.\n\n#abscind\u00f4#, see #scind\u00f4#.\n\n#abs\u00eans, entis# [orig. part. of #absum#], adj., _absent, away_.\n\n#absist\u00f4#, see #sist\u00f4#.\n\n#absolv\u00f4#, see #solv\u00f4#.\n\n#absorbe\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, absorptus# [#ab# + #sorbe\u00f4#, _to swallow_], _to\nswallow_.\n\n#abstinentia, ae# [#abstine\u00f4#], f., _abstinence, self-restraint,\nintegrity_.\n\n#abstine\u00f4#, see #tene\u00f4#.\n\n#abstrah\u00f4#, see #trah\u00f4#.\n\n#absum#, see #sum#.\n\n#abs\u00fbm\u00f4#, see #s\u00fbm\u00f4#.\n\n#ac#, see #atque#.\n\n#Acca, ae#, f., praenomen of Acca Larentia, foster-mother of Romulus and\nRemus.\n\n#acc\u00ead\u00f4#, see #c\u00ead\u00f4#.\n\n#accend\u00f4#, see #cande\u00f4#.\n\n#accid\u00f4#, see #cad\u00f4#.\n\n#accing\u00f4#, see #cing\u00f4#.\n\n#acci\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee, \u00eetus# [#ad# + #cie\u00f4#, _to set in motion_], _to summon,\ninvite_.\n\n#accipi\u00f4#, see #capi\u00f4#.\n\n#accl\u00e2m\u00f4#, see #cl\u00e2m\u00f4#.\n\n#accommod\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ad# + #commodus#], _to fit to, adjust,\nregulate_.\n\n#accumb\u00f4#, see #*cumb\u00f4#.\n\n#accurr\u00f4#, see #curr\u00f4#.\n\n#acc\u00fbs\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#acc\u00fbs\u00f4#], f., _accusation, prosecution_.\n\n#acc\u00fbs\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#acc\u00fbs\u00f4#], m., _accuser, prosecutor_.\n\n#acc\u00fbs\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ad# + #causa#], _to call to trial, accuse,\nblame_.\n\n#\u00e2cer, \u00e2cris, \u00e2cre#, comp. #\u00e2crior#, sup. #\u00e2cerrimus#, adj., _sharp,\nbitter, piercing_; _keen, eager, vigorous, fierce_.\n\n#acerb\u00ea# [#acerbus#, _bitter_], adv., _bitterly, cruelly, severely_.\n\n#acerbit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#acerbus#, _bitter_], f., _harshness, severity,\nunkindness_.\n\n#ac\u00eatum, \u00ee# [cf. #\u00e2cer#], n., _vinegar_.\n\n#aci\u00eas, \u00ea\u00ee# [cf. #\u00e2cer#], f., _a sharp point_ of a sword or dagger; _a\nbattle line_ (conceived of as a sword point); _battle_.\n\n#\u00e2criter#, comp. #\u00e2crius#, sup. #\u00e2cerrim\u00ea# [#\u00e2cer#], adv., _sharply,\nspiritedly, fiercely, grievously_.\n\n#Actiacus#, adj., _of_ or _at Actium_.\n\n#Actium, \u00ee#, n., a promontory and town in Epirus, near which, in 31\nB.C., Octavianus defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle.\n\n#ad#, prep. with accus.; (1) of place, _to, towards, to the house of,\nat, near_; (2)\u00a0of time, _up to, towards, until, at_; (3)\u00a0of purpose,\n_to, in order to, for, for the sake of_; (4)\u00a0of other relations,\n_according to, at_. In composition, it = _to, towards_, and also denotes\n_addition_ and _intensity_.\n\n#adam\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ad# + #am\u00f4#, _to love_], _to love earnestly_.\n\n#add\u00eec\u00f4#, see #d\u00eec\u00f4#.\n\n#add\u00f4#, see #d\u00f4#.\n\n#add\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n(1) #ade\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n(2) #ade\u00f4# [#ad# + (2) #e\u00f4#], adv., _to this point, so very, so, to such\na degree, actually_; #atque ade\u00f4#, _and in fact_.\n\n#adequit\u00f4#, see #equit\u00f4#.\n\n#adfect\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ad# + #faci\u00f4#], _to strive after,\naspire\u00a0to_.\n\n#adfer\u00f4#, see #fer\u00f4#.\n\n#adfici\u00f4#, see #faci\u00f4#.\n\n#adf\u00eenis, is# [#ad# + #f\u00eenis#], m., _a relative_ (by\u00a0marriage).\n\n#adf\u00eerm\u00f4#, see #f\u00eerm\u00f4#.\n\n#adfl\u00e2tus, \u00fbs# [#adfl\u00f4#], m., _a blast, breath; effluvia, exhalation_.\n\n#adfl\u00eectus# [orig. part. of #adfl\u00eeg\u00f4#], adj., _shattered, weakened,\nwretched_.\n\n#adfl\u00eeg\u00f4#, see #*fl\u00eeg\u00f4#.\n\n#adfl\u00f4#, see #fl\u00f4#.\n\n#adhibe\u00f4#, see #habe\u00f4#.\n\n#adhort\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#adhortor#, _to encourage_], f., _encouragement,\nexhortation_.\n\n#adici\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#adig\u00f4#, see #ag\u00f4#.\n\n#adip\u00eescor, \u00ee, adeptus sum# [#ad# + #ap\u00eescor#, _to reach_], _to gain by\neffort, get, acquire_.\n\n#aditus, \u00fbs# [(1) #ade\u00f4#], m., _approach, access_.\n\n#adi\u00fbmentum# [orig. #adiuv\u00e2mentum#, from #adiuv\u00f4#], n., _help, aid,\nservice_.\n\n#adiung\u00f4#, see #iung\u00f4#.\n\n#adiuv\u00f4, \u00e2re, i\u00fbv\u00ee, i\u00fbtus# [#ad# + #iuv\u00f4#, _to help_], _to aid, help_.\n\n#adlici\u00f4#, see #*laci\u00f4#.\n\n#adlig\u00f4#, see #lig\u00f4#.\n\n#adloquor#, see #loquor#.\n\n#administr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ad# + #ministr\u00f4#, _to manage_], _to\nmanage, direct, govern, regulate_.\n\n#adm\u00eer\u00e2bilis, e# [#adm\u00eeror#], adj., _admirable, wonderful_.\n\n#adm\u00eerandus# [#adm\u00eeror#], adj., _marvelous, wonderful, strange_.\n\n#adm\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#adm\u00eeror#], f., _wonder, admiration_; _surprise_.\n\n#adm\u00eer\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#adm\u00eeror#], m., _admirer_.\n\n#adm\u00eeror, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#ad# + #m\u00eeror#, _to marvel at_], _to marvel\nat, admire_.\n\n#admitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#admodum# [#ad# + #modus#], adv., _up to the full limit, very,\nexceedingly_.\n\n#admone\u00f4#, see #mone\u00f4#.\n\n#admove\u00f4#, see #move\u00f4#.\n\n#adnu\u00f4#, see #*nu\u00f4#.\n\n#adol\u00easc\u00f4, ere, ol\u00eav\u00ee, adultus# [#ad# + #ol\u00easc\u00f4#, _to grow_], _to grow\nup, become mature, reach manhood_.\n\n#adoperi\u00f4#, see #pari\u00f4#.\n\n#adopt\u00f4#, see #opt\u00f4#.\n\n#ad\u00f4rn\u00f4#, see #\u00f4rn\u00f4#.\n\n#ad\u00f4r\u00f4#, see #\u00f4r\u00f4#.\n\n#adqu\u00eer\u00f4#, see #quaer\u00f4#.\n\n#adripi\u00f4#, see #rapi\u00f4#.\n\n#adscr\u00eeb\u00f4#, see #scr\u00eeb\u00f4#.\n\n#adsent\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#adsentor#, _to agree with, to flatter_], f.,\n_flattery_.\n\n#adsequor#, see #sequor#.\n\n#adside\u00f4#, see #sede\u00f4#.\n\n#ads\u00eed\u00f4#, see #s\u00eed\u00f4#.\n\n#adsiduus# [#adside\u00f4#], adj., _incessant, repeated, continued_.\n\n#ads\u00eegn\u00f4#, see #s\u00eegn\u00f4#.\n\n#adspici\u00f4#, see #*speci\u00f4#.\n\n#adsu\u00easc\u00f4#, see #su\u00easc\u00f4#.\n\n#adsum#, see #sum#.\n\n#ads\u00fbm\u00f4#, see #s\u00fbm\u00f4#.\n\n#adsurg\u00f4#, see #surg\u00f4#.\n\n#adul\u00easc\u00eans, entis# [#adol\u00easc\u00f4#], m. and f., _a young man_ or _woman_\n(usually applied to persons between the ages of fifteen and thirty).\n\n#adul\u00eascentia, ae# [#adul\u00easc\u00eans#], f., _youth_.\n\n#adul\u00eascentulus, \u00ee# [dim. of #adul\u00easc\u00eans#], m., _a very young man,\nstripling_.\n\n#ad\u00fblor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to flatter_.\n\n#adultus# [orig. part. of #adol\u00easc\u00f4#], adj., _grown up, mature, adult_.\n\n#adveh\u00f4#, see #veh\u00f4#.\n\n#adveni\u00f4#, see #veni\u00f4#.\n\n#advent\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee#, -- [freq. of #adveni\u00f4#], _to advance, approach_.\n\n#adventus, \u00fbs# [#adveni\u00f4#], m., _coming, approach, arrival_.\n\n#advers\u00e2rius, \u00ee# [#adversor#], m., _opponent, enemy_.\n\n#adversor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#adversus#], _to oppose, withstand, resist_.\n\n#adversus# [#ad# + #vert\u00f4#], adj., _turned towards, facing, in front_;\n_opposed, adverse, unfavorable_. As noun, #adversum, \u00ee#, n.,\n_misfortune, calamity_.\n\n#adversus# and #adversum#, prep. with acc., _in opposition to, against,\ntowards_.\n\n#advoc\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#advoc\u00f4#], f., _advocacy, legal assistance_; #in\nadvoc\u00e2ti\u00f4nem ven\u00eere#, _to come to one's aid in court_.\n\n#advoc\u00e2tus, \u00ee# [#advoc\u00f4#], m., _adviser, advocate_.\n\n#advoc\u00f4#, see #voc\u00f4#.\n\n#aed\u00eas#, see #aedis#.\n\n#aedificium, \u00ee# [#aedific\u00f4#], n., _a building_.\n\n#aedific\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#aedis# + #faci\u00f4#], _to build_.\n\n#aed\u00eelis, is# [#aedis#], m., _aedile, commissioner of public works_, the\nname of certain Roman magistrates, four in number, charged with the care\nof the streets and public buildings, the regulation of the markets, and\nthe duty of distributing the corn which the state furnished to the poor.\nThey took care, also, of the records of the senate and other documents,\nand superintended the performance of certain public games.\n\n#aed\u00eelit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#aed\u00eelis#], f., _aedileship_.\n\n#aedis# or #aed\u00eas, is#, f., in sing., _temple_; in pl., _house,\ndwelling_.\n\n#aedituus, \u00ee# [#aedis# + #tueor#], m., _keeper of a temple, sexton_.\n\n#aeger, aegra, aegrum#, adj., _sick, ill, feeble_.\n\n#aegr\u00ea# [#aeger#], adv., _painfully, with difficulty, scarcely_; #aegr\u00ea\nferre#, _to be vexed at, take amiss_.\n\n#aegrit\u00fbd\u00f4, inis# [#aeger#], f., _sickness_; _grief, vexation,\nmortification_.\n\n#aegr\u00f4t\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee#, -- [#aeger#], _to be ill_ or _feeble, lie sick_.\n\n#Aegyptus, \u00ee#, m., _Egypt_.\n\n#Aemilius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Paulus#.\n\n#aemul\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#aemulor#, _to rival_], f., _rivalry, competition_.\n\n#aequ\u00e2lis, e# [#aequus#], adj., _equal, like_ (esp. in age). As noun,\nm., _comrade, companion_.\n\n#aequ\u00ea# [#aequus#], adv., _equally_.\n\n#aequit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#aequus#], f., _evenness, fairness, justice_.\n\n#aequ\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#aequus#], _to make even, place on an\nequality_.\n\n#aequus#, adj., _even, level_; _fair, just_; #aequ\u00f4 anim\u00f4#, _patiently_.\n\n#aer\u00e2rium, \u00ee# [#aes#], n., _state treasury_; _public money_.\n\n#aes, aeris#, n., _copper, bronze_; _money_ (first coined of bronze);\n#aes ali\u00eanum#, _debt_.\n\n#aest\u00e2s, \u00e2tis#, f., _summer_.\n\n#aest\u00eevus# [#aest\u00e2s#], adj., _of summer, summer_.\n\n#aet\u00e2s, \u00e2tis#, f., _time of life, life, age, youth, old age_; _period,\ntime_.\n\n#aeternum# [acc. sing. neut. of #aeternus#, _eternal_], adv.,\n_eternally, forever_.\n\n#\u00c2fer, \u00c2fr\u00ee#, m., _an African_, esp. an inhabitant of Carthage.\n\n#\u00c2frica, ae#, f., _Africa_, esp. that part of it which lay near\nCarthage.\n\n#\u00c2fric\u00e2nus#, adj., _African_. As noun, #\u00c2fric\u00e2nus, \u00ee#, m., the cognomen\nbestowed on Publius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Hannibal. See\n#Sc\u00eepi\u00f4#.\n\n#agedum#, an interj., used with the imperative or hortatory subjunctive,\n_come on! come! quick!_\n\n#agellus, \u00ee# [dim. of #ager#], m., _a little field, small estate_.\n\n#ager, agr\u00ee#, m., _field, farm, estate_; _territory, land, district_;\n_the country_.\n\n#agger, eris# [#ad# + #ger\u00f4#], m., _mass_ (esp. of earth and brushwood),\n_mound, rampart_.\n\n#aggredior#, see #gradior#.\n\n#agit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #ag\u00f4#], _drive violently hither and\nthither_; _discuss, consider, meditate_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4git\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to think, reflect, consider_;\n  _plan_.\n\n  #ex# + #con--exc\u00f4git\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to think out, devise_.\n\n#\u00e2gmen, inis# [#ag\u00f4#], n., _an army_ (on the march), _marching column_;\n_troop, array_.\n\n#\u00e2gn\u00f4sc\u00f4#, see #n\u00f4sc\u00f4#.\n\n#ag\u00f4, agere, \u00eag\u00ee, \u00e2ctus#, _to set in motion, drive, lead_; _act, do,\nperform_; _treat, deal, arrange_; _spend, pass_ (of\u00a0time); #\u00e2ctum est\nd\u00ea#, _it was all up with_; #augurium agere#, _to perform the augural\nceremonies_; #c\u00f4nsulem agere#, _to act the consul_, #d\u00eal\u00eactum agere#,\n_to hold a levy_; #gr\u00e2ti\u00e2s agere#, _to feel thankful_; #triumphum\nagere#, _to celebrate a triumph_.\n\n  #ad--adig\u00f4, ere, \u00eag\u00ee, \u00e2ctus#, _drive, urge, compel, constrain_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4g\u00f4, ere, co\u00eag\u00ee, co\u00e2ctus#, _drive together, collect_;\n  _compel, force_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eag\u00f4, ere, d\u00eag\u00ee, ----#, _pass, spend_ (of time).\n\n  #ex--exig\u00f4, ere, \u00eag\u00ee, \u00e2ctus#, _to drive out_; _finish_; _pass,\n  spend_.\n\n  #per--perag\u00f4, ere, \u00eag\u00ee, \u00e2ctus#, _to finish, accomplish, play_\n  (a\u00a0part); _set forth, relate, describe_.\n\n  #re--redig\u00f4, ere, \u00eag\u00ee, \u00e2ctus#, _to drive back, force, reduce,\n  bring_.\n\n  #sub--subig\u00f4, ere, \u00eag\u00ee, \u00e2ctus#, _to drive under, conquer, subdue_.\n\n  #tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2nsig\u00f4, ere, \u00eag\u00ee, \u00e2ctus#, _to finish, settle, perform_.\n\n#agrestis, e# [#ager#], adj., _of the fields_; _rustic_; _countrified,\nrude, uncouth_.\n\n#\u00e2i\u00f4, ais, ait, \u00e2iunt# [def. verb], _to say_.\n\n#alacer, cris, cre#, adj., _lively, nimble, quick_; often = an adv.,\n_eagerly_.\n\n#alacrit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#alacer#], f., _liveliness, eagerness, spirit_.\n\n#Alba# or #Alba Longa# (sc. #urbs#), f., an ancient town of the Latins.\n\n#Alb\u00e2nus#, adj., _pertaining to Alba, Alban_. As noun, #Alb\u00e2nus, \u00ee#, m.,\n_an inhabitant of Alba_.\n\n#\u00e2lea, ae#, f., _game of dice_; _die_.\n\n#Alexander, dr\u00ee#, m., _Alexander the Great_, king of Macedonia from 336\nto 323 B.C., and conqueror of Persia.\n\n#Alexandr\u00eaa, ae#, f., _Alexandria_, a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the\nNile, founded by Alexander the Great.\n\n#ali\u00e2s# [#alius#], adv., _at another time, under other circumstances_.\n\n#alib\u00ee# [#alius# + #ibi#], adv., _elsewhere, in other places_.\n\n#ali\u00eanus# [#alius#], adj., _belonging to another, another's_; #aes\nali\u00eanum#, _debt_.\n\n#alimentum, \u00ee# [#al\u00f4#], n., _nourishment_; in plur., _food, provisions_.\n\n#ali\u00f4qu\u00ee#, adv., _in other respects, otherwise_.\n\n#aliquamdi\u00fb# [#aliquis# + #di\u00fb#], adv., _for a while, for some time_.\n\n#aliquand\u00f4# [#aliquis#], adv., _at some time or other, once, on a\ncertain occasion_; _at length, at last_.\n\n#aliquantus#, adj., _some, considerable_. As noun, #aliquantum, \u00ee#, n.,\n_a little, something_.\n\n#aliqu\u00ee, aliqua, aliquod# [#alius# + #qu\u00ee#], indef. pron. adj., _some\none or other, some, any_.\n\n#aliquis, qua, quid# [#alius# + #quis#], indef. pron., _some one,\nsomething_; _any one, anything_; _some, any_. As noun, #aliquid#, n.,\n_something, anything_.\n\n#aliquot# [#alius# + #quot#], indef. indecl. adj., _some, several_.\n\n#aliquoti\u00eans# [#aliquot#], adv., _several times_.\n\n#aliter# [#alius#], adv., _otherwise, differently_.\n\n#alius, a, ud# (gen. #al\u00eeus#, dat. #ali\u00ee#), pron. adj., _another, other,\ndifferent_; #alius .\u00a0.\u00a0. alius#, _one .\u00a0.\u00a0. one, one .\u00a0.\u00a0. another_;\n#ali\u00ee .\u00a0.\u00a0. ali\u00ee#, _some .\u00a0.\u00a0. others_.\n\n#al\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, tus#, _to feed, nourish, support, keep_.\n\n#Alp\u00eas, ium#, f., _the Alps_.\n\n#alt\u00e2ria, ium#, pl. n., _an altar_.\n\n#alter, altera, alterum# (gen. #alter\u00eeus#, dat. #alter\u00ee#), pron. adj.,\n_one of two, the other, the second_; #alter .\u00a0.\u00a0. alter#, _the one .\u00a0.\u00a0.\nthe other_.\n\n#altercor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#alter#], _to dispute, wrangle_.\n\n#alteruter, utra, utrum# (gen. #alterutr\u00eeus#, dat. #alterutr\u00ee#), pron.\nadj., _one or the other of two, one_ (only) _of two_.\n\n#altus# [#al\u00f4#], adj., _high, lofty_; _deep_. As noun, #altum, \u00ee#, n.,\n_the deep sea, the deep_; sup. #altissimum, \u00ee#, n., _top_.\n\n#alveus, \u00ee#, m., _a basket, trough_.\n\n#am, amb, ambi#, insep. prefix (seen in #amput\u00f4#), _around, on both\nsides_.\n\n#am\u00e2ns, antis# [part. of #am\u00f4#, _to love_], adj., _loving, fond_; with\ngen., _fond of, devoted\u00a0to_.\n\n#ambiti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#ambi\u00f4#, _to go around_], f., _canvassing for public\noffice, ambition_.\n\n#amb\u00f4, ae, \u00f4#, adj., _both_.\n\n#ambul\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#ambul\u00f4#], f., _a walk, promenade_.\n\n#ambul\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, --#, _to walk, stroll_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--deambul\u00f4, \u00e2re, --, --#, _to walk, stroll, promenade_.\n\n  #in--inambul\u00f4, \u00e2re, --, --#, _to walk up and down, stroll_.\n\n#am\u00eecitia, ae# [#am\u00eecus#], f., _friendship_.\n\n#amictus# [orig. part. of #amici\u00f4#, _to wrap about_], adj., _clothed in,\nclad\u00a0in_.\n\n#am\u00eecus# [#am\u00f4#, _to love_], adj., _friendly_.\n\n#am\u00eecus, \u00ee# [#am\u00f4#, _to love_], m., _a friend_.\n\n#\u00e2mitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#amnis, is#, m., _river, torrent, stream_.\n\n#amor, \u00f4ris# [#am\u00f4#, _to love_], m., _love, passion_.\n\n#\u00e2move\u00f4#, see #move\u00f4#.\n\n#amphora, ae#, f., _a two-handled jar_. It held about six gallons.\n\n#amplector, \u00ee, amplexus sum#, _to twine around, embrace_.\n\n#ampli\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#amplus#], _to enlarge, widen, extend_.\n\n#amplius# [comp. of #amplus#], indecl. adj. and adv., _further, more,\nbesides_.\n\n#amplus#, adj., _great, large_; _noble, distinguished_.\n\n#amput\u00f4#, see #put\u00f4#.\n\n#Am\u00fblius, \u00ee#, m., _Am\u00fblius_, son of Proca, a legendary king of Alba\nLonga.\n\n#anceps, ancipitis# [#ambi# + #caput#], adj., _two-headed_; _doubtful,\nhazardous_.\n\n#anc\u00eele, is#, n., a\u00a0small oval shield, shaped like the faces of a\nguitar.\n\n#ancilla, ae#, f., _a maid-servant, maid_.\n\n#Ancus, \u00ee#, m., the praenomen of Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome.\n\n#ang\u00f4, ere, --, --#, _squeeze, choke_; _vex, annoy_.\n\n#angor, \u00f4ris# [#ang\u00f4#], m., _vexation, sorrow, anguish_.\n\n#anguis, is# [#ang\u00f4#], m. and f., _a snake_.\n\n#angulus, \u00ee# [#ang\u00f4#], m., _corner, nook_.\n\n#angustiae, \u00e2rum# [#angustus#], f., _narrowness, narrow place, narrow\npass_.\n\n#angustus# [#ang\u00f4#], adj., _narrow_.\n\n#anima, ae#, f., _air, breath, soul, life_.\n\n#animadvert\u00f4, ere, vert\u00ee, versus# [#animus# + #advert\u00f4#], _to turn the\nmind to, perceive, notice_; #in aliquem animadvertere#, _to punish_.\n\n#animal, \u00e2lis# [#anima#], n., _a living thing, an animal_.\n\n#animus, \u00ee#, m., _mind, soul, reason_; _courage, spirit_; _temper,\ndisposition_; in plur., _affections, allegiance_.\n\n#Ani\u00f4, Ani\u00eanis#, m., a tributary of the Tiber.\n\n#ann\u00e2lis, is# [#annus#], adj., _yearly, annual_. As noun, #Ann\u00e2l\u00eas#\n(sc.\u00a0_libr\u00ee_), _year-books, records_; strictly brief abstracts of\ncontemporary events kept in early days by the Pontifex Maximus, and\nexposed to view on a white-washed plank set up at his official\nresidence. #Ann\u00e2l\u00eas# is a frequent title of Latin historical works.\n\n#ann\u00f4na, ae# [#annus#], f., _the year's crop_, esp. of grain; _corn\nsupply_.\n\n#annus, \u00ee#, m., _a year_.\n\n#ante# (1) adv.; of space, _before, in front of_; of time, _before,\npreviously, ago_; (2)\u00a0prep. with acc., both of space and time, _in front\nof, before_.\n\n#ante\u00e2# [#ante#], adv., _before, formerly_.\n\n#antec\u00ead\u00f4#, see #c\u00ead\u00f4#.\n\n#antee\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n#antequam# or #ante . . . quam#, conj., _before, until_.\n\n#Antiochus, \u00ee#, m., _Antiochus_.\n\n  1. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187 B.C., conquered by\n  Scipio Asiaticus in 190.\n\n  2. A philosopher, born at Ascalon in Palestine, whose lectures\n  Cicero heard at Athens in 79 B.C.\n\n#ant\u00eequus#, adj., _ancient_.\n\n#Ant\u00f4nius, \u00ee#, m., a Roman gentile name.\n\n  1. _M.\u00a0Ant\u00f4nius_, a\u00a0friend of Julius Caesar and a member of the\n  second triumvirate. He was defeated by Octavianus off Actium in 31\n  B.C., and killed himself the following year.\n\n  2. _C. Ant\u00f4nius Hybrida_, uncle of the triumvir, and consul with\n  Cicero, B.C.\u00a063.\n\n#\u00e2nulus, \u00ee# [dim. of #\u00e2nus#, _a circle_], m., _a finger ring_.\n\n#anus, \u00fbs#, f., _an old woman_.\n\n#anxius# [#ang\u00f4#], adj., _anxious, troubled_.\n\n#aper, apr\u00ee#, m., _a wild boar_.\n\n#aperi\u00f4#, see #pari\u00f4#.\n\n#apert\u00ea# [#apertus#], adv., _openly, plainly_.\n\n#apertus# [orig. part. of #aperi\u00f4#], adj., _open, manifest_.\n\n#Apoll\u00f4, inis#, m., _Apollo_, the Greek god (worshiped by the Romans\nalso) of poetry and music, divination and medicine. His chief shrine was\nat Delphi, in Greece.\n\n#Apoll\u00f4nia, ae#, f., a city of Illyria, on the east coast of the\nAdriatic. Toward the close of the first century B.C. it was a famous\nseat of learning.\n\n#Apoll\u00f4nius, \u00ee#, m., _Apoll\u00f4nius_, surnamed _Mol\u00f4_, under whom Cicero\nstudied rhetoric at Rhodes.\n\n#appar\u00e2tus, \u00fbs#, m., _equipment, preparation_; _splendor, pomp_.\n\n#app\u00e2re\u00f4#, see #p\u00e2re\u00f4#.\n\n#appell\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [(2) #appell\u00f4#], f., _name, title_.\n\n(1)\u00a0#appell\u00f4#, see #pell\u00f4#.\n\n(2) #appell\u00f4#, see #pell\u00f4#.\n\n#Appenn\u00eenus, \u00ee#, m., _the Apennines_, a range of mountains in Italy.\n\n#Appius, \u00ee#, m., a Roman praenomen, esp. common in the Claudian gens.\n\n#applaud\u00f4, ere, plaus\u00ee, plausus# [#ad# + #plaud\u00f4#, _to clap the hands_],\n_to applaud_.\n\n#app\u00f4n\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4n\u00f4#.\n\n#apprehend\u00f4#, see #prehend\u00f4#.\n\n#approb\u00f4#, see #prob\u00f4#.\n\n#appropinqu\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, --# [#ad# + #propinquus#], _to draw near,\napproach_.\n\n#apt\u00ea# [#aptus#], adv., _fitly, neatly_.\n\n#aptus#, adj., _fitted, suited for, adapted to_.\n\n#apud#, prep. with acc.; of place, _near_; of persons, _with, among, in\nthe presence of, at the house of_; with the name of an author, _in the\nworks\u00a0of_.\n\n#\u00c2p\u00fblia, ae#, f., _Apulia_, a district in the southeastern part of\nItaly.\n\n#aqua, ae#, f., _water_.\n\n#aquila, ae#, f., _an eagle_; _standard_ (a\u00a0metal eagle, elevated upon a\npole).\n\n#aquilifer, fer\u00ee# [#aquila# + #fer\u00f4#], m., _standard bearer_.\n\n#\u00e2ra, ae#, f., _an altar_.\n\n#arbiter, tr\u00ee#, m., _witness, judge, umpire_.\n\n#arbitrium, \u00ee# [#arbiter#], n., _judgment, decision_; _will, caprice_.\n\n#arbitror, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#arbiter#], _to think, believe, consider_.\n\n#arbor, oris#, f., _a tree_.\n\n#arca, ae# [#arce\u00f4#], f., _chest, box_.\n\n#arce\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to shut up, inclose_; _hinder, prevent_.\n\n  #con--coerce\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to confine closely, shut in_;\n  _restrain, check_.\n\n  #ex--exerce\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to exercise, drill, employ_; #l\u00eagem\n  exerc\u00eare#, _to enforce a law_.\n\n#arcess\u00f4, ere, \u00eev\u00ee, \u00eetus#, _to cause to come, summon, send for_.\n\n#Ardea, ae#, f., _Ardea_, a\u00a0town in Latium, about eighteen miles south\nof Rome.\n\n#\u00e2rd\u00eans, entis# [orig. part. of #\u00e2rde\u00f4#, _to burn, glow_], adj.,\n_glowing, fiery, bright_.\n\n#\u00e2rdor, \u00f4ris# [#\u00e2rde\u00f4#, _to burn, glow_], m., _heat, glow_; _zeal,\nenthusiasm, fire_.\n\n#argentum, \u00ee#, n., _silver_; _money_.\n\n#Arg\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, m., _Argos_, a city in the northeastern part of the\nPeloponnesus.\n\n#Arg\u00eevus#, adj., of _Argos, Argive_.\n\n#argu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, \u00fbtus#, _to show, prove_; _charge, accuse, blame_.\n\n#\u00e2ridus# [#\u00e2re\u00f4#, _to be dry_], adj., _dry, arid_.\n\n#arma, \u00f4rum#, n. pl., _arms, weapons_ (esp. for defense); _warfare_.\n\n#arm\u00e2tus# [orig. part. of #arm\u00f4#], adj., _armed, in full armor_. As\nnoun, #arm\u00e2t\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, m. pl., _armed men, soldiers_.\n\n#Armenia, ae#, f., _Armenia_, a country in Asia, southeast of the Black\nSea.\n\n#armilla, ae# [#armus#, _shoulder, arm_], f., _a bracelet, armlet_.\n\n#arm\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#arma#], _to arm, equip_.\n\n#Arp\u00eenum, \u00ee#, n., _Arpinum_, a town of the Volsci, fifty miles southeast\nof Rome; the birthplace of Marius and Cicero.\n\n#ars, artis#, f., _skill, art, knowledge_; _accomplishment_, esp. in\npl.; _device, stratagem_.\n\n#artifex, icis# [#ars# + #faci\u00f4#], m., _workman, artist, builder_.\n\n#art\u00fbs, uum#, m. pl., _joints, limbs_.\n\n#\u00c2r\u00fbns, untis#, m., a son of Tarquinius Superbus.\n\n#arx, arcis# [#arce\u00f4#], f., _citadel, stronghold_.\n\n#\u00e2s, assis#, m., _an as_, the unit of Roman coinage, orig. a\u00a0pound of\ncopper, but finally reduced to half an ounce. It was then worth about a\ncent.\n\n#\u00e2scend\u00f4#, see #scand\u00f4#.\n\n#Asia, ae#, f., _Asia_, esp. Asia Minor.\n\n  #Asi\u00e2ticus#, adj., _Asiatic_. As noun, #Asi\u00e2ticus, \u00ee#, m., (cognomen\n  of Lucius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Antiochus.\n\n#asper, aspera, asperum#, adj., _rough, bitter, sharp_; _harsh, violent,\nsevere_.\n\n#asperit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#asper#], f., _roughness, harshness_; _acidity_\n(of\u00a0vinegar).\n\n#\u00e2spernor#, see #spern\u00f4#.\n\n#aspis, idis#, f., _an asp, viper_.\n\n#\u00e2st\u00fbtia, ae# [#\u00e2st\u00fbtus#], f., _shrewdness, smartness, cleverness_.\n\n#\u00e2st\u00fbtus# [#\u00e2st\u00fb#, _cunning_], adj., _smart, clever, shrewd, cunning_.\n\n#asy:lum, \u00ee#, n., _place of refuge, asylum_.\n\n#at#, conj., _but, but yet, nevertheless_.\n\n#Ath\u00eanae, \u00e2rum#, f. plur., _Athens_, the chief city of Greece, situated\nin Attica, in the southeastern part of central Greece.\n\n#Athesis, is#, m., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near which Marius defeated\nthe Cimbri in 101 B.C.\n\n#At\u00eelius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #R\u00eagulus#.\n\n#atque, ac#, conj., _and, and also_.\n\n#atqu\u00ee#, conj., _and yet, but yet, yet_.\n\n#atr\u00f4citer# [#atr\u00f4x#], adv., _fiercely, cruelly_.\n\n#atr\u00f4x, \u00f4cis#, adj., _savage, fierce, cruel, horrible_.\n\n#attentus#, adj., _attentive_.\n\n#attonitus# [#atton\u00f4#, _to thunder at_], adj., _thunder-struck,\nawe-struck, overwhelmed_.\n\n#Attus, \u00ee#, m., _Attus N\u00e2vius_, an augur who defied Tarquinius Priscus.\n\n#auctor, \u00f4ris# [#auge\u00f4#], m., _producer, originator, cause_.\n\n#auct\u00f4rit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#auctor#], f., _authority, power_; _influence,\nweight, dignity_.\n\n#aucupium, \u00ee# [#avis# + #capi\u00f4#], n., _bird-catching, fowling_.\n\n#aud\u00e2cia, ae# [#aud\u00e2x#, _bold_], f., _boldness, daring_; _rashness,\npresumption_.\n\n#aude\u00f4, \u00eare, ausus sum#, _to venture, dare_.\n\n#audi\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee, \u00eetus#, _to hear, listen to_; #dict\u00f4 audi\u00eans esse#, _to\nobey_.\n\n  #ex--exaudi\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee, \u00eetus#, _to hear clearly, distinguish_.\n\n#aufer\u00f4#, see #fer\u00f4#.\n\n#aufugi\u00f4#, see #fugi\u00f4#.\n\n#auge\u00f4, \u00eare, aux\u00ee, auctus#, _to increase, enlarge_.\n\n#augur, uris# [#avis#], m., _an augur, soothsayer_, a\u00a0priest whose\nbusiness it was to take the _auspicia_. See #auspicium#.\n\n#augurium, \u00ee# [#augur#], n., _observance of omens, divination_;\n#augurium agere#, _to perform the augural ceremonies_.\n\n#augustus# [#auge\u00f4#], adj., _majestic, venerable, imposing_.\n\n#Augustus, \u00ee# [#augustus#], m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in\nB.C. 27, and after him to all the Roman emperors.\n\n#aureus# [#aurum#], adj., _golden_.\n\n#auris, is#, f., _ear_.\n\n#aurum, \u00ee#, n., _gold_.\n\n#auspicium, \u00ee# [#avis# + #*speci\u00f4#], n., _divination_ by noting the\nflight or cries of birds. In taking the #auspicia#, _auspices_, the\naugur sought to learn whether the gods favored or disapproved a proposed\ncourse of conduct.\n\n#aut#, conj., _or_; #aut . . . aut#, _either .\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0or_.\n\n#autem#, conj., always postpositive, _but, however, moreover_.\n\n#auxilium, \u00ee# [#auge\u00f4#], n., _help, aid_; plur., _auxiliary troops_\n(usually foreign and light-armed troops).\n\n#av\u00e2ritia, ae# [#av\u00e2rus#], f., _greed, avarice_.\n\n#av\u00e2rus#, adj., _greedy, grasping, covetous_.\n\n#\u00e2vell\u00f4, ere, vell\u00ee, vulsus# [#ab# + #vell\u00f4#, _to pluck_], _to tear off_\nor _away, sever_.\n\n#Avent\u00eenus, \u00ee#, m. (sc. #m\u00f4ns#), _the Aventine_, one of the seven hills\nof Rome.\n\n#Avent\u00eenus#, adj., _of_ or _on the Aventine_.\n\n#ave\u00f4, \u00eare, --, --#, _to fare well_, used only in the imperative #av\u00ea!#\n_hail! welcome! greetings!_\n\n#\u00e2versor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#\u00e2vert\u00f4#], _to scorn, repulse_.\n\n#\u00e2vert\u00f4#, see #vert\u00f4#.\n\n#avid\u00ea# [#avidus#], adv., _eagerly, greedily_.\n\n#avidus#, adj., _desirous, eager, greedy_.\n\n#avis, is#, f., _bird_; _sign, omen_.\n\n#av\u00eetus# [#avus#], adj., _ancestral_.\n\n#\u00e2voc\u00f4#, see #voc\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00e2vol\u00f4#, see (2) #vol\u00f4#.\n\n#avunculus# [dim. of #avus#], m., _uncle, mother's brother_.\n\n#avus, \u00ee#, m., _grandfather, ancestor_.\n\n\n#B#\n\n#baculum, \u00ee#, n., _a staff, stick_.\n\n#Bagrada(s), ae#, m., a river near Carthage.\n\n#ballista, ae#, f., _the ballista_, a military engine for hurling\nstones.\n\n#balneum, \u00ee#, n., _bath, bathing-place_.\n\n#barba, ae#, f., _beard_.\n\n#barbarus#, adj., _foreign, uncivilized, barbarous_. As noun, #barbar\u00ee,\n\u00f4rum#, pl. m., _foreigners, barbarians_.\n\n#bell\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#bell\u00f4#], m., _fighter, brawler_; _warrior, soldier_.\n\n#bellic\u00f4sus# [#bellicus#, _warlike_], adj., _warlike_.\n\n#bell\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum# [#bellum#], _to wage war, fight_.\n\n  #re--rebell\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to wage war again, rebel_.\n\n#bellum, \u00ee# (orig. #duellum#, from #duo#), n., _war, warfare_.\n\n#b\u00ealua, ae#, f., _a wild beast_; of a person, _beast, brute, monster_.\n\n#bene# [#bonus#], adv., _well, successfully_; comp. #melius#, sup.\n#optim\u00ea#.\n\n#beneficium, \u00ee# [#bene# + #faci\u00f4#], n., _favor, kindness, service_.\n\n#benevolentia, ae# [#bene# + (1) #vol\u00f4#], f., _good will, kindly\nfeeling_; _favor_.\n\n#ben\u00eegn\u00ea# [#ben\u00eegnus#], adv., _kindly, courteously_.\n\n#ben\u00eegnus#, adj., _kind, favorable_.\n\n#biblioth\u00eaca, ae#, f., _library_.\n\n#bib\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, --#, _to drink_.\n\n#Bibulus, \u00ee#, m., _L. Calpurnius_, consul with Julius Caesar in 59 B.C.\n\n#b\u00eeduum, \u00ee# [#bis# + #di\u00eas#], n., _a period of two days, two days'\ntime_.\n\n#bis# [orig. #duis#; cf. #duo#], num. adv., _twice_.\n\n#blanditia, ae#, f., _flattery_; in pl., _blandishments, allurements_.\n\n#Blosius, \u00ee#, m., gentile name of _C. Blosius C\u00fbm\u00e2nus_, a\u00a0friend of\nC.\u00a0Gracchus.\n\n#Bocchus, \u00ee#, m., _Bocchus_, king of the Gaetuli, and ally of Jugurtha.\n\n#Boiorix, icis#, m., _Boiorix_, chief of the Cimbri, defeated by Marius,\n101 B.C.\n\n#bonus#, comp. #melior#, sup. #optimus#, adj., _good_; as noun, #bon\u00ee,\n\u00f4rum#, m. pl., _good men, loyal citizens_; #bona, \u00f4rum#, n. pl., _goods,\npossessions_.\n\n#b\u00f4s, bovis#, m. and f., _ox, cow_; pl., _cattle_.\n\n#bracchium, \u00ee#, n., _forearm, arm_.\n\n#brev\u00ee#, see #brevis#.\n\n#brevis, e#, adj., _short_; #brev\u00ee# (sc. #tempore#), adv., _in a little\nwhile, soon_.\n\n#Britann\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, m. pl., _the inhabitants of England, the Britons_.\n\n#Brundisium, \u00ee#, n., _Brundisium_, a seaport in southeastern Italy, the\nregular point of embarkation for Greece.\n\n#Br\u00fbtus, \u00ee#, m., a cognomen in the Junian gens.\n\n  1. _L.\u00a0I\u00fbnius Br\u00fbtus_, the Liberator, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus,\n  and consul with Collatinus in 509 B.C.\n\n  2. _M.\u00a0I\u00fbnius Br\u00fbtus_, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, 44\n  B.C.\n\n  3. _D.\u00a0I\u00fbnius Br\u00fbtus_, an officer of Julius Caesar in Gaul, but\n  afterwards one of his murderers.\n\n#bulla, ae#, f., an _amulet_ or _charm_ for the neck, commonly of gold,\nthough often of leather. It was worn by children of free birth, but laid\naside with the _toga praetexta_ (see #praetextus#), and consecrated to\nthe _Lar\u00eas_, or gods of the hearth.\n\n\n#C#\n\n#C#, orig. = English _G_, later = both _C_ and _G_, finally = _C_ alone;\nwith proper names = _G\u00e2ius_, a\u00a0Roman praenomen.\n\n#cad\u00e2ver, eris# [#cad\u00f4#], n., _a corpse_.\n\n#cad\u00f4, ere, cecid\u00ee, c\u00e2s\u00fbrus#, _to fall_; _fall dead, be killed, die_;\n_happen_.\n\n  #ad--accid\u00f4, ere, cid\u00ee, --#, _to happen, befall, come to pass_.\n\n  #con--concid\u00f4, ere, cid\u00ee,--#, _to fall, be slain, perish_.\n\n  #in--incid\u00f4, ere, cid\u00ee,--#, _fall, fall into_ or _on, meet_;\n  _happen, occur_; #incidere in aliquem#, _to happen in the time of\n  anybody_.\n\n  #ob--occid\u00f4, ere, cid\u00ee, --#, _fall down, fall, perish_; _set_\n  (of\u00a0the sun).\n\n  #re--recid\u00f4, ere, cid\u00ee, --#, _to fall back, return_; _fall_.\n\n#caed\u00eas, is# [#caed\u00f4#], f., _slaughter, massacre_.\n\n#caed\u00f4, ere, cec\u00eed\u00ee, caesus#, _to cut, cut to pieces_; _kill, conquer,\nrout_; #virg\u00ees caedere#, _to flog_.\n\n  #ob--occ\u00eed\u00f4, ere, c\u00eed\u00ee, c\u00eesus#, _to cut down, kill, slay_.\n\n  #prae--praec\u00eed\u00f4, ere, c\u00eed\u00ee, c\u00eesus#, _to cut short, cut off_.\n\n#caelestis, e# [#caelum#], adj., _from heaven, heavenly, celestial_.\n\n#Caelius, \u00ee#, m. (sc. #m\u00f4ns#), _the Caelian hill_, one of the seven\nhills of Rome.\n\n#caelum, \u00ee#, n., _the sky, heavens_.\n\n#caen\u00f4sus# [#caenum#], adj., _foul, filthy_.\n\n#caenum, \u00ee#, n., _mud, filth, mire_.\n\n#Caesar, aris#, m., _Caesar_, a family name in the Julian gens.\n\n  1. _C. I\u00fblius Caesar_, the famous dictator, born 100 B.C., quaestor\n  in 68, aedile in 65, praetor in 62, consul in 59; conquered Gaul,\n  58-50; engaged in civil war with Pompey and his supporters, 49-46;\n  created perpetual dictator in 46; murdered, March 15,\u00a044.\n\n  2. The grandson of Caesar's sister, _C. Oct\u00e2vius_, was adopted by\n  Caesar, and henceforth known as _C.\u00a0I\u00fblius Caesar Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2nus_. He\n  was born 63 B.C., formed the second triumvirate with Antony and\n  Lepidus in 44; with Antony's help defeated Brutus and Cassius, the\n  murderers of Caesar, in 42, at Philippi; defeated Antony at Actium,\n  in 31, and became sole master of the Roman world, which he ruled\n  till his death in 14 A.D. See also #Augustus#.\n\n#caesari\u00eas, --#, acc. #em#, f., _hair_ (of the head), _locks_ (only in\nsing.).\n\n#calamit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis#, f., _calamity, disaster_.\n\n#calcar, \u00e2ris#, n., _a spur_.\n\n#callidus#, adj., _shrewd, cunning, sly_.\n\n#Calpurnia, ae#, f., _Calpurnia_, daughter of L. Calpurnius Piso, and\nwife of Julius Caesar.\n\n#Calpurnius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Bibulus#.\n\n#calvitium, \u00ee# [#calvus#], n., _baldness_.\n\n#calvus#, adj., _bald_.\n\n#Calvus, \u00ee# [#calvus#], m., cognomen of _C. Licinius Macer Calvus_, poet\nand orator, 82-47 B.C.\n\n#Camers, ertis#, m., an inhabitant of Camerinum, a town of Umbria,\na\u00a0district in Central Italy.\n\n#Camp\u00e2nia, ae#, f., a district on the west coast of Italy, south of\nLatium.\n\n#Camp\u00e2nus#, adj., _Campanian_.\n\n#campus, \u00ee#, m., _a field_, especially the #Campus M\u00e2rtius#, a\u00a0plain\nlying between the Capitoline Hill and the Tiber, and thus orig. outside\nthe walls. It was used as a place of exercise, as a parade ground and\nplace for reviews. Later, elections were held there.\n\n#cande\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to shine, glow_.\n\n  #ad--accend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, c\u00eansus#, _to set fire to, kindle, burn_;\n  _arouse, fire, anger_.\n\n  #in--incend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, c\u00eansus#, _to set on fire_; _arouse, excite_.\n\n#candidus# [#cande\u00f4#], adj., _white_.\n\n#Can\u00eenius, \u00ee#, m., gentile name of _C. Can\u00eenius R\u00eabilus_, consul for a\nfew hours on December 31, 45 B.C.\n\n#canis, is#, m. and f., _a dog_.\n\n#Cannae, \u00e2rum#, f. pl., a small town in Apulia in southeastern Italy.\n\n#Cann\u00eansis, e#, adj., _of_ or _at Cannae_.\n\n#can\u00f4, ere, cecin\u00ee, --#, _to sing, chant, play_; _sound, give signal_.\n\n  #prae--praecin\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, --#, _to play before_ (one).\n\n#cantus, \u00fbs# [#can\u00f4#], m., _song_; _note, cry_.\n\n#Canusium, \u00ee#, n., a town in Apulia near Cannae.\n\n#capesso, ere, \u00eev\u00ee, \u00eetus# [desid. of #capi\u00f4#], _to take eagerly, seize,\nresort\u00a0to_.\n\n#capillus, \u00ee# [#caput#], m., _the hair_.\n\n#capi\u00f4, ere, c\u00eap\u00ee, captus#, _to take, seize, capture_; #c\u00f4nsilium\ncapere#, _to form a plan_.\n\n  #ad--accipi\u00f4, ere, c\u00eap\u00ee, ceptus#, _to take to one's self, receive,\n  adopt_; _meet with, welcome_; _understand, interpret_.\n\n  #con--concipi\u00f4, ere, c\u00eap\u00ee, ceptus#, _to take in, imagine, conceive_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eacipi\u00f4, ere, c\u00eap\u00ee, ceptus#, _to take in, catch, deceive,\n  cheat_.\n\n  #ex--excipi\u00f4, ere, c\u00eap\u00ee, ceptus#, _to take out, appropriate,\n  overhear_; _receive, greet_; _await, confront_.\n\n  #in--incipi\u00f4, ere, c\u00eap\u00ee, ceptus#, _to take up, begin, undertake_.\n\n  #inter--intercipi\u00f4, ere, c\u00eap\u00ee, ceptus#, _to seize in passing, steal,\n  usurp_.\n\n  #prae--praecipi\u00f4, ere, c\u00eap\u00ee, ceptum#, _direct, bid, order_.\n\n  #re--recipi\u00f4, ere, c\u00eap\u00ee, ceptus#, _to take back, recover_; _take,\n  receive_; #s\u00ea recipere#, _to retreat, withdraw_.\n\n  #sub--suscipi\u00f4, ere, c\u00eap\u00ee, ceptus#, _to take up, undertake, assume,\n  succeed\u00a0to_.\n\n#Capit\u00f4l\u00eenus#, adj., _pertaining to the Capitol_.\n\n#Capit\u00f4lium, \u00ee#, n., _the Capitol_, the chief temple of Jupiter in Rome;\noften, also, the hill on which this temple stood, the _M\u00f4ns\nCapit\u00f4l\u00eenus_, the citadel of Rome.\n\n#capra, ae#, f., _a she-goat_; #Caprae pal\u00fbs#, _Goat Swamp_, in the\nCampus Martius.\n\n#capt\u00eevus# [#capi\u00f4#], adj., _captive_; as noun, #capt\u00eevus, \u00ee#, m., _a\nprisoner, captive_.\n\n#capt\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #capi\u00f4#], _to seize eagerly, strive to\nseize, strive for_; _take in, deceive, trap_.\n\n#Capua, ae#, f., a city in Campania noted for its luxury.\n\n#capulus, \u00ee# [#capi\u00f4#], m., _hilt, handle_.\n\n#caput, itis#, n., _the head, life_; _head_ or _capital_ of a nation;\n#capite damn\u00e2re#, _to condemn to death_.\n\n#carb\u00f4, inis#, m., _a coal, charcoal_.\n\n#Carb\u00f4, inis#, m., _C. Pap\u00eerius_, an enemy of Sulla, defeated by Pompey.\n\n#carcer, eris#, n., _a prison_, esp. the state prison at Rome, built by\nAncus Marcius, and known since the middle ages as the 'Mamertine\nPrison.' It lay at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, on the side towards\nthe Forum. The historian Sallust thus describes it: \"In the prison there\nis a place called the _Tulli\u00e2num_, about twelve feet below the surface\nof the ground. It is built with strong walls, and above it there is a\nroom constructed with stone vaulting. It is a disgusting and horrible\nplace on account of the filth, the darkness, and the stench.\"\n\n#carnifex, ficis# [#car\u00f4#, _flesh_ + #faci\u00f4#], m., _executioner,\nbutcher_.\n\n#carpentum, \u00ee#, n., _a two-wheeled carriage_.\n\n#carp\u00f4, ere, s\u00ee, tus#, _to pluck, tear_.\n\n  #dis--discerp\u00f4, ere, s\u00ee, tus#, _to pluck_ or _tear in pieces_.\n\n  #ex--excerp\u00f4, ere, s\u00ee, tus#, _to pluck out, choose, select_.\n\n#Carth\u00e2gini\u00eansis, e#, adj., _Carthaginian_.\n\n#Carth\u00e2g\u00f4, inis#, f., _Carthage_, a city on the northern coast of\nAfrica, colonized by Phoenicians from Tyre.\n\n#Carth\u00e2g\u00f4 Nova#, f., _New Carthage_, a city on the east coast of Spain,\nfounded by the Carthaginians.\n\n#c\u00e2rus#, adj., _dear, beloved_; _costly_.\n\n#casa, ae#, f., _a hut, cottage_.\n\n#Casca, ae#, m., _C. Serv\u00eelius_, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar.\n\n#Cassius, \u00ee#, m., gentile name of _C. Cassius Long\u00eenus_, one of the\nforemost conspirators against Caesar in 44 B.C.\n\n#castellum, \u00ee# [dim. of #castrum#], n., _a stronghold, castle, fort_.\n\n#cast\u00eeg\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#castus#, _pure_ + #ag\u00f4#], _to correct,\npunish, chastise_.\n\n#castrum, \u00ee#, n., _a fortified place_; pl., #castra, \u00f4rum#, _a camp_.\n\n#c\u00e2sus, \u00fbs# [#cad\u00f4#], m., _that which befalls, accident, chance_;\n_misfortune, calamity_.\n\n#catapulta, ae#, f., _an engine for hurling arrows, catapult_.\n\n#cat\u00eana, ae#, f., _a chain, fetter_.\n\n#Catil\u00eena, ae#, m., _L. Sergius_, who conspired against the state during\nCicero's consulship, 63 B.C.\n\n#cat\u00eellus, \u00ee#, m., _a small dish, plate_.\n\n#Cat\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, m., _M. Porcius_, called _Utic\u00eansis_, because he committed\nsuicide at Utica in Africa, after the battle of Thapsus 46 B.C.\n\n#Catullus, \u00ee#, m., _C. Valerius_, the famous lyric poet, 87-54 B.C.\n\n#catulus, \u00ee#, m., _a young animal, cub_.\n\n#Catulus, \u00ee#, m., _Q. Lut\u00e2tius_, who in 67 B.C. opposed the grant of\nextraordinary powers to Pompey for the war with the pirates.\n\n#cauda, ae#, f., _tail_.\n\n#causa, ae#, f., _cause, reason, occasion_; _case at law_; #caus\u00e2# (with\npreceding gen.), _for the sake of_, a\u00a0common expression of purpose;\n#causam d\u00eecere#, _to plead a case_ in court.\n\n#cautus# [orig. part. of #cave\u00f4#], adj., _careful, wary, cautious_.\n\n#cavea, ae# [#cavus#, _hollow_], f., _a cage_.\n\n#cave\u00f4, \u00eare, c\u00e2v\u00ee, cautus#, _to be on one's guard, beware, guard\nagainst_.\n\n#c\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, cessum#, _to go, move_; _to go from, retire_; _yield,\nsubmit_; #ex sententi\u00e2 c\u00eadere#, _to turn out to one's satisfaction_.\n\n  #ab--absc\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, cess\u00fbrus#, _to go away, withdraw, depart_.\n\n  #ad--acc\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, cess\u00fbrus#, _to go_ or _come to, move\n  towards, approach_; _be added_.\n\n  #ante--antec\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, --#, _to go before, precede._\n\n  #con--conc\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, cessus#, _to withdraw, retire, depart_;\n  _yield, submit_; _allow, grant, concede_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eac\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, cessum#, _to go away, withdraw, depart_;\n  _to die_ (sc.\u00a0#v\u00eet\u00e2#).\n\n  #dis--disc\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, cessum#, _to go away, depart_; _come\n  off_.\n\n  #in--inc\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, cess\u00fbrus#, _to advance, approach_; _march_;\n  _move slowly_.\n\n  #prae--praec\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, cess\u00fbrus#, _to go before_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4c\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, cessum#, _to move forward, advance, make\n  progress_.\n\n  #re--rec\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, cessum#, _to move back, withdraw, retire,\n  retreat_.\n\n  #s\u00ea--s\u00eac\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, cess\u00fbrus#, _to retire, withdraw_.\n\n  #sub--succ\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cess\u00ee, cessum#, _to follow, succeed_; _be\n  successful_.\n\n#celeber, bris, bre#, adj., _famous_.\n\n#celebr\u00e2tus# [part. of #celebr\u00f4#, _to throng_], adj., of a place,\n_thronged, frequented_; of persons, places, or things, _famous,\nbrilliant_.\n\n#celer, eris, ere#, adj., _swift, quick, lively_.\n\n#celerit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#celer#], f., _swiftness, speed, alertness_.\n\n#celeriter# [#celer#], adv., _quickly, soon_.\n\n#cella, ae#, f., _chamber, sanctuary, shrine_.\n\n#c\u00eal\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to hide, conceal_.\n\n#Celtib\u00ear\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, m. pl., _the Celtiberi_, a tribe in Spain.\n\n#c\u00eana, ae#, f., _dinner_, the principal meal of the Romans, taken about\nthree o'clock.\n\n#c\u00ean\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#c\u00eana#], _to dine, eat_.\n\n#c\u00eanse\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, us#, _to rate, value_; _be of the opinion, think_;\n_determine, decide_.\n\n#c\u00eansus, \u00fbs# [#c\u00eanse\u00f4#], m., _an enumeration_ and _classification of the\npeople_ according to wealth, _a census_.\n\n#centi\u00eas# [#centum#], adv., _a hundred times_.\n\n#centum#, indecl. num. adj., _a hundred_.\n\n#centuria, ae# [#centum#], f., _a division of the army or the people_,\ncontaining a hundred persons, _a century_.\n\n#centuri\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#centuria#], m., _a commander of a century, centurion,\ncaptain_.\n\n#cern\u00f4, ere, cr\u00eav\u00ee, certus# [#cr\u00eatus#], _to separate_; _see, perceive_;\n_decide, determine_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eacern\u00f4, ere, cr\u00eav\u00ee, cr\u00eatus#, _to decide, determine_; _decree,\n  vote, entrust_ (by\u00a0a decree); _contend, fight_.\n\n  #s\u00ea--s\u00eacern\u00f4, ere, cr\u00eav\u00ee, cr\u00eatus#, _to separate, divide_.\n\n#cert\u00e2men, inis# [#cert\u00f4#], n., _match, trial_ of skill or strength;\n_contest, battle_.\n\n#cert\u00e2tim# [#cert\u00f4#], adv., _in rivalry, zealously_.\n\n#cert\u00ea# [#certus#], adv., _certainly, surely_.\n\n#cert\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum# [#certus#], _to vie with, contend_.\n\n#certus# [orig. part. of #cern\u00f4#], adj., _determined, fixed_; _certain,\ndefinite, specified, assured_; #certi\u00f4rem facere#, _to inform_; #certior\nfier\u00ee#, _to be informed_.\n\n#cerv\u00eex, \u00eecis#, f., _neck, throat_.\n\n#cess\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum# [freq. of #c\u00ead\u00f4#], _to be inactive, loiter,\ndelay_.\n\n#c\u00eaterum# [#c\u00eaterus#], adv. and conj., _for the rest, but, moreover,\nbesides_.\n\n#c\u00eater\u00ee, ae, a#, adj., _the rest, the other, the others_.\n\n#charta, ae#, f., _writing material, paper, sheet_ (of\u00a0Egyptian\npapyrus).\n\n#Chry:sogonus, \u00ee#, m., _L. Corn\u00ealius_, a freedman of Sulla.\n\n#cib\u00e2rius# [#cibus#], adj., _pertaining to food_; #r\u00eas cib\u00e2ria#,\n_provisions_.\n\n#cibus, \u00ee#, m., _food, victuals_.\n\n#cic\u00e2tr\u00eex, \u00eecis#, f., _a scar_.\n\n#cicer, ciceris#, n., _a pea, chickpea_.\n\n#Cicer\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#cicer#], m., cognomen of _M. Tullius Cicer\u00f4_, the\nfamous orator, born at Arpinum, 106 B.C.; quaestor in Sicily, 75;\npraetor, 66; consul, 63; killed by Antony's order in\u00a043.\n\n#Cimber, br\u00ee#, m., _a Cimbrian_, one of the Cimbri, the Teutonic tribe\nwhich, together with the Teutones, invaded Italy, and was defeated by\nMarius in 101 B.C.\n\n#Cimbricus#, adj., _Cimbrian_.\n\n#cing\u00f4, ere, cinx\u00ee, cinctus#, _to encircle, surround_; _gird, gird on,\nequip_; #obsidi\u00f4ne cingere#, _to blockade, besiege_.\n\n  #ad--accing\u00f4, ere, cinx\u00ee, cinctus#, _to gird, gird on, equip, arm_.\n\n  #sub--succing\u00f4, ere, cinx\u00ee, cinctus#, _to gird, arm, equip_.\n\n#cinis, eris#, m., _ashes_.\n\n#Cinna, ae#, m., _L. Corn\u00ealius_, leader with Marius of the popular\nparty.\n\n#circ\u00e2#, adv. and prep, with acc., _around, round about, throughout_.\n\n#circum#, adv. and prep, with acc., _around, about_.\n\n#circumd\u00f4#, see #d\u00f4#.\n\n#circumfund\u00f4#, see #fund\u00f4#.\n\n#circumst\u00f4#, see #st\u00f4#.\n\n#circumveni\u00f4#, see #veni\u00f4#.\n\n#circus, \u00ee#, m., _a circle, enclosure_ for athletic sports, esp.\nchariot-races; #Circus M\u00e2ximus#: see p.\u00a018, n.\u00a06.\n\n#citerior, \u00f4ris#, adj., _on this side, hither, nearer_.\n\n#cit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #cie\u00f4#, _to set in motion_], _to rouse,\nurge on_; _summon_.\n\n  #con--concit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to rouse, excite_; _move,\n  instigate_.\n\n  #ex--excit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to call or bring forth_; _rouse,\n  excite_.\n\n  #in--incit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _urge on, arouse, incite_.\n\n#c\u00eevicus# [#c\u00eevis#], adj., _of citizens, civic_; #c\u00eevica cor\u00f4na#, _the\ncivic crown_, given to a soldier who saved the life of a citizen in\nbattle.\n\n#c\u00eev\u00eelis, e# [#c\u00eevis#], adj., _of citizens, civil, civic_; _courteous,\npolite_.\n\n#c\u00eevis, is#, m., _citizen, fellow-citizen_.\n\n#c\u00eevit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#c\u00eevis#], f., _citizenship_; _state, body of citizens_.\n\n#cl\u00e2d\u00eas, is#, f., _disaster, overthrow, defeat_; #cl\u00e2dem accipere#, _to\nsustain a defeat_; #cl\u00e2de adficere#, _to defeat_.\n\n#clam# [#c\u00eal\u00f4#], adv., _secretly_.\n\n#cl\u00e2mit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #cl\u00e2m\u00f4#], _to cry aloud, shout\nloudly_.\n\n#cl\u00e2m\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to shout_.\n\n  #ad--accl\u00e2m\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to shout loudly, exclaim_.\n\n  #con--concl\u00e2m\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _cry out together, shout_.\n\n  #ex--excl\u00e2m\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to cry out, shout aloud, exclaim_.\n\n  #in--incl\u00e2m\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _shout loudly_; _cry out to, call\n  upon, appeal\u00a0to_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4cl\u00e2m\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to call, cry out, proclaim_.\n\n  #sub--succl\u00e2m\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to shout in answer, to answer\n  loudly_.\n\n#cl\u00e2mor, \u00f4ris# [#cl\u00e2m\u00f4#], m., _shout, cry, noise_.\n\n#clandest\u00eenus# [#clam#], adj., _secret_.\n\n#clangor, \u00f4ris#, m., _noise, clash, clang_.\n\n#cl\u00e2rus#, adj., _bright_; _famous, renowned_; of sound, _clear, loud_.\n\n#classicum, \u00ee# [#classis#], n. (sc. #s\u00eegnum#), _battle signal_ on the\ntrumpet.\n\n#classis, is#, f., _a class_ or _division of citizens_; _a fleet_.\n\n#Claudia, ae#, f., a sister of Appius Claudius Pulcher.\n\n#Claudius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens.\n\n  1. _Appius Claudius_, one of the Decemvirs of 451 B.C.\n\n  2. _Appius Claudius Pulcher_, consul in 249 B.C., and defeated in a\n  naval battle off Drepanum in Sicily.\n\n#claud\u00f4, ere, claus\u00ee, clausus#, _to shut, close_; _shut in, imprison_.\n\n#ex--excl\u00fbd\u00f4, ere, cl\u00fbs\u00ee, cl\u00fbsus#, _to shut out, exclude_.\n\n#in--incl\u00fbd\u00f4, ere, cl\u00fbs\u00ee, cl\u00fbsus#, _to shut in, enclose_; _imprison_.\n\n#clausula, ae# [#claud\u00f4#], f., _conclusion_.\n\n#cl\u00e2vus, \u00ee#, m., _a nail_.\n\n#cl\u00eam\u00eans, entis#, adj., _gentle, kindly, merciful_.\n\n#cl\u00eamenter# [#cl\u00eam\u00eans#], adv., _quietly, mercifully, mildly_.\n\n#cl\u00eamentia, ae# [#cl\u00eam\u00eans#], f., _mercifulness, forbearance, kindness_.\n\n#Cleopatra, ae#, f., the famous queen of Egypt, renowned for her wit and\nbeauty. She lived 69-30 B.C.\n\n#cli\u00eans, entis# [orig. #clu\u00eans#, from #clue\u00f4#, _to hear_], m., _a\nvassal, dependent, client_. The #client\u00eas# attached themselves to some\npatrician, who aided them in business, esp. legal business, and was\npractically their father or guardian. The clients in turn were bound to\nrespect and serve their patron, and to assist him financially, esp. in\nransoming him, if captured, and in providing a marriage portion for his\ndaughters.\n\n#cl\u00eevus, \u00ee#, m., _ascent, slope, hill_; #Cl\u00eevus Capit\u00f4l\u00eenus#, a\u00a0street\nrunning up from the Forum to the Capitol.\n\n#Cl\u00f4dius, \u00ee#, m., plebeian form of Claudius, the gentile name of\n_P.\u00a0Cl\u00f4dius Pulcher_, Cicero's enemy, who, as tribune of the people,\nbrought about his banishment.\n\n#Clypea, ae#, f., a fortified town in Africa, near Carthage.\n\n#Cn.#, abbreviation of the name #Gnaeus#.\n\n#coep\u00ee, coepisse, coeptus#, _to begin_.\n\n#coerce\u00f4#, see #arce\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4git\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#c\u00f4git\u00f4#], f., _thought, consideration, plan_.\n\n#c\u00f4git\u00f4#, see #agit\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4gn\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#c\u00f4gn\u00e2tus#], f., _blood relationship, ties of blood_.\n\n#c\u00f4gn\u00e2tus# [#con# + #(g)n\u00e2scor#], adj., _related by blood_; as noun, _a\nkinsman, blood relation_.\n\n#c\u00f4gniti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#c\u00f4gn\u00f4sc\u00f4#], f., _a legal investigation, judicial\nhearing_; #c\u00f4gniti\u00f4nem \u00eenstituere#, _to hold a hearing_.\n\n#c\u00f4gn\u00f4men, inis# [#con# + #(g)n\u00f4men#], n., a name added to the\nindividual and clan names of a person; _a surname_, either as a title of\nhonor, as #\u00c2fric\u00e2nus, M\u00e2gnus, Torqu\u00e2tus#, or as a nickname, as #Cicer\u00f4#.\n_C\u00f4gn\u00f4mina_ served to distinguish different families of the same gens.\n\n#c\u00f4gn\u00f4min\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#c\u00f4gn\u00f4men#], _to surname, call_.\n\n#c\u00f4gn\u00f4sc\u00f4#, see #n\u00f4sc\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4g\u00f4#, see #ag\u00f4#.\n\n#cohors, ortis#, f., _cohort, company_ (the tenth part of a legion). See\n#legi\u00f4#.\n\n#Coll\u00e2tia, ae#, f., a Sabine town near Rome.\n\n#Coll\u00e2t\u00eenus, \u00ee#, m., _L. Tarquinius_, the husband of Lucretia, and one\nof the first two consuls, 509 B.C.\n\n#collis, is#, m., _a hill_.\n\n#collum, \u00ee#, n., _neck_.\n\n#col\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, cultus#, to _till, cultivate_; _dwell in_; _practice,\ncherish_; _clothe, adorn_; _honor, esteem_.\n\n  #ex--excol\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, cultus#, _to cultivate, improve, adorn_;\n  _refine_.\n\n  #in--incol\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, --#, _to dwell, dwell in, live_.\n\n#col\u00f4nia, ae# [#col\u00f4#], f., _a colony, settlement_.\n\n#columba, ae#, f., _a dove, pigeon_.\n\n#com, con, co#, forms of the prep. #cum#, found only in compound words.\nSee #cum#.\n\n#comb\u00fbr\u00f4#, see #\u00fbr\u00f4#.\n\n#comes, itis# [#con# + (1) #e\u00f4#], m., _companion, comrade_; _attendant,\nfollower_.\n\n#c\u00f4mit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#c\u00f4mis#, _courteous_], f., _courtesy, kindness_.\n\n#comit\u00e2tus, \u00fbs# [#comitor#], m., _escort, train_.\n\n#comitium, \u00ee# [#con# + (1) #e\u00f4#], n., _the Comitium_, a\u00a0place adjoining\nthe Forum Romanum, where the voters assembled; #comitia, \u00f4rum#, _the\ncomitia_, an assembly of the people (esp. for elections); _election_;\n#comitia ind\u00eecere#, _to set a date for an election_.\n\n#comitor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#comes#], _to accompany_.\n\n#comme\u00e2tus, \u00fbs#, m., _a furlough_.\n\n#commend\u00f4#, see #mand\u00f4#.\n\n#commigr\u00f4#, see #migr\u00f4#.\n\n#comm\u00eelit\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#con# + #m\u00eeles#], m., _fellow-soldier, comrade_.\n\n#comminus# [#con# + #manus#], adv., _hand to hand, at close quarters_.\n\n#committ\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#commod\u00ea# [#commodus#], adv., _properly, fittingly, rightly_.\n\n#commodus# [#con# + #modus#], adj., _in due measure, suitable, fit,\nconvenient_.\n\n#commove\u00f4#, see #move\u00f4#.\n\n#comm\u00fbni\u00f4#, see #m\u00fbni\u00f4#.\n\n#comm\u00fbnis, e# [#con# + #m\u00fbnus#], adj., _common, joint, general_.\n\n#comm\u00fbniter# [#comm\u00fbnis#], adv., _in common, together_.\n\n#comm\u00fbt\u00f4#, see #m\u00fbt\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4m\u00f4#, see #em\u00f4#.\n\n#comp\u00e2r, paris# [#con# + #p\u00e2r#], adj., _equal to, like_; _fitting,\nsuitable_.\n\n#compar\u00f4#, see #par\u00f4#.\n\n#compell\u00f4#, see #pell\u00f4#.\n\n#comperi\u00f4#, see #pari\u00f4#.\n\n#comp\u00eas, edis# [#con# + #p\u00eas#], f., usually in the pl., _shackles,\nfetters_.\n\n#complector, \u00ee, plexus sum#, _to embrace_.\n\n#comple\u00f4#, see #*ple\u00f4#.\n\n#compl\u00f4r\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#compl\u00f4r\u00f4#, _to bewail_], f., _lamentation,\nwailing_.\n\n#compl\u00fbr\u00eas, a# or #ia# [#con# + #pl\u00fbs#], adj., _several, many, very\nmany_.\n\n#comp\u00f4n\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4n\u00f4#.\n\n#compos, potis# [#con# + #potis#, _able_], adj., _master of_; #v\u00f4t\u00ee\ncompos fier\u00ee#, _to gain one's heart's desire_.\n\n#compositum, \u00ee# [#comp\u00f4n\u00f4#], n., _agreement_.\n\n#comprehend\u00f4#, see #prehend\u00f4#.\n\n#comprim\u00f4#, see #prem\u00f4#.\n\n#comprob\u00f4#, see #prob\u00f4#.\n\n#comput\u00f4#, see #put\u00f4#.\n\n#con#, see #com#.\n\n#conc\u00ead\u00f4#, see #c\u00ead\u00f4#.\n\n#concid\u00f4#, see #cad\u00f4#.\n\n#concili\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#concilium#], _to bring together,\nconciliate_; _win over, secure_.\n\n  #re--reconcili\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to reunite, reconcile_.\n\n#concilium, \u00ee# [#con# + #cal\u00f4#, _to call_], n., _assembly, gathering_.\n\n#concipi\u00f4#, see #capi\u00f4#.\n\n#concit\u00f4#, see #cit\u00f4#.\n\n#concl\u00e2m\u00f4#, see #cl\u00e2m\u00f4#.\n\n#concordia, ae# [#con# + #cor#, _heart_], f., _union, harmony, concord_.\n\n#concup\u00eesc\u00f4, ere, cup\u00eev\u00ee, cup\u00eetus# [#con# + #cupi\u00f4#], _to desire\ngreatly, crave_.\n\n#concurr\u00f4#, see #curr\u00f4#.\n\n#concursus, \u00fbs# [#concurr\u00f4#], m., _a concourse, throng_; _attack,\ncharge, onset_.\n\n#condemn\u00f4#, see #damn\u00f4#.\n\n#condici\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#cond\u00eec\u00f4#, _to agree_], f., _agreement, stipulation,\nterms_.\n\n#cond\u00f4#, see #d\u00f4#.\n\n#cond\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nfer\u00f4#, see #fer\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nfertus# [part. of #c\u00f4nferci\u00f4#, _to stuff together_], adj., _crowded,\ndense_.\n\n#c\u00f4nfessi\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#c\u00f4nfiteor#], f., _confession, acknowledgment_.\n\n#c\u00f4nf\u00eastim#, adv., _immediately, at once_.\n\n#c\u00f4nfici\u00f4#, see #faci\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nf\u00eedentia, ae# [#c\u00f4nf\u00eed\u00f4#, _to trust_], f., _boldness, assurance,\nconfidence_.\n\n#c\u00f4nf\u00eerm\u00e2tus# [orig. part. of #c\u00f4nf\u00eerm\u00f4#], adj., _courageous, resolute_.\n\n#c\u00f4nf\u00eerm\u00f4#, see #f\u00eerm\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nfiteor#, see #fateor#.\n\n#c\u00f4nflagr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, --# [#con# + #flagr\u00f4#, _to burn_], _to burn, be\ndestroyed_ (by\u00a0fire).\n\n#c\u00f4nfl\u00eeg\u00f4#, see #*fl\u00eeg\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nfl\u00f4#, see #fl\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nflu\u00f4#, see #flu\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nfodi\u00f4#, see #fodi\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nfugi\u00f4#, see #fugi\u00f4#.\n\n#conger\u00f4#, see #ger\u00f4#.\n\n#congredior#, see #gradior#.\n\n#congressus, \u00fbs# [#congredior#], m., _meeting, interview, encounter,\nfight_.\n\n#congru\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, --#, _to agree, tally_.\n\n#conici\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#coniung\u00f4#, see #iung\u00f4#.\n\n#coniunx# or #coniux# [#coniung\u00f4#], m. and f., _married person, husband,\nwife_.\n\n#coni\u00fbr\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#coni\u00fbr\u00f4#], f., _a conspiracy, plot_.\n\n#coni\u00fbr\u00e2t\u00ee, \u00f4rum# [orig. part. of #coni\u00fbr\u00f4#], m. pl., _conspirators_.\n\n#coni\u00fbr\u00f4#, see #i\u00fbr\u00f4#.\n\n#coniux#, see #coniunx#.\n\n#conlaud\u00f4#, see #laud\u00f4#.\n\n#conl\u00eaga, ae# [#con# + #leg\u00f4#], m., _one chosen at the same time,\na\u00a0colleague_.\n\n#conlig\u00f4#, see #leg\u00f4#.\n\n#conloc\u00f4#, see #loc\u00f4#.\n\n#conloquium, \u00ee# [#conloquor#], n., _an interview, conference_.\n\n#conloquor#, see #loquor#.\n\n#c\u00f4nor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, to _attempt, try_.\n\n#conqueror#, see #queror#.\n\n#conqu\u00eer\u00f4#, see #quaer\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nsal\u00fbt\u00f4#, see #sal\u00fbt\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nscend\u00f4#, see #scand\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nscientia, ae# [#con# + #sci\u00f4#], f., _consciousness, knowledge_.\n\n#c\u00f4nsc\u00eesc\u00f4#, see #sc\u00eesc\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nscius# [#con# + #sci\u00f4#], adj., _acquainted with, aware\u00a0of_.\n\n#c\u00f4nscr\u00eeb\u00f4#, see #scr\u00eeb\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nscr\u00eeptus# [orig. part. of #c\u00f4nscr\u00eeb\u00f4#], adj., _enrolled_; #patr\u00eas\nc\u00f4nscr\u00eept\u00ee#, the official title of the senators. Roman writers took this\nphrase as = #patr\u00eas et c\u00f4nscr\u00eept\u00ee#, explaining #patr\u00eas# as _patricians_,\nof whom orig. the senate was wholly composed, and #c\u00f4nscr\u00eept\u00ee# as\ndenoting the plebeians newly enrolled in the senate in 509 B.C., after\nthe expulsion of the kings. It may, however, = _enrolled patricians_, to\ndistinguish the senators from the patricians who were not enrolled in\nthe senate.\n\n#c\u00f4nsecr\u00f4#, see #sacr\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4ns\u00eansus, \u00fbs# [#c\u00f4nsenti\u00f4#], m., _united opinion, consent, agreement_.\n\n#c\u00f4nsenti\u00f4#, see #senti\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nsequor#, see #sequor#.\n\n#c\u00f4nser\u00f4#, see #ser\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nserv\u00f4#, see #serv\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4ns\u00eeder\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to look at closely, examine, reflect,\nconsider_.\n\n#c\u00f4ns\u00eed\u00f4#, see #s\u00eed\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nsilium, \u00ee# [cf. #c\u00f4nsul\u00f4#], n., _plan, scheme_; _judgment, wit,\nsense, shrewdness_; #c\u00f4nsilium capere# or #in\u00eere#, _to plan_.\n\n#c\u00f4nsist\u00f4#, see #sist\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nsobr\u00eenus, \u00ee# [#con# + #soror#], m., _first-cousin, cousin_.\n\n#c\u00f4ns\u00f4lor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#con# + #s\u00f4lor#, _to comfort_], _to comfort,\ncheer_.\n\n#c\u00f4nspectus, \u00fbs# [#c\u00f4nspici\u00f4#], m., _sight, view_.\n\n#c\u00f4nspici\u00f4#, see #*speci\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nspicuus# [#c\u00f4nspici\u00f4#], adj., _in plain sight, conspicuous,\nremarkable_.\n\n#c\u00f4nsp\u00eer\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#c\u00f4nsp\u00eer\u00f4#, _to breathe together, plot_], f., _a\nplot_.\n\n#c\u00f4nsp\u00eer\u00e2t\u00ee, \u00f4rum# [#c\u00f4nsp\u00eer\u00f4#, _to plot_], m. pl., _conspirators_.\n\n#c\u00f4nst\u00e2ns, antis# [orig. part. of #c\u00f4nst\u00f4#], adj., _of strong character,\nfirm, resolute_; _steadfast, consistent_.\n\n#c\u00f4nstanter# [#c\u00f4nst\u00e2ns#], adv., _firmly, resolutely, steadfastly_.\n\n#c\u00f4nstantia, ae# [#c\u00f4nst\u00e2ns#], f., a typical Roman virtue, _strength of\ncharacter, steadiness of purpose, firmness_; _courage, faithfulness_.\n\n#c\u00f4nstern\u00f4#, see #stern\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nstitu\u00f4#, see #statu\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nst\u00f4#, see #st\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nsu\u00easc\u00f4#, see #su\u00easc\u00f4#.\n\n#c\u00f4nsu\u00eat\u00fbd\u00f4, inis# [#c\u00f4nsu\u00eatus#, part. of #c\u00f4nsu\u00easc\u00f4#], f., _habit,\ncustom_.\n\n#c\u00f4nsul, ulis#, m., _a consul_, the title given to the two highest\nofficials of the Roman republic. The office was created in 509 B.C.\u00a0At\nfirst its powers were equal to those of the kings, except in religious\nmatters. Later, certain of these powers were transferred to other\nmagistrates. The consuls were elected annually; their joint names were\nused in giving dates. At the close of their official term, the consuls\nusually governed a province for a year as proconsuls.\n\n#c\u00f4nsul\u00e2ris, e# [#c\u00f4nsul#], adj., _of consular rank_; as noun, _an\nex-consul_.\n\n#c\u00f4nsul\u00e2tus, \u00fbs# [#c\u00f4nsul#], m., _consulship_.\n\n#c\u00f4nsul\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, tus#, _to take counsel, deliberate_; _to take counsel\nwith, to consult_; #graviter c\u00f4nsulere#, _to take vigorous measures_.\n\n#c\u00f4nsult\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #c\u00f4nsul\u00f4#], _to take counsel,\ndeliberate_.\n\n#c\u00f4ns\u00fbm\u00f4#, see #s\u00fbm\u00f4#.\n\n#contemn\u00f4, ere, temps\u00ee, temptus#, _to despise, scorn_.\n\n#contemptor, \u00f4ris# [#contemn\u00f4#], m., _one who despises, scorner_.\n\n#contend\u00f4#, see #tend\u00f4#.\n\n#contenti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#contend\u00f4#], f., _straining, effort, energy_;\n_dispute, strife_.\n\n#contentus# [orig. part. of #contine\u00f4#], adj., _content, satisfied\nwith_.\n\n#continentia, ae# [#contine\u00f4#], f., _self-restraint, moderation_.\n\n#contine\u00f4#, see #tene\u00f4#.\n\n#conting\u00f4#, see #tang\u00f4#.\n\n#continu\u00f4# [#continuus#], adv., _forthwith, straightway_.\n\n#continuus# [#contine\u00f4#], adj., _uninterrupted, continuous, successive,\nincessant_.\n\n#c\u00f4nti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [orig. #co(n)venti\u00f4#, from #conveni\u00f4#], f., _an assembly,\nmeeting_.\n\n#contr\u00e2#, prep. with acc., _against, contrary to_.\n\n#contrah\u00f4#, see #trah\u00f4#.\n\n#contr\u00e2rius# [#contr\u00e2#], adj., _opposite, contrary_.\n\n#contubern\u00e2lis, is# [#con# + #taberna#, _a tent_], m., _tent-companion,\ncomrade_.\n\n#contum\u00ealia, ae#, f., _insult, reproach, abuse_.\n\n#contund\u00f4# [#con# + #tund\u00f4#, _to beat, strike_], _to crush, destroy_.\n\n#contus, \u00ee#, m., _a pole, pike_.\n\n#c\u00f4n\u00fbbium, \u00ee# [#con# + #n\u00fbb\u00f4#], n., _marriage, right of intermarriage_.\n\n#conval\u00easc\u00f4, ere, valu\u00ee, --# [#con# + #vale\u00f4#], _to begin to be well,\nrecover_.\n\n#conveni\u00eans, entis# [#conveni\u00f4#], adj., _agreeing or consistent with,\nbefitting_.\n\n#conveni\u00f4#, see #veni\u00f4#.\n\n#convert\u00f4#, see #vert\u00f4#.\n\n#convinc\u00f4#, see #vinc\u00f4#.\n\n#conv\u00eevium, \u00ee# [#con# + #v\u00eev\u00f4#], n., _a feast_.\n\n#convoc\u00f4#, see #voc\u00f4#.\n\n#coorior#, see #orior#.\n\n#cophinus, \u00ee#, m., _a basket_.\n\n#c\u00f4pia, ae# [#co(n)# + #ops#], f., _abundance, supply_; _opportunity_;\nin pl., _resources, forces, troops_.\n\n#c\u00f4pi\u00f4s\u00ea# [#c\u00f4pi\u00f4sus#], adv., _abundantly_; _of speech, fluently,\neloquently_.\n\n#c\u00f4pi\u00f4sus# [#c\u00f4pia#], adj., _abounding in, well supplied_.\n\n#coquus, \u00ee#, m., _a cook_.\n\n#c\u00f4ram# [#co(n)# + #\u00f4s#], adv., _before one's eyes, in person_; prep.\nwith abl., _before, in the presence\u00a0of_.\n\n#corium, \u00ee#, n., _skin, hide_.\n\n#Corn\u00ealia, ae#, f., _Cornelia_.\n\n  1. A\u00a0daughter of P.\u00a0Scipio Africanus Maior, and mother of the\n  Gracchi.\n\n  2. A daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, first wife of Julius Caesar.\n\n#Corn\u00ealius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a very important Roman gens. See #Cinna,\nCossus, Lentulus, Sc\u00eepi\u00f4#, and #Sulla#.\n\n#corn\u00fb, \u00fbs#, n., _horn_; _wing_ (of an army).\n\n#cor\u00f4na, ae#, f., _a crown, garland_. See #c\u00eevicus#.\n\n#corpus, oris#, n., _a body_.\n\n#corrig\u00f4#, see #reg\u00f4#.\n\n#corripi\u00f4#, see #rapi\u00f4#.\n\n#corrump\u00f4#, see #rump\u00f4#.\n\n#corru\u00f4#, see #ru\u00f4#.\n\n#corvus, \u00ee#, m., _a raven_. In XVI. 3 it may be translated\n_grappling-iron_, though the reference is rather to a wooden boarding\nbridge, which swung freely round a pole in the prow of the ship. In\nbattle it was dropped upon the deck of a hostile vessel and held there\nby a sharp iron spike in its under side.\n\n#c\u00f4s, c\u00f4tis#, f., _flint stone, whetstone_.\n\n#Cossus, \u00ee#, m., _A. Corn\u00ealius_, consul in 343 B.C.\n\n#cott\u00eedi\u00e2nus# [#cott\u00eedi\u00ea#, _daily_], adj., _daily_; _usual, customary_;\n_everyday, commonplace_.\n\n#Crassus, \u00ee#, m., _M. Licinius_, called _D\u00eeves_ because of his enormous\nwealth; consul in 70 B.C., and triumvir with Caesar and Pompey in 60;\ndefeated and killed by the Parthians 53 B.C.\n\n#cr\u00eaber, bra, brum#, adj., _crowded, numerous, incessant_.\n\n#cr\u00ead\u00f4, ere, cr\u00eadid\u00ee, cr\u00eaditus#, _to lend, entrust to_; _believe in,\ntrust_; _believe, think_.\n\n#Cremera, ae#, f., a river in Etruria, near Veii.\n\n#crem\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to burn_.\n\n#Crem\u00f4na, ae#, f., a town on the river Po.\n\n#cre\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to make, create_; _to choose, elect_.\n\n  #re--recre\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to renew, revive, encourage_.\n\n#cr\u00easc\u00f4, ere, cr\u00eav\u00ee, cr\u00eatus#, _to grow, increase_.\n\n#in--incr\u00easc\u00f4, ere, cr\u00eav\u00ee, --#, _to grow upon_; _grow, increase_.\n\n#cr\u00eeminor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#cr\u00eemen#, _a charge_], _to complain of,\ndenounce_; with infin., _to charge_.\n\n#cr\u00eenis, is#, m., _hair_.\n\n#cruci\u00e2tus, \u00fbs# [#cruci\u00f4#], m., _torture, torment_.\n\n#cruci\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#crux#], _to crucify, torture, torment_.\n\n#cr\u00fbd\u00ealis, e#, adj., _cruel, unfeeling_.\n\n#cr\u00fbd\u00ealit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#cr\u00fbd\u00ealis#], f., _cruelty_.\n\n#cruentus# [cf. #cruor#], adj., _blood-stained_.\n\n#crum\u00eana, ae#, f., _a purse, money bag_.\n\n#cruor, \u00f4ris#, m., _running blood, gore_.\n\n#cr\u00fbs#, #cr\u00fbris#, n., _a leg_.\n\n#crux#, #crucis#, f., _cross, gallows_.\n\n#crystallinus# [#crystallum#, _crystal_], adj., _of crystal_; as noun,\n#crystallinum, \u00ee# (sc.\u00a0#v\u00e2s#), n., _a vase of crystal_.\n\n#cubiculum, \u00ee# [#cub\u00f4#], n., _a bedchamber_.\n\n#cub\u00f4, \u00e2re, u\u00ee, itum#, _to lie down, recline_; _to lie sick_.\n\n  #re--recub\u00f4, \u00e2re, --, --#, _to lie on one's back, lie, recline_.\n\n#c\u00fbi\u00e2s, \u00e2tis#, interr. pron., _of what country? whence?_\n\n#culpa, ae#, \u00ee., _fault, guilt_.\n\n#cultellus, \u00ee# [dim. of #culter#], m., _a small knife_.\n\n#culter, tr\u00ee#, m., _knife, dagger_.\n\n#cultus, \u00fbs# [#col\u00f4#], m., _cultivation; refinement, luxury_; _mode of\nliving, style_.\n\n#cum#, prep. with abl., _with, together with, at the same time with_. In\ncomposition the forms #com, con#, and #co# are used, and denote\n(1)\u00a0accompaniment, (2)\u00a0intensity.\n\n#cum#, conj.; of time, _when, while, whenever_; of cause, _since_; of\nconcession, _although_; #cum .\u00a0.\u00a0. tum#, _both .\u00a0.\u00a0. and, not only .\u00a0.\u00a0.\nbut also_.\n\n#*cumb\u00f4#, an old verb, same root as #cub\u00f4#.\n\n  #ad--accumb\u00f4, ere, cubu\u00ee, cubitum#, _to lie or recline_ (esp. at\n  table).\n\n  #in--incumb\u00f4, ere, cubu\u00ee, cubitum#, _to lie or lean upon_; _devote\n  one's self_.\n\n  #ob--occumb\u00f4, ere, cubu\u00ee, cubitum#, _to fall_ (in death), _die_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4cumb\u00f4, ere, cubu\u00ee, cubitum#, _to fall forward, fall\n  prostrate_.\n\n#cunct\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#cunctor#], f., _delay_.\n\n#Cunct\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#cunctor#], m., _Delayer_, a\u00a0name given to Q.\u00a0Fabius\nMaximus.\n\n#cunctor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to delay, linger_.\n\n#cupid\u00ea# [#cupidus#], adv., _eagerly_.\n\n#cupidit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#cupidus#], f., _craving, desire, eagerness_.\n\n#cup\u00eed\u00f4, inis# [cf. #cupidus#], f., _desire, craving, greed_.\n\n#cupidus# [#cupi\u00f4#], adj., _desirous, fond_; _greedy, covetous_.\n\n#cupi\u00f4, ere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), \u00eetus#, _to crave, desire, covet_.\n\n#c\u00fbr#, adv., _why? for what reason?_\n\n#c\u00fbra, ae#, f., _care, anxiety_.\n\n#Cur\u00eas, \u00eeum#, f. pl., a Sabine town.\n\n#C\u00fbria, ae#, f., _a curia, ward_, one of the ten divisions into which\neach of the three orig. Roman tribes was divided; _council chamber_,\nesp. the Roman _Senate-house_, either the _C\u00fbria Host\u00eelia_, adjoining\nthe Forum on the north side, or the _C\u00fbria Pomp\u00eaia_, built by Pompey in\nthe Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar was murdered.\n\n#C\u00fbri\u00e2tius, \u00ee#, m., name of the three Alban brothers who fought with the\nHoratii.\n\n#Curius, \u00ee#, m., gentile name of _M\u00e2nius Curius Dent\u00e2tus_, a\u00a0famous\nRoman hero, renowned for his frugality and simplicity of life. He died\nin 270 B.C.\n\n#c\u00fbr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#c\u00fbra#], _to care for, attend to_; with\ngerundive and infin., _see to it that, take care that_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4c\u00fbr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, to _care for, attend to_; of omens,\n  _to avert by sacrifices_.\n\n#curr\u00f4, ere, cucurr\u00ee, cursum#, _to run_.\n\n  #ad--accurr\u00f4, ere, (cu)curr\u00ee, cursum#, _to run, to, hasten towards_.\n\n  #con--concurr\u00f4, ere, (cu)curr\u00ee, cursum#, _to run together_; _to rush\n  together_ (in\u00a0battle), _charge, fight_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eacurr\u00f4, ere, (cu)curri, cursum#, _to run down, hasten down_.\n\n  #dis--discurr\u00f4, ere, (cu)curr\u00ee, cursum#, _to run in different\n  directions_; _wander, roam_.\n\n  #ob--occurr\u00f4, ere, (cu)curr\u00ee, cursum#, _to run to meet, meet_;\n  _withstand, oppose_.\n\n  #sub--succurr\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, --#, _to run to, help, aid_.\n\n#currus, \u00fbs# [#curr\u00f4#], m., _a chariot_.\n\n#cursus, \u00fbs# [#curr\u00f4#], m., _running_; _journey, passage, course_;\n_speed_.\n\n#cur\u00fblis, e# [#currus#], adj., _of a chariot_. #Sella cur\u00fblis#, see\n#sella#.\n\n#c\u00fbst\u00f4dia, ae# [#c\u00fbst\u00f4s#], f., _watching_; _guard-house, prison_; pl.,\n_pickets, watchmen_.\n\n#c\u00fbst\u00f4di\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee, \u00eetus# [#c\u00fbst\u00f4s#], _to watch, guard, defend_.\n\n#c\u00fbst\u00f4s, \u00f4dis#, m. and f., _guardian, protector_.\n\n#Cy:rus, \u00ee#, m., Cyrus the Great, 559-529 B.C., founder of the Persian\nempire.\n\n\n#D#\n\n#D.#, abbreviation of the name #Decimus#.\n\n#D\u00e2c\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, m. pl., _the Dacians_, a people living on the north of the\nDanube.\n\n#damn\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#damn\u00f4#], f., _condemnation_.\n\n#damn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to judge guilty, condemn_; #capite damn\u00e2re#,\n_to condemn to death_.\n\n  #con--condemn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to find guilty, condemn,\n  sentence_.\n\n#d\u00ea#, prep, with abl.; of place, _from, down from, out of_; of time,\n_after, during_; of cause, _in consequence of, through_; of relation,\n_concerning, in respect to_. In compounds it generally denotes\nthoroughness, but occasionally has negative force.\n\n#dea, ae#, f., _a goddess_.\n\n#deambul\u00f4#, see #ambul\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eabe\u00f4#, see #habe\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eabilis# [#d\u00ea# + #habilis#], adj., _weak, disabled, helpless_.\n\n#d\u00eac\u00ead\u00f4#, see #c\u00ead\u00f4#.\n\n#decem#, indecl. num. adj., _ten_.\n\n#december, bris, bre#, adj., _tenth_; as noun, #December#\n(sc.\u00a0#m\u00eansis#), m., _December, the tenth month_ (counting from March,\nwith which the Roman year originally began).\n\n#decemvir, \u00ee# [#decem# + #vir#], m., _a member of a commission of ten\nmen, a\u00a0decemvir_.\n\n#d\u00eacern\u00f4#, see #cern\u00f4#.\n\n#decet, \u00eare, uit#, impers., _it is fitting_.\n\n#decimus# [#decem#], num. adj., _tenth_.\n\n#Decimus, \u00ee#, m., a Roman praenomen.\n\n#d\u00eacipi\u00f4#, see #capi\u00f4#.\n\n#Decius, \u00ee#, m., the gentile name of _P. Decius M\u00fbs_, consul B.C. 340.\n\n#d\u00eacl\u00e2r\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#d\u00ea# + #cl\u00e2rus#], _to make clear, disclose_;\n_show, declare_.\n\n#decor\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#decus#], _to adorn, deck_.\n\n#d\u00eacurr\u00f4#, see #curr\u00f4#.\n\n#decus, oris#, n., _grace, glory, honor, splendor, ornament_.\n\n#d\u00eacuti\u00f4#, see #quati\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eadit\u00eecius, \u00ee# [#d\u00eaditus#], m., _a captive_.\n\n#d\u00eaditi\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#d\u00ead\u00f4#], f., _a surrender_.\n\n#d\u00eaditus# [orig. part. of #d\u00ead\u00f4#], adj., _surrendered_; #devoted to,\naddicted to#. As noun, #d\u00eaditus, \u00ee#, m., _a captive_.\n\n#d\u00ead\u00f4#, see #d\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00ead\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eafat\u00eeg\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, f., _weariness_.\n\n#d\u00eafend\u00f4#, see #*fend\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eaf\u00eansi\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#d\u00eafend\u00f4#], f., _a defense_.\n\n#d\u00eaf\u00eansor, \u00f4ris# [#d\u00eafend\u00f4#], m., _a defender_.\n\n#d\u00eafer\u00f4#, see #fer\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eafessus#, adj., _worn out, weary_.\n\n#d\u00eafici\u00f4#, see #faci\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eaf\u00eeg\u00f4#, see #f\u00eeg\u00f4#.\n\n#deflect\u00f4#, see #flect\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eaf\u00f4rmit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#d\u00eaf\u00f4rmis#, _ugly_], f., _ugliness, disfigurement_.\n\n#d\u00eafungor#, see #fungor#.\n\n#d\u00eag\u00f4#, see #ag\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eahonest\u00f4, \u00e2re, --, --# [#d\u00ea# + #honest\u00f4# (cf.\u00a0#hon\u00f4s#), _to honor_],\n_to disgrace, dishonor_.\n\n#d\u00eaici\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#dein#, see #deinde#.\n\n#deinceps#, adv., _one after the other, in succession_; _next_;\n_thereafter, in the future_.\n\n#deinde# or #dein# [#d\u00ea# + #inde#], adv., _subsequently_; _then, next_;\n_thereafter, from that time\u00a0on_.\n\n#d\u00eal\u00e2bor#, see #l\u00e2bor#.\n\n#d\u00eal\u00eact\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2vi, \u00e2tus# [#d\u00ea# + #laci\u00f4#], to _delight, please,\nentertain_.\n\n#d\u00eal\u00eactus# [orig. part. of (1) #d\u00ealig\u00f4#], adj., _picked, choice_.\n\n#d\u00eal\u00eactus, \u00fbs# [(1) #d\u00ealig\u00f4#], m., _a picking out, a\u00a0levy, draft_;\n#d\u00eal\u00eactum agere# or #hab\u00eare#, _to hold a levy_.\n\n#d\u00eale\u00f4, \u00eare, \u00eav\u00ee, \u00eatus#, _to blot out, destroy_.\n\n#d\u00eal\u00eeber\u00e2bundus# [#d\u00eal\u00eeber\u00f4#], adj., _pondering, reflecting_.\n\n#d\u00eal\u00eeber\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#d\u00ea# + #l\u00eebra#, _a balance_], _to weigh_\n(consider) _well, deliberate, ponder_.\n\n#d\u00ealic\u00e2t\u00ea# [#d\u00ealic\u00e2tus#], adv., _luxuriously, effeminately_.\n\n#d\u00ealic\u00e2tus# [cf. #d\u00ealiciae#], adj., _devoted to pleasure, luxurious,\neffeminate_.\n\n#d\u00ealiciae, \u00e2rum#, pl. f., _delights, pleasure, luxury_.\n\n(1) #d\u00ealig\u00f4#, see #leg\u00f4#.\n\n(2) #d\u00ealig\u00f4, \u00e2re#, see #lig\u00f4#.\n\n#del\u00eer\u00f4, \u00e2re, --, --# [#d\u00ea# + #l\u00eera#, _a furrow_], _to be crazy_.\n\n#d\u00ealit\u00easc\u00f4, ere, litu\u00ee, --# [#d\u00ea# + #late\u00f4#, _to hide_], _lie hid, be\nconcealed_.\n\n#Delphi, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _Delphi_, a town of Phocis in Central Greece,\nrenowned for its oracle of Apollo.\n\n#d\u00eamiss\u00ea# [#d\u00eamissus#, _modest_], adv., _modestly, humbly, abjectly_.\n\n#d\u00eamitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eamoror#, see #moror#.\n\n#d\u00eamum#, adv., _at last, finally_; #tum d\u00eamum#, _then at last, not till\nthen_.\n\n#d\u00ean\u00e2rius, \u00ee#, m., a silver coin, equivalent orig. to 10, afterwards to\n16, asses. Its value varied from 16 to 20 cents.\n\n#d\u00eaneg\u00f4#, see #neg\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eanique#, adv., _thereafter, thereupon_; _at last, finally_; _briefly,\nin short_.\n\n#d\u00ean\u00fbnti\u00f4#, see #n\u00fbnti\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eanu\u00f4# [#d\u00ea# + #nov\u00f4#], adv., _anew, again_.\n\n#de\u00f4sculor#, see #\u00f4sculor#.\n\n#d\u00eapell\u00f4#, see #pell\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eapere\u00f4#, see #pere\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eap\u00f4n\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4n\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eap\u00f4sc\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4sc\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eaprecor#, see #precor#.\n\n#d\u00eaprehend\u00f4#, see #prehend\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00ear\u00eede\u00f4#, see #r\u00eede\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eascend\u00f4#, see #scand\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00easc\u00eesc\u00f4#, see #sc\u00eesc\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eascr\u00eeb\u00f4#, see #scr\u00eeb\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00easer\u00f4#, see #ser\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eas\u00eederium, \u00ee# [#d\u00eas\u00eeder\u00f4#], n., _longing, yearning_; _regret_.\n\n#d\u00eas\u00eeder\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to long for_; _require, need_.\n\n#d\u00easili\u00f4#, see #sali\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00easipi\u00eans, entis# [orig. part. of #d\u00easipi\u00f4#], adj., _foolish, silly_.\nAs noun, #d\u00easipi\u00eans, entis#, m., _a fool, madman_.\n\n#d\u00easipi\u00f4#, see #sapi\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00easist\u00f4#, see #sist\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00easp\u00ear\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#d\u00easp\u00ear\u00f4#], f., _despair, desperation_.\n\n#d\u00easp\u00ear\u00f4#, see #sp\u00ear\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00easpici\u00f4#, see #*speci\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00easponde\u00f4#, see #sponde\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eastin\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to make fast, fix_; _resolve, design, plan_.\n\n#d\u00eastring\u00f4#, see #string\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00easum#, see #sum#.\n\n#d\u00easuper# [#d\u00ea# + #super#], adv., _from above_.\n\n#d\u00eateg\u00f4#, see #teg\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eaterre\u00f4#, see #terre\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eatine\u00f4#, see #tene\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eatrah\u00f4#, see #trah\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eatr\u00eact\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#d\u00ea# neg. + #tr\u00e2ct\u00f4#, _to handle, manage_],\n_to decline, shirk_.\n\n#d\u00eatr\u00eementum, \u00ee# [#d\u00eater\u00f4#, _to rub away_], n., _loss, damage_.\n\n#de\u00fbr\u00f4#, see #\u00fbr\u00f4#.\n\n#deus, \u00ee#, m., _a god, divinity_.\n\n#d\u00eavinc\u00f4#, see #vinc\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eavol\u00f4#, see (2) #vol\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eavove\u00f4#, see #vove\u00f4#.\n\n#dexter, era, erum#, and #tra, trum#, adj., _right_. As noun, #dextra#\n(sc.\u00a0#manus#), f., _the right hand_.\n\n#diad\u00eama, atis#, n., _a royal crown, diadem_.\n\n#Di\u00e2na, ae#, f., an ancient Italian goddess, identified by the Romans\nwith the Greek Artemis, goddess of the moon and the chase.\n\n#d\u00eec\u00f4, ere, d\u00eex\u00ee, dictus#, _to say, speak_; _call, name_; _appoint_;\n#causam d\u00eecere#, _to plead a case_; #diem d\u00eecere alicu\u00ee#, _to bring a\ncomplaint against some one_; #i\u00fbs d\u00eecere#, _to administer justice, hold\ncourt_; #multam d\u00eecere#, _to impose a fine_.\n\n  #ad--add\u00eec\u00f4, ere, d\u00eex\u00ee, dictus#, _to be propitious to, assent_;\n  with acc., _to adjudge, award_.\n\n  #\u00ea--\u00ead\u00eec\u00f4, ere, d\u00eex\u00ee, dictus#, _to make known, proclaim_; _order,\n  command_; #diem \u00ead\u00eecere#, _to set a day_ (by\u00a0public proclamation).\n\n  #in--ind\u00eec\u00f4, ere, d\u00eex\u00ee, dictus#, _to proclaim, announce_; _appoint_;\n  _impose, inflict_.\n\n  #inter--interd\u00eec\u00f4, ere, d\u00eex\u00ee, dictum#, _to forbid, prohibit,\n  exclude_.\n\n  #prae--praed\u00eec\u00f4, ere, d\u00eex\u00ee, dictus#, _to foretell, prophesy_; _warn,\n  admonish_.\n\n#dic\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to declare_; _dedicate, consecrate_.\n\n  #ab--abdic\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to disown, reject_; #s\u00ea abdic\u00e2re#,\n  _to resign_.\n\n  #in--indic\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to make known, reveal_.\n\n  #prae--praedic\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to say openly, assert, declare_.\n\n#dict\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#dict\u00f4#, _to order_], m., _a dictator_, a\u00a0magistrate\nusually appointed only in times of extreme peril. He was named by one of\nthe consuls, after the senate had declared the appointment of a dictator\nnecessary. He held unlimited powers, but the term of his office was\nlimited to six months.\n\n#dict\u00e2t\u00fbra, ae# [#dict\u00e2tor#], f., _dictatorship_.\n\n#dictit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #d\u00eec\u00f4#], _to say often, assert,\ninsist_.\n\n#dictum, \u00ee# [#d\u00eec\u00f4#], n., _saying, word, remark_; _command_.\n\n#d\u00eed\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n#di\u00eas, \u00ea\u00ee#, m. and (sometimes in sing.) f., _a day_; #in di\u00eas#, _from\nday to day_.\n\n#diff\u00eed\u00f4, ere, f\u00eesus sum# [#dis# neg. + #f\u00eed\u00f4#, _to trust_], _to\ndistrust, doubt_.\n\n#difflu\u00f4#, see #flu\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eegnit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#d\u00eegnus#], f., _worth, high character_; _eminence,\nrank, reputation_.\n\n#d\u00eegnus#, adj., _worthy, deserving of_.\n\n#d\u00eegredior#, see #gradior#.\n\n#d\u00eeligenter# [#d\u00eelig\u00f4#], adv., _industriously, diligently_.\n\n#d\u00eeligentia, ae# [#d\u00eelig\u00f4#], f., _carefulness, diligence, industry_.\n\n#d\u00eelig\u00f4#, see #leg\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eel\u00fbc\u00easc\u00f4, ere, l\u00fbx\u00ee, --# [cf. #l\u00fbx#], _to grow light, dawn_.\n\n#d\u00eemic\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#d\u00eemic\u00f4#], f., _a fight_.\n\n#d\u00eemic\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to fight_.\n\n#d\u00eemitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eerig\u00f4#, see #reg\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eerim\u00f4#, see #em\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eeripi\u00f4#, see #rapi\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eeru\u00f4#, see #ru\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00ees, d\u00eetis#, comp. #d\u00eetior#, sup. #d\u00eetissimus#, adj., _rich, wealthy_.\n\n#dis# or #d\u00ee#, inseparable prefix, _apart, asunder_; sometimes negative,\n_not_.\n\n#disc\u00ead\u00f4#, see #c\u00ead\u00f4#.\n\n#discerp\u00f4#, see #carp\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eescipl\u00eena, ae# [#d\u00eesc\u00f4#], f., _teaching, training, discipline_.\n\n#d\u00eescipulus, \u00ee# [#d\u00eesc\u00f4#], m., _a pupil_.\n\n#d\u00eesc\u00f4, ere, didic\u00ee, --#, _to learn_.\n\n#d\u00eescr\u00eeb\u00f4#, see #scr\u00eeb\u00f4#.\n\n#discr\u00eemen, inis# [#discern\u00f4#, _to divide_], n., _difference_;\n_turning-point, decision_; _peril, crisis_.\n\n#discurr\u00f4#, see #curr\u00f4#.\n\n#disertus# [#disser\u00f4#], adj., _eloquent_.\n\n#disp\u00eans\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#disp\u00eans\u00f4#, _to manage_], m., _manager, steward,\ntreasurer_.\n\n#d\u00eespici\u00f4#, see #*speci\u00f4#.\n\n#displice\u00f4#, see #place\u00f4#.\n\n#disp\u00f4n\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4n\u00f4#.\n\n#disput\u00f4#, see #put\u00f4#.\n\n#diss\u00eansi\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#dissenti\u00f4#, _to disagree_], f., _disagreement,\nstrife_.\n\n#disser\u00f4#, see #ser\u00f4#.\n\n#dissimilis, e# [#dis# neg. + #similis#], adj., _unlike_.\n\n#dissimul\u00f4#, see #simul\u00f4#.\n\n#dissip\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to scatter, squander, dissipate_.\n\n#dissu\u00e2de\u00f4#, see #su\u00e2de\u00f4#.\n\n#distrah\u00f4#, see #trah\u00f4#.\n\n#distribu\u00f4#, see #tribu\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eetior, d\u00eetissimus#, see #d\u00ees#.\n\n#d\u00eet\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#d\u00ees#], _to enrich_.\n\n#di\u00fb#, adv., _for a long time, long_.\n\n#diuturnus# [#di\u00fb#], adj., _prolonged, long_.\n\n#d\u00eeversus# [#d\u00eevert\u00f4#], adj., _turned different ways, opposite,\ncontrary_; #in d\u00eeversa#, _apart, asunder_.\n\n#d\u00eevert\u00f4#, see #vert\u00f4#.\n\n#d\u00eevid\u00f4, ere, v\u00ees\u00ee, v\u00eesus#, _to divide, separate, distribute_.\n\n#d\u00eev\u00eenitus# [#d\u00eev\u00eenus#], adv., _by divine agency, providentially_.\n\n#d\u00eev\u00eenus# [#d\u00eevus#], adj., _godlike, divine_.\n\n#d\u00eevitiae, \u00e2rum# [#dives#, _rich_], pl. f., _wealth_.\n\n#d\u00eevus#, adj., _godlike, deified_; often applied to the Roman emperors\nafter death.\n\n#d\u00f4, dare, ded\u00ee, datus#, _to put, place_; _give, present, entrust_;\n#operam dare#, _to pay attention_; #poen\u00e2s dare#, _to suffer\npunishment_.\n\n  #ab--abd\u00f4, dere, did\u00ee, ditus#, _to put away, hide, conceal_.\n\n  #ad--add\u00f4, dere, did\u00ee, ditus#, _to put or join to, add_.\n\n  #circumd\u00f4, dere, did\u00ee, ditus#, _to place around, surround, enclose_.\n\n  #con--cond\u00f4, dere, did\u00ee, ditus#, _to put together, found, build_;\n  _put away, hide_; _sheathe_ (a\u00a0sword).\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00ead\u00f4, dere, did\u00ee, ditus#, _to give up, surrender_.\n\n  #ex--\u00ead\u00f4, dere, did\u00ee, ditus#, _to give out, give_; _give birth to,\n  bear_; _publish, announce, reveal_; _perform_; #l\u00fbd\u00f4s \u00eadere#, _to\n  celebrate games_.\n\n  #in--ind\u00f4, dere, did\u00ee, ditus#, _to put in or on, give, confer_.\n\n  #per--perd\u00f4, dere, did\u00ee, ditus#, _to lose, destroy, ruin, waste_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4d\u00f4, dere, did\u00ee, ditus#, _to give_ or _put forth, make\n  known_; _hand down, record_; _betray_.\n\n  #re--redd\u00f4, dere, did\u00ee, ditus#, _to give back, restore, return_;\n  _deliver_ (a\u00a0letter); _render_.\n\n  #sub--subd\u00f4, dere, did\u00ee, ditus#, _to put under, apply_.\n\n  #tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2d\u00f4, dere, did\u00ee, ditus#, _to give over, give up,\n  surrender_; _hand down, report, relate_; _hand over, entrust_.\n\n#doce\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, tus#, _to teach, point out_.\n\n  #\u00ea--\u00eadoce\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, tus#, _to teach thoroughly_.\n\n#doctor, \u00f4ris# [#doce\u00f4#], m., _teacher_.\n\n#doctr\u00eena, ae# [#doce\u00f4#], f., _instruction_; _learning, training_.\n\n#doctus# [orig. part. of #doce\u00f4#], adj., _educated, learned, skilled_.\n\n#dolor, \u00f4ris# [#dole\u00f4#, _to feel pain_], m., _pain, grief, resentment_.\n\n#dol\u00f4s\u00ea# [#dolus#], adv., _craftily_.\n\n#dolus, \u00ee#, m., _craft, trickery_.\n\n#domicilium, \u00ee# [#domus#], n., _dwelling_.\n\n#domin\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#dominor#], f., _rule, supremacy, dominion_.\n\n#domin\u00e2tus, \u00fbs# [#dominor#, _to rule_], m., _rule, sway, mastery,\ncommand_.\n\n#dominus, \u00ee#, m., #master# (esp. of slaves), _ruler, lord_.\n\n#dom\u00f4, \u00e2re, u\u00ee, itus#, _to tame, subdue_.\n\n#domus, \u00fbs#, f., _a house, home_; loc. #dom\u00ee#, _at home_; acc. #domum#,\n_homewards, home_.\n\n#d\u00f4n\u00e2t\u00eevum, \u00ee# [#d\u00f4n\u00f4#], n., _a gift_.\n\n#d\u00f4nec#, conj., _while, until, as long as_.\n\n#d\u00f4n\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#d\u00f4num#], _to give, present_.\n\n#d\u00f4num, \u00ee# [#d\u00f4#], n., _a gift, present_.\n\n#dormi\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee, --#, _to sleep_.\n\n#dorsum, \u00ee#, n., _back_ (of an animal); _range_ or _ridge_ (of\u00a0a\nmountain).\n\n#d\u00f4s, d\u00f4tis# [#d\u00f4#], f., _dowry_.\n\n#d\u00f4t\u00e2lis, e# [#d\u00f4s#], adj., of a dowry; #d\u00f4t\u00e2lia d\u00f4na#, _wedding\npresents_.\n\n#dubit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum# [#dubius#], _to doubt, waver, hesitate_.\n\n#dubius#, adj., _doubtful, uncertain_; #in dubium voc\u00e2re#, _to call in\nquestion_.\n\n#ducent\u00ee, ae, a# [#duo# + #centum#], num. adj., _two hundred_.\n\n#d\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead_; _prolong_; _consider, reckon_;\n#fossam d\u00fbcere#, _to build a ditch_; #f\u00fbnus d\u00fbcere#, _to celebrate a\nfuneral_; #ux\u00f4rem d\u00fbcere#, _to marry_.\n\n  #ab--abd\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead off_ or _away, drag off,\n  remove_.\n\n  #ad--add\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead to, bring_; _induce,\n  influence_.\n\n  #con--cond\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to bring together_; _contribute\n  to, serve_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00ead\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead_ (away); _attend, escort_.\n\n  #dis--d\u00eed\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead_ or _draw apart,\n  separate, open_.\n\n  #\u00ea--\u00ead\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead forth_ or _out_; _bring up,\n  rear_.\n\n  #in--ind\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead_ or _bring in, introduce_;\n  _lead, induce, influence_.\n\n  #intr\u00f4--intr\u00f4d\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead_ or _bring in, usher\n  in, admit_.\n\n  #per--perd\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead, conduct, escort_;\n  _pursue_; _spend, pass_.\n\n  #re--red\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead_ or _escort back,\n  accompany_.\n\n  #s\u00ea--s\u00ead\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead apart_ or _aside_.\n\n  #sub--subd\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead_ or _draw away_\n  (secretly), _withdraw, remove_; _hide_.\n\n  #tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2d\u00fbc\u00f4, ere, d\u00fbx\u00ee, ductus#, _to lead_ or _carry across,\n  transport_; _spend, pass_ (time).\n\n#d\u00fbdum#, adv., _a while ago_. See #iam#.\n\n#Du\u00eelius, \u00ee#, m., _C._, a Roman general who defeated the Carthaginians\nin a naval battle, 260 B.C.\n\n(1) #dum#, adverbial particle found only in compounds, _a while_; with\nnegatives, _yet_.\n\n(2) #dum#, conj., _while, until_.\n\n#dummodo# [#dum# + #modo#], conj., _provided_.\n\n#duo, ae, o#, num. adj., _two_.\n\n#duodecim# [#duo# + #decem#], num. adj., _twelve_.\n\n#duod\u00ean\u00ee, ae, a#, adj., _twelve each, twelve_.\n\n#duplex, icis# [#duo# + #plic\u00f4#, _to fold_], adj., _twofold, double_.\n\n#duplic\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#duplex#], _to double, repeat_.\n\n#d\u00fbr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#d\u00fbrus#], _to harden_; _endure, hold out, last_.\n\n#d\u00fbrus#, adj., _hard, rough_; _rude, uncultivated_; _unfeeling_.\n\n#dux, ducis# [#d\u00fbc\u00f4#], m., _leader, guide_; _commander, general_.\n\n#Dy:rrachium, \u00ee#, n., a town in Illyria, on the east coast of the\nAdriatic, nearly opposite Brundisium.\n\n\n#E#\n\n#\u00ea#, see #ex#.\n\n#ecquid#, interr. adv., used (1) to emphasize a direct question, _at\nall?_ (2)\u00a0in indir. question, _whether_.\n\n#\u00ead\u00eec\u00f4#, see #d\u00eec\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eadictum, \u00ee# [#\u00ead\u00eec\u00f4#], n., _proclamation, edict_.\n\n#\u00eaditus# [orig. part. of #\u00ead\u00f4#], adj., _high_.\n\n#ed\u00f4, ere (\u00easse), \u00eas\u00ee, \u00easus#, _to eat, consume_.\n\n#\u00ead\u00f4#, see #d\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eadoce\u00f4#, see #doce\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eaduc\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#\u00eaduc\u00f4#], f., _training, education_.\n\n#\u00ead\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eaduc\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#\u00ead\u00fbc\u00f4#], _to bring up, rear, train, educate_.\n\n#eff\u00eamin\u00e2tus# [orig. part. of #eff\u00eamin\u00f4#, _to make womanish_], adj.,\n_womanish_.\n\n(1) #effer\u00f4#, see #fer\u00f4#.\n\n(2) #effer\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ex# + #ferus#], _to render wild_ or\n_savage_; _madden_.\n\n#effici\u00f4#, see #faci\u00f4#.\n\n#effl\u00e2git\u00f4#, see #fl\u00e2git\u00f4#.\n\n#effugi\u00f4#, see #fugi\u00f4#.\n\n#effund\u00f4#, see #fund\u00f4#.\n\n#ege\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to be lacking_; _to be poor_ or _in need_.\n\n#Egeria, ae#, f., the nymph from whom King Numa received revelations.\n\n#ego, me\u00ee#, pers. pron., _I_; pl., #n\u00f4s#, _we_.\n\n#\u00eagredior#, see #gradior#.\n\n#\u00eagregi\u00ea# [#\u00eagregius#], adv., _excellently, exceedingly, strikingly_.\n\n#\u00eagregius# [#\u00ea# + #grex#], adj., _select, distinguished, excellent_.\n\n#\u00eaici\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eal\u00e2bor#, see #l\u00e2bor#.\n\n#\u00ealab\u00f4r\u00f4#, see #lab\u00f4r\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00ealangu\u00easc\u00f4, ere, \u00ealangu\u00ee, --#, _to grow faint_ or _feeble_; _slacken,\nabate_.\n\n#\u00eal\u00e2tus# [orig. part. of (1) #effer\u00f4#], adj., _high_; _elated, exalted,\npuffed\u00a0up_.\n\n#\u00ealeganter# [#\u00ealeg\u00e2ns#, _choice_], adv., _with good judgment,\njudiciously_.\n\n#\u00ealegantia, ae# [#\u00ealeg\u00e2ns#, _choice_], f., _taste, refinement, elegance,\ngrace_.\n\n#elephantus, \u00ee#, m., _the elephant_.\n\n#\u00ealici\u00f4#, see #*laci\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eal\u00eed\u00f4#, see #laed\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00ealig\u00f4#, see #leg\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00ealoquentia, ae# [#\u00ealoquor#, _to speak_], f., _eloquence_.\n\n#\u00eamine\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to stand out, tower up_.\n\n#\u00eamitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#em\u00f4, ere, \u00eam\u00ee, \u00eamptus#, _to take_; _buy, purchase_; _gain, acquire_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4m\u00f4, ere, c\u00f4mps\u00ee, c\u00f4mptus#, _to bring together, arrange,\n  dress_ (the hair), _comb_.\n\n  #dis--d\u00eerim\u00f4, ere, \u00eam\u00ee, \u00eamptus#, _to take apart, separate_; #r\u00eas\n  d\u00eerimere#, _to adjust matters_.\n\n  #ex--eximo, ere, \u00eam\u00ee, \u00eamptus#, _to take out, remove_; _free,\n  release_.\n\n  #inter--interim\u00f4, ere, \u00eam\u00ee, \u00eamptus#, _to take from the midst_\n  (of\u00a0men), _kill_.\n\n  #re--redim\u00f4, ere, \u00eam\u00ee, \u00eamptus#, _to buy back, ransom_; _replace_.\n\n#\u00ean#, interj., _lo! behold! see!_\n\n#enim#, conj., always postpositive, _namely, in fact, you know_; _for,\nbecause_.\n\n#\u00eanite\u00f4#, see #nite\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00ean\u00eetor#, see #n\u00eetor#.\n\n#\u00eansis, is#, m., _a sword_.\n\n(1) #e\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), it\u00fbrus#, _to go_ or _come, walk, march_.\n\n#ab--abe\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), it\u00fbrus#, _to go away, depart_; #ab\u00eere in#,\n_pass into, change into_.\n\n#ad--ade\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), itus#, _to go_ or _come to, approach, visit_.\n\n#ante--antee\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), --#, _to go before_.\n\n#d\u00ea# + #per--d\u00eapere\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), it\u00fbrus#, _to die, perish_.\n\n#ex--exe\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), it\u00fbrus#, _to go_ or _come forth_; _retire_.\n\n#in--ine\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), itus#, _to enter, begin_; #c\u00f4nsilium in\u00eere#,\n_to form a plan_.\n\n#inter--intere\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), it\u00fbrus#, _to perish, die_.\n\n#intr\u00f4--introe\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), it\u00fbrus#, _to enter_.\n\n#ob--obe\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), itus#, _to go to meet_; _perform_; _perish,\ndie_.\n\n#per--pere\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), it\u00fbrus#, _to perish, disappear, die_.\n\n#praeter--praetere\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), itus#, _to go_ or _pass by_; _omit_.\n\n#re--rede\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), it\u00fbrus#, _to go_ or _come back, return_.\n\n#sub--sube\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), itus#, _to come_ or _go up to, go under,\nencounter, face_ (danger); #ven\u00eanum subit#, _the poison spreads_.\n\n#tr\u00e2ns--transe\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), itus#, _to cross_ (over); _pass\u00a0by_.\n\n(2) #e\u00f4# [#is#], adv., _for that reason, therefore_; _to that place,\nthither_; _to that degree, so far_.\n\n#Ephesius#, adj., _Ephesian_.\n\n#Ephesus, \u00ee#, f., a Greek city on the west coast of Asia Minor.\n\n#epigramma, atis#, n., _epigram, poem_.\n\n#\u00cap\u00eerus, \u00ee#, f., a\u00a0country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece\nproper.\n\n#epistula, ae#, f., _a letter_.\n\n#epulor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#epulum#], _to feast_.\n\n#epulum, \u00ee#, n. (pl., #epulae, \u00e2rum#, f.), _a feast, banquet_.\n\n#eques, itis# [#equus#], m., _a horseman, cavalryman_; _knight_, or\nmember of the equestrian order. The three centuries of knights\nestablished by Romulus formed the cavalry of the Roman army. Later, the\nnumber was increased to 1800, to each of whom a horse was furnished by\nthe state, together with an allowance for its keep. Later, the term\n_equit\u00eas_ included not only those who actually served in the army, but\nalso those who possessed a certain fortune, which in the time of\nAugustus was set at about $15,000.\n\n#equester, tris, tre# [#equus#], adj., _of the knights, knightly_.\n\n#equit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, --# [#equus#], _to ride_.\n\n  #ad--adequit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, --#, _to ride to, ride\u00a0up_.\n\n#equus, \u00ee#, m., _a horse_.\n\n#\u00ear\u00eactus# [orig. part. of #\u00earig\u00f4#], adj., _upright, erect_.\n\n#erg\u00e2#, prep. with acc., _towards, to, with respect to_.\n\n#erg\u00f4#, adv., expressing an inference, like _now, well, then,\ntherefore_.\n\n#\u00earig\u00f4#, see #reg\u00f4#.\n\n#error, \u00f4ris# [#err\u00f4#, _to wander_], m., _wandering, error, mistake_.\n\n#\u00earub\u00easc\u00f4, ere, \u00earubu\u00ee, --#, _to grow red, blush_; _feel ashamed_.\n\n#\u00earudi\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee, \u00eetus# [#\u00ea# + #rudis#], _to polish, educate, train_.\n\n#\u00earump\u00f4#, see #rump\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00earu\u00f4#, see #ru\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00easca, ae# [#ed\u00f4#], f., _food, bait_.\n\n#\u00eascend\u00f4#, see #scand\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00casquil\u00eenus, \u00ee#, m. (sc. #collis#), _the Esquiline Hill_, the largest of\nthe seven hills of Rome.\n\n#et#, (1) adv., _also, too, even_; (2) conj., _and, and yet, but_; #et\n.\u00a0.\u00a0. et#, _both .\u00a0.\u00a0. and_.\n\n#etiam# [#et# + #iam#], adv. and conj., _and also, also, even_.\n\n#Etr\u00fbria, ae#, f., the country of the Etruscans, northwest of Latium.\n\n#Etr\u00fbsc\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _the Etruscans_, the people of Etruria.\n\n#ets\u00ee# [#et# + #s\u00ee#], conj., _even if, although_.\n\n#Eur\u00eepid\u00eas, is#, m., a Greek tragic poet of the fifth century B.C.\n\n#Eur\u00f4pa, ae#, f., _Europe_.\n\n#\u00eav\u00e2d\u00f4#, see #v\u00e2d\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eaveh\u00f4#, see #veh\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eaventus, \u00fbs# [#\u00eaveni\u00f4#, _to come out_], m., _outcome, result_;\n_occurrence, event_.\n\n#\u00eavert\u00f4#, see #vert\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eavoc\u00f4#, see #voc\u00f4#.\n\n#ex#, before consonants often #\u00ea#, prep. with abl.; of place, _out of_\n(the midst\u00a0of), _from_; of cause, _in consequence of, because of_;\n_according to_; in compounds, _forth, out_; _thoroughly_; _not_.\n\n#ex\u00e2ctor, \u00f4ris# [#exig\u00f4#, _to exact_], m., _exactor, enforcer_.\n\n#ex\u00e2min\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ex\u00e2men#, _means of weighing_], _to weigh,\nexamine, compare_.\n\n#exanim\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ex# + #anima#], _to put out of breath,\nkill_.\n\n#ex\u00e2rd\u00easc\u00f4, ere, \u00e2rs\u00ee, --# [#ex# + #\u00e2rd\u00easc\u00f4#, intens. of #\u00e2rde\u00f4#, _to\nburn, glow_], _to blaze forth_.\n\n#exar\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ex# + #ar\u00f4#, _to plow_], _to scratch off,\ncompose_.\n\n#exasper\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ex# + #asper#], _to roughen, irritate,\nprovoke_.\n\n#exaudi\u00f4#, see #audi\u00f4#.\n\n#excelsus#, adj., _lofty, high_; as noun, #excelsum, \u00ee#, n., _elevated\nstation_.\n\n#excerp\u00f4#, see #carp\u00f4#.\n\n#excidium, \u00ee#, n., _downfall, ruin_.\n\n#excipi\u00f4#, see #capi\u00f4#.\n\n#excit\u00f4#, see #cit\u00f4#.\n\n#excl\u00e2m\u00f4#, see #cl\u00e2m\u00f4#.\n\n#excl\u00fbd\u00f4#, see #claud\u00f4#.\n\n#exc\u00f4git\u00f4#, see #agit\u00f4#.\n\n#excol\u00f4#, see #col\u00f4#.\n\n#excubiae, \u00e2rum# [#ex# + #cub\u00f4#], pl. f., _a lying out on guard_; _the\nwatch, watchmen_.\n\n#exc\u00fbs\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#exc\u00fbs\u00f4#], f., _excuse_.\n\n#exc\u00fbs\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ex# + #causa#], _to free from trial, excuse_.\n\n#excuti\u00f4#, see #quati\u00f4#.\n\n#exemplum, \u00ee# [#exim\u00f4#], n., _specimen, example, precedent, warning_.\n\n#exe\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n#exerce\u00f4#, see #arce\u00f4#.\n\n#exercitus, \u00fbs# [#exerce\u00f4#], m., _an army_.\n\n#exhauri\u00f4#, see #hauri\u00f4#.\n\n#exhibe\u00f4#, see #habe\u00f4#.\n\n#exhorr\u00easc\u00f4, ere, horru\u00ee, --#, _to shudder at, shrink from_.\n\n#exig\u00f4#, see #ag\u00f4#.\n\n#exiguus# [#exig\u00f4#, _to weigh exactly_], adj., _scanty, short, brief_.\n\n#eximius# [#exim\u00f4#], adj., _choice, distinguished, remarkable,\nexcellent_.\n\n#exim\u00f4#, see #em\u00f4#.\n\n#ex\u00eestim\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ex# + #aestim\u00f4#, _to value_], _to value_;\n_think, believe_.\n\n#exitium, \u00ee# [#exe\u00f4#], n., _destruction, ruin, death_.\n\n#exitus, \u00fbs# [#exe\u00f4#], m., _outcome, close_; _departure_; _end of life,\ndeath_.\n\n#exorior#, see #orior#.\n\n#expedi\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), \u00eetus# [#ex# + #p\u00eas#], _to set free, extricate_;\n_procure, obtain_.\n\n#expell\u00f4#, see #pell\u00f4#.\n\n#expend\u00f4#, see #pend\u00f4#.\n\n#exper\u00eementum, \u00ee# [#experior#], n., _proof, test, trial_.\n\n#experior, \u00eer\u00ee, tus sum#, _to test, try_; _find out, learn, experience_.\n\n#expet\u00f4#, see #pet\u00f4#.\n\n#exp\u00eel\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to plunder, rob_.\n\n#expi\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ex# + #pi\u00f4#, _to appease_], _to make amends\nfor, atone for_.\n\n#exple\u00f4#, see #*ple\u00f4#.\n\n#expl\u00f4r\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to reconnoiter_.\n\n#exp\u00f4n\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4n\u00f4#.\n\n#exp\u00f4sc\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4sc\u00f4#.\n\n#expositi\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#exp\u00f4n\u00f4#], f., _exposure_.\n\n#exprim\u00f4#, see #prem\u00f4#.\n\n#exp\u00fbgn\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#exp\u00fbgn\u00f4#], f., #a taking by storm, storming,\ncapture#.\n\n#exp\u00fbgn\u00f4#, see #p\u00fbgn\u00f4#.\n\n#exqu\u00ees\u00eetus# [#exqu\u00eer\u00f4#, _to seek out_], adj., _carefully sought out,\nspecial_.\n\n#exsecr\u00f4#, see #sacr\u00f4#.\n\n#exsequiae, \u00e2rum# [#ex# + #sequor#], pl. f., _funeral procession,\nfuneral_.\n\n#exser\u00f4#, see #ser\u00f4#.\n\n#exsilium, \u00ee#, n., _banishment, exile_.\n\n#exsist\u00f4#, see #sist\u00f4#.\n\n#exspect\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#exspect\u00f4#], f., _expectation, anticipation_.\n\n#exspect\u00f4#, see #spect\u00f4#.\n\n#exsp\u00eer\u00f4#, see #sp\u00eer\u00f4#.\n\n#exstingu\u00f4#, see #stingu\u00f4#.\n\n#exst\u00f4#, see #st\u00f4#.\n\n#exstru\u00f4#, see #stru\u00f4#.\n\n#exsult\u00f4#, see #salt\u00f4#.\n\n#extempl\u00f4# [#ex# + dim. of #tempus#], adv., _on the instant, at once,\nforthwith_.\n\n#exter# or #exterus, tera, terum#, adj., _outer, foreign_; comp.\n#exterior#; sup. #extr\u00eamus#, _outermost, extreme_; _last, furthermost_;\n_last part\u00a0of_.\n\n#extim\u00easc\u00f4, ere, timu\u00ee, --# [#ex# + #*tim\u00easc\u00f4#, inceptive of #time\u00f4#],\n_to fear_ or _dread greatly_.\n\n#extr\u00e2# [#exter#], (1) adv., _on the outside, without_; (2)\u00a0prep, with\nacc., _outside of, beyond_.\n\n#extrah\u00f4#, see #trah\u00f4#.\n\n#extra\u00f4rdin\u00e2rius# [#extr\u00e2# + #\u00f4rd\u00f4#], adj., _out of the common run,\nuncommon_.\n\n#extr\u00eamus#, see #exter#.\n\n#exu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, \u00fbtus#, _to draw or pull off, lay aside_; _strip,\ndespoil_.\n\n#ex\u00fbr\u00f4#, see #\u00fbr\u00f4#.\n\n\n#F#\n\n#faber, fabr\u00ee#, m., _a workman_ (in hard materials), _smith, carpenter_.\n\n#Fabius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #M\u00e2ximus#.\n\n#fabric\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [cf. #faber#], _to make, build, construct_.\n\n#f\u00e2bula, ae# [#for#, _to speak_], f., _story, play_.\n\n#fac\u00eat\u00ea# [#fac\u00eatus#, _witty_], adv., #wittily#.\n\n#facile# [#facilis#], adv., _easily_; _readily, willingly_.\n\n#facilis, e# [#faci\u00f4#], adj., _easy_.\n\n#facinus, oris# [#faci\u00f4#], n., _a deed_; _crime_.\n\n#faci\u00f4, facere, f\u00eac\u00ee, factus#, _to make, do, perform_; _choose,\nappoint_; #st\u00eependia facere#, _to serve a campaign_; #s\u00fbmptum facere#,\n_to spend_; #verba facere#, _to speak_; #vim facere#, _to use violence_;\npass., #f\u00ee\u00f4, fier\u00ee, factus sum#, _to be done, occur, take place,\nhappen_.\n\n  #ad--adfici\u00f4, ere, f\u00eac\u00ee, fectus#, _to do something to, affect_;\n  _treat, visit with_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nfici\u00f4, ere, f\u00eac\u00ee, fectus#, _to do thoroughly_; _complete,\n  prepare_; _accomplish, make_; _exhaust, kill_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eafici\u00f4, ere, f\u00eac\u00ee, fectum#, _withdraw, revolt_; _fail,\n  disappear, give out_.\n\n  #ex--effici\u00f4, ere, f\u00eac\u00ee, fectus#, _to work out, bring to pass,\n  accomplish_; _make, render, cause, effect_.\n\n  #in--\u00eenfici\u00f4, ere, f\u00eac\u00ee, fectus#, _to stain, dye_; _pollute, taint_.\n\n  #inter--interfici\u00f4, ere, f\u00eac\u00ee, fectus#, _to kill_; _murder_.\n\n  #per--perfici\u00f4, ere, f\u00eac\u00ee, fectus#, _to do thoroughly, execute,\n  accomplish_.\n\n  #sub--suffici\u00f4, ere, f\u00eac\u00ee, fectus#, _to put under_, or _in place of,\n  appoint as successor, substitute_; intrans., _suffice, be\n  sufficient_.\n\n#facti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#faci\u00f4#], f., _party, faction_.\n\n#factum, \u00ee# [#faci\u00f4#], n., _a deed, act_.\n\n#facult\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#facilis#], f., _means, opportunity_; _ability,\nskill_.\n\n#f\u00e2cundia, ae# [#f\u00e2cundus#, _eloquent_], f., _eloquence, oratory_.\n\n#Falernus#, adj., _Falernian_; #ager Falernus#, _a famous wine-growing\ndistrict in Campania_.\n\n#f\u00e2ma, ae# [#for#, _to speak_], f., _talk, report, rumor_; _tradition_;\n_fame, reputation_.\n\n#fam\u00eas, is#, f., #hunger#.\n\n#familia, ae# [#famulus#, _a slave_], f., _the slaves in a household_;\n_family, house, race_.\n\n#famili\u00e2ris, e# [#familia#], adj., _belonging to a household, private,\nintimate, friendly_; _well-known_; #r\u00eas famili\u00e2ris#, _private property_.\nAs noun, m., _an intimate friend_.\n\n#famili\u00e2rit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#famili\u00e2ris#], f., _friendship, intimacy_.\n\n#f\u00e2m\u00f4sus# [#f\u00e2ma#], adj., _famous_; _notorious_; _scurrilous,\nslanderous_.\n\n#famula, ae#, f., _a slave-woman_.\n\n#f\u00e2num, \u00ee#, n., _a shrine, temple_.\n\n#fascis, is#, m., _a bundle_; pl., _the fasces_, a\u00a0bundle of rods\ncarried by the lictors before various magistrates. Outside of Rome an\naxe was bound with the rods. The rods and axe were typical of the\nmagistrate's power to punish, even to the extent of inflicting the death\npenalty. See #l\u00eector#.\n\n#f\u00e2st\u00ee, \u00f4rum# [#f\u00e2stus#], pl. m., _a register_, esp. of business days,\nalso of officers, triumphs, etc.; _the calendar_.\n\n#f\u00e2stus# [#f\u00e2s#, _right_], adj., _not forbidden, legal_; #di\u00eas f\u00e2stus#,\na\u00a0day on which it was legal to hold court, a\u00a0business day.\n\n#f\u00e2t\u00e2lis, e# [#f\u00e2tum#, _fate_], adj., _fateful, fatal_.\n\n#fateor, \u00ear\u00ee, fassus sum#, _to confess_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nfiteor, \u00ear\u00ee, fessus sum#, _to confess freely, acknowledge,\n  avow_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--profiteor, \u00ear\u00ee, fessus sum#, _to declare publicly, avow_;\n  #n\u00f4men profit\u00ear\u00ee#, _to avow one's self a candidate_.\n\n#fauc\u00eas, ium#, pl. f., _throat_.\n\n#Faustulus, \u00ee#, m., the shepherd who brought up Romulus and Remus.\n\n#Faustus, \u00ee# [#fave\u00f4#], m., _the Lucky_, a name given by Sulla to his\nson.\n\n#Fausta, ae# [#fave\u00f4#], f., _the Lucky_, a name given by Sulla to his\ndaughter.\n\n#fave\u00f4, \u00eare, f\u00e2v\u00ee, faut\u00fbrus#, _to favor, support_.\n\n#favor, \u00f4ris# [#fave\u00f4#], m., _favor, good will_.\n\n#fax, facis#, f., _torch, firebrand_.\n\n#f\u00eal\u00eecit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#f\u00eal\u00eex#], f., _good fortune, luck, happiness_.\n\n#f\u00eal\u00eex, \u00eecis#, adj., _lucky, fortunate, happy_. As noun, m., cognomen of\n#Sulla#.\n\n#f\u00eamina, ae#, f., _a woman, female_.\n\n#femur, femoris#, n., _the thigh_.\n\n#*fend\u00f4, ere#, _to strike_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eafend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, f\u00eansus#, _to ward off, repel_; _defend,\n  protect_.\n\n  #ob--offend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, f\u00eansus#, _to strike against, displease, vex_.\n\n#fer\u00ea#, adv., _almost, about_ (esp. with numbers).\n\n#feri\u00f4, \u00eere, percuss\u00ee, percussus#, _to strike_.\n\n#ferm\u00ea# [for #ferim\u00ea#, sup. of #fer\u00ea#], adv., _almost, about_ (esp. with\nnumbers).\n\n#fer\u00f4, ferre, tul\u00ee, l\u00e2tus#, _to bear, carry, take_; _bear, endure,\nsuffer_; _say, report, tell_; pass., _to be borne, rush_; #aegr\u00ea,\nind\u00eegn\u00ea# or #molest\u00ea ferre#, _to take amiss_; #l\u00eagem ferre#, _to propose\na law_.\n\n  #ab--aufer\u00f4, ferre, abstul\u00ee, abl\u00e2tus#, _to take_ or _carry away,\n  remove_; _steal_.\n\n  #ad--adfer\u00f4, ferre, attul\u00ee, adl\u00e2tus#, _to bring to, offer, give_;\n  _announce, report_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nfer\u00f4, ferre, tul\u00ee, l\u00e2tus#, _to bring together, collect_;\n  _devote, apply_; _bestow_; #s\u00ea c\u00f4nferre#, _betake one's self,\u00a0go_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eafer\u00f4, ferre, tul\u00ee, l\u00e2tus#, _to bring_ or _carry down_ or _to,\n  carry off, remove_; _give, offer_; _report_; #rem d\u00eaferre ad\n  populum#, _to submit a matter to the people_.\n\n  #ex--effer\u00f4, ferre, extul\u00ee, \u00eal\u00e2tus#, _to carry out, take away_;\n  _lift up, puff up, elate, exalt_.\n\n  #in--\u00eenfer\u00f4, ferre, tul\u00ee, l\u00e2tus#, _to bring in, upon_, or _against_;\n  #bellum \u00eenferre#, _to wage_ (offensive) _war_; #s\u00eegna \u00eenferre#, _to\n  advance against_; #s\u00ea \u00eenferre#, _to betake one's self_.\n\n  #ob--offer\u00f4, ferre, obtul\u00ee, obl\u00e2tus#, _to bring before, offer,\n  present_; _expose_.\n\n  #per--perfer\u00f4, ferre, tul\u00ee, l\u00e2tus#, _to bear or carry through,\n  carry_; _retain_.\n\n  #prae--praefer\u00f4, ferre, tul\u00ee, l\u00e2tus#, _to carry_ or _put before_;\n  _set before, prefer, rate higher_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4fer\u00f4, ferre, tul\u00ee, l\u00e2tus#, _to carry_ or _bring forth,\n  produce_; _cite, quote_; _make known, mention_.\n\n  #re--refer\u00f4, ferre, rettul\u00ee, rel\u00e2tus#, _to bear_ or _bring back_;\n  _give back, return, repay_; _lift, raise_; _count, reckon_; #s\u00ea\n  referre#, _to betake one's self_.\n\n  #tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2nsfer\u00f4, ferre, tul\u00ee, l\u00e2tus#, _to bear_ or _take over_ or\n  _across_, _transport_; _transfer, shift_.\n\n#fer\u00f4x, \u00f4cis# [#ferus#], adj., _bold, confident_; _high-strung,\nwarlike_; _fierce, cruel_.\n\n#ferreus# [#ferrum#], adj., _of iron, iron_.\n\n#ferrum, \u00ee#, n., _iron_; _an iron tool_, as a _sword, axe, dagger_.\n\n#ferus#, adj., _wild, barbarous, cruel_.\n\n#fessus#, adj., _tired, weary_; _weak, feeble_.\n\n#f\u00east\u00een\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to hasten, hurry_.\n\n#F\u00eati\u00e2lis, is# (sc. #sacerd\u00f4s#), m., _an ambassador, treaty priest_, who\nnegotiated treaties of peace, and made formal declarations of war.\n\n#F\u00eati\u00e2lis, e#, adj., _pertaining to the Fetiales, Fetial_ (see preceding\nword).\n\n#f\u00eed\u00ealiter# [#f\u00eed\u00ealis#, _faithful_], adv., _faithfully_.\n\n#F\u00eed\u00ean\u00e2t\u00eas, ium#, pl. m., the people of Fidenae, an ancient town on the\nTiber, five miles north of Rome.\n\n#fid\u00eas, fide\u00ee#, f., _good faith, integrity_; _trust, belief, credence_;\n_pledge_.\n\n#f\u00eed\u00fbcia, ae# [#f\u00eedus#, _faithful_], f., _trust, confidence, reliance_;\n_courage_.\n\n#f\u00eeg\u00f4, ere, f\u00eex\u00ee, f\u00eexus#, _to fix, fasten_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eaf\u00eeg\u00f4, ere, f\u00eex\u00ee, f\u00eexus#, _to fasten_, esp. _to fasten_\n  (to\u00a0the ground) _with amazement, astonish_.\n\n  #sub--suff\u00eeg\u00f4, ere, f\u00eex\u00ee, f\u00eexus#, _to fasten beneath_ or _on_;\n  #cruc\u00ee suff\u00eegere#, _to crucify_.\n\n  #tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2nsf\u00eeg\u00f4, ere, f\u00eex\u00ee, f\u00eexus#, _to pierce through, transfix,\n  stab_.\n\n#f\u00eelia, ae#, f., _daughter_.\n\n#f\u00eelius, \u00ee#, m., _son_.\n\n#fing\u00f4, ere, finx\u00ee, f\u00eectus#, _to form, invent_; _feign, pretend_.\n\n#f\u00eeni\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee, \u00eetus# [#f\u00eenis#], _to limit, bound_; _finish, end,\nsettle_.\n\n#f\u00eenis, is#, m., _boundary, limit, end_; pl. m., _territory_.\n\n#f\u00eenitimus# [#f\u00eenis#], adj., _neighboring_; as noun, #f\u00eenitim\u00ee, \u00f4rum#,\npl. m., _neighbors_.\n\n#f\u00ee\u00f4, fier\u00ee, factus sum#, see #faci\u00f4#.\n\n#f\u00eerm\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#f\u00eermus#], _to make firm, strengthen_.\n\n  #ad--adf\u00eerm\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to strengthen_; _assert, declare_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nf\u00eerm\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to strengthen, ratify, confirm_;\n  _assert_.\n\n#f\u00eermus#, adj., _strong, powerful_; _trusty_.\n\n#fl\u00e2git\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to demand_.\n\n  #ex--effl\u00e2git\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to demand vigorously_ or\n  _earnestly_.\n\n#fl\u00e2men, inis#, m., _a Flamen_, a priest devoted to the service of a\nparticular god, esp. Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus. His office was to make\nsacrifices and to watch the sacred fire of the god.\n\n#flamma, ae#, f., _flame, fire_.\n\n#fl\u00eabiliter# [#fl\u00eabilis#, _mournful_], adv., _mournfully, tearfully_.\n\n#flect\u00f4, ere, flex\u00ee, flexus#, _to bend, turn_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eaflect\u00f4, ere, flex\u00ee, flexus#, _to bend_ or _turn aside_ or\n  _away, turn_.\n\n  #in--\u00eenflect\u00f4, ere, flex\u00ee, flexus#, _to bend, curb, relax_.\n\n#fle\u00f4, fl\u00eare, fl\u00eav\u00ee, fl\u00eatus#, _to weep_; _bewail_.\n\n#*fl\u00eeg\u00f4, ere#, _to strike_.\n\n  #ad--adfl\u00eeg\u00f4, ere, fl\u00eex\u00ee, fl\u00eectus#, _to dash against_ or _down_;\n  _afflict, ruin_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nfl\u00eeg\u00f4, ere, fl\u00eex\u00ee, fl\u00eectus#, _to dash together, contend,\n  fight_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4fl\u00eeg\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to dash down, overcome_\n  (in\u00a0battle).\n\n#fl\u00f4, fl\u00e2re, fl\u00e2v\u00ee, --#, _to blow_.\n\n  #ad--adfl\u00f4, fl\u00e2re, fl\u00e2v\u00ee, --#, _to blow towards, blow_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nfl\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to blow up, kindle, cause_; #aes\n  ali\u00eanum c\u00f4nfl\u00e2re#, _to contract debt_.\n\n  #in--\u00eenfl\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to blow up, inflate_.\n\n#fl\u00f4r\u00eans, entis# [#fl\u00f4re\u00f4#], adj., _blooming, flourishing_; #fl\u00f4r\u00eans\niuventa#, _youthful beauty_.\n\n#fl\u00f4re\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee#, -- [#fl\u00f4s#, _a flower_], _to bloom, flourish,\nprosper_.\n\n#fluctus, \u00fbs# [#flu\u00f4#], m., _wave, billow, flood_.\n\n#fl\u00fbmen, inis# [#flu\u00f4#], n., _stream, river_.\n\n#flu\u00f4, ere, flux\u00ee, --#, _to flow_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nflu\u00f4, ere, flux\u00ee, --#, _to flow_ or _stream together,\n  assemble_.\n\n  #dis--difflu\u00f4, ere, flux\u00ee, --#, _to flow in different directions,\n  melt away, disappear_; #\u00f4ti\u00f4 et l\u00fbx\u00fb diffluere#, _to abandon one's\n  self to ease and luxury_.\n\n#fluvius, \u00ee# [#flu\u00f4#], m., _a stream, river_.\n\n#foculus, \u00ee# [dim. of #focus#], m., _a fire-pan, brazier_.\n\n#focus, \u00ee#, m., _fireplace, hearth_.\n\n#fodi\u00f4, ere, f\u00f4d\u00ee, fossus#, _to dig_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nfodi\u00f4, ere, f\u00f4d\u00ee, fossus#, _to stab, pierce_.\n\n  #sub--suffodi\u00f4, ere, f\u00f4d\u00ee, fossus#, _to dig beneath, undermine,\n  tunnel_; _stab beneath_.\n\n  #tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2nsfodi\u00f4, ere, f\u00f4d\u00ee, fossus#, _to pierce, stab, slash_.\n\n#foed\u00ea# [#foedus#, _foul_], adv., _foully, basely_.\n\n#foeder\u00e2tus# [#foedus#], adj., _leagued_ or _allied with_.\n\n#foedus, eris#, n., _a treaty, alliance_.\n\n#f\u00f4ns, fontis#, m., _a spring, fountain_.\n\n#for\u00e2s# [#*fora#, _a door_; cf. #foris#], adv., _out of doors, forth,\nout_.\n\n#fore#, fut. infin. of #sum#.\n\n#for\u00eansis, e# [#forum#], adj., _of_ or _in the forum, forensic_.\n\n#foris, is#, f., _a door_; usually in pl.\n\n#f\u00f4rma, ae#, f., _form, figure, beauty_.\n\n#form\u00eedol\u00f4sus# [#form\u00eed\u00f4#, _dread_], adj., _dreadful, terrible_.\n\n#fors, fortis# (only nom. and abl. sing.), f., _chance, accident, good\nfortune_.\n\n#fort\u00e2sse# [#fors#], adv., _perhaps, possibly_.\n\n#forte# [abl. of #fors#], adv., _by chance_.\n\n#fortis, e#, adj., _strong, brave_.\n\n#fortiter# [#fortis#], adv., _bravely_.\n\n#fortit\u00fbd\u00f4, inis# [#fortis#], f., _bravery, resolution_.\n\n#fort\u00fbna, ae# [#fors#], f., _luck, fortune_ (whether good or ill);\npersonified, _the goddess of fortune_.\n\n#Forum, \u00ee# [cf. #for\u00ees#, _out of doors_], n., _an out-of-door place,\nmarket, Forum_; esp. the _Forum R\u00f4m\u00e2num_ between the Capitoline and\nPalatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and\nbusiness life of Rome.\n\n#fossa, ae# [#fodi\u00f4#], f., _a ditch_.\n\n#fove\u00f4, \u00eare, f\u00f4v\u00ee, f\u00f4tus#, _to warm, cherish, favor_.\n\n#re--refove\u00f4, \u00eare, f\u00f4v\u00ee, f\u00f4tus#, _to restore, refresh, revive_.\n\n#fr\u00e2gmentum, \u00ee# [#frang\u00f4#], n., _fragment, bit_.\n\n#fragor, \u00f4ris# [#frang\u00f4#], m., _noise_, esp. _thunder peal_.\n\n#frang\u00f4, ere, fr\u00eag\u00ee, fr\u00e2ctus#, _to break in pieces, break_; _subdue,\novercome_.\n\n  #re--refring\u00f4, ere, fr\u00eag\u00ee, fr\u00e2ctus#, _to break up_ or _open_.\n\n#fr\u00e2ter, tris#, m., _brother_.\n\n#fr\u00e2ternus# [#fr\u00e2ter#], adj., _brother's, brotherly_.\n\n#fraud\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#fraus#], _to cheat, rob_.\n\n#fraus, fraudis#, f., _foul play, treachery_.\n\n#frend\u00f4, ere, --, --#, _to gnash the teeth_.\n\n#fr\u00eanum, \u00ee#, n., _bridle, curb, rein_.\n\n#frequ\u00eans, entis#, adj., _crowded, frequent_; _in great numbers_.\n\n#frequenter# [#frequ\u00eans#], adv., _often_.\n\n#frequentia, ae# [#frequ\u00eans#], f., _crowd, throng_.\n\n#fr\u00eegidus# [#fr\u00eege\u00f4#, _to be cold_], adj., _cold_.\n\n#fr\u00fbg\u00e2lit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#fr\u00fbg\u00e2lis#, _thrifty_], f., _thrift, economy,\nfrugality_.\n\n#fr\u00fbment\u00e2rius# [#fr\u00fbmentum#], adj., _concerning corn_; #r\u00eas\nfr\u00fbment\u00e2ria#, _the corn supply_.\n\n#fr\u00fbmentum, \u00ee# [#fruor#], n., _grain, corn_.\n\n#fruor, fru\u00ee, fr\u00fbctus sum#, _to use, enjoy_.\n\n  #per--perfruor, fru\u00ee, fr\u00fbctus sum#, _to enjoy thoroughly_.\n\n#fr\u00fbstr\u00e2#, adv., _in vain, fruitlessly_.\n\n#F\u00fbfetius, \u00ee#, m., _Mettius F\u00fbfetius_, leader of the Albans against\nTullius Hostilius.\n\n#F\u00fbfidius, \u00ee#, m., a follower of Sulla.\n\n#fuga, ae#, f., _flight_.\n\n#fugi\u00f4, ere, f\u00fbg\u00ee, --#, _to flee, flee from_.\n\n  #ab--aufugi\u00f4, ere, f\u00fbg\u00ee, --#, _to flee from, run away, escape_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nfugi\u00f4, ere, f\u00fbg\u00ee, --#, _to flee for refuge_; _resort\u00a0to_.\n\n  #ex--effugi\u00f4, ere, f\u00fbg\u00ee, --#, _to escape_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--profugi\u00f4, ere, f\u00fbg\u00ee, --#, _to flee, escape_.\n\n  #re--refugi\u00f4, ere, f\u00fbg\u00ee, --#, _to flee back, escape_.\n\n  #tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2nsfugi\u00f4, ere, f\u00fbg\u00ee, --#, _to flee to the other side, go\n  over to the enemy, desert_.\n\n#fug\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#fugi\u00f4#], _to put to flight, rout_.\n\n#fulge\u00f4, \u00eare, fuls\u00ee, --#, _to flash, gleam_.\n\n#fulmen, inis# [#fulge\u00f4#], n., _lightning flash, thunderbolt_.\n\n#Fulvius, \u00ee#, m., _A. Fulvius_, who put his son to death because he\njoined Catiline's conspiracy.\n\n#f\u00fbn\u00e2le, is# [#f\u00fbnis#, _a cord_], n., _a torch_.\n\n#fund\u00f4, ere, f\u00fbd\u00ee, f\u00fbsus#, _to pour, pour out, shed_; _rout, scatter_.\n\n  #circum--circumfundo, ere, f\u00fbd\u00ee, f\u00fbsus#, _to pour about_; pass., _to\n  surround_.\n\n  #ex--effund\u00f4, ere, f\u00fbd\u00ee, f\u00fbsus#, _to pour out_; _scatter, squander,\n  lavish_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--profund\u00f4, ere, f\u00fbd\u00ee, f\u00fbsus#, _to pour forth or out, squander,\n  waste_.\n\n#fundus, \u00ee#, m., _farm, estate_.\n\n#fungor, \u00ee, f\u00fbnctus sum#, _to perform, discharge, serve through_\n(an\u00a0office).\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eafungor, \u00ee, f\u00fbnctus sum#, _to perform, finish_; _to die_\n  (sc.\u00a0#v\u00eet\u00e2#).\n\n#f\u00fbnus, eris#, n., _burial, funeral rites_.\n\n#fur\u00eans, entis# [orig. part, of #fur\u00f4#, _to rave_], adj., _furious,\nraging_.\n\n#F\u00fbrius, \u00ee#, m., _P. F\u00fbrius Philus_, who revealed the plan of certain\nnobles to leave Italy after the battle of Cannae.\n\n#furor, \u00f4ris# [#fur\u00f4#, _to rave_], m., _rage, madness, fury_.\n\n#f\u00fbrt\u00f4# [abl. of #f\u00fbrtum#, _theft_], adv., _stealthily, secretly_.\n\n#fut\u00fbrus# [orig. fut. part, of #sum#], adj., _coming, future_.\n\n\n#G#\n\n#Gabi\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome.\n\n#Gab\u00een\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., the inhabitants of Gabii.\n\n#Gad\u00eas, ium#, pl. f., a\u00a0town on the southern coast of Spain (modern\nCadiz).\n\n#Gaetul\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _the Gaetuli_, a tribe of northern Africa.\n\n#G\u00e2ius, \u00ee#, m., a Roman praenomen.\n\n#Gallia, ae#, f., _Gaul_, which included modern France, Belgium and\nHolland, and the parts of Germany and Switzerland west of the Rhine.\n\n#Gallus, \u00ee#, m., _a Gaul_.\n\n#gaudium, \u00ee#, n., _joy, gladness_.\n\n#Gaurus, \u00ee#, m., _a mountain of Campania_.\n\n#gaza, ae#, f., _treasure, riches_.\n\n#gemin\u00e2tus#, adj., _doubled, twofold_; _consecutive_.\n\n#geminus#, adj., _twin, twofold_. As noun, #gemin\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m.,\n_twins_.\n\n#gem\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, --#, _to sigh, groan_.\n\n#gener, gener\u00ee#, m., _a son-in-law_.\n\n#genitus#, see #g\u00eegn\u00f4#.\n\n#g\u00eans, gentis#, f., _a gens_ or _clan_, consisting of a number of\nfamilies claiming a common lineage, and having certain religious rites\nin common; _tribe, people, nation_.\n\n#gen\u00fb, \u00fbs#, n., _knee_.\n\n#genus, eris#, n., _race, family, stock, birth_; _kind, class, sort_.\n\n#Germ\u00e2n\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _the Germans_.\n\n#Germ\u00e2nia, ae#, f., _Germany_.\n\n#ger\u00f4, ere, gess\u00ee, gestus#, _to bear, carry_; _wear_; _carry on, wage,\nmanage_; _perform, do_; #s\u00ea gerere#, _to conduct one's self, behave_;\n#rem p\u00fbblicam gerere#, _to administer the state_; #r\u00eas gestae#,\n_exploits, history_.\n\n  #con--conger\u00f4, ere, gess\u00ee, gestus#, _to bring_ or _heap together,\n  collect_.\n\n#gest\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #ger\u00f4#], _to bear, carry, wear_.\n\n#gestus, \u00fbs# [#ger\u00f4#], m., _bearing_; _gesture_.\n\n#g\u00eegn\u00f4, ere, genu\u00ee, genitus#, _to produce, beget_; #genitus#, _born\u00a0of_.\n\n#gladius, \u00ee#, m., _a sword_.\n\n#gl\u00f4ria, ae#, f., _glory, fame, renown_.\n\n#gl\u00f4rior, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to boast, brag, pride one's self_.\n\n#gl\u00f4ri\u00f4s\u00ea# [#gl\u00f4ria#], adv., _gloriously_.\n\n#Gnaeus, \u00ee#, m., a Roman praenomen.\n\n#Gracchus, \u00ee#, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens.\n\n  1. _Ti. Sempr\u00f4nius Gracchus_, tribune of the people in 133 B.C.\n\n  2. _C. Sempr\u00f4nius Gracchus_, brother of (1), and tribune in 123\n  B.C.; killed in 121.\n\n#gradior, grad\u00ee, gressus sum#, _to walk, step_.\n\n  #ad--aggredior, \u00ee, gressus sum#, _to approach, attack, assail_.\n\n  #con--congredior, \u00ee, gressus sum#, _to meet_; _join battle, fight_.\n\n  #dis--d\u00eegredior, \u00ee, gressus sum#, _to go apart or away, depart_.\n\n  #ex--\u00eagredior, \u00ee, gressus sum#, _to go_ or _march out_ or _away_;\n  _disembark_. (The verb is construed with the abl., the abl. with\n  #ex#, or the acc.).\n\n  #in--ingredior, \u00ee, gressus sum#, _to enter, advance, proceed_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4gredior, \u00ee, gressus sum#, _to go forth_ or _on, advance_.\n\n  #re--regredior, \u00ee, gressus sum#, _to go back, return, retreat_.\n\n  #tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2nsgredior, \u00ee, gressus sum#, _to step over_ or _across,\n  cross_.\n\n#gradus, \u00fbs#, m., _a step_; _stage, period, degree_; pl., _steps,\nstairs_.\n\n#Graecia, ae#, f., _Greece_.\n\n#Graeculus, \u00ee# [dim. of #Graecus#], m., _a poor_ or _paltry Greek_.\n\n#Graecus#, adj., _Greek, Grecian_. As noun, #Graecus, \u00ee#, m., _a Greek_.\n\n#gr\u00e2num, \u00ee#, n., _a grain, seed_.\n\n#graphium, \u00ee#, n., _stylus_ (of metal) for writing, _pen_.\n\n#gr\u00e2tia, ae# [#gr\u00e2tus#], f., _favor, regard, credit_; _influence_;\n_return, thanks, gratitude_; #gr\u00e2tiam hab\u00eare#, _to feel thankful_;\n#gr\u00e2ti\u00e2s agere#, _to show gratitude, thank_; #gr\u00e2tiam referre#, _to\nrepay a favor_; #gr\u00e2ti\u00e2#, with preceding gen., frequent in expressions\nof purpose, _for the sake\u00a0of_.\n\n#gr\u00e2tulor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#gr\u00e2tus#], _to show joy, congratulate_.\n\n#gr\u00e2tus#, adj., _pleasing, dear, acceptable_.\n\n#gravis, e#, adj., _heavy, severe, difficult_; _weighty, important_.\n\n#gravit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#gravis#], f., _weight_; _dignity, influence,\nimportance_.\n\n#graviter# [#gravis#], adv., _weightily_; _vigorously, seriously, with\ndignity_.\n\n#gravor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#gravis#], _to be burdened_; _take amiss,\ngrudge_.\n\n#grex, gregis#, f., _herd, common herd_; _band, company_.\n\n#gubern\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#gubern\u00f4#, _to steer_], m., _helmsman, pilot_.\n\n\n#H#\n\n#habe\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to have, hold, keep_; _consider, regard, treat,\nuse_; _render_ (honor, etc.); #\u00f4r\u00e2ti\u00f4nem hab\u00eare#, _to deliver a speech_;\n#l\u00fbdibri\u00f4 hab\u00eare#, _to mock_.\n\n  #ad--adhibe\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to hold to_ or _toward, apply,\n  employ_; _employ as counsel, consult_; _summon, invite_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eabe\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to withhold, owe_; #d\u00eabet, d\u00eabuit# +\n  inf., _ought, must, should_.\n\n  #ex--exhibe\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to hold forth, show, display,\n  exhibit_.\n\n  #in--inhibe\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to hold_ or _draw in, restrain_.\n\n  #post--posthabe\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to place after_ (i.e. lower\n  than), _rate lower, esteem less_.\n\n  #prae--praebe\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to hold forth, offer, grant,\n  supply, furnish_; #aur\u00eas praeb\u00eare#, _to listen_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--prohibe\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to check, keep off_; _hinder,\n  prevent_.\n\n#habilis, e# [#habe\u00f4#], adj., _handy, easily wielded_.\n\n#habit\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#habit\u00f4#], f., _dwelling-place_.\n\n#habit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum# [freq. of #habe\u00f4#], _to inhabit_; _dwell,\nlive_.\n\n#habitus, \u00fbs# [#habe\u00f4#], m., _state, condition_; _habit, dress, attire_.\n\n#h\u00e2litus, \u00fbs#, m., _breath_.\n\n#Hamilcar, aris#, m., a famous Carthaginian general, father of\nHannibal\u00a0(2).\n\n#Hannibal, alis#, m., a Carthaginian name.\n\n  1. A\u00a0naval commander, defeated by C.\u00a0Duilius, 260 B.C.\n\n  2. The son of Hamilcar, born B.C. 247. He invaded Italy in 218, but\n  was defeated by Scipio at Zama in 202; he then fled to the East, and\n  died in 183.\n\n#Hann\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, m., a Carthaginian general, defeated by Regulus.\n\n#haruspex, icis#, m., _a soothsayer_.\n\n#Hasdrubal, alis#, m., a Carthaginian name.\n\n  1. Son of Hamilcar, and brother of Hannibal (2); fought against\n  Scipio Africanus in Spain; defeated and killed at the battle of the\n  Metaurus in Italy, 207 B.C.\n\n  2. Son of Gisco; fought against Scipio Africanus in Spain and\n  Africa.\n\n#hasta, ae#, f., _a spear_.\n\n#haud#, adv., _by no means, not, not at all_.\n\n#hauri\u00f4, \u00eere, haus\u00ee, haustus#, _to drink, swallow_.\n\n  #ex--exhauri\u00f4, \u00eere, haus\u00ee, haustus#, _to empty, exhaust_; _ruin,\n  impoverish_.\n\n#Hercul\u00eas, is#, m., a Grecian hero, celebrated for his strength and\nmarvelous deeds in many parts of the world.\n\n#h\u00ear\u00eas, \u00eadis#, m., _an heir_.\n\n#h\u00eec, haec, h\u00f4c#, dem. pron., _this, the following, the latter_; _he,\nshe,\u00a0it_.\n\n#h\u00eec# [#h\u00eec#], adv., _here, hereupon, at this point_.\n\n#hiems, hiemis#, f., _winter, storm_.\n\n#Hierosolyma, \u00f4rum#, pl. n., _Jerusalem_.\n\n#hilar\u00ea# [#hilarus#, _merry_], adv., _merrily, cheerfully, gaily_.\n\n#hilarit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#hilaris#, _merry_], f., _merriment, gaiety_.\n\n#hinc# [#h\u00eec#], adv., _from this place_ or _time, hence_; #hinc--hinc#,\n_on this side .\u00a0.\u00a0. on that, on the one side .\u00a0.\u00a0. on the other_.\n\n#hirund\u00f4, inis#, f., _a swallow_.\n\n#Hisp\u00e2nia, ae#, f., _Spain_ (including Portugal). It was divided into\ntwo provinces, _Hisp\u00e2nia Citerior_ and _Hisp\u00e2nia \u00dblterior_.\n\n#Hisp\u00e2ni\u00eansis, e#, adj., _Spanish, in Spain_.\n\n#Hisp\u00e2nus#, adj., _Spanish_. As noun, #Hisp\u00e2nus, \u00ee#, m., _a Spaniard_.\n\n#hodi\u00ea# [#h\u00f4(c)# + #di\u00ea#], adv., _to-day_.\n\n#hom\u00f4, inis#, m. and f., _a human being, man_; #homin\u00eas#, _mankind, the\nworld_.\n\n#honest\u00ea# [#honestus#], adv., _honorably_.\n\n#honestus# [#hon\u00f4s#], adj., _honored, respected_; _honorable, right,\nvirtuous_.\n\n#hon\u00f4r\u00e2t\u00ea# [#hon\u00f4r\u00e2tus#, _honored_], adv., _honorably, with respect_.\n\n#hon\u00f4rificus# [#hon\u00f4s# + #faci\u00f4#], adj., _that does honor,\ncomplimentary_.\n\n#honor\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#hon\u00f4s#], _to honor, do honor\u00a0to_.\n\n#hon\u00f4s# or #honor, \u00f4ris#, m., _honor, respect, esteem_; _public office_;\npersonified, _Honor_ (a\u00a0deity).\n\n#h\u00f4ra, ae#, f., _hour_, the twelfth part of the day (sunrise to sunset)\nor night.\n\n#Hor\u00e2tius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a Roman gens.\n\n#horre\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to stand on end, bristle_; _shudder at, shrink\nfrom_.\n\n#horror, \u00f4ris# [#horre\u00f4#], m., _dread, terror, horror_.\n\n#hort\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#hortor#], f., _encouragement, exhortation_.\n\n#hortor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to exhort, urge_.\n\n#hortus, \u00ee#, m., _a garden_.\n\n#hospes, itis#, m., _entertainer, host_; _guest, friend_; _stranger_.\n\n#hospita, ae# [#hospes#], f., _a stranger_; _guest_.\n\n#hospitium, \u00ee# [#hospes#], n., _entertainment, hospitality_; _lodgings,\ninn_.\n\n#hostia, ae#, f., _an animal for sacrifice, victim_.\n\n#host\u00eelis, e# [#hostis#], adj., _of_ or _from the enemy, hostile_.\n\n#host\u00eeliter# [#host\u00eelis#], adv., _in hostile manner_.\n\n#Host\u00eelius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a Roman gens.\n\n  1. _Hostus Host\u00eelius_, a\u00a0general of the time of Romulus.\n\n  2. _Tullus Host\u00eelius_, third king of Rome.\n\n#hostis, is#, m., _an enemy_.\n\n#h\u00fbc# [#h\u00eec#], adv., _to this place, hither_; #h\u00fbc .\u00a0.\u00a0. ill\u00fbc#, _hither\n.\u00a0.\u00a0. thither_.\n\n#h\u00fbiuscemod\u00ee# [#h\u00eec# + #modus#], adv., _of this_ (i.e. the following)\n_kind_.\n\n#h\u00fbm\u00e2nit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#h\u00fbm\u00e2nus#], f., _humanity, kindliness_; _refinement,\nculture_.\n\n#h\u00fbm\u00e2nus# [#hom\u00f4#], adj., _human, of man_; _kind, refined, cultured_.\n\n#humilis, e# [#humus#, _the ground_], adj., _low_; _lowly, humble,\ncommon_.\n\n\n#I#\n\n#iace\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to lie, lie prostrate_ or _dead_.\n\n#iaci\u00f4, iacere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iactus#, _to throw, cast, hurl_.\n\n  #ab--abici\u00f4, ere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iectus#, _to throw down, away_, or _aside,\n  lay aside_.\n\n  #ad--adici\u00f4, icere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iectus#, _to throw to, add_ or _join to,\n  add_ (in\u00a0speech).\n\n  #con--conici\u00f4, icere, coni\u00eac\u00ee, coniectus#, _to throw together,\n  unite_; _hurl, throw_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eaici\u00f4, icere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iectus#, _to throw_ or _hurl down, bring\n  down_; _lay low, dislodge, destroy_.\n\n  #ex--\u00eaici\u00f4, icere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iectus#, _to cast_ or _drive out, expel_.\n\n  #in--inici\u00f4, icere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iectus#, _to throw in_; _put in_ or _on,\n  lay_; _inspire, suggest_.\n\n  #inter--interici\u00f4, icere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iectus#, _to throw_ or _place\n  between, interpose; intervene_ (in\u00a0pass.).\n\n  #ob--obici\u00f4, icere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iectus#, _to throw before, put in the\n  way_; _put in the hands of, turn over_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4ici\u00f4, icere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iectus#, _to throw forth, fling out,\n  throw_.\n\n  #re--r\u00eaici\u00f4, icere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iectus#, _to throw back, repel_.\n\n  #sub--subici\u00f4, icere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iectus#, _to throw_ or _place under_;\n  _hand up_; _present, submit_; _subdue_.\n\n  #super--superiaci\u00f4, ere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iectus#, _to throw across, let down_.\n\n  #tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2ici\u00f4, icere, i\u00eac\u00ee, iectus#, _to throw_ or _carry across,\n  transport_; _pierce, penetrate, transfix_; _go_ or _pass over,\n  cross_.\n\n#iact\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#iact\u00f4#], f., _tossing, motion_.\n\n#iactit\u00f4, \u00e2re, --, --# [freq. of #iact\u00f4#], _to boast, brag_.\n\n#iact\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to push_ or _toss about_; _boast of, take\npride\u00a0in_.\n\n#iam#, adv., _already, by this time, now_; _soon, presently_; #iam iam#,\n_already, at that very moment_; #iam d\u00fbdum# or #iam pr\u00eedem#, _long ago,\nlong since_.\n\n#iam d\u00fbdum#, see #iam#.\n\n#I\u00e2niculum, \u00ee#, n., a hill on the west bank of the Tiber.\n\n#i\u00e2nua, ae#, f., _a door, entrance_.\n\n#I\u00e2nus, \u00ee#, m., #Janus#, an old Latin divinity, who presided over all\nbeginnings; commonly represented with two faces.\n\n#Iarb\u00e2s, ae#, m., king of Numidia and Mauretania (the modern Morocco).\n\n#ibi#, adv., _there, on that side_; _then, thereupon_.\n\n#ib\u00eedem# [#ibi#], adv., _in the same place, on the spot_.\n\n#\u00eec\u00f4, ere, \u00eec\u00ee, \u00eectus#, _to strike_; #foedus \u00eecere#, _to strike_\n(conclude) _a treaty_.\n\n#\u00eectus, \u00fbs# [#\u00eec\u00f4#], m., _blow, stroke, wound_.\n\n#\u00eedem, eadem, idem#, dem. pron., _the same_; often best rendered by\nadv., _also, too, besides_.\n\n#ide\u00f4#, adv., _for that reason, therefore_; _with this_ (that)\n_purpose_.\n\n#\u00ced\u00fbs, uum#, pl. f., _the Ides_, or middle of the month; the fifteenth\nof March, May, July, and October, the thirteenth of other months.\n\n#igitur#, adv., _then, therefore, accordingly_.\n\n#\u00eegn\u00e2via, ae# [#\u00eegn\u00e2vus#, _idle_], f., _idleness, sloth_;\n_worthlessness_.\n\n#\u00eegnis, is#, m., _fire_.\n\n#\u00eegn\u00f4minia, ae# [#in# neg. + #(g)n\u00f4men#], f., _dishonor, disgrace,\ndegradation_.\n\n#\u00eegn\u00f4r\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _not to know_; _to be ignorant of, be\nunacquainted with_.\n\n#\u00eegn\u00f4sc\u00f4#, see #n\u00f4sc\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eegn\u00f4tus# [#in# neg. + #(g)n\u00f4tus#], adj., _unknown, unfamiliar,\nstrange_.\n\n#\u00eelic\u00f4# [#in# + #loc\u00f4#], adv., _on the spot, at once, immediately_.\n\n#ille, illa, illud#, dem. pron., _that, yonder_; _he, she, it_; _the\nfamous, the_.\n\n#ill\u00eec# [#ille#], adv., _there, yonder_.\n\n#ill\u00fbc# [#ille#], adv., _to that place, thither_.\n\n#im\u00e2g\u00f4, inis#, f., _likeness, semblance, image_; _statue_.\n\n#imbellis, e# [#in# neg. + #bellum#], adj., _unfit for war, unwarlike,\ncowardly_.\n\n#imber, bris#, m., _rain, shower_.\n\n#imbu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, b\u00fbtus#, _to wet, moisten_; _inspire, imbue_.\n\n#imitor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to imitate, copy_.\n\n#imm\u00e2t\u00fbrus# [#in# neg. + #m\u00e2t\u00fbrus#, _ripe_], adj., _unripe_; _untimely,\npremature_.\n\n#imm\u00eansus# [#in# neg. + #m\u00eatior#, _to measure_], adj., _immeasurable,\nvast, immense_.\n\n#immine\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to overhang, threaten_.\n\n#immitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#imm\u00f4#, adv., _by no means, nay_.\n\n#immol\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#in# + #mola#, _meal_], _to sprinkle_\n(a\u00a0victim) _with sacrificial meal, sacrifice_.\n\n#immort\u00e2lis, e# [#in# neg. + #mort\u00e2lis#], adj., _immortal_.\n\n#imm\u00f4tus# [#in# neg. + #m\u00f4tus#, part of #move\u00f4#], adj., _unmoved,\nmotionless_.\n\n#imp\u00e2r, paris# [#in# neg. + #p\u00e2r#], adj., _unequal_.\n\n#impati\u00eans, entis# [#in# neg. + #pati\u00eans#], adj., _impatient,\nintolerant_.\n\n#impendium, \u00ee# [#impend\u00f4#, _to expend_], n., _outlay, cost, expense_.\n\n#imp\u00eansa, ae# [#impend\u00f4#, _to expend_], f., _outlay, cost, expense_.\n\n#imper\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#imper\u00f4#], m., _commander-in-chief, general_;\n_emperor_.\n\n#imper\u00e2t\u00f4rius# [#imper\u00e2tor#], adj., _of a general_.\n\n#imperfectus# [#in# neg. + #perfectus#, part. of #perfici\u00f4#], adj.,\n_unfinished_.\n\n#imperium, \u00ee# [#imper\u00f4#], n., _a command, order_; _military authority_;\n_sovereignty, supremacy_; _the state_.\n\n#imper\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to command, order_; _rule, govern_; _levy,\ndemand_.\n\n#impetr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to gain by asking, obtain, procure_.\n\n#impetus, \u00fbs# [#in# + #pet\u00f4#], m., _an attack, onset_; _impulse,\nexcitement_; _violence, energy, fury_.\n\n#impiet\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#impius#], f., _irreverence, impiety_.\n\n#impiger, gra, grum# [#in# neg. + #piger#, _lazy_], adj., _active,\nenergetic_.\n\n#impius# [#in# + #pius#], adj., _irreverent, wicked, undutiful_.\n\n#imple\u00f4#, see #*ple\u00f4#.\n\n#implic\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee# or #u\u00ee, \u00e2tus# or #itus# [#in# + #plic\u00f4#, _to fold_],\n_to fold in, envelop_; _involve, attack_.\n\n#impl\u00f4r\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#in# + #pl\u00f4r\u00f4#, _to wail, lament_], _to beg,\nbeseech, implore_.\n\n#imp\u00f4n\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4n\u00f4#.\n\n#impr\u00eem\u00ees# [= #in pr\u00eem\u00ees#], adv., _especially_.\n\n#impr\u00f4v\u00eesus# [#in# neg. + #pr\u00f4vide\u00f4#], adj., _unforeseen, unexpected_.\n\n#imp\u00fbb\u00eas, eris# [#in# neg. + #p\u00fbb\u00eas#, _full grown_], adj., _youthful_.\n\n#imp\u00fbgn\u00f4#, see #p\u00fbgn\u00f4#.\n\n#imp\u00fbn\u00eetus# [#in# neg. + #p\u00fbni\u00f4#], adj., _unpunished_.\n\n#in#, prep, with (1) acc.; of place, _into, to, on, upon, towards,\nagainst_; of purpose, _for, with a view to_; of other relations,\n_respecting, according to_; #in di\u00eas#, _day by day_; (2)\u00a0with abl.; of\nplace, _in, on, upon, in the midst of, among_; of time, _in, in the\ncourse of, during_; of other relations, _in the case of, respecting,\naccording\u00a0to_.\n\n#in#, _not_, a prefix, which, when attached to adj. or participles,\nnegatives or reverses their meaning.\n\n#inaestim\u00e2bilis, e# [#in# neg. + #aestim\u00f4#, _to reckon_], _inestimable_.\n\n#inambul\u00f4#, see #ambul\u00f4#.\n\n#in\u00e2nis, e#, adj., _empty_; _vain, idle_.\n\n#inaud\u00eetus# [#in# neg. + #aud\u00eetus#, part. of #audi\u00f4#], adj., _unheard\nof, strange_.\n\n#incautus# [#in# neg. + #cautus#, _wary_], adj., _unsuspecting, off\none's guard_.\n\n#inc\u00ead\u00f4#, see #c\u00ead\u00f4#.\n\n#incendium, \u00ee# [#incend\u00f4#], n., _fire, conflagration_.\n\n#incend\u00f4#, see #cande\u00f4#\u00b7\n\n#inceptum, \u00ee# [#incipi\u00f4#], n., _beginning, attempt_; _undertaking,\npurpose_.\n\n#incertus# [#in# neg. + #certus#], adj., _uncertain, doubtful_.\n\n#inc\u00eass\u00f4, ere, --, --# [freq. of #inc\u00ead\u00f4#], _to assail, attack_;\n_rail\u00a0at_.\n\n#incid\u00f4#, see #cad\u00f4#.\n\n#incipi\u00f4#, see #capi\u00f4#.\n\n#incit\u00f4#, see #cit\u00f4#.\n\n#incl\u00e2m\u00f4#, see #cl\u00e2m\u00f4#.\n\n#incl\u00een\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#in# + #*cl\u00een\u00f4#, _to lean_], (1)\u00a0trans., _to\ncause to lean, bend, turn_; (2)\u00a0intrans., _lean, incline_; _yield, give\nway_.\n\n#inclitus#, adj., _famous_.\n\n#incl\u00fbd\u00f4#, see #claud\u00f4#.\n\n#inc\u00f4gnitus# [#in# neg. + #c\u00f4gnitus#, part. of #c\u00f4gn\u00f4sc\u00f4#], adj.,\n_unknown_.\n\n#incola, ae# [#incol\u00f4#], m., _inhabitant_.\n\n#incol\u00f4#, see #col\u00f4#.\n\n#incolumis, e#, adj., _safe, unharmed_.\n\n#inc\u00f4nstantia, ae# [#in# neg. + #c\u00f4nstantia#], f., _changeableness,\nfickleness_.\n\n#incr\u00eadibilis, e# [#in# neg. + #cr\u00ead\u00f4#], adj., _beyond belief,\nincredible_.\n\n#increp\u00f4, \u00e2re, u\u00ee, itus#, _to sound, resound_; _scold, upbraid_;\n_exclaim_.\n\n#incr\u00easc\u00f4#, see #cr\u00easc\u00f4#.\n\n#incumb\u00f4#, see #*cumb\u00f4#.\n\n#inc\u00fbri\u00f4sus# [#in# neg. + #c\u00fbri\u00f4sus#, _careful_], adj., _careless,\nnegligent_.\n\n#incursi\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#incurr\u00f4#, _to attack_], f., _onset, attack, raid_.\n\n#inde#, adv., _from that place_ or _time, thence_; _thereupon_; _from\nthat circumstance, therefore_.\n\n#index, icis# [#indic\u00f4#], m., _mark, sign_.\n\n#indicium, \u00ee# [#indic\u00f4#], n., _sign, indication, evidence_.\n\n#ind\u00eec\u00f4# see #d\u00eec\u00f4#.\n\n#indic\u00f4#, see #dic\u00f4#.\n\n#indictus# [#in# neg. + #dictus#, part of #d\u00eec\u00f4#], adj., _unsaid_;\n_unplead_.\n\n#ind\u00eegn\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#ind\u00eegnor#, _to be angry_], f., _displeasure,\nanger_.\n\n#ind\u00eegn\u00ea# [#ind\u00eegnus#], adv., _unworthily_; _angrily_; #ind\u00eegn\u00ea ferre#\n_to take_ (_it_) _amiss_.\n\n#ind\u00eegnor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#ind\u00eegnus#], _to think unworthy_; _be angry_.\n\n#ind\u00eegnus# [#in# neg. + #d\u00eegnus#], adj., _unworthy of, unfit for_ (with\nabl.).\n\n#ind\u00f4#, see #d\u00f4#.\n\n#indol\u00eas, is#, f., _inborn quality, natural gifts_; _character, nature,\nspirit_.\n\n#ind\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n#ind\u00fbstria, ae# [#ind\u00fbstrius#, _active_], f., _diligence, activity,\nindustry_.\n\n#ine\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n#inermis, e# [#in# neg. + #arma#], adj., _unarmed, defenseless_.\n\n#\u00eenfac\u00eat\u00ea# [#in# neg. + #fac\u00eat\u00ea#], adv., _without wit_.\n\n#\u00eenf\u00e2ns, antis# [#in# neg. + #f\u00e2ns#, part. of #f\u00e2r\u00ee#, _to speak_], adj.,\n_not speaking, speechless_; as noun, m. and f., _an infant_.\n\n#\u00eenf\u00eal\u00eex, \u00eecis# [#in# neg. + #f\u00eal\u00eex#], adj., _unfortunate, disastrous_.\n\n#\u00eenferior, \u00f4ris# [comp. of #\u00eenferus#, _low_], adj., _lower, inferior_.\n\n#\u00eenfer\u00f4#, see #fer\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eenf\u00east\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#\u00eenf\u00eastus#], _to annoy, disturb_.\n\n#\u00eenf\u00eastus#, adj., _hostile, threatening_.\n\n#\u00eenfici\u00f4#, see #faci\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eenflamm\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#in# + #flamma#], _to kindle, arouse,\nexcite_.\n\n#\u00eenfl\u00e2tus# [#\u00eenfl\u00f4#], adj., _blown up, inflated_.\n\n#\u00eenflect\u00f4#, see #flect\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eenfl\u00f4#, see #fl\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eenf\u00f4rm\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#in# + #f\u00f4rma#], _to shape, mould, fashion_;\n_train, instruct_.\n\n#\u00eenfr\u00e2#, adv. and prep. with acc., _below, beneath_.\n\n#ingem\u00eesc\u00f4, ere, gemu\u00ee, --# [#in# + #gem\u00eesc\u00f4#, incep. of #gem\u00f4#], _to\ngroan over, groan_.\n\n#ingenium, \u00ee# [#in# + #g\u00eegn\u00f4#], n., _natural gifts, nature_; _ability,\nintellect, wit_; _character, disposition_.\n\n#ing\u00eans, entis#, adj., _large, huge, great_.\n\n#ingenuus#, adj., _free-born_; _noble, liberal_.\n\n#ingr\u00e2tus# [#in# neg. + #gr\u00e2tus#], adj., _unpleasant, thankless,\nungrateful_.\n\n#ingredior#, see #gradior#.\n\n#inhibe\u00f4#, see #habe\u00f4#.\n\n#inici\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#inim\u00eecitia, ae# [#inim\u00eecus#], f., _enmity_.\n\n#inim\u00eecus# [#in# neg. + #am\u00eecus#], adj., _unfriendly, hostile_; as noun,\n_a personal enemy, foe_, as distinguished from #hostis#, _a public\nenemy_.\n\n#in\u00eequ\u00ea# [#in\u00eequus#, _unjust_], adv., _unjustly_.\n\n#initium, \u00ee# [#ine\u00f4#], n., _beginning_; #initi\u00f4#, abl. as adv., _at the\noutset, at first_.\n\n#ini\u00fbria, ae# [#in# neg. + #i\u00fbs#], f., _wrong, injustice_; _insult,\ninjury_.\n\n(#iniussus, \u00fbs#) [#in# neg. + #iube\u00f4#], m., found in abl. only, _without\norders_.\n\n#inl\u00eed\u00f4#, see #laed\u00f4#.\n\n#inl\u00fbstris, e#, adj., _bright, clear_; _famous, renowned_\n(cf.\u00a0#cl\u00e2rus#).\n\n#inn\u00eetor#, see #n\u00eetor#.\n\n#innocentia, ae# [#in# neg. + #noce\u00f4#], f., _harmlessness, innocence,\nintegrity_.\n\n#inn\u00f4t\u00easc\u00f4, ere, n\u00f4tu\u00ee, --# [#in# + #n\u00f4t\u00easc\u00f4#, _to become known_], _to\nbecome known_.\n\n#innoxius# [#in# neg. + #noxius#, _harmful_], adj., _harmless,\nblameless, innocent_.\n\n#innumer\u00e2bilis, e# [#in# neg. + #numer\u00f4#, _to count_], adj., _beyond\nnumber, countless_.\n\n#innumerus# [#in# neg. + #numerus#], adj., _countless_.\n\n#innu\u00f4#, see #*nu\u00f4#.\n\n#inopia, ae# [#inops#], f., _want, scarcity, need, poverty_.\n\n#inop\u00een\u00e2tus# [#in# neg. + #op\u00eenor#, _to think_], adj., _unexpected_.\n\n#inops, opis# [#in# neg. + #ops#], adj., _without resources, helpless,\npoor, needy_.\n\n#inquam#, def. verb, _I say_. See #297#, II, 2: 144, _b_: _175_,\u00a02.\n\n#inqui\u00eatus# [#in# neg. + #qui\u00eatus#], adj., _restless_.\n\n#inquin\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to stain, defile_.\n\n#inr\u00eede\u00f4#, see #r\u00eede\u00f4#.\n\n#inr\u00eesus, \u00fbs# [#inr\u00eede\u00f4#], m., _derision, mockery_.\n\n#inru\u00f4#, see #ru\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eenscientia, ae# [#\u00eensci\u00eans#, _ignorant_], adj., _ignorance_.\n\n#\u00eenscius# [#in# neg. + #sci\u00f4#], adj., _ignorant, unaware_.\n\n#\u00eenscr\u00eeb\u00f4#, see #scr\u00eeb\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eensequor#, see #sequor#.\n\n#\u00eenside\u00f4#, see #sede\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eensidiae, \u00e2rum# [#\u00eenside\u00f4#], pl. f., _ambush_; _trap_; _artifice,\nplot_.\n\n#\u00eensidior, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#\u00eensidiae#], _to lie in wait for, plot\nagainst_.\n\n#\u00eens\u00eegne, is# [#\u00eens\u00eegnis#], n., _a mark, badge_.\n\n#\u00eens\u00eegnis, e# [#in# + #s\u00eegnum#], adj., _marked, conspicuous, noted,\nfamous_.\n\n#\u00eensili\u00f4#, see #sali\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eensinu\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#in# + #sinus#, _fold, coil_], _to push or\nthrust\u00a0in_.\n\n#\u00eensitus# [#inser\u00f4#, _to implant_], adj., _inborn, innate, ingrafted_.\n\n#\u00eensol\u00eans, entis# [#in# neg. + #sol\u00eans#, part. of #sole\u00f4#], adj.,\n_unusual, haughty, insolent_.\n\n#\u00eensolenter# [#\u00eensol\u00eans#], adv., _haughtily_.\n\n#\u00eensolentia, ae# [#\u00eensol\u00eans#], f., _unusual_ or _extravagant conduct,\ninsolence_.\n\n#\u00eensp\u00ear\u00e2bilis, e# [#in# neg. + #sp\u00ear\u00f4#], adj., _unhoped for,\nunexpected_.\n\n#\u00eenspici\u00f4#, see #*speci\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eenstitu\u00f4#, see #statu\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eenstit\u00fbtum, \u00ee# [#\u00eenstitu\u00f4#], n., _institution_; _habit, custom_.\n\n#\u00eenstr\u00fbmentum, \u00ee# [#\u00eenstru\u00f4#], n., _tool_; _collectively, stock of\ntools, plant_.\n\n#\u00eenstru\u00f4#, see #stru\u00f4#.\n\n#\u00eensusurr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#in# + #susurrus#, _a whisper_], _to\nwhisper to, suggest_.\n\n#\u00eensum#, see #sum#.\n\n#int\u00e2ctus# [#in# neg. + #t\u00e2ctus#, part. of #tang\u00f4#], adj., _untouched,\nuninjured_.\n\n#integer, gra, grum# [#in# neg. + root #tag# in #tang\u00f4#], adj.,\n_untouched, uninjured_; #integer, \u00e2#, _free from, untouched\u00a0by_.\n\n#intelleg\u00f4#, see #leg\u00f4#.\n\n#intempestus#, adj., _stormy_.\n\n#intend\u00f4#, see #tend\u00f4#.\n\n#intentus# [orig. part. of #intend\u00f4#], adj., _attentive, intent_.\n\n#inter#, prep. with acc.; of place, _between, among_; of time, _during_.\n\n#intercal\u00e2rius# [#intercal\u00f4#], adj., _intercalary, inserted in the\ncalendar_.\n\n#intercal\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to intercalate, insert in the calendar_.\n\n#intercipi\u00f4#, see #capi\u00f4#.\n\n#interd\u00eec\u00f4#, see #d\u00eec\u00f4#.\n\n#interdi\u00fb# [#inter# + #di\u00fb#], adv., _by day_.\n\n#interdum# [#inter# + (1) #dum#], adv., _between whiles, now and then,\nsometimes_.\n\n#intere\u00e2# [#inter# + #is#], adv., _in the meantime, meanwhile_.\n\n#intere\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n#interfector, \u00f4ris# [#interfici\u00f4#], m., _slayer, assassin, murderer_.\n\n#interfici\u00f4#, see #faci\u00f4#.\n\n#interici\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#interim#, adv., _meanwhile_.\n\n#interim\u00f4#, see #em\u00f4#.\n\n#interitus, \u00fbs# [#intere\u00f4#], m., _overthrow, death, destruction_.\n\n#intern\u00fbntius, \u00ee# [#inter# + #n\u00fbntius#], m., _go-between, messenger_.\n\n#interpretor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to explain, interpret_; _maintain_.\n\n#interrog\u00f4#, see #rog\u00f4#.\n\n#intersum#, see #sum#.\n\n#interv\u00e2llum, \u00ee# [#inter# + #v\u00e2llum#], n., _interval_ (of\u00a0time or\nspace), _distance_.\n\n#intervert\u00f4#, see #vert\u00f4#.\n\n#intimus#, adj., _inmost, deepest_; _close, intimate_.\n\n#intoler\u00e2bilis, e# [#in# neg. + #toler\u00f4#, _to bear_], adj.,\n_unendurable_.\n\n#intr\u00e2#, adv. and prep. with acc., _inside of, within, during_.\n\n#intr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#intr\u00f4#, adv., _within_], _to enter_.\n\n#intr\u00f4d\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n#introe\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n#intueor#, see #tueor#.\n\n#intum\u00easc\u00f4, ere, tumu\u00ee, --# [#in# + #tum\u00easc\u00f4#, incep. of #tume\u00f4#, _to be\nswollen_], _to swell, rise_.\n\n#inund\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#in# + #und\u00f4#, _to rise in waves_], _to\ndeluge, flood_.\n\n#in\u00fbsit\u00e2tus# [#in# neg. + #\u00fbsit\u00e2tus#, _usual_], adj., _unusual,\nunfamiliar, novel_.\n\n#inv\u00e2d\u00f4#, see #v\u00e2d\u00f4#.\n\n#invalidus# [#in# neg. + #validus#], adj., _weak, feeble_.\n\n#inveh\u00f4#, see #veh\u00f4#.\n\n#inveni\u00f4#, see #veni\u00f4#.\n\n#invicem, in vicem#, see #vicis#.\n\n#invictus# [#in# neg. + #victus#, part. of #vinc\u00f4#], adj.,\n_unconquerable_.\n\n#invide\u00f4#, see #vide\u00f4#.\n\n#invidia, ae# [#invide\u00f4#], f., _envy_; _ill-will, odium, unpopularity_.\n\n#invidi\u00f4sus# [#invidia#], adj., _envious_; _exciting envy, unpopular,\nhateful_.\n\n#inviol\u00e2tus# [#in# neg. + #viol\u00f4#], adj., _unhurt_.\n\n#inv\u00eesus# [orig. part. of #invide\u00f4#], adj., _hated, hateful_.\n\n#inv\u00eet\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to invite, ask, summon_; _feast, entertain_.\n\n#inv\u00eetus#, adj., _unwilling, on compulsion_.\n\n#iocus, \u00ee# (pl. also #ioca#), m., _a jest, joke_.\n\n#ipse, a, um#, _himself, herself, itself, themselves_; often best\nrendered by _very, mere, in person, even, actually_.\n\n#\u00eera, ae#, f., _anger, passion_.\n\n#\u00eer\u00e2scor, \u00ee, \u00eer\u00e2tus sum# [#\u00eera#], _to be_ or _become angry_.\n\n#\u00eer\u00e2tus# [orig. part. of #\u00eer\u00e2scor#], adj., _angered, enraged_; _in\nanger, angrily_.\n\n#is, ea, id#, dem. pron., _this_ or _that_; _he, she, it_; _such_ (esp.\nbefore #ut# with #subj.#).\n\n#iste, a, ud#, gen. #ist\u00eeus#, dat. #ist\u00ee#, _that of yours, your_; _that,\nthis_.\n\n#ita# [#is#], adv., _in this way, so, thus, as follows_.\n\n#\u00cetalia, ae#, f., _Italy_. The name did not include the basin of the Po\n(Cisalpine Gaul) until the time of Augustus.\n\n#\u00cetalicus, \u00ee#, m., _an Italian_.\n\n#itaque# [#ita# + #que#], adv. and conj., _and so, therefore, as a\nconsequence, accordingly_.\n\n#item#, adv., _besides, likewise, also_.\n\n#iter, itineris# [#e\u00f4, \u00eere#], n., _a journey, march_; _road, highway_.\n\n#iterum#, adv., _a second time, again_.\n\n#Iuba, ae#, m., a king of Numidia, ally of Pompey, but defeated by\nCaesar at the battle of Thapsus, B.C.\u00a046.\n\n#iube\u00f4, \u00eare, iuss\u00ee, iussus#, _to order, command_.\n\n#i\u00fbcund\u00ea# [#i\u00fbcundus#], adv., _agreeably, pleasantly, delightfully_.\n\n#i\u00fbcundus#, adj., _pleasing, agreeable, charming, delightful_.\n\n#Iudaea, ae#, f., _Judaea_.\n\n#Iudaeus, \u00ee#, m., _a Jew_.\n\n#i\u00fbdex, icis# [#i\u00fbs# + #d\u00eec\u00f4#], m., _a judge, juror_.\n\n#i\u00fbdicium, \u00ee# [#i\u00fbdex#], n., _judgment, decision_.\n\n#i\u00fbdic\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#i\u00fbdex#], _to examine judicially, judge,\nadjudge_; _think, consider_; _declare, resolve_.\n\n#i\u00fbgerum, \u00ee#, n., a land measure = about two thirds of an English acre;\n_an acre_.\n\n#iugulum, \u00ee# [dim. of #iugum#], n., _throat, neck_.\n\n#iugum, \u00ee# [#iung\u00f4#], n., _a yoke, collar_; _mountain summit, range of\nmountains_; _a military yoke_, formed by fixing two spears upright in\nthe ground and tying a third across between their upper ends. Beneath\nsuch a yoke the Romans made their conquered enemies pass, in token of\ncomplete surrender of liberty and life to their conquerors.\n\n#Iugurtha, ae#, m., the famous king of Numidia, who fought with Rome 111\nto 106 B.C.; defeated by Marius.\n\n#Iugurth\u00eenus#, adj., _of_ or _with Jugurtha, Jugurthine_.\n\n#I\u00fblia, ae#, f., _Julia_.\n\n  1. Daughter of Julius Caesar, and wife of Pompey.\n\n  2. Sister of Julius Caesar and grandmother of the Emperor Augustus.\n\n#I\u00fblius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Caesar#.\n\n#iung\u00f4, ere, i\u00fbnx\u00ee, i\u00fbnctus#, _to join together, unite, bind, fasten,\nyoke_.\n\n  #ad--adiung\u00f4, ere, i\u00fbnx\u00ee, i\u00fbnctus#, _to join_ or _add to, attach_.\n\n  #con--coniung\u00f4, ere, i\u00fbnx\u00ee, i\u00fbnctus#, _to fasten together, join,\n  unite_.\n\n#i\u00fbnior#, see #iuvenis#.\n\n#I\u00fbnius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Br\u00fbtus#.\n\n#Iuppiter, Iovis#, m., the chief god of the Latins, orig.\na\u00a0personification of the sky. He controlled thunder, lightning, rain,\nand storms.\n\n#i\u00fbre#, see #i\u00fbs#.\n\n#i\u00fbr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#i\u00fbs#], _to take an oath, swear_; _swear\u00a0to_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4ni\u00fbr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to take an oath together, conspire,\n  plot_.\n\n#i\u00fbs, i\u00fbris#, n., _right, justice, law_; _court of justice, trial in\ncourt_; abl. #i\u00fbre# as adv., _rightly, justly_; #in i\u00fbs voc\u00e2re#, _to\nsummon into court, bring to trial_.\n\n#i\u00fbsi\u00fbrandum, \u00ee# [#i\u00fbs# + #i\u00fbr\u00f4#], n., _an oath_.\n\n(#iussus, \u00fbs#) [#iube\u00f4#], m., _order, command_ (found only in abl.\nsing.).\n\n#i\u00fbstitia, ae# [#i\u00fbs#], f., _justice, uprightness_.\n\n#iuvenis, is#, comp. #i\u00fbnior#, sup. #minimus n\u00e2t\u00fb#, adj., _young_. As\nnoun, #iuvenis, is#, m., _young person, youth_ (between 17 and\u00a045);\n#iuven\u00eas# or #i\u00fbni\u00f4r\u00eas#, _the fighting men_.\n\n#iuventa, ae# [#iuvenis#], f., _youth_.\n\n#iuvent\u00fbs, \u00fbtis# [#iuvenis#], f., _youth_; collectively, _young people_,\nesp. _fighting men_. Cf. #iuvenis#.\n\n\n#K#\n\n#Kalendae, \u00e2rum#, pl. f., _the Kalends_, or the first day of the month.\n\n\n#L#\n\n#labor, \u00f4ris#, m., _labor, toil_; _hardship, distress_.\n\n#l\u00e2bor, \u00ee, l\u00e2psus sum#, _to slip_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eal\u00e2bor, \u00ee, l\u00e2psus sum#, _to glide down_; _slip_ or _fall down,\n  fall_.\n\n  #ex--\u00eal\u00e2bor, \u00ee, l\u00e2psus sum#, _to slip away, glide off, escape_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4l\u00e2bor, \u00ee, l\u00e2psus sum#, _to fall down_; _slip, stumble_.\n\n  #re--rel\u00e2bor, \u00ee, l\u00e2psus sum#, _to slip_ or _sink back_; _flow back,\n  subside_.\n\n#lab\u00f4ri\u00f4s\u00ea# [#lab\u00f4ri\u00f4sus#, _toilsome_], adv., _laboriously, carefully_.\n\n#lab\u00f4r\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to labor, toil_; _be hard pressed, suffer, be\nafflicted_.\n\n  #ex--\u00ealab\u00f4r\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to labor, toil, endeavor_.\n\n#Lacedaemonius, \u00ee#, m., an inhabitant of Lacedaemon or Sparta, the chief\ncity of Laconia, a\u00a0district of Southern Greece.\n\n#lacer\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to tear to pieces, rend, mutilate, wound_.\n\n#*laci\u00f4, ere#, _to entice_.\n\n  #ad--adlici\u00f4, ere, lex\u00ee, lectus#, _to entice, win over, attract_.\n\n  #ex--\u00ealici\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, itus#, _to draw forth, call down_.\n\n  #per--perlici\u00f4, ere, lex\u00ee, lectus#, _to entice, allure, win over_.\n\n#lacrima, ae#, f., _a tear_.\n\n#lacrim\u00e2bundus# [#lacrim\u00f4#, _to weep_], adj., _weeping_.\n\n#laed\u00f4, ere, laes\u00ee, laesus#, _to hurt, injure_.\n\n  #ex--\u00eal\u00eed\u00f4, ere, l\u00ees\u00ee, l\u00eesus#, _to dash out_; _shatter, crush_.\n\n  #in--inl\u00eed\u00f4, ere, l\u00ees\u00ee, l\u00eesus#, _to dash against_.\n\n#Laelius, \u00ee#, m., gentile name of _C. Laelius_, a friend of Scipio\nAfricanus.\n\n#laetitia, ae# [#laetus#], f., _joy, exultation_.\n\n#laetus#, adj., _joyful, glad, cheerful_.\n\n#laevus#, adj., _left_.\n\n#lamb\u00f4, ere, --, --#, _to lick, lap_.\n\n#l\u00e2menta, \u00f4rum#, pl. n., _lamentations_.\n\n#l\u00e2mina, ae#, f., _a thin plate_.\n\n#l\u00e2na, ae#, f., _wool_.\n\n#lancea, ae#, f., _a spear, lance, dart_.\n\n#l\u00e2nificium, \u00ee# [#l\u00e2n\u00e2# + #faci\u00f4#], n., _spinning, weaving_.\n\n#lanius, \u00ee#, m., _a butcher_.\n\n#lapideus# [#lapis#], adj., _of stone, stone_.\n\n#lapis, idis#, m., _a stone_; _milestone_.\n\n#laqueus, \u00ee#, m., _noose, halter_.\n\n#L\u00e2rentia, ae#, f., see #Acca#.\n\n#larg\u00eeti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#largior#, _to bribe_], f., _liberality_; _bribery_.\n\n#latebra, ae#, [#late\u00f4#, _to lie hid_], f., _hiding place_ (usually only\nin\u00a0pl.).\n\n#later\u00eecius# [#later#, _a brick_], adj., _made of brick, brick_.\n\n#Lat\u00eenus#, adj., _pertaining to Latium, Latin_; as noun, #Lat\u00eenus, \u00ee#,\nm., _an inhabitant of Latium, a\u00a0Latin_.\n\n#l\u00e2tr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to bark at_.\n\n#latr\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, m., _robber, brigand_.\n\n#latus, eris#, n., _side_; _flank_.\n\n#laud\u00e2bilis, e# [#laud\u00f4#], adj., _praiseworthy, commendable_.\n\n#laudandus# [gerundive of #laud\u00f4#], adj., _praiseworthy, commendable_.\n\n#laud\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to praise, extol_.\n\n  #con--conlaud\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to praise very highly, extol_.\n\n#laurea, ae# (sc. #cor\u00f4na#), f., _a laurel wreath_ or _crown_.\n\n#laus, laudis#, f., _praise, fame, glory_; _ability_ (as\u00a0that which\nexcites praise). #laudibus ferre#, _to extol_.\n\n#lautus# [part. of #lav\u00f4#, _to wash_], adj., _well-washed, neat_;\n_elegant, splendid_.\n\n#laxit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#laxus#, _roomy_], f., _spaciousness, roominess, size_.\n\n#lect\u00eeca, ae# [#lectus#], f., _a litter, sedan chair, palanquin_.\n\n#lectulus, \u00ee# [dim. of #lectus#], m., _a small couch, bed_.\n\n#lectus, \u00ee#, m., _a couch, bed_.\n\n#l\u00eag\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#l\u00eag\u00f4#, to commission], f., _embassy, legation_.\n\n#l\u00eag\u00e2tus, \u00ee# [#l\u00eag\u00f4#, _to commission_], m., _one specially commissioned,\nambassador, envoy_; _a deputy, lieutenant_, an officer next in command\nto the #imper\u00e2tor#, who selected him subject to the approval of the\nsenate. Often several attended the general, serving in turn, acting as\nhis counsellors, and commanding in his absence.\n\n#legi\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#leg\u00f4#], f., _a legion_, containing from four to six\nthousand men; #legi\u00f4n\u00eas#, _the infantry_, as distinct from the cavalry.\n\n#l\u00eagitimus# [#l\u00eax#], adj., _fixed by law, legal_.\n\n#leg\u00f4, ere, l\u00eag\u00ee, l\u00eactus#, _to gather, collect_; _select, appoint,\nchoose_; _read_.\n\n  #con--conlig\u00f4, ere, l\u00eag\u00ee, l\u00eactus#, _to collect, gather_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00ealig\u00f4, ere, l\u00eag\u00ee, l\u00eactus#, _to choose, select_; _levy_.\n\n  #dis--d\u00eelig\u00f4, ere, l\u00eax\u00ee, l\u00eactus#, _to single out, esteem, love,\n  prize_.\n\n  #ex--\u00ealig\u00f4, ere, l\u00eag\u00ee, l\u00eactus#, _to pick out, choose, select_.\n\n  #inter--intelleg\u00f4, ere, l\u00eax\u00ee, l\u00eactus#, _learn_; _perceive,\n  understand_.\n\n#l\u00eaniter# [#l\u00eanis#, _soft, gentle_], adv., _softly, mildly, lightly_.\n\n#l\u00ean\u00f4cinium, \u00ee#, n., _excessive finery_ or _nicety in dress_.\n\n#Lentulus, \u00ee#, m., _P. Corn\u00ealius Lentulus Dol\u00e2bella_, a\u00a0son-in-law of\nCicero.\n\n#lentus#, adj., _pliant, tough_; _slow, sluggish_.\n\n#Lepidus, \u00ee#, m., _M. Aemilius_, consul with Caesar, B.C. 46; a\u00a0member,\nwith Octavianus and Antony, of the second triumvirate.\n\n#l\u00eat\u00e2lis, e# [#l\u00eatum#, _death_], adj., _deadly, fatal_.\n\n#levis, e#, adj., _light, slight, trivial_.\n\n#leviter# [#levis#], adv., _lightly, slightly_.\n\n#l\u00eax, l\u00eagis#, f., _law, decree_; _term, condition_.\n\n#lib\u00eans, entis# [#libet#, _it pleases_], adj., _willing_; _with good\nwill_ or _pleasure, gladly_.\n\n#libenter# [#lib\u00eans#], adv., _gladly, willingly_.\n\n#l\u00eeber, l\u00eebera, l\u00eeberum#, adj., _free_; _generous_; _outspoken, frank_.\n\n#liber, libr\u00ee#, m., _a book_.\n\n#l\u00eeber\u00e2lit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#l\u00eeber\u00e2lis#, _generous_], f., _generosity,\nkindness_; _a gift_.\n\n#l\u00eeber\u00e2liter# [#l\u00eeber\u00e2lis#, _generous_], adv., _kindly, generously,\ngraciously_.\n\n#l\u00eeber\u00ee, \u00f4rum# [#l\u00eeber#], pl. m., _children_; properly the free persons\nof the family as distinct from the slaves.\n\n#l\u00eeber\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#l\u00eeber#], _to set free, free_; _acquit,\nabsolve_.\n\n#l\u00eebert\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#l\u00eeber#], f., _freedom, independence_.\n\n#l\u00eebertus, \u00ee# [#l\u00eeber#], m., _a freedman_.\n\n#lib\u00eed\u00f4, inis# [#libet#, _it pleases_], f., _pleasure_; _lust,\nwantonness, passion_.\n\n#l\u00eebr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#l\u00eebra#, _a balance_], _to balance, poise,\nbrandish_.\n\n#licentia, ae# [#licet#], f., _freedom, license_.\n\n#licet, \u00eare, uit# or #itum est#, impers., _it is allowed_ or\n_permitted_.\n\n#l\u00eector, \u00f4ris#, m., _a lictor_, a Roman officer. The lictors were orig.\nattendants of the kings, but later were granted to dictators, consuls,\nand praetors. They accompanied these magistrates whenever they appeared\nin public, and cleared the way before them. They also carried the\nfasces, and executed criminal sentences.\n\n#l\u00eegneus# [#l\u00eegnum#, _wood_], adj., _wooden_.\n\n#lig\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to bind_.\n\n  #ad--adlig\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to bind to, bind fast, bind_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00ealig\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to bind to, tie, fasten_.\n\n  #re--relig\u00f4, \u00e2re, av\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to bind, fasten_.\n\n#l\u00eemen, inis#, n., _threshold, doorstep_.\n\n#l\u00eene\u00e2mentum, \u00ee# [#l\u00eenea#, _a line_], n., _a line_; _feature,\nlineament_.\n\n#lingua, ae#, f., _tongue_; _language_.\n\n#liquefaci\u00f4, ere, f\u00eac\u00ee, factus# [#lique\u00f4#, _to be liquid_ + #faci\u00f4#],\n_to melt, dissolve_.\n\n#L\u00eetern\u00eenus#, adj., _at Literum_, a town of Campania. As noun,\n#L\u00eetern\u00eenum, \u00ee# (sc.\u00a0#praedium#, _an estate_), n., an estate of Scipio\nAfricanus Maior at Liternum.\n\n#l\u00eetig\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#l\u00ees#, _lawsuit_ + #ag\u00f4#], m., _a party to a lawsuit,\nlitigant_.\n\n#littera, ae#, f., _a letter_ (of the alphabet); in pl., _a letter,\nepistle_; _literature_.\n\n#litter\u00e2tus# [#littera#], adj., _lettered, educated, learned_.\n\n#l\u00eetus, oris#, n., (sea)_shore, beach, strand_.\n\n#L\u00eevius, \u00ee#, m., gentile name of _M. L\u00eevius Sal\u00een\u00e2tor_, who commanded\nthe garrison of Tarentum during the second Punic War.\n\n#loc\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#locus#], _to place, put_; _contract for, let,\nlease_.\n\n  #con--conloc\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to place, arrange, station,\n  establish_.\n\n#locupl\u00eas, \u00eatis# [#locus# + #pl\u00eanus#], adj., _rich in lands, rich_.\n\n#locus, \u00ee#, m. (pl., #loc\u00ee# and #loca#), _a place, spot_; _locality,\nregion_; _position, station, post_; _room, opportunity_.\n\n#long\u00ea# [#longus#], adv., _a long way_ or _distance, at a distance_;\n_far, by far_.\n\n#longinquus# [#longus#], adj., _remote, distant_.\n\n#longus#, adj., _long_; _distant_.\n\n#loquor, \u00ee, loc\u00fbtus sum#, _to speak, talk, say_.\n\n  #ad--adloquor, \u00ee, loc\u00fbtus sum#, _to speak to, address_.\n\n  #con--conloquor, \u00ee, loc\u00fbtus sum#, _to talk with, converse, confer_.\n\n#l\u00f4r\u00eeca, ae# [#l\u00f4rum#], f., _a corselet_ of leather, _coat of mail_;\n#squ\u00e2m\u00e2rum l\u00f4r\u00eeca#, _armor-like covering of scales_.\n\n#l\u00f4rum, \u00ee#, n., _a leather thong_ or _strap_.\n\n#L\u00fbcius, \u00ee#, m., a Roman praenomen.\n\n#Lucr\u00eatia, ae#, f., the wife of Collatinus, a type of the Roman matron\nof the olden time.\n\n#luctor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to wrestle, struggle_.\n\n#l\u00fbctus, \u00fbs# [#l\u00fbge\u00f4#], m., _grief, sorrow, mourning_.\n\n#L\u00fbcullus, \u00ee#, m., _L. Licinius_, born about 110 B.C., consul 74;\nconducted the war against Mithridates 74-67, after which he gave himself\nto a life of luxury, dying in 57 or\u00a056.\n\n#l\u00fbcus, \u00ee#, m., _a sacred grove, grove_.\n\n#l\u00fbdibrium, \u00ee# [#l\u00fbdus#], n., _laughing-stock, jest_; _mockery,\nderision_.\n\n#l\u00fbdicer, cra, crum# [#l\u00fbdus#], adj., _playful, sportive_.\n\n#l\u00fbdus, \u00ee#, m., _play, sport_; _a game_, esp. (in\u00a0pl.) _the public\ngames_, consisting of chariot races, gladiatorial combats, and\ntheatrical performances.\n\n#l\u00fbge\u00f4, \u00eare, l\u00fbx\u00ee, l\u00fbctus#, _to grieve_; _grieve for, mourn, lament_.\n\n#l\u00fbgubris, e# [#l\u00fbge\u00f4#], adj., _mournful_.\n\n#l\u00fbmen, inis# [cf. #lux#], n., _light_.\n\n#l\u00fbna, ae# [cf. #l\u00fbx#], f., _the moon_.\n\n#lupa, ae#, f., _a she-wolf_.\n\n#l\u00fbstr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to purify, cleanse_; _to review, inspect_.\n\n#l\u00fbx, l\u00fbcis#, f., _light, daylight, day_; #pr\u00eem\u00e2 l\u00fbce#, _at dawn_.\n\n#l\u00fbxuria, ae# [#l\u00fbxus#], f., _luxury, excess_.\n\n#l\u00fbxus, \u00fbs#, m., _excess, luxury, self-indulgence_.\n\n\n#M#\n\n#Maced\u00f4, onis#, m., _a Macedonian_.\n\n#Macedonia, ae#, f., _Macedonia_, an extensive country north of Greece.\nIts inhabitants were not generally reckoned as Greeks. Under Alexander\nthe Great it became the chief power of the ancient world.\n\n#m\u00e2china, ae#, f., _machine_ or _engine of war_; _a contrivance, trick_.\n\n#mact\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to offer as sacrifice, kill, slaughter_.\n\n#mactus#, adj., _worshiped, glorified_.\n\n#Maec\u00ean\u00e2s, \u00e2tis#, m., _C. Cilnius_, the close friend of Augustus and his\nchief adviser in civil affairs.\n\n#maestus#, adj., _sad, gloomy, mournful_.\n\n#magis#, comp., adv., _in a greater degree_; _more, rather_; sup.\n#m\u00e2xim\u00ea# [#m\u00e2ximus#], _in the highest degree, particularly_;\n_exceedingly, very_.\n\n#magister, tr\u00ee#, m., _master, chief_; _teacher_; #magister equitum#,\n_Master of the Horse_, an officer appointed by a dictator as his\nlieutenant. The name perhaps indicates that he had especial command of\nthe cavalry.\n\n#magistr\u00e2tus, \u00fbs# [#magister#], m., _civil office, magistracy_.\n\n#m\u00e2gnific\u00ea# [#m\u00e2gnificus#], adv., in good sense, _grandly_; in bad\nsense, _in lordly fashion, haughtily, proudly_.\n\n#m\u00e2gnificentia, ae# [#m\u00e2gnificus#], f., _splendor, grandeur_.\n\n#m\u00e2gnificus# [#m\u00e2gnus# + #faci\u00f4#], adj., _splendid, magnificent_.\n\n#m\u00e2gnit\u00fbd\u00f4, inis# [#m\u00e2gnus#], f., _greatness, size_.\n\n#m\u00e2gnus#, comp. #m\u00e2ior#, sup. #m\u00e2ximus#, adj., _great, large_; #m\u00e2ior#\nor #m\u00e2ximus# (sc.\u00a0#n\u00e2t\u00fb#), _elder, eldest_. As noun, #M\u00e2gnus, \u00ee#, m.,\n_the Great_, cognomen of Pompey; #m\u00e2i\u00f4r\u00eas# (sc.\u00a0#n\u00e2t\u00fb#), pl. m.,\n_ancestors_.\n\n#Maharbal, alis#, m., _a Carthaginian general_.\n\n#m\u00e2iest\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [cf. #m\u00e2ior#], f., _greatness, dignity_.\n\n#m\u00e2ior, m\u00e2ius#, gen. #m\u00e2i\u00f4ris#, see #m\u00e2gnus#.\n\n#male# [#malus#], comp. #p\u00eaius#, sup. #pessim\u00ea#, adv., _badly, ill,\nunsuccessfully_; _feebly, barely, scarcely_.\n\n#maledictum, \u00ee# [#male# + #d\u00eec\u00f4#], n., _a curse_.\n\n#m\u00e2l\u00f4, m\u00e2lle, m\u00e2lu\u00ee# [#magis# + (1) #vol\u00f4#], _to prefer_.\n\n#malus#, comp. #p\u00eaior#, sup. #pessimus#, adj., _bad, wicked_; _evil,\nunfortunate_. As noun, #malum, \u00ee#, n., _evil, misfortune, trouble_.\n\n#M\u00e2murius, \u00ee#, m., a Roman smith of the time of King Numa.\n\n#mand\u00e2tum, \u00ee# [#mand\u00f4#], n., _an order, command_.\n\n#mand\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#manus# + #d\u00f4#], _to hand over, commit,\nentrust_; _order, command_; #l\u00eetter\u00ees mand\u00e2re#, _to write_.\n\n  #con--commend\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to commit, entrust_; _assist,\n  defend_.\n\n#m\u00e2ne#, adv., _early in the morning_.\n\n#mane\u00f4, \u00eare, m\u00e2ns\u00ee, m\u00e2ns\u00fbrus#, _to remain, stay, tarry_.\n\n  #re--remane\u00f4, \u00eare, m\u00e2ns\u00ee, m\u00e2ns\u00fbrus#, _to stay behind, remain_.\n\n#M\u00e2n\u00eas, ium#, pl. m., _the deified spirits of the dead_, to whom\nsacrifice was regularly made.\n\n#manif\u00eastus# [#manus# + #*fend\u00f4#], adj., _clear, manifest, evident_;\n_exposed_.\n\n#manipulus, \u00ee# [#manus# + #*ple\u00f4#] m., _a company of soldiers, maniple_\n(one third of a cohort). The standard of the maniple orig. bore (it\u00a0is\nsaid) a\u00a0_handful_ of hay.\n\n#M\u00e2nius, \u00ee#, m., abbreviated #M'.#, a Roman praenomen.\n\n#M\u00e2nli\u00e2nus#, adj., _Manlian_.\n\n#M\u00e2nlius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Torqu\u00e2tus#.\n\n#m\u00e2n\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, --#, _to flow, trickle_; _to flow_ or _stream abroad,\nspread_.\n\n#m\u00e2nsu\u00eat\u00fbd\u00f4, inis# [#m\u00e2nsu\u00eatus#, _tame_], f., _mildness, gentleness_.\n\n#manubiae, \u00e2rum# [#manus#], pl. f., _prize-money, booty, plunder_.\n\n#man\u00fbmitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus# [#manus# + #mitt\u00f4#], _to set free,\nemancipate_.\n\n#manus, \u00fbs#, f., _hand, arm_; #ferreae man\u00fbs#, _grappling irons_ (see\n#corvus#); _force, strength, prowess_; _band, troop_; #man\u00fbs c\u00f4nserere#,\n_to join battle_.\n\n#M\u00e2rcus, \u00ee#, m., a common praenomen.\n\n#M\u00e2rcius, \u00ee#, m., see #Ancus#.\n\n#mare, is#, n., _the sea_; #Mare Superum#, _the Upper_ or _Adriatic\nSea_.\n\n#margar\u00eeta, ae#, f., _a pearl_.\n\n#maritimus# [#mare#], adj., _pertaining to the sea, sea, maritime_.\n\n#mar\u00eetus, \u00ee#, m., _husband_.\n\n#Marius, \u00ee#, m., _C._, born near Arpinum in Latium, 107 B.C.; conquered\nJugurtha, 106; was seven times consul; defeated Teutones in 102, Cimbri\nin 101; died in\u00a086.\n\n#marmor, oris#, n., _marble_.\n\n#marmoreus# [#marmor#], adj., _marble, of marble_.\n\n#M\u00e2rs, M\u00e2rtis#, m., _Mars_, the Roman god of war; _war, battle_.\n\n#M\u00e2rtius# [#M\u00e2rs#], adj., _of March_.\n\n#Masinissa, ae#, m., king of Numidia, ally of Scipio Africanus Maior, in\nAfrica, B.C. 202. He reigned till 148.\n\n#Mass\u00eeva, ae#, m., nephew of Masinissa.\n\n#m\u00e2ter, m\u00e2tris#, f., _mother_.\n\n#m\u00e2ternus# [#m\u00e2ter#], adj., _of a mother, mother's_; _maternal, on the\nmother's side_.\n\n#m\u00e2trim\u00f4nium, \u00ee# [#m\u00e2ter#], n., _marriage_.\n\n#m\u00e2tr\u00f4na, ae# [#m\u00e2ter#], f., _a married woman, wife, matron_.\n\n#Maur\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _Moors_, inhabitants of Mauretania, the modern\nMorocco.\n\n#m\u00e2xim\u00ea# [#m\u00e2ximus#], adv., see #magis#.\n\n#m\u00e2ximus#, adj., see #m\u00e2gnus#.\n\n#M\u00e2ximus, \u00ee#, m., a Roman cognomen.\n\n  1. _M.\u00a0Valerius M\u00e2ximus Corv\u00eenus_, consul 343 B.C.\n\n  2. _Q. Fabius M\u00e2ximus_, a famous general opposed to Hannibal,\n  surnamed _Cunct\u00e2tor_, from his caution. He was five times consul,\n  and died in 203.\n\n#medic\u00e2mentum, \u00ee# [#medic\u00f4#, _to heal_], n., _drug, potion_; _antidote,\ncure_.\n\n#medicus, \u00ee# [#medeor#, _to heal_], m., _a physician, surgeon, doctor_.\n\n#meditor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to reflect upon, consider_; _plan, devise_.\n\n#medius#, adj., _in the middle, middle, midst of_. As noun, #medium, \u00ee#,\nn., _the middle, midst, intervening space_; #in medi\u00f4#, _in the midst\nof, between_; #in medium pr\u00f4ferre#, _to bring out, produce_.\n\n#melior, ius#, gen. #\u00f4ris#, adj., see #bonus#.\n\n#melius#, adv., see #bene#.\n\n#Memmius, \u00ee#, m., gentile name of _C. Memmius Gemellus_, an opponent of\nJulius Caesar.\n\n#memor\u00e2bilis, e# [#memor\u00f4#], adj., _worth telling, remarkable_.\n\n#memoria, ae# [#memor#, _mindful_], f., _memory_; _record, account_.\n\n#memor\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#memor#, _mindful_], _to bring to mind,\nrelate_; _say, tell_.\n\n#m\u00eans, mentis#, f., _the mind, intellectual faculties_; _thought,\npurpose_.\n\n#m\u00eansa, ae#, f., _table_; _course_ (at dinner).\n\n#m\u00eansis, is#, m., _a month_.\n\n#menti\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, f., _mention_.\n\n#mercor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#merx#], _to buy, purchase_.\n\n#mere\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to earn, deserve, merit_.\n\n#merg\u00f4, ere, mers\u00ee, mersus#, _to dip, plunge in_; _sink_.\n\n#merit\u00f4# [#meritum#, _desert_], adv., _deservedly, justly_.\n\n#merx, mercis#, f., _goods, wares, merchandise_.\n\n#Metellus, \u00ee#, m., a Roman cognomen.\n\n  1. _L.\u00a0Caecilius Metellus_, one of the young nobles who, after the\n  battle of Cannae, proposed to leave Italy.\n\n  2. _Q. Caecilius Metellus_, called _Numidicus_, because of the\n  success with which he carried on the Jugurthine War, till superseded\n  by Marius.\n\n  3. _Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius_, consul B.C. 80. He fought against\n  Sertorius.\n\n#m\u00eator, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to measure off, mark out_.\n\n#Mettius, \u00ee#, m., see #F\u00fbfetius#.\n\n#metus, \u00fbs#, m., _fear, dread, terror_.\n\n#meus#, adj., _my, mine_. As noun, #me\u00ee, me\u00f4rum#, pl. m., _my friends,\nmy followers_.\n\n#m\u00ee#, vocative sing. of #meus#.\n\n#mic\u00f4, \u00e2re, u\u00ee, --#, _to quiver, flash, gleam_.\n\n#migr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to remove, migrate_.\n\n  #con--commigr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to change one's home, move,\n  migrate_.\n\n  #re--remigr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to journey_ (back), _return_.\n\n#m\u00eeles, itis#, m., _a soldier, fellow-soldier_; as collective noun,\n_soldiery_.\n\n#M\u00eel\u00eatus, \u00ee#, f., a city in Asia Minor, near Ephesus.\n\n#m\u00eelit\u00e2ris, e# [#m\u00eeles#], adj., _soldierly, military_; #r\u00eas m\u00eelit\u00e2ris#,\n_the art of war, military tactics_.\n\n#m\u00eelitia, ae# [#m\u00eeles#], f., _military service, war_; #m\u00eelitiae#, loc.,\n_in the field, abroad_, opposed to #dom\u00ee#, _at home_.\n\n#m\u00eelit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to be a soldier, serve in war, fight_.\n\n#m\u00eelle#, indecl. adj., _a thousand_; as noun, #m\u00eelia#, pl. n.,\n_thousands_.\n\n#m\u00eelli\u00eas# [#m\u00eelle#], adv., _a thousand times_.\n\n#m\u00eemus, \u00ee#, m., _farce, comedy_.\n\n#minim\u00ea# [#minimus#], adv., see #parum#.\n\n#minister, tr\u00ee#, m., _attendant, servant_.\n\n#minitor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [freq. of #minor#], _to threaten_.\n\n#minor, us#, gen. #\u00f4ris#, see #parvus#.\n\n#minor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to threaten_.\n\n#Minucius, \u00ee#, m., _M. Minucius R\u00fbfus, magister equitum_ under Q.\u00a0Fabius\nMaximus.\n\n#Minturnae, \u00e2rum#, pl. f., a town between Campania and Latium.\n\n#minu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, \u00fbtus# [#minus#], _to diminish, lessen_; _weaken_.\n\n#minus#, adv., see #parum#.\n\n#m\u00eer\u00e2bilis, e# [#m\u00eeror#], adj., _wonderful, strange, amazing_.\n\n#m\u00eer\u00e2culum, \u00ee# [#m\u00eeror#], n., _a wonder, marvel, miracle_.\n\n#m\u00eerificus# [#m\u00eerus# + #faci\u00f4#], adj., _wonderful_.\n\n#m\u00eeror, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to wonder, marvel at_.\n\n#m\u00eerus#, adj., _wonderful, marvelous_.\n\n#miser, era, erum#, adj., _wretched, unfortunate_.\n\n#misericordia, ae# [#misericors#], f., _pity, compassion, mercy_.\n\n#misericors, cordis# [#misere\u00f4#, _to pity_ + #cor#, _heart_], adj.,\n_tender-hearted, merciful_.\n\n#missi\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#mitt\u00f4#], f., _release from service, discharge_.\n\n#Mithrid\u00e2t\u00eas#, is, m., surnamed _the Great_, king of Pontus, B.C.\n120-63.\n\n#Mithrid\u00e2ticus#, adj., _Mithridatic_.\n\n#m\u00eetig\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#m\u00eetis# + #ag\u00f4#], _to make gentle, soften,\ncivilize_.\n\n#m\u00eetis, e#, adj., _mild, gentle, kind_.\n\n#mitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _send, despatch, dismiss_; _throw, hurl,\nshoot_.\n\n  #ab--\u00e2mitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to send away, let go, lose_.\n\n  #ad--admitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to admit, receive_.\n\n  #con--committ\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to send_ or _bring together,\n  join_; _entrust, commit, bring_ (it) _about, cause, allow_; #p\u00fbgnam#\n  or #proelium committere#, _to begin battle_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eamitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to send_ or _let down, cast down,\n  let fall_; _put_.\n\n  #dis--d\u00eemitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to send_ (away), _dismiss_;\n  _give up, abandon_.\n\n  #ex--\u00eamitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to send forth_ or _out_; _hurl,\n  cast_; _utter_; _let loose_.\n\n  #in--immitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to send in, admit_; _send, hurl_.\n\n  #ob--omitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to lay aside_; _neglect, omit_;\n  _pass over, say nothing of_; _lose sight of, let slip_.\n\n  #per--permitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to let pass_; _permit, allow_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4mitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to put forward_; _promise_.\n\n  #re--remitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to send back_; _yield, give up_;\n  _remit, grant exemption from_.\n\n  #re + pr\u00f4--repr\u00f4mitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to promise in return_.\n\n  #sub--submitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to send_ or _let down_; _let\n  grow_.\n\n  #tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2nsmitt\u00f4, ere, m\u00ees\u00ee, missus#, _to send_ or _put across_,\n  _make to cross_; _despatch_; intrans., _to go across, cross_.\n\n#Mityl\u00eanae, \u00e2rum#, pl. f., capital of Lesbos, an island in the Aegean\nSea.\n\n#moder\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#moderor#, _to set bounds to_], f., _self-control,\nmoderation_.\n\n#moder\u00e2tus# [#moderor#, _to check_], adj., _within bounds, moderate,\nmerciful_.\n\n#modicus# [#modus#], adj., _moderate, modest_.\n\n#modius, \u00ee# [#modus#], m., _a measure_; _a peck_.\n\n#modo# [#modus#], adv., _only_; _just now, lately_; #modo .\u00a0.\u00a0. modo#,\n_at one time .\u00a0.\u00a0. at another, now .\u00a0.\u00a0. now_; #n\u00f4n; modo .\u00a0.\u00a0. sed\netiam#, _not only .\u00a0.\u00a0. but also_.\n\n#modus, \u00ee#, m., _measure, limit, end_; _way, manner_; _measure, strains_\n(of\u00a0music).\n\n#moenia, ium#, pl. n., _defensive walls, city walls, fortifications_.\n\n#m\u00f4l\u00eas, is#, f., _mass, weight, bulk_; _massive structure_.\n\n#molest\u00ea# [#molestus#], adv., _with difficulty_ or _vexation_; #aegr\u00ea#\nor #molest\u00ea ferre#, _to take amiss, be vexed_\u00a0(at).\n\n#molestia, ae# [#molestus#], f., _trouble, annoyance, burden_.\n\n#molestus# [#m\u00f4l\u00eas#], adj., _troublesome, annoying, vexatious_.\n\n#m\u00f4lior, \u00eer\u00ee, \u00eetus sum# [#m\u00f4l\u00eas#], _to struggle, toil_; _undertake,\nattempt_.\n\n#mollis, e#, adj., _soft, tender_; _effeminate, unmanly_.\n\n#molliter# [#mollis#], adv., _effeminately, luxuriously_.\n\n#Mol\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, m., see #Apoll\u00f4nius#.\n\n#m\u00f4mentum, \u00ee# [#move\u00f4#], n., _movement_; _cause, circumstance_;\n(sc.\u00a0#temporis#), _moment, instant_.\n\n#mone\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to remind, admonish_; _advise, warn_.\n\n  #ad--admone\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to remind, admonish, warn_.\n\n#monitus, \u00fbs# [#mone\u00f4#], m., _warning, counsel_.\n\n#m\u00f4ns, montis#, m., _a mountain, height, hill_.\n\n#m\u00f4nstrum, \u00ee# [#mone\u00f4#], n., _a warning, omen_; _strange being,\nmonster_.\n\n#mora, ae#, f., _delay, policy of delay_.\n\n#morbus, \u00ee#, m., _sickness, disease_.\n\n#morior, mor\u00ee, mortuus sum#, _to die_.\n\n#moror, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to delay, linger, tarry_; with acc., _to\nhinder, impede_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eamoror, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to linger, tarry, remain_.\n\n#mors, mortis#, f., _death_.\n\n#morsus, \u00fbs# [#morde\u00f4#, _to bite_], m., _bite_; _pain, sting, agony_.\n\n#mort\u00e2lis, e# [#mors#], adj., _mortal, human_; as noun, _mort\u00e2lis, is_,\nm., _a man, mortal_.\n\n#mortuus# [part. of #morior#], adj., _dead_.\n\n#m\u00f4s, m\u00f4ris#, m., _a habit, custom_; _manner, fashion_; pl., _customs,\ncharacter_.\n\n#m\u00f4tus, \u00fbs# [#move\u00f4#], m., _movement, agitation, tumult, insurrection_.\n\n#move\u00f4, \u00eare, m\u00f4v\u00ee, m\u00f4tus#, _to stir, move, remove_; _affect, arouse_.\n\n  #ab--\u00e2move\u00f4, \u00eare, m\u00f4v\u00ee, m\u00f4tus#, _to take away, remove_.\n\n  #ad--admove\u00f4, \u00eare, m\u00f4v\u00ee, m\u00f4tus#, _to move towards_; _bring near_;\n  _offer_.\n\n  #con--commove\u00f4, \u00eare, m\u00f4v\u00ee, m\u00f4tus#, _to move thoroughly_; _agitate,\n  excite_.\n\n  #per--permove\u00f4, \u00eare, m\u00f4v\u00ee, m\u00f4tus#, _to move deeply, excite,\n  influence_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4move\u00f4, \u00eare, m\u00f4v\u00ee, m\u00f4tus#, _to move forward, promote,\n  advance_.\n\n  #sub--submove\u00f4, \u00eare, m\u00f4v\u00ee, m\u00f4tus#, _to thrust aside, remove,\n  dislodge_.\n\n#mox#, adv., _soon, presently_; _thereupon, next_.\n\n#m\u00fbcr\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, m., _sword-point, sword_.\n\n#muliebriter# [#muliebris#, _womanish_], adv., _like a woman, in\nwomanish fashion_.\n\n#mulier, ieris#, f., _a woman, wife_.\n\n#muliercula, ae# [dim. of #mulier#], f., a (little, i.e.) _young woman,\ngirl_.\n\n#m\u00fbli\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#m\u00fblus#, _a mule_], m., _a mule-driver_.\n\n#multa, ae#, f., _a fine, penalty_.\n\n#multiplex, icis# [#multus# + #plic\u00f4#, _to fold_], adj., _manifold,\nmany_.\n\n#multit\u00fbd\u00f4, inis# [#multus#], f., _a multitude, throng_.\n\n#mult\u00f4# [#multus#], adv., _by far, much_.\n\n#mult\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#multa#], _to fine, punish_.\n\n#multum# [#multus#], adv., _much_; _greatly, severely_.\n\n#multus#, comp. #pl\u00fbs#, sup. #pl\u00fbrimus#, adj., _much, many a_; in pl.,\n_many_; #pl\u00fbr\u00eas#, _several_; often used as noun in all three degrees.\n\n#munditia, ae# [#mundus#, _neat_], f., _neatness, elegance, niceness_.\n\n#m\u00fbni\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), \u00eetus#, _to fortify, protect_; _open up, build_\n(a\u00a0road).\n\n  #con--comm\u00fbni\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), \u00eetus#, _to fortify strongly,\n  intrench_.\n\n#m\u00fbnus, eris#, n., _service_; _present, gift_.\n\n#muraena, ae#, f., _an eel_.\n\n#m\u00fbrus, \u00ee#, m., _city wall, wall_.\n\n#M\u00fbsae, \u00e2rum#, pl. f., _the Muses_, the goddesses of the liberal arts,\nesp. music and poetry.\n\n#Mutina, ae#, f., _Mutina_ (now Modena), a city in Cisalpine Gaul, south\nof the\u00a0Po.\n\n#Mutin\u00eansis, e#, adj., _of_ or _at Mutina_.\n\n#m\u00fbt\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to change, alter_.\n\n  #con--comm\u00fbt\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to alter, change_; _exchange_.\n\n  #per--perm\u00fbt\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to change throughout, exchange,\n  interchange_.\n\n#m\u00fbtuus# [#m\u00fbt\u00f4#], adj., _mutual_.\n\n\n#N#\n\n#nam#, conj. (1) causal, _for, because, inasmuch as_; (2)\u00a0explanatory,\n_you know, indeed_.\n\n#nanc\u00eescor, \u00ee, nactus sum#, _to get_ (by accident), _happen upon, find,\nmeet with_.\n\n#n\u00e2rr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to narrate, tell_.\n\n#n\u00e2scor, \u00ee, n\u00e2tus sum#, _to be born_; _spring from, arise_.\n\n#N\u00e2s\u00eeca, ae#, m., cognomen of _P. Corn\u00ealius Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 N\u00e2s\u00eeca Ser\u00e2pi\u00f4_,\nopponent of Tiberius Gracchus.\n\n#n\u00e2sus, \u00ee#, m., _the nose_.\n\n#n\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#n\u00e2scor#], f., _birth, race_; _tribe, nation, people_.\n\n#n\u00e2t\u00fbra, ae# [#n\u00e2scor#], f., _nature, character, disposition_;\npersonified, _Nature_.\n\n#n\u00e2tus# [orig. part. of #n\u00e2scor#], adj., lit. _born_; with #ann\u00f4s#,\n_old_.\n\n(#n\u00e2tus, \u00fbs#) [#n\u00e2scor#], m., _birth, age_ (found only in abl. sing.).\n\n#naufragium, \u00ee# [#n\u00e2vis# + #frang\u00f4#], n., _shipwreck_.\n\n#n\u00e2v\u00e2lis, e# [#n\u00e2vis#], adj., _naval_.\n\n#n\u00e2vicula, ae# [dim. of #n\u00e2vis#], f., _a small vessel, boat, skiff_.\n\n#n\u00e2vig\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#n\u00e2vig\u00f4#, _to sail_], f., _voyage_.\n\n#n\u00e2vigium, \u00ee# [#n\u00e2vig\u00f4#, _to sail_], n., _ship, boat_.\n\n#n\u00e2vis, is#, f., _a ship_.\n\n#N\u00e2vius, \u00ee#, m., see #Attus#.\n\n#n\u00e2v\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#(g)n\u00e2vus#, _busy_], _to do with zeal_; #operam\nn\u00e2v\u00e2re#, _to render vigorous aid, act with vigor_.\n\n#n\u00ea#, (1) adv., _not_; #n\u00ea . . . quidem#, _not even, not at all_;\n(2)\u00a0conj., _in order that not, not to, for fear that, lest_.\n\n#ne#, enclitic interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions, and\nthen translatable only by the inflection of the voice; (2)\u00a0as conj. with\nindirect questions, _whether_.\n\n#nebul\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#nebula#, _mist_], m., _a worthless fellow,\ngood-for-naught, scamp_.\n\n#nec#, see #neque#.\n\n#necess\u00e2rius# [#necesse#, _necessary_], adj., _necessary,\nindispensable_.\n\n#necessit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#necesse#, _necessary_], f., _necessity_.\n\n#nec\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#nex#], _to kill, slay_.\n\n#nef\u00e2rius# [#nef\u00e2s#, _a crime_], adj., _wicked, impious, nefarious_.\n\n#nef\u00e2stus# [#nef\u00e2s#, _a crime_], adj., _unhallowed_; #di\u00eas nef\u00e2stus#,\na\u00a0day on which no public business could be transacted.\n\n#negleg\u00eans, entis# [orig. part. of #negleg\u00f4#], adj., _heedless,\ncareless_.\n\n#negleg\u00f4, ere, l\u00eax\u00ee, l\u00eactus# [#nec# + #leg\u00f4#], _to disregard, despise,\nneglect_.\n\n#neg\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to say no_; _deny, refuse_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eaneg\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to say no, deny_; _refuse, reject_.\n\n#n\u00eam\u00f4#, gen. #n\u00fbll\u00eeus#, dat. #n\u00eamin\u00ee#, acc. #n\u00eaminem#, abl. #n\u00fbll\u00f4#; pl.\nnot found [#n\u00ea# + #hom\u00f4#], m. and f., _no one, nobody_.\n\n#nemus, oris#, n., _a grove_.\n\n#nep\u00f4s, \u00f4tis#, m., _grandson, descendant_.\n\n#neptis, is#, f., _granddaughter_.\n\n#neque# or #nec# [#n\u00ea# + #que#], adv. and conj., _and not, but not, nor,\nnor yet_; #neque# or #nec .\u00a0.\u00a0. neque# or #nec#, _neither .\u00a0.\u00a0. nor_.\n\n#neque\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee, --# [#n\u00ea# + #que\u00f4#, _to be able_], _to be unable_.\n\n#n\u00ea . . . quidem#, see #n\u00ea#.\n\n#nesci\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), --# [#n\u00ea# + #sci\u00f4#], _not know, to be ignorant_.\n\n#neuter, tra, trum# [#n\u00ea# + #uter#], adj., _neither_.\n\n#nex, necis#, f., _death_; _murder, slaughter_.\n\n#n\u00ee#, conj., _if not, unless_.\n\n#niger, gra, grum#, adj., _black_.\n\n#nihil# or #n\u00eel# [#n\u00ea# + #h\u00eelum#, _a trifle_], n. indecl., _nothing_;\nacc. often as adv., _in no wise, not at all, not_.\n\n#nihilum, \u00ee# [older form of #nihil#], n., _nothing_; abl. #nihil\u00f4#, as\nadv., _not at all_; #nihil\u00f4 minus#, _none the less_.\n\n#nihildum# [#nihil# + (1) #dum#], n. indecl., _nothing as yet_.\n\n#N\u00eelus, \u00ee#, m., _the river Nile_.\n\n#n\u00eem\u00eerum#, adv., _without doubt, surely, truly, plainly_.\n\n#nimium# [#nimius#], adv., _excessively_.\n\n#nimius#, adj., _beyond measure, excessive, too much, too great_.\n\n#nisi# [#n\u00ea# + #s\u00ee#], conj., _if not, unless, except_.\n\n#nite\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to shine, glitter_; _be conspicuous, flourish_.\n\n  #ex--\u00eanite\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to shine forth_; _be distinguished_.\n\n#n\u00eetor, \u00ee, n\u00eesus# or #n\u00eexus sum#, _lean_ or _rest upon_; _to exert one's\nself, strive_.\n\n#ex--\u00ean\u00eetor, \u00ee, n\u00eesus# or #n\u00eexus sum#, _to strive, struggle_.\n\n#in--inn\u00eetor, \u00ee, n\u00eesus# or #n\u00eexus sum#, _to lean upon, support one's\nself\u00a0by_.\n\n#n\u00f4, n\u00e2re, n\u00e2v\u00ee, --#, _to swim_.\n\n#tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2n\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to swim across_.\n\n#n\u00f4bilis, e# [#n\u00f4sc\u00f4#], adj., _known, noted, famous_; _high-born,\nnoble_.\n\n#n\u00f4bilit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#n\u00f4bilis#], f., _fame, renown_; _high birth_; _the\nnobility, nobles_.\n\n#n\u00f4bilit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#n\u00f4bilis#], _to make known_ or _famous,\nglorify, dignify_.\n\n#noceo, \u00eare, u\u00ee, it\u00fbrus#, _to hurt, injure_.\n\n#noct\u00fb# [abl. of #*noctus# = #nox#], adv., _by night_.\n\n#noctua, ae# [#nox#], f., _night-owl, owl_.\n\n#nocturnus# [#nox#], adj., _of_ or _by night, nocturnal_.\n\n#N\u00f4la, ae#, f., a town of Campania.\n\n#n\u00f4l\u00f4, n\u00f4lle, n\u00f4lu\u00ee, --# [#n\u00f4n# + (1) #vol\u00f4#], _to be unwilling, not\nwish_.\n\n#n\u00f4men, inis# [#n\u00f4sc\u00f4#], n., _a name_, esp. the gentile name; #n\u00f4mina\ndare# or #profit\u00ear\u00ee#, _to volunteer_.\n\n#n\u00f4min\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#n\u00f4men#], _to name, designate_.\n\n#n\u00f4n# [#n\u00ea# + #oenum# = #\u00fbnum#], adv., _not, not at all_.\n\n#n\u00f4n\u00e2gint\u00e2#, indecl. num. adj., _ninety_.\n\n#n\u00f4ndum# [#n\u00f4n# + (1) #dum#], adv., _not yet_.\n\n#n\u00f4nn\u00fbllus# [#n\u00f4n# + #n\u00fbllus#], adj., _some, several_.\n\n#n\u00f4nnumquam# [#n\u00f4n# + #numquam#], adv., _sometimes, at times_.\n\n#n\u00f4sc\u00f4, ere, n\u00f4v\u00ee, n\u00f4tus#, _to come to know, become acquainted with_; in\nperf., plup.; and fut. perf., _to know_.\n\n  #ad--\u00e2gn\u00f4sc\u00f4, ere, gn\u00f4v\u00ee, gnitus#, _to recognize_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4gn\u00f4sc\u00f4, ere, cogn\u00f4v\u00ee, c\u00f4gnitus#, _to learn, perceive,\n  understand_.\n\n  #in--\u00eegn\u00f4sc\u00f4, ere, \u00eegn\u00f4v\u00ee, \u00eegn\u00f4tus#, _to overlook, pardon, forgive_.\n\n#nota, ae# [cf. #n\u00f4sc\u00f4#], f., _a mark, sign_.\n\n#n\u00f4tus# [orig. part. of #n\u00f4sc\u00f4#], adj., _well-known, familiar_.\n\n#nov\u00e2cula, ae#, f., _a razor_.\n\n#novem#, indecl. num. adj., _nine_.\n\n#novus#, adj., _new, fresh, young, recent_.\n\n#nox, noctis#, f., _night_.\n\n#n\u00fbb\u00eas, is#, f., _a cloud_.\n\n#n\u00fbb\u00f4, ere, n\u00fbps\u00ee, n\u00fbptum#, _to veil one's self, be married, wed_.\n\n#n\u00fbd\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#n\u00fbdus#], _to strip, bare_.\n\n#n\u00fbdus#, adj., _naked, lightly clad_.\n\n#n\u00fbllus#, gen. #n\u00fbll\u00eeus#, dat. #n\u00fbll\u00ee# [#n\u00ea# + #\u00fbllus#], adj., _none,\nno_; as noun, _no one_.\n\n#num#, interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions expecting a\nnegative answer, _not so .\u00a0.\u00a0. is it?_ (2)\u00a0in indir. questions,\n_whether,\u00a0if_.\n\n#Numa, ae#, m., see #Pompilius#.\n\n#numer\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#numerus#], _to count out_ (money), _pay_.\n\n#numerus, \u00ee#, m., _number, quantity_.\n\n#Numida, ae#, m., _a Numidian_.\n\n#Numidia, ae#, f., a country of Northern Africa, west of Carthage; now\nAlgiers.\n\n#Numidicus#, adj., _Numidian_.\n\n#Numitor, \u00f4ris#, m., king of Alba Longa, grandfather of Romulus.\n\n#nummus, \u00ee#, m., _a piece of money, coin_, esp. the #s\u00eastertius#. See\n#s\u00eastertius#.\n\n#numquam# [#n\u00ea# + #umquam#, _ever_], adv., _never_.\n\n#nunc#, adv., _at the present moment, now_.\n\n#n\u00fbnti\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#n\u00fbntius#], _to announce, inform, report_;\n_bid, urge, direct_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00ean\u00fbnti\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to announce, declare, proclaim_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4n\u00fbnti\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to announce, declare_.\n\n  #re--ren\u00fbnti\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to send_ or _bring back word,\n  report, announce_; with dat., _to refuse, decline_.\n\n#n\u00fbntius, \u00ee#, m., _a messenger_; _message tidings_.\n\n#*nu\u00f4, nuere#, _to nod_.\n\n  #ab--abnu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, --#, _to refuse_.\n\n  #ad--adnu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, --#, _to nod assent to, agree to_; _agree,\n  promise_.\n\n  #in--innu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, --#, _to signal by a nod, hint, intimate_.\n\n  #re--renu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, --#, _to nod refusal, refuse_.\n\n#n\u00fbper#, adv., _lately, recently_.\n\n#nurus, \u00fbs#, f., _a daughter-in-law_.\n\n#n\u00fbsquam# [#n\u00ea# + #\u00fbsquam#], adv., _nowhere, in no place_.\n\n#n\u00fbt\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum# [freq. of #*nu\u00f4#], _to nod_; of an army, _to\nwaver, be ready to give way_.\n\n#n\u00fbtr\u00eex, \u00eecis# [#n\u00fbtri\u00f4#, _to nourish_], f., _a nurse_.\n\n\n#O#\n\n#ob#, prep. with acc., _to, towards_; _for, on account of, by reason\nof_; in composition, _towards, against, at, before_.\n\n#obe\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n#obici\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#obi\u00fbrg\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to berate, scold_.\n\n#oblin\u00f4, ere, l\u00eav\u00ee, litus# [#ob# + #lin\u00f4#, _to smear_], _to daub, smear,\ndefile_.\n\n#oblitus#, see #oblin\u00f4#.\n\n#obl\u00eetus#, see #obl\u00eev\u00eescor#.\n\n#obl\u00eevi\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [cf. #obl\u00eev\u00eescor#], f., _forgetfulness_.\n\n#obl\u00eev\u00eescor, \u00ee, obl\u00eetus sum#, _to forget_.\n\n#obnoxius# [#ob# + #noxa#, _harm_], adj., _liable to punishment_;\n_liable, exposed_.\n\n#obru\u00f4#, see #ru\u00f4#.\n\n#obsequor#, see #sequor#.\n\n#obses, idis#, m., _a hostage, surety_.\n\n#obside\u00f4#, see #sede\u00f4#.\n\n#obsidi\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#obside\u00f4#], f., _a siege_.\n\n#obsist\u00f4#, see #sist\u00f4#.\n\n#obstrep\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, --# [#ob# + #strep\u00f4#, _to make a noise_], _to rail\nat, roar\u00a0at_.\n\n#obstup\u00easc\u00f4, ere, stupu\u00ee, --#, _to become amazed, be struck dumb_.\n\n#obtine\u00f4#, see #tene\u00f4#.\n\n#obting\u00f4#, see #tang\u00f4#.\n\n#obtr\u00eact\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#obtr\u00eact\u00f4#, _to under-rate_], m., _detractor,\ntraducer_.\n\n#obtrunc\u00f4, \u00e2re, --, \u00e2tus# [#ob# + #trunc\u00f4#, _to maim_; cf. #truncus#],\n_to lop off_; _kill, slay_.\n\n#obveni\u00f4#, see #veni\u00f4#.\n\n#obviam# [#ob# + #via#], adv., _across one's path, in the way, towards_;\n#obviam \u00eere, pr\u00f4gred\u00ee# or #ven\u00eere#, _to go to meet_; #obviam esse# or\n#fier\u00ee#, _to meet_.\n\n#obvius# [#ob# + #via#], adj., _in the way, meeting_; with #esse,\nfier\u00ee#, or #ven\u00eere#, _to meet_.\n\n#obvolv\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, vol\u00fbtus# [#ob# + #volv\u00f4#, _to roll_], _to wrap round,\nenvelop, cover_.\n\n#occ\u00e2si\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#occid\u00f4#], f., _fitting time, opportunity, chance_.\n\n#occ\u00e2sus, \u00fbs# [#occid\u00f4#], m., _downfall_.\n\n#occid\u00f4#, see #cad\u00f4#.\n\n#occ\u00eed\u00f4#, see #caed\u00f4#.\n\n#occumb\u00f4#, see #*cumb\u00f4#.\n\n#occup\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#ob# + #capi\u00f4#], _to take possession of,\nseize_; _attack_.\n\n#occurr\u00f4#, see #curr\u00f4#.\n\n#Oct\u00e2via, ae#, f., _sister of Octavianus_.\n\n#Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2nus, \u00ee#, m., see #Augustus# and #Caesar#.\n\n#oct\u00f4#, indecl. num. adj., _eight_.\n\n#oct\u00f4gint\u00e2#, indecl. num. adj., _eighty_.\n\n#oculus, \u00ee#, m., _the eye_.\n\n#odium, \u00ee#, n., _hatred, grudge, aversion_.\n\n#odor, \u00f4ris#, m., _smell, perfume_.\n\n#offend\u00f4#, see #*fend\u00f4#.\n\n#off\u00eansus# [orig. part. of #offend\u00f4#], adj., _vexed, displeased,\noffended_.\n\n#offer\u00f4#, see #fer\u00f4#.\n\n#offici\u00f4sus# [#officium#], adj., _courteous, obliging_.\n\n#officium, \u00ee# [#opus# + #faci\u00f4#], n., _service, kindness, favor_; _duty,\noffice_.\n\n#\u00f4lim# [#ole#, old form of #ille#], adv., _formerly_.\n\n#omitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#omn\u00een\u00f4# [#omnis#], adv., _in all, altogether_.\n\n#omnis, e#, adj., _each, every, all, the whole_; #omn\u00eas ad \u00fbnum#, _all\nto a man_.\n\n#opera, ae# [#opus#], f., _work, labor, pains, aid_; #operam dare#, _to\ndevote pains to_; #operam n\u00e2v\u00e2re#, see #n\u00e2v\u00f4#.\n\n#opifex, ficis# [#opus# + #faci\u00f4#], m., _workman, artisan_.\n\n#Op\u00eemius, \u00ee#, m., _L\u00fbcius_, consul 121 B.C., and opponent of\nC.\u00a0Gracchus.\n\n#op\u00eeni\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#op\u00eenor#, _to think_], f., _opinion, fancy, belief_.\n\n#oportet, \u00eare, uit#, impers., _it is necessary_ or _proper, it befits_.\n\n#oppidum, \u00ee#, n., _a walled town, city_.\n\n#opple\u00f4#, see #*ple\u00f4#.\n\n#opp\u00f4n\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4n\u00f4#.\n\n#opport\u00fbnus#, adj., _fit, suitable, convenient_.\n\n#opprim\u00f4#, see #prem\u00f4#.\n\n#opp\u00fbgn\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#opp\u00fbgn\u00f4#], f., _assault, attack, siege, storming_.\n\n#opp\u00fbgn\u00f4#, see #p\u00fbgn\u00f4#.\n\n#(ops), op\u00ees#, f., _aid, help_; in pl., _power, influence_; _means,\nwealth_.\n\n#optim\u00e2t\u00eas, um# or #ium# [#optimus#], pl. m., _the aristocrats, the\nnobles_.\n\n#optimus#, see #bonus#.\n\n#opti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#opt\u00f4#], f., _choice, option_.\n\n#opt\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to choose, select_; _wish_ or _pray for,\ndesire_.\n\n  #ad--adopt\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to take to one's self by choice,\n  adopt_.\n\n#opulentus# [#ops#], adj., _rich, wealthy_.\n\n#opus, eris#, n., _work, labor_; _need, necessity_; #opus est# with\nabl., _there is need of_; #m\u00e2gn\u00f4 opere#, _greatly_; #tant\u00f4 opere#, _so\ngreatly_.\n\n#\u00f4r\u00e2culum, \u00ee# [#\u00f4r\u00f4#], n., _an oracle_; _a prophecy_.\n\n#\u00f4r\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#\u00f4r\u00f4#], f., _a speech, oration, discourse_.\n\n#\u00f4r\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#\u00f4r\u00f4#], m., _speaker, pleader, ambassador_.\n\n#orbis, is#, m., _ring, circle, orbit_; #orbis terr\u00e2rum# (or\u00a0#orbis#\nalone), _the world_.\n\n#orbus#, adj., _bereft_ (of parents or children), _parentless,\nchildless_. As noun, #orbus, \u00ee#, m., _an orphan_.\n\n#\u00f4rdin\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#\u00f4rd\u00f4#], _to set in order, arrange, adjust,\nregulate_.\n\n#\u00f4rdior, \u00eer\u00ee, \u00f4rsus sum#, _to begin_.\n\n#\u00f4rd\u00f4, inis#, f., _row, series, arrangement, order_; _bank_ or _tier of\noars_; _class, rank_.\n\n#ori\u00eans, entis# [part. of #orior#], m. (sc. #s\u00f4l#), _the rising sun_;\n_the East, Orient_.\n\n#orior, \u00eer\u00ee, tus sum#, _to arise, begin_; _to spring from, be descended\nfrom_.\n\n  #con--coorior, \u00eer\u00ee, tus sum#, _to arise_.\n\n  #ex--exorior, \u00eer\u00ee, tus sum#, _to arise, rise, begin_.\n\n#oriundus# [#orior#], adj., _descended, sprung from_.\n\n#\u00f4rn\u00e2mentum, \u00ee# [#\u00f4rn\u00f4#], n., _preparation_; _decoration, ornament,\njewel_.\n\n#\u00f4rn\u00e2tus# [#\u00f4rn\u00f4#], adj., _fitted out, equipped_; of men,\n_distinguished, illustrious_.\n\n#\u00f4rn\u00e2tus, \u00fbs# [#\u00f4rn\u00f4#], m., _dress, fine attire_; _decoration,\nornament_.\n\n#\u00f4rn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to fit out, equip_; _adorn, decorate,\nbeautify_.\n\n  #ad--ad\u00f4rn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to equip, provide_; _adorn,\n  beautify_.\n\n  #sub--sub\u00f4rn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to incite secretly, bribe_.\n\n#\u00f4r\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to speak, plead, treat_; _entreat, beseech,\npray_.\n\n  #ad--ad\u00f4r\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to supplicate_; _worship, reverence_.\n\n  #per--per\u00f4r\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to speak, plead_.\n\n#\u00f4s, \u00f4ris#, n., _mouth, face_.\n\n#\u00f4sculor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#\u00f4sculum#, _a kiss_], _to kiss_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--de\u00f4sculor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to kiss_.\n\n#ostend\u00f4#, see #tend\u00f4#.\n\n#ostent\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #ostend\u00f4#], _to show, exhibit_.\n\n#\u00d4stia, ae# [#\u00f4s#], f., _Ostia_, a town at the Tiber's mouth, the\nsea-port of Rome.\n\n#\u00f4ti\u00f4s\u00ea# [#\u00f4ti\u00f4sus#], adv., _leisurely, idly_.\n\n#\u00f4ti\u00f4sus# [#\u00f4tium#], adj., _at leisure, idle_; _in retirement_ (_i.e._,\nnot in office).\n\n#\u00f4tium, \u00ee#, n., _leisure, ease, idleness_.\n\n#ov\u00f4, \u00e2re, --, --#, _to exult, rejoice_.\n\n\n#P#\n\n#P.#, abbreviation of the name _P\u00fbblius_.\n\n#p\u00e2c\u00e2tus# [#p\u00e2c\u00f4#, _to subdue_], adj., _pacified, subdued, at peace_.\n\n#pac\u00eescor, \u00ee, pactus sum#, _to agree together, bargain, stipulate_.\n\n#paene#, adv., _almost, nearly_.\n\n#paenitet, \u00eare, uit, --#, impers., _it grieves, it repents_.\n\n#palam#, adv., _openly, publicly_.\n\n#Pal\u00e2tium, \u00ee#, n., _the Palatine Hill_. Since Augustus had his palace\nthere, #pal\u00e2tium# came to mean _palace_.\n\n#p\u00e2lor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to roam abroad, scatter, straggle_.\n\n#palpebrae, \u00e2rum#, pl. f., _the eyelids_.\n\n#pal\u00fbd\u00e2mentum, \u00ee#, n., _a military cloak, cloak_.\n\n#p\u00e2lus, \u00ee#, m., _a stake, post_.\n\n#pal\u00fbs, \u00fbdis#, f., _swamp, marsh, pool_.\n\n#pand\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, passus#, _to spread out, unfold_.\n\n#pap\u00e2ver, eris#, n., _poppy_.\n\n#p\u00e2r, paris#, adj., _equal, like, similar_; _well-matched_. As noun, _an\nequal, mate_.\n\n#par\u00e2bilis, e# [#par\u00f4#], adj., _easily obtainable, readily procured_.\n\n#parc\u00f4, ere, peperc\u00ee#, and #pars\u00ee, --#, _to spare_.\n\n#parcus# [#parc\u00f4#], adj., _sparing, frugal, temperate_.\n\n#par\u00eans, entis# [part. of #pari\u00f4#], m. and f., _a parent, a\u00a0father_ or\n_mother_.\n\n#p\u00e2re\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to appear_ (esp. in answer to a command), _obey_.\n\n  #ad--app\u00e2re\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to become visible, appear_; _be plain_\n  or _evident_.\n\n#pari\u00f4, ere, peper\u00ee, partus#, _to give birth to, bring forth, produce_;\n_acquire, obtain, procure_.\n\n#ab--aperi\u00f4, \u00eere, u\u00ee, tus#, _to uncover, bare_; _open, disclose_.\n\n  #ad# + #op--adoperi\u00f4, \u00eere, u\u00ee, tus#, _to cover, veil_.\n\n  #con--comperi\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00ee, tus#, _to find out, learn_.\n\n  #re--reperi\u00f4, \u00eere, repper\u00ee, repertus#, _to find_ (again), _meet\n  with, discover_.\n\n#pariter# [#p\u00e2r#], adv., _equally, alike_; _likewise_.\n\n#par\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to make ready, prepare_; _resolve, plan_; _get,\nacquire_.\n\n  #con--compar\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to prepare, make ready_; _obtain,\n  procure_.\n\n#parric\u00eedium, \u00ee# [#pater# + #caed\u00f4#], n., _murder of a father,\nparricide_.\n\n#pars, partis#, f., _a part, portion_; _direction_; _a side, faction,\npolitical party_ (both sing. and\u00a0pl.); _a character, role_ (esp.\nin\u00a0pl.).\n\n#Parth\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _the Parthians_, a people in Asia, southeast of\nthe Caspian Sea. In the second century B.C. they overran the country to\nthe east of the Euphrates. They were brave warriors and skillful\narchers, and successfully resisted the Roman power.\n\n#partim# [#pars#], adv., _partly_.\n\n#partior, \u00eer\u00ee, \u00eetus sum# [#pars#], _to distribute, divide_.\n\n#partus, \u00fbs# [#pari\u00f4#], m., _a bringing forth, delivery, birth_.\n\n#parum#, adv., _too little, not enough_; comp. #minus#, _less, by no\nmeans, not_; sup. #minim\u00ea#, _least of all, by no means, not at all_. As\nnoun, #parum#, indecl. n., _too little, not enough_.\n\n#parvulus# [dim. of #parvus#], adj., _very small, tiny_. As noun,\n#parvulus, \u00ee#, m., _a small child, infant_.\n\n#parvus#, adj., _little, small_; comp. #minor#, _smaller, less_;\n_younger_ (sc.\u00a0#n\u00e2t\u00fb#); sup. #minimus#, _smallest, least_.\n\n#p\u00e2sc\u00f4, ere, p\u00e2v\u00ee, p\u00e2stus#, _to feed_; of animals, _to graze, browse_\n(esp. in pass. and supine).\n\n#passim# [#passus#, part. of #pand\u00f4#], adv., _in every direction,\neverywhere_.\n\n#p\u00e2stor, \u00f4ris# [#p\u00e2sc\u00f4#], m., _herdsman, shepherd_.\n\n#patefaci\u00f4# [#pate\u00f4# + #faci\u00f4#], _to lay open, disclose, bring to\nlight_.\n\n#pate\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to be open_.\n\n#pater, patris#, m., _father_; pl., #patr\u00eas# or #patr\u00eas c\u00f4nscr\u00eept\u00ee#,\n_the senators_. See #c\u00f4nscr\u00eeptus#.\n\n#paternus# [#pater#], adj., _of a father, fatherly, father's_.\n\n#pati\u00eans, entis# [#patior#], adj., _able to endure, long suffering,\npatient_.\n\n#patior, \u00ee, passus sum#, _to suffer, bear, endure_; _experience_;\n_allow, permit_.\n\n#patria, ae# [#pater#], f., _fatherland, native land_.\n\n#patricius# [#pater#], adj., _of fatherly dignity, patrician, noble_. As\nnoun, #patrici\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _the nobles, patricians_, the\ndescendants of the orig. settlers of Rome.\n\n#patrim\u00f4nium, \u00ee# [#pater#], n., _inheritance, patrimony, property_.\n\n#patrius# [#pater#], adj., _of a father, father's_.\n\n#patr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to carry out, perform, execute_.\n\n#patr\u00f4nus, \u00ee# [#pater#], m., _defender, patron_; _pleader, advocate,\nlawyer_.\n\n#paucus#, adj., _few, little_ (chiefly in pl.).\n\n#paul\u00e2tim# [#paulum#], adv., _little by little, by degrees, gradually_.\n\n#paul\u00f4# and #paulum# [#paulus#, _little_], adv., _by a little,\nsomewhat_.\n\n#Paulus, \u00ee#, m., _L. Aemilius_, a famous general, consul in 219 and 216\nB.C.\u00a0In the latter year he fell at Cannae, and was hence regarded as a\nnational hero.\n\n#pauper, eris#, adj., _poor_; _scanty, small_.\n\n#pauperculus# [dim. of #pauper#], adj., _quite poor_.\n\n#pavidus# [#pave\u00f4#, _to be afraid_], adj., _trembling, fearful,\nfrightened_.\n\n#pavor, \u00f4ris# [#pave\u00f4#, _to be afraid_], m., _terror, fear, dread_.\n\n#p\u00e2x, p\u00e2cis#, f., _peace_; _treaty_.\n\n#pecc\u00e2tum, \u00ee# [#pecc\u00f4#], n., _an error, fault, sin_.\n\n#pecc\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to do wrong, act amiss, err, sin_.\n\n#pectus, oris#, n., _breast, bosom, heart_.\n\n#pec\u00fbnia, ae# [#pecus#], f., _money, property_.\n\n#pecus, oris#, n., _cattle, flock, herd_.\n\n#pedes, itis# [#p\u00eas#], m., _a foot-soldier_; collectively,\n_foot-soldiers, infantry_.\n\n#pell\u00f4, ere, pepul\u00ee, pulsus#, _to drive out_ or _away, expel_; _defeat,\nrout_.\n\n  #ad--#(1)\u00a0#appell\u00f4, ere, pul\u00ee, pulsus#, _to drive towards, steer\n  for, direct_.\n\n  #ad--#(2) #appell\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to call_ (by\u00a0name), _address_;\n  _appeal to, call upon_; _name, term, mention_.\n\n  #con--#(1) #compell\u00f4, ere, pul\u00ee, pulsus#, _to drive together_;\n  _force, compel_.\n\n  #con--#(2) #compell\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to address_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eapell\u00f4, ere, pul\u00ee, pulsus#, _to drive out_ or _away, expel,\n  dislodge_.\n\n  #ex--expell\u00f4, ere, pul\u00ee, pulsus#, _to drive out, expel, banish_.\n\n  #per--perpell\u00f4, ere, pul\u00ee, pulsus#, _to drive, force, induce_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4pell\u00f4, ere, pul\u00ee, pulsus#, _to drive forward_ or _away_;\n  _incite_.\n\n  #re--repell\u00f4, ere, reppul\u00ee, repulsus#, _to drive back, shake off,\n  repulse, reject_.\n\n#pende\u00f4, \u00eare, pepend\u00ee, --#, _to hang, be suspended_; _hang one's self_.\n\n#pend\u00f4, ere, pepend\u00ee, p\u00eansus#, _to weigh, pay_.\n\n  #ex--expend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, p\u00eansus#, _to weigh_ or _pay out_.\n\n  #re--repend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, p\u00eansus#, _to pay for, purchase_; used esp. of\n  buying a thing with its weight in money.\n\n#penitus#, adv., _inwardly, within_; _deeply, completely_.\n\n#per#, prep. with acc.; used (1) of place, _through, across, over,\nthroughout_; (2)\u00a0of time, _through, during_; (3)\u00a0of means or agency, _by\nmeans of, by the agency of, through_; (4)\u00a0often in adv. phrases, #per\niocum#, _jokingly_, #per \u00f4tium#, _quietly_, #per interv\u00e2lla#, _at\nintervals_; in composition, _thoroughly, very_.\n\n#perag\u00f4#, see #ag\u00f4#.\n\n#peragr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#per# + #ager#], _to wander through, roam\nover, traverse, scour_.\n\n#peramoenus# [#per# + #amoenus#, _lovely_], adj., _very lovely,\ncharming_.\n\n#percell\u00f4, ere, cul\u00ee, culsus#, _to smite, strike_; _overturn, upset_;\n_dishearten, discourage_.\n\n#percie\u00f4, ci\u00eare, c\u00eev\u00ee, citus# [#per# + #cie\u00f4#, _to stir up_], _to arouse\nthoroughly, excite_.\n\n#percitus#, see #percie\u00f4#.\n\n#percontor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to ask, question_.\n\n#percussor, \u00f4ris# [#percuti\u00f4#], m., _murderer, assassin_.\n\n#percuti\u00f4#, see #quati\u00f4#.\n\n#perd\u00f4#, see #d\u00f4#.\n\n#perd\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n#peregr\u00eenus# [#per# + #ager#], adj., _from foreign parts, foreign_.\n\n#perendi\u00ea#, adv., _on the day after tomorrow_.\n\n#perennis, e# [#per# + #annus#], adj., _perennial_; _perpetual,\nnever-failing_.\n\n#pere\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n#perfer\u00f4#, see #fer\u00f4#.\n\n#perfici\u00f4#, see #faci\u00f4#.\n\n#perfidia, ae# [#perfidus#], f., _treachery_.\n\n#perfidus#, adj., _faithless, treacherous_.\n\n#perfor\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#per# + #for\u00f4#, _to bore_], _to bore through,\npierce_.\n\n#perfruor#, see #fruor#.\n\n#perfuga, ae# [#perfugi\u00f4#], m., _a fugitive, deserter, refugee_.\n\n#perfugi\u00f4#, see #fugi\u00f4#.\n\n#perg\u00f4#, see #reg\u00f4#.\n\n#per\u00eeclitor, \u00e2ri, \u00e2tus sum# [#per\u00eeculum#], _to try, test_; intrans., _to\nbe in danger, incur risk_.\n\n#per\u00eecul\u00f4sus# [#per\u00eeculum#], adj., _perilous, dangerous_.\n\n#per\u00eeculum, \u00ee#, n., _trial_; _danger, peril_.\n\n#per\u00eetus#, adj., _experienced, skilled, expert_. As noun, #per\u00eetus, \u00ee#,\nm., _an expert_.\n\n#perlici\u00f4#, see #*laci\u00f4#.\n\n#permitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#permove\u00f4#, see #move\u00f4#.\n\n#permultus# [#per# + #multus#], adj., _very much, very many_. As noun,\n#permultum, \u00ee#, n., _a great deal_; #permult\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _very\nmany_ (persons).\n\n#perm\u00fbt\u00f4#, see #m\u00fbt\u00f4#.\n\n#pernici\u00eas, \u00ea\u00ee#, f., _destruction, ruin, overthrow_.\n\n#pernici\u00f4sus# [#pernici\u00eas#], adj., _dangerous, destructive_.\n\n#per\u00f4r\u00f4#, see #\u00f4r\u00f4#.\n\n#perpell\u00f4#, see #pell\u00f4#.\n\n#perpetu\u00f4# [abl. of #perpetuus#], adv., _continually, forever_.\n\n#perpetuus#, adj., _continuous, uninterrupted_; #in perpetuum#,\n_forever_.\n\n#perrump\u00f4#, see #rump\u00f4#.\n\n#persaepe# [#per# + #saepe#], adv., _very often_.\n\n#perscr\u00eeb\u00f4#, see #scr\u00eeb\u00f4#.\n\n#persequor#, see #sequor#.\n\n#perstring\u00f4#, see #string\u00f4#.\n\n#persu\u00e2de\u00f4#, see #su\u00e2de\u00f4#.\n\n#pertaesus# [orig. part. of #pertaedet#, _it wearies, disgusts_], adj.,\n_disgusted with, sick\u00a0of_.\n\n#pertin\u00e2citer# [#pertin\u00e2x#, _persistent_], adv., _persistently,\nstubbornly_.\n\n#pertine\u00f4#, see #tene\u00f4#.\n\n#pertrah\u00f4#, see #trah\u00f4#.\n\n#perturb\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#per# + #turb\u00f4#, _to disturb_], _to confuse,\ndisturb, upset_.\n\n#perveni\u00f4#, see #veni\u00f4#.\n\n#p\u00eas, pedis#, m., _the foot_; _a foot_ (in measurements).\n\n#pessimus#, see #malus#.\n\n#p\u00eastifer, fera, ferum# [#p\u00eastis# + #fer\u00f4#], adj., _baneful,\ndestructive_.\n\n#p\u00eastil\u00eans, entis# [#p\u00eastis#], adj., _baneful_.\n\n#p\u00eastilentia, ae# [#p\u00eastil\u00eans#], f., _pest, plague, disease_.\n\n#p\u00eastis, is#, f., _plague, pest_; _curse, bane_.\n\n#pet\u00eeti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#pet\u00f4#], f., _candidacy_.\n\n#pet\u00f4, ere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), \u00eetus#, _to strive for, seek_; _beg, ask, request_;\n_assail, attack_; intrans., _to be a candidate_.\n\n  #ex--expet\u00f4, ere, \u00eev\u00ee, \u00eetus#, _to seek, desire, crave_.\n\n  #re--repet\u00f4, ere, \u00eev\u00ee, \u00eetus#, _to seek again, try to get back,\n  demand back_.\n\n#phalerae, \u00e2rum#, pl. f., _a metal breastplate_ (esp. for horses),\n_trappings_.\n\n#Pharnac\u00eas, is#, m., _a son of Mithridates_.\n\n#Phars\u00e2licus#, adj., _of_ or _at Pharsalus_.\n\n#Phars\u00e2lus, \u00ee#, f., a city in Thessaly, near which Caesar defeated\nPompey, 48 B.C.\n\n#Philipp\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., a city in Macedonia, near which Brutus and\nCassius were defeated by Octavianus and Antony, B.C.\u00a042.\n\n#philosophia, ae#, f., _philosophy_.\n\n#philosophus, \u00ee#, m., _a philosopher_.\n\n#Philus, \u00ee#, m., see #F\u00fbrius#.\n\n#piet\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#pius#, _dutiful_], f., _conscientiousness, dutiful\nconduct, devotion, piety_; _filial affection, loyalty_.\n\n#piget, \u00eare, uit# and #itum est#, impers., _it pains, grieves,\ndisgusts_.\n\n#p\u00eegnus, oris#, n., _pledge, security_; _assurance, proof_.\n\n#pilleus, \u00ee#, m., _a_ (close-fitting) _cap_.\n\n#pinguis, e#, adj., _fat, sleek_.\n\n#p\u00eer\u00e2ta, ae#, m., _a sea-robber, pirate_.\n\n#p\u00eer\u00e2ticus# [#p\u00eer\u00e2ta#], adj., _of_ or _with_ (against) _the pirates_.\n\n#pisc\u00eena, ae# [#piscis#], f., _a fish-pond_.\n\n#piscis, is#, m., _a fish_.\n\n#P\u00ees\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, m., a cognomen in the Calpurnian gens.\n\n  1. _Cn._ (_Calpurnius_) _P\u00ees\u00f4_, mentioned in XIII, 64, as a type of\n  excessive rigor and severity.\n\n  2. _L. Calpurnius P\u00ees\u00f4 Fr\u00fbg\u00ee_, consul 133 B.C.; opponent of\n  C.\u00a0Gracchus in 121; author of a historical work called _Ann\u00e2l\u00eas_.\n\n#Placentia, ae#, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po.\n\n#place\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to please, be agreeable to_; _seem best to_;\nimpers., #placet, uit# or #placitum est#, with dat., _to be\nresolved\u00a0by_.\n\n  #dis--displice\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to displease_.\n\n#placid\u00ea# [#placidus#, _calm_], adv., _calmly, quietly_.\n\n#pl\u00e2c\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to soothe, appease_; _conciliate, reconcile_.\n\n#pl\u00e2ga, ae#, f., _a stroke, blow_.\n\n#Plancus, \u00ee#, m., _C. Pl\u00f4tius Plancus_, proscribed by the Second\nTriumvirate.\n\n#plaustrum, \u00ee#, n., _a wagon, cart_.\n\n#plausus, \u00fbs# [#plaud\u00f4#, _to clap the hands_] m., _applause,\nacclamations_.\n\n#pl\u00eab\u00eaius# [#pl\u00eabs#], adj., _plebeian_. As noun, #pl\u00eab\u00ea\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m.,\n_the plebeians_. See #pl\u00eabs#.\n\n#pl\u00eabs, pl\u00eabis#, f., _the common people, rabble_; _the plebeians_, or\nthe population that grew up round the patricians (see #patricius#) from\nsuch causes as the settlement of foreigners in Rome, or the emancipation\nof slaves.\n\n#plect\u00f4, ere, --, --#, _to beat, punish_ (usually in pass.).\n\n#pl\u00eanus# [cf. #*ple\u00f4#], adj., _full, full of_.\n\n#*ple\u00f4, pl\u00eare, pl\u00eav\u00ee, pl\u00eatus#, _to fill_.\n\n  #com--comple\u00f4, \u00eare, \u00eav\u00ee, \u00eatus#, _to fill_ (to\u00a0the brim): _complete_.\n\n  #ex--exple\u00f4, \u00eare, \u00eav\u00ee, \u00eatus#, _to fill up, fill_.\n\n  #in--imple\u00f4, \u00eare, \u00eav\u00ee, \u00eatus#, _to fill up_.\n\n  #ob--opple\u00f4, \u00eare, \u00eav\u00ee, \u00eatus#, _to fill_; _cover_.\n\n  #re--reple\u00f4, \u00eare, \u00eav\u00ee, \u00eatus#, _to fill again, refill, fill\u00a0up_.\n\n#pl\u00ear\u00eeque, aeque, aque#, adj., _very many, most_.\n\n#Pl\u00eenius, \u00ee#, m., _C. Pl\u00eenius Secundus_, commonly known as _Pliny the\nElder_, A.D. 23-79. He wrote a sort of encyclopaedia called _Historia\nN\u00e2t\u00fbr\u00e2lis_.\n\n#Pl\u00f4tius, \u00ee#, m., see #Plancus#.\n\n#plumbeus# [#plumbum#], adj., _leaden_.\n\n#plumbum, \u00ee#, n., _lead_.\n\n#pl\u00fbrimus#, see #multus#.\n\n#pl\u00fbs, pl\u00fbris#, adj., see #multus#.\n\n#poena, ae#, f., _compensation, punishment, penalty_.\n\n#Poen\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _the Phoenicians, Carthaginians_ (see\n#Carth\u00e2g\u00f4#).\n\n#po\u00eata, ae#, m., _a poet_.\n\n#P\u00f4lli\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, m., _Vedius P\u00f4lli\u00f4_, punished by Augustus for cruelty to\na slave.\n\n#Pomp\u00eai\u00e2nus#, adj., _Pompey's, Pompeian_.\n\n#Pomp\u00eaius, \u00ee#, m., _Cn. Pomp\u00eaius_, surnamed _M\u00e2gnus_; born B.C. 106, he\nwas consul in 70, having fought Sertorius in Spain, 76-71; defeated the\npirates in 67, Mithridates in 66, and formed the First Triumvirate with\nCaesar and Crassus in 60. He was defeated by Caesar in 48 at Pharsalus\nin Thessaly, and soon after murdered.\n\n#Pompilius, \u00ee#, m., #Numa Pompilius#, second king of Rome.\n\n#Pomp\u00f4nius, \u00ee#, m., _M. Pomp\u00f4nius_, tribune of the people in 362 B.C.\n\n#Pompt\u00eenus#, adj., _Pomptine_; #pal\u00fbd\u00eas Pompt\u00eenae#, _the Pomptine\nMarshes_ in Latium, southeast of Rome.\n\n#pondus, eris# [#pend\u00f4#,], n., _weight_.\n\n#p\u00f4n\u00f4, ere, posu\u00ee, positus#, _to put down, place, set, deposit_; _serve_\n(at\u00a0meals); _spend_; _set up, build_; #castra p\u00f4nere#, _to pitch a\ncamp_; #rud\u00eementum p\u00f4nere#, _to lay aside_ (i.e. get through) _the first\nsteps, to learn_.\n\n  #ad--app\u00f4n\u00f4, ere, posu\u00ee, positus#, _to set before, serve_\n  (at\u00a0table).\n\n  #con--comp\u00f4n\u00f4, ere, posu\u00ee, positus#, _to arrange, settle_;\n  _conclude, finish_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eap\u00f4n\u00f4, ere, posu\u00ee, positus#, _to lay down_ or _aside, put\n  down_; _stop_; _arrange, establish_.\n\n  #dis--disp\u00f4n\u00f4, ere, posu\u00ee, positus#, _to arrange, array, dispose_.\n\n  #ex--exp\u00f4n\u00f4, ere, posu\u00ee, positus#, _to set_ or _put forth_; _land,\n  disembark_; _expose, abandon_; _relate, explain_.\n\n  #in--imp\u00f4n\u00f4, ere, posu\u00ee, positus#, _to place_ or _put upon_ or _in_;\n  #l\u00eag\u00eas imp\u00f4nere#, _to dictate terms_.\n\n  #ob--opp\u00f4n\u00f4, ere, posu\u00ee, positus#, _to put in the way, set against,\n  oppose_.\n\n  #prae--praep\u00f4n\u00f4, ere, posu\u00ee, positus#, _to set over, put in\n  charge\u00a0of_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4p\u00f4n\u00f4, ere, posu\u00ee, positus#, _to put_ or _set forth_;\n  _expose\u00a0to view, submit_; _propose, offer_; _resolve, determine_.\n\n  #re--rep\u00f4n\u00f4, ere, posu\u00ee, positus#, _to put back, replace, restore_.\n\n#p\u00f4ns, pontis#, m., _a bridge_.\n\n#ponticulus, \u00ee# [dim. of #p\u00f4ns#], m., _a little bridge_.\n\n#Ponticus#, adj., _pertaining to Pontus, Pontic_.\n\n#Pontus, \u00ee#, m., _Pontus_, a country in Asia Minor, south of the Black\nSea.\n\n#popul\u00e2ris, is# [#populus#], m., _a fellow-countryman_.\n\n#populor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to lay waste, ravage, plunder_.\n\n#populus, \u00ee#, m., _a people, nation_; collectively, _the people, the\ncitizens_.\n\n#Porcia, ae#, f., a daughter of Cato Uticensis (see #Cat\u00f4#), and wife of\nM.\u00a0Brutus.\n\n#porrig\u00f4#, see #reg\u00f4#.\n\n#Porsena, ae#, m., _Porsena_, a king of Clusium in Etruria.\n\n#porta, ae#, f., _a city gate, gate_.\n\n#portend\u00f4#, see #tend\u00f4#.\n\n#porticus, \u00fbs# [#porta#], f., _a colonnade, arcade, portico_.\n\n#port\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to bear, carry, bring_.\n\n  #re--report\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to bring back_; _carry off or away_.\n\n#port\u00f4rium, \u00ee# [#portus#], n., _a tax, duty, tariff_.\n\n#portus, \u00fbs#, m., _a harbor, haven_.\n\n#p\u00f4sc\u00f4, ere, pop\u00f4sc\u00ee, --#, _to ask, demand_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eap\u00f4sc\u00f4, ere, pop\u00f4sc\u00ee, --#, _to demand urgently, claim_.\n\n  #ex--exp\u00f4sc\u00f4, ere, pop\u00f4sc\u00ee, --#, _to demand, claim_.\n\n  #re--rep\u00f4sc\u00f4, ere, --, --#, _to demand_ (back), _claim_.\n\n#Pos\u00eed\u00f4nius, \u00ee#, m., a Stoic philosopher, contemporary with Cicero and\nPompey.\n\n#possum, posse, potu\u00ee, --# [#potis#, _able_ + #sum#], _to be able, can_;\n_have influence, be strong_.\n\n#post#, (1) adv., _after, later, afterwards_; (2) prep, with acc.,\n_after, behind_.\n\n#poste\u00e2# [#post# + #is#], adv., _afterwards_.\n\n#posterus# [#post#], adj., _following, next_; comp. #posterior, us#,\ngen. #\u00f4ris#, _later_; sup. #postr\u00eamus#, _last, lowest_; #in posterum#,\n_for the future_; #ad postr\u00eamum#, _finally_; #postr\u00eam\u00f4#, _at last,\nfinally_. As noun, #poster\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _descendants, posterity_.\n\n#posthabe\u00f4#, see #habe\u00f4#.\n\n#posth\u00e2c# [#post# + #h\u00eec#], adv., _hereafter, thereafter, in the\nfuture_.\n\n#post\u00eecum, \u00ee# [#post\u00eecus#, _in the rear_], n., _a back door_.\n\n#postis, is#, m., _a door-post, post_.\n\n#postquam# or #post . . . quam# [#post# + #quam#], conj., _after, when_.\n\n#postr\u00eam\u00f4#, see #posterus#.\n\n#postr\u00eamus#, see #posterus#.\n\n#postr\u00eedi\u00ea# [#posterus# + #di\u00eas#], adv., _on the following day, next\nday_.\n\n#p\u00f4stul\u00e2tum, \u00ee# [#p\u00f4stul\u00f4#], n., _a demand, request_.\n\n#p\u00f4stul\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to request, demand_.\n\n#pot\u00eans, entis# [orig. part. of #possum#], adj., _able, mighty,\ninfluential_.\n\n#potent\u00e2tus, \u00fbs# [#pot\u00eans#], m., _power, authority, dominion_.\n\n#potentia, ae# [#pot\u00eans#], f., _power, might_.\n\n#potest\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#potis#, _able_], f., _might, power_ (esp. that of a\nmagistrate); _dominion, rule_; _opportunity_.\n\n#potior, \u00eer\u00ee, \u00eetus sum#, _to become master of, obtain, acquire, get_.\n\n#prae#, prep, with abl., _before, in front of_; _in comparison with_; in\ncomposition, _before, very_.\n\n#praeac\u00fbtus# [#prae# + #ac\u00fbtus#, _sharp_], adj., _sharp at the end,\npointed_.\n\n#praebe\u00f4#, see #habe\u00f4#.\n\n#praec\u00ead\u00f4#, see #c\u00ead\u00f4#.\n\n#praeceptor, \u00f4ris# [#praecipi\u00f4#], m., _teacher_.\n\n#praeceptum, \u00ee# [#praecipi\u00f4#], n., _teaching, maxim, rule_; _command,\norder_.\n\n#praec\u00eed\u00f4#, see #caed\u00f4#.\n\n#praecin\u00f4#, see #can\u00f4#.\n\n#praecipi\u00f4#, see #capi\u00f4#.\n\n#praecipu\u00ea# [#praecipuus#, _special_], adv., _chiefly, principally,\nespecially_.\n\n#praecl\u00e2r\u00ea# [#praecl\u00e2rus#], adv., _gloriously, excellently_.\n\n#praecl\u00e2rus# [#prae# + #cl\u00e2rus#], adj., _very bright_ or _brilliant,\nexcellent, distinguished_.\n\n#praec\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, m., _a crier, herald_.\n\n#praeda, ae#, f., _booty, spoil, plunder_.\n\n#praedic\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#praedic\u00f4#], f., _a public proclamation,\nstatement_.\n\n#praedic\u00f4#, see #dic\u00f4#.\n\n#praed\u00eec\u00f4#, see #d\u00eec\u00f4#.\n\n#praed\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#praeda#], m., _one that makes_ (gains) _booty, robber_.\n\n#praefectus, \u00ee# [#praefici\u00f4#, _to place in command_], m., _a leader,\ncommander_.\n\n#praefer\u00f4#, see #fer\u00f4#.\n\n#praefer\u00f4x, \u00f4cis# [#prae# + #fer\u00f4x#], adj., _insolent, full of\nconfidence_.\n\n#praefor, f\u00e2r\u00ee, f\u00e2tus sum# [#prae# + #for#, _to speak_], _to say by way\nof preface_.\n\n#prael\u00fbce\u00f4, \u00eare, l\u00fbx\u00ee, --# [#prae# + #l\u00fbce\u00f4#, _to shine_], _to shine\nbefore, light the way before_.\n\n#praemium, \u00ee# [#prae# + #em\u00f4#], n., _reward, prize_.\n\n#praep\u00f4n\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4n\u00f4#.\n\n#praeripi\u00f4#, see #rapi\u00f4#.\n\n#praes\u00eans, entis# [orig. part. of #praesum#], adj., _present, at hand_;\n_face to face_.\n\n#praesidium, \u00ee# [#praeside\u00f4#, _to defend_], n., _help, aid, defense_;\n_defensive force, garrison_; _fort, post, station_.\n\n#praest\u00f4#, see #st\u00f4#.\n\n#praesum#, see #sum#.\n\n#praeter#, prep, with acc., _past, beyond_; _contrary to, against_;\n_besides, except_; in composition, _past, beyond_.\n\n#praetere\u00e2# [#praeter# + #is#], adv., _in addition to this, besides,\nmoreover_.\n\n#praetere\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n#praeteritus# [orig. part. of #praetere\u00f4#], adj., _past_.\n\n#praetextus# [orig. part. of #praetex\u00f4#, _to edge, border_], adj.,\n_bordered, edged_. As noun, #praetexta, ae# (sc.\u00a0#toga#), f., _the toga\npraetexta_, or white toga with purple border, worn by magistrates and by\nfree-born children till the sixteenth or seventeenth year, when they\nbecame of age and assumed the _toga vir\u00eelis_, which was wholly white.\n\n#praetor, \u00f4ris# [orig. #praeitor#, from #prae# + (1)\u00a0#e\u00f4#], m., _a\nleader, commander_; among the Romans, _a praetor_ or magistrate, whose\nespecial business was the administration of justice. After Sulla's time\neight or more were elected annually. The praetors often served in\ncommand of armies, esp. in the provinces, and after acting as judges in\nRome, were regularly assigned to duty in the provinces with the title of\n_pr\u00f4praetor_.\n\n#praet\u00f4rius# [#praetor#], adj., _of_ or _belonging to the general, the\ngeneral's_; _praetorian_. As noun, #praet\u00f4rius, \u00ee#, m., _a man of\npraetorian rank, an ex-praetor_.\n\n#praeveni\u00f4#, see #veni\u00f4#.\n\n#prandium, \u00ee#, n., _lunch_.\n\n#pr\u00e2tum, \u00ee#, n., _a field, meadow_.\n\n#pr\u00e2vus#, adj., _crooked, wrong_; _perverse, wicked_.\n\n#precor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#prex#], _to ask, beg, beseech_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eaprecor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to plead against, plead, avert by\n  prayer_; _decline_.\n\n#prehend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, preh\u00eansus#, _to grasp, seize, catch_.\n\n  #ad--apprehend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, h\u00eansus#, _to lay hold of, seize, grasp_.\n\n  #con--comprehend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, h\u00eansus#, _to seize, catch, arrest_;\n  _understand_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eaprehend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, h\u00eansus#, _to seize, catch_; _surprise,\n  detect, discover_.\n\n  #re--reprehend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, h\u00eansus#, _to hold back, check_; _blame,\n  criticise, reprove_.\n\n#prem\u00f4, ere, press\u00ee, pressus#, _to press_; _press hard, crush_.\n\n#con--comprim\u00f4, ere, press\u00ee, pressus#, _to restrain, check, crush_.\n\n#ex--exprim\u00f4, ere, press\u00ee, pressus#, _to press_ or _force out_; _utter,\nexpress_.\n\n#ob--opprim\u00f4, ere, press\u00ee, pressus#, _to crush utterly, overpower,\noverwhelm, master_.\n\n#re--reprim\u00f4, ere, press\u00ee, pressus#, _to press_ or _keep back, check,\nrestrain_.\n\n#preti\u00f4sus# [#pretium#], adj., _of great value, costly, precious_.\n\n#pretium, \u00ee#, n., _money value, price_; _money_; _recompense, reward_;\n#operae pretium est#, _it is worth while_.\n\n#prex, precis#, f., _a prayer, entreaty_ (chiefly in\u00a0pl.).\n\n#pr\u00eedem#, adv., _long since, long ago_.\n\n#pr\u00eedi\u00ea# [#pri(or)# + #di\u00ea#], adv., _the day before_.\n\n#pr\u00eem\u00f4#, see #prior#.\n\n#pr\u00eem\u00f4r\u00eas, um# [#pr\u00eemus#], pl. m., _first men, chiefs, nobles_.\n\n#pr\u00eemum#, see #prior#.\n\n#pr\u00eemus#, see #prior#.\n\n#pr\u00eenceps, ipis# [#pr\u00eemus# + #capi\u00f4#], adj., _first, foremost_. As noun,\nm., _leading man, chief, leader_.\n\n#pr\u00eencipium, \u00ee# [#pr\u00eenceps#], n., _beginning_.\n\n#prior, us#, gen. #pri\u00f4ris#, comp. adj., _foremost, first, prior_; sup.\n#pr\u00eemus#, _first, foremost_; #pr\u00eem\u00f4, pr\u00eemum#, _at first, first_.\n\n#Pr\u00eescus, \u00ee#, m., cognomen of _Tarquinius Pr\u00eescus_, the fifth king of\nRome.\n\n#prius# [neuter of #prior#], adv., _before, sooner, previously, first of\nall_.\n\n#priusquam# or #prius . . . quam# [#prius# + #quam#], conj., _earlier\nthan, before_.\n\n#pr\u00eev\u00e2tim# [#pr\u00eev\u00e2tus#], adv., _individually_; _by one's self,\nprivately_.\n\n#pr\u00eev\u00e2tus# [#pr\u00eev\u00f4#], adj., _personal, private, individual_. As noun,\n#pr\u00eev\u00e2tus, \u00ee#, m., _a man in private life, a\u00a0private citizen_.\n\n#pr\u00eev\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to bereave, deprive, rob_.\n\n#pr\u00f4#, prep. with abl., _in front of, before_; _in behalf of, for_;\n_instead of_; _in comparison with, in accordance with_; in composition,\n_forth, for_.\n\n#pr\u00f4#, interj., _O! ah! alas! Heavens!_\n\n#proavus, \u00ee# [#pr\u00f4# + #avus#], m., _great-grandfather_.\n\n#prob\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#probus#, _good_], _to test_ (and find good),\n_approve, commend_; _show, prove_.\n\n  #ad--approb\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to approve fully, favor_; _show,\n  demonstrate_.\n\n  #con--comprob\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to approve, sanction_; _confirm_.\n\n#Proca, ae#, m., a king of Alba Longa, father of Numitor and Amulius.\n\n#pr\u00f4c\u00ead\u00f4#, see #c\u00ead\u00f4#.\n\n#procella, ae#, f., _a strong wind_; _storm_.\n\n#pr\u00f4c\u00earit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#pr\u00f4c\u00earus#, _tall_], f., _height, tallness_.\n\n#pr\u00f4cl\u00e2m\u00f4#, see #cl\u00e2m\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4c\u00f4nsul, is# [#pr\u00f4#, _in place of_ + #c\u00f4nsul#], m., _a proconsul,\ngovernor of a province_. See #c\u00f4nsul# (end).\n\n#procul#, adv., _in the distance, afar_; with abl., _far from_.\n\n#Proculus, \u00ee#, m., a Roman senator who claimed that Romulus appeared to\nhim after his death.\n\n#pr\u00f4cumb\u00f4#, see #*cumb\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4c\u00fbr\u00f4#, see #c\u00fbr\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4digium, \u00ee#, n., _an omen, portent_; _strange being, prodigy,\nmonster_.\n\n#pr\u00f4diti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#pr\u00f4d\u00f4#], f., _treason_.\n\n#pr\u00f4ditor, \u00f4ris# [#pr\u00f4d\u00f4#], m., _a traitor_.\n\n#pr\u00f4d\u00f4#, see #d\u00f4#.\n\n#proelior, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#proelium#], _to fight, wage war_.\n\n#proelium, \u00ee#, n., _a battle, combat_.\n\n#profect\u00f4# [#pr\u00f4# + #factum#], adv., _indeed, in truth, certainly, to be\nsure_.\n\n#pr\u00f4fer\u00f4#, see #fer\u00f4#.\n\n#profic\u00eescor, \u00ee, profectus sum#, _to set out, proceed_; _depart_.\n\n#profiteor#, see #fateor#.\n\n#pr\u00f4fl\u00eeg\u00f4#, see #*fl\u00eeg\u00f4#.\n\n#profugi\u00f4#, see #fugi\u00f4#.\n\n#profugus, \u00ee# [#profugi\u00f4#], m., _a fugitive, exile_.\n\n#profund\u00f4#, see #fund\u00f4#.\n\n#prof\u00fbsus# [orig. part. of #profund\u00f4#], adj., _lavish, extravagant,\nprofuse_.\n\n#pr\u00f4gredior#, see #gradior#.\n\n#prohibe\u00f4#, see #habe\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4ici\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#proinde# [#pr\u00f4# + #inde#], adv., _hence, therefore_.\n\n#pr\u00f4l\u00e2bor#, see #l\u00e2bor#.\n\n#pr\u00f4mine\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to project, extend, lean out_.\n\n#pr\u00f4missus# [orig. part. of #pr\u00f4mitt\u00f4#], adj., _hanging down, long,\nflowing_.\n\n#pr\u00f4missum, \u00ee# [#pr\u00f4mitt\u00f4#], n., _a promise_.\n\n#pr\u00f4mitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4move\u00f4#, see #move\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4mpt\u00ea# [#pr\u00f4mptus#], adv., _quickly, readily_.\n\n#pr\u00f4mptus# [#pr\u00f4m\u00f4#, _to put forth_], adj., _visible, at hand_; _ready,\nalert, prompt_.\n\n#pronep\u00f4s, \u00f4tis# [#pr\u00f4# + #nep\u00f4s#], m., _great-grandson_.\n\n#pr\u00f4n\u00fbnti\u00f4#, see #n\u00fbnti\u00f4#.\n\n#prop\u00e2g\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to propagate, increase, prolong_.\n\n#prope#, adv., _near by_; _nearly, almost_ (esp. with numbers): comp.\n#propius#; sup. #proxim\u00ea#, _nearest, next_.\n\n#pr\u00f4pell\u00f4#, see #pell\u00f4#.\n\n#proper\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum# [#properus#, _quick_], _to speed, hasten_.\n\n#propinquus# [#prope#], adj., _neighboring, near_; as noun, _a\nrelative_.\n\n#propior# [#prope#], comp. adj., _nearer_; sup. #proximus#, _nearest,\nnext_; _latest, last_; _next, following_; #in proxim\u00f4#, _near by_. As\nnoun, #proxim\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _bystanders_.\n\n#pr\u00f4p\u00f4n\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4n\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4positum, \u00ee# [#pr\u00f4p\u00f4n\u00f4#], n., _plan, purpose_.\n\n#propri\u00ea# [#proprius#], adv., _peculiarly, especially_.\n\n#proprius#, adj., _own, one's own_; with gen. or dat., _peculiar to,\ncharacteristic\u00a0of_.\n\n#propter#, prep. with acc., _on account of_.\n\n#pr\u00f4ripi\u00f4#, see #rapi\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4rog\u00f4#, see #rog\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4scr\u00eeb\u00f4#, see #scr\u00eeb\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4scr\u00eepti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#pr\u00f4scr\u00eeb\u00f4#], f., _a notice of sale_;\n_proscription, confiscation_.\n\n#pr\u00f4sequor#, see #sequor#.\n\n#pr\u00f4sili\u00f4#, see #sali\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4spectus, \u00fbs# [#pr\u00f4spici\u00f4#, _to look forward_], m., _view, prospect_.\n\n#pr\u00f4sper\u00ea# [#pr\u00f4sperus#], adv., _propitiously, successfully_.\n\n#pr\u00f4sperus# [#pr\u00f4# + #sp\u00eas#], adj., _according to one's hopes,\nfavorable_.\n\n#pr\u00f4stern\u00f4#, see #stern\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4sum#, see #sum#.\n\n#pr\u00f4tend\u00f4#, see #tend\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4tinus#, adv., _right on, continuously_; _at once, immediately_.\n\n#pr\u00f4veh\u00f4#, see #veh\u00f4#.\n\n#pr\u00f4vincia, ae#, f., _a province_ (i.e. a territory outside of Italy\nunder Roman government); _sphere of operations_.\n\n#pr\u00f4voc\u00f4#, see #voc\u00f4#.\n\n#proxim\u00ea#, see #prope#.\n\n#proximus#, see #propior#.\n\n#pr\u00fbd\u00eans, entis# [orig. #pr\u00f4vid\u00eans#, part. of #pr\u00f4vide\u00f4#, _to see\nahead_], adj., _fore-seeing, skillful, clever, prudent_.\n\n#pr\u00fbdentia, ae# [#pr\u00fbd\u00eans#], f., _foresight, practical wisdom, good\nsense_.\n\n#psittacus, \u00ee#, m., _a parrot_.\n\n#Ptolemaeus, \u00ee#, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after the time\nof Alexander the Great.\n\n#p\u00fbblic\u00ea# [#p\u00fbblicus#], adv., _in the name of_ (by\u00a0order\u00a0of) _the state,\npublicly, officially_.\n\n#p\u00fbblic\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#p\u00fbblicus#], _to open to the public, make\npublic_.\n\n#p\u00fbblicus# [orig. #populicus#: cf. #populus#], adj., _belonging to the\npeople_ (state), _public_; _official_. As noun, #p\u00fbblicum, \u00ee#, n., _the\nstate treasury_.\n\n#P\u00fbblius, \u00ee#, m., a Roman praenomen.\n\n#pudor, \u00f4ris#, m., _modesty, shame, hesitancy_.\n\n#puella, ae# [dim. of #puer#], f., _a girl_.\n\n#puer, puer\u00ee#, m., _a child_; _boy_; _slave_.\n\n#puer\u00eelis, e# [#puer#], adj., _boyish, youthful_.\n\n#pueritia, ae# [#puer#], f., _childhood_; _boyhood, youth_ (extending\nusually to the 17th year).\n\n#pugi\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, m., _a dagger, dirk_.\n\n#p\u00fbgna, ae#, f., _a combat, fight, battle_.\n\n#p\u00fbgn\u00e2x, \u00e2cis# [#p\u00fbgna#], adj., _fond of fighting, combative_.\n\n#p\u00fbgn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to fight_; _oppose, resist_.\n\n  #ex--exp\u00fbgn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to take by storm, capture_;\n  _overpower, prevail upon_.\n\n  #in--imp\u00fbgn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to fight against, oppose, attack_.\n\n  #ob--opp\u00fbgn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to fight against, assault, besiege_.\n\n  #re--rep\u00fbgn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to fight back, oppose, resist_.\n\n#pulcher, chra, chrum#, adj., _beautiful_; _excellent, illustrious_.\n\n#Pulcher, chr\u00ee#, m., _P. Claudius_, a son of A. Claudius Caecus, consul\n249 B.C.\n\n#pull\u00e2rius, \u00ee# [#pullus#], m., _keeper of the sacred chickens_.\n\n#pullus, \u00ee#, m., _a young animal_; _chicken_.\n\n#pulvis, eris#, m., _dust_.\n\n#pung\u00f4, ere, pupug\u00ee, punctus#, _to strike, prick, puncture_; _sting,\ntorment_.\n\n#P\u00fbnicus#, adj., _Phoenician, Punic_; _Carthaginian_ (see #Carth\u00e2g\u00f4#).\n\n#p\u00fbni\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee, \u00eetus# [#poena#], _to punish_.\n\n#p\u00fbrg\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#p\u00fbrus#, _clean_ + #ag\u00f4#], _to make clean_;\n_clear away, excuse_.\n\n#put\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to cleanse_ (vines by cutting); _consider,\nthink, suppose_.\n\n  #am--amput\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to cut all round, cut away, lop off_.\n\n  #con--comput\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to sum up, reckon, compute_.\n\n  #dis--disput\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to weigh, examine_; _discuss_;\n  _argue_.\n\n  #re--reput\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to think over, reflect on, reflect_.\n\n#Py:r\u00eanaeus, \u00ee# (sc. #m\u00f4ns#), m., _the Pyrenees_.\n\n#Pyrrhus, \u00ee#, m., a king of Epirus, who allied himself with Tarentum,\nand invaded Italy, 280-275 B.C.\n\n\n#Q#\n\n#Q.#, abbreviation of the name #Qu\u00eentus#.\n\n#quadr\u00e2g\u00easimus# [#quadr\u00e2gint\u00e2#], num. adj., _fortieth_.\n\n#quadr\u00e2gint\u00e2#, indecl. num. adj., _forty_.\n\n#quadr\u00eegae, \u00e2rum#, pl. f., a _four-horse team_.\n\n#quadringent\u00ee, ae, a# [#quattuor# + #centum#], num. adj., _four\nhundred_.\n\n#quaer\u00f4, ere, quaes\u00eev\u00ee, quaes\u00eetus#, _to seek_; _ask_; _get, gain_.\n\n  #ad--adqu\u00eer\u00f4, ere, qu\u00ees\u00eev\u00ee, qu\u00ees\u00eetus#, _to acquire, get, gain_.\n\n  #con--conqu\u00eer\u00f4, ere, qu\u00ees\u00eev\u00ee, qu\u00ees\u00eetus#, _to seek_ or _search fo_;\n  _hunt\u00a0up_.\n\n  #re--requ\u00eer\u00f4, ere, qu\u00ees\u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), qu\u00ees\u00eetus#, _to seek_ or _search\n  for_.\n\n#quaes\u00f4, ere, \u00eev\u00ee, --#, _to seek_; _beg, pray_.\n\n#quaestor, \u00f4ris# [orig. #quaes\u00eetor#; cf. #quaer\u00f4, quaes\u00f4#], m.,\n_quaestor, quartermaster_, a\u00a0name given to certain magistrates who had\nthe care of public monies and military supplies, both at Rome and in the\nprovinces.\n\n#quaest\u00fbra, ae# [#quaestor#], f., _the quaestorship_.\n\n#qu\u00e2lis, e#, adj., (1) interrog., _of what kind? what sort of?_\n(2)\u00a0rel., _of such a kind, such as,\u00a0as_.\n\n#qu\u00e2liscumque, qu\u00e2lecumque#, adj., _of whatsoever kind, of any kind_.\n\n#quam# [(1) #quis#], adv., _how, how much_; after a comp., _than_; with\na sup., _as possible_; #quam pr\u00eemum#, _as soon as possible_; #quamdi\u00fb#,\n_as long as_; #tam .\u00a0.\u00a0. quam#, _as .\u00a0.\u00a0. so, not only .\u00a0.\u00a0. but also_.\n\n#quamquam#, conj., _although, even if_.\n\n#quamv\u00ees# [#quam# + #v\u00ees#, from #vol\u00f4#], adv. and conj., _howevermuch,\nalthough_.\n\n#quand\u00f4quidem# [#quand\u00f4#, _since_ + #quidem#], conj., _since indeed_.\n\n#quantus# [#quam#], adj., (1) interr., _how great? how much?_ (2)\u00a0rel.,\ncorrel. to #tantus#, _as great as,\u00a0as_.\n\n#quantum#, adv., _how much? how far?_\n\n#qu\u00e2propter# [(1) #quis# + #propter#], adv.; (1)\u00a0interr., _why?\nwherefore?_ (2)\u00a0rel., _for which reason, wherefore_.\n\n#qu\u00e2re# [#qu\u00e2# + #r\u00ea#], adv., (1) interr., _why?_ (2)\u00a0rel., _for which\nreason, wherefore, therefore_.\n\n#qu\u00e2rt\u00e2na, ae# [#qu\u00e2rtus#], f. (sc. #febris#, _fever_), a\u00a0fever or ague\nrecurring every fourth day.\n\n#qu\u00e2rtus# [#quattuor#], num. adj., _fourth_.\n\n#quas\u00ee#, adv. and conj., _as if, just as if, as though, ostensibly_; _on\nthe ground that_.\n\n#quater#, adv., _four times_.\n\n#quati\u00f4, ere, --, quassus#, _to shake, strike_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eacuti\u00f4, ere, cuss\u00ee, cussus#, _to shake off_ or _down, strike\n  off_.\n\n  #ex--excuti\u00f4, ere, cuss\u00ee, cussus#, _to shake off, fling off_.\n\n  #per--percuti\u00f4, ere, cuss\u00ee, cussus#, _to strike through, pierce_;\n  _smite, strike_; _kill, slay_; _overwhelm, shock_.\n\n#quattuor#, indecl. num. adj., _four_.\n\n#que#, conj., enclitic, _and, and yet, but_.\n\n#queror, \u00ee, questus sum#, _to complain_.\n\n  #con--conqueror, \u00ee, questus sum#, _to complain bitterly, lament,\n  deplore_.\n\n#questus, \u00fbs# [#queror#], m., _complaint, lament_.\n\n(1) #qu\u00ee, quae, quod#, interr. pron., used adjectively, _which? what?\nwhat kind of?_ See (1)\u00a0#quis#.\n\n(2) #qu\u00ee, quae, quod#, rel. pron., _who, which, what, that_; _whoever,\nwhatever_.\n\n(3) #qu\u00ee, quae#, or #qua, quod#, indef. pron., used adjectively, _any,\nsome_.\n\n(4) #qu\u00ee# [old abl. of (1) #qu\u00ee#], adv., _how?_\n\n#quia#, conj., _because, since_.\n\n#qu\u00eecumque, quaecumque, quodcumque#, indef. rel. pron., _whoever,\nwhichever, whatever_.\n\n#qu\u00eedam, quaedam, quiddam#, and as adj., #quoddam#, indef. pron., _a\ncertain one, somebody_; _a certain_.\n\n#quidem#, adv., _indeed, in fact, to be sure_; #n\u00ea .\u00a0.\u00a0. quidem#, _not\neven, not at all_.\n\n#qui\u00eas, \u00eatis#, f., _rest, sleep, quiet, respite_.\n\n#qui\u00eatus# [orig. part, of #qui\u00easc\u00f4#, _to be at rest_], _quiet,\npeaceful_.\n\n#qu\u00een# [(4) #qu\u00ee# + #n\u00ea#], conj., _how not? why not_; _that, that not,\nbut that_; #qu\u00een et# or #etiam#, _nay more_.\n\n#Qu\u00eentilius, \u00ee#, m., gentile name of _P. Qu\u00eentilius V\u00e2rus_, an officer\nof Augustus, who sustained a severe defeat at the hands of the Germans,\nB.C.\u00a09.\n\n#Qu\u00eent\u00eelis, is# [#Qu\u00eentus#], m. (sc. #m\u00eansis#), _July_, the fifth month\n(counting from March. See #December#).\n\n#qu\u00eendecemvir, \u00ee# [#qu\u00eendecem#, _fifteen_ + #vir#], m., _a member of a\nboard of fifteen men_.\n\n#qu\u00eengent\u00ee, ae, a# [#qu\u00eenque# + #centum#], num. adj., _five hundred_.\n\n#qu\u00eenqu\u00e2gint\u00e2#, indecl. num. adj., _fifty_.\n\n#qu\u00eenque#, indecl. num. adj., _five_.\n\n#qu\u00eenquennium, \u00ee# [#qu\u00eenque# + #annus#], n., _a period of five years_.\n\n#qu\u00eenqui\u00eas# [#qu\u00eenque#], adv., _five times_.\n\n#qu\u00eentus# [#qu\u00eenque#], num. adj., _fifth_.\n\n#Qu\u00eentus, \u00ee#, m., a praenomen.\n\n#qu\u00eeppe#, adv., _indeed, as you see, surely_.\n\n#Quir\u00een\u00e2lis, is# (sc. #collis#), m., _the Quirinal_, one of the hills of\nRome.\n\n#Quir\u00eenus, \u00ee#, m., a name given to Romulus after his death and\ndeification.\n\n#Quir\u00eet\u00eas, ium# [#Cur\u00eas#], pl. m., orig. _the people of Cures_; later,\nthe name used to denote the Romans in their civil capacity, hence:\n_citizens, Romans_. See #R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee#.\n\n(1) #quis, quid#, interr. pron. used substantively, _who? which? what?_\nSee (1)\u00a0#qu\u00ee#.\n\n(2) #quis, qua, quid#, indef. pron. used substantively, _some one, any\none_; _something, anything_. See (3)\u00a0#qu\u00ee#.\n\n#quisnam, quaenam, quidnam# [(1) #quis# + #nam#], interr. pron., _who_\nor _what in the world? who? which? what?_\n\n#quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam# and #quidpiam#, indef. pron., _some, any,\nsome one_.\n\n#quisquam, quaequam, quicquam#, indef. pron., adj. or noun, _any one,\nanything, any_.\n\n#quisque, quaeque, quidque# or #quodque#, indef. pron., noun or adj.,\n_each, every, each one, every one_.\n\n#quisquis, quicquid#, indef. pron., _whoever, whatever, every one who,\neverything which_.\n\n#qu\u00f4# [#qu\u00ee#], adv. and conj. As adv., (1)\u00a0interr., _whither_? (2)\u00a0rel.,\n_whither_; as conj., _in order that, that, that thereby_.\n\n#qu\u00f4cumque#, adv., _whithersoever_.\n\n#quod#, conj., _because, that, in that_; _as to the fact that, so far\nas_; #quod s\u00ee#, _but\u00a0if_.\n\n#qu\u00f4modo# [(1) #qu\u00ee# + #modus#], adv., (1) interr., _how?_ (2)\u00a0rel., _in\nthe manner that,\u00a0as_.\n\n#quondam#, adv., _once, formerly_.\n\n#quoniam# [#quom# (= #cum#, _since_) + #iam#], conj., _since, because,\nseeing that_.\n\n#quoque#, conj., _also, too_ (placed after the word it emphasizes).\n\n#qu\u00f4rsum# or #qu\u00f4rsus# [orig. #qu\u00f4versus#; #qu\u00f4# + #vert\u00f4#], adv.,\n_whither?_\n\n#quotann\u00ees# [#quot# + #annus#], adv., _each year, yearly_.\n\n#quo\u00fbsque# [#qu\u00f4# + #\u00fbsque#, _until_], adv., (1)\u00a0interr., _until what\ntime?_ (2)\u00a0rel., _until_.\n\n\n#R#\n\n#radius, \u00ee#, m., _a staff, rod_; _beam, ray_.\n\n#rad\u00eex, \u00eecis#, f., _a root_; _foot, base_.\n\n#rap\u00eena, ae# [#rapi\u00f4#], f., _robbery, pillage_.\n\n#rapi\u00f4, ere, rapu\u00ee, raptus#, _to seize_ and _carry off, drag off_;\n_plunder, destroy_; _hasten, hurry_.\n\n  #ab--abripi\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, reptus#, _to take away forcibly, drag off_.\n\n  #ad--adripi\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, reptus#, _to snatch quickly, seize_.\n\n  #con--corripi\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, reptus#, _to seize, catch up_; #morb\u00f4\n  corrip\u00ee#, _to fall sick_.\n\n  #dis--d\u00eeripi\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, reptus#, _to tear apart_; _ravage, plunder_.\n\n  #prae--praeripi\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, reptus#, _to snatch away, carry off_ or\n  _away_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4ripi\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, reptus#, _to fling forth_; with #s\u00ea#,\n  _rush_.\n\n#r\u00e2r\u00f4# [#r\u00e2rus#], adv., _seldom, rarely_.\n\n#r\u00e2rus#, adj., _thin_; _scattered, rare_.\n\n#rati\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#reor#], f., _reckoning, calculation, account_; _method,\nplan_.\n\n#ratis, is#, f., _a raft, boat, vessel_.\n\n#re# or #red#, insep. prefix, _again, back_.\n\n#rebell\u00f4#, see #bell\u00f4#.\n\n#rec\u00ead\u00f4#, see #c\u00ead\u00f4#.\n\n#receptus, \u00fbs# [#recipi\u00f4#], m., _a retreat_.\n\n#recessus, \u00fbs# [#rec\u00ead\u00f4#], m., _nook, corner_.\n\n#recid\u00f4#, see #cad\u00f4#.\n\n#reciper\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to regain, recover_.\n\n#recipi\u00f4#, see #capi\u00f4#.\n\n#reconcili\u00f4#, see #concili\u00f4#.\n\n#recre\u00f4#, see #cre\u00f4#.\n\n#r\u00eact\u00ea# [#r\u00eactus# (part. of #reg\u00f4#), _straight, right_], adv., _rightly,\nduly, well_.\n\n#recub\u00f4#, see #cub\u00f4#.\n\n#rec\u00fbs\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#re# + #causa#], _to decline, refuse_.\n\n#redd\u00f4#, see #d\u00f4#.\n\n#rede\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n#redig\u00f4#, see #ag\u00f4#.\n\n#redim\u00f4#, see #em\u00f4#.\n\n#redintegr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#red# + #integer#], _to make whole again,\nrenew_.\n\n#reditus, \u00fbs# [#rede\u00f4#], m., _a going_ (or coming) _back, return_.\n\n#red\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n#refell\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, --# [#re# + #fall\u00f4#, _to deceive_], _to prove false,\nrefute, disprove_.\n\n#refer\u00f4#, see #fer\u00f4#.\n\n#refove\u00f4#, see #fove\u00f4#.\n\n#refring\u00f4#, see #frang\u00f4#.\n\n#refugi\u00f4#, see #fugi\u00f4#.\n\n#r\u00eag\u00e2lis, e# [#r\u00eax#], adj., _kinglike, royal_.\n\n#r\u00eagia, ae# [#r\u00eagius#], f. (sc. #domus#), _a palace_.\n\n#r\u00eag\u00eena, ae# [#r\u00eax#], f., _a queen_.\n\n#regi\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#reg\u00f4#], f., _district, region_.\n\n#r\u00eagius# [#r\u00eax#], adj., _kingly, royal, king's_.\n\n#r\u00eagn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#r\u00eagnum#], _to be king_; _rule, govern_.\n\n#r\u00eagnum, \u00ee# [#r\u00eax#], n., _kingly government, sovereignty, sway_; _a\nkingdom_.\n\n#reg\u00f4, ere, r\u00eax\u00ee, r\u00eactus#, _to keep straight, guide, conduct, rule_.\n\n  #con--corrig\u00f4, ere, r\u00eax\u00ee, r\u00eactus#, _to straighten, correct,\n  improve_.\n\n  #dis--d\u00eerig\u00f4, ere, r\u00eax\u00ee, r\u00eactus#, _to guide, steer, direct_.\n\n  #ex--\u00earig\u00f4, ere, r\u00eax\u00ee, r\u00eactus#, _to raise_ or _lift up_; _stir up,\n  arouse_.\n\n  #per--perg\u00f4, ere, perr\u00eax\u00ee, perr\u00eactus#, _to go straight on, proceed,\n  hasten_; with acc., _pursue with vigor, perform_; #part\u00eas pergere#,\n  _to play the r\u00f4le_.\n\n  #por# (= #pr\u00f4#)#--porrig\u00f4, ere, porr\u00eax\u00ee, porr\u00eactus#, _to spread_ or\n  _stretch out_; _hold forth, offer, present_.\n\n#regredior#, see #gradior#.\n\n#R\u00eagulus, \u00ee#, m., _M. At\u00eelius_, consul in 256 B.C.; defeated in Africa\nand taken prisoner by the Carthaginians, 255.\n\n#r\u00eaici\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#rel\u00e2bor#, see #l\u00e2bor#.\n\n#rel\u00eag\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#re# + #l\u00eag\u00f4#, _to send_], _to send out of the\nway, remove_.\n\n#religi\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, f., _sense of duty_; _religion, devotion to the gods_;\n_scruple_.\n\n#religi\u00f4sus# [#religi\u00f4#], adj., _careful, scrupulous_; _sacred, holy_.\n\n#relig\u00f4#, see #lig\u00f4#.\n\n#relinqu\u00f4, ere, l\u00eequ\u00ee, l\u00eectus# [#re# + #linqu\u00f4#, _to leave_], _to leave\nbehind, leave_; _bequeath_; _appoint by will_.\n\n#reliquiae, \u00e2rum# [#relinqu\u00f4#], pl. f., _remainder, remnant, residue_.\n\n#reliquus# [cf. #relinqu\u00f4#], adj., _remaining, rest_.\n\n#remane\u00f4#, see #mane\u00f4#.\n\n#remedium, \u00ee# [#re# + #medeor#, _to cure_], n., _a cure, remedy_.\n\n#remigr\u00f4#, see #migr\u00f4#.\n\n#remitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#rem\u00fbneror, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#re# + #m\u00fbner\u00f4#, _to reward_], _to reward,\nrepay_.\n\n#Remus, \u00ee#, m., the brother of Romulus.\n\n#renov\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#re# + #novus#], _to renew, restore, revive_.\n\n#ren\u00fbnti\u00f4#, see #n\u00fbnti\u00f4#.\n\n#renu\u00f4#, see #*nu\u00f4#.\n\n#reor, r\u00ear\u00ee, ratus sum#, _to reckon_; _think, suppose_; #ratus#,\n_thinking_.\n\n#repell\u00f4#, see #pell\u00f4#.\n\n#repend\u00f4#, see #pend\u00f4#.\n\n#repente# [#rep\u00eans#, _sudden_], adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_.\n\n#repent\u00eenus# [#rep\u00eans#, _sudden_], adj., _sudden, unexpected_.\n\n#reperi\u00f4#, see #pari\u00f4#.\n\n#repet\u00f4#, see #pet\u00f4#.\n\n#reple\u00f4#, see #*ple\u00f4#.\n\n#rep\u00f4n\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4n\u00f4#.\n\n#report\u00f4#, see #port\u00f4#.\n\n#rep\u00f4sc\u00f4#, see #p\u00f4sc\u00f4#.\n\n#reprehend\u00f4#, see #prehend\u00f4#.\n\n#reprim\u00f4#, see #prem\u00f4#.\n\n#repr\u00f4mitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#repudi\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to cast off, divorce_; _reject, scorn_.\n\n#rep\u00fbgn\u00f4#, see #p\u00fbgn\u00f4#.\n\n#repulsa, ae# [#repell\u00f4#], f., _rejection, repulse_; _a defeat at the\npolls_.\n\n#reput\u00f4#, see #put\u00f4#.\n\n#requ\u00eer\u00f4#, see #quaer\u00f4#.\n\n#r\u00eas, re\u00ee#, f., _thing, matter_; _affair, deed, exploit, event_;\n_circumstance_; _a story_; _property, fortune_; _trouble_; #r\u00eas\nfamili\u00e2ris#, _private property_; #r\u00eas p\u00fbblica#, _the commonwealth,\nstate_; #r\u00eas gestae#, _exploits_; #r\u00eas repetundae#, _extortion_; #r\u00ea\nv\u00ear\u00e2#, _in reality, in truth_.\n\n#resec\u00f4#, see #sec\u00f4#.\n\n#reser\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#re# + #s\u00ear\u00f4#, _to bolt_], _to unlock, open_.\n\n#res\u00eed\u00f4#, see #s\u00eed\u00f4#.\n\n#resist\u00f4#, see #sist\u00f4#.\n\n#resolv\u00f4#, see #solv\u00f4#.\n\n#resperg\u00f4, ere, spers\u00ee, spersus# [#re# + #sparg\u00f4#, _to strew,\nsprinkle_], _to besprinkle, bespatter_.\n\n#respici\u00f4#, see #*speci\u00f4#.\n\n#resp\u00eer\u00f4#, see #sp\u00eer\u00f4#.\n\n#responde\u00f4#, see #sponde\u00f4#.\n\n#resp\u00f4nsum, \u00ee# [#responde\u00f4#], n., _answer, reply_, esp. of an oracle;\n_warning_.\n\n#r\u00eas p\u00fbblica#, see #r\u00eas#.\n\n#restingu\u00f4#, see #stingu\u00f4#.\n\n#restitu\u00f4#, see #statu\u00f4#.\n\n#retine\u00f4#, see #tene\u00f4#.\n\n#retrah\u00f4#, see #trah\u00f4#.\n\n#reus, \u00ee#, m., _defendant, accused person, prisoner_.\n\n#revertor#, see #vert\u00f4#.\n\n#rev\u00eev\u00eesc\u00f4, ere, --, --# [#re# + #v\u00eev\u00easc\u00f4#, inceptive of #v\u00eev\u00f4#], _to\ncome to life again_.\n\n#revoc\u00f4#, see #voc\u00f4#,\n\n#r\u00eax, r\u00eagis# [cf. #reg\u00f4#], m., _king, monarch_.\n\n#Rh\u00eaa, ae#, f., _Rh\u00eaa_, also called _Rh\u00eaa Silvia_, mother of Romulus and\nRemus.\n\n#Rh\u00eanus, \u00ee#, m., the river Rhine.\n\n#rh\u00eator, oris#, m., _a teacher of oratory, rhetorician_; _orator_.\n\n#Rhodus, \u00ee#, f., _Rhodes_, a large island off the coast of Asia Minor,\nfamous for its schools of rhetoric (see #Apoll\u00f4nius#), its colossal\nstatue of Apollo, and for the skill of its people in navigation.\n\n#r\u00eede\u00f4, \u00eare, r\u00ees\u00ee, r\u00eesus#, _to smile, laugh_; _laugh at, mock_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00ear\u00eede\u00f4, \u00eare, r\u00ees\u00ee, r\u00eesus#, _to laugh at, mock, deride_.\n\n  #in--inr\u00eede\u00f4, \u00eare, r\u00ees\u00ee, r\u00eesus#, _to jeer at, mock, ridicule_.\n\n#rig\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to wet, moisten_.\n\n#rigor, \u00f4ris#, m., _severity, rigor_.\n\n#r\u00eepa, ae#, f., _a bank_ (of a river).\n\n#r\u00eesus, \u00fbs# [#r\u00eede\u00f4#], m., _laughter_.\n\n#r\u00eet\u00ea# [cf. #r\u00eetus#], adv., _with due ceremonies, duly, fitly,\nproperly_.\n\n#r\u00eetus, \u00fbs#, m., _religious ceremony, rite_.\n\n#rixa, ae#, f., _a quarrel_ (of blows), _brawl_.\n\n#r\u00f4bur, oris#, n., _hard wood, oak_; _strength, vigor, power_.\n\n#rog\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to ask, inquire_; _request, implore_.\n\n  #ab--abrog\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to repeal, annul_.\n\n  #inter--interrog\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to ask, question_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4rog\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to prolong, extend_.\n\n#R\u00f4ma, ae#, f., _Rome_.\n\n#R\u00f4m\u00e2nus#, adj., _Roman_; as noun, #R\u00f4m\u00e2nus, \u00ee#, m., _a Roman_; #R\u00f4m\u00e2n\u00ee,\n\u00f4rum#, pl. m., _the Romans_, the name given to the Romans in their\nmilitary capacity.\n\n#R\u00f4mulus, \u00ee#, m., _Romulus_, founder and first king of Rome, son of Rhea\nand Mars.\n\n#R\u00f4scius, \u00ee#, m., _Sextus R\u00f4scius_, defended by Cicero on a capital\ncharge.\n\n#r\u00f4strum, \u00ee# [#r\u00f4d\u00f4#, _to gnaw_], n., _the beak_ or _ram of a ship_;\npl., _the Rostra_, or speaker's platform in the Forum (adorned with\nbeaks of captured ships).\n\n#Rubic\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, m., _the Rubicon_, a river in the northeastern part of\nItaly.\n\n#rud\u00eementum, \u00ee# [#rudis#], n., _first attempt, beginning_. See #p\u00f4n\u00f4#.\n\n#rudis, e#, adj., _uncouth, unpolished_; _ignorant, rude_.\n\n#ru\u00eena, ae# [#ru\u00f4#], f., _downfall, ruin, destruction_; pl., _a fallen\nbuilding, ruins_.\n\n#r\u00fbmor, \u00f4ris#, m., _a story, report, rumor_.\n\n#rump\u00f4, ere, r\u00fbp\u00ee, ruptus#, _to break, destroy_.\n\n  #con--corrump\u00f4, ere, r\u00fbp\u00ee, ruptus#, _to destroy_; _seduce, bribe,\n  corrupt_.\n\n  #ex--\u00earump\u00f4, ere, r\u00fbp\u00ee, ruptum#, _to break forth_ or _out, burst\n  forth_.\n\n  #per--perrump\u00f4, ere, r\u00fbp\u00ee, ruptus#, _to break through, force a way\n  through, get across_.\n\n#ru\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, tus#, _to fall_; _rush, hasten_; with acc., _to cause to\nfall, overthrow_.\n\n  #con--corru\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, --#, _to fall_ (in\u00a0battle).\n\n  #dis--d\u00eeru\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, tus#, _to tear apart, overthrow, destroy_.\n\n  #ex--\u00earu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, tus#, _to cast out_; _dig up, destroy utterly_.\n\n  #in--inru\u00f4, \u00eare, \u00ee, --#, _to rush in, make an attack_.\n\n  #ob--obru\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, tus#, _to overwhelm, hide, bury_.\n\n#r\u00fbp\u00eas, is# [#rump\u00f4#], f., _a rock, cliff_.\n\n#r\u00fbrsus# or #r\u00fbrsum# [orig. #revorsus#; cf. #revert\u00f4#], adv., _back_;\n_again_.\n\n#r\u00fbs, r\u00fbris#, n., _the country_; pl., _the fields_; #r\u00fbr\u00ee#, _in the\ncountry_.\n\n#r\u00fbsticor, \u00e2ri, \u00e2tus sum# [#r\u00fbs#], _to live in the country_; _take a\nvacation_.\n\n#r\u00fbsticus# [#r\u00fbs#], adj., _rural, rustic_.\n\n\n#S#\n\n#Sab\u00een\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _the Sabines_, a race in central Italy,\nadjoining Latium on the north.\n\n#sacer, cra, crum#, adj., _holy, sacred_; as noun, #sacrum, \u00ee#, n., _a\nholy thing, sacred vessel_; pl., _religious rites, sacrifices_.\n\n#sacerd\u00f4s, \u00f4tis# [#sacer#], m. and f., _priest, priestess_.\n\n#sacr\u00e2rium, \u00ee# [#sacer#], n., _sanctuary, shrine_.\n\n#sacrificium, \u00ee# [#sacer# + #faci\u00f4#], n., _a sacrifice_.\n\n#sacr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to set apart_; _bless_; _curse_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nsecr\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to dedicate, consecrate, devote_.\n\n  #ex--exsecror, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to curse, abhor_.\n\n#saeculum, \u00ee#, n., _a race_; _generation, age, time_.\n\n#saepe#, adv., _frequently, often_.\n\n#saevi\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), \u00eetum# [#saevus#], _to be fierce_ or _cruel,\nrage_; #saev\u00eere in aliquem#, _to treat any one cruelly_.\n\n#saevitia, ae# [#saevus#], f., _fury, cruelty_.\n\n#saevus#, adj., _raging, fierce, cruel_.\n\n#sag\u00een\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#sag\u00eena#, _stuffing_], _to fatten_.\n\n#sagulum, \u00ee#, n., _a short military cloak_.\n\n#Saguntus, \u00ee#, f., and #Saguntum, \u00ee#, n., _Saguntum_, a\u00a0town on the east\ncoast of Spain.\n\n#Salernit\u00e2nus#, adj., _of_ or _near Salernum_ (modern Salerno), a\u00a0town\nin Campania.\n\n#Sali\u00ee, \u00f4rum# [#sali\u00f4#], pl. m., _the Salii_ or _Leapers_, the dancing\npriests of Mars.\n\n#Sal\u00een\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris#, m., see #L\u00eevius#.\n\n#sali\u00f4, \u00eere, u\u00ee, tus#, _to leap_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00easili\u00f4, \u00eere, u\u00ee, sultum#, _to leap down_.\n\n  #in--\u00eensili\u00f4, \u00eere, u\u00ee, --#, _to leap up_ or _on, mount_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4sili\u00f4, \u00eere, u\u00ee, --#, _to leap_ or _spring forward_.\n\n  #tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2nsili\u00f4, \u00eere, u\u00ee, --#, _to leap across, jump over_.\n\n#saltem#, adv., _at least, at all events_.\n\n#salt\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #sali\u00f4#], _to dance, leap_.\n\n  #ex--exsult\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, --#, _to leap, dance_ (esp. with joy),\n  _exult, rejoice_.\n\n#saltus, \u00fbs# [#sali\u00f4#], m., _a leap, bound_; _leaping, jumping_.\n\n#saltus, \u00fbs#, m., _a forest pasture, mountain glen, ravine, pass_.\n\n#sal\u00fbbris, e# [#sal\u00fbs#], adj., _health-giving, wholesome, healthy_;\n_beneficial_.\n\n#sal\u00fbs, \u00fbtis#, f., _health, vigor_; _safety_.\n\n#sal\u00fbt\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#sal\u00fbt\u00f4#], f., _greeting, salutation_.\n\n#sal\u00fbt\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#sal\u00fbt\u00f4#], m., _saluter, visitor_.\n\n#sal\u00fbt\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#sal\u00fbs#], _to wish one health, greet, salute,\nvisit_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nsal\u00fbt\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to greet_ or _salute warmly_.\n\n#salve\u00f4, \u00eare, --, --# [#salvus#], _to be well_; imperative, #salv\u00ea,\nsalv\u00eate#, _hail! greetings!_\n\n#salvus#, adj., _well, sound, safe_.\n\n#samb\u00fbceus# [#samb\u00fbcus#, _an elder-tree_], adj., _of elder, elder_.\n\n#Samn\u00eet\u00eas, ium#, pl. m., _the Samnites_, a branch of the Sabine race\ninhabiting the mountains southeast of Latium.\n\n#s\u00e2n\u00ea# [#s\u00e2nus#, _sound_], adv., _indeed, truly, by all means_;\n_certainly_.\n\n#sanguinolentus# [#sanguis#], adj., _bloody_.\n\n#sanguis, inis#, m., _blood_.\n\n#sapi\u00f4, ere, \u00eev\u00ee, --#, _to taste_; _to have taste_ or _understanding_;\n_be wise_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00easipi\u00f4, ere, --, --#, _to be foolish_ or _crazy_.\n\n#sapi\u00eans, entis# [orig. part. of #sapi\u00f4#], adj., _wise, sensible,\ndiscreet_.\n\n#sapientia, ae# [#sapi\u00eans#], f., _wisdom_.\n\n#Sardinia, ae#, f., an island between Italy and Spain.\n\n#sarmentum, \u00ee# [#sarp\u00f4#, _to prune_], n., _a twig_; pl., _brushwood,\nfagots_.\n\n#satis#, adv., _enough_; _tolerably, quite_; as noun, n., _enough,\nsufficiency_.\n\n#satisfaci\u00f4, ere, f\u00eac\u00ee, factum# [#satis# + #faci\u00f4#], _to satisfy, make\nreparation_.\n\n#saucius#, adj., _wounded, hurt_.\n\n#saxum, \u00ee#, n., _a stone, rock, boulder_.\n\n#scamnum, \u00ee#, n., _a bench, stool_.\n\n#scand\u00f4, ere, --, --#, _to climb, mount_.\n\n  #ad--\u00e2scend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, sc\u00eansus#, _to climb up, mount, ascend_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nscend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, sc\u00eansus#, _to mount, ascend_; _go on\n  board_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eascend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, sc\u00eansum#, _to climb_ or _come down, descend_;\n  _dismount_.\n\n  #ex--\u00eascend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, sc\u00eansus#, _to mount, ascend_.\n\n  #tr\u00e2ns--tr\u00e2nscend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, sc\u00eansus#, _to climb_ or _pass over,\n  cross_.\n\n#scapha, ae#, f., _a light boat, skiff_.\n\n#sceler\u00e2tus# [#scelus#], adj., _wicked, impious, accursed_.\n\n#scelest\u00ea# [#scelestus#, _impious_], adv., _wickedly, impiously_.\n\n#scelus, eris#, n., _wicked deed, sin, crime_.\n\n#schola, ae#, f., _leisure, leisure for learning_; _place of learning,\nschool_.\n\n#sc\u00eelicet# [#sc\u00eere# + #licet#], adv., _plainly, of course, doubtless_.\n\n#scind\u00f4, ere, scid\u00ee, scissus#, _to cut, tear, rend, split_.\n\n  #ab--abscind\u00f4, ere, scid\u00ee, scissus#, _to cut_ or _tear off, hew\n  off_.\n\n#sci\u00f4, \u00eere, sc\u00eev\u00ee, sc\u00eetus#, _to know, understand_; with infin., _to know\nhow_.\n\n#Sc\u00eepi\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of\nRome, belonging to the Cornelian gens.\n\n  1. _P.\u00a0Corn\u00ealius Sc\u00eepi\u00f4_, consul 218 B.C.; defeated by Hannibal at\n  the Ticinus and the Trebia; killed, with his brother Cn., in Spain,\n  in 212.\n\n  2. _P. Corn\u00ealius Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 \u00c2fric\u00e2nus M\u00e2ior_, son of (1), born B.C. 237;\n  commanded in Spain 210-206; consul in 205; defeated Hannibal at Zama\n  in 202. He died about 183 B.C.\n\n  3. _L. Corn\u00ealius Sc\u00eepi\u00f4_, brother of (2), consul in B.C. 190. After\n  defeating Antiochus at Magnesia, he received the cognomen\n  _Asi\u00e2ticus_.\n\n  4. _P. Corn\u00ealius Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 \u00c2fric\u00e2nus Minor_, captured Carthage, B.C.\n  146; took Numantia, in Spain, 133; died in 129.\n\n  5. _P. Corn\u00ealius Sc\u00eepi\u00f4 N\u00e2s\u00eeca Ser\u00e2pi\u00f4_, see #N\u00e2s\u00eeca#.\n\n  6. _Q. Metellus Pius Sc\u00eepi\u00f4_, father-in-law of Pompey.\n\n#sc\u00eescitor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#sc\u00eesc\u00f4#], _to ask, inquire_.\n\n#sc\u00eesc\u00f4, ere, sc\u00eev\u00ee, sc\u00eetus# [#sci\u00f4#], _to seek to know_; _approve,\nenact, decree_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nsc\u00eesc\u00f4, ere, sc\u00eev\u00ee, sc\u00eetus#, _to approve of, decree_;\n  #mortem sibi c\u00f4nsc\u00eescere#, _to commit suicide_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00easc\u00eesc\u00f4, ere, sc\u00eev\u00ee, sc\u00eetum#, _to withdraw, desert, revolt_.\n\n#scr\u00eeba, ae# [#scr\u00eeb\u00f4#], m., _a clerk, secretary_.\n\n#scr\u00eeb\u00f4, ere, scr\u00eeps\u00ee, scr\u00eeptus#, _to write_.\n\n  #ad--adscr\u00eeb\u00f4, ere, scr\u00eeps\u00ee, scr\u00eeptus#, _to add, include, enroll_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nscr\u00eeb\u00f4, ere, scr\u00eeps\u00ee, scr\u00eeptus#, _to enroll, enlist_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eascr\u00eeb\u00f4, ere, scr\u00eeps\u00ee, scr\u00eeptus#, _to copy off, sketch,\n  describe_.\n\n  #dis--d\u00eescr\u00eeb\u00f4, ere, scr\u00eeps\u00ee, scr\u00eeptus#, _to mark off, divide_.\n\n  #\u00een--\u00eenscr\u00eeb\u00f4, ere, scr\u00eeps\u00ee, scr\u00eeptus#, _to write on, inscribe\u00a0on_.\n\n  #per--perscr\u00eeb\u00f4, ere, scr\u00eeps\u00ee, scr\u00eeptus#, _to write out_ (in\u00a0full).\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4scr\u00eeb\u00f4, ere, scr\u00eeps\u00ee, scr\u00eeptus#, _to offer for sale_;\n  _proscribe, outlaw_.\n\n  #sub--subscr\u00eeb\u00f4, ere, scr\u00eeps\u00ee, scr\u00eeptus#, _to write beneath_.\n\n#scr\u00eenium, \u00ee#, n., _a case, box_ (esp. for books or papers).\n\n#scr\u00eeptor, \u00f4ris# [#scr\u00eeb\u00f4#], m., _a writer, author_; _narrator_.\n\n#Scultenna, ae#, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near Mutina.\n\n#sc\u00fbtum, \u00ee#, n., _a shield_.\n\n(1) #s\u00ea#, see #su\u00ee#.\n\n(2) #s\u00ea# or #s\u00ead#, insep. prefix, _apart, away from_.\n\n#s\u00eac\u00ead\u00f4#, see #c\u00ead\u00f4#.\n\n#s\u00eacern\u00f4#, see #cern\u00f4#.\n\n#sec\u00f4, \u00e2re, u\u00ee, tus#, _to cut_.\n\n  #re--resec\u00f4, \u00e2re, u\u00ee, tus#, _to cut loose_ or _off_.\n\n#s\u00eacr\u00eatus# [part. of #s\u00eacern\u00f4#], adj., _separate_; _hidden, concealed_;\n_secret_; abl. #s\u00eacr\u00eat\u00f4# as adv., _secretly_.\n\n#sector, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [freq. of #sequor#], _to follow eagerly, pursue,\nseek the society\u00a0of_.\n\n#secundus# [#sequor#], adj., _following, second_; _favorable,\nfortunate_.\n\n#sec\u00fbris, is# [#sec\u00f4#], f., _an axe, hatchet_.\n\n#secus#, comp. #s\u00eatius#, adv., _otherwise, differently_.\n\n#sed#, conj., _but, on the contrary_.\n\n#s\u00eadecim# [#sex# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _sixteen_.\n\n#sede\u00f4, \u00eare, s\u00ead\u00ee, sessum#, _to sit_.\n\n  #ad--adside\u00f4, \u00eare, s\u00ead\u00ee, sessus#, _to sit at_ or _beside, besiege_.\n\n  #in--\u00eenside\u00f4, \u00eare, s\u00ead\u00ee, sessus#, with dat., _to sit in, on_, or\n  _upon_; with acc., _to settle on, occupy_.\n\n  #ob--obside\u00f4, \u00eare, s\u00ead\u00ee, sessus#, _block, besiege, beset_.\n\n#s\u00ead\u00eas, is# [cf. #sede\u00f4#], f., _seat, chair_; _residence, abode_.\n\n#s\u00eaditi\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#s\u00ead# + #iti\u00f4#, from #e\u00f4, \u00eere#], f., _dissension,\nrebellion, revolt_.\n\n#s\u00ead\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n#s\u00eadulit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#s\u00eadulus#, _earnest_], f., _earnestness,\npersistency_.\n\n#s\u00eadul\u00f4# [abl. of #s\u00eadulus#, _earnest_], adv., _earnestly, busily_;\n_purposely, deliberately_.\n\n#s\u00eagnis, \u00ea#, adj., _slow, tardy, sluggish_.\n\n#s\u00eagniter# [#s\u00eagnis#], adv., _without spirit_ or _vigor, lazily_.\n\n#sella, ae# [#sede\u00f4#], f., _a seat, chair_; #sella cur\u00fblis#, a\u00a0portable\nstool, with bent legs, made to open and shut like a camp-stool. Such\nchairs were often of bronze, or of wood finely carved, and inlaid with\nivory, or even adorned with ornaments of gold. The right to use this\nchair belonged at first only to the king, but later to curule aediles,\npraetors, consuls, dictators, and the Flamines.\n\n#semel#, adv., _once, once for all_.\n\n#s\u00eamet#, see #su\u00ee#.\n\n#semper#, adv., _always, continually_.\n\n#sempiternus# [#semper#], adj., _eternal_.\n\n#Sempr\u00f4nius, \u00ee#, m., _Ti. Sempr\u00f4nius Longus_, defeated by Hannibal at\nthe Trebia B.C. 218.\n\n#sen\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#sen\u00e2tus#], m., _a senator_.\n\n#sen\u00e2t\u00f4rius# [#sen\u00e2tor#], adj., _senatorial_.\n\n#sen\u00e2tus, \u00fbs# [cf. #senex#], m., _council of elders, senate_, in the\ntime of the kings a mere advisory body, called together by the king when\nhe desired advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state.\n\n#Seneca, ae#, m., _L. Annaeus Seneca_, the Stoic philosopher, tutor of\nthe Emperor Nero.\n\n#senecta, ae# [#senex#], f., _old age_.\n\n#senect\u00fbs, \u00fbtis# [#senex#], f., _old age_.\n\n#senex#, gen. #senis#, adj., _old_; comp. #senior#, _elder_; sup.\n#m\u00e2ximus# (#n\u00e2t\u00fb#), _eldest_. As noun, #senex, senis#, m., _an old man_;\n#seni\u00f4r\u00eas, um#, pl. m., _the elders_ (men over\u00a045).\n\n#senior#, see #senex#.\n\n#senium, \u00ee# [#senex#], n., _old age, decay_.\n\n#sententia, ae# [#senti\u00f4#], f., _opinion, thought_; _wish, inclination_.\n\n#senti\u00f4, \u00eere, s\u00eans\u00ee, s\u00eansus#, _to discern by sense, feel_; _see,\nperceive_; #bene sent\u00eere d\u00ea#, _to think well\u00a0of_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nsenti\u00f4, \u00eere, s\u00eans\u00ee, s\u00eansum#, _to agree_; _conspire, plot_.\n\n#s\u00eapar\u00e2tim# [(2) #s\u00ea# + #par\u00f4#], adv., _separately, apart_.\n\n#sepeli\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), sepultus#, _to bury, inter_.\n\n#septem#, indecl. num. adj., _seven_.\n\n#sept\u00ean\u00ee, ae, a# [#septem#], num. adj., _seven each, seven apiece_.\n\n#Septimul\u00eaius, \u00ee#, m., _L. Septimul\u00eaius_ of Anagnia in Latium, a\u00a0friend\nof Ti. Gracchus, who afterwards sold his head for gold.\n\n#septimus# [#septem#], num. adj., _seventh_.\n\n#septir\u00eamis, e# [#septem# + #r\u00eamus#, _oar_], f. (sc.\u00a0#n\u00e2vis#), _a ship\nwith seven banks_ or _tiers of oars_.\n\n#septu\u00e2g\u00easimus# [#septu\u00e2gint\u00e2#, _seventy_], num. adj., _seventieth_.\n\n#sepult\u00fbra, ae# [#sepeli\u00f4#], f., _burial, funeral_.\n\n#sequor, \u00ee, sec\u00fbtus sum#, _to follow_; _favor_.\n\n  #ad--adsequor, \u00ee, sec\u00fbtus sum#, _to follow up, overtake_; _gain,\n  attain_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nsequor, \u00ee, sec\u00fbtus sum#, _to follow, overtake_; _attain,\n  acquire_.\n\n  #in--\u00eensequor, \u00ee, sec\u00fbtus sum#, _to pursue, overtake_.\n\n  #ob--obsequor, \u00ee, sec\u00fbtus sum#, _to comply with, yield to,\n  submit\u00a0to_.\n\n  #per--persequor, \u00ee, sec\u00fbtus sum#, _to follow persistently, pursue,\n  hound_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4sequor, \u00ee, sec\u00fbtus sum#, _to follow, accompany, escort_.\n\n  #sub--subsequor, \u00ee, sec\u00fbtus sum#, _to follow after, follow_.\n\n#Sergius, \u00ee#, m., a Roman gentile name.\n\n  1. _L.\u00a0Sergius Catil\u00eena_, see #Catil\u00eena#.\n\n  2. _M. Sergius Catil\u00eena_, grandfather of (1).\n\n#s\u00eari\u00f4# [abl. of #s\u00earius#], adv., _in earnest, seriously, in good\nfaith_.\n\n#s\u00earius#, adj., _grave, serious, earnest_.\n\n#serm\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#ser\u00f4#], m., _talk, conversation_; _speech_.\n\n#ser\u00f4, ere, --, tus#, _to bind together_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nser\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, tus#, _to join_; #man\u00fbs# or #p\u00fbgnam\n  c\u00f4nserere#, _to join battle, fight_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00easer\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, tus#, _to leave, abandon_; _forsake, neglect_.\n\n  #dis--disser\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, tus#, _to speak, discourse, harangue_.\n\n  #ex--exser\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, tus#, _to thrust out_.\n\n#s\u00ear\u00f4# [abl. of #s\u00earus#, _late_], adv., _late, too late_.\n\n#Sert\u00f4rius, \u00ee#, m., _Qu\u00eentus_, an officer in the army of Marius. He went\nto Spain as propraetor in B.C. 82, and maintained himself at the head of\nan independent force till his death in\u00a072.\n\n#serva, ae# [#servus#], f., _a slave woman_.\n\n#serv\u00eelis, e# [#servus#], adj., _of a slave_; _slavish, servile_.\n\n#servit\u00fbs, \u00fbtis# [#servus#], f., _slavery_.\n\n#Servius, \u00ee#, m., see #Tullius#.\n\n#serv\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to save, preserve, watch_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nserv\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to keep safe, preserve_.\n\n#servus, \u00ee#, m., _a slave_.\n\n#s\u00ease#, see #su\u00ee#.\n\n#s\u00eastertius, \u00ee# [#s\u00eamis#, _half_ + #tertius#], m. (sc.\u00a0#nummus#), _a\nsesterce_, a\u00a0small silver coin equivalent orig. to two and one-half\nasses, but later worth about four cents. See #\u00e2s#. In naming large sums\nof money the Romans speak of 'so many times a hundred thousand\n_s\u00easterti\u00ee_' (_cent\u00eana m\u00eelia s\u00eastertium_).\n\n#s\u00eatius#, see #secus#.\n\n#seu#, see #s\u00eeve#.\n\n#sev\u00ear\u00ea# [#sev\u00earus#], adv., _gravely, severely, sternly, strictly_.\n\n#sev\u00earit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#sev\u00earus#], f., _sternness, strictness_.\n\n#sev\u00earus#, adj., _stern, strict, severe_.\n\n#sex#, indecl. num. adj., _six_.\n\n#sex\u00e2gint\u00e2#, num. adj., _sixty_.\n\n#Sext\u00eelis, e#, adj., _of the sixth month_. As noun, #Sext\u00eelis, is#, m.\n(sc.\u00a0#m\u00eansis#), _August_. See #December#.\n\n#Sext\u00eelius, \u00ee#, m., praetor in Africa in B.C. 88.\n\n#sextus# [#sex#], num. adj., _sixth_.\n\n#Sextus, \u00ee#, m., a Roman praenomen.\n\n#s\u00ee#, conj., _if, whether_; #quod s\u00ee#, _but if_.\n\n#sibi#, see #su\u00ee#.\n\n#s\u00eebilus, \u00ee#, m., _a hissing, whistling_.\n\n#Sibyll\u00eenus# [#Sibylla#, _a Sibyl, prophetess_], adj., _pertaining to\nthe Sibyls, Sibylline_.\n\n#s\u00eec#, adv., _in this way, thus, so_.\n\n#sicc\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#siccus#], _to drain_.\n\n#siccus#, adj., _dry_. As noun, #siccum, \u00ee#, n., _the dry ground_.\n\n#Sicilia, ae#, f., _Sicily_.\n\n#Siculus#, adj., _Sicilian_.\n\n#s\u00eed\u00f4, s\u00eedere, --, --#, _to seat one's self, sit down_.\n\n  #ad--ads\u00eed\u00f4, ere, s\u00ead\u00ee, --#, _to seat one's self, sit down_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4ns\u00eed\u00f4, ere, s\u00ead\u00ee, sessum#, _to sit down_; _settle, encamp_;\n  _take a position_.\n\n  #re--res\u00eed\u00f4, ere, s\u00ead\u00ee, --#, _to settle down, sink, subside_;\n  _abate, grow calm_.\n\n#s\u00eegnific\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#s\u00eegnum# + #faci\u00f4#], _to make signs, show_;\n_point out, indicate_.\n\n#s\u00eegn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#s\u00eegnum#], _to set a mark on_; _sign, seal_\n(a\u00a0document).\n\n  #ad--ads\u00eegn\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to allot, award, assign_.\n\n#s\u00eegnum, \u00ee#, n., _sign, signal_; _military standard, ensign_; _statue,\nimage_; #s\u00eegna \u00eenferre alicu\u00ee#, _to advance against_ or _attack any\none_.\n\n#S\u00eel\u00e2nus, \u00ee#, m., _D. I\u00fbnius S\u00eel\u00e2nus M\u00e2nli\u00e2nus_, praetor in Macedonia\nB.C. 142.\n\n#sil\u00eans, entis# [orig. part. of #sile\u00f4#, _to be still_], adj., _still,\nquiet, silent_.\n\n#silentium, \u00ee# [#sil\u00eans#], n., _stillness, quiet, silence_.\n\n#silva, ae#, f., _a wood, forest_.\n\n#Silvia, ae#, f., see #Rh\u00eaa#.\n\n#similis, e#, adj., _like, similar_.\n\n#similiter# [#similis#], adv., _in like manner, similarly_.\n\n#similit\u00fbd\u00f4, inis# [#similis#], f., _likeness, resemblance, similarity_.\n\n#simul#, adv., _at the same time_; #simul atque# or #\u00e2c#, _as soon\u00a0as_.\n\n#simul\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#similis#], _to make like, copy_; _feign,\npretend_.\n\n  #dis--dissimul\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to disguise, conceal, dissemble_.\n\n#simult\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#simul#], f., _enmity, hatred_; #simult\u00e2t\u00eas gerere#,\n_to carry on a feud_.\n\n#sine#, prep, with abl., _without_.\n\n#singul\u00e2ris, e# [#singul\u00ee#], adj., _one by one, single, individual_;\n_remarkable, singular, unparalleled_.\n\n#singul\u00ee, ae, a#, adj., _one at a time, one apiece, single_.\n\n#sinister, tra, trum#, adj., _left_.\n\n#sin\u00f4, ere, s\u00eev\u00ee, situs#, _to put, place_; _permit, let_.\n\n#sinus, \u00fbs#, m., _a curve, hollow, fold_; _fold of the toga_ (as\u00a0it\ncrosses the breast), _pocket_; _bosom_.\n\n#sist\u00f4, ere, stit\u00ee, status#, trans., _to cause to stand, place, set_;\nintrans., _stand_.\n\n  #ab--absist\u00f4, ere, stit\u00ee, --#, _to withdraw, cease, desist_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nsist\u00f4, ere, stit\u00ee, --#, _to stand, take position_ (of\u00a0an\n  army); _stop, halt_; _be firm, endure, continue_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00easist\u00f4, ere, stit\u00ee, --#, _to stand off from, cease, desist_.\n\n  #ex--exsist\u00f4, ere, stit\u00ee, --#, _to step forth_; _come to be, become,\n  arise_.\n\n  #ob--obsist\u00f4, ere, stit\u00ee, --#, _to stand in the way of, resist,\n  oppose_.\n\n  #re--resist\u00f4, ere, stit\u00ee, --#, _to oppose, withstand, resist_.\n\n  #sub--subsist\u00f4, ere, stit\u00ee, --#, _to take a stand, remain, tarry_.\n\n#situs# [orig. part. of #sin\u00f4#], adj., _placed, situate, lying_.\n\n#situs, \u00fbs# [#sin\u00f4#], m., _location, site_.\n\n#s\u00eeve# or #seu#, conj., _or, or if, whether_; #s\u00eeve .\u00a0.\u00a0. s\u00eeve# or #seu\n.\u00a0.\u00a0. seu#, _whether .\u00a0.\u00a0. or, if .\u00a0.\u00a0. or\u00a0if_.\n\n#s\u00f4brius#, adj., _sober, temperate_.\n\n#socer, socer\u00ee#, m., _a father-in-law_.\n\n#societ\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#socius#], f., _fellowship, association_; _alliance_.\n\n#soci\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#socius#], _to join, unite_; _hold in common,\nshare, divide_.\n\n#socius, \u00ee#, m., _fellow, comrade, ally_.\n\n#sod\u00e2lis, is#, m., _companion, associate_.\n\n#s\u00f4l, s\u00f4lis#, m., _the sun_.\n\n#sole\u00f4, \u00eare, itus sum#, _to be wont, be accustomed, use_.\n\n#s\u00f4lit\u00e2rius# [#s\u00f4lus#], adj., _lonely, isolated_.\n\n#s\u00f4lit\u00fbd\u00f4, inis# [#solus#], f., _loneliness_; _lonely place,\nwilderness_.\n\n#solitus# [#sole\u00f4#], adj., _wonted, usual, accustomed_; as noun,\n#solitum, \u00ee#, n., _the customary, the usual_.\n\n#solium, \u00ee#, n., _chair of state, throne_.\n\n#sollemnis, e#, adj., _religiously fixed, holy, sacred_.\n\n#sollicit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#sollicitus#, _troubled_], _to stir up,\narouse, excite_.\n\n#s\u00f4lum# [#s\u00f4lus#], adv., _only_; #n\u00f4n . . . s\u00f4lum .\u00a0.\u00a0. sed .\u00a0.\u00a0.\netiam#, _not only .\u00a0.\u00a0. but also_.\n\n#s\u00f4lus#, adj., _alone, single-handed, single, only_; _lonely, solitary_.\n\n#solv\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, sol\u00fbtus#, _to loosen, unbind_; _let down_; _impair,\ndestroy_.\n\n  #ab--absolv\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, sol\u00fbtus#, _to set free, release_; _acquit_.\n\n  #re--resolv\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, sol\u00fbtus#, _to loosen_; _dissolve, melt_.\n\n#somnium, \u00ee# [#somnus#], n., _a dream, vision_.\n\n#somnus, \u00ee#, m., _sleep_.\n\n#sonitus, \u00fbs# [#son\u00f4#, _to resound_], m., _sound, crash, noise_.\n\n#s\u00f4pi\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), \u00eetus# [cf. #sopor#, _a deep sleep_], _to put to\nsleep_; pass., _to sleep_; #s\u00f4p\u00eet\u00ee#, _buried in slumber_.\n\n#soror, \u00f4ris#, f., _a sister_.\n\n#sor\u00f4rius# [#soror#], adj., _of a sister, sister's_.\n\n#sors, sortis#, f., _lot, fate, destiny_; _decision by lot_.\n\n#sortior, \u00eer\u00ee, \u00eetus sum# [#sors#], _to cast lots_; _obtain by lot_.\n\n#spatium, \u00ee#, n., _space, room_; _distance_; _period of time_.\n\n#speci\u00eas, --#, acc. em, abl. #\u00ea# [#*speci\u00f4#], f., _sight, appearance_;\n_semblance, pretense_.\n\n#*speci\u00f4, ere, spex\u00ee, --#, _to look_.\n\n  #ad--adspici\u00f4, ere, spex\u00ee, spectus#, _to look at, examine, inspect_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nspici\u00f4, ere, spex\u00ee, spectus#, _to catch sight of, spy_;\n  _see_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00easpici\u00f4, ere, spex\u00ee, spectus#, _to look down upon, despise_.\n\n  #d\u00ees--d\u00eespici\u00f4, ere, spex\u00ee, spectus#, _to descry, perceive_.\n\n  #in--\u00eenspici\u00f4, ere, spex\u00ee, spectus#, _to look into, examine,\n  consider_.\n\n  #re--respici\u00f4, ere, spex\u00ee, spectus#, _to look back_ (_at_), _gaze\n  at, consider_; _regard, respect_.\n\n#spect\u00e2culum, \u00ee# [#spect\u00f4#], n., _show, sight, spectacle_.\n\n#spect\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#spect\u00f4#], m., _spectator_.\n\n#spect\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #*speci\u00f4#], _to look at, watch,\nbehold_.\n\n  #ex--exspect\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, trans., _to look out for, await,\n  expect_; intrans., _wait, wait to see_.\n\n#specul\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#speculor#], m., _a lookout, spy, scout_.\n\n#speculor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#specula#, _a watch-tower_], _to spy out,\nexamine_.\n\n#speculum, \u00ee# [#*speci\u00f4#], n., _a looking-glass, mirror_ (usually of\nmetal).\n\n#spern\u00f4, ere, spr\u00eav\u00ee, spr\u00eatus#, _to set aside, despise, scorn_.\n\n  #ab--\u00e2spernor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to disdain, despise, scorn_.\n\n#sp\u00ear\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#sp\u00eas#], _to hope_ (for), _look for, expect_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00easp\u00ear\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to lose hope, despair, despair\u00a0of_.\n\n#sp\u00eas, spe\u00ee#, f., _hope, expectation_; _promise_.\n\n#sp\u00eeritus, \u00fbs# [#sp\u00eer\u00f4#], m., _breath_; _disposition, lofty spirit,\nambition, pride_.\n\n#sp\u00eer\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to breathe_.\n\n  #ex--exsp\u00eer\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to breathe out_; _die, expire_\n  (sc.\u00a0#animam#).\n\n  #re--resp\u00eer\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum#, _to breathe back_ or _out, breathe_\n  (again); intrans., _to recover breath, revive_.\n\n#splendor, \u00f4ris# [#splende\u00f4#, _to shine_], m., _brightness, splendor,\nmagnificence_.\n\n#spoli\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#spolium#], _to strip, rob, plunder_.\n\n#spolium, \u00ee#, n., _booty, spoil_.\n\n#sponde\u00f4, \u00eare, spopond\u00ee, sp\u00f4nsus#, _to promise_ (sacredly), _agree_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00easponde\u00f4, \u00eare, \u00ee, sp\u00f4nsus#, _to promise in marriage, betroth_.\n\n  #re--responde\u00f4, \u00eare, \u00ee, sp\u00f4nsus#, _to answer, reply_; _correspond\n  to, agree with_.\n\n#sp\u00f4nsus, \u00ee# [#sponde\u00f4#], m., _a lover, betrothed man_.\n\n#sponte# [abl. of #*sp\u00f4ns#, _free will_], f., _voluntarily_; with #me\u00e2,\ntu\u00e2#, or #su\u00e2#, _of my, your_, or _his own free will_.\n\n#Sp\u00fbrinna, ae#, m., _Vestritius Sp\u00fbrinna_, an augur of the time of\nJulius Caesar.\n\n#squ\u00e2ma, ae#, f., _scale_ (of fish or snake).\n\n#statim# [cf. #st\u00f4#], adv., _instantly, at once_.\n\n#stati\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#st\u00f4#], f., _station, post_; _picket line, guard_.\n\n#statua, ae# [#statu\u00f4#], f., _a statue, image_.\n\n#statu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, \u00fbtus# [#st\u00f4#], _to cause to stand, set up, place_;\n_determine_; _determine on, appoint, arrange_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nstitu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, \u00fbtus#, _to set up, erect_; _set in order,\n  organize_; _arrange, appoint_; _resolve_.\n\n  #in--\u00eenstitu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, \u00fbtus#, _to set in place, arrange_; _found,\n  establish_; _determine, undertake, begin_; _train, teach_.\n\n  #re--restitu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, \u00fbtus#, _to set up again, replace, restore,\n  reinstate_; _repair, remedy, save_.\n\n  #sub--substitu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, \u00fbtus#, _to put in place of, substitute_;\n  _put_.\n\n#stat\u00fbra, ae# [#st\u00f4#], f., _size, height, stature_.\n\n#status, \u00fbs# [#st\u00f4#], m., _state, condition, rank_.\n\n#stercus, oris#, n., _dung, manure_.\n\n#Sthenius, \u00ee#, m., _a Sicilian chief_.\n\n#stern\u00f4, ere, str\u00e2v\u00ee, str\u00e2tus#, _to spread out, scatter_; _lay low_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nstern\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to terrify, frighten, confound_;\n  _move deeply, affect powerfully_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4stern\u00f4, ere, str\u00e2v\u00ee, str\u00e2tus#, _to overthrow, destroy_.\n\n#stimulus, \u00ee#, m., _goad_; _sharp point, prick_.\n\n#stingu\u00f4, ere, --, --#, _to quench_.\n\n  #ex--exstingu\u00f4, ere, st\u00eenx\u00ee, st\u00eenctus#, _to extinguish_; _destroy,\n  kill_.\n\n  #re--restingu\u00f4, ere, st\u00eenx\u00ee, st\u00eenctus#, _to quench, extinguish,\n  destroy_.\n\n#st\u00eependium, \u00ee# [#stips#, _gift_ + #pend\u00f4#], n., _a payment_; _salary,\npay_; _campaign_; #st\u00eependia facere# or #mer\u00eare#, _to serve a campaign_.\n\n#stirps, stirpis#, f., _stock, race_; _offspring, progeny_.\n\n#st\u00f4, st\u00e2re, stet\u00ee, statum#, _to stand_; _stand firm, abide_; #st\u00e2re\npr\u00f4miss\u00f4#, _to stand by_ (lit., _on_) _one's promise_.\n\n  #circum--circumst\u00f4, \u00e2re, stit\u00ee, --#, _to stand about, surround_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nst\u00f4, \u00e2re, stit\u00ee, --#, _to agree_; _stand firm, be fixed_;\n  _consist of_; #c\u00f4nstat#, _it is agreed, it is well known, it is\n  certain_; #sibi c\u00f4nst\u00e2re#, _to be consistent_.\n\n  #ex--exst\u00f4, \u00e2re, stit\u00ee, --#, _to be extant, remain, exist_.\n\n  #prae--praest\u00f4, \u00e2re, stit\u00ee, stitus#, intrans., _to stand before,\n  surpass, excel_; trans., _to show, make, render_.\n\n#stolid\u00ea# [#stolidus#, _stupid_], adv., _stupidly_.\n\n#str\u00e2g\u00eas, is# [#stern\u00f4#], f., _overthrow, ruin, defeat_; _massacre_.\n\n#str\u00e2gulum, \u00ee# [#stern\u00f4#], n., _coverlet, bedspread_.\n\n#str\u00eanuus#, adj., _brisk, active, vigorous_.\n\n#strepitus, \u00fbs# [#strep\u00f4#, _to make a noise_], m., _noise, din, crash_;\n_applause_.\n\n#string\u00f4, ere, strinx\u00ee, strictus#, _to draw_ or _bind tight_, _press\ntogether, graze_; _draw, unsheathe_ (a\u00a0sword or dagger).\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eastring\u00f4, ere, strinx\u00ee, strictus#, _to draw, unsheathe_.\n\n  #per--perstring\u00f4, ere, strinx\u00ee, strictus#, _to touch, graze_;\n  _thrill, run through_.\n\n#stru\u00f4, ere, str\u00fbx\u00ee, str\u00fbctus#, _to pile up, arrange_; _build, erect_.\n\n  #ex--exstru\u00f4, ere, str\u00fbx\u00ee, str\u00fbctus#, _to pile_ or _heap up, build_.\n\n  #in--\u00eenstru\u00f4, ere, str\u00fbx\u00ee, str\u00fbctus#, _to build_; _arrange, draw up_\n  or _array_ (troops); _make ready, equip, fit out_.\n\n#studi\u00f4s\u00ea# [#studi\u00f4sus#, _eager_], adv., _eagerly, zealously_.\n\n#studium, \u00ee# [#stude\u00f4#, _to be eager_], n., _zeal, enthusiasm_; _desire,\npursuit, study_; _good-will, affection_.\n\n#stultitia, ae# [#stultus#], f., _folly_.\n\n#stultus#, adj., _foolish, silly_.\n\n#stup\u00eans, entis# [orig. part. of #stupe\u00f4#], adj., _dazed, confused,\ndumbfounded_.\n\n#stupe\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to be struck senseless, be amazed_ or\n_astounded_.\n\n#su\u00e2de\u00f4, \u00eare, su\u00e2s\u00ee, su\u00e2s\u00fbrus#, _to advise, urge, exhort_.\n\n  #dis--dissu\u00e2de\u00f4, \u00eare, su\u00e2s\u00ee, su\u00e2sus#, _to advise against, oppose_\n  (by\u00a0argument).\n\n  #per--persu\u00e2de\u00f4, \u00eare, su\u00e2s\u00ee, su\u00e2s\u00fbrus#, _to persuade, induce_;\n  _convince_.\n\n#sub#, prep. with (1) acc., _under, towards, until, after_; (2)\u00a0with\nabl., _under, beneath, at the foot of, close to_; _in the reign of_; in\ncomposition, _under, somewhat_; _in place of_; _underhandedly_.\n\n#subd\u00f4#, see #d\u00f4#.\n\n#subd\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n#sube\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n#subici\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#subig\u00f4#, see #ag\u00f4#.\n\n#subitus# [#sube\u00f4#], adj., _sudden, unexpected_; abl. #subit\u00f4# as adv.,\n_on short notice, suddenly_.\n\n#subl\u00e2tus#, see #toll\u00f4#.\n\n#sublicius# [#sublica#, _a pile_], adj., _consisting of_ or _resting on\npiles_.\n\n#subl\u00eemis, e#, adj., _uplifted, lofty_; _on high, through the sky_.\n\n#submitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#submove\u00f4#, see #move\u00f4#.\n\n#subol\u00eas, is#, f., _a sprout, shoot_; _offspring, issue_; _race_.\n\n#sub\u00f4rn\u00f4#, see #\u00f4rn\u00f4#.\n\n#subscr\u00eeb\u00f4#, see #scr\u00eeb\u00f4#.\n\n#subsellium, \u00ee# [#sub# + #sella#], n., _a low bench, seat_.\n\n#subsequor#, see #sequor#.\n\n#subsidium, \u00ee# [cf. #subs\u00eed\u00f4#, _to lie in wait_], n., _reserve troops_;\n_aid, help_.\n\n#subsist\u00f4#, see #sist\u00f4#.\n\n#substitu\u00f4#, see #statu\u00f4#.\n\n#subtex\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, tus# [#sub# + #tex\u00f4#, _to weave_], _to weave under,\njoin_; _subjoin, add_ (in\u00a0speech).\n\n#succ\u00ead\u00f4#, see #c\u00ead\u00f4#.\n\n#succ\u00eassor, \u00f4ris# [#succ\u00ead\u00f4#], m., _follower, successor_.\n\n#succ\u00eassus, \u00fbs# [#succ\u00ead\u00f4#], m., _favorable outcome, success_.\n\n#succing\u00f4#, see #cing\u00f4#.\n\n#succl\u00e2m\u00f4#, see #cl\u00e2m\u00f4#.\n\n#succurr\u00f4#, see #curr\u00f4#.\n\n#su\u00easc\u00f4, ere, su\u00eav\u00ee, su\u00eatus#, _to become accustomed to_.\n\n  #ad--adsu\u00easc\u00f4, ere, su\u00eav\u00ee, su\u00eatus#, _to accustom one's self to, be\n  wont_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4nsu\u00easc\u00f4, ere, su\u00eav\u00ee, su\u00eatus#, _to become accustomed_.\n\n#suffici\u00f4#, see #faci\u00f4#.\n\n#suff\u00eeg\u00f4#, see #f\u00eeg\u00f4#.\n\n#suff\u00f4c\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#sub# + #fauces#, _the throat_], _to choke,\nstrangle_.\n\n#suffodi\u00f4#, see #fodi\u00f4#.\n\n#suffr\u00e2g\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris# [#suffr\u00e2gor#, _to vote for_], m., _supporter,\npartisan, follower_.\n\n#suffr\u00e2gium, \u00ee#, n., _a voting tablet, vote, ballot_.\n\n#su\u00ee# gen., #sibi# dat., #s\u00ea# acc. and abl. of the reflexive pron.,\nsing. and pl., _himself, herself, itself, themselves_; #s\u00ease, s\u00eamet#,\nstrengthened forms of #s\u00ea#.\n\n#Sulla, ae#, m., a cognomen in the Cornelian gens.\n\n  1. _L.\u00a0Corn\u00ealius Sulla_, surnamed F\u00eal\u00eex, born B.C. 138; consul in\n  88; commanded against Mithridates 88-84; fought Marius in 88, and\n  again in 83, 82, becoming master of Italy. He was then chosen\n  perpetual dictator, and made many changes in the constitution. He\n  resigned the dictatorship in 79, and died next year.\n\n  2. _P. Corn\u00ealius Sulla_, nephew of (1), defended in 62 B.C. by\n  Cicero from a charge of complicity in Catiline's conspiracy.\n\n#Sull\u00e2nus#, adj., _of_ or _by Sulla, Sullan_; as noun, #Sull\u00e2n\u00ee, \u00f4rum#,\npl. m., _the followers of Sulla_.\n\n#Sulpicius, \u00ee#, m., _Ser. Sulpicius R\u00fbfus_, tribune of the people in 88\nB.C., and a supporter of Marius.\n\n#sum, esse, fu\u00ee, fut\u00fbrus#, _to be, exist, live_; with gen., _belong to,\nbe the part of_; _be true, be so_; _happen, take place_; with dat.,\n_have, possess_.\n\n  #ab--absum, esse, \u00e2fu\u00ee#, _to be away_ or _absent, be far from_;\n  #prope abesse#, _to be at no great distance, be near_.\n\n  #ad--adsum, esse, adfu\u00ee#, _to be present_ or _near_; _to aid_ (esp.\n  in court).\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00easum, deesse, d\u00eafu\u00ee#, _to be away_ or _absent_; _be wanting_;\n  _fail_; _to miss, let slip_.\n\n  #in--\u00eensum, inesse, \u00eenfu\u00ee#, _to be in_ or _on_; _belong\u00a0to_.\n\n  #inter--intersum, esse, fu\u00ee#, _to be present at, take part\u00a0in_.\n\n  #prae--praesum, praeesse, fu\u00ee#, _to be over_ or _before_; _rule,\n  govern, be in command\u00a0of_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4sum, pr\u00f4desse, pr\u00f4fu\u00ee#, _to benefit, profit, aid_.\n\n  #super--supersum, esse, fu\u00ee#, _to be over_ and _above, remain_;\n  _survive, outlive_.\n\n#summa, ae# [#summus#], f., _top, summit_; _chief point_ or _place,\nsupremacy_; _total, amount, sum_.\n\n#summus#, see #superus#.\n\n#s\u00fbm\u00f4, ere, s\u00fbmps\u00ee, s\u00fbmptus# [#sub# + #em\u00f4#], _to take up, take,\nchoose_; _enter upon, begin_; _spend_.\n\n  #ab--abs\u00fbm\u00f4, ere, s\u00fbmps\u00ee, s\u00fbmptus#, _to use up, consume_; _spend_.\n\n  #ad--ads\u00fbm\u00f4, ere, s\u00fbmps\u00ee, s\u00fbmptus#, _to take to one's self,\n  receive_.\n\n  #con--c\u00f4ns\u00fbm\u00f4, ere, s\u00fbmps\u00ee, s\u00fbmptus#, _to use up, spend_.\n\n#s\u00fbmptu\u00e2rius# [#s\u00fbmptus#], adj., _relating to expense, sumptuary_.\n\n#s\u00fbmptus, \u00fbs# [#s\u00fbm\u00f4#], m., _outlay, expense_.\n\n#supellex, supellectilis#, f., _household stuff, furniture_.\n\n#super#, prep. (1) with acc., _over, above, upon, in addition to_;\n_during_; (2)\u00a0with abl., _over, upon, beyond, in addition\u00a0to_.\n\n#superb\u00ea# [#superbus#], adv., _haughtily, proudly, arrogantly_.\n\n#superbia, ae# [#superbus#], f., _pride, arrogance_.\n\n#superbus# [#super#], adj., _haughty, proud, arrogant, insolent_.\n\n#Superbus, \u00ee#, m., see #Tarquinius#.\n\n#superiaci\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#superior#, see #superus#.\n\n#super\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#superus#], _to pass over, cross_; _overcome,\nsubdue, conquer_; _excel, surpass_.\n\n#supersum#, see #sum#.\n\n#superus# [#super#], adj., _above, upper, higher_; comp. #superior#,\n_higher, superior, earlier_; as noun, _a superior_; sup. #supr\u00eamus#,\n_highest, topmost, last_, or #summus#, _highest, greatest, extreme, most\ndistinguished_; _often the highest part of, top of_; #Mare Superum#,\n_the Upper_ or _Adriatic Sea_.\n\n#superveni\u00f4#, see #veni\u00f4#.\n\n#superv\u00eev\u00f4#, see #v\u00eev\u00f4#.\n\n#supplex, icis# [#sub# + #plic\u00f4#, _to fold, bend_], adj., bending the\nknees in entreaty, _begging, suppliant_; as noun, _a suppliant_.\n\n#suppliciter# [#supplex#], adv., _suppliantly, humbly_.\n\n#supplicium, \u00ee# [#supplex#], n., _a kneeling down_ (as\u00a0suppliant, or to\nreceive punishment); _punishment, execution_.\n\n#supplic\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum# [#supplex#], _to kneel down_; _entreat,\nbeseech_; _pray, worship_; _thank_.\n\n#supr\u00e2# [#super#], adv., _above_.\n\n#surg\u00f4, ere, surr\u00eax\u00ee, surr\u00eactum# [#sub# + #reg\u00f4#], _to stand up, rise,\narise_.\n\n  #ad--adsurg\u00f4, ere, surr\u00eax\u00ee, --#, _to rise up, arise_.\n\n#suscipi\u00f4#, see #capi\u00f4#.\n\n#s\u00fbspectus# [orig. part. of #s\u00fbspici\u00f4#, _to suspect_], adj.,\n_mistrusted, suspected_.\n\n#suspendium, \u00ee#, n., _hanging_.\n\n#sustine\u00f4#, see #tene\u00f4#.\n\n#s\u00fbtor, \u00f4ris# [#su\u00f4#, _to sew, stitch_], m., _a shoemaker, cobbler_.\n\n#suus# [#su\u00ee#], adj., _his own, her own, its own, their own_; _his, her,\nits, their_; as noun, #su\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _his_ (their) _friends,\nfollowers, soldiers_ or _fellow-citizens_.\n\n#Syph\u00e2x, \u00e2cis#, m., a prince of Numidia.\n\n#Syria, ae#, f., _Syria_, a country on the eastern coast of the\nMediterranean.\n\n\n#T#\n\n#T.#, abbreviation of the name #Titus#.\n\n#tabella, ae# [dim. of #tabula#], f., _a small board, writing tablet_.\n\n#taberna, ae#, f., _stall, shop_ (of boards); _hut, tent_.\n\n#tabern\u00e2culum, \u00ee# [#taberna#], n., _a tent_.\n\n#tabula, ae#, f., _a board, plank_; _picture_ (sc.\u00a0#picta#, _painted_);\n_writing tablet_; _record, list_.\n\n#tace\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to be silent, say nothing_.\n\n#tacitus# [#tace\u00f4#], adj., _silent, secret_.\n\n#taedium, \u00ee# [#taedet#, _it wearies_], n., _weariness, disgust,\nloathing_.\n\n#talentum, \u00ee#, n., _a talent_, a Greek money measure, worth about $1100.\n\n#t\u00e2lis, e#, adj., such, _of such a kind_; #t\u00e2lis .\u00a0.\u00a0. qu\u00e2lis#, _such\n.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0as_.\n\n#tam#, adv., _to such a degree, so much, as much, so_; #tam .\u00a0.\u00a0. quam#,\n_as .\u00a0.\u00a0. so, not only .\u00a0.\u00a0. but also_.\n\n#tamdi\u00fb#, adv., _so long_.\n\n#tamen#, adv., _yet, still, for all that, all the same, however,\nnevertheless_.\n\n#tamquam#, conj., _as if_.\n\n#Tanaquil, \u00eelis#, f., the wife of Tarquinius Priscus.\n\n#tandem#, adv., _at length, at last, finally_.\n\n#tang\u00f4, ere, tetig\u00ee t\u00e2ctus#, _to touch_.\n\n  #con--conting\u00f4, ere, tig\u00ee, t\u00e2ctus#, with acc., _to touch_; with\n  dat., _to occur to, fall to lot of, befall_; _happen_.\n\n  #ob--obting\u00f4, ere, tig\u00ee, --#, _to fall to the lot of, befall_;\n  _occur_.\n\n#tantum# [#tantus#], adv., _so much_ (and no more), _only, merely_.\n\n#tantummod\u00f4# [#tantum# + #mod\u00f4#], adv., _only, merely_.\n\n#tantus#, adj., _so great, such_; as noun, #tantum, \u00ee#, n., _so much_.\n\n#tard\u00ea# [#tardus#, _slow_], adv., _slowly_.\n\n#tardit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#tardus#, _slow_], f., _slowness, sluggishness_.\n\n#tard\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#tardus#, _slow_], _to delay, hinder, impede_.\n\n#Tarent\u00eenus#, adj., of _Tarentum, Tarentine_; as noun, #Tarent\u00een\u00ee,\n\u00f4rum#, pl. m., _the people of Tarentum_.\n\n#Tarentum, \u00ee#, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of\nItaly; modern _Taranto_.\n\n#Tarp\u00eaia, ae#, f., a Roman maiden of the time of Romulus.\n\n#Tarp\u00eaius#, adj., _of Tarpeia, Tarpeian_; #r\u00fbp\u00eas Tarp\u00eaia#, _the\nTarpeian_ rock, a\u00a0part of the Capitoline Hill, on the side toward the\nForum.\n\n(1) #Tarquini\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., a city in Etruria.\n\n(2) #Tarquini\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _the Tarquin family, the Tarquins_.\n\n#Tarquinius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come\nfrom Etruria.\n\n  1. _Tarquinius Pr\u00eescus_, the fifth king of Rome.\n\n  2. _Tarquinius Superbus_, the last king of Rome, expelled B.C. 509.\n\n  3. _Sextus Tarquinius_, son of (2).\n\n  4. _L. Tarquinius Coll\u00e2tinus_, cousin of (3), and husband of Lucretia.\n\n#Tatius, \u00ee#, m., #Titus Tatius#, a Sabine king, and joint ruler with\nRomulus.\n\n#t\u00eactum, \u00ee# [#teg\u00f4#], n., _a covering, roof_; _covered structure,\nhouse_.\n\n#teg\u00f4, ere, t\u00eax\u00ee, t\u00eactus#, _to cover_; _hide, conceal_; _defend, guard_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eateg\u00f4, ere, t\u00eax\u00ee, t\u00eactus#, _to uncover, expose_; _betray_.\n\n#t\u00eagula, ae# [#tego#], f., _roof tile, tile_.\n\n#t\u00ealum, \u00ee#, n., _missile_; _spear, javelin_.\n\n#temer\u00e2rius# [#temer\u00ea#], adj., _heedless, rash, reckless_.\n\n#temer\u00ea#, adv., _blindly, rashly, heedlessly_.\n\n#temerit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#temer\u00ea#], f., _rashness, heedlessness, temerity_.\n\n#temper\u00e2ns, antis# [orig. part. of #temper\u00f4#], adj., _moderate,\ntemperate, sober_.\n\n#temper\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#tempus#], _to set bounds to, restrain_.\n\n#tempest\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#tempus#], f., _point_ or _period of time; storm,\ntempest_.\n\n#templum, \u00ee#, n., _a sacred spot_; _temple_.\n\n#tempus, oris#, n., _time, period, season_; _opportunity, occasion_.\n\n#tend\u00f4, ere, tetend\u00ee, tentus# and #t\u00eansus#, _to spread out, stretch_;\n#\u00eensidi\u00e2s tendere#, _to lay a trap for, plot against_.\n\n  #con--contend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, tentus#, _to stretch_; _exert one's self,\n  strive, insist_; _hasten, march quickly_.\n\n  #in--intend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, tentus#, _to stretch, stretch, towards_; _aim,\n  direct_.\n\n  #ob(s)--ostend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, tentus#, _to stretch out, show_; _produce,\n  furnish_; _disclose, make known_.\n\n  #por (= pr\u00f4)--portend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, tentus#, _to point out, indicate_;\n  _foreshadow, portend_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4tend\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, tentus#, _to stretch out, extend_.\n\n#tenebrae, \u00e2rum#, pl. f., _darkness, gloom_; _a hiding place_.\n\n#tenebric\u00f4sus# [#tenebrae#], adj., _dark, gloomy_.\n\n#tene\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, tentus#, _to hold, keep_; _possess_; _maintain, guard,\ndefend_; _seize_.\n\n  #ab--abstine\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, tentus#, _to hold back_ or _from_; _keep\n  aloof from_; _refrain from, abstain_.\n\n  #con--contine\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, tentus#, _to keep, hold, contain_;\n  _restrain, rule, curb_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eatine\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, tentus#, _to hold back_ or _off_; _detain,\n  hinder_.\n\n  #ob--obtine\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, tentus#, _to hold, possess_; _rule, govern_.\n\n  #per--pertine\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to stretch out, extend_; _reach_.\n\n  #re--retine\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, tentus#, _to keep_ or _hold_ (back), _retain,\n  detain_.\n\n  #sub(s)--sustine\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, tentus#, _to hold up, support, sustain_;\n  _bear, endure_; _hold in check, restrain_.\n\n#tent\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #tend\u00f4#], _to touch, handle_; _try,\nattempt_; _sound, try to win over_.\n\n#tent\u00f4rium, \u00ee# [#tend\u00f4#], n., _a tent_.\n\n#ter#, num. adv., _thrice, three times_.\n\n#Terentius, \u00ee#, m., a Roman gentile name. See #Varr\u00f4#.\n\n#Terentius, \u00ee#, m., a comrade of Pompey the Great.\n\n#tergiversor, \u00e2r\u00ee, --# [#tergum# + #vert\u00f4#], _to twist and turn,\nshuffle, evade_.\n\n#tergum, \u00ee#, n., _back, rear_.\n\n#tern\u00ee, ae, a# [cf. #tr\u00eas#], num. adj., _three on each side, by threes,\nthree_.\n\n#ter\u00f4, ere, tr\u00eev\u00ee, tr\u00eetus#, _to rub, wear away_; _waste, kill_.\n\n#terra, ae#, f., _the earth, ground_; _land_.\n\n#terre\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to frighten, alarm, terrify_; _deter_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eaterre\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, itus#, _to frighten off, deter, keep from_.\n\n#terribilis, e# [#terre\u00f4#], adj., _frightful, dreadful_.\n\n#terror, \u00f4ris# [#terre\u00f4#], m., _fear, panic_.\n\n#tertius# [cf. #tr\u00eas#], adj., _third_; abl. n. #terti\u00f4# as adv., _the\nthird time_.\n\n#t\u00eastim\u00f4nium, \u00ee# [#t\u00eastis#, _a witness_], n., _evidence, testimony,\nproof_.\n\n#t\u00eastor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#t\u00eastis#, _a witness_], _to bear witness, be a\nwitness_.\n\n#Teutobochus, \u00ee#, m., a chief of the Teutones.\n\n#Teuton\u00eas, um#, pl. m., _the Teutones_, a Germanic people which invaded\nItaly, but was defeated by Marius.\n\n#th\u00easaurus, \u00ee#, m., _a treasure, hoard_.\n\n#Thessalia, ae#, f., _Thessaly_, a large district in the northeastern\npart of Greece.\n\n#Ti.#, abbreviation of the name #Tiberius#.\n\n#Tiberis, is#, m., _the river Tiber_.\n\n#Tiberius, \u00ee#, m., a Roman praenomen.\n\n#T\u00eecinus, \u00ee#, m., _the Ticinus_, a river in Cisalpine Gaul, tributary to\nthe\u00a0Po.\n\n#tigillum, \u00ee# [dim. of #t\u00eegnum#, _beam_], n., _a little beam_.\n\n#Tigr\u00e2n\u00eas, is#, m., a king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithridates.\n\n#time\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, --#, _to be afraid, fear_.\n\n#timidus# [#time\u00f4#], adj., _fearful, timid_.\n\n#t\u00eer\u00f4cinium, \u00ee# [#t\u00eer\u00f4#, _a raw recruit_], n., _a soldier's first\ncampaign_; _military inexperience_.\n\n#titulus, \u00ee#, m., _inscription, placard, notice_.\n\n#Titus, \u00ee#, m., a Roman praenomen.\n\n#toga, ae#, f., _the toga_, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans.\nSee also #praetextus#.\n\n#tog\u00e2tus# [#toga#], adj., _clad in the toga_; _in peaceful garb,\nunarmed_.\n\n#toll\u00f4, ere, sustul\u00ee, subl\u00e2tus#, _to lift, raise, take up_; _remove,\nabolish_.\n\n#tonitrus, \u00fbs# [#ton\u00f4#, _to thunder_], m., _thunder, peal of thunder_.\n\n#t\u00f4nsor, \u00f4ris# [#tonde\u00f4#, _to shear_], m., _a barber_.\n\n#t\u00f4ns\u00f4rius# [#t\u00f4nsor#], adj., _of a barber, barber's_.\n\n#T\u00f4ranius, \u00ee#, m., _Titus_, who betrayed his father to the second\ntriumvirate.\n\n#Torqu\u00e2tus, \u00ee# [#torquis#], m., a cognomen common in the Manlian gens.\n\n  1. _T.\u00a0M\u00e2nlius Torqu\u00e2tus_, dictator in 353 and 349 B.C., consul 347,\n  344, and 340.\n\n  2. _T. M\u00e2nlius Torqu\u00e2tus_, son of (1), put to death by his father\n  for disobedience of orders.\n\n#torque\u00f4, \u00eare, tors\u00ee, tortus#, _to turn, twist_; _torture, torment_.\n\n#torquis, is# [#torque\u00f4#], m., _a twisted collar, necklace_.\n\n#torv\u00ea# [#torvus#, _grim_], adv., _sternly, grimly_.\n\n#tot#, indecl. adj., _so many_.\n\n#totidem# [#tot#], indecl. adj., _just as many, the same number\u00a0of_.\n\n#toti\u00eans# [#tot#], adv., _so many times, so often_.\n\n#t\u00f4tus#, gen. #t\u00f4t\u00eeus#, dat. #t\u00f4t\u00ee#, adj., _all, all the, the whole,\nentire_.\n\n#tr\u00e2d\u00f4#, see #d\u00f4#.\n\n#tr\u00e2d\u00fbc\u00f4#, see #d\u00fbc\u00f4#.\n\n#trah\u00f4, ere, tr\u00e2x\u00ee, tr\u00e2ctus#, _to draw, drag_; _detain_.\n\n  #ab--abstrah\u00f4, ere, tr\u00e2x\u00ee, tr\u00e2ctus#, _to drag off_ or _away_; _carry\n  off_.\n\n  #con--contrah\u00f4, ere, tr\u00e2x\u00ee, tr\u00e2ctus#, _to draw together, collect,\n  assemble_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eatrah\u00f4, ere, tr\u00e2x\u00ee, tr\u00e2ctus#, _to draw_ or _strip off,\n  remove_; _drag_.\n\n  #dis--distrah\u00f4, ere, tr\u00e2x\u00ee, tr\u00e2ctus#, _to pull asunder, part,\n  separate_.\n\n  #ex--extrah\u00f4, ere, tr\u00e2x\u00ee, tr\u00e2ctus#, _to draw_ or _pull out_;\n  _prolong, waste_.\n\n  #per--pertrah\u00f4, ere, tr\u00e2x\u00ee, tr\u00e2ctus#, _to draw along, drag_; _lead_.\n\n  #re--retrah\u00f4, ere, tr\u00e2x\u00ee, tr\u00e2ctus#, _to draw_ or _drag back_.\n\n#tr\u00e2ici\u00f4#, see #iaci\u00f4#.\n\n#tr\u00e2n\u00f4#, see #n\u00f4#.\n\n#tr\u00e2ns#, prep. with acc., _across, beyond, over_.\n\n#tr\u00e2nscend\u00f4#, see #scand\u00f4#.\n\n#tr\u00e2nse\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.\n\n#transfer\u00f4#, see #fer\u00f4#.\n\n#tr\u00e2nsf\u00eeg\u00f4#, see #f\u00eeg\u00f4#.\n\n#tr\u00e2nsfodi\u00f4#, see #fodi\u00f4#.\n\n#tr\u00e2nsfugi\u00f4#, see #fugi\u00f4#.\n\n#tr\u00e2nsgredior#, see #gradior#.\n\n#tr\u00e2nsig\u00f4#, see #ag\u00f4#.\n\n#tr\u00e2nsili\u00f4#, see #sali\u00f4#.\n\n#tr\u00e2nsmitt\u00f4#, see #mitt\u00f4#.\n\n#tr\u00e2nsversus# [#tr\u00e2ns# + #vert\u00f4#], adj., _turned across, crosswise_;\n_out of the way_.\n\n#Trasum\u00eanus, \u00ee#, m., a lake in Etruria, famous as the scene of\nHannibal's victory over the Romans in B.C. 217.\n\n#Trebia, ae#, f., _the Trebia_, a small tributary of the Po, near\nPlacentia.\n\n#trecent\u00easimus# [#trecent\u00ee#], num. adj., _three hundredth_.\n\n#trecent\u00ee, ae, a# [#tr\u00eas# + #centum#], num. adj., _three hundred_.\n\n#tredecim# [#tr\u00eas# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _thirteen_.\n\n#trem\u00f4, ere, u\u00ee, --#, _to quake, tremble_.\n\n#trepid\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#trepid\u00f4#], f., _alarm, confusion_.\n\n#trepid\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, --#, _to be in alarm_ or _confusion_; _tremble,\nwaver_.\n\n#tr\u00eas, tria#, num. adj., _three_.\n\n#trib\u00fbnal, \u00e2lis# [#trib\u00fbnus#], n., _a judgment seat, tribunal_.\n\n#trib\u00fbn\u00e2tus, \u00fbs# [#trib\u00fbnus#], m., _the tribuneship, office of tribune_.\n\n#trib\u00fbn\u00eecius# [#trib\u00fbnus#], adj., _of a tribune, tribunitial_.\n\n#trib\u00fbnus, \u00ee# [#tribus#], m., _chief of a tribe, tribune_; #trib\u00fbnus\nm\u00eelitum# or #m\u00eelit\u00e2ris#, _military tribune, captain_, one of the minor\nofficers of a legion, six in number; #trib\u00fbnus pl\u00eabis#, _tribune of the\npeople_, elected from the plebeians. The office was created in 494 B.C.\nto protect the plebeians against the patricians. Ten _trib\u00fbn\u00ee pl\u00eabis_\nwere elected annually. Their persons were sacred.\n\n#tribu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, \u00fbtus# [#tribus#], _to assign, grant, give_.\n\n  #dis--distribu\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, \u00fbtus#, _to divide, distribute, apportion_.\n\n#tribus, \u00fbs# [cf. #tr\u00eas#], f., _a tribe_ (orig. a third part of the\npeople).\n\n#trib\u00fbtum, \u00ee# [#tribu\u00f4#], n., _tax, tribute_.\n\n#triennium, \u00ee# [#tr\u00eas# + #annus#], n., _the space of three years, three\nyears_.\n\n#trigemin\u00ee, ae, a# [#tr\u00eas# + #geminus#], adj., _born three at a birth_;\nas noun, pl. m., _triplets_.\n\n#tr\u00eegint\u00e2#, indecl. num. adj., _thirty_.\n\n#tr\u00eestis, e#, adj., _sad, sorrowful_; _stern, severe_.\n\n#triumph\u00e2lis, e# [#triumphus#], adj., _pertaining to a triumph,\ntriumphal_.\n\n#triumph\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tum# [#triumphus#], _to celebrate a triumph,\ntriumph_.\n\n#triumphus, \u00ee#, m., _a triumph_, the splendid procession in which the\nvictorious general entered the city, accompanied by his soldiers and the\nspoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed round the\nCapitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and on up to\nthe temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.\n\n#triumvir, vir\u00ee# [#tr\u00eas# + #vir#], m., _a triumvir_, one of a board of\nthree commissioners.\n\n#tropaeum, \u00ee#, n., _a trophy, sign of victory_, made usually by\nfastening captured arms to the trunk of a tree.\n\n#truc\u00eed\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to cut to pieces, slaughter, butcher_.\n\n#truncus, \u00ee#, m., _stem, trunk_ (of a tree); _trunk, body_.\n\n#t\u00fb, tu\u00ee#, pl. #v\u00f4s, vestrum# or #vestr\u00ee#, pers. pron., _thou, you_.\n\n#tueor, \u00ear\u00ee, itus sum#, _to look at, watch_; _defend, protect_.\n\n  #in--intueor, \u00ear\u00ee, itus sum#, _to look closely at or upon, gaze\u00a0at_.\n\n#Tullius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a Roman gens.\n\n  1. _Servius Tullius_, sixth king of Rome.\n\n  2. _M. Tullius Cicer\u00f4_, the orator. See #Cicer\u00f4#.\n\n#Tullus, \u00ee#, m., praenomen of _Tullus Host\u00eelius_, third king of Rome.\n\n#tum#, adv., _then, at that time_; _thereupon_.\n\n#tumultuor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#tumultus#], _to make a disturbance, riot_.\n\n#tumultus, \u00fbs#, m., _a disturbance, uproar_; _rebellion, riot_.\n\n#tumulus, \u00ee# [#tume\u00f4#, _to swell_], m., _a hillock, mound, hill_.\n\n#tunc#, adv., _then, at that time_; _accordingly, thereupon_.\n\n#turba, ae#, f., _a hubbub, crowd, throng_.\n\n#turbulentus# [#turba#], adj., _stormy, confused, troubled_.\n\n#turdus, \u00ee#, m., _a thrush, fieldfare_.\n\n#turma, ae#, f., _a troop_ or _squadron_ (of cavalry).\n\n#turpis, e#, adj., _ugly_; _base, dishonorable_.\n\n#turris, is#, m., _tower, castle_; _howdah_.\n\n#t\u00fbs, t\u00fbris#, n., _incense_.\n\n#t\u00fbt\u00eala, ae# [#tueor#], f., _protection, guardianship_.\n\n(1) #t\u00fbtor, \u00f4ris# [#tueor#], m., _protector, guardian_.\n\n(2) #t\u00fbtor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [freq. of #tueor#], _to guard, protect_.\n\n#t\u00fbtus# [orig. part. of #tueor#], adj., _safe_; #t\u00fbt\u00f4#, abl. as adv.,\n_safely_.\n\n\n#U#\n\n#\u00fbber, eris#, n., _teat, dug, udder_.\n\n#ubi#, interr. adv., _where? when?_ As conj. interr. and rel., _where,\nwhen_.\n\n#ulc\u00eescor, \u00ee, ultus sum#, _to punish, avenge_.\n\n#\u00fbllus#, gen. #\u00fbll\u00eeus#, adj., _any, any one_.\n\n#ulterior, ius#, gen. #\u00f4r\u00ees# [#ultr\u00e2#], adj., _farther, remoter_; sup.\n#ultimus#, _farthest, last, utmost, greatest_; #ultima manus#,\n_finishing touches_; #ulterius#, adv., _beyond, farther, more, longer_;\n#ultimum#, adv., _for the last time_.\n\n#ultimum, ultimus#, see #ulterior#.\n\n#ulti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#ulc\u00eescor#], f., _revenge_.\n\n#ultr\u00e2#, adv., and prep. with acc., _on the other side, beyond_; #ultr\u00e2\nfidem#, _incredibly_.\n\n#ultr\u00f4#, adv., _of one's own accord, voluntarily_.\n\n#umbra, ae#, f., _shadow, shade_.\n\n#umerus, \u00ee#, m., _the shoulder_.\n\n#umquam#, adv., _at any time, ever_.\n\n#unde#, adv. (1) interr., _whence? from whom, from which?_ (2)\u00a0rel.,\n_whence, from whom, from which_; _wherefore_.\n\n#\u00fbndecim# [#\u00fbnus# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _eleven_.\n\n#undique#, adv., _from all sides_; _on all sides, everywhere_.\n\n#unguis, is#, m., _a_ (finger) _nail_.\n\n#\u00fbniversus# [#\u00fbnus# + #vert\u00f4#], adj., _all in one, whole, entire_.\n\n#\u00fbnus#, gen. #un\u00eeus#, adj., _one, only, sole, alone_; #\u00fbnus quisque#,\n_each one_.\n\n#urb\u00e2nus# [#urbs#], adj., _of_ or _in the city_, esp. _in Rome_;\n_refined, witty_; as noun, #urb\u00e2n\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., _city people_; _town\nwits_.\n\n#urbs, urbis#, f., _a city_; The City (Rome).\n\n#\u00fbr\u00een\u00e2tor, \u00f4ris#, m., _a diver_.\n\n#\u00fbrna, ae# [#\u00fbr\u00f4#], f., _a vessel, urn_ (of baked clay).\n\n#\u00fbr\u00f4, ere, \u00fbss\u00ee, \u00fbstus#, _to burn_.\n\n  #co# + #amb(i)--comb\u00fbr\u00f4, ere, \u00fbss\u00ee, \u00fbstus#, _to burn up, consume_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--de\u00fbr\u00f4, ere, \u00fbss\u00ee, \u00fbstus#, _to burn up, consume_.\n\n  #ex--ex\u00fbr\u00f4, ere, \u00fbss\u00ee, \u00fbstus#, _to burn up, consume_.\n\n#\u00fbsquam#, adv., _anywhere_.\n\n#\u00fbsque#, adv., _all the way, right on, continuously, even_.\n\n#\u00fbs\u00fbrp\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#\u00fbsus# + #rapi\u00f4#], _to make use of, enjoy_.\n\n#\u00fbsus, \u00fbs# [#\u00fbtor#], m., _use, employment_; _experience, training_;\n_profit, advantage, convenience_.\n\n#ut#, adv., interr., _how? in what way?_ rel., _as, just as_; _since,\nseeing that_; #ut .\u00a0.\u00a0. ita#, _just as .\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0so_.\n\n#ut#, conj., (1) with indic., _when_; #ut pr\u00eemum#, _as soon as_;\n(2)\u00a0with subj. of purpose, _in order that, that_; of result, _so that,\nthat_.\n\n(1) #uter, utris#, m., _leather bag, skin_.\n\n(2) #uter, utra, utrum#, adj., (1) interr., _which of (the) two?_\n(2)\u00a0rel., _whichever one_ (of\u00a0the two).\n\n#uterque, traque, trumque# [#uter# + #que#], adj., _each_ (of\u00a0the two),\n_both_.\n\n#\u00fbtilis, e# [#\u00fbtor#], adj., _useful, helpful_; _profitable, expedient_.\n\n#\u00fbtilit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#\u00fbtilis#], f., _profit, advantage_.\n\n#utinam#, adv., _oh that! would that!_\n\n#utique#, adv., _at any rate, surely_; _especially_.\n\n#\u00fbtor, \u00fbt\u00ee, \u00fbsus sum#, _make use of, employ_; _enjoy, take advantage\nof_; #aliquid \u00fbtendum dare#, _to lend_.\n\n#utpote#, adv., _seeing that, inasmuch as, since_.\n\n#utrimque# [#uterque#], adv., _from_ or _on both sides, on either hand_.\n\n#uxor, \u00f4ris#, f., _a wife_.\n\n\n#V#\n\n#vac\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, --#, _to be empty, be free_ (e.g. from labor), _have\nleisure_.\n\n#vacuus# [#vac\u00f4#], adj., _empty, unoccupied_.\n\n#v\u00e2d\u00f4, ere, --, --#, _to go, rush_.\n\n  #ex--\u00eav\u00e2d\u00f4, ere, v\u00e2s\u00ee, v\u00e2sus#, _to go forth_ or _away_; _get away,\n  escape_; _get to be, become_.\n\n  #in--inv\u00e2d\u00f4, ere, v\u00e2s\u00ee, v\u00e2sum#, _to enter_; _attack_; _seize, take\n  possession\u00a0of_.\n\n#vae#, interj., _oh! alas! woe!_\n\n#v\u00e2g\u00eetus, \u00fbs# [#v\u00e2gi\u00f4#, _to cry_], m., _squalling, crying_.\n\n#vale\u00f4, \u00eare, u\u00ee, it\u00fbrus#, _to be well_ or _strong_; _have power_ or\n_influence, prevail_.\n\n#Valerius, \u00ee#, m., the name of a Roman gens.\n\n  1. _M.\u00a0Valerius M\u00e2ximus Corv\u00eenus_. See #M\u00e2ximus#\u00a0(1).\n\n  2. _C. Valerius Catullus_. See #Catullus#.\n\n#val\u00eat\u00fbd\u00f4, inis# [#vale\u00f4#], f., _health_ (good or bad); _good health_;\n_sickness_.\n\n#validus# [#vale\u00f4#], adj., _strong, stout; powerful_.\n\n#vall\u00eas#, or #vallis, is#, f., _valley, vale_.\n\n#v\u00e2llum, \u00ee#, n., _stockade, rampart, wall_.\n\n#v\u00e2nus#, adj., _empty, idle_; _ostentatious, vain_.\n\n#varius#, adj., _various, different, diverse_.\n\n#varix, icis#, m., _a dilated vein_.\n\n#Varr\u00f4, \u00f4nis#, m., _C. Terentius Varr\u00f4_, consul in 219 and 216; defeated\nat Cannae, with his colleague Paulus.\n\n#V\u00e2rus, \u00ee#, m., see #Qu\u00eentilius#.\n\n#vas, vadis#, m., _bail, security_; _surety_.\n\n#v\u00e2s, v\u00e2sis# (pl. #v\u00e2sa, \u00f4rum#), n., _a vessel, dish_.\n\n#v\u00e2st\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#v\u00e2stus#], _to lay waste, devastate, destroy_.\n\n#v\u00e2stus#, adj., _empty, waste_; _immense, huge_.\n\n#vegetus# [#vege\u00f4#, _to quicken_], adj., _lively, animated_.\n\n#vehementer# [#vehem\u00eans#, _earnest_], adv., _earnestly, seriously,\nseverely_; _exceedingly_.\n\n#veh\u00f4, ere, vex\u00ee, vectus#, _to bear, carry, convey_; in pass., with\n#n\u00e2v\u00ee# or #equ\u00f4#, _to sail, ride_.\n\n  #ad--adveh\u00f4, ere, vex\u00ee, vectus#, _to carry_ or _bring to, bring_.\n\n  #ex--\u00eaveh\u00f4, ere, vex\u00ee, vectus#, _to lift, raise, elevate_.\n\n  #in--inveh\u00f4, ere, vex\u00ee, vectus#, _to carry in_ or _to_; in pass.,\n  _ride into, sail\u00a0to_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4veh\u00f4, ere, vex\u00ee, vectus#, _to carry forward_; in pass., _to\n  sail, proceed_.\n\n#V\u00eaient\u00eas, um#, pl. m., _the people of Veii_, a town in Etruria, about\ntwelve miles from Rome.\n\n#vel# [old imperative of (1) #vol\u00f4#], adv. and conj., _even_; _or, or\nelse_; #vel .\u00a0.\u00a0. vel#, _either .\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0or_.\n\n#v\u00eal\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to cover up, veil_.\n\n#v\u00eal\u00f4cit\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [#v\u00eal\u00f4x#], f., _speed, swiftness_.\n\n#v\u00eal\u00f4x, \u00f4cis#, adj., _swift, fleet, quick_.\n\n#velut# or #velut\u00ee#, adv., _just as if, as if_; _ostensibly_.\n\n#v\u00ean\u00e2bulum, \u00ee# [#v\u00eanor#], n., _a hunting spear_.\n\n#v\u00ean\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#v\u00eanor#], f., _hunting_; _a hunting spectacle_, in\nwhich wild beasts fought against men, or against one another.\n\n#v\u00eand\u00f4, ere, did\u00ee, ditus# [contr. from v\u00eanumd\u00f4], _to sell_.\n\n#ven\u00eanum, \u00ee#, n., _poison_.\n\n#vener\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#veneror#], f., _respect, reverence_; _an object of\nreverence_ or _awe_.\n\n#veneror, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to reverence, worship, revere, respect,\nhonor_.\n\n#venia, ae#, f., _indulgence, favor, pardon_.\n\n#veni\u00f4, \u00eere, v\u00ean\u00ee, ventum#, _to come, go_.\n\n  #ad--adveni\u00f4, \u00eere, v\u00ean\u00ee, ventum#, _to come to, reach, arrive at,\n  arrive_.\n\n  #circum--circumveni\u00f4, \u00eere, v\u00ean\u00ee, ventus#, _to surround, beset_.\n\n  #con--conveni\u00f4, \u00eere, v\u00ean\u00ee, ventus#, _to come together, assemble_;\n  with acc., _to meet_; #convenit#, impers., _it is agreed, an\n  arrangement is made_.\n\n  #in--inveni\u00f4, \u00eere, v\u00ean\u00ee, ventus#, _to come upon, find, discover_.\n\n  #ob--obveni\u00f4, \u00eere, v\u00ean\u00ee, ventum#, _to come_ or _go to meet_;\n  _befall, occur to_; _fall to the lot\u00a0of_.\n\n  #per--perveni\u00f4, \u00eere, v\u00ean\u00ee, ventum#, _to come to, reach_; _penetrate,\n  attain\u00a0to_.\n\n  #prae--praeveni\u00f4, \u00eere, v\u00ean\u00ee, ventus#, _to come before, get start of,\n  anticipate, outstrip_.\n\n  #super--superveni\u00f4, \u00eere, v\u00ean\u00ee, ventum#, _to come to the rescue,\n  arrive_.\n\n#v\u00eanor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum#, _to hunt, chase_.\n\n#venter, tris#, m., _the stomach_.\n\n#ventit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, --# [freq. of #veni\u00f4#], _to come_ or _go often,\nresort_.\n\n#ventus, \u00ee#, m., _wind_.\n\n#v\u00eanumd\u00f4, dare, ded\u00ee, datus# [#v\u00eanum#, _sale_ + #d\u00f4#], _to sell_.\n\n#Venusia, ae#, f., a town in Southern Italy, between Apulia and Lucania.\n\n#venustus# [#venus#, _grace_], adj., _charming, graceful_.\n\n#verber, eris#, n., _a lash, whip_; _blow_.\n\n#verbum, \u00ee#, n., _a word_; _saying, phrase_.\n\n#v\u00ear\u00ea# [#v\u00earus#], adv., _truthfully, truly_.\n\n#ver\u00eacundia, ae# [#vereor#], f., _modesty, shame_; _respect, reverence_.\n\n#vereor, \u00ear\u00ee, itus sum#, _to feel awe of, respect_; _fear, be afraid_.\n\n#v\u00ear\u00f4# [abl. of #v\u00earus#], adv., _truly, heartily_; _in truth, indeed,\nhowever, but_.\n\n#verr\u00fbca, ae#, f., _a wart, pimple_.\n\n#versiculus# [dim. of #versus#], m., _a little verse_; _a line_.\n\n#vers\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #vert\u00f4#], _to twist, turn_; pass., _to\ndwell, abide, be_; _employ one's self, conduct one's self_.\n\n#versus, \u00fbs# [#vert\u00f4#], m., _a verse, line_.\n\n#vertex, icis# [#vert\u00f4#], m., _summit, peak, crest_.\n\n#vert\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, versus#, _to turn, change_; in pass., _turn about,\nreturn_.\n\n  #ab--\u00e2vert\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, versus#, _to turn away_ or _aside, avert,\n  divert_.\n\n  #con--convert\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, versus#, _to turn round, change_; _turn,\n  direct_; _divert, misuse_; #conversus#, _turning_.\n\n  #dis--d\u00eevert\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, versus#, _to turn away_ or _aside_.\n\n  #ex--\u00eavert\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, versus#, _to overturn, destroy, ruin_.\n\n  #inter--intervert\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, versus#, _to turn aside_; _embezzle,\n  misappropriate_.\n\n  #re--revertor, \u00ee, revert\u00ee# or (less often) #reversus sum#, _to\n  return_; _revert, recur_.\n\n#v\u00earum# [#v\u00earus#], adv., _truly, certainly_; _but_.\n\n#v\u00earus#, adj., _true, real, genuine_. For #r\u00ea v\u00ear\u00e2#, see #r\u00eas#.\n\n#vescor, \u00ee, --#, _to eat_.\n\n#vesper, er\u00ee#, m., _evening_.\n\n#Vesta, ae#, f., the goddess of the hearth, and so of the family and the\nstate. A\u00a0fire was kept burning continually in her temple near the Forum,\nwhich six maidens, called Vestals, watched in turn, since the Romans\nbelieved that the maintenance of this fire was closely connected with\nthe continuance of their state. The Vestals were not allowed to marry\nduring their term of office.\n\n#vester, tra, trum# [orig. #voster#; cf. #v\u00f4s#], poss. pron. adj.,\n_your, yours_.\n\n#v\u00eastibulum, \u00ee#, n., _vestibule, entrance_.\n\n#v\u00east\u00eegium, \u00ee#, n., _footstep, footprint_.\n\n#vestis, is#, f., _clothing, garments_; _a robe_.\n\n#veter\u00e2nus# [#vetus#], adj., _old, veteran_. As noun, #veter\u00e2n\u00ee, \u00f4rum#,\npl. m., _veteran soldiers, veterans_.\n\n#vet\u00f4, \u00e2re, u\u00ee, itus#, _not allow, forbid_.\n\n#vetus, eris#, adj., _old, aged_; _of a former time, ancient_.\n\n#vex\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #veh\u00f4#], _to shake_; _trouble,\ndisturb_.\n\n#via, ae#, f., _highway, road_; _passage, march, journey_.\n\n#vic\u00e2rius, \u00ee# [#vicis#], m., _a substitute, proxy_.\n\n#v\u00eec\u00easimus# [cf. #v\u00eegint\u00ee#], num. adj., _twentieth_.\n\n#v\u00eeci\u00eas# [cf. #v\u00eegint\u00ee#], num. adv., _twenty times_.\n\n#v\u00eec\u00eenus# [#v\u00eecus#], adj., _neighboring, near_.\n\n(#vicis#), #is# (nom. wanting), f., _alternation, change, succession_;\n#in vicem#, _in turn_.\n\n#victor, \u00f4ris# [#vinc\u00f4#], m., _conqueror, victor_; as adj.,\n_victorious_.\n\n#vict\u00f4ria, ae# [#victor#], f., _victory_.\n\n#v\u00eecus, \u00ee#, m., _a street_; _village, town_.\n\n#vid\u00ealicet# [#vid\u00eare# + #licet#], adv., _you see, clearly_; _of course,\nthat\u00a0is_.\n\n#vide\u00f4, \u00eare, v\u00eed\u00ee, v\u00eesus#, _to see, perceive, understand_; in pass.,\n_seem_.\n\n  #in--invide\u00f4, \u00eare, v\u00eed\u00ee, v\u00eesus#, _to look askance at, to envy_.\n\n#vigil, vigilis#, adj., _wakeful, alert_; as noun, _a watchman,\nsentinel_.\n\n#vigilantia, ae# [#vigil#], f., _wakefulness, vigilance, watchfulness_.\n\n#vigilia, ae# [#vigil#], f., _wakefulness_; _a watch_ (a\u00a0fourth part of\nthe night).\n\n#v\u00eegint\u00ee#, indecl. num. adj., _twenty_.\n\n#v\u00eelicus, \u00ee# [#v\u00eella#], m., _overseer, steward_.\n\n#v\u00eella, ae#, f., _a country house, villa_.\n\n#v\u00eemin\u00e2lis, e# [#v\u00eemen#, _an osier_], adj., _of osiers_; as noun,\n#V\u00eemin\u00e2lis, is#, m. (sc.\u00a0#collis#), _the Viminal Hill_, one of the seven\nhills of Rome.\n\n#vinci\u00f4, \u00eere, vinx\u00ee, vinctus#, _to bind, fetter_.\n\n#vinc\u00f4, ere, v\u00eec\u00ee, victus#, _to conquer, defeat_; _surpass_; intrans.,\n_prevail_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eavinc\u00f4, ere, v\u00eec\u00ee, victus#, _to conquer completely, subdue_.\n\n#vinculum, \u00ee# [#vinci\u00f4#], n., _a bond_; in pl., _bonds, chains, jail_.\n\n#vindex, icis#, m., _champion, protector_.\n\n#vindic\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#v\u00ees# + #d\u00eec\u00f4#], _to claim_; _protect_;\n_avenge_; _punish_.\n\n#v\u00eenum, \u00ee#, n., _wine_.\n\n#violentus# [#v\u00ees#], adj., _violent, impetuous_.\n\n#viol\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#v\u00ees#], _to injure_; _dishonor, outrage_.\n\n#vir, vir\u00ee#, m., _a man, hero_; _husband_.\n\n#v\u00eer\u00eas#, see #v\u00ees#.\n\n#virga, ae#, f., _a rod, scourge_.\n\n#Virg\u00eenia, ae#, f., the maiden whose attempted enslavement by Appius\nClaudius led to the downfall of the Decemvirs, B.C. 449.\n\n#Virg\u00eenius, \u00ee#, m., _L._, the father of Virginia, consul in B.C. 449.\n\n#virg\u00f4, inis#, f., _young girl, maiden, virgin_.\n\n#vir\u00eelis, e# [#vir#], adj., _manly_.\n\n#vir\u00eetim# [#vir#], adv., _man by man, singly, individually_.\n\n#virt\u00fbs, \u00fbtis# [#vir#], f., _manliness, strength, bravery_; _ability_.\n\n#v\u00ees#, gen. and dat. wanting, acc. #vim#, abl. #v\u00ee#, f., _strength,\nforce_; _hostile force, violence_; _quantity, number_; pl., #v\u00eer\u00eas#,\n_energy, vigor, resources_; #vim facere#, _to use violence_.\n\n#v\u00ees\u00f4, ere, \u00ee, us# [freq. of #vide\u00f4#], _to go to see, visit_.\n\n#v\u00eesus, \u00fbs# [#vide\u00f4#], m., _appearance, vision_.\n\n#v\u00eeta, ae# [cf. #v\u00eev\u00f4#], f., _life_.\n\n#vitium, \u00ee# [#vie\u00f4#, _to twist_], n., _a fault, failing, vice_.\n\n#vituperandus# [gerundive of #vituper\u00f4#], adj., _blameworthy_.\n\n#vituper\u00e2ti\u00f4, \u00f4nis# [#vituper\u00f4#], f., _censure, criticism_.\n\n#vituper\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to blame, censure_.\n\n#v\u00eev\u00f4, ere, v\u00eex\u00ee, v\u00eectum#, _to live_.\n\n  #super--superv\u00eev\u00f4, ere, v\u00eex\u00ee, --#, _to live beyond, outlive,\n  survive_.\n\n#v\u00eevus# [#v\u00eev\u00f4#], adj., _living, alive_; of water, _running_.\n\n#vix#, adv., _with difficulty, hardly, scarcely_.\n\n#v\u00f4ciferor, \u00e2r\u00ee, \u00e2tus sum# [#v\u00f4x# + #fer\u00f4#], _to cry out, shout,\nexclaim_.\n\n#vocit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [freq. of #voc\u00f4#], _to call repeatedly_ or\n_loudly_.\n\n#voc\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [cf. #v\u00f4x#], _to call, summon, name_.\n\n  #ab--\u00e2voc\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to call off_, or _away_.\n\n  #ad--advoc\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to call to_ (one), _summon_; _call\n  together_.\n\n  #con--convoc\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to call together, summon_.\n\n  #ex--\u00eavoc\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to call forth_ or _out, summon_.\n\n  #pr\u00f4--pr\u00f4voc\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to call forth, challenge_;\n  _appeal\u00a0to_.\n\n  #re--revoc\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#, _to call back, call again, recall_.\n\n#volit\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, --# [freq. of (2) #vol\u00f4#], _flit about_; _fly,\nhasten_.\n\n(1) #vol\u00f4, velle, volu\u00ee, --#, _to wish_; _be willing_; _be minded,\ndetermine_.\n\n(2) #vol\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2t\u00fbrus#, _to fly_.\n\n  #ab--\u00e2vol\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, --#, _to fly_ or _hasten away_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eavol\u00f4, \u00e2re, --, --#, _to fly down, fly_.\n\n#Volsc\u00ee, \u00f4rum#, pl. m., an ancient tribe living in the southern part of\nLatium, finally subdued by the Romans in B.C. 338.\n\n#volucer, cris, cre# [(2) #vol\u00f4#], adj., _flying, winged_; as noun, f.\n(sc.\u00a0#avis#), _a bird_.\n\n#vol\u00fbmen, inis# [#volv\u00f4#, _to roll_], n., _roll of writing, scroll,\nvolume, book_.\n\n#volunt\u00e2rius# [#volunt\u00e2s#], adj., _of free will, voluntary_.\n\n#volunt\u00e2s, \u00e2tis# [(1)\u00a0#vol\u00f4#], f., _will, wish, desire, inclination_.\n\n#volupt\u00e2s, \u00e2tis#, f., _pleasure, enjoyment_.\n\n#v\u00f4s#, see #t\u00fb#.\n\n#v\u00f4tum, \u00ee# [#vove\u00f4#], n., _a vow, wish, prayer_.\n\n#vove\u00f4, \u00eare, v\u00f4v\u00ee, v\u00f4tus#, _to promise solemnly, vow, dedicate_.\n\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eavove\u00f4, \u00eare, v\u00f4v\u00ee, v\u00f4tus#, _to consecrate, doom, devote_.\n\n#v\u00f4x, v\u00f4cis#, f., _voice, sound, tone_; _cry, call_; _saying, speech_.\n\n#vulg\u00e2ris, e# [#vulgus#], adj., _commonplace, ordinary, vulgar_.\n\n#vulg\u00f4# [#vulgus#], adv., _commonly, popularly, generally_.\n\n#vulgus, \u00ee#, n., _the masses, multitude, the common people_.\n\n#vulner\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#vulnus#], _to wound, hurt, injure_.\n\n#vulnus, eris#, n., _a wound_; _blow, misfortune_.\n\n#vultur, uris#, m., _a vulture_.\n\n#vultus, \u00fbs#, m., _the expression of the face, features, countenance_.\n\n\n#X#\n\n#Xanthippus, \u00ee#, m., a Spartan general by whose aid the Carthaginians\ndefeated Regulus in B.C. 255.\n\n#Xenoph\u00f4n, \u00f4ntis#, m., _Xenophon_, an Athenian general and author, who\nlived about B.C. 440-350.\n\n#Xerx\u00eas, is#, m., a king of Persia, defeated by the Greeks at Salamis\nB.C. 480.\n\n\n#Z#\n\n#Zama, ae#, f., a city in Numidia, near Carthage.\n\n#z\u00f4na, ae#, f., _a girdle, belt_; _money belt_.\n\n\n\n\nREFERENCES TO HARKNESS' COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR\n\nTo accompany Arrowsmith and Knapp's Viri Romae\n\n\nPage   Note\n\n  1     4  489\n        5  568\n        6  446, 2\n\n  2     7  429\n        8  639\n       10  476\n       18  622\n\n  3     2  649, II.\n        4  418\n       10  595\n       11  480\n       14  533, 4\n       15  532, 3\n\n  4     1  475\n        6  477, I.\n       12  598\n\n  5     3  590\n        6  205, 2\n       14  396, 2\n       20  633\n\n  6     1  646\n       16  615\n\n  7     7  600, II.\n       16  642\n       17  473, 2\n       20  565\n\n  8     5  462\n\n  9     6  568\n\n 10     2  430\n        6  429\n        9  570\n       15  417\n       18  471\n\n 12     1  417\n        5  605, I.\n       23  454\n\n 13    10  652, 1\n\n 14    13  568, 7\n       15  440, 1 and 2\n\n 15     3  484, 2\n\n 16     6  559, 1\n\n 17     4  427\n       11  451, 1\n\n 18     4  584\n       17  440, 3\n\n 19    15  424\n\n 20    11  603, 2\n       12  426\n\n 21     8  611, 1\n       14  473, 2\n       15  666, 2\n\n 23     8  467\n\n 24     9  478\n       12  565\n\n 25     6  433\n        7  483\n\n 27     3  489, 1\n        6  588, II.\n       16  430\n\n 28     7  457\n        9  425, 4, N.\n       13  484, 2\n\n 30     2  441\n        3  426, 2\n\n 31     1  592, 1\n        9  559, 1\n       11  576\n\n 33     2  454\n       13  426\n\n 34     2  426\n\n 35     2  489\n        6  497, 4\n\n 36     8  456\n       10  477, I.\n       18  476, 1\n\n 37     4  477, III.\n\n 38     1  497 and 1\n       12  567\n\n 39     4  595, 1\n       12  479\n\n 41    10  473, 3\n\n 42     5  399, 5\n\n 44     2  428, 3\n\n 47    12  579 and N.\n\n 48     4  481\n        5  499\n\n 49     4  83, 5\n        7  561, 2\n\n 51     6  626, 3\n\n 53    12  451, 2\n\n 54     8  473, 2, N. 1\n        9  416, 2\n\n 62     5  591, 4\n        9  565, 4\n\n 63     5  642, 4\n\n 66     4  556\n\n 67     4  448, 1\n\n 70     2  581, 1\n\n 72     8  592\n\n 73     5  591, 1\n\n 74     5  470, 1\n\n 75    10  456, 3\n\n 76     4  432\n\n 85     6  474, 2, N. 1\n\n 86     7  586, II.\n\n 87     7  587\n\n 90     2  535, 1\n\n112     3  468\n\n114     2  429\n        3  426, 1\n        4  434\n        6  378, 2\n\n115     1  378\n\n118     4  486\n\n120     7  431\n\n123     2  426, 2\n        7  440, 5\n\n124     1  598\n\n129     1  451, 1\n\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n           *       *       *       *\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nHarkness's New Latin Grammars\n\n\n=A COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR=\n\n  Cloth-leather binding. 12mo, 464 pages    =$1.25=\n\n=A SHORT LATIN GRAMMAR=\n\n  Cloth-leather binding. 12mo, 254 pages    =.80=\n\n  By ALBERT HARKNESS, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor Emeritus in\n  Brown University.\n\nThese new text-books are the crowning triumph of a life-work which has\nmade the name of their author familiar to classical scholars and\nteachers everywhere. They represent the latest advances in philological\nscience, and embody the results of the author's large experience in\nteaching and of his own linguistic studies, together with the\nsuggestions and advice of eminent German specialists in the field of\nHistorical and Comparative Grammar. The peculiar qualities of\nsimplicity, clearness, and adaptation of treatment to the practical\nneeds of the student and of the class room,--qualities that have always\ncharacterized the Harkness Grammars,--have been preserved and even\nintensified in these new books.\n\nThe Complete Latin Grammar is designed at once as a text-book for the\nclass room and a book of reference for the student. It aims not only to\npresent systematically for the benefit of the beginner the leading facts\nand laws of the Latin language, but also to provide accurately for the\nneeds of the advanced student.\n\nThe Short Latin Grammar is published for the benefit of those who prefer\nto begin with a more elementary manual, or those who do not contemplate\na collegiate course. In the preparation of this work the convenience and\ninterest of the student have been carefully consulted. The paradigms,\nrules, and discussions have in general been introduced in the exact form\nand language of the Complete Latin Grammar by which it may at any time\nbe supplemented. The numbering of the sections in the two books is also\nalike.\n\n\n_Copies of the books will be sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of\nthe price by the Publishers_:\n\n  =American Book Company=\n  =New York \u00b7 Cincinnati \u00b7 Chicago=\n\n\n\n\nLATIN PROSE WRITING\n\n  =With Full Introductory Notes On Idiom=\n\n  By MAURICE W. MATHER, Ph.D.\n  Formerly Instructor in Latin in Harvard University\n\n  and ARTHUR L. WHEELER, Ph.D.\n  Instructor in Latin in Yale University\n\n  =Half Leather, 12mo, 216 pages    Price $1.00=\n\n\nThe present book furnishes all the essential material for the writing of\naverage passages in Latin Prose. It is not intended to teach how to\nwrite isolated sentences, illustrative of given constructions, but the\nbook assumes that the pupil, after a year or more of such practice, is\nready to learn the art of writing connected narrative in Latin. The\nauthors have based their exercises on Caesar's Gallic War Books III and\nIV, Nepos's Alcibiades and Hannibal, and Cicero's Manilian Law and\nArchias, inasmuch as these are not only models of good style, but are\nusually read in schools. As the book is not for beginners, the\nindividual exercises have not been made vehicles for teaching any one or\ntwo constructions, but the authors have felt at liberty to introduce at\nany time even the more difficult constructions; indirect discourse, for\ninstance, being taken up at the very beginning.\n\nWhile, in general, the vocabulary and the constructions for any exercise\nare supplied in the Latin text on which the given exercise is based, yet\nenough variation from the language of the model is required to give the\npupil abundant practice in handling forms and constructions. By this\nmeans the pupil's power of observation is increased, his interest is\nquickened by the pleasure of discovery, and he will remember the word\nmuch better than if he found it ready at hand in a dictionary.\n\nA number of recent examination papers from various colleges have been\ninserted in the belief that they will be found useful for sight tests\nand occasional examinations. The notes accompanying some of the papers\nbelong to the original examinations. At the end of the book are indexes\nof words and constructions, and of English words and phrases with\nreferences to sections of the Notes on Idiom in Part\u00a0I.\n\n\n_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._\n\n  =American Book Company=\n  =New York \u00b7 Cincinnati \u00b7 Chicago=\n\n\n\n\nPEARSON'S ESSENTIALS OF LATIN FOR BEGINNERS\n\n  BY\n  HENRY C. PEARSON\n  Horace Mann School, Teachers' College, Columbia University\n\n  Cloth, 12mo, 320 Pages\n  Price, 90 Cents\n\n\nThis book is designed to prepare pupils in a thorough fashion to read\nCaesar's Gallic War. It contains seventy lessons, including ten that are\ndevoted exclusively to reading, and six supplementary lessons. The first\nseventy lessons contain the minimum of what a pupil should know before\nhe is ready to read Latin with any degree of intelligence and\nsatisfaction. The supplementary lessons deal largely with certain\nprinciples of syntax that some teachers may not wish to present to their\npupils during the first year's work. They are independent of one another\nand of the rest of the book, and may therefore be taken up in any order\nthat the teacher wishes, or any number of them may be omitted.\n\nThe work contains many features and pedagogical improvements which will\ncommend themselves to teachers of first year Latin. Various\nsimplifications in statement are introduced, and throughout the greatest\ncare has been taken to preserve scientific accuracy while enunciating\nprinciples in the simplest forms.\n\n\n\n\n  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY\n  NEW YORK \u00b7 CINCINNATI \u00b7 CHICAGO\n\n\n\n\n_Revised Edition_\n\nVIRGIL'S AENEID\n\n  With an Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by #HENRY S. FRIEZE#, late\n  Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan. Revised by #WALTER\n  DENNISON#, Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan.\n\n  First Six Books       $1.30\n  Complete      $1.50\n  Complete Text Edition      $0.50\n\n#This Work# differs in many respects from the former edition. Such\nchanges and alterations have been introduced as are necessary to make\nthe book conform to modern demands, and many important additions have\nalso been made.\n\n#The Introduction# has been enlarged by the addition of sections on the\nlife and writings of Virgil, the plan of the Aeneid, the meter,\nmanuscripts, editions, and helpful books of reference.\n\n#The Text# has been corrected to conform to the readings that have\nbecome established, and the spellings are in accord with the evidence of\ninscriptions of the first century A.D. To meet the need of early\nassistance in reading the verse metrically, the long vowels in the first\ntwo books are fully indicated.\n\n#The Notes# have been thoroughly revised and largely added to. The old\ngrammar references are corrected and new ones (to\u00a0Harkness's Complete,\nLane & Morgan's, and Bennett's Grammars) added. The literary\nappreciation of the poet is increased by parallel quotations from\nEnglish literature. The irregularities of scansion in each book are also\ngiven with sufficient explanations.\n\n#The Vocabulary# has been made as simple as possible and includes only\nthose words occurring in the Aeneid. The parts of compound words are not\nindicated separately when they appear unmodified in the compound form.\nThe principal parts of verbs are given which are understood to be in\nactual use.\n\n#The Illustrations# for the most part are new and fresh, and have been\nselected with great care with a view to assisting directly in the\ninterpretation of the text. There are also maps showing the wanderings\nof Aeneas, the vicinity of Cumae, and pre-historic Rome, and a full-page\nfacsimile of one of the best manuscripts of Virgil, the Codex Palatinus.\n\n  #American Book Company, Publishers#\n\n\n\n\n#CICERO'S ORATIONS#\n\nAND SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS\n\n  Edited By\n\n  WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D.\n  President of the University of Chicago\n\n  and\n\n  FRANK A. GALLUP, A.M.\n  Professor of Latin, Colgate Academy\n\n  =Half Leather, 12mo, 566 pages, with Maps and Illustrations.\n  Price, $1.30=\n\n\nThis edition of Cicero contains in addition to selected letters all the\norations required by all the colleges throughout the country. It is\nintended to be distinctly practical and aims solely to meet the needs of\nsecondary and preparatory schools.\n\n  =The Orations= have been arranged in the order in which it is\n  thought they can be read to the best advantage and include, besides\n  the four against Catiline, those for Archais, Milo, Marcellus, and\n  Ligarius, Pompey's Commission, and the Fourteenth Philippic.\n\n  =The Letters= have been selected with special reference to their\n  fitness for reading at sight and for this purpose they have no equal\n  in Roman literature.\n\n  =The Introduction= includes a well balanced life of Cicero with a\n  just estimate of his standing and character and many helpful\n  features which will give the student a comprehensive knowledge of\n  Roman life and politics.\n\n  =The Notes= suggest rather than tell the student and help him to\n  get, instead of getting for him, that acquaintance with the orator\n  and with the language which is the result of true study.\n\n  =The Vocabulary= shows great care and thoroughness and meets the\n  requirements of the average student.\n\n  =The Maps= are accurate and drawn especially for this work and the\n  Illustrations are happily chosen to illustrate both text and time.\n\n\n  _Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._\n\n  =American Book Company=\n  =New York \u00b7 Cincinnati \u00b7 Chicago=\n\n\n\n\nLATIN LITERATURE OF THE EMPIRE\n\n  =Selected and Edited with Revised Texts and Brief Introductions=\n\n  By ALFRED GUDEMAN, Ph.D.\n  Associate Professor of Classical Philology,\n  University of Pennsylvania\n\n  =In Two Volumes. Cloth, 12mo.  Per Volume, $1.80=\n\n  VOL. I--PROSE. Selections from Velleius, Curtius, Seneca\n  Rhetor, Justinus (Trogus Pompeius), Seneca, Petronius, including\n  Cena Trimalchionis, Pliny the Elder, Quintilian, Tacitus, Pliny the\n  Younger, Suetonius, Minucius Felix Octavius, Apuleius--Ammianus\n  Marcellinus, and Boethius.\n\n  VOL. II--POETRY. Pseudo Vergiliana, Aetna, Manilius,\n  Calpurnius, Nemesianus, Phaedrus, Lucan, Valerius Flaccus, Seneca,\n  the Octavia (anonymous), Persius, Statius, Silius Italicus, Martial,\n  Juvenal, Pervigilium Veneris, Ausonius, and Claudianus.\n\n\nThe works of Latin Literature of the post-Augustan period have hitherto,\nwith a few notable exceptions, been virtually excluded from the\nclassical curricula of colleges and universities.\n\nThe present collection has been made primarily for the use of students\nin higher classes in colleges. The selections will be found useful as\ncollateral reading in connection with lectures on classical literature,\nand will also furnish suitable material for sight reading.\n\nThe selections themselves contain nothing that is not eminently worthy\nof perusal. They are in every case sufficiently extensive to give a\ncontinuous and coherent story, which at the same time exhibits the\nauthor at his best. The text follows the best modern editions, the\ndeviations from the standard texts being briefly recorded in critical\nappendices.\n\n\n  _Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._\n\n  =American Book Company=\n  =New York \u00b7 Cincinnati \u00b7 Chicago=\n\n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS\n\n  By JAMES C. EGBERT, Jr., Ph.D.\n  Adjunct Professor of Latin, Columbia University\n\n  =Half Morocco, large 12mo, 468 pages. With numerous illustrations and\n  exact reproductions of inscriptions    Price, $3 50=\n\nThis work is designed as a text-book for the use of students in\nUniversities and Colleges, and also to furnish an account of this branch\nof archaeological study for general readers. It has been prepared in the\nbelief that a knowledge of epigraphy forms an essential part of the\nequipment of a teacher of the classics, and that the subject itself has\nbecome so important as to justify its introduction, in elementary form\nat least, into the curriculum of undergraduate studies.\n\nA distinctive feature of the book is the number and character of its\nillustrations,--there being over seven hundred cuts and diagrams of\ninscriptions, for the purpose of illustrating the text, and for practice\nin reading. Of these, over one hundred are photographic reproductions,\nshowing the forms of the letters and the arrangement of the\ninscriptions. The work is also supplied with an exhaustive bibliography\nand valuable tables of abbreviations, archaisms, etc.\n\n\n_Copies of Egbert's Latin Inscriptions will be sent, prepaid, to any\naddress on receipt of the price by the Publishers:_\n\n  =American Book Company=\n  =New York \u00b7 Cincinnati \u00b7 Chicago=\n\n\n\n\nFIRST LATIN READINGS\n\nAn Equivalent for Caesar\n\n  by\n\n  ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.\n\n  and\n\n  G. M. WHICHER, M.A.\n\n  Instructor in Classics, Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, N.Y.\n\n  =Cloth, 12mo, 344 pages. Price, $1.25=\n\nThis work has been prepared in response to a growing demand for a new\nfirst reading book in Latin, offering more simple and interesting\nmaterial for the second-year work than is now provided by Caesar's\nCommentaries, the first connected reading pupils meet in the Latin\ncourse.\n\nIt is the aim of the present volume to offer for the student's first\nreading in Latin, material in which the least difficult Latin comes\nfirst; which contains the largest possible general vocabulary, instead\nof a small special vocabulary; which is drawn from a wide, instead of a\nnarrow, range of literature; and which may be associated with other\ndepartments of teaching with greater success and productiveness than\nCaesar's Commentaries.\n\nThe selections in First Latin Readings have, therefore, been chosen with\nreference to their difficulty, their interest as literature, and, as far\nas possible, their relation to Roman life and custom, and not with\nreference to their exclusive use as drilling material on formal\nclassical construction.\n\nExercises in Latin prose composition, based on the text of each author\nrepresented, have been prepared, and are included in the book.\n\n_Copies of First Latin Readings will be sent, prepaid, to any address on\nreceipt of the price by the Publishers:_\n\n  =American Book Company=\n  =New York \u00b7 Cincinnati \u00b7 Chicago=\n\n\n\n\nLATIN DICTIONARIES\n\n\n=HARPER'S LATIN DICTIONARY=\n\n  Founded on the translation of \"Freund's Latin-German Lexicon.\"\n  Edited by E. A. ANDREWS, LL.D. Revised, Enlarged, and in great\n  part Rewritten by CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D., and CHARLES SHORT, LL.D.\n\nRoyal Octavo, 2030 pages    Sheep, =$6.50=; Full Russia, =$10.00=\n\nThe translation of Dr. Freund's great Latin-German Lexicon, edited by\nthe late Dr. E.\u00a0A. Andrews, and published in 1850 has been from that\ntime in extensive and satisfactory use throughout England and America.\nMeanwhile great advances have been made in the science on which\nlexicography depends. The present work embodies the latest advances in\nphilological study and research, and is in every respect the most\ncomplete and satisfactory Latin Dictionary published.\n\n\n=LEWIS'S LATIN DICTIONARY FOR SCHOOLS=\n\n  By CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D.\n\n  Large Octavo, 1200 pages    Cloth, =$4 50=; Half Leather, =$5.00=\n\nThis dictionary is not an abridgment, but an entirely new and\nindependent work, designed to include all of the student's needs, after\nacquiring the elements of grammar, for the interpretation of the Latin\nauthors commonly read in school.\n\n\n=LEWIS'S ELEMENTARY LATIN DICTIONARY=\n\n  By CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D.\n\n  Crown Octavo, 952 pages. Half Leather    =$2.00=\n\nThis work is sufficiently full to meet the needs of students in\nsecondary or preparatory schools, and also in the first and second\nyears' work in colleges.\n\n\n=SMITH'S ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY=\n\n  A Complete and Critical English-Latin Dictionary. By WILLIAM SMITH,\n  LL.D., and THEOPHILUS D. HALL, M.A., Fellow of University College,\n  London. With a Dictionary of Proper Names.\n\n  Royal Octavo, 765 pages. Sheep    =$4.00=\n\n\n_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._\n\n  =American Book Company=\n  =New York \u00b7 Cincinnati \u00b7 Chicago=\n\n\n\n\nGREEK DICTIONARIES\n\n\n=LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON=\n\n  Revised and Enlarged. Compiled by HENRY GEORGE LIDDELL, D.D., and\n  ROBERT SCOTT, D.D., assisted by HENRY DRISLER, LL.D. Large Quarto,\n  1794 pages. Sheep      =$10.00=\n\nThe present edition of this great work has been thoroughly revised, and\nlarge additions made to it. The editors have been favored with the\nco-operation of many scholars and several important articles have been\nentirely rewritten.\n\n\n=LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON--Intermediate=\n\n  Revised Edition. Large Octavo, 910 pages.\n\n    Cloth, =$3.50=; Half Leather, =$4.00=\n\nThis Abridgment is an entirely new work, designed to meet the ordinary\nrequirements of instructors. It differs from the smaller abridged\nedition in that it is made from the last edition of the large Lexicon,\nand contains a large amount of new matter.\n\n\n=LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON--Abridged=\n\n  Revised Edition. Crown Octavo, 832 pages. Half Leather =$1.25=\n\nThis Abridgment is intended chiefly for use by students in Secondary and\nCollege Preparatory Schools.\n\n\n=THAYER'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT=\n\n  Being Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti. Translated, Revised,\n  and Enlarged by JOSEPH HENRY THAYER, D.D., LL.D. Royal Quarto,\n  727 pages    Cloth, =$5.00=; Half Leather, =$6.50=\n\nThis great work embodies and represents the results of the latest\nresearches in modern philology and biblical exegesis. It traces\nhistorically the signification and use of all words used in the New\nTestament, and carefully explains the difference between classical and\nsacred usage.\n\n\n=YONGE'S ENGLISH-GREEK LEXICON=\n\n  By C. D. YONGE. Edited by HENRY DRISLER, LL.D.\n\n  Royal Octavo, 903 pages. Sheep    =$4.50=\n\n\n=AUTENRIETH'S HOMERIC DICTIONARY=\n\n  Translated and Edited by ROBERT P. KEEP, Ph.D. New Edition.\n  Revised by ISAAC FLAGG, Ph.D.\n\n  12mo, 312 pages. Illustrated. Cloth    =$1.10=\n\n\n_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._\n\n  =American Book Company=\n  =New York \u00b7 Cincinnati \u00b7 Chicago=\n\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n           *       *       *       *\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nErrors and Inconsistencies (noted by transcriber):\n\n_Main Text_\n\n  page 3: R\u00f4mulus statim arm\u00e2t\u00ees[3] p\u00e2st\u00f4ribus  [arm\u00e2tis]\n  Footnote 2.18 ... See p. xviii, E\u00a04, H\u00a0622 ... B\u00a0337, 7,\u00a02.\n    [E\u00a04. H\u00a0622 ... B\u00a0337, 7,\u00a02).]\n  Footnote 3.4 ... B\u00a0182, 1, _a_;  [B\u00a0182, 1, _a_);]\n  Footnote 10.13: _sepeli\u00f4_  [_final . missing_]\n  Footnote 18.13: Cf. p. 3, n. 2.  [cf.]\n  Footnote 18.14 ... quod in mente conc\u00eap\u00ee?_'  [_close quote missing_]\n  page 23: Incidit[10] d\u00ea ux\u00f4ribus menti\u00f4  [de]\n  Footnote 28.9: dat. of reference  [dat of]\n  page 29: n\u00ee faciat,[16]  [faci\u00e2t]\n  Footnote 29.16 ... v\u00ee (t\u00ea) abstraham  [te]\n  Footnote 39.4 ... H\u00a0595, 1 (504, 3,\u00a02)  [(504, 3,\u00a02))]\n  page 41 Inde R\u00f4mam d\u00ea perm\u00fbtand\u00ees capt\u00eev\u00ees  [capt\u00eevis]\n  page 48: n\u00ea R\u00f4ma opprim\u00ee posset  [ne]\n  Footnote 44.2 ... Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4,\u00a03):  [(385, 4,\u00a03))]\n  page 63: deinde posit\u00ees ante v\u00eastibulum d\u00f4n\u00ees  [v\u00eastibul\u00fbm]\n  Footnote 59.6: #haud piget#: sc. _m\u00ea_  [sc. _me_]\n  page 72: v\u00eanit ad eum l\u00eector  [\u00e2d]\n  page 74: Cum aedem Hon\u00f4ris  [a\u00eadem]\n  Footnote 85.1 ... #pr\u00eemum .\u00a0.\u00a0. triumph\u00e2vit#  [primum]\n  Footnote 85.6 ... (419, III, 1,\u00a01)  [(419, III, 1,\u00a01))]\n  page 88: s\u00eari\u00f4 d\u00eexit Caesar m\u00e2lle  [m\u00e2ll\u00ea]\n  page 96: [Illustration: CICER\u00d4]  [CICERO]\n  page 100 Sed Ant\u00f4nius, init\u00e2 cum Oct\u00e2vi\u00e2n\u00f4 societ\u00e2te,[5]  [S\u00ead]\n  Footnote 98.17: 'conspicuous'; lit., 'shining.'\n    [_first open quote missing_]\n  page 106: aspidem[14] sibi adferendam c\u00fbr\u00e2vit  [13]\n\n_Glossary_\n\n  #ad#, prep. with accus. ... (3) of purpose  [_missing (3)_]\n  #c\u00f4nfodi\u00f4#, see #fodi\u00f4#.  [#c\u00f4nfodi\u00f4#.]\n  #ad--add\u00eec\u00f4, ere, d\u00eex\u00ee, dictus#  [add\u00eec\u00f4, \u00eare]\n  #bis# [orig. #duis#; cf. #duo#], num. adv., _twice_.\n    [_close parenthesis for bracket_]\n  #Falernus# ... _a famous wine-growing district in Campania_.\n    [_printed as shown, with anomalous italics_]\n  #impl\u00f4r\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#  [\u00e2v\u00ee \u00e2tus]\n  #integer, gra, grum# ... #integer, \u00e2#  [integer \u00e2]\n  #\u00eer\u00e2tus# [orig. part. of #\u00eer\u00e2scor#]  [orig part.]\n  #per--perlici\u00f4, ere, lex\u00ee, lectus#,  [_missing , after \"lectus\"_]\n  #inquam# ... See #297#, II, 2: 144, _b_: _175_,\u00a02.\n    [_reference printed as shown_]\n  #introe\u00f4#, see (1) #e\u00f4#.  [_final . missing_]\n  #latebra, ae#,  [_missing , after \"ae\"_]\n  #mult\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#multa#], _to fine, punish_.  [\u00e2re \u00e2v\u00ee]\n  #per--perm\u00fbt\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#  [\u00e2re, \u00e2vi]\n  #\u00f4rdior, \u00eer\u00ee, \u00f4rsus sum#, _to begin_.  [\u00eer\u00ee \u00f4rsus]\n  #ad--ad\u00f4r\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#  [ad ad\u00f4r\u00f4]\n  #persu\u00e2de\u00f4#, see #su\u00e2de\u00f4#.  [#persu\u00e2de\u00f4# see]\n  #d\u00ea--d\u00eacuti\u00f4, ere, cuss\u00ee, cussus#  [d\u00ea d\u00eacuti\u00f4]\n  #ex--\u00earump\u00f4, ere, r\u00fbp\u00ee, ruptum#,  [_missing , after \"ruptum\"_]\n  #s\u00f4pi\u00f4, \u00eere, \u00eev\u00ee (i\u00ee), \u00eetus#  [\u00eero, \u00eev\u00ee]\n  #spern\u00f4, ere, spr\u00eav\u00ee, spr\u00eatus#  [spern\u00f4, \u00eare]\n  #super\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus# [#superus#]  [\u00e2re, \u00e2vi]\n  #re--retrah\u00f4, ere, tr\u00e2x\u00ee, tr\u00e2ctus#,  [tr\u00e2ctus#.]\n  #vindic\u00f4, \u00e2re, \u00e2v\u00ee, \u00e2tus#  [\u00e2re, \u00e2vi]\n\n_References to Harkness_\n\n  90  2  535, 1  [_missing 1_]\n\n_Advertising_\n\nFormat of prices (usually $4.50, sometimes $4 50) is unchanged.\n\n  sight tests and occasional examinations.  [_final . missing_]\n  VOL. I--PROSE. ... Seneca Rhetor, Justinus  [Rhetor. Justinus]\n  [last page]\n  _Copies sent ... on receipt of the price_.  [_final . missing_]","title":"Selections from Viri Romae","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":113507}