{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_34195/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_34195","id":"gutenberg_34195","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34195","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Essays, Letters & Speeches","Category: History - Other","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Notes and Queries","Questions and answers -- Periodicals"],"text":"{237}\n\nNOTES AND QUERIES:\n\nA MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,\nGENEALOGISTS, ETC.\n\n\"When found, make a note of.\"--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNo. 229.]\nSATURDAY, MARCH 18. 1854.\n[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCONTENTS.\n\n  NOTES:--                                                    Page\n\n  Gossiping History                                            239\n\n  Works on Bells, by the Rev. H. T. Ellacombe                  240\n\n  Inedited Letter of Lord Nelson, by E. W. Jacob               241\n\n  FOLK LORE:--Herefordshire Folk Lore--Greenock\n  Fair--Dragons' Blood--Charm for the Ague                     242\n\n  Psalms for the Chief Musician: Hebrew Music, by T. J.\n  Buckton                                                      242\n\n  MINOR NOTES:--\"Garble\"--Deaths in the Society of\n  Friends--The Eastern Question--Jonathan Swift, Dean of\n  St. Patrick's, Dublin--English Literature--Irish Legislation\n  --Anecdote of George IV. and the Duke of York                243\n\n  QUERIES:--\n\n  Anonymous Works: \"Posthumous Parodies,\" \"Adventures in the\n  Moon,\" &c.                                                   244\n\n  Blind Mackerel                                               245\n\n  MINOR QUERIES:--Original Words of old Scotch Airs--\n  Royal Salutes--\"The Negro's Complaint\"--\"The Cow Doctor\"--\n  Soomarokoff's \"Demetrius\"--Polygamy--Irish, Anglo-Saxon,\n  Longobardic, and Old English Letters--Description of Battles\n  --Do Martyrs always feel Pain?--Carronade--Darcy, of Platten,\n  co. Meath--Dorset--\"Vanitatem observare\"--King's Prerogative\n  --Quotations in Cowper--Cawley the Regicide                  245\n\n  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Dr. John Pocklington\n  --Last Marquis of Annandale--Heralds' College--Teddy the\n  Tiler--Duchess of Mazarin's Monument--Halcyon Days           247\n\n  REPLIES:--\n\n  Dogs in Monumental Brasses, by the Rev. W. S. Simpson, &c.   249\n\n  Sneezing, by C. W. Bingham                                   250\n\n  Sir John de Morant                                           250\n\n  Inn Signs                                                    251\n\n  \"Concilium Delectorum Cardinalium\"                           252\n\n  Pulpit Hour-glasses, by Dr. E. F. Rimbault, &c.              253\n\n  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--A Prize for the best\n  Collodion--Double Iodide of Silver and Potassium--\n  Albumenized Paper--Cyanide of Potassium                      254\n\n  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Sawdust Recipe--Brydone\n  the Tourist--Etymology of \"Page\"--Longfellow--Canting Arms--\n  Holy Loaf Money--\"Could we with Ink,\" &c.--Mount Mill, and\n  the Fortifications of London--Standing while the Lord's\n  Prayer is read--A dead Sultan, with his Shirt for an Ensign\n  --\"Hovd mact of lact\"--Captain Eyre's Drawings--Sir Thos.\n  Browne and Bishop Ken, &c.                                  255\n\n  MISCELLANEOUS:--\n\n  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                                258\n\n  Notices to Correspondents                                   259\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nJust published, price 6d.\n\nOXFORD REFORMERS.\n\nA LETTER TO ENDEMUS AND ECDEMUS. 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BARNES'S NEW WORK.\n\nNow ready, in 8vo. cloth, 9s.\n\nA PHILOLOGICAL GRAMMAR, grounded upon English, and formed from a Comparison\nof more than Sixty Languages. Being an Introduction to the Science of\nGrammar, and a help to Grammars of all Languages, especially English,\nLatin, and Greek. By WILLIAM BARNES, B.D., of St. John's College,\nCambridge, Author of \"Poems in the Dorset Dialect,\" \"Anglo-Saxon Delectus,\"\n&c.\n\nJOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPreparing for immediate Publication.\n\nMISCELLANEA GRAPHICA. A Collection of Ancient Medieval and Renaissance\nRemains in the possession of Lord Londesborough. Illustrated by F. W.\nFAIRHOLT, F.S.A., &c. The Work will be published in Quarterly Parts of\nroyal 4to., with each Part containing 4 Plates, one of which will be in\nChromolithography; representing Jewellery, Antique Plate, Arms and Armour,\nand Miscellaneous Antiquities.\n\nLondon: CHAPMAN & HALL,\n193. Piccadilly.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n{239}\n\n_LONDON, SATURDAY, MARCH 18, 1854_\n\nNotes.\n\nGOSSIPING HISTORY.\n\n  \"This is the Jew\n  That Shakspeare drew.\"\n\nI do not know by whom or when the above couplet was first imputed to Pope.\nThe following extracts will show how a story grows, and the parasites\nwhich, under unwholesome cultivation, adhere to it. The restoration of\nShakspeare's text, and the performance of Shylock as a serious part, are\ntold as usual.\n\n    \"In the dumb action of the trial scene he was amazingly descriptive,\n    and through the whole displayed such unequalled merit, as justly\n    entitled him to that very comprehensive, though concise, compliment\n    paid to him by Mr. Pope, who sat in the stage-box on the third night of\n    the reproduction, and who emphatically exclaimed,--\n\n      'This is the Jew\n      That Shakspeare drew.'\"\n\n    _Life of Macklin_, by J. T. Kirkman, vol. i. p. 264.: London, 1799, 2\n    vols. 8vo.\n\nThe book is ill-written, and no authorities are cited.\n\n    \"A few days after, Macklin received an invitation to dine with Lord\n    Bolingbroke at Battersea. He attended the rendezvous, and there found\n    Pope and a select party, who complimented him very much on the part of\n    Shylock, and questioned him about many little particulars, relative to\n    his getting up the play, &c. Pope particularly asked him why he wore a\n    _red hat_, and he answered, because he had read that Jews in Italy,\n    particularly in Venice, wore hats of that colour.\n\n    'And pray, Mr. Macklin,' said Pope, 'do players in general take such\n    pains?' 'I do not know, sir, that they do; but as I had staked my\n    reputation on the character, I was determined to spare no trouble in\n    getting at the best information.' Pope nodded, and said, 'It was very\n    laudable.'\"--_Memoirs of Macklin_, p. 94., Lond. 1804.\n\nThe above work has not the author's name, and is as defective in references\nas Mr. Kirkman's. It is, however, not quite so trashy. Being published five\nyears later, the author must have seen the preceding _Life_, and his not\nrepeating the story about the couplet is strong presumption that it was not\nthen believed. It appears again in the _Biographia Dramatica_, vol. i. p.\n469., London, 1812:\n\n    \"Macklin's performance of this character (Shylock) so forcibly struck a\n    gentleman in the pit, that he as it were involuntarily exclaimed, 'This\n    is,' &c. It has been said that this gentleman was Mr. Pope.\"\n\nI am not aware of its alteration during the next forty years, but this was\nthe state of the anecdote in 1853:\n\n    \"Macklin was a tragedian, and the personal friend of Alexander Pope. He\n    had a daughter, a beautiful and accomplished girl, who was likewise on\n    the stage. On one occasion Macklin's daughter was about to take a\n    benefit at Drury Lane Theatre, and on the morning of that evening,\n    whilst the father and daughter were at breakfast, a young nobleman\n    entered the apartment, and, with the most undisguised ruffianism, made\n    overtures of a dishonourable character to Macklin for his daughter. The\n    exasperated father, seizing a knife from the table, rushed at the\n    fellow, who on the instant fled, on which Macklin pursued him along the\n    street with the knife in his hand. The cause of the tragedian's wild\n    appearance in the street soon got vent in the city. Evening came, and\n    Old Drury seldom saw so crowded a house. The play was the _Merchant of\n    Venice_, Macklin sustaining the part of Shylock, and his interesting\n    daughter that of Jessica. Their reception was most enthusiastic; but in\n    that scene where the Jew is informed of his daughter being carried off,\n    the whole audience seemed to be quite carried away by Macklin's acting.\n    The applause was immense, and Pope, who was standing in the pit,\n    exclaimed,--\n\n      'That's the Jew that Shakspeare drew.'\n\n    Macklin was much respected in London. He was a native of Monaghan, and\n    a Protestant. His father was a Catholic, and died when he was a child;\n    and his mother being a Protestant, he was educated as such.\"--_Dublin\n    Weekly Telegraph_, Feb. 9, 1853.\n\nOne more version is given in the _Irish Quarterly Review_, and quoted\napprovingly in _The Leader_, Dec. 17, 1853.\n\n    \"The house was crowded from the opening of the doors, and the curtain\n    rose amidst the most dreadful of all awful silence, the stillness of a\n    multitude. The Jew enters in the third scene, and from that point, to\n    the famous scene with Tubal, all passed off with considerable applause.\n    Here, however, and in the trial scene, the actor was triumphant, and in\n    the applause of a thousand voices the curtain dropped. The play was\n    repeated for nineteen successive nights with increased success. On the\n    third night of representation all eyes were directed to the stage-box,\n    where sat a little deformed man; and whilst others watched _his_\n    gestures, as if to learn his opinion of the performers, he was gazing\n    intently upon Shylock, and as the actor panted, in broken accents of\n    rage, and sorrow, and avarice--'Go, Tubal, fee me an officer, bespeak\n    him a fortnight before: I will have the heart of him, if he forfeit;\n    for were he out of Venice, I can make what merchandise I will: go,\n    Tubal, and meet me at our synagogue; go, good Tubal; at our synagogue,\n    Tubal.'--the little man was seen to rise, and leaning from the box, as\n    Macklin passed it, he whispered,--\n\n      'This is the Jew,\n      That Shakspeare drew.'\n\n    The speaker was Alexander Pope, and, in that age, from his judgment in\n    criticism there was no appeal.\"\n\n{240} No reference to cotemporary testimony is given by these historians.\n\nGalt, in his _Lives of the Players_, Lond. 1831, does not notice the story.\n\nPope was at Bath on the 4th of February, 1741, as appears from his letter\nto Warburton of that date; but as he mentions his intention to return to\nLondon, he may have been there on the 14th. That he was not in the pit we\nmay be confident; that he was in the boxes is unlikely. His health was\ndeclining in 1739. In his letter to Swift, quoted in Croly's edition, vol.\ni. p. lxxx., he says:\n\n    \"Having nothing to tell you of my poetry, I come to what is now my\n    chief care, my health and amusement; the first is better as to\n    headaches, worse as to weakness and nerves. The changes of weather\n    affect me much; the mornings are my life, _in the evenings I am not\n    dead indeed, but sleepy and stupid enough_. I love reading still better\n    than conversation, but my eyes fail, and the hours when most people\n    indulge in company, I am tired, and find the labour of the past day\n    sufficient to weigh me down; _so I hide myself in bed, as a bird in the\n    nest, much about the same time_, and rise and chirp in the morning.\"\n\nI hope I have said enough to stop the farther growth of this story; but\nbefore laying down my pen, I wish to call attention to the practice of\ngiving anecdotes without authorities. This is encouraged by the newspapers\ndevoting a column to \"varieties,\" which are often amusing, but oftener\nstale. A paragraph is now commencing the round, telling how a lady took a\nlinendraper to a barber's, and on pretence of his being a mad relative, had\nhis head shaved, while she absconded with his goods. It is a bad version of\nan excellent scene in Foote's _Cozeners_.\n\nH. B. C.\n\nGarrick Club.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nWORKS ON BELLS.\n\nI have a Note of many books on bells, which may be acceptable to readers of\n\"N. & Q.\" Those marked *, Cancellieri, in his work, calls Protestant\nwriters on the subject.\n\n    * Anon. Recueil curieux et \u00e9difiant sur les Cloches de l'Eglise, avec\n    les C\u00e9r\u00e9monies de leur B\u00e9n\u00e9diction. Cologne, 1757.\n\n    Barraud (Abb.). Notice sur les Cloches. 8vo., Caen, 1844.\n\n    Boemeri (G. L.). Programma de Feudo Campanario. Gotting\u00e6, 1755.\n\n    Buonmattei (Ben.). Declamazione delle Campane, dopo le sue Cicalate\n    delle tre Sirocchie. Pisa, 1635.\n\n    Campani (Gio. Ant.). Opera. The frontispiece a large bell. Roma, 1495.\n\n    Cancellieri (F.). Descrizione della nuova Campana Magiore della\n    Basilica Vaticana. Roma, 1786.\n\n    Cancellieri (F.). Descrizione delle due nuove Campane di Campidoglio\n    beneditte del Pio VII. Roma, 1806, 4to.\n\n    * Cave (G. G.). An Turrium et Campanarum Usus in Repub. Christ. Deo\n    displiceat? Leipsi\u00e6, 1709, 4to.\n\n    Conrad (Dietericus). De Campanis. Germanice.\n\n    * Eggers (Nic.). Dissertatio de Campanarum Materia et Forma.\n\n    Eggers (Nic.). Dissertatio de Origine et Nomine Campanarum. Ien\u00e6, 1684.\n\n    Eschenwecker. De eo quod justum est circa Campanas.\n\n    Fesc (Laberanus du). Des Cloches. 12mo., Paris, 1607-19.\n\n    * Goezii. Diatriba de Baptismo Campanarum, Lubec\u00e6, 1612.\n\n    Grimaud (Gilb.). Liturgie Sacr\u00e9e, avec un Trait\u00e9 des Cloches. Lyons,\n    1666, 4to. Pavia, 1678, 12mo.\n\n    * Hilschen (Gio.). Dissertatio de Campanis Templorum. Leipsi\u00e6, 1690.\n\n    * Homberg (Gas.). De Superstitiosis Campanarum pulsibus, ad eliciendas\n    preces, quibus placentur fulmina, excogitatis. 4to., Frankforti\u00e6, 1577.\n\n    Lazzarini (Alex.). De vario Tintinnabulorum Usu apud veteres Hebr\u00e6os et\n    Ethnicos. 2 vols. 8vo., Rom\u00e6, 1822.\n\n    Ludovici (G. F.). De eo quod justum est circa Campanas. Hal\u00e6, 1708 et\n    1739.\n\n    Magii (Hier.). De Tintinnabulis, cum notis F. Swertii et Jungermanni.\n    12mo., Amstelodam\u00e6 et Hanovi\u00e6, 1608, 1664, 1689. \"A learned\n    work.\"--Parr.\n\n    Mart\u00e8ne. De Ritibus Ecclesi\u00e6.\n\n    * Medelii (Geo.). An Campanarum Sonitus Fulmina, Tonitura, et Fulgura\n    impedire possit. 4to. 1703.\n\n    Mitzler (B. A.). De Campanis.\n\n    * Nerturgii (Mar.). Campanula Penitenti\u00e6. 4to., Dresden, 1644.\n\n    Paciaudi. Dissertazione su due Campane di Capua. Neapoli, 1750.\n\n    Pacichelli (Ab. J. B.). De Tintinnabulo Nolano Lucubratio Autumnalis.\n    Neapoli, 1693. Dr. Parr calls this \"a great curiosity.\"\n\n    Pagii. De Campanis Dissertatio.\n\n    Rocca (Ang.). De Campanis Commentarius. 4to. Rom\u00e6, 1612.\n\n    * Reimanni (Geo. Chris.). De Campanis earumque Origine, vario Usu,\n    Abusu, et Juribus. 4to., Isenaci, 1769.\n\n    Saponti (G. M.). Notificazione per la solenne Benedizione della nuova\n    Campana da Collocarsi nella Metropolitana di S. Lorenzo. Geneva, 1750.\n\n    Seligmann (Got. Fr). De Campana Urinatoria. Leipsi\u00e6, 1677, 4to.\n\n    * Stockflet (Ar.). Dissertatio de Campanarum Usu. 4to., Altdorfii,\n    1665, 1666.\n\n    * Storius (G. M.). De Campanis Templorum. 4to., Leipsi\u00e6, 1692.\n\n    Swertius (Fran.).\n\n    Thiers (G. B.). Des Cloches. 12mo., Paris, 1602, 1619.\n\n    Thiers (J. B). Trait\u00e9 des Cloches. Paris, 1721.\n\n    * Walleri (Ar.). De Campanis et pr\u00e6cipuis earum Usibus. 8vo. Holmi\u00e6,\n    1694.\n\n    Willietti (Car.) Ragguaglio delle Campane di Viliglia. 4to., Roma,\n    1601.\n\n    Zech (F. S.). De Campanis et Instrumentis Musicis.\n\n{241}\n\nWithout enumerating any Encyclop\u00e6dias (in most of which may be found very\nable and interesting articles on the subject), in the following works the\nbest treatises for all _practical_ purposes will be found:\n\n    Pirotechnia, del Vannuccio Biringuccio, nobile Senese, 1540, 1550,\n    1559, 1678. There is a French translation of it by Jasper Vincent,\n    1556--1572, 1627. The tenth chapter is about bells. Magius refers to it\n    in these words:--\"In illa, perscriptum in Italico Sermone, et\n    delineatum quisque reperiet, quicquid ad artem ediscendam conducit,\n    usque adeo, ut et quo pacto, Campan\u00e6 in turribus constituantur ac\n    moveantur, edoceat, optimeque figuris delineatis commonstret.\"\n\n    Ducange in Glossario, in vocibus \u00c6s, Campana, Codon, Cloca, Crotalum,\n    Glogga, Lebes, Nola, Petasus, Signum, Squilla, Tintinnabulum.\n\n    Mersenni (F. M.). Harmonicorum Libri XII. Paris, 1629, 1643. (Liber\n    Quartus de Campanis.) This and Biringuccio contain all the art and\n    mystery of bell-casting, &c. &c.\n\n    Puffendorff. De Campanarum Usu in obitu Parochiani publice\n    significando, in ejus Observationibus. Jur. Univers., p. iv. No. 104.\n\nAnd now with regard to our English authors; their productions seem to be\nconfined chiefly to the _Art of Ringing_, as the following list will show:\n\n    Tintinalogia, or the Art of Ringing improved, by T. W[hite]. 18mo.,\n    1668. This is the book alluded to by Dr. Burney, in his _History of\n    Music_, vol. iv. p. 413.\n\n    Campanalogia, or the Art of Ringing improved. 18mo., 1677. This was by\n    _Fabian Steadman_.\n\n    Campanalogia, improved by I. D. and C. M., London scholars. 18mo.,\n    1702.\n\n    Ditto 2nd edition 18mo., 1705.\n\n    Ditto 3rd edition 18mo., 1733.\n\n    Ditto 4th edition 18mo., 1753.\n\n    Ditto 5th edition, by J. Monk. 18mo., 1766.\n\n    The School of Recreation, or Gentleman's Tutor in various Exercises,\n    one of which is _Ringing_. 1684.\n\n    Clavis Campanalogia, by Jones, Reeves, and Blackmore. 12mo., 1788.\n    Reprinted in 1796 and 1800?\n\n    The Ringer's True Guide, by S. Beaufoy. 12mo., 1804.\n\n    The Campanalogia, or Universal Instructor in the Art of Ringing, by\n    William Shipway. 12mo., 1816.\n\n    Elements of Campanalogia, by H. Hubbard. 12mo., 1845.\n\n    The Bell: its Origin, History, and Uses, by Rev. A. Gatty. 12mo., 1847.\n\n    Ditto, enlarged. 1848.\n\n    Blunt's Use and Abuse of Church Bells. 8vo., 1846.\n\n    Ellacombe's Practical Remarks on Belfries and Ringers. 8vo., 1850.\n\n    Ellacombe's Paper on Bells, with Illustrations, in the Report of\n    Bristol Architectural Society. 1850.\n\n    Croome's Few Words on Bells and Bell-ringing. 8vo., 1851.\n\n    Woolf's Address on the Science of Campanology. Tract. 1851.\n\n    Plain Hints to Bell-ringers. No. 47. of _Parochial Tracts_. 1852?\n\n    The Art of Change-ringing, by B. Thackrah. 12mo., 1852.\n\nTo these may be added, as single poetical productions,\n\n    The Legend of the Limerick Bell Founder, published in the _Dublin\n    University Mag._, Sept. 1847.\n\n    The Bell, by Schiller.\n\nPerhaps some courteous reader of \"N. & Q.\" may be able to correct any error\nthere may be in the list, or to add to it.\n\nThere is a curious collection of MSS. on the subject by the late Mr.\nOsborn, among the _Additional MSS._, Nos. 19,368 and 19,373.\n\nH. T. ELLACOMBE.\n\nRectory, Clyst St. George.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nINEDITED LETTER OF LORD NELSON.\n\nI have in my possession a long letter written by Lord Nelson, sixteen days\nbefore the battle of Trafalgar, to the Right Hon. Lord Barham, who was at\nthat time First Lord of the Admiralty. As an autograph collector, I prize\nit much; and I think that the readers of \"N. & Q.\" might be glad to see it.\nIt has not yet, as far as I am aware, been published:\n\n      Victory, Oct. 5th, 1805.\n\n      My Dear Lord,\n\n    On Monday the French and Spanish ships took their troops on board which\n    had been landed on their arrival, and it is said that they mean to sail\n    the first fresh Levant wind. And as the Carthagena ships are ready,\n    and, when seen a few days ago, had their topsail yards hoisted up, this\n    looks like a junction. The position I have taken for this month, is\n    from sixteen to eighteen leagues west of Cadiz; for, although it is\n    most desirable that the fleet should be well up in the easterly winds,\n    yet I must guard against being caught with a westerly wind near Cadiz:\n    for a fleet of ships, with so many three-deckers, would inevitably be\n    forced into the Straits, and then Cadiz would be perfectly free for\n    them to come out with a westerly wind--as they served Lord Keith in the\n    late war. I am most anxious for the arrival of frigates: less than\n    eight, with the brigs, &c., as we settled, I find are absolutely\n    inadequate for this service and to be with the fleet; and Spartel, Cape\n    Cantin, or Blanco, and the Salvages, must be watched by fast-sailing\n    vessels, in case any squadron should escape.\n\n    I have been obliged to send six sail of the line to water and get\n    stores, &c. at Tetuan and Gibraltar; for if I did not begin, I should\n    very {242} soon be obliged to take the whole fleet into the Straits. I\n    have twenty-three sail with me, and should they come out, I shall\n    immediately bring them to battle; but although I should not doubt of\n    spoiling any voyage they may attempt, yet I hope for the arrival of the\n    ships from England, that, as an enemy's fleet, they may be annihilated.\n    Your Lordship may rely upon every exertion from\n\n      Your very faithful and obedient servant,\n\n      NELSON AND BRONTE.\n\n    I find the Guerrier is reduced to the command of a Lieutenant; I hope\n    your Lordship will allow me to seek Sir William Bolton, and to place\n    him in the first vacant frigate; he will be acting in a ship when the\n    Captains go home with Sir Robert Calder. This will much oblige _me_.\n\n\n\nIf any valuable autographs come into my possession hereafter, you may\nexpect to receive some account of them.\n\nEUSTACE W. JACOB.\n\nCrawley, Winchester.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nFOLK LORE.\n\n_Herefordshire Folk Lore._--Pray make an imperishable Note of the following\nconcentration of Herefordshire folk lore, extracted from the \"Report of the\nSecretary of the Diocesan Board of Education,\" as published in _The Times_\nof Jan. 28, 1854:\n\n    \"The observation of unlucky days and seasons is by no means unusual.\n    The phases of the moon are regarded with great respect: in one medicine\n    may be taken; in another it is advisable to kill a pig; over the doors\n    of many houses may be found twigs placed crosswise, and never suffered\n    to lose their cruciform position; and the horse-shoe preserves its old\n    station on many a stable-door. Charms are devoutly believed in. A ring\n    made from a shilling offered at the Communion is an undoubted cure for\n    fits; hair plucked from the crop of an ass's shoulder, and woven into a\n    chain, to be put round a child's neck, is powerful for the same\n    purpose; and the hand of a corpse applied to a neck is believed to\n    disperse a wen. Not long since, a boy was met running hastily to a\n    neighbour's for some holy water, as the only hope of preserving a sick\n    pig. The 'evil eye,' so long dreaded in uneducated countries, has its\n    terrors amongst us; and if a person of ill life be suddenly called\n    away, there are generally some who hear his 'tokens,' or see his ghost.\n    There exists, besides, the custom of communicating deaths to hives of\n    bees, in the belief that they invariably abandon their owners if the\n    intelligence be withheld.\"\n\nMay not any one exclaim:\n\n  \"O miseras hominum mentes! O pectora c\u00e6ca!\n  Qualibus in tenebris vit\u00e6, quantisque periclis\n  Degitur hoc \u00e6vi, quodcunque est!\"\n\nS. G. C.\n\n_Greenock Fair._--A very curious custom existed in this town, and in the\nneighbouring town of Port-Glasgow, within forty years; it has now entirely\ndisappeared. I cannot but look upon it as a last remnant of the troublous\ntimes when arms were in all hands, and property liable to be openly and\nforcibly seized by bands of armed men. This custom was, that the whole\ntrades of the town, in the dresses of their guilds, with flags and music,\neach man armed, made a grand rendezvous at the place where the fair was to\nbe held, and with drawn swords and array of guns and pistols, surrounded\nthe booths, and greeted the baillie's announcement by tuck of drum, \"that\nGreenock fair was open,\" by a tremendous shout, and a straggling fire from\nevery serviceable barrel in the crowd, and retired, bands playing and flags\nflying, &c., home. Does any such _wappenschau_ occur in England on such\noccasions now?\n\nC. D. LAMONT.\n\nGreenock.\n\n_Dragons' Blood._--A peculiar custom exists amongst a class, with whom\nunfortunately the schoolmaster has not yet come very much in contact, when\nsupposed to be deserted or slighted by a lover, of procuring dragons'\nblood; which being carefully wrapped in paper, is thrown on the fire, and\nthe following lines said:\n\n  \"May he no pleasure or profit see,\n  Till he comes back again to me.\"\n\nB. J. S.\n\n_Charm for the Ague.--_\n\n    \"Cut a few hairs from the cross marked on a donkey's shoulders. Enclose\n    these hairs in a small bag, and wear it on your breast, next to the\n    skin. If you keep your purpose secret, a speedy cure will be the\n    result.\"\n\nThe foregoing charm was told to me a short time since by the agent of a\nlarge landed proprietor in a fen county. My informant gravely added, that\nhe had known numerous instances of this charm being practised, and that in\nevery case a cure had been effected. From my own knowledge, I can speak of\nanother charm for the ague, in which the fen people put great faith, viz. a\nspider, covered with dough, and taken as a pill.\n\nCUTHERT BEDE, B.A.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPSALMS FOR THE CHIEF MUSICIAN--HEBREW MUSIC.\n\nThe words [Hebrew: LMNTSCH BNGYNWT], at the head of Psalms iv., liv., lv.,\nlxvii., and lxxvi., are rendered in the Septuagint and Vulgate [Greek: eis\nto telos], _in finem_, as if they had read [Hebrew: LANETSACH], omitting\nthe [Hebrew: M] formative. The Syriac and Arabic versions omit this\nsuperscription altogether, from ignorance of the {243} musical sense of the\nwords. The Chaldee reads [Chaldee: LSHBCH' `L CHNGYT'], \"to be sung on the\npipe.\" The word [Hebrew: LMNTSCH] is (from [Hebrew: NTSCH], to overcome,\nexcel, or accomplish) a performance, and Aquila translates the entire\ntitle, [Greek: t\u00f4i nikopoi\u00f4i en psalmois mel\u00f4d\u00eama t\u00f4i Dauid]; and Jerome,\n_Victori in Canticis, Psalmus David_. But Symmachus, [Greek: epinikios dia\npsalt\u00eari\u00f4n \u00f4id\u00ea]; and Theodotius, [Greek: eis to nikos humnois], who must\nhave read [Hebrew: LNTSCH]. The best reading is that of the present text,\n[Hebrew: LMNTSCH], which Jarchi, Aben Ezra, and Kimchi render chief singer,\nor leader of the band (=_moderatorem chori musici_), as appropriate for a\npsalm to sung and played in divine service. Therefore the proper\ntranslation is, \"For the leading performer upon the neginoth.\" The neginoth\nappear from the Greek translations, [Greek: dia psalt\u00eari\u00f4n] and [Greek: en\npsalmois] ([Greek: psallein] = playing on strings). and from its root,\n[Hebrew: NGN], _to strike_, to be stringed instruments, struck by the\nfingers or hand.\n\nThe words [Hebrew: LMNTSCH 'L HNCHYLWT] at the head of Psalm v. (for this\nis the only one so superscribed) should, perhaps, be read with [Hebrew: `L]\ninstead of [Hebrew: 'L] meaning, \"For the leading performer on the\nnehiloth.\" The nehiloth appear from the root [Hebrew: CHLL], _to bore\nthrough_, and in Piel, _to play the flute_, to be the same instruments as\nthe _n\u00e1-y_ of the Arabs, similar to the English flute, blown, not\ntransversely as the German flute, but at the end, as the oboe. But the\nSeptuagint, Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotius translate [Greek: huper t\u00eas\nkl\u00earonomous\u00eas]: and hence the Vulgate _pro ea, qu\u00e6 hereditatem\nconsequitur_; and Jerome, _pro hereditatibus_. Suidas explains [Greek:\nkl\u00earonomousa] by [Greek: ekkl\u00easia], which is the sense of the Syriac.\n\nPsalm vi. is headed [Hebrew: BNGYNWT `L HSHMYNYT], and Psalm vi. [Hebrew:\n`L SHMYNYT], without the \"neginoth;\" and the \"sheminith\" is also mentioned\n(Chron. xv. 21.). The Chaldee and Jarchi translate \"Harps of eight\nstrings.\" The Septuagint, Vulgate, Aquila, and Jerome, [Greek: huper t\u00eas\nogdo\u00eas], appear also to have understood an instrument of eight strings.\n\nT. J. BUCKTON.\n\nBirmingham.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Notes.\n\n\"_Garble._\"--MR. C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY has called attention to a growing\ncorruption in the use of the word \"eliminate,\" and I trust he may be able\nto check its progress. The word _garble_ has met with very similar usage,\nbut the corrupt meaning is now the only one in which it is ever used, and\nit would be hopeless to try and restore it to its original sense.\n\nThe original sense of \"to _garble_\" was a good one, not a bad one; it meant\na selection of the good, and a discarding of the bad parts of anything: its\npresent meaning is exactly the reverse of this. By the statute 1 Rich. III.\nc. 11., it is provided that no bow-staves shall be sold \"ungarbled:\" that\nis (as Sir E. Coke explains it), until the good and sufficient be severed\nfrom the bad and insufficient. By statute 1 Jac. I. c. 19., a penalty is\nimposed on the sale of spices and drugs not \"garbled;\" and an officer\ncalled the _garbler_ of spices is authorised to enter shops, and view the\nspices and drugs, \"and to _garble_ and make clean the same.\" Coke derives\nthe word either from the French _garber_, to make fine, neat, clean; or\nfrom _cribler_, and that from _cribrare_, to sift, &c. (4 Inst. 264.)\n\nIt is easy to see how the corruption of this word has taken place; but it\nis not the less curious to compare the opposite meanings given to it at\ndifferent times.\n\nE. S. T. T.\n\n_Deaths in the Society of Friends, 1852-3._--In \"N. & Q.,\" Vol. viii., p.\n488., appeared a communication on the great longevity of persons at\nCleveland in Yorkshire. I send you for comparison a statement of the deaths\nin the Society of Friends in Great Britain and Ireland, from the year 1852\nto 1853, the accuracy of which may be depended on; from which it appears\nthat one in three have attained from 70 to 100 years, the average being\nabout 74\u00bd; and that thirty-seven attain from 80 to 90, and eight from 90 to\n100. It would be useful to ascertain to what the longevity of the\ninhabitants of Cleveland may be attributed, whether to the situation where\nthey reside, or to their social habits.\n\nThe total number of the Society was computed to be from 19,000 to 20,000,\nshowing the deaths to be rather more than 1\u00bd per cent. per annum. Great\nnumbers are total abstainers from strong drink.\n\n  +----------------+---------+---------+---------+\n  |     Ages.      |  Male.  | Female. |  Total. |\n  +----------------+---------+---------+---------+\n  | Under 1 year   |   13    |    8    |    21   |\n  | Under 5 years  |   18    |   13    |    31   |\n  | From  5 to  10 |    4    |    2    |     6   |\n  |  ,,  10 to  15 |    5    |    6    |    11   |\n  |  ,,  15 to  20 |    5    |    3    |     8   |\n  |  ,,  20 to  30 |    7    |   10    |    17   |\n  |  ,,  30 to  40 |    8    |    8    |    16   |\n  |  ,,  40 to  50 |    7    |   14    |    21   |\n  |  ,,  50 to  60 |   16    |   14    |    30   |\n  |  ,,  60 to  70 |   26    |   34    |    60   |\n  |  ,,  70 to  80 |   20    |   46    |    66   |\n  |  ,,  80 to  90 |   13    |   24    |    37   |\n  |  ,,  90 to 100 |    2    |    6    |     8   |\n  +----------------+---------+---------+---------+\n  | All ages       |  144    |  188    |   332   |\n  +----------------+---------+---------+---------+\n\nW. C.\n\nPlymouth.\n\n{244}\n\n_The Eastern Question._--The following extract from _Tatler_, No. 155.,\nApril 6, 1710, appears remarkable, considering the events of the present\nday:\n\n    \"The chief politician of the Bench was a great assertor of paradoxes.\n    He told us, with a seeming concern, 'that by some news he had lately\n    read from Muscovy, it appeared to him there was a storm gathering in\n    the Black Sea, which might in time do hurt to the naval forces of this\n    nation.' To this he added, 'that, for his part, he could not wish to\n    see the Turk driven out of Europe, which he believed could not but be\n    prejudicial to our woollen manufacture.' He then told us, 'that he\n    looked upon those extraordinary revolutions which had lately happened\n    in those parts of the world, to have risen chiefly from two persons who\n    were not much talked of; and those,' says he, 'are Prince Menzicoff and\n    the Duchess of Mirandola.' He backed his assertions with so many broken\n    hints, and such a show of depth and wisdom, that we gave ourselves up\n    to his opinions.\"\n\nF. B. RELTON.\n\n_Jonathan Swift, Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin._--It is remarkable (and yet\nit has not been noticed, I believe, by his biographers) that Dean Swift was\nsuspended from his degree of B.A. in Trinity College, Dublin, for exciting\ndisturbances within the college, and insulting the junior dean. He and\nanother were sentenced by the Board to ask pardon publicly of the junior\ndean, on their knees, as having offended more atrociously than the rest.\nThese facts afford the true solution of Swift's animosity towards the\nUniversity of Dublin, and account for his determination to take the degree\nof M.A. at Oxford; and the solution receives confirmation from this, that\nthe junior dean, for insulting whom he was punished, was the same Mr. Owen\nLloyd (afterwards professor of divinity and Dean of Down) whom Swift has\ntreated with so much severity in his account of Lord Wharton.\n\nABHBA.\n\n_English Literature._--Some French writer (Victor Hugo, I believe) has said\nthat English literature consists of four distinct literatures, English,\nAmerican, Scottish, and Irish, each having a different character. Has this\nview of our literature been taken, and exhibited in all its aspects, by any\nEnglish writer and if so, by whom?\n\nJ. M.\n\nOxford.\n\n_Irish Legislation._--I have met with the following statement: is it to be\nreceived as true? In May, 1784, a bill, intended to limit the privilege of\nfranking, was sent from Ireland for the royal sanction; and in it was a\nclause enacting that any member who, from illness or other cause, should be\nunable to write, might authorise some other person to frank for him,\nprovided that on the back of the letter so franked the member gave at the\nsame time, under his hand, a full certificate of his inability to write.\n\nABHBA.\n\n_Anecdote of George IV. and the Duke of York._--The following letter was\nwritten in a boy's round hand, and sent with some China cups:\n\n    Dear Old Mother Batten,\n\n    Prepare a junket for us, as Fred. and I are coming this evening. I send\n    you these cups, which we have stolen from the old woman [the queen].\n    Don't you say anything about it.\n\n      GEORGE.\n\nThe above was found in the bottom of one of the cups, which were sold for\nfive guineas on the death of Mr. Nichols, who married Mother Batten. The\ncups are now in possession of a Mr. Toby, No. 10. York Buildings, St.\nSidwells, Exeter.\n\nJULIA R. BOCKETT.\n\nSouthcote Lodge.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nQueries.\n\nANONYMOUS WORKS: \"POSTHUMOUS PARODIES,\" \"ADVENTURES IN THE MOON,\" ETC.\n\nA remote correspondent finds all help to fail him from bibliographers and\ncotemporary reviewers in giving any clue to the authorship of the works\ndescribed below. But he has been conversant enough with the \"N. & Q.\" to\nperceive that no Query, that he is aware, has yet been started in its pages\ninvolving a problem, for which somebody among its readers and contributors\nhas not proved a match. Encouraged thereby, he tenders the three following\ntitles, in the full faith that his curiosity, which is pretty strong, will\nnot have been transmitted over the waste of waters but to good result.\n\n1. _Posthumous Parodies, and other Pieces_, by several of our most\ncelebrated poets, but not before published in any former edition of their\nworks: John Miller, London, 12mo., 1814. This contains some twenty\nimitations or over, of the more celebrated minor poems, all of a political\ncast, and breathing strongly the tone of the anti-Jacobin verse; executed\nfor the most part, and several of them in particular, with great felicity.\nAmong that sort of _jeux d'esprit_ they hardly take second place to _The\nKnife Grinder_, the mention of which reminds me to add that it is manifest\nenough, from half-a-dozen places in the volume, that Canning is the \"magnus\nApollo\" of the satirist. The final piece (in which the writer drops his\nformer vein) is written in the spirit of sad earnest, in odd contrast with\nthe preceding _faceti\u00e6_, and betokening, in some lines, a disappointed man.\nYet, strange to tell, through all the range of British criticism of that\nyear, there is an utter unconsciousness of its existence. Whether there be\nanother copy on this side the Atlantic, besides the one which enables me to\n{245} make these few comments, your correspondent greatly doubts. One\nliving person there is on the other side, it is believed, who could throw\nlight on this question, if these lines should be so fortunate as to meet\nhis eye; since he is referred to, like many others, by initials and\nterminals, if not in full--Mr. John Wilson Croker.\n\n2. _Adventures in the Moon and other Worlds_: Longman & Co., sm. 8vo.,\n1836. Of this work, a friend of the writer (who has but partially read it\nas yet himself), of keen discernment, says: \"It is a work of very marked\ncharacter. The author is an uncommonly skilful and practical writer, a\nphilosophical thinker, and a scholar familiar with foreign literature and\nwide reaches of learning. He has great ingenuity and fancy withal; so that\nhe is at the same time exceedingly amusing, and suggestive of weighty and\nsubtle thoughts.\" This, too, is neglected by all the reviews.\n\n3. _Lights, Shadows, and Reflections of Whigs and Tories_: Lond. 12mo.,\n1841. This is a retrospective survey of the several administrations of\nGeorge III. from 1760 (his accession) to the regency in 1811; evincing much\npolitical insight, with some spirited portraits, and indicative both of a\nclose observation of public measures and events, and of personal connexion\nor intercourse with men in high place. There is a notice of this in the\n_London Spectator_ of 1841 (May 29th), and in the old _Monthly Review_; but\nneither, it is plain, had the author's secret.\n\nHARVARDIENSIS.\n\nCambridge, Massachusetts, N.E.\n\nP.S.--Two articles of recent time in the _London Quarterly Review_, the\nwriter would fain trace to their source; \"The Life and Correspondence of\nRobert Southey,\" edited by the Rev. Charles Cuthbert Southey, No. 175.\n(1851), and \"Physiognomy,\" No. 179. (1852), having three works as the\ncaption of the article, Sir Charles Bell's celebrated work being one.\n\nBLIND MACKEREL.\n\nCan any of your numerous contributors, who may be lovers of ichthyology,\ninform me whether or not the mackerel is blind when it first arrives on our\ncoasts? I believe it to be blind, and for the following reasons:--A few\nyears ago, while beating up channel early in June, on our homeward-bound\nvoyage from the West Indies, some of the other passengers and myself were\nendeavouring to kill time by fishing for mackerel, but without success.\n\nWhen the pilot came on board and saw what we were about, he laughed at us,\nand said, \"Oh, gentlemen, you will not take them with the hook, because the\nfish is blind.\" We laughed in our turn, thinking he took us for flat-fish,\nand wished to amuse himself at our expense. Observing this he said, \"I will\nconvince you that it is so,\" and brought from his boat several mackerel he\nhad taken by net. He then pointed out a film over the eye, which he said\nprevented the fish seeing when it first made our coast, and explained that\nthis film gradually disappeared, and that towards the middle of June the\neye was perfectly clear, and that the fish could then take the bait.\n\nI have watched this fish for some years past, and have invariably observed\nthis film quite over the eye in the early part of the mackerel season, and\nthat it gradually disappears until the eye is left quite clear. This film\nappears like an ill-cleared piece of calf's-foot jelly spread over the eye,\nbut does not strike you as a natural part of the fish, but rather as\nsomething extraneous. I have also remarked that when the fish is boiled,\nthat this patch separates, and then resembles a piece of discoloured white\nof egg. This film may be observed by any one who takes the trouble of\nlooking at the eye of the mackerel.\n\nI have looked into every book on natural history I could get hold of, and\nin none is the slightest notice taken of this; therefore I suppose my\nconclusion as to its blindness is wrong; but I do not consider this to be\nconclusive, as all we can learn from books is, \"_Scomber_ is the mackerel\ngenus, and is too well known to require description.\" I believe less is\nknown about fish than any other animals; and should you think this question\non natural history worthy a place in your \"N. & Q.,\" I will feel obliged by\nyour giving it insertion.\n\nAN ODD FISH.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Queries.\n\n_Original Words of old Scotch Airs._--Can any one tell me where the\noriginal words of many fine old Scotch airs are to be found? The wretched\nverses of Allan Ramsay, and others of the same school, are adapted to the\n\"Yellow-haired Laddie,\" \"Ettrick Banks,\" \"The Bush aboon Traquair,\" \"Mary\nScott,\" and hundreds of others. There must exist old words to many of these\nairs, which at least will possess some local characteristics, and be a\nblessed change from the \"nymphs\" and \"swains,\" the \"Stephens\" and\n\"Lythias,\" which now pollute and degrade them. Any information on this\nsubject will be received most thankfully. I particularly wish to recover\nsome old words to the air of \"Mary Scott.\" The only verse I remember is\nthis,--\n\n  \"Mary's black, and Mary's white,\n  Mary is the king's delight;\n  The king's delight, and the prince's marrow,\n  Mary Scott, the Flower of Yarrow.\"\n\nL. M. M. R.\n\n_Royal Salutes._--When the Queen arrives at any time in Edinburgh after\nsunset, it has been {246} remarked that the Castle guns are never fired in\nsalute, in consequence, it is said, of the existence of a general order\nwhich forbids the firing of salutes after sunset. Is there such an order in\nexistence? I would farther ask why twenty-one was the number fixed for a\nroyal salute?\n\nS.\n\n_\"The Negro's Complaint.\"_--Who was the author of this short poem, to be\nfound in all the earlier collection of poetry for the use of schools? It\nbegins thus:\n\n  \"Wide o'er the tremulous sea,\n    The moon spread her mantle of light;\n  And the gale gently dying away,\n    Breath'd soft on the bosom of night.\"\n\nHENRY STEPHENS.\n\n\"_The Cow Doctor._\"--Who is the author of the following piece?--_The Cow\nDoctor_, a Comedy in Three Acts, 1810. Dedicated to the Rev. Thomas\nPennington, Rector of Thorley, Herts, and Kingsdown, Kent; author of\n_Continental Excursions_, &c.\n\nThis satire is addressed to the Friends of Vaccination.[1]\n\nS. N.\n\n[Footnote 1: On the title-page of a copy of this comedy now before us is\nwritten, \"With the author's compliments to Dr. Lettsom;\" and on the\nfly-leaf occurs the following riddle in MS.:\n\n  \"Who is that learned man, who the secret disclos'd\n  Of a book that was printed before 'twas composed?\n\n  _Answer._\n\n  He is harder than iron, and as soft as a snail,\n  Has the head of a viper, and a file in his tail.\"--ED.\n\n_Soomarokoff's_ \"_Demetrius._\"--Who translated the following drama from the\nRussian?\n\n_Demetrius_, a Tragedy, 8vo., 1806, translated by Eustaphiere. This piece,\nwhich is a translation from a tragedy of Soomarokoff, one of the most\neminent dramatic authors of Russia, is said to be the first (and I think it\nis still the only) Russian drama of which there is an English translation.\n\nS. N.\n\n_Polygamy._--1. Do the Jews at present, in any country, practise polygamy?\n2. If not, when and why was that practice discontinued among them? 3. Is\nthere any religious sect which forbids polygamy, besides the Christians\n(and the Jews, if the Jews do forbid it)? 4. Was Polygamy permitted among\nthe early Christians? Paul's direction to Timothy, that a bishop should be\n\"the husband of one wife,\" seems to show that it was; though I am aware\nthat the phrase has been interpreted otherwise. 5. On what ground has\npolygamy become forbidden among Christians? I am not aware that it is\ndirectly forbidden by Scripture.\n\nSTYLITES.\n\n_Irish, Anglo-Saxon, Longobardic, and Old English Letters._--I would be\nglad to know the earliest date in which the Irish language has been\ndiscovered inscribed on stone or in manuscript; also the earliest date in\nwhich the Anglo-Saxon, Longobardic, and Old English letter has been known\nin England and Ireland.\n\nE. F.\n\nYoughal.\n\n_Description of Battles._--Judging from my own experience, historical\ndetails of battles are comparatively unintelligible to non-military\nreaders. Now that, unhappily, we shall probably be compelled to \"hear of\nbattles,\" would not some of our enterprising publishers do well to furnish\nto the readers of history and of the bulletins, a popular \"Guide to the\nBattle Field,\" drawn up some talented military officer? It must contain\ndemonstratively clear diagrams, and such explanations of all that needs to\nbe known, as an officer would give, on the spot, to his nonprofessional\nfriend. The effects of eminences, rivers, roads, woods, marshes, &c.,\nshould be made plain; in short, nothing should be omitted which is\nnecessary to render an account of a battle intelligible to ordinary\nreaders, instead of being, as is too often the case, a mere chaotic\nassemblage of words.\n\nTHINKS I TO MYSELF.\n\n_Do Martyrs always feel Pain?_--Is it not possible that an exalted state of\nfeeling--approaching perhaps to the mesmeric state--may be attained, which\nwill render the religious or political martyr insensible to pain? It would\nbe agreeable to think that the pangs of martyrdom were ever thus\nalleviated. It is certainly possible, by a strong mental effort, to keep\npain in subjection during a dental operation. A firmly fixed tooth, under a\nbungling operator, may be wrenched from the jaw without pain to the\npatient, if he will only determine not to feel. At least, I know of one\nsuch case, and that the effort was very exhausting. In the excitement of\nbattle, wounds are often not felt. One would be glad to hope that Joan of\nArc was insensible to the flames which consumed her: and that the recovered\nnerve which enabled Cranmer to submit his right hand to the fire, raised\nhim above suffering.\n\nALFRED GATTY.\n\n_Carronade._--What is the derivation of the term _carronade_, applied to\npieces of ordnance shorter and thicker in the chamber than usual? Here the\nidea is that they took their name from the Carron foundries, where they\nwere cast. In the early years of the old war-time, there were carron pieces\nor carron guns, and only some considerable time thereafter carronades. How\ndoes this stand? and is there any likelihood of the folk story being true?\n\nC. D. LANDRY.\n\nGreenock.\n\n{247}\n\n_Darcy, of Platten, co. Meath._--It is on record that, in the year 1486,\nthe citizens of Dublin, encouraged by the Earl of Kildare and the\nArchbishop, received Lambert Simnel, and actually crowned him King of\nEngland and Ireland in Christ's Church; and that to make the solemnity more\nimposing, they not only borrowed a crown for the occasion from the head of\nthe image of the Virgin that stood in the church dedicated to her service\nat Dame's Gate, but carried the young impostor on the shoulders of \"a\nmonstrous man, one Darcy, of Platten, in the county of Meath.\"\n\nDid this \"monstrous man\" leave any descendants? And if so, is there any\nrepresentative, and where, at the present day? Platten has long since\npassed into other hands.\n\nABHBA.\n\n_Dorset._--In Byrom's MS. Journal, about to be printed for the Chetham\nSociety, I find the following entry:\n\n    \"May 18, 1725. I found the effect of last night drinking that foolish\n    Dorset, which was pleasant enough, but did not at all agree with me,\n    for it made me very stupid all day.\"\n\nQuery, What is Dorset?\n\nR. P.\n\n_\"Vanitatem observare.\"_--Can any of your readers explain the following\nextract from the Council of Ancyra, A.D. 314? I quote from a Latin\ntranslation:\n\n    \"Mulieribus quoque Christianis non liceat in suis lanificiis vanitatem\n    observare: sed Deum invocent adjutorem, qui eis sapientiam texendi\n    donavit.\"\n\nWhat is meant by \"vanitatem observare?\"\n\nR. H. G.\n\n_King's Prerogative._--A writer in the _Edinburgh Review_, vol. lxxiv. p.\n77., asserts, on the authority of Blackstone (but he does not refer to the\nvolume and page of the _Commentaries_, and I have in vain sought for the\npassages), that it is to _this day_ a branch of the king's prerogative, at\nthe death of _every bishop_, to have his kennel of hounds, or a\ncompensation in lieu of it. Does the writer mean, and is it the fact, that\nif a bishop die without having a kennel of hounds, his executors are to pay\nthe king a compensation in lieu thereof? And if it is, what is the amount\nof that compensation? Is it merely nominal? I can understand the king\nclaiming a bishop's kennel of hounds or compensation in feudal times, when\nbishops were hunters (vide Raine's _Auckland Castle_, a work of great\nmerit, and abounding with much curious information); but to say, to _this\nday_ it is a branch of the king's prerogative, is an insult alike to our\nbishops and to religious practices in the nineteenth century. Of hunting\nbishops in feudal times, I beg to refer your readers, in addition to Mr.\nRaine's work, to an article in the fifty-eighth volume of the _Quarterly\nReview_, p. 433., for an extract from a letter of Peter of Blois to Walter,\nBishop of Rochester, who at the age of eighty was a great hunter. Peter was\nshocked at his lordship's indulgence in so unclerical a sport. It is\nobvious neither Peter nor the Pope could have heard of the hunting Bishops\nof Durham.\n\nFRA. MEWBURN.\n\n_Quotations in Cowper._--Can any of your correspondents indicate the\nsources of the following quotations, which occur in Cowper's Letters\n(Hayley's _Life and Letters of Cowper_, 4 vols., 1812)? In vol. iii. p.\n278. the following verses, referring to the Atonement, are cited:\n\n  [Greek: Tou de kath' haima rheen kai soi kai emoi kai adelphois]\n  [Greek:   H\u00eameterois, autou s\u00f4zomenois thanat\u00f4i.]\n\nIn vol. iv. p. 240. it is stated that Twining applied to Pope's translation\nof Homer the Latin verse--\n\n  \"Perfida, sed quamvis perfida, cara tamen.\"\n\nL.\n\n_Cawley the Regicide._--Mr. Waylen, in his _History of Marlborough_, just\npublished, shows that Cawley of Chichester, the regicide, has in Burke's\n_Commoners_ been confounded with Cawley of Burderop, in Wiltshire; and he\nadds, \"the fact that a son of the real regicide (the Rev. John Cawley)\nbecame a rector of the neighbouring parish of Didcot,\" &c. has helped to\nconfound the families. May I ask what is the authority for stating that the\nRev. J. Cawley was a son of the regicide?\n\nC. T. R.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Queries with Answers.\n\n_Dr. John Pocklington._--Can any of your correspondents oblige me with\ninformation respecting the family, or the armorial bearings of Dr. John\nPocklington? He wrote _Altare Christianum_ and _Sunday no Sabbath_. The\nparliament deprived him of his dignities A.D. 1640; and he died Nov. 14,\n1642. Dr. Pocklington descended from Ralph Pocklington, who, with his\nbrother Roger, followed Margaret of Anjou after the battle of Wakefield,\nA.D. 1460. He is said to have settled in the west, where he lived to have\nthree sons. The family is mentioned in connexion with the county of York,\nas early as A.D. 1253.\n\nX. Y. Z.\n\n    [John Pocklington was first a scholar at Sidney Sussex College, B.D. in\n    1621, and afterwards a Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. He\n    subsequently became Rector of Yelden in Bedfordshire, Vicar of Waresley\n    in Huntingdonshire, prebend of Lincoln, Peterborough, and Windsor; and\n    was also one of the chaplains to Charles I. \"On the 15th May, 1611, the\n    Earl of Kent, with consent of Lord Harington, wrote to Sidney College\n    to dispense with Mr. Pocklington's holding a small living with cure of\n    souls. {248} See the original letter in the college treasury, box 1 or\n    6.\" (Cole's MSS., vol. xlvi. p.207.). Among the King's Pamphlets in the\n    British Museum is \"The Petition and Articles exhibited in Parliament\n    against John Pocklington, D.D., Parson of Yelden, in Bedfordshire, anno\n    1641.\" The petition \"humbly sheweth, That John Pocklington, D.D.,\n    Rector of the parish of Yelden in the county of Bedford, Vicar of\n    Waresley in the county of Huntingdon, Prebend of Lincoln, Peterborough,\n    and Windsor, hath been a chief author and ringleader in all those\n    innovations which have of late flowed into the Church of England.\" The\n    Articles exhibited (too long to quote) are singularly illustrative of\n    the ecclesiastical usages in the reign of Charles I., and would make a\n    curious appendix to the REV. H. T. ELLACOMBE'S article at p. 257. of\n    the present Number. Having rendered himself obnoxious to the popular\n    faction by the publication of his _Altare Christianum_ and _Sunday no\n    Sabbath_, the parliament that met on Nov. 3, 1640, ordered these two\n    works to be burnt by the common hangman in both the Universities, and\n    in the city of London. He died on November 14, and was buried Nov. 16,\n    1642, in the churchyard of Peterborough Cathedral. On his monumental\n    slab is the following inscription: \"John Pocklington, S.S. Theologia\n    Doctor, obiit Nov. 14, 1642.\" A copy of his will is in the British\n    Museum (Lansdown, 990, p. 74.). It is dated Sept. 6, 1642; and in it\n    bequests are made to his daughters Margaret and Elizabeth, and his sons\n    John and Oliver. His wife Anne was made sole executrix. He orders his\n    body \"to be buried in Monk's churchyard, at the foot of those monks\n    martyrs whose monument is well known: let there be a fair stone with a\n    great crosse cut upon it laid on my grave.\" For notices of Dr.\n    Pocklington, see Willis's _Survey of Cathedrals_, vol. iii. p. 521.;\n    Walker's _Sufferings of the Clergy_, Part II. p. 95.; and Fuller's\n    _Church History_, book xi. cent. xvii. sect. 30-33.]\n\n_Last Marquis of Annandale._--1. When and where did he die? 2. Any\nparticulars regarding his history? 3. When and why was Lochwood, the family\nresidence, abandoned? 4. How many marquisses were there, and were any of\nthem men of any note in their day and generation?\n\nANNANDALE.\n\n    [The first marquis was William Johnstone, third Earl of Annandale and\n    Hartfell, who was advanced 4th June, 1701, to the Marquisate of\n    Annandale. He died at Bath, 14th January, 1721, and was succeeded by\n    his son James, who died 21st February, 1730. George, his half-brother,\n    born 29th May, 1720, was the third and last Marquis of Annandale. An\n    inquest from the Court of Chancery, 5th March, 1748, found this marquis\n    a lunatic, and incapable of governing himself and his estate, and that\n    he had been so from the 12th December, 1744. He died at Turnham Green\n    on the 29th April, 1792, in the seventy-second year of his age, and was\n    buried at Chiswick, 7th May following. (_Gent. Mag._, May, 1792, p.\n    481.) Since his decease the honours of the house of Annandale have\n    remained dormant, although they have been claimed by several branches\n    of the family. (Burke's _Extinct Peerages_.) Before the union of the\n    two crowns the Johnstones were frequently wardens of the west borders,\n    and were held in enthusiastic admiration for their exploits against the\n    English, the Douglasses, and other borderers. During the wars between\n    the two nations, they effectually suppressed the plunderers on the\n    borders; hence their device, a winged spur, and their motto, \"Alight\n    thieves all,\" to denote their authority in commanding them to\n    surrender. Lochwood, the ancient seat of the Marquisses of Annandale,\n    was inhabited till 1724, three years after the death of the first\n    marquis, when it was finally abandoned by the family, and suffered\n    gradually to fall into decay. In _The New Statistical Account of\n    Scotland_, vol. iv. p. 112., we read \"that the principal estate in the\n    parish of Moffat has descended to Mr. Hope Johnstone of Annandale, to\n    whom it is believed the titles also, in so far as claimed, of right\n    belong, and whose restoration to the dormant honours of the family\n    would afford universal satisfaction in this part of Scotland; because\n    it is the general feeling that he has a right to them, and that in his\n    family they would not only be supported, but graced.\" Some farther\n    particulars of the three marquisses will be found in Douglass' _Peerage\n    of Scotland_ (by Wood), vol. i. p. 75., and in _The Scots Compendium_,\n    edit. 1764, p. 151.]\n\n_Heralds' College._--Richard III. incorporated the College of Arms in 1483,\nand that body consisted of three kings of arms, six heralds, and four\npursuivants. Can you inform me of the names of these _first_ members of\nthat Heraldic body?\n\nESCUTCHEON.\n\n---- Vicarage.\n\n    [Mark Noble, in his _History of the College of Arms_, p. 57., remarks,\n    \"There is nothing more difficult than to obtain a true and authentic\n    series of the heralds, previous to the foundation of the College of\n    Arms, or, to speak more properly, the incorporation of that body. Mr.\n    Lant, Mr. Anstis, Mr. Edmondson, and other gentlemen, who had the best\n    opportunities, and whose industry was equal to their advantage, have\n    not been able to accomplish it; and from that time, especially in\n    Richard's reign, it is not practicable. Some idea may be formed of the\n    heraldic body at the commencement of this reign, by observing the names\n    of those who attended the funeral of Edward IV. Sandford and other\n    writers mention Garter, Clarenceux, Norroy, March, and Ireland, _kings_\n    at arms; Chester, Leicester, Gloucester, and Buckingham, _heralds_; and\n    Rouge-Croix, Rose-Blanch, Calais, Guisnes, and Harrington,\n    _pursuivants_.\"]\n\n_Teddy the Tiler._--Who was Teddy the Tiler?\n\nW. P. E.\n\n    [This is a fire-and-water farce, taken from the French by G. Herbert\n    Rodwell, Esq., ending with one element and beginning with the other.\n    Mr. Power's performance of Teddy, as many of our readers will remember,\n    kept the audience in one broad grin from beginning to end. It will be\n    found in Cumberland's _British Theatre_, vol. xxv., with remarks,\n    biographical and critical.]\n\n{249}\n\n_Duchess of Mazarin's Monument._--I read yesterday, in an interesting\nFrench work, that the beautiful Hortense Mancini, a niece of Mazarin, and\nsister to Mary Mancini, the early love of Louis XIV., after various\nperegrinations, died at Chelsea, in England, on July 2, 1699. Although not\nan important question, I think I may venture to ask whether any monument or\nmemorial of this remarkable beauty exists at Chelsea, or in its\nneighbourhood?\n\nW. ROBSON.\n\n    [Neither Faulkner nor Lysons notices any monumental memorial to the\n    Duchess of Mazarin, whose finances after the death of Charles II. (who\n    allowed her a pension of 4,000l. per annum) were very slender, so much\n    so that, according to Lysons, it was usual for the nobility and others,\n    who dined at her house, to leave money under the plates to pay for\n    their entertainment. She appears to have been in arrear for the parish\n    rates during the whole time of her residence at Chelsea.]\n\n_Halcyon Days._--What is the derivation of \"halcyon days?\"\n\nW. P. E.\n\n    [The halcyon, or king's fisher, a bird said to breed in the sea, and\n    that there is always a calm during her incubation; hence the adjective\n    figuratively signifies placid, quiet, still, peaceful: as Dryden\n    says,--\n\n      \"Amidst our arms as quiet you shall be,\n      As halcyons brooding on a winter's sea.\"\n\n    \"The halcyon,\" says Willsford, in his _Nature's Secrets_, p. 134., \"at\n    the time of breeding, which is about fourteen days before the winter\n    solstice, foreshews a quiet and tranquil time, as it is observed about\n    the coast of Sicily, from whence the proverb is transported, the\n    halcyon days.\"]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nReplies.\n\nDOGS IN MONUMENTAL BRASSES.\n\n(Vol. ix., p. 126.)\n\nI may refer MR. B. H. ALFORD to the Oxford _Manual of Monumental Brasses_,\np. 56., for an answer to his Query:\n\n    \"Knights have no peculiar devices besides their arms, unless we are to\n    consider the lions and dogs beneath their feet as emblematical of the\n    virtues of courage, generosity, and fidelity, indispensable to their\n    profession. One or two dogs are often at the feet of the lady. They are\n    probably intended for some favourite animal, as the name is\n    occasionally inscribed,\" &c.\n\nNeither dog nor lion occurs at the feet of the following knights\nrepresented on brasses prior to 1460:\n\n    \"c. 1450. Sir John Peryent, Jun., Digswell, Herts. (engd. Boutell.)\n\n    1455. John Daundelyon, Esq., Margate. (ditto.)\n\n    c. 1360. William de Aldeburgh, Aldborough, Yorkshire. (engd. _Manual_.)\n\n    c. 1380. Sir Edward Cerue, Draycot Cerue, Wiltshire. (engd. Boutell.)\n\n    1413. c. 1420. John Cressy, Esq., Dodford, Northants. (ditto.)\n\n    1445. Thomas de St. Quintin, Esq., Harpham, Yorkshire. (ditto.)\"\n\nWhilst a dog is seen in the following:\n\n    \"1462. Sir Thomas Grene, Green's Norton, Northants. (ditto.)\n\n    1510. John Leventhorpe, Esq., St. Helen's, Bishopsgate. (_Manual._)\n\n    1471. Wife of Thomas Colte, Esq., Roydon, Essex.\n\n    c. 1480. Brass at Grendon, Northants.\n\n    c. 1485. Brass, Latton, Essex.\n\n    1501. Robert Baynard, Esq., Laycock, Wilts.\"\n\nThese examples are described or engraved in the works of the Rev. C.\nBoutell, or in the Oxford _Manual_, and I have little doubt that my own\ncollection of rubbings (if I had leisure to examine it) would supply other\nexamples under both of these sections.\n\nW. SPARROW SIMPSON.\n\nIt is usually asserted that the dog appears at the feet of the lady in\nmonumental brasses as a symbol of fidelity; while the lion accompanies her\nlord as the emblem of strength and courage. These distinctions, however, do\nnot appear to have been much attended to. The dog, in most cases a\ngreyhound, very frequently appears at the feet of a knight or civilian, as\non the brasses of the Earl of Warwick, 1401, Sir John Falstolf at Oulton,\n1445, Sir John Leventhorpe at Sawbridgeworth, 1433, Sir Reginald de Cobham\nat Lingfield, 1403, Richard Purdaunce, Mayor of Norwich, 1436, and Peter\nHalle, Esquire, at Herne, Kent, 1420. Sir John Botiler, at St. Bride's,\nGlamorganshire, 1285, has a dragon; and on the brass of Alan Fleming, at\nNewark, 1361, appears a lion with a human face seizing a smaller lion. On a\nvery late brass of Sir Edward Warner, at Little Plumstead, Norfolk, 1565,\nappears a greyhound, a full century after the date assigned by B. H. ALFORD\nfor the cessation of these symbolical figures.\n\nSometimes the lady has two little dogs, as Lady Bagot, at Baginton,\nWarwickshire, 1407; and in one instance, that of Lady Peryent, at Digswell,\nHerts, 1415, there is a hedgehog, the meaning of which is sufficiently\nobvious. B. H. ALFORD, in noticing the omission of the dog in the brass of\nLady Camoys at Trotton, 1424, has not mentioned a singular substitute which\nis found for it, namely, the figure of a boy or young man, standing by the\nlady's right foot: but what this means I cannot attempt to determine;\nperhaps her only son.\n\nIt may be interesting to add that some brasses of ecclesiastics exhibit\nstrange figures, not easy to interpret, if meant as symbolical. The brass\nat {250} Oulton, of the priest ---- de Bacon, 1310, has a lion; that of the\nAbbot Delamere, at St. Albans, 1375, two dragons; that of a priest at North\nMimms, about 1360, a stag; and, still more extraordinary, that of Laurence\nSeymour, a priest, at Higham Ferrers, 1337, two dogs contending for a bone.\n\nF. C. H.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nSNEEZING.\n\n(Vol. viii., pp. 366. 624.; Vol. ix., p. 63.)\n\nI can add another item of the folk lore to those already quoted. One of the\nsalutations, by which a sneezer is greeted amongst the lower class of\nRomans at the present day, is _Figli maschi_, \"May you have male children!\"\n\nThe best essay on _sneezing_, that I am acquainted with, is to be found in\nStrada's _Prolusions_, book iii. Prol. 4., in which he replies at some\nlength, and not unamusingly, to the Query, \"Why are sneezers saluted?\" It\nseems to have arisen out of an occurrence which had recently taken place at\nRome, that a certain _Pistor Suburranus_, after having sneezed twenty-three\ntimes consecutively, had expired at the twenty-fourth sneeze: and his\nobject is to prove that Sigonius was mistaken in supposing that the custom\nof saluting a sneezer had only dated from the days of Gregory the Great,\nwhen many had died of the plague in the act of sneezing. In opposition to\nthis notion, he adduces passages from Apuleius and Petronius Arbiter,\nbesides those from Ammianus, Athen\u00e6us, Aristotle, and Homer, already quoted\nin your pages by MR. F. J. SCOTT. He then proceeds to give five causes from\nwhich the custom may have sprung, and classifies them as religious,\nmedical, facetious, poetical, and augural.\n\nUnder the first head, he argues that the salutation given to sneezers is\nnot a mere expression of good wishes, but a kind of veneration: \"for,\" says\nhe, \"we rise to a person sneezing, and humbly uncover our heads, and deal\nreverently with him.\" In proof of this position, he tells us that in\nEthiopia, when the emperor sneezed, the salutations of his adoring\ngentlemen of the privy chamber were so loudly uttered as to be heard and\nre-echoed by the whole of his court; and thence repeated in the streets, so\nthat the whole city was in simultaneous commotion.\n\nThe other heads are then pursued with considerable learning, and some\nhumour; and, under the last, he refers us to St. Augustin, _De Doctr.\nChrist._ ii. 20., as recording that--\n\n    \"When the ancients were getting up in the morning, if they chanced to\n    sneeze whilst putting on their shoes, they immediately went back to bed\n    again, in order that they might get up more auspiciously, and escape\n    the misfortunes which were likely to occur on that day.\"\n\nOne almost wishes that people now-a-days would sometimes consent to follow\ntheir example, when they have \"got out of bed the wrong way.\"\n\nC. W. BINGHAM.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nSIR JOHN DE MORANT.\n\n(Vol. ix., p. 56.)\n\nIn answer to the Query of H. H. M., I beg to state that the Sir John de\nMorant chronicled by Froissart was Jean de Morant, Chevalier, Seigneur\nd'Escours, and other lordships in Normandy. He was fourth in descent from\nEtienne de Morant, Chevalier, living A.D. 1245, and son of Etienne de\nMorant and his wife Marie de Pottier. His posterity branched off into many\nnoble Houses; as the Marquis de Morant, and Mesnil-Garnier, the Count de\nPanz\u00e8s, the Barons of Fontenay, Rupierre, Bi\u00e9ville, Coulonces, the\nSeigneurs de Courseulles, Brequigny, &c.\n\nThe Sire Jean de Morant, born A.D. 1346, was the hero of the following\nadventure, quoted from an ancient chronicle of Brittany, by\nChesnaye-Desbois. It appears that the Sire de Morant was one of five French\nknights, who fought a combat _\u00e0 l'outrance_ against an equal number of\nEnglish challengers, with the sanction, and in the presence, of John of\nGaunt, Duke of Lancaster, A.D. 1381-2. The result was in favour of the\nFrench. The chronicle proceeds:\n\n    \"Le Sire de Morant s'\u00e9tant principalement distingu\u00e9 dans cette action,\n    un Chevalier Anglois lui propose de venger, t\u00eate-\u00e0-t\u00eate, la d\u00e9faite de\n    ses compatriotes, et qu'ils en vinrent aux mains; mais que l'Anglois,\n    qu'une indisposition aux genouils avoit forc\u00e9 de combattre sans bottes\n    garnies, avoit engag\u00e9 son adversaire de quitter les siennes, en\n    promettant, parole d'honneur, de ne point abuser de cette\n    condescendance, \u00e0 quoi le Sire de Morant consentit: le perfide Anglois\n    ne lui tint pas parole, et lui porta trois coups d'\u00e9p\u00e9e dans la jambe.\n    Le Duc de Lancastre, qui en fut t\u00e9moin, fit arr\u00eater ce l\u00e2che, et le fit\n    mettre entre les mains du Sire de Morant, pour tirer telle vengeance\n    qu'il jugeroit \u00e0 propos, ou du moins le contraindre \u00e0 lui payer une\n    forte ran\u00e7on. Le Seigneur de Morant remercia ce Prince, en lui disant\n    'qu'il \u00e9toit venu de Bretagne non pour de l'or, mais pour l'honneur' et\n    le supplia de recevoir en grace l'Anglois, attribuant \u00e0 son peu\n    d'adresse ce qui n'\u00e9toit que l'effet de sa trahison. Le Duc de\n    Lancastre, charm\u00e9 d'une si belle r\u00e9ponse, lui envoya une coupe d'or et\n    une somme consid\u00e9rable. Morant refusa la somme, et se contenta de la\n    coupe d'or, par respect pour le Prince.\"\n\nThere is a short account of the branch of Morant de Mesnil-Garnier in the\n_G\u00e9n\u00e9alogie de France_, by Le P\u00e8re Anselme, vol. ix.; but a very full and\ncomplete pedigree is contained in the eighth volume of the _Dict. de la\nNoblesse Fran\u00e7aise_, by M. de la Chesnaye-Desbois. {251}\n\nAs the Rev. Philip Morant was a native of Jersey, it is more than probable\nthat he was an offset of the ancient Norman stock, though their armorial\nbearings are widely different. The latter bore, Azure, three cormorants\nargent; but the family of Astle, of Colne Park in Essex, are said to\nquarter for Morant, Gules, on a chevron argent, three talbots passant\nsable.\n\nHaving only a daughter and heiress, married to Thomas Astle, Keeper of the\nRecords in the Tower of London, the reverend historian of Essex could\nhardly have been the ancestor of the Morants of Brockenhurst.\n\nThere was also another family in Normandy, named Morant de Bois-ricard, in\nno way connected with the first, who bore Gules, a bend ermine.\n\nJOHN O' THE FORD.\n\nMalta.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nINN SIGNS.\n\n(Vol. ix., p. 148.)\n\nALPHEGE will find a good paper on the origin of signs in the _Mirror_, vol.\nii. p. 387.; also an article on the present specimens of country ale-house\nsigns, in the first volume of the same interesting periodical, p. 101. In\nHone's _Every-Day Book_, vol. i., are notices of curious signs at pp. 1262.\nand 1385. In vol. ii. some very amusing specimens are given at p. 789.\nOthers occur in Hone's _Table-Book_, at pp. 448. 504. and 756.\n\nF. C. H.\n\nI can answer ALPHEGE's Query, having some notes by me on the subject. He\nwill pardon my throwing them, in a shapeless heap, jolting out as you\nunload stones.\n\nThe Romans had signs; and at Pompeii a pig over the door represents a\nwine-shop within. The Middle Ages adopted a bush. \"Good wine needs no\nbush,\" &c., answering to the gilded grapes at a modern vintner's. The bush\nis still a common sign. At Charles I.'s death, a cavalier landlord painted\nhis bush black. Then came the modern square sign, formerly common to all\ntrades. Old signs are generally heraldic, and represent royal bearings, or\nthe blazonings of great families. The White Hart was peculiar to Richard\nII; the White Swan of Henry IV. and Edward III.; the Blue Boar of Richard\nIII.; the Red Dragon came in with the Tudors. Then we have the Bear and\nRagged Staff of Leicester, &c. Monograms are common; as Bolt and Tun for\n_Bolton_; Hare and Tun for _Harrington_. The Three Suns is the favourite\nbearing of Edward IV.; and all Roses, white or red (as at Tewkesbury), are\nindications of political predilection. Other signs commemorate historical\nevents; as the Bull and Mouth, Bull and Gate (the Boulogne engagement in\nHenry VIII.'s time, and alluded to by Shakspeare). The Pilgrim, Cross Keys,\nSalutation, Catherine Wheel, Angel, Three Kings, Seven Stars, St. Francis,\n&c., are medieval signs. Many are curiously corrupted; as the Coeur Dor\u00e9\n(Golden Heart) to the Queer Door; Bacchanals (the Bag of Nails); Pig and\nWhistle (Peg and Wassail Bowl); the Swan and Two Necks (literally Two\n_Nicks_); Goat and Compasses (God encompasseth us); The Bell Savage (La\nBelle Sauvage, or Isabel Savage); the Goat in the Golden Boots (from the\nDutch, Goed in der Gooden Boote), Mercury, or the God in the Golden Boots.\nThe Puritans altered many of the monastic signs; as the Angel and Lady, to\nthe Soldier and Citizen. In signs we may read every phase of ministerial\npopularity, and all the ebbs and flows of war in the Sir Home Popham,\nRodney, Shovel, Duke of York, Wellington's Head, &c. At Chelsea, a sign\ncalled the \"Snow Shoes,\" I believe, still indicates the excitement of the\nAmerican war.\n\nI shall be happy to send ALPHEGE more instances, or to answer any\nconjectures.\n\nG. W. THORNBURY.\n\nA century ago, when the houses in streets were unnumbered, they were\ndistinguished by sign-boards. The chemist had the dragon (some astrological\ndevice); the pawnbroker the three golden pills, the arms of the Medici and\nLombardy, as the descendant of the ancient bankers of England; the\nbarber-chirurgeon the pole for the wig, and the parti-coloured ribands to\nbind up the patient's wounds after blood-letting; the haberdasher and\nwool-draper the golden fleece; the tobacconist the snuff-taking Highlander;\nthe vintner the bunch of grapes and ivy-bush; and the Church and State\nbookseller the Bible and crown. The Crusaders brought in the signs of the\nSaracen's Head, the Turk's Head, and the Golden Cross. Near the church were\nfound the Lamb and Flag, The Bell, the Cock of St. Peter, the Maiden's\nHead, and the Salutation of St. Mary. The Chequers commemorated the licence\ngranted by the Earls of Arundel, or Lords Warrenne. The Blue Boar was the\ncognizance of the House of Oxford (and so The Talbots, The Bears, White\nLions, &c. may usually be reasonably referred to the supporters of the arms\nof noble families, whose tenants the tavern landlords were). The Bull and\nMouth, the hostelry of the voyager to Boulogne Harbour. The Castle, The\nSpread Eagle, and The Globe (Alphonso's), were probably adopted from the\narms of Spain, Germany, and Portugal, by inns which were the resort of\nmerchants from those countries. The Belle Sauvage recalled some show of the\nday; the St. George and Dragon commemorated the badge of the Garter, the\nRose and Fleur-de-Lys, the Tudors; The Bull, The Falcon, {252} and Plume of\nFeathers, Edward IV.; the Swan and Antelope were the arms of Henry V.; the\nchained or White Hart of Richard II.; the Sun and Boar of King Richard\nIII.; the Greyhound and Green Dragon of Henry VII. The Bag o' Nails\ndisguised the former Bacchanals; the Cat and Fiddle the Caton Fidele; the\nGoat and Compasses was the rebus of the Puritan motto \"God encompasseth\nus.\" The Swan with Two Nicks represented the Thames swans, so marked on\ntheir bills under the \"conservatory\" of the Goldsmiths' Company. The Cocoa\nTree and Thatched House tell their own tale; so the Coach and Horses,\nreminding us of the times when the superior inns were the only\nposting-houses, in distinction to such as bore the sign of the Pack-Horse.\nThe Fox and Goose denoted the games played within; the country inn, the\nHare and Hounds, the vicinity of a sporting squire.\n\nMACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.\n\nALPHEGE will find some information on this subject in Lower's _Curiosities\nof Heraldry_, _The Beaufoy Tokens_ (printed by the Corporation of London),\nand the _Journal of the Arch\u00e6ological Association_ for April, 1853.\n\nWILLIAM KELLY.\n\nLeicester.\n\nThere are a series of articles on this subject in the _Gentleman's\nMagazine_, vol. lxxxviii., parts i. and ii., and vol. lxxxix. parts i. and\nii. Taylor the Water-poet wrote _A Catalogue of Memorable Places and\nTaverns within Ten Shires of England_, London, 1636, 8vo. Much information\nwill also be found in Akerman's _Tokens_, and Burn's _Catalogue of the\nBeaufoy Cabinet_.\n\nZEUS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\"CONSILIUM DELECTORUM CARDINALIUM.\"\n\n(Vol. viii., p. 54. Vol. ix., pp. 127-29.)\n\nNovus did not require correction; but MR. B. B. WOODWARD has elaborately\nconfounded the genuine _Consilium_ of 1537 with Vergerio's spurious Letter\nof Advice, written in 1549. _Four_ cardinals, and not _nine_ (as MR.\nWOODWARD supposes), subscribed the authentic document; but perhaps _novem_\nmay have been a corruption of _novum_, applied to the later Bolognese\n_Consilium_; or else the word was intended to denote the number of _all_\nthe dignitaries who addressed Pope Paul III.\n\nR. G.\n\n    \"This Consilium was the result of an assembly of four cardinals, among\n    whom was our Pole, and five prelates, by Paul III. in 1537, charged to\n    give him their best advice relative to a reformation of the church. The\n    corruptions of that community were detailed and denounced with more\n    freedom than might have been expected, or was probably desired; so much\n    so, that when one of the body, Cardinal Caraffa, assumed the tiara as\n    Paul IV., he transferred his own _advice_ into his own list of\n    prohibited books. The Consilium became the subject of an animated\n    controversy. McCrie in his _History of the Reformation in Italy_, has\n    given a satisfactory account of the whole, pp. 83, &c. The candid\n    Quirini could maintain neither the spuriousness of this important\n    document, nor its non-identity with the one condemned in the Index.\n    (See Schelborn's Two Epistles on the subject, Tiguri, 1748.) And now\n    observe, gentle reader, the pontifical artifice which this discussion\n    has produced. Not in the Index following the year 1748, namely, that of\n    1750 (that was too soon), but in the next, that of 1758, the article\n    appears thus: 'Consilium de emendanda Ecclesia. _Cum Notis vel\n    Pr\u00e6fationibus H\u00e6reticorum. Ind. Trid._' The whole, particularly the\n    Ind. Trid., is an implied and real falsehood.\"-- Mendham's _Literary\n    Policy of the Church of Rome_, pp. 48, 49.\n\nM. Barbier, in his _Dictionnaire des Pseudoynmes_, has given his opinion of\nthe genuineness of the Consilium in the following note, in reply to some\nqueries on the subject:\n\n\"Monsieur.--Le _Consilium quorundam Episcoporum_, &c., me para\u00eet une pi\u00e8ce\nbien authentique, puisque Brown d\u00e9clare l'avoir trouv\u00e9 non-seulement dans\nles oeuvres de Vergerio, mais encore dans les _Lectiones Memorabiles_, en 2\nvol. in fol. par Wolphius. _Je ne connais rien contre_ cette pi\u00e8ce.\n\n  \"J'ai l'honneur, &c.\n\n  \"BARBIER.\"\n\nThe learned Lorente has reprinted the \"Concilium\" also in his work entitled\n_Monumens Historiques concernant les deux Pragmatiques Sanctions_. There\ncan, therefore, be no just grounds for doubting the character of this\nprecious article.\n\nBIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPULPIT HOUR-GLASSES.\n\n(Vol. viii., pp. 82. 209. 279. 328. 454. 525.)\n\nI should be glad to see some more information in your pages relative to the\n_early_ use of the pulpit hour-glass. It is said that the ancient fathers\npreached, as the old Greek and Roman orators declaimed, by this instrument;\nbut were the sermons of the ancient fathers an hour long? Many of those in\nSt. Augustine's ten volumes might be delivered with distinctness in seven\nor eight minutes; and some of those of Latimer and his contemporaries, in\nabout the same time. But, Query, are not the _printed_ sermons of these\ndivines merely outlines, to be filled up by the preacher _extempore_? Dyos,\nin a sermon preached at Paul's Cross, in 1570, speaking of the walking and\nprofane talking in the church at sermon time, also laments how they grudged\nthe preacher his _customary hour_. So that an hour seems to have been the\npractice at the Reformation. {253}\n\nThe hour-glass was used equally by the Catholics and Protestants. In an\naccount of the fall of the house in Blackfriars, where a party of Romanists\nwere assembled to hear one of their preachers, in 1623, the preacher is\ndescribed as--\n\n    \"Having on a surplice, girt about his middle with a linnen girdle, and\n    a tippet of scarlet on both his shoulders. He was attended by a man\n    that brought after him his book and _hour-glass_.\"--See _The Fatal\n    Vespers_, by Samuel Clark, London, 1657.\n\nIn the Preface to the Bishops' _Bible_, printed by John Day in 1569,\nArchbishop Parker is represented with an _hour-glass_ at his right hand.\nAnd in a work by Franchinus Gaffurius, entitled _Angelicum ac Divinum opus\nMusice_, printed at Milan in 1508, is a curious representation of the\nauthor seated in a pulpit, with a book in his hand; an _hour-glass_ on one\nside, and a bottle on the other; lecturing to an audience of twelve\npersons. This woodcut is engraved in the second volume of Hawkins' _History\nof Music_, p. 333.\n\nHour-glasses were often very elegantly formed, and of rich materials. Shaw,\nin his _Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages_, has given an engraving\nof one in the cabinet of M. Debruge at Paris. It is richly enamelled, and\nset with jewels. In the churchwardens' accounts of Lambeth Church are two\nentries respecting the hour-glass: the first is in 1579, when 1s. 4d. was\n\"payd to Yorke for the frame in which the _hower_ standeth;\" and the second\nin 1615, when 6s. 8d. was \"payd for an iron for the _hour-glasse_.\" In an\ninventory of the goods and implements belonging to the church of All\nSaints, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, taken about 1632, mention is made of \"one\n_whole_ hour-glasse,\" and of \"one _halfe_ hour-glasse.\" (See Brand's\n_Newcastle_, vol. i. p. 370.).\n\nFosbroke says, \"Preaching by the _hour-glass_ was put an end to by the\nPuritans\" (_Ency. of Antiq._, vol. i. pp. 273. 307.). But the account given\nby a correspondent of the _Gentleman's Magazine_ (1804, p. 201.) is\nprobably more correct:\n\n    \"Hour-glasses, in the puritanical days of Cromwell, were made use of by\n    the preachers; who, on first getting into the pulpit, and naming the\n    text, turned up the glass; and if the sermon did not hold till the\n    glass was out, it was said by the congregation that the preacher was\n    lazy: and if he continued to preach much longer, they would yawn and\n    stretch, and by these signs signify to the preacher that they began to\n    be weary of his discourse, and wanted to be dismissed.\"\n\nButler speaks of \"gifted brethren preaching by a carnal _hour-glass_\"\n(_Hudibras_, Part I., canto III., v. 1061.). And in the frontispiece of Dr.\nYoung's book, entitled _England's Shame, or a Relation of the Life and\nDeath of Hugh Peters_, London, 1663, Peters is represented preaching, and\nholding an _hour-glass_ in his left hand, in the act of saying: \"I know you\nare good fellows, so let's have another _glass_.\" The same words, or\nsomething very similar, are attributed to the Nonconformist minister,\nDaniel Burgess. Mr. Maidment, in a note to \"The New Litany,\" printed in his\n_Third Book of Scottish Pasquils_ (Edin., 1828, p. 49.), also gives the\nfollowing version of the same:\n\n    \"A humorous story has been preserved of one of the Earls of Airly, who\n    entertained at his table a clergyman, who was to preach before the\n    Commissioner next day. The glass circulated, perhaps too freely; and\n    whenever the divine attempted to rise, his Lordship prevented him,\n    saying, 'Another glass, and then.' After 'flooring' (if the expression\n    may be allowed) his Lordship, the guest went home. He next day selected\n    a text: 'The wicked shall be punished, and that RIGHT EARLY.' Inspired\n    by the subject, he was by no means sparing of his oratory, and the\n    hour-glass was disregarded, although repeatedly warned by the\n    precentor; who, in common with Lord Airly, thought the discourse rather\n    lengthy. The latter soon knew why he was thus punished by the reverend\n    gentleman, when reminded, always exclaiming, _not_ sotto voce, 'Another\n    glass, and then.'\"\n\nHogarth, in his \"Sleeping Congregation,\" has introduced an hour-glass on\nthe left side of the preacher; and Mr. Ireland observes, in his description\nof this plate, that they are \"still placed on some of the pulpits in the\nprovinces.\" At Waltham, in Leicestershire, by the side of the pulpit was\n(or is) an hour-glass in an iron frame, mounted on three high wooden\nbrackets. (See Nichols' _Leicestershire_, vol. ii p. 382.) A bracket for\nthe support of an hour-glass is still preserved, affixed to the pulpit of\nHurst Church, in Berkshire: it is of iron, painted and gilt. An interesting\nnotice, accompanied by woodcuts, of a number of existing specimens of\nhour-glass frames, was contributed to the _Journal of the British\nArch\u00e6ological Association_, vol. iii., 1848, by Mr. Fairholt, to which I\nrefer the reader for farther information.\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT.\n\nI remember to have seen it stated in some antiquarian journal, that there\nare only three hour-glass stands in England where any portion of the glass\nis remaining. In Cowden Church, in Kent, the glass is nearly entire.\nPerhaps some of your readers will be able to mention the two other places.\n\nW. D. H.\n\nIn Salhouse Church, near Norwich, an iron hour-glass stand still remains\nfixed to the pulpit; and a bell on the screen, between the nave and the\nchancel.\n\nC--s. T. P.\n\nAt Berne, in the autumn of last year, I saw an hour-glass stand _still_\nattached to the pulpit in the minster.\n\nW. SPARROW SIMPSON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n{254}\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.\n\n_A Prize for the best Collodion._--Your \"Hint to the Photographic Society\"\n(Feb. 25) I much approve of, but I have always found more promptness from\nindividuals than from associated bodies; and all photographers I deem to be\nunder great obligations to _you_ in affording us a medium of communication\nbefore a Photographic Society was in existence. During the past month your\nvaluable articles, from some of our most esteemed photographists, show that\nyour pages are the agreeable medium of publishing their researches. I would\ntherefore respectfully suggest that you should yourself offer a prize for\nthe best mode of making a good useful collodion, and that that prize should\nbe a complete set of your valuable journal, which now, I believe, is\nprogressing with its ninth volume. You might associate two independent\nnames with your own, in testing the merits of any sample supplied to you,\nand a condition should be that the formula should be published in \"N. & Q.\"\nYour observations upon the manufacturers of paper, respecting the intrinsic\nvalue of a premium, are equally applicable to this proposition, because,\nshould the collodion prepared by any of the various dealers who at present\nadvertise in your columns be deemed to be the most satisfactory, your\nsanction and that of your friends alone would be an ample recompense. I\nwould also suggest that samples sent to you should be labelled with a\nmotto, and a corresponding motto, _sealed_, should contain the name and\naddress, the name and address of the successful sample _alone_ to be\nopened: this would effectually preclude all preconceived notions\nentertained by the testing manipulators who are to decide on the merits of\nwhat is submitted to them.\n\nA READER OF \"N. & Q.\" AND A PHOTOGRAPHER.\n\n    [We are obliged to our correspondent not only for the compliment he has\n    paid to our services to photography, but also for his suggestion. There\n    are many reasons, and some sufficiently obvious, why _we_ should not\n    undertake the task proposed; and there are as obvious reasons why it\n    should be undertaken by the Photographic Society. That body has not\n    only the means of securing the best judges of such matters, but an\n    invitation from such a body would probably call into the field of\n    competition all the best photographers, whether professional or\n    amateur.]\n\n_Double Iodide of Silver and Potassium._--I shall feel greatly indebted to\nyou, or to any correspondent of \"N. & Q.,\" for information as to the\nproportion of iodide of silver to the ounce of water, to be afterwards\ntaken up by a _saturated solution_ of iodide of potassium, and converted\ninto the double iodide of silver and potassium.\n\nI generally pour all waste solution of silver into a jar of iodide of\npotassium solution; and last year, having washed some of the precipitated\niodide of silver, I redissolved it in a solution of iodide of potassium of\nan unknown strength. Paper prepared with this solution answered very\nsatisfactorily, kept well after excitation, and was very clear and intense;\nbut this was purely accidental: and if you can tell me how to insure like\nsuccess this summer, without a series of experiments, for which I have but\nlittle time just now, the information will be very acceptable to me, and\nprobably to many others.\n\nI excite my paper with equal proportions of saturated solution of gallic\nacid and aceto-nitrate of silver, one or two drops of each to the drachm of\ndistilled water. I always plunge the bottle of gallic acid solution into\nhot water when first made, which enables it to take up more of the acid; on\ncooling, the excess crystallises at the bottom. This ensures an even\nstrength of solution: it will keep any length of time, if a small piece of\ncamphor be allowed to float in it.\n\nJ. W. WALROND.\n\nWellington.\n\n    [The resultant iodide from fifteen grains of nitrate of silver,\n    precipitated by means of the iodide of potassium, will give the\n    requisite quantity of iodide for every ounce of water; or about\n    twenty-seven grains of the dried iodide will produce the same effect.\n    It is however far preferable, and more economical, to convert all waste\n    into chloride of silver, from which the pure metal may be again so\n    readily obtained. Iodide of silver, collected in the manner described\n    by our correspondent, is very likely to lead to disappointment.]\n\n_Albumenized Paper._--I have by careful observation found that the cause of\nthe albumen settling and drying in waving lines and blotches on my paper,\narose from some parts of the paper being more absorbent than others, the\ngelatinous-like nature of the albumen assisting to retard its ready ingress\ninto the unequal parts, and, consequently, that those places becoming the\nfirst dried, prevented the albumen, still slowly dripping over the now more\nwetted parts, from running down equally and smoothly, thereby causing a\ncheck to its progress; and as at last these become also dry, thicker and\nirregular patches of albumen were deposited, forming the mischief in\nquestion.\n\nThe discovery of the cause suggested to me the propriety of either giving\neach sheet a prolonged floating of from ten to fifteen minutes on the\nsalted albumen, or until every part had become fully and equally saturated;\nor, as a preliminary to the floating and hanging up by one corner on a\nline, of putting overnight between each sheet a damped piece of bibulous\npaper, and placing the whole between two smooth plates of stone, or other\nnon-absorbent material.\n\nEither method produces equally good results; but I now always use the\nlatter, thereby avoiding the necessity of otherwise having several dishes\nof albumen at work at once.\n\nHENRY H. HELE.\n\n_Cyanide of Potassium_ (Vol. ix., p. 230.).--I have for a long time been in\nthe habit of using a solution of the above-named substance for fixing\ncollodion _positives_, because the reduced silver has a much _whiter_\nappearance when thus fixed, than when the hyposulphite of soda is used for\nthe same purpose; but I cannot quite agree with MR. HOCKIN that it is\n_equally_ applicable to negatives, though in many cases it will do very\nwell. I find the reduced metal is more pervious to light when fixed with\nthe cyanide solution, particularly in weak negatives. Lastly, I find that a\nsmall quantity of the {255} silver salts being added to the solution before\nusing, produces less injury to the half-tones, and this not by merely\nweakening the solution, as one of double the strength with the silver is\nbetter than one without it, though only half as powerful.\n\nYour correspondent C. E. F. (_ibid._) will find his positives will not\nstand a saturated solution of hyposulphite of soda, unless he prints them\nso intensely dark that all traces of a picture by reflected light are\nobliterated; but I have sometimes accidentally exposed my positives a\n_whole day_, and retained a fair proof by soaking the apparently useless\nimpressions in such a solution.\n\nGEO. SHADBOLT.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nReplies to Minor Queries.\n\n_Saw-dust Recipe_ (Vol. ix., p. 148.).--See Herschel's _Discourse on the\nStudy of Natural Philosophy_, published in Lardner's _Cyclop\u00e6dia_, p. 64.,\nwhere he says:\n\n    \"That sawdust itself is susceptible of conversion into a substance\n    bearing no remote analogy to bread; and though certainly less palatable\n    than that of flour, yet no way disagreeable, and both wholesome and\n    digestible, as well as highly nutritive.\"\n\nTo which passage the following note is appended:\n\n    \"See Dr. Prout's account of the experiments of Professor Autenrieth of\n    Tubingen, _Phil. Trans._, 1827, p. 331. This discovery, which renders\n    famine next to _impossible_, deserves a higher degree of celebrity than\n    it has obtained.\"\n\nJ. M. W.\n\nThough not exactly the recipe for _saw-dust biscuits_ which I have heard\nof, there is an account of the process of making bread from bark in Laing's\n\"Norway\" (Longman's _Traveller's Lib._), part ii. p. 219., where, on the\nsubject of pine-trees, it is stated:\n\n    \"Many were standing with all their branches dead, stripped of the bark\n    to make bread, and blanched by the weather, resembling white\n    marble,--mere ghosts of trees. The bread is made of the inner rind next\n    the wood, taken off in flakes like a sheet of foolscap paper, and is\n    steeped or washed in warm water, to clear off its astringent principle.\n    It is then hung across a rope to dry in the sun, and looks exactly like\n    sheets of parchment. When dry it is pounded into small pieces mixed\n    with corn, and ground into meal on the hand-mill or quern. It is much\n    more generally used than I supposed. There are districts in which the\n    forests suffered very considerable damage in the years 1812 and 1814,\n    when bad crops and the war, then raging, reduced many to bark bread.\n    The Fjelde bonder use it, more or less, every year. It is not very\n    unpalatable; nor is there any good reason for supposing it unwholesome,\n    if well prepared; but it is very costly. The value of the tree, which\n    is left to perish on its root, would buy a sack of flour, if the\n    English market were open.\"\n\nNow, if G. D., or any enterprising individual, could succeed in converting\nsaw-dust into wholesome food, or fit for admixture with flour, somewhat\nafter the above manner, it would indeed be a \"happy discovery,\" considering\nthe present high price of \"the staff of life.\" Bread has also been made\nfrom the horse-chesnut; but the expense of preparation, removing the strong\nbitter flavour, is no doubt the obstacle to its success. What could be done\nwith the Spanish chesnut?\n\nWILLO.\n\nThe saw-dust recipe is to be found in the _Saturday Magazine_, Jan. 3,\n1835, taken from No. 104. of the _Quarterly Review_. It is entitled, \"How\nto make a Quartern Loaf out of a Deal Board.\"\n\nJ. C.\n\nYour correspondent G. D. may find something to his purpose in a little\nGerman work, entitled _Wie kann man, bey grosser Theuerung und Hungersnoth,\nohne Getreid, gesundes Brod verschaffen?_ Von Dr. Oberlechner: Xav. Duyle,\nSalzburg, 1817.\n\nW. T.\n\n_Brydone the Tourist_ (Vol. ix., p. 138.).--The literary world would feel\nobliged to J. MACRAY to tell us the name of the writer of the criticism who\nsays, \"Brydone never was on the Summit of Etna.\" Did the scholars of Italy\nknow more of what was done by Englishmen in Sicily in Brydone's day than\nthey do at present? How are the dates reconciled? Brydone would be 113\nyears old. Mr. Beckford, I think, must have been some thirteen or fourteen\nyears younger. Brydone was always considered to be in his relations in life\na man of probity and honour. I used to hear much of him from one nearly\nrelated to me, whose father was first cousin to Brydone's wife.\n\nH. R., N\u00c9E F.\n\n_Etymology of \"Page\"_ (Vol. ix., p. 106.).--_Paggio_ Italian, _page_ French\nand Spanish, _pagi_ Proven\u00e7al, is derived by Diez, _Etymologisches\nW\u00f6rterbuch der Romanischen Sprachen_ (Bonn, 1853), p. 249., from the Greek\n[Greek: paidion]. This derivation is evidently the true one. I may take\nthis opportunity of recommending the above-cited work to all persons who\nfeel an interest in the etymology of the Romance languages. It is not only\nmore scientific and learned, but more comprehensive, than any other work of\nthe kind.\n\nL.\n\n_Longfellow_ (Vol. ix., p. 174.).--There was a family of the name of\nLongfellow resident in Brecon, South Wales, about fifty or sixty years ago,\nwho were large landowners in the county; and one of them (Tom Longfellow,\nalluded to in the lines below) kept the principal inn, \"The Golden Lion,\"\nin that town. His son occupied a farm a few miles from Brecon, about thirty\nyears ago; and two of his sisters resided in the town. The family was\nfrequently engaged in law suits (perhaps from the _proverbially_ litigious\ndisposition {256} of their Welsh neighbours), and was ultimately ruined.\nMany of the old inhabitants of that part of the Principality could, no\ndoubt, give a better and fuller account of them.\n\nThe following lines (not very flattering to the landlord, certainly), said\nto have been written by a commercial traveller on an inside-window shutter\nof \"The Golden Lion,\" when Mr. Longfellow was the proprietor, may not be\nout of place in \"N. & Q.:\"\n\n  \"Tom Longfellow's name is most justly his due,\n  Long his neck, long his bill, which is very long too;\n  Long the time ere your horse to the stable is led,\n  Long before he's rubbed down, and much longer till fed;\n  Long indeed may you sit in a comfortless room,\n  Till from kitchen, long dirty, your dinner shall come;\n  Long the often-told tale that your host will relate,\n  Long his face whilst complaining how long people eat;\n  Long may Longfellow long ere he see me again,--\n  Long 'twill be ere I long for Tom Longfellow's inn.\"\n\nC. H. (2)\n\nYesterday I happened to be looking over an old Bristol paper (Sarah\nFarley's _Bristol Journal_, Saturday, June 11, 1791), and the name of\nLongfellow, which I had before only known as borne by the poet, caught my\neye. At the end of the paper there is a notice in these words:\n\n    \"Advertisements are taken in for this paper by agents in various\n    places, and by Mr. Longfellow, Brecon,\" &c.\n\nHENRY GEO. TOMKINS.\n\nPark Lodge, Weston-super-Mare.\n\nThere is now living at Beaufort Iron Works, Breconshire, a respectable\ntradesman, bearing the name of Longfellow. He himself is a native of the\ntown of Brecon, as was his father also. But his grandfather was a settler;\nthough from what part of the country this last-named relative originally\ncame, he is unfortunately unable to say. He has the impression, however,\nthat it was from Cornwall or Devonshire. Perhaps this information will\npartly answer the question of OXONIENSIS.\n\nE. W. I.\n\nIt is by no means improbable that the name is a corruption of\n_Longvillers_, found in Northamptonshire as early as the reign of Edward\nI., and derived, I imagine, from the town of Longueville in Normandy. There\nis a Newton Longville in this county.\n\nW. P. STORER.\n\nOlney, Bucks.\n\n_Canting Arms_ (Vol. ix., p. 146.).--The introduction to the collection of\narms alluded to was _not_ written by Sir George Naylor, but by the Rev.\nJames Dallaway, who had previously published his _Historical Enquiries_, a\nwork well known.\n\nG.\n\n_Holy Loaf Money_ (Vol. ix., p. 150.).--At some time before the date of\npresent rubrics, it was the custom for every house in the parish to provide\nin rotation bread (and wine) for the Holy Communion. By the first book of\nKing Edward VI., this duty was devolved upon those who had the cure of\nsouls, with a provision \"that the parishioners of every parish should offer\nevery Sunday, at the time of the offertory, _the just value and price of\nthe holy loaf_ ... to the use of the pastors and curates\" who had provided\nit; \"and that in such order and course as they were wont to find, and pay\nthe said holy loaf.\" This is, I think, the correct answer to the Query of\nT. J. W.\n\nJ. H. B.\n\n\"_Could we with ink_,\" _&c._ (Vol. viii., pp. 127. 180.).--The idea\nembodied in these lines was well known in the seventeenth century. The\nfollowing \"rhyme,\" extracted from a rare miscellany entitled _Wits\nRecreations_, 12mo., 1640, has reference to the subject.\n\n  \"_Interrogativa Cantilena._\n\n  \"If all the world were paper,\n    And all the sea were inke;\n  If all the trees were bread and cheese,\n    How should we do for drinke?\n\n  \"If all the world were sand'o,\n    Oh then what should we lack'o;\n  If as they say there were no clay,\n    How should we take tobacco?\n\n  \"If all our vessels ran'a,\n    If none but had a crack'a;\n  If Spanish apes eat all the grapes,\n    How should we do for sack'a?\n\n  \"If fryers had no bald pates,\n    Nor nuns had no dark cloysters;\n  If all the seas were beans and pease,\n    How should we do for oysters?\n\n  \"If there had been no projects,\n    Nor none that did great wrongs;\n  If fiddlers shall turne players all,\n    How should we doe for songs?\n\n  \"If all things were eternall,\n    And nothing their end bringing;\n  If this should be, then how should we\n    Here make an end of singing?\"\n\nEDWARD F. RIMBAULT.\n\n_Mount Mill, and the Fortifications of London_ (Vol. ix., p. 174.).--B. R.\nA. Y. will find that the name is still applied to an obscure locality in\nthe parish of St. Luke, situated close to the west end of Seward Street on\nthe north side. The parliamentary fortifications of London are described in\nMaitland's _Hist._, and Mount Mill is noticed in Cromwell's _Clerkenwell_,\npp. 33. 396. This writer supposes that the _Mount_ (long since levelled)\noriginated in the interment of a great number of persons during the plague\nof 1665; but {257} this, I think, is a mistake, for the Mount is mentioned\nin a printed broadside which, if I remember rightly, bears an earlier date.\nI cannot furnish its title, but it will be found in the British Museum,\nwith the press-mark 669. f. 8/22. A plan of the city and suburbs, as\nfortified by order of the parliament in 1642 and 1643, was engraved by\nGeorge Vertue, 1738; and a small plan of the same works appeared in the\n_Gentleman's Magazine_ a few years afterwards (1749?).\n\nW.P. STORER.\n\nOlney, Bucks.\n\n_Standing while the Lord's Prayer is read_ (Vol. ix., p. 127.).--A custom\nnoted to prevail at Bristol: in connexion with it, it would be interesting\nto ascertain in what churches there still remain _any_ usages of by-gone\ndays, but which have generally got into desuetude. It is probable that in\nsome one or other church there may still exist a usage handed down by\ntradition, which is not generally recognised nor authorised in the present\nday. Perhaps by means of our widely spread \"N. & Q.,\" and the notes of its\nable contributors, this may be ascertained. By way of example, and as a\nbeginning, I would mention the following:--\n\nAt St. Sampson's, Cricklade (it was so before 1820), the people say,\n\"Thanks be to Thee, O God!\" after the reading of the Gospel; a usage said\nto be as old as St. Chrysostom.\n\nAt Talaton, Devon, where the congregation turn towards the singing gallery\nat the west end, during the singing of the \"Magnificat\" and other psalms,\nat the \"Gloria\" they all turn round to the _east_.\n\nAt Bitton, Gloucestershire, two parishioners, natives of Lincolnshire,\nalways gave me notice before they came to Holy Communion, as it was their\n_custom_ always to do.\n\nWhen a boy, I remember an old gentleman, who came from one of the Midland\nCounties, always stood up at the \"Glory\" in the Litany. In many country\nchurches, the old women make a courtesy.\n\nIn many country churches, the old men bow and smooth down their hair when\nthey enter the church; and women make a courtesy.\n\nH. T. ELLACOMBE.\n\nRectory, Clyst St. George.\n\nIn a late Number of your miscellany, you say it is a general practice for\ncongregations in churches to _stand_ during the reading of the Lord's\nPrayer, when it occurs in the order of Morning Lessons. In my experience, I\ndo not remember any such custom prevalent in this part of the country; but\nmay mention, as a curious and (as far as I know, or ever heard of) singular\nexample of kneeling at the reading of St Matt. vi. and St. Luke xi., that\nat Formby, a retired village on the Lancashire coast, my first cure, the\npeople observed this usage. The children in the schools were instructed to\nkneel whenever they read the section of these chapters which contains the\nLord's Prayer. And at the \"Burial of the Dead,\" as soon as the minister\ncame to that portion of the ceremony where the use of the Lord's Prayer is\nenjoined, all the assembled mourners (old and young, and however cold or\ndamp the day) would devoutly kneel down in the chapel yard, and remain in\nthis posture of reverence until the conclusion of the service. I observed\nthat their Roman Catholic neighbours, who often attended at funerals, when\nthey happened to be present, did the same. So that it seemed to be \"a\ntradition derived from their fathers,\" and handed down \"from one generation\nto another.\"\n\nR. L.\n\nGreat Lever, Bolton.\n\nThis custom is observed in the Cathedral at Norwich, but not (I believe) in\nthe other churches in that city. I remember seeing it noticed in a very old\nnumber of the _Gentleman's Magazine_, and should be glad if any of your\ncorrespondents could tell me which number it is. I have looked through the\nIndex in vain. The writer denounced it as a _Popish_ custom!\n\nW.\n\n_A dead Sultan, with his Shirt for an Ensign_ (Vol. ix., p. 76.).--MR.\nWARDEN will find a long and interesting description of Saladin in Knolles'\n_Turkish History_, pp. 33. 57., published in London by Adam Islip in 1603.\nI take from this learned work the following curious anecdote:\n\n    \"About this time (but the exact period is not stated) died the great\n    Sultan Saladin, the greatest terrour of the Christians; who, mindfull\n    of man's fragilitie, and the vanitie of worldly honours, commanded at\n    the time of his death no solemnitie to be vsed at his buriall, but only\n    his shirt in manner of an ensigne, made fast vnto the point of a lance,\n    to be carried before his dead bodie as an ensigne. A plaine priest\n    going before and crying aloud vnto the people in this sort: '_Saladin\n    Conquerour of the East, of all the greatnesse and riches hee had in\n    this life, carrieth not with him after his death anything more than his\n    shirt._'\"--\"A sight (says Knolles) woorthie so great a king, as wanted\n    nothing to his eternall commendation, more than the true knowledge of\n    his salvation in Christ Jesu.\"\n\nW. W.\n\nMalta.\n\n\"_Houd maet of laet_\" (Vol. ix., p. 148.).--One of your correspondents\ndesires an explanation of _this_ phrase, which he found in the corner of an\nold Dutch picture. It is a Flemish proverb; I translate it thus:\n\n  \"Keep within bounds, though 'tis late.\"\n\nIt may either be the motto which the artist adopted to identify his work\nwhile he concealed {258} his name; or it may be descriptive of the picture,\nwhich then would be an illustration of _this_ proverb. Inscribed either by\nthe artist himself, or by some officious person, who thus \"tacked the moral\nfull in sight.\"\n\nI think I have seen a similar inscription somewhere in Flanders on an\nantique drinking-cup, a very appropriate place for such wholesome counsel.\n\nI should like to know the subject of the picture your correspondent refers\nto. In modern Dutch the proverb reads thus:\n\n  \"Houd maat of laat.\"\n\nE. F. WOODMAN.\n\nThe above Dutch proverb means, in English:\n\n  \"Keep within bounds, or leave off.\"\n\n[Greek: Halieus.]\n\n_Captain Eyre's Drawings_ (Vol. ix., p. 207.).--The mention of Captain\nEyre's drawings of the Fortifications in London, and the editorial note\nappended thereto, remind me of an inquiry I have long been desirous of\nmaking respecting the curious, if authentic, drawings by this same Captain\nEyre, illustrative of Shakspeare's residence in London, described in one of\nyour earlier volumes (Vol. vii., p. 545.). I have not myself had an\nopportunity of consulting Mr. Halliwell's first volume, but a friend who\nlooked at it for me says he could not find any account of them there. In\nwhose possession are they now?\n\nM. A.\n\nShrewsbury.\n\n_Sir Thomas Browne and Bishop Ken_ (Vol. ix., p. 220.).--Had MR. MACKENZIE\nWALCOTT referred to a preceding volume of \"N. & Q.\" (Vol. viii., p. 10.),\nhe would have seen that the \"coincidences\" between these writers had been\nalready noticed in your pages by one of the bishop's biographers.\n\nThe life of Ken, from the pen of your correspondent, is omitted in MR.\nMACKENZIE WALCOTT'S list, and may be equally unknown to that gentleman as\nthe note before mentioned; but in the _Quarterly Review_ (vol. lxxxix. p.\n278.), and in many pages of Mr. Anderdon's valuable volume, MR. MACKENZIE\nWALCOTT will find ample mention of the work in question.\n\nJ. H. MARKLAND.\n\n_Unfinished Works_ (Vol. ix., p. 148.).--J. M. is informed that Dr. Shirley\nPalmer's _Medical Dictionary_ is finished. From the Preface it appears to\nhave been finished in 1841; but not published (in a complete form) till\n1845, with the title _A Pentaglot Dictionary of the Terms employed in\nAnatomy_, &c.; London, Longman & Co.; Birmingham, Langbridge.\n\nM. D.\n\n\"_The Lounger's Common-place Book_\" (Vol. ix., p. 174.).--The editor of\nthis publication was Jeremiah Whitaker Newman, who died July 27, 1839, aged\neighty years. Some information respecting him and his work, supplied by me,\nappeared in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, June, 1846.\n\nJ. R. W.\n\nBristol.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMiscellaneous.\n\nBOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.\n\nLONDON LABOUR AND LONDON POOR. Nos. XLIV. and LXIV. to End of Work.\n\nMRS. GORE'S BANKER'S WIFE.\n\nTALES BY A BARRISTER.\n\nSCHILLER'S WALLENSTEIN, translated by Coleridge. Smith's Classical Library.\n\nGOETHE'S FAUST (English). Smith's Classical Library.\n\nTHE CIRCLE OF THE SEASONS. London, 1828. 12mo.\n\n*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be\nsent to MR. BELL, Publisher of \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" 186. Fleet Street.\n\nParticulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the\ngentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses are\ngiven for that purpose:\n\nTHE HIVE, containing Vol. I. First Edition. 1724.\n\nLONDON MAGAZINE. Vols. after the year 1763.\n\n  Wanted by _Fred. Dinsdale_, Esq., Leamington.\n\nEVANS'S OLD BALLADS. Vol. I. 1810.\n\nAny of the Sermons, Tracts, &c., by the late Rev. A. G. Jewitt.\n\nHISTORY OF LINCOLN, by A. Jewitt.\n\nHOWITT'S GIPSY KING, and other Poems. Either one or two copies.\n\n  Wanted by _R. Keene_, Bookseller, Irongate, Derby.\n\nHENRY'S (Philip) LIFE, by Sir J. B. Williams. Royal 8vo.\n\n  Wanted by _T. Barcham_, Bookseller, Reading.\n\nFRESENIUS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS. Last Edition.\n\n  Wanted by _Smith, Elder, & Co._, 65. Cornhill.\n\nTWO VOLUMES OF PLATES TO GLOSSARY OF ARCHITECTURE. Parker, Oxford. 1850.\n\n  Wanted by _Ed. Appleton_, Torquay.\n\nTHE BANNER DISPLAYED, OR, AN ABRIDGMENT OF GWILLIN by Samuel Kent. Thos.\nCox, Printer. 1728. Vol 1.\n\nTHE HOLY BIBLE. Pictorial. C. Knight. 1836. Vols. II. and III.\n\n  Wanted by _John Garland_, Solicitor, Dorchester.\n\nA MAP, PLAN, and REPRESENTATIONS of Interesting and Remarkable Places\nconnected with ANCIENT LONDON (large size).\n\nA Copy of an early number of \"The Times\" Newspaper, or of the \"Morning\nChronicle,\" \"Morning Post,\" or \"Morning Herald.\" The nearer the\ncommencement preferred.\n\nCopies or Fac-similes of other Old Newspapers.\n\nA Copy of THE BREECHES or other Old Bible.\n\n  Wanted by Mr. _Joseph Simpson_, Librarian, Literary and\n  Scientific Institution, Islington, London.\n\nENQUIRY AFTER HAPPINESS. The Third Part. By Richard Lucas, D.D. Sixth\nEdition. 1734.\n\n  Wanted by _Rev. John James_, Avington Rectory, Hungerford.\n\n       *       *       *       *       * {259}\n\n\nNotices to Correspondents.\n\n_We are unavoidably compelled to postpone our usual_ NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.\n\nMR. FERGUSON, _of the Exchequer Record Office, Dublin, returns his best\nthanks to _J. O._ for his most acceptable present of a book of poems._\n\n_Will_ AN OLD F.S.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., _who writes to us that the \"Eyre\ndrawings are authentic,\" oblige us with his name? It is obvious that\nanonymous testimony can have little weight in such a case, when opposed to\nthat of_ known and competent authorities.\n\nWORKING MAN _will find the English equivalents for French weights and\nmeasures, and much of the information he desires, in Walich's_ Popular\nTables.\n\nBb. (Bradford) _will probably find in the _Journal of a Naturalist_,\nWhite's _Selborne_, and the valuable series of works illustrative of the\n_Natural History of England_, published by Van Voorst of Paternoster Row,\nthe materials of which he stands in need, and references to other\nauthorities._\n\nC. R. _will find scattered through our Volumes many modern instances of the\n_mode of discovering the drowned_, to which his communication refers._\n\nABHBA. _Our Correspondent should procure a valuable tract, entitled _\"An\nArgument for the Greek Origin of the Monogram IHS,\"_ published by the\nCambridge Camden Society (Masters), which clearly shows that this symbol is\nformed out of the first two and the last letter of the Greek word_ [Greek:\nI\u00caSOUS].\n\nP. H. F. _The communication forwarded on \"_Lines attributed to Hudibras_,\"\nwill be found in our_ 1st Volume, p. 210.\n\nF. T. _The _Weekly Pacquet_ and the _Popish Courant_ is one and the same\nperiodical, the latter being merely an appendix to the former, and printed\ncontinuously, as shown by the running paginal figures; so that when Chief\nJustice Scroggs prohibited the publication of the former, he at the same\ntime suppressed the latter._\n\nA BEGINNER. _We again repeat that we cannot point out particular warehouses\nfor the purchase of photographic materials. Our advertising columns will\nshow where they are to be purchased at every variety of price._\n\nC. K. P. (Newport). _From the specimen forwarded, we doubt whether the\npaper is Turner's; if it is, it is not his desirable make. The negative it\nis evident, from its redness and want of gradation of tint throughout, has\nbeen far too long exposed. We have seen the brown spots complained of occur\nwhen the paper has been too long excited before use._\n\nE. Y. (Rochester). _It is probable that the spot of which you complain is\nfrom light reflected from the bottom of the camera, not from the interior\nof the lens. If so, the application of a piece of black velvet would remedy\nthis. As the spot is always is one place, it must depend upon light\nreflected from some one spot._\n\nM. DE S. (Tendring). _We trust to be able to send a very satisfactory reply\nin the course of a few days. We have delayed answering only from a desire\nto accomplish our Correspondent's object._\n\nOUR EIGHTH VOLUME _is now bound and ready for delivery, price 10s. 6d.,\ncloth, boards. A few sets of the whole Eight Volumes are being made up,\nprice 4l. 4s.--For these early application is desirable._\n\n\"NOTES AND QUERIES\" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country\nBooksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to\ntheir Subscribers on the Saturday._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nVALUABLE PATRISTICAL WORKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED IN GERMANY.\n\nIREN\u00c6I OPERA OMNIA, Gr. et Lat., acc. apparatus continens ex iis, qu\u00e6 ab\naliis Editoribus aut de Iren\u00e6o ipso aut de Scriptis ejus sunt disputata,\nmeliora et iteratione haud indigna, edid. A. STIEREN. 2 thick vols. 8vo.\n(2,100 pages). price 1l. 16s. in cloth boards: or 2l. 2s. full bound calf,\nantique style, red edges.\n\nThis is by far the most elaborate and complete edition of the Works of\nIren\u00e6us, and is fruit of twenty-five years' labour and study on the part of\nthe learned editor.\n\nTERTULLIANI OPERA OMNIA, ed. F. OEHLER. 3 thick vols. 8vo. (nearly 3,800\npages), price 2l. 8s. cloth boards; calf, antique, 3l.\n\nJUSTINI MARTYRIS OPERA OMNIA, Gr. et Lat., ed. J. T. OTTO. 3 vols., in 5\nParts, 8vo., bound in 2 vols., cloth boards, 1l. 11s. 6d. or calf antique,\n1l. 18s. half-bound calf or vellum. 1l. 15s.\n\nLondon: D. NUTT, 270. Strand.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nJust published, in 1 vol. 12mo., cloth, 3s. 6d.\n\nTHE LAW OF THE LOVE OF GOD, an Essay on the Commandments of the First Table\nof the Decalogue, by GEORGE MOBERLY, D.C.L., Head Master of Winchester\nCollege.\n\n\"This recently published Essay of Dr. Moberly, the Law of the Love of God,\nwill not disappoint its readers, but will be found worthy of the author's\nreputation as a Divine, and his high position as a scholar.\"--_Scottish\nEcclesiastical Journal._\n\nLondon: D. NUTT, 270. Strand.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nJust published, large 8vo., stitched, price 1s. 6d.,\n\nAUSTRIA. The present State of its Finances and Currency. By an IMPARTIAL\nOBSERVER. Translated from the German. This Work has excited a great\nsensation in Germany, and 3,600 copies have been sold in the last few\nweeks.\n\nLondon: D. NUTT, 270. Strand.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each,--D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square\n(established A.D. 1785), sole manufacturers of the ROYAL PIANOFORTES, at 25\nGuineas each. Every instrument warranted. The peculiar advantages of these\npianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial,\nsigned by the majority of the leading musicians of the age:--\"We, the\nundersigned members of the musical profession, having carefully examined\nthe Royal Piano-fortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great\npleasure in bearing testimony to their merits and capabilities. It appears\nto us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a\nricher and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal temperament, while\nthe elegance of their construction renders them a handsome ornament for the\nlibrary, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R.\nBishop, J. Blewitt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby,\nE. F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H. F.\nHass\u00e9, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F.\nKiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza, Alexander Lee, A. Leffler. E. J. Loder. W. H.\nMontgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panotka, Henry\nPhillips, F. Praegar, E. F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E.\nRockel, Sims Reeves, J. Templeton, F. Weber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright,\" &c.\n\nD'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTO NERVOUS SUFFERERS.--A retired Clergyman having been restored to health\nin a few days, after many years of great nervous suffering, is anxious to\nmake known to others the MEANS of a CURE; will therefore send free, on\nreceiving a stamped envelope, properly addressed, a copy of the\nprescription used.\n\nDirect the REV. E. DOUGLASS, 18. Holland Street, Brixton, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCERTIFICATES IN DRAWING are granted to SCHOOLMASTERS and SCHOOLMISTRESSES,\nby the DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND ART, which will enable the holders of them\nto obtain an Augmentation of Salary from the Committee of Council for\nEducation.\n\nCLASSES for the INSTRUCTION of Schoolmasters and Mistresses and Mistresses\nand Pupil-Teachers in Freehand and Drawing, Linear Geometry, Perspective\nand Model Drawing, are formed in the Metropolis in the following places:\n\n1. MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, Pall Mall.--Meeting on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday\nand Friday Evenings, from 7 to 9: and Saturdays, from 1 to 3.\n\n2. SPITALFIELDS, Crispin Street.--Meeting on Wednesday and Friday Evenings,\nfrom 7 to 9.\n\n3. GORE HOUSE, Kensington.--Meeting on Monday and Thursday Evenings, from 7\nto 9.\n\nFEE for the Session of Five Months, from March to August, 5s.\n\nFor information, and Specimens of the Examination Papers, apply to the\nSecretaries of the Department of Science and Art, Marlborough House, Pall\nMall, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nBENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X.,\nin Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates,\nmay now be had at the MANUFACTORY. 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made\nPatent Levers, 17, 15, and 13 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4\nguineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.\nDitto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with\nChronometer Balance, Gold. 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket\nChronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully\nexamined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and\n4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.\n\nBENNETT, Watch, Clock and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the\nBoard of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n{260}\n\nIMPERIAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY.\n\n1. OLD BROAD STREET, LONDON.\n\nInstituted 1820.\n\n----\n\nSAMUEL HIBBERT, ESQ., _Chairman_.\nWILLIAM R. ROBINSON, ESQ., _Deputy-Chairman_.\n\n----\n\nThe SCALE OF PREMIUMS adopted by this Office will be found of a very\nmoderate character, but at the same time quite adequate to the risk\nincurred.\n\nFOUR-FIFTHS, or 80 per cent. of the Profits, are assigned to Policies\n_every fifth year_, and may be applied to increase the sum insured, to an\nimmediate payment in cash, or to the reduction and ultimate extinction of\nfuture Premiums.\n\nONE-THIRD of the Premium on Insurances of 500l. and upwards, for the whole\nterm of life, may remain as a debt upon the Policy, to be paid off at\nconvenience; or the Directors will lend sums of 50l. and upwards, on the\nsecurity of Policies effected with this Company for the whole term of life,\nwhen they have acquired an adequate value.\n\nSECURITY.--Those who effect Insurances with this Company are protected by\nits Subscribed Capital of 750,000l., of which nearly 140,000l. is invested,\nfrom the risk incurred by Members of Mutual Societies.\n\nThe satisfactory financial condition of the Company, exclusive of the\nSubscribed and Invested Capital, will be seen by the following Statement:\n\n  On the 31st October, 1853, the sums\n  Assured, including Bonus added,\n  amounted to                          \u00a32,500,000\n\n  The Premium Fund to more than           800,000\n\n  And the Annual Income from the\n  same source, to                         109,000\n\nInsurances, without participation in Profits, may be effected at reduced\nrates.\n\nSAMUEL INGALL, Actuary.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCHUBB'S LOCKS, with all the recent improvements. Strong fire-proof safes,\ncash and deed boxes. Complete lists of sizes and prices may be had on\napplication.\n\nCHUBB & SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard, London; 28. Lord Street, Liverpool;\n16. Market Street, Manchester; and Horseley Fields, Wolverhampton.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description of\nupwards of 100 articles, consisting of\n\nPORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS, Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES,\nWRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and other travelling requisites. Gratis on\napplication, or sent free by Post on receipt of Two Stamps.\n\nMESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their\nTravelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new\nPortmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles\nof the kind ever produced.\n\nJ. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nW. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of\nIndices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are\ngreatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in\nAntiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches\namong the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or\nother Depositories of a similar Nature in any Branch of Literature,\nHistory, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had\nconsiderable experience.\n\n1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nWESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.\n\n3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.\n\nFounded A.D. 1842.\n\n  _Directors._\n\n  H. E. Bicknell, Esq.          | T. Grissell, Esq.\n  T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P.  | J. Hunt, Esq.\n  G. H. Drew, Esq.              | J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.\n  W. Evans, Esq.                | E. Lucas, Esq.\n  W. Freeman, Esq.              | J. Lys Seager, Esq.\n  F. Fuller, Esq.               | J. B. White, Esq.\n  J. H. Goodhart, Esq.          | J. Carter Wood, Esq.\n\n  _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell,\n      Esq.\n  _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.\n  _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.\n\nVALUABLE PRIVILEGE.\n\nPOLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary\ndifficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to\nsuspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in\nthe Prospectus.\n\nSpecimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in\nthree-fourths of the Profits:--\n\n  Age       \u00a3   s.  d. | Age       \u00a3   s.  d.\n   17       1  14   4  |  32       2  10   8\n   22       1  18   8  |  37       2  18   6\n   27       2   4   5  |  42       3   8   2\n\nARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.\n\nNow ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions,\nINDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING\nSOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in\nthe Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a\nMathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR\nSCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3.\nParliament Street, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.--OTTEWILL & MORGAN'S Manufactory, 24. & 25. Charlotte\nTerrace, Caledonian Road, Islington. OTTEWILL'S Registered Double Body\nFolding Camera, adapted for Landscapes or Portraits, may be had of A. ROSS,\nFeatherstone Buildings, Holborn: the Photographic Institution, Bond Street:\nand at the Manufactory as above, where every description of Cameras,\nSlides, and Tripods may be had. The Trade supplied.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous\nViews, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.\n\nPortraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest\nDaguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.\n\nAlso every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this\nbeautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nIMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand. have,\nby an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal,\nthey may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any\nother hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and\nappreciation of half-tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.\n\nApparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of\nPhotography. Instruction in the Art.\n\nTHE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price 1s., per\nPost, 1s. 2d.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.\n\nTHE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS, by the most eminent English and Continental\nArtists, is OPEN DAILY from Ten till Five. Free Admission.\n\n                                            \u00a3  s. d.\n  A Portrait by Mr. Talbot's Patent\n    Process                                 1  1  0\n  Additional Copies (each)                  0  5  0\n  A Coloured Portrait, highly finished\n    (small size)                            3  3  0\n  A Coloured Portrait, highly finished\n    (larger size)                           5  5  0\n\nMiniatures, Oil Paintings, Water-Colour, and Chalk Drawings, Photographed\nand Coloured in imitation of the Originals. Views of Country Mansions,\nChurches, &c., taken at a short notice.\n\nCameras, Lenses, and all the necessary Photographic Apparatus and\nChemicals, are supplied, tested, and guaranteed.\n\nGratuitous Instruction is given to Purchasers of Sets of Apparatus.\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION,\n168. New Bond Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, AND PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.\n\nKNIGHT & SONS' Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price of\nthe best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and Son's\nLenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various Materials, and\npure Chemical Preparations required in practising the Photographic Art.\nForwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.\n\nInstructions given in every branch of the Art.\n\nAn extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic Specimens.\n\nGEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCOLLODION PORTRAITS AND VIEWS obtained with the greatest ease and certainty\nby using BLAND & LONG'S preparation of Soluble Cotton; certainty and\nuniformity of action over a lengthened period, combined with the most\nfaithful rendering of the half-tones, constitute this a most valuable agent\nin the hands of the photographer.\n\nAlbumenized paper, for printing from glass or paper negatives, giving a\nminuteness of detail unattained by any other method, 5s. per Quire.\n\nWaxed and Iodized Papers of tried quality.\n\nInstruction in the Processes.\n\nBLAND & LONG, Opticians and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative\nChemists, 153. Fleet Street, London.\n\n*** Catalogues sent on application.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTHE SIGHT preserved by the Use of SPECTACLES adapted to meet every variety\nof Vision by means of SMEE'S OPTOMETER, which effectually prevents Injury\nto the Eyes from the Selection of Improper Glasses, and is extensively\nemployed by\n\nBLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS manufactured by MESSRS. TOWGOOD, of St. Neot's Mills,\nas mentioned in \"Notes and Queries,\" No. 220., Jan. 14. Commercial and\nFamily Stationery, &c.\n\nDep\u00f4t for all Works on Physiology, Phrenology, Hydropathy, &c. Catalogues\nsent free on application.\n\nLondon: HORTELL & SHIRRESS,\n492. New Oxford Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPrinted by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish\nof St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.\nBride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.\nFleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of\nLondon, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, March 18,\n1854.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"pg-footer\">","title":"Notes and Queries, Number 229, March 18, 1854: A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":22586}