{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_34909/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_34909","id":"gutenberg_34909","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34909","summary":null,"tags":["America -- Discovery and exploration -- Chinese","Category: History - Other","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Colorado River (Colo.-Mexico)"],"text":"</pre>\n\n\n\nProduced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed\nProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive/American Libraries.)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n                  Ancient Chinese Account of the Grand\n                    Canyon, or Course of the Colorado\n\n\n                      (Copyrighted, Brooklyn, 1913)\n                          By ALEXANDER M'ALLAN\n\n\n\n\nTEN SUNS IN THE SKY!\n\n\nThe ancient Chinese records tell of a \"Place of Ten Suns,\" where \"Ten\nSuns rose and shone together\" (see Appendix, note 1).\n\nSeven Suns were also seen shining together in the sky! and at night (if\nindeed we can call it \"night\") as many as seven moons! (What a haunt for\nlovers and poets!)\n\nFive Suns were also beheld (see note 2).\n\nWhat Liars those Chinese writers are!\n\n[Illustration: Figure 1. Spectacle of Five Suns.]\n\nVery good; but why not denounce all our own Arctic navigators as a pack\nof Liars? They all tell about more Suns than one! A picture of Five (see\nFigure 1) is furnished by a most eminent explorer (note 3). The\ndictionaries and cyclopedias of our careful publishers call the\nappearance of two or more suns (or moons) a =Parhelion=. The number of\nthe multiplied \"luminaries\" never exceeds Ten (note 4). There actually\nis a \"Place of Ten Suns.\"\n\nTen Suns say the Ancients.\n\nTen Suns say the Moderns.\n\n\n\n\nAMERICA SHAPED LIKE A TREE.\n\n\nThe ancient Mexicans likened North America to a Tree--a stupendous\n=Mulberry Tree=--\"planted in the land known to us today as South\nAmerica\" (n. 5).\n\nThe Chinese geographers or mythologists teach that at a distance of\n30,000 =le= (10,000 miles) to the east there is a land 10,000 =le= (over\n3,000) miles in width.\n\nNow the land referred to must be North America, for, 10,000 miles east\nfrom southern China brings us to California; and we further find that\nNorth America, now reached, is 10,000 =le=, or over 3,000 miles in\nwidth, measuring from the Pacific to the Atlantic.\n\nThe Chinese accounts further call our eastern realm a =Fu-Sang= (or\nHelpful =Mulberry=) land.\n\nA =Mulberry= land (3,000 miles wide) is =There=, say the Chinese.\n\nThe =Mulberry= land (3,000 miles wide) is =Here=, say the Mexicans.\n\n\nLike the Mexicans, the Chinese sages declare that there is an enormous\nTree--the =Fu= (or helpful) =Sang= Tree--in the eastern Mulberry land\n3,000 miles wide.\n\nAs just remarked, the Chinese call the enormous Eastern Tree a =Sang=,\nand the Mexicans call their enormous Tree a =Beb= (both terms standing\nfor the =Mulberry=,--a fact to which no writer hitherto has directed, or\ncalled, attention.)\n\nObserve (see Figure 2) that at Tehauntepec (a little west of Yucatan)\nour continent narrows down to a width of 100 miles (or 300 Chinese\n=le=).\n\nThe Mexicans say that North America is a Tree, and that it has a\ncorrespondingly enormous Trunk,--which at Tehauntepec measures 100 miles\n(or 300 Chinese =le=).\n\nNow the Chinese writers declare that the enormous Mulberry in the region\neast of the Flowery Kingdom has \"a Trunk of 300 =le=\" (or 100 miles.)\nWhat a prodigious dimension! (see note 6.)\n\nA Mulberry Tree, with a \"Trunk of 300 =le=,\" is =There=, say the\nChinese.\n\nA Mulberry Tree, with a Trunk of 300 =le=, is =Here=, say the Mexicans.\n\n\nSuch a stupendous Tree ought to have enormous Branches to match the\nTrunk, and we are not surprised when informed that our monarch of the\nforest goes up--up--up even to the Place of the 10 Suns (in the Arctic\nzone.)\n\nThe One true sun is, of course, high above the mountain ranges, or\n\"Branches\" of our Continental Mulberry.\n\nBut the extra Nine are false or delusive and mere reflections of the\ntrue sun on fog or vapor. The Chinese account, truly enough, states that\nthey bear =wu=, and this term stands for \"blackness,\" \"inky,\" or \"dark\"\n(Williams dict. p. 1058.)\n\nThis identical term =wu= also stands for black or dark =fowls=, such as\nthe raven, blackbird, and crow; and one Oriental scholar, dwelling\nindeed in Japan, assures us that each of the Nine Suns bears a =Crow=!\nWe are seriously informed, that \"all bear--literally cause to ride--a\n=Crow=\" (note 7.)\n\nAs well might it be asserted that because =wu= signifies \"black,\" the\nNine =Wu= borne by the Suns must be nine blacks or negroes! The\nsupposition that Nine =Crows= are meant is absurd and contradicted by\nthe luminaries themselves.\n\nStrange to say, the \"luminaries\" emit no radiance! The light that is in\nthem is darkness, and they are fitting symbols for commentators--black,\nwhite, yellow, and green--who have written learnedly and positively on\nthem without understanding a thing about them. Perhaps it might be well,\napart from its inconvenience, when writing about any nation, place, or\nnatural object, to ascertain the position and name of the =continent= in\nwhich the subject of study is situated. Of course we are not so\nunreasonable as to insist that we must really comprehend a matter before\ngetting up to explain it to others, but the positions of continents\ndealt with ought, as a rule, to be clearly ascertained. In the present\ninstance we have faithfully followed the ancient directions and groped\nour way into the presence of the Nine blind suns. Gazing at their\nbeaming disks we perceive how the term wu (black or dark) applies to\nthem. The =color= of Crows is there, but not the living birds\nthemselves. It is the story of the Three Black Crows advanced another\nstage on its career of misrepresentation, and magnified Threefold. The\nNine Suns have neither swallowed nor disgorged Nine Black Crows. But\nthey are certainly open to the charge of having feasted too freely on\ndiet no less dark and deceptive.\n\nThey're the =color= of Crows, say the Ancients.\n\nThey =bear= Nine Crows, say the Moderns.\n\n[Illustration: Figure 2. Our Continental American Tree.]\n\n\nThe truth is that the false suns furnish neither heat nor light and\nreally consist of dark (=wu=) vapor.\n\nThe Nine are mere reflections of the low-declined, true sun on\n\"surrounding\" frozen haze or mist, in extremely cold weather. When this\nicy fog seems--merely seems, of course,--to touch and surround the true\nsun, the illusions known as false suns are apt to appear. They obey some\noptical code of laws or signals understood best perhaps by themselves,\nand will sometimes disappear in a moment like a flock of timid \"sun\nbirds\" (or wild geese--see note 8.) Their design apparently is to cheer\nand escort their illustrious sire in his otherwise lonesome trip through\na frozen, desolate zone. Some Chinese accounts call them\n\"children\"--\"children of the sun,\" etc., etc.\n\nThere is a reference to this frozen mist, in Verne's \"Fur Country,\"\nreading as follows: \"It is not a mist or fog,' he said to his\ncompanions, 'it is frost-rime,' a dense vapor which remains in a state\nof complete congelation. But whether a fog or a frozen mist, this\nphenomenon was none the less to be regretted for it rose a hundred feet\nat least above the level of the sea, and it was so opaque that the\ncolonists could not see each other when only two or three paces\napart.\"--Danvers' translation, p. 288.\n\nIt should be remarked that the frozen haze which breeds the false suns\nis found only \"at the bottom of,\" or \"below,\" the mountain ranges or\n\"branches\" of our North American Mulberry Tree. The false suns speedily\ndisappear from the view of the observer who climbs up out of the thick\nstratum of frozen fog or mist and ascends the nearest \"Branch.\"\n\nSuch observations are completely in accord with the ancient Chinese\ndeclaration that Nine of the suns are to be seen \"below\" (=hia=) or \"at\nthe bottom of\" the Branches, and One \"above\" the Branches. The suns (see\nnote 9) are not said to be \"in the Branches.\" Nine are \"below\" (=hia=)\nand One \"above\" (=shang=); a remark as true today as it ever was.\n\n\nThe \"Morea\" (about fifty miles long), in Greece, was so named because it\nwas supposed to resemble the leaf of a =morus= or mulberry. And\nsimilarly North America was considered by Mexican and Chinese\nmythologists to exhibit some resemblance to a mulberry,--the Helpful\nMulberry (or =Fu-Sang=). The one comparison is just as fanciful or\nreasonable as the other. Nor can it be denied that North America\npresents some likeness to a Tree,--towering aloft like the Tree of the\nProphet Daniel, which was seen from the ends of the earth. Here Columbia\nlights up her Tree and welcomes the Neighbors with a smile.\n\n\nThe Chinese note concerning the extra suns and moons, which frequently\nflit about and disappear, like so many sun-birds, connects them with the\n\"Branches\" of the Fu (or Fu-Sang) Tree of amazing proportions, which\nflourishes in the Region east of the Eastern Sea. The Fu-Sang land,\n10,000 =le= (or 3,000 miles wide) is said to be 30,000 =le= (10,000\nmiles) to the east of China; and this indeed is the distance from Canton\nto California. A lesser distance (20,000 =le=, or 7,000 miles) lies\nbetween Northern China and the American Mulberry land due east. It is in\nAmerica that we are directed to search for the surplus assemblage of\nsuns. And do we not find both them and Fu-Sang? (See note 10.) In what\nrespect is the Chinese account inaccurate thus far? We are informed that\n\"in the water is a large tree having nine suns,\" etc. The Trunk of this\nprodigious Tree, which is more or less immersed in the Eastern Sea,\nfurnishes the surprising dimension of \"300 =le=.\" And rising above a\nValley of Hot Springs (readily found in Nicaragua) the Tree proceeds\nupward and rears aloft its exalted Branches in the \"Place of the Ten\nSuns.\"\n\nThe vast mountain-system, with its tree-like \"Trunk\" and \"Branches,\" on\nwhich the many suns and moons are seen to alight or gambol, is called\nthe \"Sun and Moon =shan=\" (=shan= signifying \"mountain or range\") in\nboth the Chinese text and the translation (see note 11.) It is identical\nwith our continental stony Mulberry and constitutes the form of North\nAmerica. Unfortunately our esteemed translator was utterly in the dark\nconcerning the sense of the curious statements regarding the manifold\nsuns and moons and even suggested that an explanation should be sought\nfor in connection with the Philippine Islands. But the Tree, or range of\nthe Sun and Moon, is plainly in North America. And here are the flocks\nof Suns roosting among the Branches.\n\n\n\n\nNOTICE OF OUR GRAND CANYON.\n\n\nAccording to the translation, a \"Great Canyon\" is to be seen in the\n\"Great Eastern Waste\" \"Beyond the Eastern Sea.\" And this Great Canyon is\nplaced in connection with the \"Sun and Moon =shan=\",--which possesses\nthe Mulberry's Branches and exhibit of Suns already glanced at (note\n12.)\n\nWe read that a stream flows through this canyon, \"producing a charming\ngulf.\" We are further informed that \"the water accumulates and so forms\na gulf.\" A river flowing through the \"Great Canyon,\" swells or widens\nout, displays a broadening expanse of water and becomes a Gulf, a\n\"Charming Gulf.\"\n\nIs not this the beautiful Gulf of California, which is a widening out or\nenlargement of a notable stream, the Colorado? Decidedly this mighty and\nfamous river, whose \"water accumulates and so forms a gulf,\" flows\nthrough a Canyon. Moreover, this Canyon is truly a \"Great Canyon.\" It is\nthe greatest and grandest on the planet. It is also found in the \"Great\nWaste to the east of the Eastern Sea,\" which washes the coast of China.\nIt is the Grand Canyon of the Colorado.\n\nThe translation informs us (note 13) that this stream which flows into,\nor becomes a gulf has a \"delightful spring.\" The Canyon \"has a beautiful\nmountain, from which there flows a delightful spring, producing a\ncharming gulf. The water accumulates and so forms a gulf.\" Such is the\ntranslation; but no Chinese term for \"spring\" appears in the text. The\noriginal states that it is a =kan shui= which runs through the Canyon,\nand this identical compound is translated \"Sweet River\" by our author on\npage 163 of his large and comprehensive work. =Kan= indeed signifies\nsweet, sweetness; delightsome, pleasant, happy, refreshing; and =Shui=\nstands for \"water or river\" (see Williams dict. pp. 310, 781.) It is\ntherefore evident that a =kan shui= should be remarkable for the\nsweetness of its water and should start from a \"delightful spring\" of\n=sweet= water, in order to be pure and deserve its reputation.\n\nAs a geographical fact, the Colorado flows out of the very fount which\ncuriously enough, gives birth to the \"Sweet Water.\" This stream becomes\nthe Platte or Nebraska river, which joins the Missouri. And from the\nfount of the Sweet Water, exactly on the mountain divide, a head-stream\nof the Colorado bubbles out, enlarging into the affluent known as the\n\"Green,\" the stream traverses the Grand Canyon and connects with the\nGulf. (note 14.)\n\nIt should have a spring of =kan shui= or =sweet water=; and we find that\nit comes sparkling down the mountains from a =Sweet Water= spring.\n\n\nThe Sweet Water stream after traversing a Canyon, even a \"Great Canyon\"\nshould connect with, or enlarge into, a gulf, described as \"charming.\"\nCan the Gulf of California be regarded as charming?\n\nOne explorer expresses himself as charmed and delighted with the scenery\nof the gulf. A sample passage in his report reads as follows: \"The\nisland and mountain peaks, whose outlines, as seen from the gulf, had\nbeen somewhat dimmed by a light haze, appeared surprisingly near and\ndistinct in the limpid medium through which they were now viewed. The\nwhole panorama became invested with new attractions, and it would be\nhard to say whether the dazzling radiance of the day or the sparkling\nclearness of the night was the more beautiful and brilliant. (note 15.)\n\nTruly a charming and beautiful Gulf is here.\n\n\nAlthough the translation does not draw attention to the fact, the term\nemployed in the Chinese record to describe the course of the stream\nwhich passes through the Great Canyon, is =chu=. Now this word is\nemployed to designate water which is \"shooting over a ledge\" (Williams'\ndict. p. 89), and its use is entirely appropriate in a description of\nthe course of the water in the channel of the Colorado. The bed of the\nstream is exceedingly irregular and consists indeed of a succession of\n=ledges=--producing a series of rapids, falls, or cataracts. Were the\nwater to disappear, the exposed bed of the Colorado, with its ascending\nseries of steps, might be likened indeed with truth to a stairway for\ngiants or gods.\n\nThe falls caused by =ledges= (=chu=) are exceedingly numerous. One\nnavigator's log contains many such entries as the following: \"Still more\nrapids and falls today. In one, the Emma Dean [a boat] is caught in a\nwhirlpool, and set spinning about (n. 16).\n\nOne subdivision of the Grand Canyon is known as Cataract Canyon, and\nthis section \"in its 41 miles, has 75 rapids and cataracts, and 57 of\nthese are crowded into 19 miles, with falls, in places, of 16 to 20\nfeet\" (n. 17.)\n\nAll accounts concur in representing the stream as remarkable for the\nfury and number of its falls. To ascend the Colorado is a sheer\nimpossibility and even to descend the stream is an enterprise rarely\nindeed attempted or achieved. Only rafts or life-boats, backed by pluck\nand luck, stand a chance of getting through--in pieces. The mariners all\nwear life-belts and are just as often in the water as they are out of\nit. Evidently a River of =Ledges= is here. Surely the term =Chu= (or\nwater shooting over =Ledges=) applies with peculiar force to the career\nof this \"wildest of rivers\"--the Colorado.\n\n\n\n\nTHE COLORADO--BOTTOMLESS?\n\n\nKnowing quite well as we do, that our mighty river possesses a very\nsubstantial bottom composed of step-like ledges of rock, we learn with\nsurprise that it is said to flow through a section described as\n=bottomless=! Is not such a statement or assertion absurd? But what did\nthe ancient writer mean? What could he have meant?\n\nThe translation states that, according to a poem, the =Tsang-shan-wu=,\n\"in the east there is a stream flowing in a =bottomless= ravine. It is\nsupposed to be this Canyon\"--the \"Great Canyon of the Region beyond the\nEastern Sea.\"\n\nThe Chinese term rendered \"Canyon\" is =Hoh=, which stands also for \"a\nbed of a torrent, a deep gully or wady; a valley\" (see Williams dict. p.\n453.)\n\nOf course, a =Ta= (or \"Great\") =Hoh= ought to be a Great Canyon, or a\nremarkable deep gorge or valley containing the bed of a torrent.\n\nWe have already been informed that a =Chu= (or river of ledges and\nfalls) is in the =Ta Hoh=, or mighty gorge beyond the Eastern Sea. We\nalso perceive that the title =Ta Hoh= applies properly to the\nmountain-hemmed course of our Colorado (which connects with Middle Park\nand runs to the Gulf.)\n\nSomewhere in this immense and peerless =Ta Hoh=--somewhere among the\nmajestic mountains--somewhere along the bed of the Colorado (either\ninside or outside of Middle Park,) the investigator should find a\nsection which is =bottomless=. The ancient account locates it there. Nor\nare we to look for it in any Philippine Island. We are restricted to the\nbed or banks of the Colorado which we have identified as the =Chu= or\nplunging river that rushes downward to the Gulf. Our leaping stream\nflows into and out of Grand Lake (within Middle Park.) Now this Lake (or\nenlargement of the bed of the Grand Colorado) \"has a beach, and far out\ninto the body of the water a sandy bottom\" and \"in the center, covering\nan area of nearly a =mile= square the Lake to all appearance is\n=bottomless=.\"\n\nWe are further informed that \"explorations of the edges of this great\nsubmarine cavern give the most positive evidences that it was once the\ncrater of a great volcano\" (note 18).\n\n\"The Lake to all appearance is bottomless. The deepest soundings that\ncould ever be made have failed to reach bottom. Hence it is concluded\nthat it has =no bottom=.\"\n\nTurn these two words, \"no bottom\" into Chinese and we get =wu ti=,--the\nvery terms employed in the Chinese account.\n\nNo bottom, say the Ancients.\n\nNo bottom, say the Moderns.\n\n\nThe old account puts the unfathomable abyss in a =Kuh= (valley or\nravine) and it is within a Valley--the Valley of Middle Park--that we\nactually find it. Moreover, this bottomless valley is \"supposed\" (or\nreported) to belong to the =Ta Hoh=--a title which would cover both\nValley and Canyon. Indeed, Middle Park, with its enormous mountain-walls\nconnects directly with the system of the Grand Canyon. Moreover, the one\nstream flows through both. And here it may be remarked that the =Chu=\n(or River of Ledges and Falls) is not terminated or swallowed up by the\nBottomless abyss in =Kuh= (or Valley of Middle Park.) It flows on\nthrough the =Ta Hoh= and ultimately enlarges into a Gulf (the Gulf of\nCalifornia).\n\nThe rocky floor of the =Kuh= (or Valley of Middle Park) evidently\nconstitutes a support or bottom for an impetuous and important River of\nLedges or rapids and yet, at the same time, is reported to be\nBottomless. This seems contradictory. But reaching the precise locality\nreferred to in the old account, modern scientists simply echo the\ndeclaration of the Ancients,--that this Valley or =Kuh=, traversed by a\nleaping, furious =Chu=, is unfathomable.\n\nBottomless! say the Ancients.\n\nBottomless! say the Moderns.\n\n\nIt thus appears that a statement seemingly calculated at first sight to\ndrown the ancient claim in a flood of derision, turns out on examination\nto be overwhelmingly powerful evidence in support of the validity of the\nold record.\n\nIn no respect or degree is the ancient testimony contradicted or\nfalsified by modern evidence. Take for instance the old assertion that\nthe =shan= or mountain-range of the Great Canyon, is \"beautiful.\"\nNothing seems more natural than to conclude that such a laudatory term\nis grossly out of place and that the Mountain-range, with its Canyon and\nfurious =Chu=, is a frightful, gloomy, dangerous, horrible, repulsive,\nbleak, and ugly mass of shattered and tottering heights. And, indeed,\nthere is much truth in this view of the situation. Nevertheless, modern\nvisitors unite in declaring that Beauty is a marked feature of the rocky\nheights that possess or direct the Colorado; and this is in agreement\nwith the ancient account.\n\nOne traveler says: \"The roar of its waters was heard unceasingly, ...\nbut its walls and cliffs, its peaks and crags, its amphitheatres and\nalcoves, tell a story of =beauty= and sublimity\" (note 19).\n\nAnother visitor, who was treated most disrespectfully by our =Chu=, has\neyes only for its \"beauty\": \"The Canyon grows more and more picturesque\nand =beautiful= the farther we proceed.... On many of the long stretches\nwhere the river can be seen for several miles, the picture is one of\ncharming =beauty=.... As the clouds rose we were treated to scenes rare\nand =beautiful= in the extreme\" (n. 20.)\n\nAgain: \"Cataract and Narrow Canyons are wonderful, Glen Canyon is\n=beautiful=, Marble Canyon is mighty; but it is left for the Grand\nCanyon, where the river has cut its way down through the sandstones, the\nmarbles, and the granites of the Kaibab Mountains, to form those\n=beautiful= and awe-inspiring pictures that are seen from the bottom of\nthe black granite gorge, where above us rise great wondrous mountains of\nbright red sandstone capped with cathedral domes and spires of white,\nwith pinnacles and turrets, and towers, in such intricate forms and\nflaming colors that words fail to convey any idea of their =beauty= and\nsublimity.\"\n\n\nThe translation informs us that the mighty gorge is the Canyon of\n=Kiang=, =Shang=, or Almighty God.\n\nAnd a modern visitor declares that \"here Omnipotence stands revealed,\"\nand that here is \"a glorious creation of God.\" (n. 21.)\n\nSo impressed were the ancients with the beauty and grandeur of this\nregion that they peopled it with the souls of illustrious sages, and\ndeclared that here was the Canyon of Almighty God. And those who enter\nit today, come reeling back from its portals,--declaring that no mortal\ncan describe its glories, and that it is the Grand Canyon of Almighty\nGod!\n\n\nWords fail one in the attempt to describe this glorious creation of God.\nThe impression it leaves upon the mind is overpowering. One feels as\nthough he had been admitted into the presence of the Genii of the\nplutonic regions, had penetrated to the very heart of the inner world of\nelemental creations.\"\n\nWe need not wonder that the old account connects a revered ancestor with\nthis glorious and celestial retreat in the Grand Canyon. He is called\n=Shao Hao=, and is furthur termed a =ju=, (or sucking child.)\n\n=Shao= signifies \"little\" or \"a little,\" and =Hao= is formed of the\nsigns for \"sun\" and \"heaven.\" It is therefore evident that the =ju= or\ninfant at the Canyon is (or was) a little sun child, or child of the\nsun.\n\nAmerican rulers called themselves \"Children of the Sun,\" and we should\nbe careful not to confound our Arizona Prince with any Asiatic ruler.\n[The =Hao= or =Shao Hao= of supposed Chinese origin is represented by\nsome different symbols: see Williams' dict. p. 172, columns 1 and 2.]\n\nThe little Child of the Sun at the =Ta-Hoh= or Great Canyon should not\nbe--must not be--confounded with any early Chinese sun-worshiper. We are\nto look =far to the east of China= for both the Canyon and the little\nChild of the Sun referred to in the account before us.\n\nWe are informed that the country connected with the Great Canyon was\ncalled \"=Shao Hao's= country\" (or the land of the Sun-child) on account\nof the little Prince. He entered (=chi=) it, and this furnished the\n=reason= (or =chih=) for its title--Land of the Sun-child.\n\nThe infant (or =ju=) is distinctly called a ruler (or =ti=.) Moreover,\nalthough he was little (=shao=) or but a =ju= (suckling); he was a\nsupreme king (or =chwen suh=). (Note 22.)\n\n=Chwen= is formed by putting together the two words \"only\" and \"head.\"\nAnd =suh= is a Chinese term composed of the two significant words \"only\"\nand \"king\" (see Williams' dict. pp. 117, 825, 1043.)\n\nEvidently the baby ruler (or =ju ti=) was regarded by his people, in\nthis region remarkable for its mountains, as the only or supreme\nhead--the =chwen suh=, as Chinese historians might forcibly phrase\nit--of the people ruled.\n\n[Because the infant was king and even the supreme king, it seems\nreasonable to suppose that his father was dead (and his mother alive) at\nthe time when he was carried into the Great Canyon and duly suckled\nthere.] We need not just here attempt to unravel his history. Enough to\nshow that our Grand Canyon is positively and clearly referred to in\nChinese literature. We may, however, note the fact that the royal infant\n(see translation) belonged to the =Kin Tien= or Golden Heaven family,\nand this title must be considered when the history of our Arizona Prince\ncomes to be investigated. It should further be remarked that the\nrespected translator has erred slightly in his supposition that the\n=Chwen Suh= (or Supreme Head) was \"Shao =Hao's descendant=.\" The\nChinese terms in the original are: =shao hao= (not =hao's=) =ju= (baby)\n=ti= (ruler) =chwen suh= (head king.) It was the =little sun child ruler\nand supreme king= who was at the Canyon.\n\nParticular attention should be paid to the fact, that, although regarded\nas a supreme ruler, the Prince is represented as being but a suckling\n(or =ju=) when in the neighborhood of the Great Canyon.\n\nNow, the translation states that this baby or supreme lord \"of whom no\nfurther description is given, =left there his lute= and lyre. It says\nthat =his lute= and lyre are in this canyon.\"\n\n\n\n\nMUSIC IN THE GRAND CANYON?\n\n\nIt is absurd to imagine for a moment that a =sucking= infant could own,\nor could be really supposed to own, a =lute=. The Chinese text does not\nsay that the musical instrument is \"his.\" And yet, curiously enough, it\ndoes declare that the baby-prince left or abandoned (=k'i=) a Lute or\nLyre in the Canyon.\n\nWhy should such a matter be mentioned? Supposing that a fiddle was left\nbehind, or a drum, or a rattle, why should the trivial fact be gravely\nrecorded?\n\nIf a Lute was left in the mighty chasm, its remains might be there\nstill. But how could an infant be said to leave or abandon a Lute? Would\nhe not try, so well as our memory serves, to first get it into his\nmouth? Would not his chubby hands, quite stout enough for destructive\narts, tear the strings apart and feed the music to the nearest cat?\nWould it be a lute at all when ultimately relinquished? And if the babe\nderived pleasure from ill-treated and squalling strings, why should he\nleave the lute behind? As well say that the suckling abandoned there a\nfishing-rod! Would not a milk-bottle be a much readier fount of ecstacy\nthan either a lute or a flute? Why, neither one nor the other =could be\nheard= within the Canyon.\n\nA Chinese commentator, however, relieves us from the necessity of\nseeking for a literal lute between the resounding jaws of the mighty\nchasm (note 23.) He says it is erroneous (=ngo=) to suppose that the\nbaby emperor (=ju ti=) grasped (=ping=,) or left behind (=chi=) or\nabandoned in the place of midnight darkness (=huen=) any lutes or lyres\n(=kin seh=.) In hyperbolical language (=wu wu=)--which is never true\nwhen taken literally--a clear limpid river (=shuh=) would be the lute\n(=kin=.)\n\nBut how could a clear stream serve as a lute?\n\nThe running water might produce limpid notes. Thus Moore, in his ode on\n\"Harmony,\" uses the following words:\n\n      \"Listen!--when the night-wind dies\n  Down the still current, =like a harp= it sighs!\n      A liquid =chord= in every wave that flows.\"\n\nHere is a current of water likened to the string of a harp, and the\nplaying of winds compared to music.\n\nMrs. Sigourney calls Niagara a \"Trump,\" and we accept the assertion\n(although literally it is quite untrue.)\n\nBut if the Chinese account placed a Trump in the Ontario chasm there\nwould be considerable difficulty in finding it.\n\nFortunately, in the case immediately before us, it is a Chinese author\nwho tells us that we are to seek for limpid streams rather than for\nliteral lutes or lyres.\n\nThe mention of the latter would probably imply that the sounds of some\nstream or streams in the Great Canyon are of a remarkably soft and\nmusical character.\n\nStreams may produce delightful tones. Thus one observer (at Yellowstone)\ntells of the \"mysterious music of the distant falls\" \"like the tremulous\nvibration of a mighty but remote harp-string.\" (note 24)\n\nIf falling water under certain peculiar acoustic circumstances can\nproduce notes like those struck off from harp-strings, the tones can\nalso be compared to those of lutes or lyres (for all are stringed\ninstruments.)\n\nThe very volume which places lutes and lyres in the Great Canyon, also\ntells of a forest elsewhere, which is a \"Forest of Lutes and Lyres\"\n(note 25.)\n\nOf course sounds merely resembling those of the stringed instruments,\nare here referred to. A forest is composed of trees rather than musical\ninstruments, but it may produce musical tones like those of Lutes and\nLyres.\n\nAnd similarly the notes arising from the Grand Canyon may be of a\nlute-like character. This is the teaching of the Ancients. We have found\nthe Bottomless stream and it is certain that visitors should return with\naccounts of melody arising from the Canyon. Future explorers should\nlisten for musical notes. They will certainly not be disappointed.\n\n\nOne visitor says: \"The waters waltz their way through the Canyon, making\ntheir own rippling, rushing, roaring music.\" We further read of\ninnumerable cascades adding their wild music to the roar of the river.\"\n\nWhat are these innumerable cascades but the strings of the Lute which\nwas heard ages ago by enraptured ears and which has kept on resounding\never since. The concert in the Canyon drowns even the basic roar of the\nriver. The music is there.\n\n\"We sit on some overhanging rocks, and enjoy the scene for a time,\nlistening to the music of falling waters away up the canyons.\" (n. 26.)\n\nIt appears that the acoustic properties of the Grand Canyon are\ncalculated to produce most notable effects: \"Great hollow domes are seen\nin the eastern side of the rock.... Our words are repeated with\nstartling clearness, but in a soft mellow tone, that transforms them\ninto magical music.\"\n\nElsewhere an immense grotto \"was doubtless made for an academy of\n=music= by its storm born architect; so we name it =Music= Temple.\" (n.\n27.)\n\nLutes and Lyres are there, say the Ancients.\n\nA Temple of Music is there, say the Moderns.\n\n\nIt will be noticed that the Chinese annotater calls the Great\nCanyon--the =Ta Hoh=--a place of (=huen=) midnight darkness and declares\nthat it is erroneous to suppose that the Lute played down there (where\nit could not possibly be heard) was an instrument held by a human hand\n(the hand of a suckling!). Now, although the great gorge is wonderfully\nbeautiful, it must be conceded that its basic part (within which human\nbeings might dwell) is decidedly dark. Here \"it is necessary to 'lie\ndown upon one's back in order to see the sky,'--as I once heard General\nCrook express it. Into much of this deep gorge no ray of sunshine ever\nfalls, and it well deserves the name of the 'Dark Canyon.'\" (n. 28).\nOften in midday, stars are seen shining overhead; and it may well be\ncalled a place of midnight darkness (=huen=.)\n\nIn the following passage a modern visitor notices the \"dark and\nfrowning\" walls of the chasm, but still enlarges on their beauty:--\"One\nwould think that after traveling through six hundred miles of those\ncanyons, one would be satisfied with =beauty= and grandeur, but in this\nfact lies the charm. Of the six hundred miles no two miles are alike.\nThe picture is ever changing from grandeur to beauty, from beauty to\nsublimity, from the =dark= and =frowning= greatness of its granite\nwalls, to the dazzling colors of its upper cliffs. And I stood in the\nlast few miles of the Grand Canyon spellbound in wonder and admiration,\nas firmly as I was fixed in the first few miles in surprise and\nastonishment.\" (note 29.)\n\nNature has done her best to adorn the walls of the mighty gorge. We are\ntold of \"=thousands of rivulets=\" that \"dropped farther and farther\ndown, till the whole of the bright scarlet walls seemed hung with a\ntapestry of silver threads, the border fringed with white fleecy clouds\nwhich hung to the tops of the walls, and through which the points of the\nupper cliffs shone as scarlet tassels.\"\n\nNor was Dame Nature completely satisfied with her tapestry and fringe of\ntassels. Other embroidery was displayed. \"As the sun broke through some\nside gorge, the canyon was spanned from side to side, as the clouds\nshifted their position, with rainbow after rainbow, vying to outdo in\nbrilliancy of color the walls of the canyon themselves.\"\n\nThe ancient account declares, that in \"the Region beyond the Eastern\nSea,\" a Bottomless river traverses a Great Canyon. And this stream,\nremarkable for its ledges (=chu=) or rapids and falls, rushes onward and\ndownward, and grows or enlarges into a Gulf. And the Canyon, the River,\nand the Gulf are all reported to be =Kan=--or =Beautiful=.\n\nAnd visitors today return from all three, declaring that they are\nBeautiful! Beautiful!! Beautiful!!!\n\n\nAnd some are entranced by strains of music arising from the mouth of the\nCanyon and declare that it holds an \"orchestra.\" In one place the\nthousands of streamlets, glistening and gleaming like silvery cords,\nstretch downward from the edge of the painted chasm; and the resounding,\nmelodious precipice is called \"the Cliff of the Harp.\" (note 30.) What\nis this but an echo of the ancient declaration that the royal Lute in\nthe Canyon was merely a musical stream. Similar ideas have occurred to\npoets. Coleridge in his \"Ancient Mariner,\" tells of\n\n  \"A noise like of a hidden brook\n      In the leafy month of June,\n  Which to the sleeping woods all night\n      Singeth a quiet tune.\"\n\nAnd Moore has heard the notes of harp-strings sounding forth from\nmelodious streams. What wonder, then, that ancient poets (and the\ntranslation states that the particular work which makes mention of the\n\"Bottomless =Kuh=\" or valley, is a \"poem\") should have likened a\ncollection of falling streams or cascades to the chords of a tuneful\nLute and then, to distinguish it from others less excellent, have\napplied to the stringed instrument the name of their Prince. Americans\ntoday gravely talk of visiting or seeing \"St. Luke's Head\" (in\nCalifornia!) And we possess a mere natural formation which is supposed\nto resemble a nose and is religiously called \"St. Anthony's Nose.\" In\ntruth this \"nose\" is no more a literal nose than the \"Lute\" in the\nCanyon is a literal stringed instrument made by men. Then we have\n\"Cleopatra's Bath\" and \"Pompey's Pillar.\" (Next tell us in the interest\nof chaos and confusion that Pompey left here \"his\" Pillar.)\n\nIn the grand caves at Pikes Peak there is an \"organ,\" which is really no\norgan at all. It is a natural formation or production from which\ncharming melodies are fetched by skilled musicians. Now if we ourselves\ncan gravely call a musical, highly-strung rock an \"Organ,\" may not the\nAncients be excused for calling a combination of musical streams a Lute?\nContemplating the \"Cliff of the Harp,\" we can readily understand how\nold-time visitors found down there the tuneful string of a \"Lute\" and\nhow an imperial Child of the Sun was unable to lug along \"his\" notable\nmusical toy. There it remains and melodious notes still come floating\nup.\n\nLutes and Lyres are there, say the Ancients.\n\n\"An Academy of Music!\" say the Moderns.\n\n\nThe Chinese annotater remarks that the =lieh tsze= (a class of sages or\nteachers--the literati) are unacquainted (=pu chi=) with the =sheu-hai=\nor Gulf situated toward the east (=chi tung=.)\n\nThe Chinese scholars of the writer's time knew little or nothing of our\nGulf of California (or =Sheu-hai=). However, it was known to some; and\nwe are now informed that it is =ki= (a =few=; nearly about,\napproximately) =yih= (to =guess=, to bet; 100,000; an indeterminate\nnumber) =wan= (10,000) =le=.\n\nA single =wan le= should measure about 3,000 miles, and a =few= (to\n\"guess\") separate China from the =Ta-Hoh= which connects with the\nBottomless =kuh= or valley (\"=Ta-Hoh shih wei wu ti chi kuh=.)\n\nEvidently the Great Canyon lies more than =one wan le= (3,000 miles) to\nthe east of China. We find indeed that the number may well be referred\nto as \"a few\" (=ki=.)\n\nNor can the Gulf be =more= than about 30,000 =le= to the east, seeing\nthat this Gulf of California is in \"the region beyond the Eastern Sea\"\nalong with the =Fu-Tree= which has a trunk of 300 =le=. The Gulf to the\neast is connected with the mountain system whose Branches exhibit the\ngorgeous spectacle of Ten Suns. In short, the Gulf and Canyon are along\nwith =Fu-Sang=; and =Fu-Sang= is only 30,000 =le= to the east of China,\nand merely 10,000 wide. Accordingly, the Gulf is but \"a few\" =wan le= to\nthe east of the Flowery Kingdom.\n\nTo look for the Canyon and Tree within the Philippine Islands,\ncontiguous to China, is simply impossible. The islands have been pretty\nwell thrashed over lately, and no one has met with the Tree! It has a\n\"Trunk of 300 le,\" and collectors of curios or strange plants should\nkeep wide awake and see that they don't pass it in the dark. And yet\nwith its Ten Moons, how miss it? How fail to notice our glittering,\ngleaming, glorious candelabrum? It couldn't have fallen or drifted over\nto the Panama ditch? It can't possibly be now stuck in any South\nAmerican Flower-pot? Catching the Tree seems to be as slippery as\ncatching Tartars, and perhaps when the first is found, the others won't\nbe very far off.\n\nThe Chinese commentator, of course, never saw either the Gulf or Canyon\nbut he quotes from earlier writers who were well acquainted with our\n\"region beyond the Eastern Sea;\" and one of these named =Chwangtsze=, is\nquoted to the effect that in the =Ta Hoh= or Great Canyon =high winds=\n(=yuen fung=) occur (=yu=) or come unexpectedly upon one.\n\nDo storms arise suddenly in the neighborhood of the mighty chasm?\n\nOne modern explorer says: \"I go up to explore the alcove. While away a\nwhirlwind comes scattering the camp fire among the dead willows and\ncedar spray and soon there is a conflagration, the men rushing for the\nboats, leaving all they cannot readily seize at the moment, and even\nthen they have their clothing burned and hair singed.\" (note 31.)\n\nStorms occur in all parts of the world. Is there anything peculiar about\nthe tempests which are said to suddenly arise in the Great Canyon?\n\nOne visitor says: \"Storms were not infrequent and these occurring where\nthe canyon walls were a mile high and close together produced an effect\nthat was almost supernatural in its awfulness. The deep thunder echoed\nsharply between the cliffs, producing a roaring sound that was almost\ndeafening.\" (note 32.)\n\nIt should be remembered that the vast caverns here multiply the\nbellowings of thunder and also help to confine and intensify the raging\nand imprisoned whirlwinds.\n\nOne eye or ear witness tells of a storm both seen and heard within the\nCanyon and adds: \"I have seen the lightning play and heard the thunder\nroll among the summit peaks of the Rocky Mountains, as I have stood on\nsome rocky point far above the clouds, but =nowhere= has the awful\ngrandeur equalled that night in the lonesome depths of what was to us\ndeath's canyon.... Again all was shut in by darkness thicker than that\nof Egypt. The stillness was only broken by the roar of the river as it\nrushed along beneath me. Suddenly as if the mighty cliffs were rolling\ndown against each other, there was peal after peal of thunder striking\nagainst the marble cliffs below, and mingling with their echoes,\nbounding from cliff to cliff. Thunder with echo, echo with thunder,\ncrossed and recrossed from wall to wall of the canyon,\" etc. (note 33.)\n\nSurely sudden and dreadful storms rage here. The loudest in North\nAmerica, says an expert.\n\n\nObserve that the visitor just quoted notices the \"roar of the river\" in\nconnection with the fury of the tempest.\n\nNow, the ancient visitor does the same. After directing attention to the\nsudden high winds, he says that a decidedly curious sight or spectacle\n(=king shun=) is the =keang= (a large main stream which receives\ntributaries) spreading abroad (=fu=) the =noise= of flowing water\n(=tsung=) in the =Ta-Hoh= or Great Canyon.\n\nThe noise of the great river or =Keang= is thus noticed by the ancient\nvisitor, who also declares that the =Ta-Hoh= or Great Canyon constitutes\na decidedly fine or curious sight.\n\nAnd such in truth it actually is. \"Imagine a chasm that at times is less\nthan a quarter of a mile wide and more than a mile deep, the bed of\nwhich is a tossing, =roaring=, madly impetuous flood.... What an\nimposing spectacle; what a sublime vision of mightiness!\" (n. 34).\n\nA great sight! say the Ancients.\n\nA Wonder of the World! say the Moderns.\n\n\nThe roar of the river has never ceased since the ancient scribe, or his\ninformant, passed that way. A modern visitor says: \"The threatening\n=roar= of the water is loud and constant.\"\n\nAgain, \"The =roar= of its waters was heard unceasingly from the hour we\nentered it until the time we landed here. No quiet in all that time.\"\n(n. 35).\n\nOne navigator tells of a \"bore\" in connection with the resounding\nstream. \"In the stillness of the night, the roaring of the huge mass\ncould be heard reverberating among the windings of the river.... This\nsingular phenomenon of the 'bore,' as it is called, is met with but at\nfew places in the world.... In the course of four or five hours the\nriver falls about thirty feet\" (n. 36.)\n\nAnother explorer pauses at one spot in his amphibious career to note\nthat \"high water mark\" can be seen \"fifty, sixty, or a hundred feet\nabove its present stage;\" and \"when a storm bursts over the canyon, a\nside gulch is dangerous, for a sudden flood may come and the inpouring\nwaters will raise the river, so as to hide the rocks before your eyes\"\n(n. 37).\n\nAnother navigator, who never was without a life-belt,--which he found of\nvital use when righting his too often overturned ark,--tells with\namazement of \"the waves, torrents, and cataracts of this wildest of\nrivers.\"\n\nA ceaseless basic roar is there,--deadened at times by floods of music,\nyet nevertheless eternally there.\n\n\nThe sea connected with the Great Canyon is elsewhere called a =Puh hai=\n(the latter term signifying \"sea.\")\n\nA =Puh hai= is said to be a \"Gulf,\" and we find a Gulf--the Gulf of\nCalifornia--at the mouth of the Colorado.\n\nIt should, however, be observed that the term =Puh= by itself stands for\n\"an arm of the sea.\" A =Puh hai= is a Gulf which forms \"an arm of the\nsea.\" The Gulf or sea should be shaped like an =arm=--an arm of the\nocean (see Williams' dict. p. 718.)\n\nNow, a glance at the map shows that in a very peculiar sense the Gulf of\nCalifornia is a =hai= or \"sea\" which meets the requirements of being\nshaped like an =arm=. It is a sea and a gulf and at the same time \"an\narm\" of the ocean. Truly it is a =Puh hai=.\n\nA great many \"gulfs\" are quite unlike \"arms,\" being too broad to admit\nof such a comparison. But our Gulf of California is comparatively narrow\nand is truly an \"arm\" of the sea. And notice how the water of the\nriver--our Colorado--\"accumulates and so forms a gulf.\" Such are the\nwords of the existing translation and they apply completely to the\nAmerican situation. Here we find the water of the Colorado accumulating\nor widening out until it becomes a great body of water--a Gulf. Indeed\nthis development or process of expansion is so gradual that it is\nimpossible for navigators to tell where the river ends or the gulf\nbegins.\n\n\nIn the Chinese comment immediately before us, however, the =hai= or sea\nto the Canyon's river mouth is called a =Sheu=.\n\nNow this term signifies \"to rinse the mouth, to scour; to wash out a\nthing; to purify.\" (Williams, p. 757.)\n\nThe word =Sheu= is written by combining the characters for \"water\" and\n\"to suck in.\"\n\nIt is evident that our Gulf of California is \"an arm of the sea\" and no\nless a =Sheu=. A \"mouth\" it undoubtedly has, and this mouth is being\nceaselessly \"washed,\" \"scoured,\" and \"purified.\" Even a dentist would be\nsatisfied! The immense stream rushes out, and tides from the Pacific\nrush in. Moreover the Colorado \"sucks in\" the tidal wave known as the\nBore. Surely we have here the Eastern Gulf sea which is both a =Puh= and\na =Sheu=.\n\n\nThe water of the noisy, restless, purifying stream within the =Ta-Hoh=\nwas it is said,--\n\n1. =Yu= (which means \"used or employed.\")\n\n2. =Wuh= (to water or irrigate; to soften with water; to enrich.)\n\n3. =Tsiao= (scorched, burned, singed, dried up.)\n\n4. =Chi= (referring to or denoting.)\n\n5. =Tsze= (here or this.)\n\nEvidently the water of the Colorado was used to =irrigate= some ground\nor vegetation which was dried up or =scorched=.\n\nSuch a remark implies a high temperature (during the period of\ngrowth) between the walls of the chasm, and also leads us to look\nfor some soil--some scorched or dried up soil (sadly in need of\nirrigation)--between the jaws of the Canyon. Is there parched or\ndesert soil on the banks of the Colorado?\n\nHere is the answer: \"The region through which the chafing waters of the\nColorado run is forbidding in the extreme, a vast =Sahara= of waste and\ninutility; a desert too dreary for either vegetable or animal life; a\nland that is =haunted with wind-storm=, on which ride the furies of\ndesolation.... The earth is =parched to sterility=.... It is like the\nmoon, a =parched= district, save for the single stream which, instead of\nsupplying sustenance, is eating its vitals.\" (note 38.)\n\nAnother traveler visited Fort Yuma, on the Colorado, and says: \"The ride\nto the fort was through a flat and desolate looking country.... It was a\ndreary eight hours ride.\" Other remarks are made concerning \"the\nbarrenness of the surrounding region and\" \"the =intense heat= of its\nsummer climate.\" (note 39.)\n\nIn some spots, however, water produces magical effects. In the Mojave\nvalley, for instance, \"the annual overflow of the river enables the\nMojaves, to raise with little labor, an abundant supply of provisions\nfor the year.... During one season, a few years since, the Colorado did\nnot overflow its banks; there were consequently no crops and great\nnumbers of the Mojaves perished from starvation.\" (note 40.)\n\nCuriously enough, although rain fell furiously within the Canyon, it was\nobserved by a traveler that \"such rain-storms were invariably confined\nto the immediate vicinity of the Canyon, the territory lying two or\nthree miles east or west continuing parched with hardly a cloud above\nit.\" And the explorer wonders how some ancient inhabitants, whose\nbuildings are now in ruins, \"managed to exist, situated as they were in\na desolate country, where there was great scarcity of both vegetable and\nanimal life.\"\n\nThe ancient Chinese account connects a baby king, a supreme ruler, with\nthe Great Canyon and now states that water was used within the gorge to\nirrigate the soil, which is represented as being dried up or scorched.\nIs the Canyon remarkable for its heat? Surely it ought to be cool down\nthere?\n\nOne visitor says: \"That Canyon was the sultriest place I have ever\nstruck, and my experience includes some of the hottest sections this\nside of the equator.\n\nThe oppressive heat in the chasm was felt at a \"point fifty times as\ndeep as the great chasm at Niagara.\" (note 41.)\n\n\"But despite the terrible heat, despite the discomfort of the situation,\nI was compelled to wonder and admire, For,\"--\n\nThe =Ta-Hoh= should constitute a magnificent sight, but it is also said\nto contain some =scorched= or dried up soil. Is such to be seen?\n\nAn explorer reached the Colorado at a point where it is 266 yards wide,\nand adds that the \"soil\" \"bore nothing but dry weeds and bushes and the\nwhole scene presented the most perfect picture of desolation I have ever\nbeheld, as if some =sirocco= had passed over the land, =withering= and\n=scorching everything=.\" (note 42.)\n\nWithered and scorched! say the Ancients.\n\nWithered and scorched! say the Moderns.\n\n\nIn one favored spot, \"to the limit of vision, the tortuous course of the\nriver (the Colorado) could be traced through a belt of alluvial land\nvarying from one to six miles in width, and garnished with inviting\nmeadows, with broad groves of willow and mezquite and promising fields\nof grain.\" The visitor remarks that the valley appears most attractive\nin the spring--\"at this season of the year before the =burning heat= has\n=withered= the freshness and beauty of the early vegetation.\" (note 43.)\n\nWe are informed that the valley south of the Bend of the Colorado near\nthe \"Needles,\" there is in the spring a \"most brilliant array\" of\nflowers; but, \"after the ephemeral influence of the few spring showers\nhas passed, the annual plants are soon =burned= up by the sun's heat and\nperfect sterility prevails throughout the remainder of the season.\"\n(note 44.)\n\nIt is sufficiently apparent that the soil when properly watered can\nproduce abundant vegetation and sufficient nourishment for, of course,\nlimited numbers of human beings. Deprived of water, the soil is unable\nto sustain desirable plants, and presents a sterile aspect. Surveying\nits present condition or appearance of barrenness, a modern visitor\nwonders how the ancient inhabitants contrived to exist, or find food,\nwithin the withered, unfruitful chasm. But one of the ancients, Mr.\nChwang Tsze, writing about this very =Ta-Hoh= or Great Chasm, says that\nthey used water to irrigate the otherwise scorched or dried up soil.\nThen, if such a somewhat belated answer is true, the question arises,\nwhere are the proofs?\n\nA chief of the Ethnological Bureau very properly furnishes the answer.\nStanding in the abyss of the =Ta-Hoh=, on the bank of the roaring river,\nhe beholds some ancient buildings and perceives how their vanished\noccupants formerly contrived to subsist. He says: \"We can see where the\nancient people who lived here--a race more highly civilized than the\npresent--had made a =garden=, and =used= a great spring\" [or feeder of\nthe Colorado], \"that comes out of the rocks for =irrigation=,\" etc. (n.\n45.)\n\nWe irrigated the soil, say the Ancients.\n\nThey irrigated the soil, say the Moderns.\n\n\nNext comes the statement of some trusted early sage or scholar who was\ncertainly acquainted with our =Ta-Hoh= (containing the ruin and\nirrigated soil just noticed.) It is an observer or scribe named\n=Tu-tsan=, who says:--\n\n10. =Seay= (to paint, to draw, to sketch.)\n\n11. =yih= (to spread abroad, to diffuse.)\n\n12. =tung= (a gorge, ravine, canyon, a cave, a grotto.)\n\n13. =hueh= (\"a hole in the earth or side of a hill,--they are used for\ndwellings;\" a den, a grotto, a cavern.)\n\nSomething called =seay= is here said to be spread abroad, or diffused\nover rocky walls or caves. Williams (p. 796) says that =seay= (or =sie=\nas it is also spelled) stands for a sketch or design, and adds that it\nmeans to draw, to compose, to write. Morrison, in his dictionary, says\nthat =seay= signifies \"to paint,\" etc.\n\nOf course there is no use looking for anything so absurd as pictured or\npainted rocky walls or caves; and we accordingly feel disappointed when\nthe ancient text seems to notice such. The pictures or paint should be\n\"spread abroad\" freely or lavishly in the vicinity of caverns, and we\nknow positively that no \"paint\" or pigment of human composition can be\nseen on the canyon walls. No artificial pictures are there, and we are\ncompelled to admit that the ancient account here stands falsified.\n\nWe have, however, found the caves. Music Temple, for instance measures\ntwo hundred feet from floor to roof, and is \"a vast chamber carved out\nof the rock.\" There are caverns in all directions. And the noisy,\nroaring river is certainly there as well. One explorer says: \"Imagine a\nchasm that at times is less than a quarter of a mile wide and more than\na mile deep, the bed of which is a tossing, roaring, madly impetuous\nflood, winding its way in a sinuous course along =walls= that are\n=painted= with all the pigments known to nature. What an imposing\nspectacle!\" (n. 46.)\n\nOf course we must object that the \"walls\" are really not walls and that\nthe \"paint\" so lavishly spread upon them is not paint at all. The\nancient assertion is delusive, but equally so is the modern. Just\ncompare them.\n\nThe Virgin River enters the Colorado, and at the place of junction are\nthe \"resplendently =painted= temples and towers of the Virgin. Here the\nslopes, the serpentine ledges, and the bosses of projecting rock,\ninterlarded with scanty soil, display all the colors of the rainbow, and\nin the distance may be likened to the =painter's pallete=. The bolder\ntints are of maroon, purple, chocolate, magenta, and lavendar, with\nbroad bands of white laid in horizontal belts. (n. 47.)\n\nIs this so-called \"paint\" =lavishly= \"spread abroad\"?\n\nCertainly; one section of the mighty and wondrous gorge is known as \"the\n=painted= canyon.\"\n\nOf course the chasm is not really \"painted\" by artists or human agents,\nand we need not look for painted cliffs anywhere. Nevertheless modern\nobservers echo the language of the ancients, and we are told today of\n\"the =painting= of the rocks\" and of \"deep, =painted= alcoves\" and\n\"=painted= grottos\" (n. 48.)\n\n\nThe term =yih= (see Williams' dict. pp. 781, 1092) is composed of the\ncharacters for \"fluid\" and \"vessel,\" and signifies \"A vessel full to the\nbrim; ready to overflow, to run over; abundant; to spread abroad, to\ndiffuse.\" As =seay=, the word which precedes =yih= in our Chinese note,\nsignifies \"to paint,\" we perceive how the additional term =yih= teaches\nthat the =paint= made use of has been applied to extensive surfaces, so\nthat it presents the appearance of having \"overflowed\" or \"run over\" the\nrocky walls and caverns dealt with.\n\nOf course neither writing nor literal pictures could overflow or\ndrench--and adhere to--walls or cliffs. But =seay yih= might cover the\nmotion of applying =paint= in a most lavish, copious, overflowing\nmanner. Here are cliffs so \"rich with parti-coloring as to justify the\nmost extravagant language in describing them.\"\n\nIt looks as though the gnomes on the job, in the Canyon, just emptied\ntheir paint-pots down dizzy cliffs and then went back for more. And such\nextravagance is in harmony with the symbols which stand for painting and\nvessels and spreading abroad or overflowing! Mineral paints were freely\nused and sometimes apparently with considerable care and skill. Thus we\nread of a red sandstone cliff \"unbroken by cracks or crevices or ledges\"\nexhibiting \"extensive flat surfaces beautifully =stained= by iron, till\none could imagine all manner of tapestry effects.\"\n\nHere are painted imitations of tapestry.\n\nIt should further be remembered that there are actual picture writings\nspread abroad on extensive painted or stained surfaces. The author just\nquoted beheld ancient dwellings which \"exhibited considerable skill on\nthe part of the builders, the corners being plumb and square.\" And just\nhere \"there were also numerous picture writings.\" (note 49.)\n\nAn amazed visitor exclaims: \"Grand, glorious, sublime, are the Pictorial\ncliffs of vermillion hue!\"\n\n\"Pictorial\" answers to =seay= (the 10th character in our list.)\n\nPictured and painted! say the Ancients.\n\nPictured and painted! say the Moderns.\n\n\nWe have seen that our Gulf (of California) has been called a =Puh-hai=,\nor \"arm of the sea.\"\n\nProfessor Hoith, the celebrated student of Chinese, in his work on\n\"Chinese History\" (p. 49, footnote) says that a =puh hai= is \"an\nestuary.\"\n\nWebster says that an \"estuary\" is \"an arm of the sea; a firth; a narrow\npassage, or the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets the\ncurrent, or flows and ebbs.\"\n\nPlainly our Gulf of California is a =Puh hai= or Estuary.\n\n\nIt may further be remarked that =Puh= is written in Chinese by putting\ntogether two characters, one standing for \"water,\" and the other\nsignifying \"Suddenly; hastily; flurried, disconcerted, as when caught\ndoing wrong; to change color, confused\" (Williams' dict. p. 718.)\n\nIt is superfluous to say that our Gulf or Estuary is a very \"confused\"\nor \"flurried\" body of water. It is truly a =Puh-hai=.\n\nMoreover, it \"changes color.\" As though \"caught doing wrong,\" it changes\ncolor and blushes at times a rosy red. This is the hue of multidunious\nveins: \"A thousand streams rolling down the cliffs on every side, carry\nwith them red sand; and these all unite in the canyon below, in one\ngreat stream of red mud\" (n. 50.) But sometimes the color below Yuma is\nyellow or black (n. 51.)\n\nThe name \"Colorado\" is a Spanish term conveying the idea of redness, and\nundoubtedly this hue predominates throughout the course of the\nboisterous stream; but other colors due to the dye or wash of variously\npainted cliffs, are also met with. Moreover a section may exhibit one\ncolor to-day and something different to-morrow. And so it is with the\ngulf, which receives the Colorado, and on which floating patches of\ncolor are frequently seen. Truly our Gulf or Estuary is remarkable for\nboth its coloring, blue, red, etc., and its changes of color. In all\nrespects it is plainly a =Puh-hai=.\n\n\nOur Gulf or Estuary is also called a =yuen=. Farther on (see Chinese\nversion) we read that the Canyon river produces or grows into (=shang=)\na beautiful (=kan=) =yuen=.\n\nThis term =yuen= stands for a \"gulf, an abyss; an eddy, a whirlpool or\nplace where the back water seems to stop.\"\n\nA whirling, violent, or impetuous body of water is evidently referred\nto. Fernando Alarchon, in 1540, found the Colorado \"a very mighty river,\nwhich ran with so great a fury of stream that we could hardly sail\nagainst it.\n\nOne voyager tells how his ark, the \"Emma\" was \"caught in a =whirlpool=,\nand set spinning about.\" Here is a =yuen=.\n\nAgain, \"The men in the boats above see our trouble but they are caught\nin whirlpools, and are spinning about in eddies.\"\n\nWhat have we here but =Yuen=--multiplied whirlpools?\n\nThrough \"Whirlpool Canyon\" and all the way to the Gulf, the waters dance\naround and about. We read of \"dancing eddies or whirlpools.\" There are\nmore than 600 rapids and falls in the Colorado (n. 52.)\n\nThe waters =waltz= their way and even furnish their own \"rippling,\nrushing, roaring music.\" And we are in addition told of \"innumerable\ncascades adding their wild music\" (n. 53).\n\nSurely the entire inlet traversed by the bore or reached by ocean tides\nis in precisely the condition of commotion which may well be designated\nby the term yuen.\n\n\nWe are informed that the =kan= (or beautiful) =yuen= approaches (=tsih=)\nwith vapor (=hi hwo=) and bathes (=yuh=) the sun's place (=ji chi su=).\n\nIt is evident that the mighty stream which traverses the Great Canyon in\nthe region beyond the Eastern Sea, should flow from a Bottomless valley\nto a Gulf, and reach to the Sun's Place. And we find that the current of\nthe Colorado extends to the Tropical line of Cancer, which crosses and\nmarks the mouth of the Gulf of California.\n\n\nVapor or fog is noticed in connection with the beautiful (even if\nrestless or reeling) =Yuen=.\n\nAre fogs a noticeable feature along the coast of California? If so, they\nmight hide the entrance or mouth of the Gulf.\n\nOne visitor says: \"Westward toward the setting sun and the sea,\" was a\n\"filmy fog creeping landward, swallowing one by one the distant hills.\"\n\nAgain, we read of \"hilltops that thrust their heads through the slowly\nvanishing vapor.\"\n\nHere \"you may bask in the sunshine of gardens of almost tropic\nluxuriance or shudder in =fogs that shroud the coast=\" (n. 54.)\n\nWe need not wonder that such vapors should appear within the confines of\nthe charming Gulf of California and at times veil its shores. A recent\nvisitor says: \"The island and mountain peaks, whose outlines are seen\nfrom the Gulf, had been somewhat =dimmed= by a light =haze=, appeared\nsurprisingly near and distinct in the limpid medium through which they\nwere now viewed. The whole panorama became invested with new\nattractions, and it would be hard to say whether the dazzling radiance\nof the day or the sparkling clearness of the night was the more\n=beautiful= and brilliant\" (n. 55).\n\nHazy and Beautiful, say the Ancients.\n\nHazy and Beautiful, say the Moderns.\n\n\nThe haze is not dense enough to blind our eyes to the manifest fact that\nthose people of old who were acquainted with the position of our Gulf of\nCalifornia, must also have been acquainted with Mexico and its\ninhabitants.\n\nTropical America was considered by its people to be particularly under\nthe influence of the Sun. Uxmal was in \"the Land of the Sun\" (n. 56),\nand the Mexicans called themselves \"Children of the Sun.\"\n\n\n\n\nCAVE DWELLINGS IN THE GRAND CANYON.\n\n\nIt will be noticed that the 13th term in our list is =hueh=, which\nstands for cave habitation. Are such to be seen in our Canyon?\n\nNumerous =tung= (see 12th term,) in the shape of caves or holes are\nundoubtedly there, but in addition the old account notices =hueh=. Have\nsuch been found?\n\nOne explorer says: \"Even more remarkable than the stupendous walls which\nconfine the Colorado river, are the ruined cave habitations which are to\nbe seen along the lofty and inaccessible ledges, in which a vanished\nrace long years ago evidently sought refuge from their enemies.... They\nwere reached by very narrow, precipitous, and devious paths, and being\nextremely difficult to attain by the occupants themselves, presented an\nimpregnable front to invaders\" (n. 57.)\n\nExplorers decending into the =ta-hoh= come forth to-day with accounts of\ngardens and irrigating streams, pictured cliffs, and cave dwellings,--in\ncomplete agreement with the ancient record.\n\n\nFollowing the term =hueh= we find a 14th, called =han=, which stands for\ndry, heated air; too dry; parched as by drought; crisp.\n\nIs there =han=, or dry heated air down in the Canyon?\n\nOne visitor entered the Grand Canyon \"in the morning while darkness yet\ncovered the scene, but even then it was oppressively hot, and as the sun\ngot higher I felt as though I had been thrust into a dutch =oven= and\nthe mouth stopped up.... But, despite the terrible heat ... I was\ncompelled to wonder and admire ... the gorgeous cliffs and rock walls\nshowing all those varied colorings,\" etc. (n. 58).\n\nIt was the \"terrible heat\" which compelled the Ancients to resort to\nirrigation in order to raise some food for themselves and little ones.\nDestitute of water, the soil is scorched and barren.\n\nIt is said that \"there are about 700 square miles of arable land between\nthe mouth of the Gila and the 35th parallel of N. latitude,\" along the\nColorado. And \"in the valley\" of this stream, where it is joined by the\nGila, \"are traces of ancient irrigating canals, which show that it has\nonce been cultivated.\" And along the connected Gila are irrigating works\nof remarkable construction and undoubted antiquity--antedating the\narrival of the Spaniards by centuries.\n\nWhere the soil is actually irrigated or cultivated the response of\nnature is most gratifying and encouraging. We learn with regard to the\nColorado valley, that \"portions are cultivated by the numerous tribes of\nIndians who live along its banks, affording them an abundance of wheat,\nmaize, beans, melons, squashes,\" etc. (n. 59).\n\nSuch ground would be well worthy of attention; but the attitude of \"the\nnumerous tribes of Indians\" along the Colorado might interfere with the\nplans of newcomers and even compel the latter to live in caves or on\nledges easily defended. And it is certain that soil insufficiently\nwatered presents a distressingly sterile aspect in the neighborhood of\nthe Colorado.\n\nOne traveler, already quoted, says with regard to a wide section, that\n\"the whole scene presented the most perfect picture of desolation I\nhave ever beheld, as if some Sirocco had passed over the land,\n=withering= and =scorching= everything to crispness\" (n. 60.)\n\nNotice this word \"crispness\" used by our author. Turned into Chinese it\nbecomes =han= (crisp)--the very term applied in the ancient record to\nthe condition of the soil unwatered within the Canyon. It is curious how\nthe old and new visitors agree in their descriptions of the interior of\nthe mighty gorge, where vegetation is withered or dead.\n\nScorched and Crisp! say the Ancients.\n\nScorched and Crisp! say the Moderns.\n\n\nThe Canyon should be hot, and one of our own visitors says: \"The sun\nshone directly up the Canyon, and the glare =reflected from the walls=\nmade the heat intolerable (n. 61.)\n\nThe word =han= has, unfortunately enough, a perfect right to appear in\nthe old record. Following it we find additional terms:\n\n15. A compound character consisting of the signs for \"Sun\" (=Jih=) and\n\"People\" (=Min=.)\n\n16. =lung= (\"used for =nagas= or snake gods;\" \"a dragon,\" \"imperial.\"\n\"It is often used for a man.\")\n\n17. =chuh= (\"the illumination of torches; a candle; a light; to give or\nshed light upon, to illumine\")\n\nThe statement seems to teach that the Sun People--the men--were using\ntorches to illumine the depth of the hot Canyon.\n\nWe have already been informed that a =ju= or suckling, who was yet a\nsupreme King (like perhaps the last Chinese Emperor of the Manchu\ndynasty, in 1912 A. D.) and a Child of the Sun, was down in the abyss,\nso we are prepared to hear that his subjects--some Sun people--were down\nthere too.\n\nOf course, for the greater part of the twenty-four hours, the darkness,\nparticularly in the cave dwellings should be most intense. One visitor,\nquoted already, tells of \"darkness thicker than that of Egypt.\" Such\ngloom should be particularly and painfully felt by \"Sun People,\" and we\nare not surprised to find that they made use of torches or artificial\nlights. Singularly enough, the chasm, as though remorsefully conscious\nof the blackness of its character, produces no end of dried-up vegetable\nstems or stalks fit to be ignited and used as firebrands. These it\nplaces convenient to your hand, as though to invite inspection.\n\nIndians today are in the habit of using such torches. We are informed\nthat \"the custom still prevails among them of carrying a firebrand,\"\nwhich was noticed by Spanish explorers in the 16th Century, \"and induced\nthose discoverers to give to the river the name of Rio del Tizon\" (n.\n62).\n\nIt will be noticed that the ancient Chinese account connects lights, or\n\"an illumination of Torches\" (=chuh=), with the very stream which the\nSpaniards of a later age, and of their own accord christened the Rio del\nTizon.\n\nA Torch-lighted stream, say the Chinese.\n\nA Torch-lighted stream, say the Spaniards.\n\n\nThe author or explorer last quoted says with reference to Indians\ndwelling on the banks of the Colorado, that \"the custom still prevails\namong them of carrying a firebrand in the hand in cold weather,\" which\nwas noticed by the Spaniards.\n\nOf course the flaming brands may well be used in winter to warm those\nwho hold them, but the Ancients who inhabited the cave or cliff houses\n(which they built and which are now more or less in ruin, according to\nexposure or original inherent strength) might have used the =chuh= or\ntorches as =lights=. These torches are mentioned in connection with\nexcessive =heat=, and it would be absurd to suppose that the Sun People\nof old desired a still higher temperature. But mention is made of cave\ndwellings, and such are actually there; and we can readily understand\nwhy the ancient dwellers in the cave houses should have frequently used\nthe ready-to-hand torches when climbing to their dark and break-neck\nabodes.\n\nEven today the =chuh= or torches are used as =lights=. The withered\nstalks or stems, so abundant in the Canyon, are a melancholy\nillustration of the scorching power of the sun within the chasm. We have\nnot forgotten the fact that the Chinese term =han= is used in the\nancient text and that it stands for the \"crispness\" of scorched or dried\nup plants. An actual visit to the =Ta-Hoh= or Great Canyon referred to,\nshows that it is this =han=--or withered, scorched and crisp--vegetation\nwhich provides no end of torches (=chuh=) for dwellers in the vicinity.\nOne stumbling visitor uses the following language: \"We struck for it ...\nthrough the thick night, the guide occasionally lighting a =torch of\ngrass=\" (n. 63). Unable to directly or steadily illumine the angles or\nrecesses of the Canyon, the bright and clear-headed sun does the next\nbest thing and raises a bounteous harvest of firebrands. Nature here\nconcentrates her attention on the task of serving the necks (rather than\nthe bellies) of her children, and presents them with a crop of seasoned\nand brilliant torches. Certain it is that most efficient firebrands are\nraised here in profusion and constitute such a unique feature of the\nstream that in order to distinguish it from others in the region, the\nSpaniards called our river the Rio del Tizon. Torches have lighted the\nCanyon in the past and they now throw light on the ancient record.\n\nMentioned in connection with withered vegetation and intense heat, the\nnatural inference is that the torches were used to =light= the steps of\ndwellers in the Canyon. Of course they might in winter have been used,\nlike other vegetable produce, as fuel, but the old record now before us\ndoes actually connect the =chuh= or torches with a high scorching\ntemperature; and our impression or deduction is that they were used as\nlights amid the blackness of the chasm.\n\nAnd the Torches (=chuh=) are used as lights still. One explorer says:\n\"We fear that we shall have to stay here clinging to the rocks until\ndaylight. Our little Indian gathers a few dry stems, ties them in a\nbundle, lights one end, and holds it up. The =others do the same=, and\nwith these =Torches= we =find a way= out of trouble.\"\n\nObserve that these torches (or =chuh= as the Chinese would call them)\nwere not ignited to =warm= the explorers. They were held aloft to find\nor light the way among perilous cliffs. Without their aid it would have\nbeen madness for the explorers to move. Practically they were as men\nborn blind, but the Indian guide, with knowledge derived from the depths\nof antiquity, obtains the necessary torches and light at his elbow. With\none withered and hot stem he ties together a number, lights them and\nthen finds the way out of trouble for both himself and his bewildered\nparty. What have we here but a duplication of the \"illumination of\ntorches\" referred to in the ancient record?\n\n17. =chuh= (the illumination of torches; a candle; a torch.)\n\n18. =yuen= (\"to lead or take by the hand, to cling to; to pull up\nhigher, to drag out; to put forward; to relieve, to rescue\")\n\n19. =yiu= (have, has; to get.)\n\n20. =Ta= (Great.)\n\n21. =Hoh= (Canyon.)\n\n22. =hao= (a mark, classed, a signal.)\n\n23. =wei= (said or declared; has; in the place of.)\n\n24. =wu= (no; without; destitute of.)\n\n25. =te= (bottom.)\n\nIt appears that within the bottomless =Ta-hoh= or Great Canyon (see\nwords 19 to 25) there is an illumination of torches (=chuh=) and a\npulling up higher, or a dragging about and clinging to (=yuen=).\n\nClimbing is here referred to. The Sun people seem to have found\nlocomotion difficult and hazardous within the chasm.\n\nThe modern explorer who reached the irrigated garden plots and houses of\nthe ancient occupants, was himself compelled to resort to much climbing.\nIn one place he says: \"I find I can get up no farther, and cannot step\nback, for I dare not let go with my hands, and cannot reach foot-hold\nbelow without. I call to Bradley for help.... The moment is critical.\nStanding on my toes my muscles begin to tremble.... I hug close to the\nrock, let go with my hand, seize the dangling legs, and with his\nassistance, I am enabled to gain the top\" (n. 64.)\n\nIt will be seen by the intelligent reader that the forgoing performance\nis covered by the term =yuen= (No. 18) used in the ancient record. There\nwas a =rescue= by Bradley, and the desperate adventurer, a chief of the\nEthnological Bureau, was \"pulled up higher,\" even to \"the top\" of the\ncliff. All this constitutes =yuen=; and without intending it, our modern\nclimber--calling to Bradley for help--is a most eloquent and lucid\ncommentator on the ancient statement in the Chinese text.\n\n\nBut this climbing should be accomplished in connection with =chuh= (No.\n17--the illumination of torches). Is it true that there is climbing by\ntorchlight (not =moonlight=, gentle reader) within the chasm?\n\nLight is thrown on the ancient text by a statement already in part\nquoted: \"We fear that we shall have to stay here =clinging= to the rocks\nuntil daylight. Our little Indian gathers a few dry stems, ties them in\na bundle, lights one end, and holds it up. The others do the same, and\nwith these torches we find a way out of trouble. =Helping= each other,\nholding =torches= for each other, one =clinging= to another's =hand=\nuntil we get footing, then supporting the other on his shoulders, so we\nmake our passage into the depths of the canyon. And now Captain Bishop\nhas kindled a huge fire of driftwood, on the bank of the river. This and\nthe fires in the gulch opposite, and our own =flaming torches=, light up\nlittle patches, that make more manifest the awful darkness below. Still,\non we go, for an hour or two, and at last we see Captain Bishop coming\nup the gulch, with a =huge= torch-light on his shoulders. He looks like\na fiend waving brands and lighting the fires of hell, and the men in the\nopposite gulch are imps lighting delusive fires in inaccessible\ncrevices, over yawning chasms.... At last we meet Captain Bishop with\nhis flaming torch\" (n. 65). And so the brilliant description continues.\n\nWhat is all this but the =chuh yuen= of the ancient record? Here surely\nis \"an illumination of torches.\"\n\nTorches and Climbing, say the Ancients.\n\nTorches and Climbing, say the Moderns.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nWe can readily understand why the ancient occupants of the stone houses\nin the Grand Canyon, should have used the torches so liberally and\nconveniently supplied by nature throughout the region where their light\nis too often sadly or desperately needed. We have been informed by a\nmodern visitor that ruined cave habitations are to be seen along \"lofty\nand inaccessible ledges.\" And these dwellings \"were reached by very\nnarrow, precipitous, and devious paths, and being extremely difficult to\nattain by the occupants themselves, presented an impregnable front to\ninvaders.\"\n\nSurely here torches would often come in handy.\n\nDr. Fewkes believes that the ancient occupants of the cliff or cave\nhouses chose hazardous sites in order to be out of the reach of enemies.\nHe says:\n\n\"The pressure of outside tribes, or what may be called human\nenvironment, probably had much to do originally with the choice of caves\nfor houses. The experienced archaeologist also draws attention to\nJackson's remark that finger imprints answering to those of women, \"may\nstill be traced in the mortar\" of the dwellings (n. 66). Many interiors\nindeed are covered with smooth plaster in which the impressions of small\nand delicate fingers appear.\n\nOf course, women and children formerly lived on the \"inaccessible\nledges\"; and sons, fathers, husbands, or brothers, away perhaps hunting\nin distant glens or forests, were comparatively free from anxiety\nconcerning the condition of loved ones at home. And if savages with\ntomahawks and scalping knives came stealing through ravines to the foot\nof impregnable stairways, the mothers aloft, pressing children to their\nbreasts and looking down on baffled foes, must have felt something of\nthe emotion which throbs through the well-known lines, written indeed by\na woman,--\n\n  For the strength of the hills we bless Thee,\n    Our God, our fathers' God!\n  Thou hast made Thy children mighty\n    By the touch of the mountain sod;\n  Thou hast fixed our ark of refuge\n    Where the spoiler's foot ne'er trod;--\n  For the strength of the hills we bless Thee,\n    Our God, our fathers' God!\n\nAnd if in the darkness of night, the awaited signal or cry were heard\narising from the heart of the abyss, how quickly the doors would be\nopened and ropes lowered and torches lighted to help the hunters to\ntheir homes on high! Torches flaming and eyes gleaming. Lights flashing\nin all directions. An illumination of torches. No wonder the Canyon was\nnoted for its =chuh yuen= and cave dwellings.\n\nLights, Climbing, and Caves, say the Ancients.\n\nLights, Climbing, and Caves, say the Moderns.\n\n\nThe account continues thus:\n\n26. =Leang= (the principal, the chief; a bridge, a beam.)\n\n27. =kien= (official writing; to mark; a slip of bamboo for making notes\non; a classifier of folios or sheets.)\n\n28. =wan= (strokes, lines, literature, literary; a despatch.)\n\n29. =Ta= (Great.)\n\n30. =Hoh= (Canyon.)\n\n31. =fu= (to spread abroad as decrees; to exact; to demand.)\n\nA =leang= or chief is here referred to in connection with the Great\nCanyon. The ruler is not exactly called the King or supreme head (=chwen\nsuh=). Indeed, we have been already informed that the head ruler was a\nmere nurseling (at the time when he abandoned his Lute in the Canyon)\nand such an infant carried about by the mother who had just brought him\ninto the world, among the cliffs and canyons, would evidently have been\nunable to either write or issue decrees. Of course, however, a nominally\nsubordinate chief (or =leang=) might have attended to the details of\ngovernment and ruled or directed the movements of the Sun people in the\nname of the infant King. Such a minister might have spread abroad\ndecrees or commands within the Canyon.\n\nAre any writings to be seen on its walls?\n\nAn explorer already in part quoted, says: \"At last we meet Captain\nBishop with his flaming torch.... On a broad shelf we find the ruins of\nan old stone house, the walls of which are broken down, and we can see\nwhere the ancient people who lived here--a race more highly civilized\nthan the present--had made a garden, and used a great spring, that comes\nout of the rocks, for irrigation. On some rocks near by we discover some\ncurious etchings\" (n. 67).\n\nHere are cliff writings.\n\nAgain, on the brink of a rock 200 feet high stands an old house. Its\nwalls are of stone, laid in mortar, with much regularity.... On the face\nof the cliff, under the building and along down the river for 200 or 300\nyards, there are many etchings.\"\n\nHere are writings \"spread abroad\" within the =Ta-hoh= or Great Canyon.\nNot painted on the cliffs, but cut into the stone! Beyond the reach or\nmalice of savage tribes, they doubtless furnished directions to friendly\nclans, telling where certain companies had moved, and so forth.\n\n\"On many of the tributaries of the Colorado I have heretofore examined\ntheir deserted dwellings.... Sometimes the mouths of caves have been\nwalled across and there are many other evidences to show their anxiety\nto secure defensible positions. Probably the nomadic tribes were\nsweeping down upon them, and they resorted to these cliffs and canyons\nfor safety.... Here I stand where these now lost people stood centuries\nago, and look over this strange country.\"\n\nThe former chief of the Ethnological Bureau also says that at the mouth\nof the Colorado Chiquito he discovered some curious remains, such as\nruins and pottery, also \"etchings and hieroglyphics on the rocks.\"\n\nSome of the cliff or cave dwellings are singularly impressive. Baron\nNordenskiold, says of one, called the \"Cliff Palace,\" that it well\ndeserves its proud name, \"for with its round towers and high walls ...\ndeep in the mysterious twilight of the cavern, and defying in their\nsheltered site the ravages of time, it resembled at a distance an\nenchanted castle.\"\n\nAnd Chapin exclaims: \"Surely its discoverer had not overstated the\nbeauty and magnitude of this strange ruin. There it was, occupying a\ngreat oval space under a grand cliff wonderful to behold, appearing like\nan immense ruined castle with dismantled towers\" (n. 68).\n\nAnd yet Dr. Fewkes very rationally refuses to regard it as a\n\"palace\"--occupied merely by a king and servants or else officers of\nstate managing an empire. Of course some nook within sheltered its\nruler. But it is merely a pueblo--set within a cave. One French visitor\nsays: \"Il est probable que Cliff-Palace n'abritait pas moins de 500\npersonnes\" (n. 69).\n\nAt this rate it would have required forty such structures (or equivalent\nclusters of apartments) to shelter, say, 20,000 individuals.\n\nThere is mention of cave dwellings in connection with the Great Canyon;\nand as Sun people with a supreme ruler (although but a suckling) are\nrepresented as climbing within the chasm, with the aid of torches, we\nexpect to find curious remains in connection with the caverns. Nor are\nwe disappointed. Here are mouths of caves walled up for defensive\npurposes. Here are ramparts, towers, and fortified structures classed\nwith castles.\n\nWe are informed that decrees were spread abroad in the Canyon; and\nsearching for the ancient inscriptions, we find that they are cut into\nthe cliffs. This shows that the former dwellers were able to cut and\nwork stone; and abundant remains of masonry are at hand to sustain this\ndeduction.\n\n\nThe personality of the =ju=, or suckling ruler, remains to be\ninvestigated, and should yield curious--most surprising--results; but,\nof course, reasonable, logical critics will not for an instant confound\nsuch an inquiry with that just finished. Even absolute failure to\nunearth the facts with regard to the Prince and his royal mother, can\nnot shake the plain fact that we have actually found an account of the\nGrand Canyon, the Colorado River, and the Gulf of California, in an\nancient Chinese book.\n\n\n\n\nPIMO AND THE CASAS GRANDES\n\n\nIt may further be remarked that the Chinese paragraph which immediately\nfollows the account of our Canyon, mentions a place called \"Pi-mo.\"\n\nThis is its pronunciation in Canton, but in Shanghai, where =mo= is\naccorded the sound of =mu= (see Williams' dict. p. 1154 and p. 1186,\ncolumn 6) =Pi-mo= would be called =Pi-mu=. Now, this Pi-mo or Pi-mu is\nsaid (see existing translation) to be situated in the \"south-east corner\nof the desert beyond the eastern sea.\n\nProceeding eastward until the \"Eastern Sea,\" which washes the coast of\nChina, is crossed, the modern investigator reaches California and\nArizona. And here, in the region or basin of the Colorado, he finds a\nplace still called \"Pi-mo.\" It is in Arizona, with a \"desert\" of\nsand--the desert of California and Sonora--to its west and south, and a\nregion of running streams, grass, and forests to its east. =Pimo= is\nitself in the \"desert\"--in a \"south-east corner of the desert beyond the\nEastern Sea.\" It is entirely dependent on artificial irrigation for its\nlimited power to support human beings.\n\nHere are ruined buildings whose origin is shrouded in mystery and around\nor about which controversies have raged for centuries.\n\nOne visitor, an American officer, states that his General \"asked a Pimo,\nwho made the house I had seen?\" The house was one of the Casas Grandes\nin the neighborhood of Pimo. Who had made it? was now the question. The\nreply was: \"It was built by the son of the most beautiful woman who once\ndwelt in yon mountain; she was fair and all the handsome men came to\ncourt her, but in vain; when they came, they paid tribute, and out of\nthis small store she fed all people in times of famine and it did not\ndiminish.\"\n\nMoreover, \"at last she brought forth a boy, who was the builder of all\nthese houses.\"\n\nThe Pimo Indian \"seemed unwilling to talk about them, but said there\nwere plenty more of them to the north, south, west, etc.\" (note 70.)\n\n[Was the royal suckling or Prince ever carried down into the neighboring\nGrand Canyon by the beneficient being, his mother? Was he a =shao hao=\n(as the Chinese might say) or little Child of the Sun? Did he ever see\nthe Cliff Palace? Were he and his people connected with the cave and\ncliff-dwellings? And when he retired from the Canyon did he fail to take\nwith him a Lute?]\n\nIf the royal suckling (or =ju=) of the Chinese account ever actually\nlived in the neighborhood of the Grand Canyon, or in the vicinity of\nPimo, and was connected with a restless or troubled nation of Cliff\nDwellers or stone-house builders, why should not the Indians have some\ntraditional, even if but hazy recollection of both the suckling and his\nimperial mother? The forefathers of the Pimos must have beheld them, and\nit is difficult to suppose that the ancient legendary knowledge has\ncompletely evaporated from the aboriginal memory. As we have learned the\nconstruction of the Casas Grandes at Pimo is connected with the advent\nor movements of an intelligent, even if harassed race of Builders who\nowed allegiance to a Princess or her child. And if it is a fact that in\na time of famine the royal lady fed the ancestors of the Pimos, we\nwonder not that the nation has enshrined her image within its ceaseless,\nthrobbing heart. The hill-top on which she gave birth to her suckling is\nremembered to the present hour and was pointed to by the Pimo\ninterpreter when telling the American General about the merciful being\nwho fed the hungry in a time of famine (and perhaps had relieved or\ncheered his own ancestor.)\n\nLet us not overlook or snub the fact that Pimo--the Pimo of \"the region\nbeyond the Eastern Sea\" is actually mentioned in the same breath with\nthe Grand Canyon and the Gulf. It is represented by characters numbered\n9 and 10 in the extract from the ancient Chinese volume, now set before\nthe patient and intelligent reader who appreciates or perceives the\ndifficulties connected with the present investigation.\n\nThe last column (reading from right to left) consists of 12 characters,\nwhich express the following sense:\n\n=Ta=--=Hg=--east--south--corner--=has=--=shan= (mountain or\nheight)--called--=Pi mo=--=ti=--=kiu=.\n\nThe 11th term, =ti=, stands for \"place;\" and a =kiu= is a level-topped\nhill. As it is also called a =shan= (see No. 7), the =kiu= should be a\nprominent eminence having a level space on top.\n\nThe name =Pi-mo= is expressed by putting =Pi=, which signifies \"skin\" or\n\"case,\" along with =mo=, which simply stands for \"mother.\"\n\nA mother, or a maternal case is connected with the =Pi-mo kiu= or\nlevel-topped hill. Is such an eminence to be seen in the vicinity of\nPi-mo? Has it a flat summit? Are there any signs that it was inhabited\nby the queen of the Builders? The Pimo Indian told the general that on\nthe hill-top in the vicinity--in the Lower Gila Valley--a female ruler\ngave birth to a child. Is there any foundation for the legend? Where is\nher house?\n\n[Illustration]\n\nReferring to the structures in Arizona, an observer draws particular\nattention to one \"comparatively intact in the lower Gila valley.\"\nHe says: \"The hill on which it is built rises abruptly from the\nsurrounding lowlands to the height of a full thousand feet. Near the\nnorthwest corner the ancient strategists began at a height of thirty\nfeet, carving a narrow pathway to the summit. Here an irregular stone\nstaircase has been made, passable by one person at a time. At intervals\nwatchtowers were constructed, from which huge boulders could be hurled\ndown upon the advancing foe.\n\n\"The road makes three complete circles above the hill before reaching\nthe upper =level=.\" [Here is a =level=-topped hill or =kiu=.] \"Here\nanother monument of early fortitude inspired by the love of life\npresents itself. There is, perhaps, three acres of =level= rock on the\nsummit. For a depth of nearly two feet the entire =plateau= is covered\nwith rich soil 'packed up' from below. When one pauses to think of the\nimmense labor involved in carrying this mass of earth up the irregular\nwinding stone staircase, a feeling of admiration springs up for these\nsimple patient people.\"\n\nIt is plain that there is a =level=-topped hill (or =kiu=) in the\nvicinity of Pimo. And it is directly connected in Indian tradition with\nthe movements of a race of builders who reared \"all these houses,\" and\nwere directed or governed by a beneficient being who here gave birth to\na remarkable prince. But it is enough at present to observe that the\nChinese symbols connect Pimo--the Pimo of the \"region beyond the Eastern\nSea\"--with a Mother, or notable Birth. And when the American General--in\nour region beyond the Eastern Sea--inquires at Pimo for information,\nconcerning its now silent and forsaken ruins, the Pimo interpreter\ninstantly responds by raising his arm and pointing to the hill of the\nroyal birth.\n\nThe Hill of the Maternal Case is there, say the Chinese.\n\nThe Hill of the Maternal Case is Here, say the Pimos.\n\n\nThe hill is prominent or lofty and quite level on top. It is in truth a\n=kiu= (pronounced like our own word cue) and holds aloft some\nimpregnable dwellings and also a green spot or abandoned garden--clay\nhaving been carried aloft a thousand feet by devoted Builders in part to\nraise flowers for the young mother. But, of course, her own bud was the\nbrightest of all. And every one told her so. And what a wide view from\nthe summit! And how cool the air up there! How different from the\nblazing Canyon (with its hidden or abandoned Lute.)\n\n\n\"The General asked a Pimo, who made the house I had seen? 'It is the\nCasa de Montezuma', said he; it was built by the son of the most\nbeautiful woman who once dwelt in yon mountain; she was fair--\"\n\nNotice here the name \"Montezuma.\"\n\nThe Casas Grandes at Pimo were fortunately seen by Spanish explorers in\nthe 16th century, and \"the Indians then assigned them an age of no less\nthan 500 years.\" (note 71.)\n\nOf course the Casa Grande Montezuma (or Builder Prince of the 11th\ncentury) could not have been the Montezuma who was overthrown by Cortez\nin the 16th century. As well confound William of Normandy with William\nof Holland, because each was a William! Let fools do that!\n\nOne writer says with regard to the legends of the sedentary Indians,\nthat \"the name of Montezuma runs through all of these--not generally\nreferring to the king whom we are accustomed to identify with that name,\nbut to the great chief of the golden or heroic age.\" (n. 72)\n\n\nThere are noticeable variations in the name or title of the ancient\nking. Thus one Spanish explorer speaks of \"the Casa Grande, or palace of\n=Moc=-te-zuma\" (n. 73.)\n\nHere we have =Moc= (or =Mok=, as it is by others spelled) instead of\n=Mon= (ti-zuma.)\n\nAnother authority furnishes the spelling =Mo=-te-cuh-=zoma=, and adds,\nthat it is \"found written also =Moc=-te-zuma, Mu-teczuma, Mo-texuma\" (n.\n74.)\n\nNotice the three different spellings or sounds--=Mo=, =Mu=, and =Mok=,\nprefixed to \"=te-zuma=....\"\n\n\nThe title =te= or =ti= (or =te-cuh=) signifies warrior or lordly ruler\n(n. 75.) As for =suma= it is said to mean \"sad, angry, or severe.\" [But\nSOMA may include an allusion to the water of immortality and embrace the\nnotion of divine descent.]\n\n=Mok= (the =te-zuma=) =Mo= or =Mu= were names or titles bestowed on the\n11th century Builder Prince who was connected with the construction of\nthe Casas Grandes in the Pimo section, and was born on a prominent\nhill-top there. He was =Mok=, =Mo= or =Mu=.\n\n\nTurning to the Chinese account we find that the royal =ju= or suckling\nconnected with the region of the Grand Canyon and Pimo, was likewise\nknown as =Mu=. (note 76.)\n\nIn addition, the suckling is repeatedly called a =ti= (or =te= as it is\njust as often spelled.) And this, so far, agrees with the title of the\nPimo infant, whose name is frequently said to be =Mu-ti= (zuma.)\n\nA =Mu-ti=, say the Chinese.\n\nA =Mu-ti=, say the Pimos.\n\n\nAccording to the Chinese record, the imperial (=ti= or =te=) heir\napparent (or =yuen-tsz=) suckling or baby (=ju=) whose estate or\npatrimony (=chan=) was =Loh-ming= (name of a region) lived or resided\n(=ku=) as the tender, delicate youth (=yao=) =Mu=.\n\nHere we see that the heir apparent the ju or baby was both =Mu= and a\n=ti=. The old account connects the infantile ruler with a region called\nLoh-ming. We need not delay to ascertain the position of this province\nor land; enough now to observe that wherever it was, the =ju= and =ti=\nlived there (or lived some where) as the pleasing and tender =Mu=.\n\nThe baby was =Mu=.\n\nThis name, like some of our own names, such as Grace, Patience, Clement,\nis frequently used as an adjective. It may stand for either \"beauty\" or\n\"majesty,\" but it is also, at times, a surname. (note 77.)\n\nAs already seen, the Great Canyon with the connected bottomless abyss,\nin the region beyond the Eastern Sea, is connected with the Sun and Moon\nShan. And on this Shan is \"the Great Men's Country\" (see existing\ntranslation.) Now a Chinese comment (note 78) informs us that the\n=forts= of the entirely great =Mu= formerly held or possessed this Great\nMen's Country (which is on the Sun and Moon Shan.)\n\nInformation is next furnished concerning the largest Walrusses, and it\nis plain that the polar region is referred to. The account is quite\nclear, as any Chinese scholar can see, now that we have pointed out the\nposition of the passage.\n\nIt might seem advisable to prove that the haunt of the Walrus was known\nto the ancient Chinese writers who have furnished accounts of America,\nbut it is unnecessary to do this, seeing that the phenomenon of Ten\nSuns, which is only visible at the Arctic Circle, is referred to in the\nancient books. Moreover, as we have learned, appearances of five or\nseven suns (or moons) shining simultaneously in the sky, are distinctly\nconnected with the Sun and Moon Shan. It was therefore known that the\nmountain system of North America, stretches upward--like the Branches of\na Tree--from the vicinity of the Grand Canyon to the Polar region, or\nplace of the Ten Suns. And from a point here, the shores of\nNorth-eastern Tartary or Asia can be seen without even the aid of an\nopera-glass.\n\n\nIt now appears that in the remote past there was a ruler named =Mu=\ndwelling in the mountainous land which stretches from the Grand Canyon\nto the Arctic Ocean. His domain was on the Sun and Moon Shan.\n\nAnd he had fortified dwellings or forts.\n\nWhere, today, are the remains of the ancient strongholds?\n\nOne observer says with reference to the cliff-dwellings, that they \"have\nthe appearance of fortified retreats. The occupants, on account of\n\"decending hordes devised these =unassailable= retreats.... The builders\nhold no smallest niche in recorded history. Their aspirations, their\nstruggles and their fate are all unwritten, save in these crumbling\nstones, which are their sole monuments and meagre epitaph. Here once\nthey dwelt. They left no other print on time.\" (note 79.)\n\nThe \"unassailable retreats\" noticed by this melancholy writer may well\nbe some of the strongholds of Mu and his followers or warriors. The\nancient pueblos (or Casas Grandes) are of great strength. When the\n\"ladders are drawn in, the various sides present a perpendicular front\nto an enemy, and the building itself becomes a =fortress=.\" Further,\n\"The strength of the walls of these structures was proved during the\nMexican war, when it was found that they were impregnable to\nfield-artillery.\" (note 80.)\n\nThe Spanish soldier, Castenada, in the 16th century said with regard to\nthe Pimo Casa Grande, that \"it seemed to have served as a fortress.\"\n(note 81.)\n\nNow, =Pimo=--represented by the symbols for a maternal case and hill--is\nmentioned on the very page of the Chinese book which notices our Grand\nCanyon. Then, we are told that cliff-dwellings were here and a Sun\nPrince (at first a mere =ju= or infant) called =Mu=, and that he or his\nfollowers erected forts or fortresses.\n\nAnd here we find no scarcity of ancient strongholds.\n\nAnd when we ask the Indians for the name of the ruler who governed the\nnow decaying strongholds, their answer is--=Mu=.\n\nThe very title in the Chinese book.\n\n=Mu=, say the Ancients.\n\n=Mu=, say our Indians.\n\n\nIt may be said that some of the latter pronounce the title =Mo=. One of\nour philologists speaks of \"Montezuma, or more correctly,\n=Mo=tecuhzoma.\" (note 82.)\n\nAnother authority says: \"Montezuma, or more correctly, =Moc=tezuma.\"\n(note 83.)\n\nIn his account of the Casa Grande, the old time Spanish traveler, Padre\nGarces, says: On this river is situated the house which they call\n=Moc=tezuma's. (note 84.)\n\nIt is evident that the two pronunciations =Mo= and =Mok= are preferred\nto =Mon= (tezuma) and that =Mu= has also its advocates.\n\n\nCuriously enough, these three sounds =Mu=, =Mo=, and =Mok=, are likewise\napplied to the one character by the Chinese literati.\n\nThe identical symbol which Williams calls =Mu= is in another dictionary\n(see Bailley's, iii, p. 246) termed =Mo=.\n\nMorrison (vol. IV, p. 600-1) says that the two sounds =Mu= and =Mo= are\nboth applied, and that in Canton this selfsame character is called\n=Mok=.\n\nIt thus appears that the builder or ruler of the fortresses in the\nregion beyond the Eastern Sea, might be called =Mu=, =Mo=, or =Mok=.\n\nAnd in the region referred to--\"the region beyond the Eastern Sea\"--we\nfind many strongholds or forts (as well as cave-dwellings;) and when\nantiquarians inquire of the Indians for the name of the ancient Builder\nPrince, they are variously informed that he was the glorious =Mu=, =Mo=,\nor =Mok=.\n\nIf the royal infant (or =ju=) became in process of time a ruler of\nfortresses (=tai=) which \"formerly held the Great Men's Country\" (on the\nSun and Moon Shan) would be surprising to find that he himself had been\nborn within the shelter of a =tai= or fortress? And what is the\nfortified hill at Pimo but a fortress? He counts it as the first of the\nforts of =Mu= or =Mo-ti= in \"the region beyond the Eastern Sea.\"\n\nRemember that our own government has erected numbers of forts on\nhilltops throughout the South-west expressly for the purpose of holding\nsuch tribes as the Navajoes and Apaches in check. (And in addition we\nare furnishing the red men with supplies.) But in the 11th century there\nwere no Congressional appropriations, no detachments of troops hurrying\ndown from Washington to preserve order. Yet the ancestors of our savage\ntribes were certainly there. And although the warrior chieftans\nimmediately around the young queen appear to have been filled with\njealousy of each other, it is certain that they were united as one in\ndevising for the princess a calm or sure retreat which no barbaric host\ncould take by assault. From its base the savage ranks would reel, or\nbreak into foam like waves of the sea.\n\nAloft in this secure retreat she gave birth to =Mo=.\n\n\nWho was his father?\n\nThe American General already referred to, supplies his own report of the\nPimo interpreter's words:\n\n\"All he knew was a tradition amongst them, 'that in bygone days, a woman\nof surpassing beauty resided in a green spot in the mountains near the\nplace where we were encamped. All the men admired and paid court to her.\nShe received the tributes of their devotion, grain, skins, etc., but\ngave no love or other favor in return. Her virtue and her determination\nto remain unmarried were equally firm. There came a drought which\nthreatened the world with famine. In their distress, people applied to\nher, and she gave corn from her stock, and the supply seemed to be\nendless. Her goodness was unbounded. One day, as she was lying asleep\nwith her body exposed, a drop of rain fell on her stomach, which\nproduced conception. A son was the issue, the founder of a new race\nwhich built all these houses'.... The houses of the people (the\nagricultural or sedentary Pimos) are mere sheds, thatched with willow\nand corn stalks\" (n. 85.)\n\nThis report is more rational than the other in so far as it represents\nthe multitudinous houses of stone or adobe as being reared by a \"race\"\nrather than by a \"boy\"! But, of course, the \"son\" could not have been\nthe \"founder\" of his mother or of her ancestors. It is further apparent\nthat the infant could not have been either the builder or inventor of\nthe house or stronghold in which he was born.\n\nOf course it is an impossibility to get at the exact truth in relation\nto the mysterious birth. The unwedded lady's own account ought to\nconstitute a sufficient explanation, and would--but for the unfortunate\nhistoric fact that no mother has ever been known to tell her children\nthe truth about their production. Even Christian mothers lie precisely\nlike Pagans in this respect, and are just as thorough-going humbugs as\nHannah in the temple, when questioned for details. They will tell a poor\nhelpless, green, inquiring child, for instance, that they found him in a\ncabbage, when the actual truth is that they got him from a stork. We\ntherefore unanimously dismiss their worse than useless testimony as that\nof a shameless pack of preposterous deluderers.\n\nIt is probable that the Pimo princess may have been secretly wedded or\nunited to some man whom she really loved and preferred to all others.\nYet an open avowal of such preference might have caused his death or\nmight have turned the love of rival suitors into hate and brought about\nthe ruin of the already sufficiently perplexed and troubled nation.\n\nBut would not the birth of the infant have revealed all?\n\nCertainly, but in the present instance the Queen seems to have contented\nherself with the announcement that she had got her child from Heaven.\nHer friends, including doubtless the priests, at once spread abroad the\nstory that the infant--the Child of the Sun--was of celestial origin.\nThis tale may not have completely satisfied the numerous rival\nclaimants for the lady's hand. But how disprove it? And why assail or\nshake the authority of the beautiful young queen? Why not draw closer\ntogether, bury their mutual animosities or rivalries and face the\nmurderous hordes thronging the passes of the Rocky Mountains and slopes\nof the Mississippi Valley? Why not grasp at the hope--embodied in the\nsuckling born on the hilltop--that Heaven had furnished a leader, a\nreincarnated divinity of the wandering nation, who would guide the\ndespairing people onward to new fields of national glory and prosperity.\n\nIt may of course be said that such predictions were never realized, but\nit is certain that they were cherished. Even the Mokis, Tunis and Pimos\nstill regard =Mo-ti= as immortal and await his return. He is \"the\ndemigod of their earliest traditions, watching over them from Heaven and\nwaiting to come again to bring to them victory and a period of millenial\nglory and happiness\" (n. 86.) And, of course, those who actually\nfollowed the leader =Mu= must have felt strongly the ties of affection\nand veneration. And who were the people who got across to Mongolia with\naccounts of our Grand Canyon, Gulf and Continental Tree--crowned with\nits wreath of multiplied suns?\n\n[Doubtless the notion that our =Mu-te= (or =Te-Mu=) was of divine\norigin, had a surprising, stimulating effect. Curiously enough, Asiatic\nwriters notice a =Te-mu= (=Te-mu-dzin= or =Temugin=) who arose in\nTartary in the early part of the 12th century, and therefore might be\nregarded as the contemporary of our =Mu= born at Pimo about the year\n1100. Some say this Tartarean conqueror was called Timour or Temur-chi,\nand his origin is wrapt in mystery. One account treats him as a demigod,\nbut other statements assume that a divinity was his remote ancestor. He\nis said to belong to the race that broke out of Irkena Kon (or the\nmountain valley), situated in some out of the way and dangerous region.\nPersonally this =Mu= came from a distant land. Some historians whose\ntime is valuable readily find Irkena Kon in the vicinity of the Caspian\nSea, but others declare that it must be situated in the direction of the\nArctic Ocean!\n\n[In his old age, in or about the year 1153, this supposed demigod had a\nchild born to him. The name of Temudzin or Temugin was bestowed upon the\ninfant. When thirteen years old his father--the demigod--died, and the\nextensive empire which the parent had established fell into political\npieces. Gibbon, in his \"Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,\" chap.\nLXIV, says that the young prince Temugin could only claim authority over\nabout 12,000 families. We should never overlook this fact when\ncontemplating his career. Every incident in his history is known. His\nname has resounded through the world. He rose to be a mighty conqueror.\nHe became Jenghiz Khan--King of Kings--grandsire of Kublai Khan,\nancestor of Tamerlane and the Great Moguls, and of no end of Persian or\nMoslem Sultans or Kings.\n\n[The immediate followers of Jenghiz Khan always declared that success\nawaited him because he was the son of a God. Petis de la Croix denounces\nsuch a claim as a piece of \"insolence,\" yet it might better be regarded\nas a form of delusion. But notice the victorious lengths to which this\ndelusion carried believers. And the notion promulgated at Pimo, in the\nmidst of crowding calamities,--that the royal infant was a Son of\nHeaven,--might have been intended to console and stimulate a despairing\nnation. And the spiritual stimulus appears to have transported its\nbelievers to such lengths that aboriginal Americans seem to have lost\ntrack of the demigod, and know not from what point he may return.\n\n[The father of Temugin was the founder of the =Yuen= dynasty, or at all\nevents an ancestral king. He is generally called Yisukai or Pysukai\nBehadur, but such is a mere title, signifying \"9th hero,\" and not a\nproper name at all. Some lucid commentators will positively tell us that\nit was not the father of Jenghiz Khan, but his 9th father or ancestor,\nwho was the God. But with such hair-splitting we need not concern\nourselves. Enough to note the uplifting, psychological effect or result\nof faith or belief in divine aid or protection. No wonder David\nexclaims: \"Thy rod and Thy staff, they comfort me.\"\n\n[In the case of the Tartars, the results of their exalted faith were\nindeed surprising. The Crusades of the Christians had proved a failure.\nJerusalem had passed from their hands. Richard, King of England, had\nbeen taken prisoner. The Moslems, according to Gibbon, were preparing\nfor the invasion of Europe. Their brethren were actually intrenched in\nthe heart of Spain. Enraged against western nations for the long war\nwaged against their power, armies were gathering for the conquest and\nplunder of Christendom. The crescent instead of the cross, says Gibbon,\nwas to glitter on the spire of St. Paul's.\n\n[But at this very juncture, Jenghiz Khan and his followers came pouring\nforth from the wilds of Tartary. The Sultan felt secure within his line\nof fortified cities which hitherto had repelled every assault. But the\nTartarean host--led by warriors of the race from Irkena Kon--overthrew\nthe Moslems in every encounter. They ransacked the provinces and gave\nthe cities to the flames. And the children or successors of the\nconqueror completed the work which he had begun. Bagdad which for ages\nhad successfully defied the invading, crusading armies of Europe, was\ndestroyed, and an end put to the Caliphate so long enthroned within its\nhistoric walls. The conquest of China was completed by Kublai Khan, and\nan empire formed which stretched from the Indian Ocean to the Arctic,\nand from the Pacific to the Mediterranean Sea.]\n\nEven traditions of tribes that most certainly remained behind in Arizona\nand consequently did not disappear in company with the mysterious =Mu=\nor Mo-te, declare that he was an agent of Providence. He was the \"equal\"\nof the \"Great Spirit\" and \"was often considered identical with the Sun\"\n(n. 87.) Had he remained in Arizona, his son in due time might have\nclaimed divine descent through his father the demigod.\n\n\n\n\nCHINESE KNOWLEDGE OF THE PIMO DEMIGOD.\n\n\nBut if the =Mu-te= (or =Te-Mu=,) builder or ruler of fortresses in the\nregion of Pimo and the Grand Canyon, was identical with our Pimo\n=Mu-te=, he should be referred to as semi-divine, in the Chinese record.\n\nAnd so he actually is. Even here the evidence does not fail. But\nconception of the little sun-child did not occur on the well watched or\nguarded hilltop at Pimo. It was in a green wilderness noted for its hay\nor grass and butchering of beasts, that a phantasm approached the\nfemale--and so on.\n\nFortunately we can turn away from this particular account of the visit\nof incubus, seeing that the necessary information is more conveniently\nfurnished elsewhere (n. 88.) The name of a mountain, which may or may\nnot have been far indeed from the Grand Canyon, is furnished, and we are\ninformed that =Shao Hao= dwelt (=ku=) there (=chi=.) In addition he is\ncalled a sovereign (=ti= or =te=) and a =shan=.\n\nNow this term, =shan=, according to Williams (p. 737,) stands for \"the\ngods, the divinities, a god, a supernatural good being; divine;\nspiritual, as being higher than man; godlike, wonderful, superhuman; to\ndeify.\n\nThe =Shao Hao= (or =Mu-ti=) is a =shan= or god.\n\nA god! say the Chinese.\n\nA god! say the Indians.\n\n\nTaking the account as it stands, it appears that an incarnated god (in\nthe shape of the =Shao Hao Mu=) was at one time within the Grand Canyon\n(which still retains his \"lute.\")\n\nNotice that the \"country contiguous to the mighty chasm is called the\n\"Shao Hao's country.\"\n\nNext observe that the vast chasm (or =ta-hoh=) is itself called the\nGreat Canyon of the Incarnated God (or =Keang Shang=.) =Shang= stands\nfor \"Heaven\" or supreme;\" and Keang signifies \"to descend from a higher\nlevel, to come from the sky, to fall as rain, to come into the world as\nChrist did\" (Williams.) The contiguous country is named in honor of the\n=Shao Hao=, or sun-child, who is called a =shan= or god. And \"=Keang\nShang's= ta-hoh\" or great Canyon is also named in honor of this =shan=\nor god--this incarnated god.\n\nAnd here, \"in the region beyond the Eastern Sea,\" the land is ringing\nwith his name. He was =Mu= or =Mo-te= and a builder of forts, and above\nand beyond all this he was an incarnation of the Great Spirit!\n\n\"The name, at this moment, is as familiar to every Indian, Apache and\nNavajoe as that of our Savior or Washington is to us\" (n. 89.)\n\nBancroft says: \"Under restrictions, we may fairly regard him as the\nMelchizedek, the =Moses=, and the Messiah of the Pueblo desert-wanderers\nfrom an Egypt that history is ignorant of, and whose name even tradition\nwhispers not.\"\n\nA Messiah and Demigod! say the Chinese.\n\nA Messiah and Demigod! say Americans.\n\n\nBancroft, says, that according to Indian paintings or traditions, the\nMessiah or Demigod of Pueblo tradition had red or yellow hair.\n\nThen Mo was a white man and his mother a white woman.\n\nSuch a conclusion agrees completely with the teaching of the ancient\nChinese book just quoted. We are informed with reference to a certain\nmountain, that: =Ki= (the) =shan= (god or spirit) =poh= (white) =ti=\n(sovereign) =Shao hao= (little sun-child) =ku= (dwelt) =chi= (there).\n\nNext appears a comment stating in the plainest possible terms that =Shao\nHao= of the =Kin Tien= dynasty was a virtuous or excellent ruler.\n\nThe =Shao Hao= who was at the Ta-hoh or Great Canyon is here called a\n=White King=.\n\nMons. Rosny, in his French translation, declares that the divine or\nsuperhuman =Shao Hao= was \"l'empereur Blanc.\" (note 90.)\n\nOne well known writer and archaeologist says with reference to the\nbuilders of some structures in the Pimo region, that there is \"reason to\nsuppose that they were a light-skinned people. At least one red-haired\nskull and one with still lighter hair were found. Hair has been but\nrarely found not over a half dozen times in all. In three cases it was\nblack.\" (note 91.)\n\nAccording to aboriginal testimony, 800 years have rolled by since the\ntime of burial, and hair has lingered on but few of the heads it once\nadorned. But when discovered it is seen to be quite different from the\nhair of the Indians.\n\nThose interested in the subject of the Cliff-dwellers should study the\naccurate reports of the Ethnological Bureau and also the writings of\nEditor Peet the well known \"American Antiquarian.\" These works should be\nin the libraries of all Americanists.\n\nAccording to the American Antiquarian, Doctor Birdsall reports that\ndried bodies have been found in tombs on the Mesa Verde in Arizona and\nthe \"hair of the head has been found partly preserved on some mummies.\nIt is said to be of fine texture, not coarse like Indian hair and\nvarying in color from shades of yellowish brown to reddish brown and\nblack\" ... The Wetherills exhumed one mummy having a short brownish\nbeard.\" (note 92.)\n\nWe are further informed that mummies have been taken from \"a\nhermetically sealed cave in the Canyon of the Gila River,\" and two of\nthe bodies were those of women. The females \"retain their long, flowing\nsilken hair.\" The \"bodies were covered with highly colored clothes,\nwhich crumbled on exposure. Three kinds were saved, and one a deep blue\nwoven in diamond shapes. No implements or utensils were found.... All\nthe consuls and many scientific men inspected the mummies yesterday.\nAmong those present were Henry A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y., Kate Field,\nDr. Harkness, Academy of Sciences.\" Other Doctors and Professors were\npresent and also \"Historian Bancroft.\" (n. 93.)\n\nIn addition to all this, Professor C. L. Webster, the accomplished,\npainstaking, and trusted scientist of Charles City, Iowa, has unearthed\na body whose silent testimony is truly inestimable. In the\n\"Archaeological Bulletin,\" issued by the International Society of\nArchaeologists (Madison, Indiana,) for July and September, 1912, we find\na photograph of a mummy brought to light by the Professor in a\ncliff-house on a head stream of the Gila.\n\nThe body is that of a child, and its preservation is due to \"the\nchemical elements of the soil,\" etc.\n\n\"The hair on the head of the mummy was of a beautiful dark brown color,\nand of a soft and silky texture,\" and \"the hair on the head of this\nmummified child is of the same color and texture (only finer) as that of\nadults found braided in long plaits in an adjoining room\"--Page 78.\n\nThe Professor believes that \"different races\" were here contending for\nthe mastery of the region, and that \"one or more of them were driven out\n(perhaps destroyed) suddenly\" (see article 1.)\n\nAnother archaeologist says, that \"quite recently hieroglyphics were\ndiscovered in the Tonto Basin country, depicting the driving out of\nwhite people by red men, and local archaeologists have set up a theory\nthat the people who once cultivated these valleys were white. The\npresent Indians have many legends of white men being in their country\nbefore the advent of the Spanish conquistodores. Father Marcas Niza, a\npious Jesuit, who accompanied Coronado on his march through this section\nin search of the seven lost cities of Cibola, speaks frequently of\nallusions made by Indians to white bearded men who were here before\" (n.\n94.)\n\n[In tracking the missing white race, remember that some of the Toltecs,\nlike the Mayas of Yucatan, compressed the skull in childhood, that they\nhad among them a sprinkling of very large men (quinames,) and that in\nthe wilderness their mode of living would be more like that of Indians\nthan of cultured, civilized people.]\n\nMons. Charney has argued that the Mexican Toltecs were of a white race,\nbut very foolishly argues (like Baron Humboldt) that the Toltecs marched\nfrom Mongolia to Mexico in the 6th century. The illustrious Humboldt has\nserved Archaeology enormously by drawing attention to the absolute and\nstartling identity of the Zodiacal signs of the Manchu Tartars with\nthose of Central America (see Mr. Vining's exceedingly comprehensive and\nvaluable work entitled \"An Inglorious Columbus.\")\n\nSkilled, scientific archaeologists connected with the Washington Bureau\nhave all along been contending that the cliff or cave dwellings, forts,\npueblos, and mounds of North America were constructed by native-born\nAmericans, rather than by Toltecs moving in, say, the 6th century from\nTartary to Arizona or Mexico.\n\nTherefore, as the Toltecs (sun-people and architects or builders) were\ncertainly settled in Mexico for some centuries prior to the 11th (when\nthe remnant disappeared,) the ancestors of the pale-faced and cultured\npeople (see Vining's chapter on the \"Toltecs\") may like ourselves have\nreached America by crossing the Atlantic. The Greek face, the Celtic\nface, the Saxon face, and the Jewish or Semitic face are all seen carved\non the tottering walls of temples and palaces in Yucatan (see Charney's\nessays.)\n\nMoving to the Vale of Mexico, the Toltecs tried with more or less\nsuccess to keep on neighborly terms with the red skinned people. But\nthoughtless propagation produced more mouths than could be\nfilled--except with human flesh. Open war broke out in the 11th century.\nThe Aztecs or others of the red tribes almost annihilated the Whites;\nand Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, the \"last\" King of the Toltecs fled north\nfrom Chapultepec,--the selfsame Chapultepec which in our own day has\nseen the downfall of Maxmillian and the flight of Diaz.\n\nMay not the fair and beautiful Princess at Pimo have belonged to the\noutcast Mexican royal family? May not her idolized child have inherited\ntitles absurdly out of place among the deserts of Arizona? And may not\nall the elements in our later Yankee nation have been represented in the\npale-faced people that found refuge among the canyons and cliffs of the\nColorado? If so, their remote or ancestral fathers and mothers were\nlikewise no less our own.\n\nThe curtain of history rises and shows the young Queen of the Builders\non a hill top at Pimo. The structures there, according to aboriginal\ntestimony were reared about the year 1100,--the very time when the\nToltecs disappeared from the Vale of Mexico. And now the ruins are\nyielding up forms of the females who once tenanted those cliffs and\ncontrived to get plaster and paint with which to adorn the now desolate\nand trembling walls. And the yellow, brown, or silky black hair on the\nheads of those women who sought to make their bleak and dreary homes\nattractive, shows unfailingly their race. Even an ostrich might see it!\n\nMons. Charney declares that the Toltecs expelled from Mexico in the 11th\ncentury were scholars, artists, astronomers, and philosophers. And their\nsisters were certainly no less cultured and refined.\n\nNow, the Shan Hai King states that in \"the region beyond the Eastern\nSea\" there is (or was) a \"Country of Refined Gentlemen.\"\n\nAnd Charney argues that \"a gentle race were the Toltecs, preferring the\narts to war.\"\n\nRefined and Gentle--men, says Charney.\n\nRefined Gentlemen, says the Shan Hai King.\n\n\nCertain comments collected by Jin Chin Ngan, and unnoticed in Mr.\nVining's translation (p. 657), connect the Refined Gentlemen with\npyramids (=k'iu=) and even declare that their dwellings were on mounds\n(=ling=).\n\nAnd Charney says: \"Now, the first thing that we find at the houses of\nTula is an example of a mode of building entirely new and curious. The\nprevailing tendency of the Toltec is to place his dwellings and his\ntemples likewise upon eminences and pyramids.\"\n\nThey lived upon Mounds, says Charney.\n\nThey lived upon Mounds, says the Shan Hai King.\n\n\n\"They are very gentle, and do not quarrel. They have fragrant plants.\nThey have a flowering-plant which produces blossoms in the morning that\ndie in the evening.\n\nThe Chinese account calls this vegetable production the =Hwa= plant, and\nas =Hwa= stands for \"glory\" (see Williams' Chinese dict.) it is apparent\nthat the \"Morning Glory\" is referred to.\n\nBotanist Wood says: \"This =glorious= plant is a =native= of Tropical\nAmerica and now universally cultivated. It is also nearly naturalized\nwith us.\" (in the United States.)\n\n\"The flowers are ephemeral. Beginning to open soon after midnight, they\ngreet the Sun at his rising, arrayed in all their =glory=\" (=Hwa=) \"and\nbefore he reaches the meridian, fold their robes and perish. But their\nwork is done, and their successors, already in bud, will renew the\ngorgeous display the following morning.\"--P. 182.\n\nSuch a flower might be held to symbolize the fleeting glory of the\ngenerations which had lived and died in Central America. It still climbs\nabout the temples of the Sun, saluting its divinity with a smile, and\nthen falling prostrate among the desolate and forsaken altars. It may\noften be seen twining its arms around the monuments of a buried Past,\nor pressing its lips to the dust of the vanished race it so speedily\nfollows.\n\nIt lives but a day, says the American botanist.\n\nIt lives but a day, says the Shan Hai King.\n\n\nSurely the works in Arizona are worthy of the exiled Toltecs.\n\nOne of the ancient stone structures, on a northern feeder of the Gila,\nis so strong, commodious, and so impregnably planted that by universal\nconsent it is called a Castle. And because the Indian tribes persist in\nascribing its construction to =Mu= or =Mo-te= it is known as\n\"Montezuma's Castle.\" The Ethnological Bureau has interested itself in\nthe preservation of this impressive work of the so-called\nCliff-dwellers, and our Government has taken charge of it as a \"National\nMonument.\" And =Ari-zona= is named in honor of the =Ari= or\n\"Maiden\"--the legendary Queen of the Pimo =zona= or Pimo valley. The\nmother referred to in the ancient Chinese record is thus remembered in\nthe title of a Yankee sister State.\n\nHer idolized son is said to have governed Forts, and in the vicinity of\nthe Castle we find a number of forts. Dr. Fewkes says: \"The =forts= were\nbuilt on the summits, ... and it is an instructive fact in this\nconnection that one rarely loses sight of one of these hill =forts=\nbefore another can be =seen=.\" An \"approaching foe\" could be discerned\nand \"smoke signals\" would warn field-workers \"to retreat to the =forts=\nfor protection.\"--28th Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., p. 207. (Read also\nconnected pages for information relating to the forts and their\nbuilders. The same or an allied people erected also houses in natural\ncaves or excavated them in soft rock.\"--P. 219. The latter--the\nexcavated dwellings are noticed in Asiatic books and will be dealt with\nin next pamphlet--if such is ever written.)\n\nWe have found the \"Forts\" and also Pimo (or Pima as some pronounce the\nname) with its Princess and her child. And have we not found the Gulf\nand Canyon referred to by the departed Ancients. Have we not found\neverything except perhaps the abandoned imperial Lute? And even it may\nyet be recovered. Let it be dug for at the Cliff of the Harp. Perhaps it\nmay yet be resurrected--\n\n  \"A Harp that in darkness and silence forsaken\n    Has slumbered while ages rolled slowly along,\n  Once more in its own native land may awaken\n    And pour from its chords all the raptures of song.\n\n  \"Unhurt by the dampness that o'er it was stealing,\n    Its strings in full chorus, resounding sublime,\n  May 'rouse all the ardor of patriot feeling\n    And gain a bright wreath from the relics of time.\"\n\n\n\n\nAPPENDIX\n\n\n(Note 1) see Mr. Vining's \"An Inglorious Columbus,\" p. 659. (2)\n=Jin-Chin Ngan's= comment in 14th Book of the Shan Hai King. (3) Kane's\nwork. (4) Van Troil's \"Iceland,\" 1, 643: Headley's \"Island of Fire,\" p.\n100. (5) Dr. Le Plongeon's \"Queen Moo,\" xl, xlii, 175. (6) Vining, 182,\n659, 666. (7) Vining; 182. (8) Vining, 659. (9) Vining, 659. (10) see\nindex for essays collected by Mr. Vining. (11) see Chinese version of\nShan Hai King, with Jin-chin-ngan's notes, (the latter being omitted in\nMr. V.'s translation, p. 661.) (12) see either the =Shan Hai King=, book\n14, or the translation of same. (13) Vin. 661. (14) Mark Twain's\n\"Roughing It,\" p. 101. (15) Lieut. Ives' Report, Pt. 1, p. 23. (16)\nPowell's Report. (17) Scribners' Mag. Nov. 1890. (18) R. R. Co.'s\nHandbook on \"Colorado.\" (19) Powell's Report.\n\n(Note 20) Stanton in Scribners' Mag. Nov. 1890. (21) Mr. F. A. Ober.\n(22) (compare Mr. Vining's translations with original Chinese\nstatement.) (23) =Jin-Chin-ngan's= note (never hitherto translated into\nEnglish.) (24) Dunraven's \"Great Divide.\" (25) Vin. 647. (26) Powell's\nReport, 29, 35, 86. (27) Powell, 32, 71. (28) Vin. 532. (29) Stanton.\n(30) Mr. Clampitt's \"Echoes from the Rocky Mts.\" 218. (31) Powell, p.\n30. (32) \"Glimpses of America\" (Phila. 1894) p. 80. (33) Stanton. (34)\n\"Glimpses.\" 78. (35) Powell, 16, 30. (36) Ives. Pt. I, 28; ii, p. 8.\n(37) Powell, 63, 86. (38) \"Glimpses,\" 78. (39) Ives, 42.\n\n(Note 40) =Ives'= Rept., Pt. I, p. 73. (41) F. A. Ober in Brooklyn\n=Times=, June 19, 1897. (42) Sitgreaves, 17. (43) Ives, 66. (44) Ives,\nIII, 49. (45) Powell, 125. (46) \"Glimpses of Amer.\" 78. (47) Glimpses,\"\n83. (48) Powell, 55, 60, 70. (49) Dellenbaugh's \"Canyon Voyage,\" 139.\n(50) Powell, 65, 76. (51) G. W. James's \"Wonders of the Colorado\nDesert,\" 30. (52) Murphy's \"Three Wonderlands,\" 137. (53) Powell, 35,\n63, 86, 90. (54) Piexot's \"Romantic California,\" 67, 144, 148. (55)\nIves. 23. (56) Sacred Mysteries of the Mayas\", 90. (57) \"Glimpses of\nAmer.\" p. 82. (58) F. A. Ober in the Brooklyn =Times=, June 19, '97.\n(59) Appleton's \"New Amer. Cyc.\" Article Colorado.\n\n(Note 60) Sitgreaves' report, p. 17. (61) Ives, 107. (62) Sitgreaves, p.\n18. (63) Dellenbaugh's \"Canyon Voyage,\" 255. (64) Powell's Report. (65)\nPowell, 34, 35, 124, 125. (66) Smithson. Ethnol. \"Bulletin,\" No. 51, p.\n18. (67) Powell, 125. (68) Ethnological \"Bulletin,\" No. 51, pp. 14, 15.\n(69) Bulletin, No. 51, p. 19. (70) Johnson's Journal in Emory's \"Reconn.\nof N. Mex.,\" etc., 598-9. (71) Appletons' \"New Am. Cyc.\" Article \"Casas\nGrandes.\" (72) L. B. Prince's \"New Mex.,\" p. 24. (73) Elliott Cones\n'Comments on Garces' Diary, p. 94. (74) Encyc. Americana, vol. X. (75)\nVining, 411. (76) see 28th character from last in note by Jin Chin Ngan\npreceding assertion in text that the Canyon has a beautiful mountain\n(Vining, 661.) (77) Morrison, IV, p. 601. (78) =Jin Chin Ngan=. (79)\nMurphy's \"Three Wonderlands,\" 152.\n\nNote (80) Amer. Cyc. IV, p. 50. (81) Bancroft's \"Native Races,\" IV, 620.\n(82) New Internat. Encyc. XIII. (83) Penny Cyc. Article \"Mexico,\" p.\n163. (84) Bancroft's \"Native Races.\" (85) Emory, p, 83. (86) Prince's N.\nMex. 24. (87) Prince's N. M. 24-6. (88) The =Shan Hai King=, Book II,\nsection III, 14th mountain. (89) Emory, 64. (90) Shan Hai King, p. 83.\n(91) Mr Spears in N. Y. =Sun=. Sept. 3, 1893. (92) =Amer. Antiquarian=,\nMay, 1892. (93) N. Y. =World=, Oct. 1887. (94) N. Y. =Recorder=, Feb.\n19, 1893.\n\n\n\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTRANSCRIBER'S NOTE: All apparent printer's errors retained.\n\n\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"pg-footer\">","title":"Ancient Chinese account of the Grand Canyon, or course of the Colorado","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":21502}