{"collection":"scripture-revelation","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_39292/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_39292","id":"gutenberg_39292","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39292","summary":null,"tags":["Bible. New Testament. Greek","Category: How To ...","Category: Language & Communication","Category: Religion/Spirituality","Category: Teaching & Education","Greek language, Biblical -- Readers"],"text":"Produced by Stanley A. Bridgeford\n\n\n\n\nA GREEK PRIMER\nFor Beginners in New Testament Greek\n\n\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\n\nby\n\nWallace N. Stearns\n\n[image: logo]\n\nTHE METHODIST BOOK CONCERN\nNEW YORK      CINCINNATI\n\nCopyright, 1914, by\n\n\nWALLACE N. STEARNS\n\nA scholarly knowledge of Greek requires some time and effort.\nEvery preacher and teacher of the New Testament books would be\ngreatly helped by being able even to refer to the dictionary\nand to pick out the critical notes in a high-grade commentary.\n\nIn many instances memory has grown dim, and there is need of\nsome not too pretentious guide to a new beginning.\n\nOut of many such experiences this meager outline has come, an\nattempt built up on the old maxim, \"Do not in the beginning\nattempt too much.\"\n\n\nSUGGESTIONS\n\n   1 Learn principles. Language preceded grammar, and the\n   latter is at best a generalization of the former.\n   2 Learn words. Acquire a vocabulary. The first step is\n   to know words and, further, to know them in their Greek\n   dress.\n   3 Read aloud. The ear lends efficient help to the eye.\n   There is an indefinable swing even to Greek prose that\n   facilitates study.\n   4 Commit passages\u2014however brief\u2014to memory. Better than\n   rules is a fund of actual examples, stored up in the memory,\n   of Greek as it was spoken and written.\n   5 With this outline the text of the forth Gospel should\n   be used from the start (see notice on next page) for study,\n   reading aloud, and for memorizing.\n   6 Remember that in the end all methods avail little.\n   The way to do a thing is to do it.\n\nABBREVIATIONS USED\n\nB. M. T. Burton's New Testament Moods and Tenses.\nBt.      Babbit's Grammar of Attic and Ionic Greek.\nG.       Gildersleeve's Syntax of Classical Greek.\nGl.      Goodell's School Grammar of Attic Greek.\nG. M. T. Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses.\nGn.      Goodwin's Greek Grammar.\nH.A.     Hadley and Allen's Greek Grammar.\n\nUseful beginning books are:\n\nHuddilston's Essentials of New Testament Greek\n(Macmillan, 65 cents).\n\nThe Gospel of John in Greek, issued by the Massachusetts\nBible Society (10 cents a copy).\n\nMoulton's Brief Dictionary of New Testament Greek\n(Hinds and Noble, $1.00); or Green's Greek-English\nLexicon to the New Testament (with supplement. Hastings,\nBoston, 75 cents).\n\n\nI. THE ALPHABET\n\n1. In learning a new alphabet attention need be paid only to\nsuch letters as are not already know. Of the Greek alphabet\nonly twelve characters are unfamiliar:\n\nA,   \u0392,   \u0393,   \u0394,   \u0395,   \u0396,   \u0397,   \u0398,   \u0399,   \u039a,   \u039b,   \u039c,\n\u03b1,   \u03b2,   \u03b3,   \u03b4,   \u03b5,   \u03b6,   \u03b7,   \u03b8,   \u03b9,   \u03ba,   \u03bb,   \u03bc,\na,   b,   g,   d,   \u0115,   z,   \u0113,   th,  i,   k,   l,   m,\n\n\u039d,   \u039e,   \u039f,   \u03a0,   \u03a1,   \u03a3,   \u03a4,   \u03a5,   \u03a6,   \u03a7,   \u03a8,   \u03a9,\n\u03bd,   \u03be,   \u03bf,   \u03c0,   \u03c1, \u03c3(\u03c2),  \u03c4,   \u03c5,   \u03c6,   \u03c7,   \u03c8,   \u03c9,\nn,   ks,  \u014f,   p,   r,   s,    t,   u,   ph,  ch,  ps,  \u014d,\n\nNote.\u2014The small letters, most used, should be learned. The\ncapital letters may be learned as they occur.\n\n2. \u03b5, \u03bf are always short; \u03b7, \u03c9, always long; \u03b1, \u03b9, \u03c5, sometimes\nlong, sometimes short.\n\n\u0101 as \"a\" in father.   \u012b as \"i\" in machine.\n\u0103 as \"a\" in papa.     \u012d as \"i\" in pin.\n\u03b7 as \"e\" in fete.     \u03c9 as \"o\" in note.\n\u03b5 as \"e\" in met.      \u03bf as \"o\" in obey.\n\u03c5 equals approximately \"eu\" in feud or the French u.\n\nNote 1.\u2014In diphthongs with a long vowel \u03b9 is subscribed.\n\nNote 2.\u2014As in music, the difference between long and short\nis one of time, as musical notes image A difference in quality\nactually appears in pronunciation.\n\nNote 3.\u2014A diphthong is counted long. But in determining accent\nfinal \u2013\u03b1\u03b9\u2013 and \u2013\u03bf\u03b9\u2013 are counted short except in the optative\nmode and in a few words, \u03bf\u1f34\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9. Bt. 3-4; Gl. 5; Gn. 5;\nH.A. 9-11.\n\n3. The consonants are classified:\n\n(1) Mutes\u2014\n          Smooth  Middle  Rough  With s\nLabial,     \u03c0       \u03b2       \u03c6       \u03c8\nPalatal,    \u03ba       \u03b3       \u03c7       \u03be\nLingual,    \u03c4       \u03b4       \u03b8       \u03b6\n\n(2) Liquids\u2014\n\u03bb, \u03bc, \u03bd, \u03c1, as in English, \u03c3(\u03c2) is a sibilant.\n\n(3) \u03b6, \u03be, \u03c8 are called double consonants.\nBt. 12; Gl. 38; Gn. 18-22.\n\nSYLLABLES\n\n1. There are as many syllables in a word as there are separate\nvowels and diphthongs.\n\n2. Consonants are pronounced with succeeding vowels: \u03bb\u03cc-\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2,\n\u03c0\u03bf-\u03bb\u03af-\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u1f10-\u03bb\u03ad-\u03b3\u03b5-\u03c4\u03bf. Where two consonants occur together,\nthey are not separated at the beginning of a word or in the\ncase of combinations that do occur at the beginning of the\nwords. G. 97; H.A. 91.\n\nII. ACCENT\n\nAccent occurs on one of the last three syllables, and represents\nto the eye the movement of the voice in pronouncing words.\nIts practical value is to indicate the stress of the voice in reading.\n\nNote 1.\u2014Accent forms are three (acute \u00b4, grave `, and circumflex \u02c6)\nand may be summarized thus:\n\n  Short ultima {  antepenult   \u00b4\n               {  short penult \u00b4\n               {  long penult  \u02c6\n               {  ultima       \u00b4\n\n  Long ultima  {  penult       \u00b4\n               {  ultima       \u00b4 or `\n\nNote 2.\u2014In composition acute accent on the last syllable becomes\ngrave.\n\nNote 3.\u2014Accent is often arbitrary. Rules indicate where accent may\n(not must) occur.\n\nIII. BREATHINGS\n\nWords beginning with a vowel are pronounced with or without\naspiration (initial \"h\"). Aspiration is indicated by the sign\n( \u1ffe ), \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 (hoti). Unaspirated syllables are marked ( \u1fbf ),\n\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba (ook).\n\nAmerican him is \u1ffeim; horse is \u1ffeorse.\n\nEnglish im is \u1fbfim; orse is \u1fbforse.\n\nNote 1.\u2014Breathing stands over the vowel: in a diphthong, over\nthe second vowel (accent also stands over the second vowel,\nand precedes the breathing). Bt. 8; Gl. 6; Gn. 11.\n\nNote may be made of the marks of punctuation: comma (,),\ncolon (\u00b7), interrogation (;), period (.).\n\nIV. DECLENSIONS\n\n1. There are three numbers; singular, dual, and plural. In\nlate Greek the dual is less frequent and except the numeral\n\u03b4\u03cd\u03bf, does not occur in the New Testament. Bt. 74; Gl. 57;\nGn. 155; H.A. 123.\n\n2. The five cases are the nominative, genitive (equals of,\nor a possessive), dative (equals to, for, with), accusative\n(equals English objective), vocative (as in direct address).\nBt 74; Gl. 59; Gn. 160; H.A. 123.\n\n3 The o\u2013 declension (stems end in \u2014o\u2014).\n         Sing.          Dual         Plural\n                     (rare in\n                      late Greek)\n     Mas. Neut.      Mas. and Neut.   Mas.   Neut.\nNom. \u2014\u03bf\u03c2  \u2014\u03bf\u03bd             \u2014\u03c9             \u2014\u03bf\u03b9    \u2014\u1fb0\nGen. \u2014\u03bf\u03c5  \u2014\u03bf\u03c5             \u2014\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd           \u2014\u03c9\u03bd    \u2014\u03c9\u03bd\nDat. \u2014\u1ff3   \u2014\u1ff3              \u2014\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd           \u2014\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2   \u2014\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2\nAcc. \u2014\u03bf\u03bd  \u2014\u03bf\u03bd             \u2014\u03c9             \u2014\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2   \u2014\u1fb0\nVoc. \u2014\u03b5   \u2014\u03bf\u03bd             \u2014\u03c9             \u2014\u03bf\u03b9    \u2014\u1fb0\n(or same as Nom.)\n\n(1) Masculine nouns (and a few feminines) end in \u2013\u03bf\u03c2 in\nNom. Sing.: Neuters end in \u2013\u03bf\u03bd.\n\n(2) The stem of an \u2014o\u2014 noun may be found by dropping the\ncase-ending and adding the stem vowel \u2014o\u2014. Bt. 76; Gl. 62;\nGn. 192; H.A. 133.\n\nExamples\n\nDetermine stem in each of the following words and affix the\nabove case-ending. Note changes in the accent and the reasons\ntherefor. \u1f04\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c5\u1f31\u03cc\u03c2, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd; \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03c2,\n\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03bd; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2, \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.\n\nTranslate and construe:\n\n1. \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 (says) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f41 \u03a6\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2.\n2. \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u039a\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff7.\n3. \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (is called) \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c2.\n4. \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd (was), \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f12\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd (having, = with)\n   \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf.\n5. \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03af.\n\n4. The a\u2013 declension (stems end in \u2014a\u2014).\n         Sing.              Dual           Plural\n        Fem.     Mas.      Fem. and Mas.    Mas. and Mas.\nNom.  \u2014\u03b1,  \u2014\u03b7    \u2014\u03b1\u03c2, \u2014\u03b7\u03c2       \u2014\u1fb1              \u2014\u03b1\u03b9\nGen.  \u2014\u1fb1\u03c2, \u2014\u03b7\u03c2   \u2014\u03bf\u03c5, \u2014\u03bf\u03c5       \u2014\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd            \u2014\u1ff6\u03bd\nDat.  \u2014\u1fb3,  \u2014\u1fc3    \u2014\u1fb3,  \u2014\u1fc3        \u2014\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd            \u2014\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2\nAcc.  \u2014\u03b1\u03bd, \u2014\u03b7\u03bd   \u2014\u03b1\u03bd, \u2014\u03b7\u03bd       \u2014\u1fb1              \u2014\u1fb1\u03c2\nVoc.  \u2014\u03b1,  \u2014\u03b7    \u2014\u03b1,  \u2014\u03b1        \u2014\u1fb1              \u2014\u03b1\u03b9\n\n(1) Feminine nouns in the Nom. Sing. end in \u2013\u1fb0, \u2013\u1fb1,\nor \u2013\u03b7; mas. nouns, in \u2013\u03b1\u03c2 or \u2013\u03b7\u03c2.\n\n(2) In the gen. sing., mas. nouns end in \u2013\u03bf\u03c5.\n\n(3) Except in the genitive, final \u2013\u03b1 in the sing. is short\nwhen not preceded by \u03b5, \u03b9, or \u03c1, otherwise long.\n\n(4) If in the mas. the \u2013\u03bf\u03c2 is preceded by \u03b5, \u03b9, or \u03c1,\n(note 3), the fem. sing. nom. ends in \u2013\u1fb1, otherwise in \u2013\u03b7.\nBt. 76; Gl. 66; Gn. 171; H.A. 132-3.\n\nExamples\u2014as in 1\n\n\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1, \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1, \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae; \u1f41\u03c0\u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ae, \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7; \u1f21 \u1f41\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2.\n\nTranslate and construe:\n\n1. \u1f10\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1fc7 \u1f26\u03bd \u1f41 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03bd.\n2. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f55\u03c4\u03b7 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76\u03bd (is) \u1f21 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f38\u03c9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.\n3. \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f21 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1.\n4. \u1f41 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u1fc6\u03c2.\n5. \u1f20 \u03c0\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5.\n6. \u03a4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b7 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ae, \u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c9\u03c6\u03ae.\n7. \u03a0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f0c\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1.\n\n5. The Consonant declension (stems end in a consonant). With\nthese are grouped in the grammar (3rd declension) nouns with\nstems in \u03b9, \u03c5, or a diphthong.\n\n          Sing.               Dual            Plural\n                           (rare in\n                            late Greek)\n      Mas. and Fem.   Neut.  Fem., Mas.,\n                             and Neut.    Mas. and Fem.   Neut.\nNom.    \u2014\u03c2, or \u2013       \u2013        \u2014\u03b5            \u2014\u03b5\u03c2          \u2014\u1fb0\nGen.      \u2014\u03bf\u03c2          \u2014\u03bf\u03c2      \u2014\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd          \u2014\u03c9\u03bd          \u2014\u03c9\u03bd\nDat.      \u2014\u03b9           \u2014\u03b9       \u2014\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd          \u2014\u03c3\u03b9          \u2014\u03c3\u03b9\nAcc.    \u2014\u03bd, or \u2014\u1fb0      \u2013        \u2014\u03b5         \u2014\u03bd\u03c2 or \u2014\u1fb0\u03c2      \u2014\u1fb0\nVoc.    \u2014\u03c2, or \u2014       \u2013        \u2014\u03b5            \u2014\u03b5\u03c2          \u2014\u1fb0\n\n(1) Necessary here is the table of mutes and their forms when\ncombined with \u2013s. (I, 3, 1.)\n\n(2) All three genders occur in this declension.\n\n(3) In gen. plural of monosyllabic nouns (as in \u2014\u03b1\u2014 nouns)\nthe accent is \u2014\u1ff6\u03bd: in datives dual and plural of tones we\nhave \u2014\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bd, \u2014\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bd, \u2014\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2, and \u2014\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2. Bt. 76; Gl. 98; Gn. 225;\nH.A. 132-3.\n\nExamples\u2014as in 1\n\n\u03b8\u03ae\u03c1 (stem \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u2013), \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 (\u2013\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03be (\u2013\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2), \u03c3\u03ac\u03bb\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03be (\u2013\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2),\n\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bb\u03b1\u03c8 (\u2013\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2), \u03c6\u03bb\u03ad\u03c8 (\u2013\u03b2\u03cc\u03c2), \u03b8\u03c1\u03af\u03be (\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c7\u03cc\u03c2).\n\nTranslate and construe:\n\n1. \u1f26\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd.\n2. \u1f21 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bd (is).\n3. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03be \u1f10\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf (become).\n4. \u1f26\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03be \u1f14\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u03b1\u03bf\u1fe6.\n5. \u1f21 \u1f08\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c6\u03af\u03b3\u03be \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd.\n6. \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76\u03bd \u1f21 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd.\n\n6. These case-endings hold for all (except indeclinables which\nundergo no changes) substantives, adjectives (including the\ndefinite article), pronouns, and participles (see verbs).\nE. g.:\n\n      Relative Pronouns        Definite Article\n Sing. Mas.   Fem.   Neut.     Mas.   Fem.   Neut.\nNom.    \u1f45\u03c2      \u1f25      \u1f45        \u1f41      \u1f21      \u03c4\u03cc\nGen.    \u03bf\u1f57      \u1f27\u03c2     \u03bf\u1f57       \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6    \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2    \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\nDat.    \u1fa7       \u1f97      \u1fa7        \u03c4\u1ff7     \u03c4\u1fc7     \u03c4\u1ff7\nAcc.    \u1f45\u03bd      \u1f25\u03bd     \u1f45        \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd    \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd    \u03c4\u03cc\n                etc.                    etc.\nBt. 144-9; Gl. 214; Gn. 421; H.A. 272-5.\n\nThe personal pronouns, as in other languages, are more irregular,\nthe several parts being traceable to different stems.\n\n        First Person, I       Second Person, Thou\n         Sing.   Plural          Sing.   Plural\nNom.      \u1f10\u03b3\u03ce     \u1f21-\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2          \u03c3\u03cd      \u1f51-\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2\nGen.      \u1f10-\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6   \u1f21-\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd           \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6     \u1f51-\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd\nDat.      \u1f10-\u03bc\u03bf\u03af   \u1f21-\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd           \u03c3\u03bf\u03af     \u1f51-\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd\nAcc.      \u1f10-\u03bc\u03ad    \u1f21-\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2           \u03c3\u03ad      \u1f51-\u03bc\u1f00\u03c2\nBt. 139; Gl. 194; Gn. 389; H.A. 261.\n\nTranslate and construe:\n\n1. \u1f41 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36 (art).\n2. \u03c3\u1f7a \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (hast) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1.\n3. \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u1f74 \u03b2\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (one crying) \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f10\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u1ff3.\n\nV. THE VERB: CONJUGATION\n\n1. In the study of the verb four points are to be considered:\nstem; tense-signs; theme vowels (short in indicative, imperative,\ninfinitive, and participial modes; long in the subjunctive and\nmerged in a diphthong in the optative); and personal endings.\n\n2. The stem is the basic part of the inflected word. To this are\nappending the various signs, as above, which in verb analysis must\nagain be cut off. E. g., \u03c4\u03b9-\u03bc\u03ac-\u03c9, I honor, stem \u03c4\u1fd1\u03bc\u1fb0. Bt. 157-61;\nGl. 248; Gn. 404-7, 153; H.A. 153.\n\n3. The tenses of the verb are called primary or secondary as\nthey have to do with present (or future) or past time. Taking\nthe verb \u03bb\u03cd\u03c9 as a model we have:\n\n     Primary                   Secondary\nPresent, stem \u03bb\u03c5-          Imperfect, stem \u1f10-\u03bb\u03c5\nFuture, stem \u03bb\u03c5\u03c3-          Aorist, stem \u1f10-\u03bb\u03c5\u03c2\nPerfect, stem \u03bb\u03b5-\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba-      Pluperfect, stem \u1f10-\u03bb\u03b5-\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\nFuture perfect, stem \u03bb\u03b5-\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\nBt. 162; Gl. 311; Gn. 717; H.A. 372.\n\n4. The future tenses (future, future perfect) are indicated\nby a \u03c3(+ \u03bf/\u03b5) appended to the stem, as \u03bb\u03cd-\u03c9, \u03bb\u03cd-\u03c3\u03c9, \u03bb\u03b5-\u03bb\u03cd-\u03c3-\u03bf-\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,\n\u03bb\u03cd-\u03b8\u03ae-\u03c3-\u03bf-\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9. Bt. 212; Gn. 662; Gl. 277; H.A. 372.\n\n5. The perfect tenses (perfect, future perfect, pluperfect) are\nindicated by (1) the doubling of the stem (i. e., repeating the\ninitial consonant with \u03b5\u2014), and (2) in the active voice by an\naffixed \u2014\u03ba\u2014 (cf. Latin \u2014v\u2014). E. g., \u03bb\u03cd-\u03c9 perf. \u03bb\u03ad-\u03bb\u03c5-\u03ba\u03b1 (for \u03bb\u03cd-\u03bb\u03c5-\u03ba\u03b1).\n\nNote 1.\u2014If the verb begins with a middle or rough mute, the\nreduplication occurs with the corresponding smooth mute (cf. I,3).\nE. g., \u03c0\u03ad-\u03c6\u03c5-\u03ba\u03b1 (for \u03c6\u03ad-\u03c6\u03c5-\u03ba\u03b1). Bt. 162; Gl. 287; Gn. 455; H.A. 300-3.\n\n6. Secondary tenses are indicated generally be the prefix \u1f10\u2014, e.g.,\n\u1f14-\u03bb\u03c5-\u03bf-\u03bd, \u1f10-\u03bb\u03b5-\u03bb\u03cd-\u03ba-\u03b5-\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd. In case the verb itself begins with a vowel,\nthe initial vowel is lengthened. E.g., \u1f00-\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd-\u03c9, \u1f24-\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5-\u03bf-\u03bd. Bt. 171-2;\nGl. 264, 293; Gn. 465, 3; H.A. 354-7.\n\n7. The theme vowel immediately follows the stem. In the indicative it\nis \u2014\u03bf\u2014 before \u03bc and \u03bd, otherwise \u2014\u03b5\u2014; in the subjunctive, \u2014\u03c9\u2014or \u2014\u03b7\u2014;\nin the optative (mode vowel), \u2014\u03bf\u03b9\u2014 or \u2014\u03b1\u03b9\u2014 (aorist passive indicative,\n\u2014\u03b5\u03b9\u2014). E. g., \u1f14-\u03bb\u03c5-\u03bf-\u03bd, \u1f15-\u03bb\u03c5-\u03b5-\u03c2, \u03bb\u03cd-\u03c9-\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bb\u03cd-\u03b7-\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bb\u03c5-\u03bf\u03af-\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd,\n\u03bb\u03c5-\u03c3\u03b1\u03af-\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd. Bt. 159-60; Gl. 294-5; Gn. 568, 719, 730; H.A. 372.\n\n(1) In aorist tenses except second aorist and aorist passive, the\ntheme vowel is \u2014\u03b1\u2014.\n\n(2) In the perfect active the them vowel is \u2014\u03b1\u2014, in the pluperfect\nactive it is \u2014\u03b5\u2014.\n\n(3) In the pluperfect middle and passive the theme vowel is omitted.\nE. g., \u03bb\u03b5-\u03bb\u03cd-\u03c3-\u03b1-\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u03bb\u03b5-\u03bb\u03cd-\u03ba-\u03b1-\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f10-\u03bb\u03b5-\u03bb\u03cd-\u03ba-\u03b5-\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u03bb\u03ad-\u03bb\u03c5-\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,\n\u1f10-\u03bb\u03b5-\u03bb\u03cd-\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd. Bt. 201, 222-4; Gl. 279, 288-9, 298; Gn. 669, 682-3, 698;\nH.A. 428, 446, 459, 461-3.\n\n8. The sign of the passive voice is often \u2014\u03b8\u03b5\u2014, sometimes lengthened\nto \u2014\u03b8\u03b7\u2014 in conjugation, e. g., \u03bb\u03c5-\u03b8\u03ae-\u03c3-\u03bf-\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9. Bt. 231-2; Gl. 302;\nGn. 707; H.A. 468.\n\n9. The person of the verb is indicated by a letter or syllable\n(in origin a personal pronoun) added to end of verb.\nE. g., \u03bb\u03cd-\u03bf-\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14-\u03bb\u03c5-\u03bf-\u03bd.\n\n10. The middle and passive voices are alike except in two tenses,\nthe future and the aorist. Bt. 167; Gl. 263; Gn. 552; H.A. 376-80.\n\n11. There are two sets (or double sets) of personal ending; one set\nfor the active (primary and secondary) tenses, and one for the tenses\nof the middle and passive (except second aorist and aorist passive).\nBt. 166; Gl. 263, 271; Gn. 551-3; H.A. 375.\n\n12. The personal ending may be shown thus:\n\n          Primary Tenses\n     Sing.   { \u2014\u03c9        \u2014\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\n             { \u2014\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2      \u2014\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\n             { \u2014\u03b5\u03b9       \u2014\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\n\n     Dual    { \u2014\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd      \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\n             { \u2014\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd      \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\n\n     Plur.   { \u2014\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd      \u2014\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1\n             { \u2014\u03c4\u03b5       \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\n             { \u2014\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9(\u03bd)  \u2014\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\n\n          Secondary Tenses\n\n     Sing.   { \u2014\u03bd        \u2014\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\n             { \u2014\u03c2        \u2014\u03c3\u03bf\n             { \u2014 \u2014       \u2014\u03c4\u03bf\n\n     Dual    { \u2014\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd      \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\n             { \u2014\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd      \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\n\n     Plur.   { \u2014\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd      \u2014\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1\n             { \u2014\u03c4\u03b5       \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\n             { \u2014\u03bd        \u2014\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\n\n(1) The longer, softer endings generally indicate middle or\npassive voice.\n\n(2) In verbs as in noun the dual is less frequent in later Greek.\n\n13. The endings of the active participle to indicate gender are\nrespectively \u2014\u03c9\u03bd, \u2014\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u2014\u03bf\u03bd. The form \u2014\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 is of the first\ndeclension; the others (\u2014\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4, Gn. 25; Gl. 119) are of the third.\n\n14. Middle participles are of the first and second declensions and\nmay be recognized by the syllable \u2014\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u2014. E. g., \u03bb\u03c5-\u03cc-\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd-\u03bf\u03c2.\n\n15. The active infinitive regularly ends in \u2014\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u2014\u03b5\u03bd + theme\nvowel \u2014\u03b5\u2014, contracted, \u2014\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd). E. g., \u03bb\u03cd-\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (for \u03bb\u03c5-\u03b5-\u03b5\u03bd). The\npassive and middle (i.e., when used as passive) infinitives\nregularly end in \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9. E. g., \u03bb\u03cd-\u03b5-\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bb\u03cd-\u03c3-\u03b1-\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9. The aorist\npassive infinitive ends in \u2014\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9. E. g., \u03bb\u03c5-\u03b8\u1fc6-\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9. Bt. 167;\nGl. 162, 273, 275; Gn. 301, 334.\n\n16. Variations from the regular forms occur in the endings of\nthe imperative:\n\n                Active           Middle and Passive\n     Sing.  { 2. \u2014, aorist \u2014\u03bd\n            {   (\u2014\u03b8\u03b9, \u2014\u03c2)             \u2014\u03c3\u03bf aorist \u2014\u03b1\u03b9\n            {     (contracts with con. vowels \u03b9\u03bf \u2014\u03bf\u03bd)\n              3.   \u2014\u03c4\u03c9                \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\n\n     Dual   { 2.   \u2014\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd               \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\n            { 3.   \u2014\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd               \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd\n\n     Plur.  { 2.   \u2014\u03c4\u03b5                \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\n            { 3.   \u2014\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (or\n                    \u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd)            \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd (or \u2014\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd)\nBt. 167; Gl. 270-2; Gn. 746; H.A. 376.\n\n17. The principal parts of the verb (which should be memorized)\nare the first person singular of the active indicative present,\nfuture, first aorist, and perfect; the middle perfect; and the\npassive aorist. Bt 162-3; Gl. 311; Gn. 462-5; H.A. 304c.\n\n18. A small class of verbs (about equal to the number of\nirregular verbs in English) retain the more primitive personal\nendings (e.g., act. ind. pres. sing., \u2014\u03bc\u03b9, \u2014\u03c3\u03b9, \u2014\u03c4\u03b9, remains of\nold pronominal forms). Of such are \u03c4\u03af-\u03b8\u03b7-\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03af-\u03b4\u03c9-\u03bc\u03b9, \u1f34-\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7-\u03bc\u03b9.\nBt. 251-8; Gl. 372-4; Gn. 500-509; H.A. 476-92.\n\n19. Certain verbs with vowel stems, as \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac-\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad-\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc-\u03c9,\nby contraction with initial vowels in the personal endings assume\nforms not found in the regular verb paradigms. E. g., \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac-\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2,\n\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2; \u1f10-\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b1-\u03b5, \u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b1; \u1f10-\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b1-\u03bf-\u03bd, \u1f10-\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd. Bt. 248-50; Gl. 313-15;\nGn. 492-94; H.A. 337-41. For changes in accent see: Bt. 65; Gl. 29,\nGn. 117; H.A. 37-39.\n\n(1) These forms are best studied as they occur by reference\nto the grammars.\n\nVI. SEQUENCE\n\n1. It is a principle in Greek, as in other languages, that a\ncertain relation must hold between the verbs of dependent\nclauses and those of the independent clauses on which they are based.\n\n2. In Latin the sequence is one of tenses, primary tenses depending\non primary tenses and secondary tenses on secondary tenses. But in\nGreek the tenses of the dependent modes do not, in general, express\ndistinctions of time. G. M. T. 785, 20.\n\n3. In Greek the subjunctive in dependent clauses is treated (usually)\nas though it were a primary mode: the optative as though it were a\nsecondary mode. E. g.:\n\n\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b7\n\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u1f14\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\n\nBut in the Greek of the New Testament. (B. M. T. 174, 259, 344) and in\nLatin (Hale and Buck's Latin Grammar, 459) there is not optative in use,\nand the above distinction in modes no longer exits. Bt. 517, 2; Gl. 662;\nGn. 448, 1249, 1267; H.A. 876. The trend of sequence is from the primary\ntenses of the indicative through subjunctive and optative in that order\nto the past tenses of the indicative. See under VII.\n\nVII. THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE\n\n1. A conditional sentence is one that assumes what may or may not be\ntrue (in reality), and bases on it some other statement (i. e., the\nsupposition is assumed to be true). Bt. 600-1; Gl. 645; Gn. 1381;\nH.A. 889.\n\n2. A simple supposition implying nothing as to fulfillment, has the\nindicative (or an equivalent; Bt. 602, notes) in both clauses.\n\n(1) If a specific sequence is made in present time, then the present\nindicative stands in both clauses. If in past time, a past indicative\noccurs in both clauses. E. g.:\n\nPresent: \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\nPast: \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u1f14\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03b5\n\nNote 1.\u2014The same tense need not necessarily stand in both clauses,\ne. g., \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u1f14\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9.\n\n(2) A general reference if in present time, expressing a customary\nor repeated action or a general truth, has \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd with the subjunctive\nin the if-clause and in the conclusion the present indicative or some\nform denoting present repetition, e. g., \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1fc7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9.\nIf the supposition is in the past time, the if-clause will have the\noptative with \u03b5\u1f30 and in the conclusion will stand the imperfect\nindicative or some form denoting past repetition, e. g., \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\n\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03b5. Bt. 608-10; Gl. 651; Gn. 1393; H.A. 890, 892-4.\n\n3. The supposition may imply something as to the likelihood of\nfulfillment.\n\n(1) If fulfillment is likely (and such contingencies are related to\nfuture time), then the if-clause will have \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd with the subjunctive\nand a future indicative (or an equivalent) will stand in the conclusion.\nThis form is styled \"future vivid.\" E. g., \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u1fc3, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f15\u03be\u03bf\u03b9.\nIf fulfillment is less than likely (\"future less vivid\"), \u03b5\u1f30 with the\noptative will stand in the if-clause, the optative with \u1f04\u03bd (potential\noptative) in the conclusion. E. g., \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9.\nBt. 604-5; Gl. 650-1; Gn. 1403.\n\n(2) A supposition contrary to fact has in the if-clause \u03b5\u1f30 with a past\nindicative; in the conclusion, a past indicative with \u1f04\u03bd (potential\nindicative). E. g., \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u1f14\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03b5.\nBt. 606; Gl. 649; Gn. 13197; H.A. 895.\n\nNote 1.\u2014For summary of conditional sentences,\nsee Bt. 611; Gl 645; Gn. 1387; H.A. 891.\n\nVIII. FINAL CLAUSES\n\n1. Pure final clauses (expressing purpose or motive) take the\nsubjunctive when dependent on primary tenses, the optative when\ndependent on secondary tenses. The conjunction is \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1, \u1f61\u03c2, or \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2.\nE. g.,\n\n     \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u1fc3.\n     \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u1f14\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\n\nBt. 590; Gl. 640; Gn. 365; H.A. 881.\n\n2. Object clauses dependent on verbs denoting care, attention or\neffort, regularly take the future indicative \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2, though the future\noptative is possible when dependent on a secondary tense.\nE. g.,\n\n     \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f15\u03be\u03b5\u03b9,\n     \u1f10\u03c6\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03bd \u1f45\u03c0\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f15\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\n     (or \u1f15\u03b6\u03bf\u03b9, see note).\n\nBt. 593; Gn. 1372; H.A. 885.\n\n3. Subordinate clauses introduced by \u03bc\u03ae (trans. lest or that),\nand dependent on verbs denoting fear, caution or danger, take the\nsubjunctive when dependent on primary tenses, the optative when\ndependent on secondary tenses.\nE. g.,\n\n     \u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\n     \u1f10\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\n     (or \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, see note).\n\nBt. 593; Gl. 610; Gn. 1378.\n\nNote 1.\u2014In rules 1-3, for greater vividness\u2014as though using the\nlanguage of the person who conceived the purpose\u2014the subjunctive\nmay be used even when dependent on a secondary tense (see examples\nabove). Gl. 638; Gn. 1372.\n\nIX. INDIRECT DISCOURSE\n\n1. A statement or question of a speaker or writer may be quoted\ndirectly, i. e., without change in the form of the language.\nE. g.:\n\nDirect:   \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03c9\nIndirect:   \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9      {\n             or        { \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9.\n            \u1f14\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5      {\n\nBt. 668; Gl. 623; Gn. 1475.\n\n2. Or it may be a change to adapt it to the form of the sentence of\nwhich it becomes a part. The form of change will depend on the introductory\nverb of saying, \u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af, \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9, or \u03b5\u1f36\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.\n\n(1) If \u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af, the main verb of the quotation will be changed to the infinitive\nmode of the same tense and voice. E. g.,\n\nDirect:   \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\nIndirect:   \u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03af        {\n             or         { \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd.\n            \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7         {\n\n(2) If \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9 with \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 or \u1f61\u03c2, no change will occur when dependent on a\nprimary tense. When dependent on a secondary tense, indicatives and\nsubjunctives may (not must) be changed to corresponding tenses (and\nvoice) of the optative; optatives will remain unchanged.\nE. g.:\n\n     Direct:       \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03c9\n     Indirect:   { \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\n                 { \u1f14\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 (or \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03b9).\n\n(1) Note the change in person to indicate the change of speaker.\n\n(2) \u03b5\u1f36\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd as a verb of saying requires, and \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9 in the active voice\nprefers the \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 (\u1f61\u03c2) construction.\n\n(3) Where changes of mode might occasion doubt as to the form of the\noriginal direct discourse, no changes are made. E. g., the imperfect\nor pluperfect indicative with \u1f04\u03bd, the potential optative with \u1f04\u03bd, or\nthe aorist indicative in a subordinate clause (cf. Bt. 675). Bt. 678;\nGl. 624; Gn. 1523; 1481, 1497.","title":"A Greek Primer: For Beginners in New Testament Greek","tradition":"scripture-revelation","translated_text":null,"word_count":3782}